Gramatica limbii engleze

http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html

Gramatica limbii engleze Prezentul Simplu(Simple Present Tense)Cum se formeazaVERB + s/es (pentru persoana a 3-a singular)

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor) The sun rises in the East and sets in West. (Soarele rasare in Est si apune in Vest.) The water boils at 100 degrees C. (Apa fierbe la 100 C.) 2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general valabile) I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.) I never drink tea. (Nu beau ceai niciodata.) In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year, occasionally, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, twice a week. 3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva John says: "I speak French". (John spune: Vorbesc Franceza.) 4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitor The match starts at 2pm on Sunday. (Meciul incepe la ora 2 pm, duminica.) 5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real) Tom helps me with my homework when he has time. (Tom ma ajuta cu temele cand are timp.)

6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza) I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.

(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.) I went into the house = actiunea de baza (suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza care accentueaza surprinderea

Comentariia) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z, sh, ch, consoana+y b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular si plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se adauga (e) s.


Gramatica limbii engleze Prezentul Perfect(The Present Perfect Tense)Cum se formeazahas/have + past participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut) I have seen that movie 10 times. (Am vazut acel film de 10 ori.) Yes, I have seen that movie. (Da, am vazut acel film.) Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu exactitate (ever, never, often, seldom, always, sometimes): I have never seen him. (Nu l-am vazut niciodata.) 2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent

I have seen an interesting museum. A terrible accident has happened.

(Am vazut un muzeu interesant.) ... in prezent imi amintesc bine acel muzeu. (Un accident teribil a avut loc.) ... inca sunt afectat de acel lucru.

3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat. It has just rained. (Tocmai a plouat.)

latterly, till now, up to now, so far, up to the present, last week.4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE I have been at home since 5Pm. (Sunt acasa de la ora 5 pm.)

In general, propozitiile contin adverbe precum just, recently, lately,

I have been at home for 2 hours. (Sunt acasa de 2 ore.)SINCE: specifica de la ce data/ ora. FOR: specifica perioada In cazul in care actiunea/ activitatea e facuta fara intrerupere sau se doreste accentuarea ei se va folosi The Present Perfect Continuous 5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY (=DEJA)

Have you learned Polish curses already ?(Ai invatat deja cursurile in poloneza? )

I have already learned the Polish curses.(Am invatat dj cursurile in poloneza.)

I have not learned the Polish curses yet.(Inca nu am invatat cursurile in poloneza.) 6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a terminat I have eaten a good cake this morning. (este ora 9 am si dimineata nu s-a terminat) (Am mancat o prajitura buna in aceasta dimineata.) In acest caz se folosesc constructii ca: this week, this day, this year, this month, all day, all night, today, etc.


Gramatica limbii engleze Trecutul Simplu(The Simple Past Tense)Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Verbul > Modul Indicativ > Trecutul Simplu/ The Simple Past Tense in limba engleza

Cum se formeazaAcest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in momentul prezent.

a) VERB+ed --> pentru verbele regulate. b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate. Link catre Lista/ tabelul verbelor neregulate

Observati 1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede este scurta si accentuate: stop -> stopped prefer -> preferred 2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i: study -> studied 3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d: move -> moved

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month, last year, that day, that week, that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10 years ago)

I visited London 10 years ago.(Am vizitat Londra acum 10 ani.)

2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)

We went to the Black See every year.(acum nu mai mergem in fiecare an la Marea Neagra) (Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in fiecare an)

3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)" Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest? (Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?) Tom would help me with my homework if he had time. (Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.) 4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de actiunea trecuta sunt simultane) He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea) (Mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)


Gramatica limbii engleze Trecutul Perfect(The Past Perfect Tense)Cum se formeazahad + past participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui moment din trecut

The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden.(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.) (Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.) 2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)

The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer.

Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had time.(situatie ipotetica in trecut) (Tom m-ar fi ajutat cu temele daca ar fi avut timp.) Pentru a recapitula Conditional in Trecut (Ireal) dati click aici.

3. pot exprima o dorinta nerealizata

I wish I hadn't missed the buss.(Imi doresc sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)

I wished I hadn't missed the buss.

(Mi-as fi dorit sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)

4. exprima o actiune anterioara unei actiuni a carui timp e "Future-in-the-Past"

Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a little bit.(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)


Gramatica limbii engleze Viitorul Simplu(Simple Future Tense)Cum se formeazawill + verb

Cand se foloseste & Exemple

Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce exprima promisiunea, actiunineplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder, be sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune viitoare.

I suppose I will be there.(Presupun ca voi fi acolo.)

(predictia)

I will be there at 7 o'clock. (promisiunea)(Voi fi acolo la ora 7.)

Comentarii1) Pentru actiunile planificate in viitor nu se foloseste viitorul simplu ci "TO BE GOING TO" sau Simple Present Continuous !

Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate repetitiva in viitor de regula se foloseste viitorul format cu "to be going to":

I am going to see that movie on Friday. "am going to" are sensul de "planific sa"(Imi planific/ Intentionez sa merg vineri la acel film.)

Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul simplu continuu:

Mike is moving to New York next month.(Mike se muta la New York luna viitoare.)

Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu prezentul simplu continuu nu are nici o nuanta de acest fel.

2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by thetime, if nu vom avea viitor !


Gramatica limbii engleze Viitorul Perfect(Future Perfect Tense)

Cum se formeazawill have + past participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when he retires.(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.)

Comentarii1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by thetime, if nu vom avea viitor ! 2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"

By next January, I will have received my reward.(Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.)

Gramatica limbii engleze "Viitorul in Trecut"(The Future-in-the-Past)Cum se formeazawould + VERB or was/ were going to + VERB (pentru actiuni planificate)

Exemple1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea) (El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)

Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a little bit. (after arata anterioritatea)(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.) http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html

Gramatica limbii engleze Prezentul (Simplu) Continuu(Present Tense Continuous)Cum se formeazaam/is/are + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum) I am just writing my exercise. (Tocmai imi scriu exercitiul.) I am writing my exercise now. (Imi scriu exercitiul acum.) In acest caz, de regula, in propozitie intalnim cuvinte (care sa intareasca aceasta idee) precum: just, now. 2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in viitorul mai departat) I am studying French. (Studiez franceza.) Cand fac afirmatia poate ca nu studiez franceza (la acea ora), insa aceasta actiune/ activitate e inceputa in trecut si va continua si in viitor. In acest caz nu se folosesc cuvinte de subliniere a prezentului precum just, now.

3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz nu are nuanta subiectiva) What are you doing tomorrow ? (Ce faci maine?) In acest caz frecvent se folosesc verbe de miscare precum to come, to arrive, to go, to leave: My friend is leavingtomorrow. (Prietenul meu pleaca maine.) 4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent I am constantly thanking God for the opportunities that He has given me in my life. (nu exprima iritarea) (Ii multumesc lui Dumnezeu in permanenta, pentru oportunitatile pe care mi le-a dat in viata.)

De regula exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiune: He is continually making noise. (El face galagie in permanenta.) Repetarea se exprima folosind adverbe precum: always, constantly, continually, often.


Gramatica limbii engleze Prezentul Perfect Continuu(Present Perfect Continuous Tense)Cum se formeazahas/have + been + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE

I have been working for 2 hours. (Lucrez de 2 ore.)dar,

I have worked in this factory for two years. (inca mai lucrez, dar lamodul general; acum poate ca sunt acasa si ma uit la TV) (Lucrez in aceasta fabrica de 2 ani.)

2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta)

I have been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the novel.(Am citit toata dupa-masa. Tocmai am terminat de citit romanul.)


Gramatica limbii engleze Trecutul (Simplu) Continuu(The Past Tense Continuous)

Cum se formeazawas/were + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres la un anumit moment din trecut

I remember that yesterday at 5 Pm I was watching TV.(Imi amintesc ca ieri la ora 5 pm, ma uitam la Tv.) 2. pentru a arata ca o actiune trecuta a fost intrerupta de o alta

I was playing a computer game when she called.(Ma jucam pe calculator cand ea a sunat.)

While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.(In timp ce eram la picnic, a inceput sa ploua.) 3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de paralelism, simultaneitate (se cunoaste timpul)

Last evening at 5 Pm, I was studying while he was making dinner.(Seara trecuta, la ora 5 pm, eu invatam in timp ce el pregatea cina.) 4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut

He was constantly/ always coming late to the English class.(Intotdeauna venea tarziu la ora de engleza.) 5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu

What would you say if the boy were studying now ? (Discutieintre parinti cand se pregatesc sa intre in camera copiilor. Ei nu se asteapta ca baiatul lor sa invete acum.) (Ce ai spune daca baiatul ar invata acum?)

Gramatica limbii engleze Trecutul Perfect Continuu(The Past Perfect Continuous Tense)Cum se formeazahad been + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. exprima o actiune continua inainte unei actiuni situate in trecut

They had been talking for over two hours before Tom arrived.(Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.) Aceeasi situatie poate fi prezenta si in vorbirea indirecta:

John said that he had been watching TV at 9 o'clock.(John a spus ca se uitase la TV la ora 9. )


Gramatica limbii engleze Viitorul Continuu(Future Continuous Tense)Cum se formeaza

will be + present participle am/is/are + going to be + present participle (pentru "to be going to")

Cand se foloseste & Exemple

1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)

Tonight at 7 o'clock, Tom will be watching TV. (Acum e1 Pm si Tom va incepe sa se uite la TV la 6:30 Pm) (Deseara la ora 7, Tom se va uita la TV. ... deja se uita de ceva vreme)2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare

Ann will be writing letters all day long.(Ann va scrie scrisori toata ziua.)

Comentarii1) O varianta a cazului 1 de folosire a lui "Future Continuous Tense" este cand se vrea sa se sublinieze faptul ca in viitor doua sau mai multe actiuni vor avea loc simultan:

Tonight, they will be watching TV, discussing their vacation

plans, and having a good time.(Deseara, ei se vor uita la TV, isi vor discuta planurile de vacanta si vor petrece o seara minunata.) 2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor !

I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.(Ma voi uita la TV cand ea va sosi deseara.)


Gramatica limbii engleze Viitorul Perfect Continuu(Future Perfect Continuous)Cum se formeazawill have been + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

Jerry will have been working for this company for 20 years when she retires.(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in momentul cand ea se va pensiona.)

Comentarii1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by thetime, if nu vom avea viitor ! 2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"

By next January, I will have been learning a lot of things related to this subject.(Pana in ianuarie viitor, voi fi invatat o multime de lucruri legat de acest subiect. ... si voi continua sa invat. )

Lista verbelor neregulate in limba engleza - Gramatica limbii engleze Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Verbul > Lista verbelor neregulate in limba engleza

Cum se identifica verbele neregulate in englezaSunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv. Practic aceste verbe neregulate trebuiesc invatate ca atare.

Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in englezaInfinitiv -forma 1to abide to arise to awake to be to bear to beat to become to begin to behold to bend to beseech to bear to bet Trecut -forma 2abode arose awoke awaked was, were bore beat became began beheld bent besought bore bet Participiu trecut -forma 3abode arisen awoken awaked been born beaten become begun beheld bent besought born bet Traducere verb a astepta, a sta, a locui a se ridica a se trezi a fi a se naste a bate a deveni a icepe a zari, a vedea a indoi, a curba a implora a se naste a paria

to bid to bind to bite to bleed to bless to blow to break to breed to bring to broadcast to burn to burst to buy to can to cast to catch to choose to cleave to cling to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to dwell to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find

bade bound bit bled blest blew broke bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought could cast caught chose cleft clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt (dreamed) drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found

bidden bound bitten bled blest blown broken bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought been able to cast caught chosen cleft clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt (dreamed) drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found

a oferi, a licita a lega a musca a sangera a binecuvanta a sufla a sparge a creste a aduce a transmite prin radio a arde a izbucni a cumpara a putea a arunca a prinde a alege a despica a se lipi a veni a costa a se tara a taia a se ocupa, a trata afaceri a sapa a face a desena a visa a bea a conduce masina a locui, a ramane, a insista a manca a cadea a hrani a simti a lupta a gasi

Pronunarea i ortografierea terminaiei -ed este n funcie de terminaia infinitivului. -ed se pronun: a) [d] cnd verbele se termin n vocal sau consoan sonor [b,g,l,m,n,v,z,dz,_dj_]: play - played [pleid]; arrived [__ raivd]; b) [t] cnd verbele se termin n consoan surd [f,k,p,s,sh,ch,__,t__] like - liked [laikt], cross - crossed [kr_o_st]; c) [id] cnd verbele se termin n -t sau -d: want - wanted [ w_o_ntid]; nod nodded [n_o_did]. Particulariti ortografice ale terminaiei -ed: Consoana final a formei de infinitiv se dubleaz cnd vocala care o precede este scurt i accentuat: stop - stopped; prefer - preferred Consoana final se dubleaz la cteva verbe, dei silaba final nu este accentuat: kidnap - kidnapped; handicap - handicapped; worship - worshipped; iar la verbe terminate n ic, =c se dubleaz n ck: picnic - picnicked.

n engleza britanic, verbele terminate n -l dubleaz aceast consoan, indiferent de accent: control - controlled; travel - travelled

Gramatica limbii engleze Conditional in Prezent (Real)(Present Real Conditional)

Cum se formeazaIf / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...

ExempleWhen I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach. general valabila: e valabila in prezent) (situatie

Tom helps me with my homework when he has time. general valabila: e valabila in prezent)

(situatie

If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent) Where do you stay if you go to Bucharest? valabila in prezent) (situatie general valabila: e

Comentarii1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care apar in mod normal in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta frecvent sau sunt sigure (sunt reale si nu fictive); 2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.

Gramatica limbii engleze Modul Imperativ in limba englezaCum se identificaVerbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi ce trebuiesc executate.

ExempleLet him go !

( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )

Lock the door !

( Incuie usa ! )Go there !

( Du-te acolo ! )Let me know !

(Da-mi voie sa stiu !)Don't worry be happy!

Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!Leave me alone !

Lasa-ma in pace!Take it easy !

Usor !

Gramatica limbii engleze Verbele modale in limba englezaVerbele modale in limba englezaCaracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale: - Au numai infinitiv scurt (nu au particula "to"); - Nu au forma cu "-ing" si nici participiu; - Au aceeasi forma pentru toate persoanele (nu au "-s", "-es" la persoana a 3a singular); - In forma negativa nu folosesc verbul "do", ci numai NOT (I cannot dance tonight.);

- Fac interogativul numai prin inversare (May I have this dance?); - Formarea lui "nu-i asa" in propozitiile care folosesc verbe modale, se face folosind verbul modal (I can play the game, can't I? -> Pot sa joc jocul, nu-i asa?) - Verbele modale nu pot forma anumite timpuri, de aceea, se inlocuiesc cu alte verbe. can se inlocuieste cu to be able to may se inlocuieste cu to be allowed to must se inlocuieste cu to have to - CAN si MAY au forme de trecut: can -> could may -> might CAN - Verbele modale in engleza 1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala 2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea 3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial 4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie

Gramatica limbii engleze Verbele modale: CanCand se foloseste & Exemple1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala

I can speak English. I can swim very well.

2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea

Can Tom make such a mistake ?

3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial

Can I borrow your book ?

Nota: Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si ca o cerere politicoasa. 4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie

I can see somebody near my car.

Verbele modale: Can- Exercitii -

Exercitii

Link teorie: Verbele modale: Can - gramaticaTraduceti urmatoarele propozitii: Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea neoficiala)

Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea oficiala)

Nota: Pentru a citi teoria legata de permisiunea in vorbirea oficiala dati click aici.

Stiu/ pot sa vorbesc franceza.

(capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala)

Greg nu poate face asa ceva. (imposibilitatea, neincrederea)

Te vad. Tu ma vezi (chiar acum in timp ce vorbesc)? (accentuarea continuitatii cu verbele de perceptie)

Gramatica limbii engleze Verbele modale: MayCand se foloseste & Exemple

1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos

May I go home now ?Nota: Permisiunea se poate cere si cu "Can" insa in mod neoficial, protocolar.

2. exprima posibilitatea

It may rain in the afternoon.( Se poate sa ploua in dupa-amiaza ) Nota: Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa diferenta nu e foarte mare:

It might rain in the afternoon.

( S-ar putea sa ploua in dupa-amiaza ) 3. exprima o dorinta

May all your wishes come true.( Fie ca ... )

Comentarii1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is possible" fara ca sensul sa se schimbe:

It is possible for Tom to do that thing. Tom may do that thing.

Verbele modale: May- Exercitii -

ExercitiiTraduceti urmatoarele propozitii: Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea neoficiala)

Nota: Pentru a citi teoria legata de permisiunea in vorbirea neoficiala dati

click aici.

Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea oficiala)

Michael se poate sa fie acolo. (posibilitate)

Michael s-ar putea sa fie acolo. (posibilitate mai slaba)

Tom s-ar putea sa doarma acum. (posibilitate mai slaba, continua)

Gramatica limbii engleze Verbele modale: MustCand se foloseste & Exemple1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)

I must go.(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea) Nota: Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":

I have to go.(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva) 2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie

John always at this hour is at home. Now must be at home as well.(logic John ar trebui sa fie acasa, dar poate nu e).

ComentariiDaca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may".

Verbele modale: Must- Exercitii -

ExercitiiTraduceti urmatoarele propozitii: Trebuie sa te opresti din fumat. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care

vorbeste)

Trebuie sa ma duc la scoala maine. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care vorbeste)

(E parerea mea nu sunt obligat de scoala)

Trebuie sa ma duc la scoala maine. (obligatie externa)

(Sunt obligat de scoala)

E ora 7. Paul trebuie sa fie acasa acum. (deductie logica)

(Sunt foarte sigur de deductia mea logica) Daca nu sunt sigur de rezaultatul logicii mele (pentru ca pot interveni factori pe care nu-i cunosc) se foloseste verbul "May".

Gramatica limbii engleze Verbele modale: Ought toCand se foloseste & Exemple1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare:

Margaret ought to exercise more.Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa.

- Shall I go to this funeral ? - Well, you ought to.Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva ce trebuie facut caci asa e bine din punct de vedere moral. Nota: Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai de ales." (obligatia e exterioara in acest caz)

Comentarii1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have":

You ought not smoke so much. We ought not be afraid of the these risks.Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele:

You ought not to smoke so much. We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult "should not".

Verbele modale: Ought to- Exercitii -

ExercitiiTraduceti urmatoarele propozitii: Tu trebuie sa te duci acolo. (recomandare)

Tu nu trebuie sa te duci acolo. (recomandare)

Acest lucru trebuie sa fie mentionat. (recomandare)

Noi trebuie sa jucam fotbal. (recomandare)

El nu trebuie sa-si piarda timpul in fata televizorului. (recomandare)

(Acest lucru se intampla si asta il irita pe cel/ pe cea care face afirmatia)

Gramatica limbii engleze Verbele modale: ShallCand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ) What shall I do? (Ce sa fac?)

Shall I listen to you? (S te ascult ?) Shall we go on a vacation? (S mergem intr-o vacanta?)

2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel care vorbete ( Folosit cu persoanele II i III) You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me. Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine. He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that. Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa. You shall hear from me again! Vei mai auzi tu de mine!) 3. pentru a exprima o hotarare The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.) 4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination. Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.

Comentarii1. Folosit cu persoana I, shall indic viitorul. 2. Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbeste.

Verbele modale: Shall- Exercitii -

Exercitii

Link teorie: Verbele modale: Shall - gramaticaTraduceti urmatoarele propozitii in engleza (traducerile va sunt prezentate mai jos): 1. Voi face curatenie in camera pt tine. (exprima o promisiune) 2. Sa-ti duc catelul la plimbare? (exprima o oferta) 3. Du-te sa inveti, iti promit ca nu vei fi deranjat. (exprima o promisiune) 4. Mergem la cinema? (exprima o sugestie) 5. Daca iei o nota buna, vei primi un cadou frumos. (exprima o promisiune) 6. S mananc nite fructe? A prefera s mananc nite legume. (exprima solicitarea unui sfat) 7. Ce pantofi sa port, ca sa potriveasca cu acea rochie? (exprima solicitarea unui sfat)

8. Iti vei manca legumele, indiferent daca iti plac sau nu. (exprima o amenintare, o insistenta) 9. Sa spunem 8:30 atunci? Ramane 8:30 atunci? (exprima solicitarea unui sfat/raspuns) 10. Nu vei primi niciun cadou de Craciun daca nu te comporti frumos. (exprima o amenintare) Traducere in engleza: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I shall clean the room for you. Shall I take your dog for a walk? Go to study, I promise you shall not be disturbed. Shall we go to the cinema? If you get a good mark, you shall get a nice present. Shall I eat some fruits? Id rather eat some vegetables. What shoes shall I wear to match that dress? You shall eat your vegetables, whether you like it or not. Shall we say 8.30 then? You shall not get any Christmas presents if you dont behave well.

Gramatica limbii engleze Verbele modale: WillCand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare

I will climb this mountain even if its the last thing I do. Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac. 2. pentru a exprima o promisiune I will not let you down. Nu te voi dezamagi . 3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother. Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui. 4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil Polar bears will perish. Ursii polari vor disparea. 5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning). Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata. 6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa Will you sit down? Vrei sa iei loc?

Comentarii1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I will. Verbele modale: Will - Exercitii -

Exercitii Link teorie: Verbele modale: Will - gramaticaTraduceti urmatoarele propozitii in engleza (traducerile va sunt prezentate mai

jos): 1. Ma voi stradui mai tare sa imi ating telurile. (exprima o vointa, o hotarare) 2. Daca nu incepi sa muncesti mai mult, va trebui sa repeti cursul anul viitor. (exprima o promisiune) 3. Aceasta fata seamana foarte bine cu Victoria. O fi sora ei. (exprima o posibilitate, presupunere) 4. Cred ca ea va fi in stare sa mearga si sa vada filmul diseara. (exprima o presupunere) 5. Fac eu pentru tine asta, daca vrei. (exprima o cerere politicoasa) 6. Vrei sa ma ajuti cu temele? (exprima o cerere politicoasa) 7. Te voi suna dimineata la prima ora. (exprima o promisiune) 8. Echipa noastra de inot, va castiga campionatul. (exprima o vointa, o hotarare) 9. Imi imprumuti niste bani? ( exprima o cerere politicoasa) 10. Luna viitoare voi primi o marie de salar. (exprima o hotarare, o presupunere)

Traducere in engleza: 1. I will try harder to achieve my goals. 2. If you dont start working harder, you will have to repeat the course next year. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. This girl looks very much like Victoria . She will be her sister. I think she will be able to go and see the movie tonight . I will do that for you if you like. Will you help me with my homework? I will call you first thing in the morning. Our swim team will win the championship! Will you lend me some money? Next month, I will get a raise.

Gramatica limbii engleze Conjunctia in limba englezaCum se identificaConjunctia : a) exprima raporturi de coordonare sau de subordonare intre doua propozitii, raporturi de coordonare intre doua parti de propozitie sau intre o parte de propozitie si

o propozitie; b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic; c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile de coordonare si subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei.

ExempleDorina went to mall but she forgot the money at home. Dorina a plecat la mall, dar si-a uitat banii acasa. Will you come or should I come? Vii tu sau sa vin eu? I didn't call you yesterday because I was busy. Nu te-am sunat ieri pentru ca am fost ocupata.

ComentariiA. Conjunctiile coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions) Conjunctiile coordonatoare leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi functie sintactica sau propozitii de acelasi fel. 1. Dupa relatiile pe care le stabilesc, conjunctiile coordonatoare pot fi: a) copulative: and (si), as well as (precum), both and (atat cat si), not only but also (nu numai dar si) b) disjunctive: or (sau); eitheror (sausau), neithernor (nicinici) c) adversative: but (dar, ci). Either or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in propozitii pozitive sau interogative: We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon. Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza. eitheror + verb negativ sau neithernor + verb pozitiv se folosesc pentru a exprima o negatie: I can't travel either by air or by sea. (Nu pot calatori prin aer sau pe mare.) I can travel neither by air nor by sea. (Nu pot calatori nici prin aer nici pe

mare.) Atentie: Conjunctiile coordonatoare nu pot fi asezate la inceputul frazei.

B. Conjunctiile subordonatoare (Subordinating Conjunctions) Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga propozitiile secundare din fraza de elementele lor regente. 1. Dupa felul propozitiilor pe care le introduce, conjunctiile subordonatoare pot fi: a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce mai multe tipuri de propozitii subordonate. b) specializate: De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde); De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce), before(inainte ca), after (dupa ce) De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum) De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca) De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca) for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu) Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as (cu conditia ca, atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu) Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such (that) (asa/ astfel incat) Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though (desi, cu toate ca, chiar daca) Comparative: as as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca) When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni: When I am tired I go for a walk. Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare. When she rang the bell, he came to the door. Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul actiunii sau succesiunea lor imediata in timp. As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele: She wept as she spoke. Plangea in timp ce vorbea. sau sinonim al lui while: As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name.

In timp ce/ Pe cand traversam strada, am auzit pe cineva strigandu-mi numele.

Since presupune un argument admis de interlocutor: Since you need this book, i'll get it for you. Deoarece ai nevoie de carte, am sa ti-o iau. Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma pozitiva: You can't see me unless you call me first. Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte.

Conjunctia in limba engleza- Exercitii Exercitii Link teorie: Conjunctia - Gramatica

Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii:

Numai ce a sosit si e obosita.

Doriti sa stati in aceasta camera sau in cea cu vedere la mare?

Nici John nici Maria nu vin la petrecerea noastra.

Sau intri sau iesi. Nu sta in usa.

L-am vazut pe John in timp ce ne plimbam pe afara.

Nu stim daca Dorian va veni.

Daca as fi un om bogat as cumpara un Rolls Royce.

Nu veni daca nu iti telefonez.

Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza Direct and indirect (reported) speechVorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza

Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul indirect (vorbirea indirecta). In direct speech, we repeat the original speaker exact words: - vorbirea s directa He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: am pierdut umbrela Mi.) Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations. In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speakers exact words: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse c i-a pierdut umbrella.) vorbirea indirecta

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect. When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.

1.

TENSE CHANGES Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:

He sais that . (El a spus c.) - vorbirea indirecta = reporting a conversation that is still going on = reading a letter and reporting what it sais = reading instructions and reporting them = reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he ll never get married.

2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: vorbirea indirecta

Direct speech - vorbirea directa

Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

Simple Present - Vorbirea directa "I never eat meat" he explained. (Eu niciodat nu mnnc carne explic el). Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa m waiting for Ann" he "I said. (O atept pe Ana spuse el). Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa "I have found a flat" she said. (Am gsit un apartament spuse ea). Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea directa He said "I ve been waiting for ages". (El spuse: Am ateptat o groaz de timp.) Simple Past - Vorbirea directa "I took it home with me" she said. (L-am luat acas cu mine spuse ea.) Future - Vorbirea directa He said, "I shall/will be in Rome on Monday". (El spuse: Voi fi n Roma luni.) Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa "I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she said. (Voi folosi maina pe data de 1 spuse ea) Conditional - Vorbirea directa I said, "I would/should like to see it" . (Eu am spus: A vrea s o vd.)

Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta = He explained that he never ate meat. (El explic faptul c nu mnca niciodat carne.) Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann. (Spuse c o atepta pe Ann). Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta = She said (that) she had found a flat. (Ea spuse c i gsise un apartament). Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta = He said (that)he had been waiting for ages. (El spuse c ateptase o groaz de timp). Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta = She said she had taken it home with her. (Ea spuse c l luase acas cu ea.) Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta = he said he would be in Rome on Monday. (El spuse c va fi n Roma luni.) = Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta She said shed be using the car on the 1st. (Ea spuse c va folosi maina pe data de 1). Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta I said I would/should like to see it. (Eu am spus c a vrea s o vd.)


Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

3. Note on I/we shall/should I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech: "I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day. (Voi mplini 21 ani mine. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse c va mplini 21 ani n ziua urmtoare.) But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we would.

PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1.

In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged. He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday. (El spuse: Ann a ajuns luni. = El spuse c Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.) He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis. (El spuse: "Cnd i-am vzut eu, jucau tenis. = El spuse c atunci cnd i-a vzut, jucau tenis.) 2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains unchanged: She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road. (Ea spuse: M-am hotrt s nu cumpr casa pentru c era pe strada principal. = Ea spuse c s-a hotrt s nu cumpere casa pentru c era pe strada principal).

SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH

- vorbirea indirecta

1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change: "It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began planning their holidays. (Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c era timpul s nceap s i planifice concediul.) 2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged. You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive. "Youd better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water. (Mai bine nu ai bea ap. Spuse ea. = Ne suger s nu bem ap.)

3.

Conditional sentences remain unchanged. "If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were older, he would emigrate. (Dac ar fi mai mari copiii mei, a emigra. Spuse el. = el spuse c dac ar fi mai mari copiii lui, ar emigra.)

MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form: He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day. (El spuse: S-ar putea s sune Ann astzi. = El spuse c s-ar putea s sune Ann n acea zi.) 2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged: "They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road. (Ar trebui s lrgeasc strada. Spuse el. = El spuse c ar trebui s lrgeasc strada.) 3. Would in statements does not change. "Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed. (A fi foarte recunosctor dac m-ai ine la curent.Spuse el = El m rug s l in la current.) 4. Used to does not change. "I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there. (Cunosc bine locul pentru c am stat acolo. Explic el. = El explic faptul c tia locul pentru c a stat acolo.)

PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when the speaker is reporting his own words: I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house. (Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.) This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as

pronouns can become it, they/them. He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next day. (El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta (problema) yiua urmtoare.)

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech - vorbirea directaToday Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Next week/ year etc. Last week/ year etc. A year ago

Indirect speech - vorbire indirectaThat day The day before Two days before The next day/ the following day In two days time The following week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc. A year before/ the previous year


Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta

SAY AND TELL

1. Say and tell with direct speech Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say and noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not possible. "Im leaving at once" Tom said. (Plec odat. A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa "Im leaving at once" Tom told me. (Plec odat. Mi-a spus Tom) vorbirea directa 2. Say and tell with indirect speech Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.

Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza Direct and indirect (reported) speech

- Exercitii Home > Exercitii de gramatica > Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza (exercitii)

ExercitiiTreceti urmatoarele propozitii din vorbirea directa in vorbirea indirecta. Raspunsurile se gasesc in josul paginii. 1. He said, We must have a party to celebrate our success. 2. Mother said, You must do your work right away, Tom. 3. Youd better wear a coat. Its very cold outside. he said. 4. He said, Thank you! 5. She said , Lets shop on Friday. 6. He said to them, Give me a hand! 7. The sun moves around the Earth the father told his son. 8. I didnt meet her on the trip yesterday she told me. 9. If she had loved him, Tom saidshe wouldnt have left him. 10. He said, When I saw them they were playing tennis.

Vezi raspunsurile: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. He said that they must have a party to celebrate their success. Mother said to Tom that he had to do his work right that moment. He advised me to wear a coat. He thanked me. She invited me to go shopping on Friday. He asked them for a hand. The father told his son that the sun moves around the Earth. She told me that she hadnt met the other girl on the trip the day

before.

9.

Tom said that if she had loved him, she wouldnt have left him.

10. He said that they were playing tennis, when he saw them.

Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza - Gramatica limbii engleze Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza

Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor. Exista in acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut si aplicat. Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in subordonata se poate folosi orice timp:

REGENTA Verbul este la prezent sens)(Present Tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous )

SUBORDONATA Verbul poate fi la orice timp (cerut de

We all know that = Noi toti stim ca

... he had gone = el mersese ... he went = el a mers ... he will go= el va merge

Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past. REGENTA Verbul este la trecut(Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous)

SUBORDONATA Orice alt timp past"

a) Past Tense actiune simultana Past Tense He said = El a spus ... he was ill = ca este bolnav b) Past Tense actiune anterioara Past Perfect He said = El a spus ... he had returned home a week before = ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte

Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat. Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses. (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)

c) Past Tenseactiunea posterioar Future-in-the-Past He said = El a spus ... he would leave the next day = ca va pleca a doua zi . Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate). He said = El a spus ... he would buy a car if he had money = ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si temporale, el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca subordonata este completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor. REGENTA Verbul este la viitor SUBORDONATA Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor.

Situatiile cel mai des intlnite sunt urmatoarele:

a) Future actiune simultana Present I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte timp when I have time =cnd voi avea

b)Future actiune anterioara Present Perfect I will go to England = Voi merge in Anglia after I have received a visa= dupa ce voi obtine viza c) verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata completiva directa I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce I shall do. = voi face. Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci cnd verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intlni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii romni de limba engleza

sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus. EXCEPTII (deci cazuri cand nu se aplica regulile de concordanta a timpurilor) 1. Cand in subordonata se exprima un adevar stiintific /general. Everybody knew that gold is a metal. = Toata lumea stia ca aurul este metal. I told you that silver is gray. = Ti-am spus ca argintul este gri. 2. Cand subordonata este: a) cauzala He will not go to school because he didn't learn his lessons. = El nu va merge la scoala pentru ca nu si-a invatat lectiile. We shall go on the trip because they gave us the money. = Vom merge in excursie pentru ca ei ne-au dat banii. b) atributiva You will see the man who wrote that book. = Il vei vedea pe omul care a scris cartea aceea. I saw the girl who will play the piano. = Am vazut fata care va canta la pian. c) comparativ modala Tomorrow I shall work more than I worked yesterday. = Maine voi munci mai mult decat am muncit ieri.

Infinitivul si gerunziul in limba engleza Infinitive and GerundHome > Gramatica limbii engleze > Verbul > Infinitivul si gerunziul in limba engleza

Folosirea infinitivului si a gerunziului & ExempleSunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai jos modul in care verbele limbii engleze se folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu infinitivul.

1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund: (Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul ) advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, mean, need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember, require, start, stop, try, used toverbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning: (verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul) o begin, start, continue, cease I began working./ I began to work. (Am nceput s lucrez.) He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat s locuiasc deasupra magazinului.)

o cant bear I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.) o intend I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.) o advise, allow, permit, recommend They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.) o it needs/requires/wants The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.)

2) Verbs which take only gerund: (Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul )o regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action) I regret spending so much money. (mi pare ru c am cheltuit atia bani.) I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (mi amintesc c am citit de cutremur n ziare.)

Ill never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o s uit niciodat ateptarea rezultatelor.) o go on, stop He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat s ne spun despre planurile lui noi.) I cant stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot s l opresc s nu vorbeasc cu presa.) o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind, miss, practice, report. resent, resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest.

!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an infinitive: I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai picat examenul.) I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)

3) Verbs which take only infinitive: (Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)o agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to) Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord s atepte o sptmn.) I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau s ajung pn s rsr soarele.) I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus s ncep mine.)

try, used to They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun gard de srm n jurul grdinii.) I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.) o

o afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove,

swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem , wish, yearn.

Infinitivul si gerunziul in limba engleza Infinitive and Gerund- Exercitii Exercitii Link teorie: Infinitivul si gerunziul in limba engleza - Gramatica

Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii, folosind correct una dintre constructiile gramaticale (fie cu infinitivul, fie cu gerunziul): 1. A inceput sa ploua. 2. A recunoscut ca a mintit la politie. 3. Mary s-a oprit pe drum inspre serviciu sa cumpere un ziar. 4. Ea este prea in varsta pentru a se apuca de inot. 5. Au incercat sa localizeze compania, dar nu au gasit-o. 6. Ti-ai adus aminte sa ii multumesti matusii Ann de cadou? 7. Am pierdut timp pretios vorbind la telefon. 8. Sunt foarte fericita ca am ajuns aici, in sfarsit. 9. Paul a sugerat sa mergem la cinematograf. 10.A inceput sa cante la pian la opt ani. 11.Este gresit sa spui minciuni. 12.Desi nu il iubeste, are nevoie sa fie cu el.

Raspunsuri corecte: 1. It started to rain. 2. He admitted lying to the police. 3. Mary stopped on her way to work to buy a newspaper. 4. She is too old to take up swimming. 5. They tried to locate the company, but they didnt find it. 6. Did you remember to thank remind Aunt Ann for the present? 7. We wasted valuable time talking over the phone. 8. I am very glad to be here, at last. 9. Paul suggested going to the cinema. 10. She began playing the piano when she was eight. 11. It is bad to tell lies. 12. Although she doesnt love him, she needs to be/being with him.

Gramatica limbii engleze Numeralul cardinal

Cum se identificaNumeralul cardinal este partea de vorbire care exprima un numar de obiecte, persoane (numeralul cardinal).

Exemple1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 350 three hundred and fifty 500 five hundred 1,000 one thousand 2,652 two thousand six hundred and fifty-two 5,000 five thousand 1,000,000 one million 2,000,000 two million

Comentarii

intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor se foloseste cratima;

punctul se foloseste pentru a marca zecimalele : (Ex: 3.10); Cand sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand si million sunt intotdeauna precedate de articolul nehotarat sau de un numeral: 100 one/ a hundred books 141 a hundred and forty- one 1200 a thousand and two hundred 1500000 a million and five hundred-thousand Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1,

numeralele hundred si thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural: 300 three hundred 5000 five thousand Atentie! Aceste numerale primesc terminatia "-s" cand sunt folosite: a) ca substantive: Thousands have read this book. Mii au citit aceasta carte. b) cand sunt urmate de prepozitia OF: The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to hundreds OF thousands. Numarul de tineri ce studiaza in scolile noastre se ridica la sute de mii.

inaintea zecilor este obligatorie conjunctia "and".

Numeralul cardinal- Exercitii Exercitii Link teorie: Numeralul cardinal

Scrieti numeralele cardinale de mai jos: 450 10 11 12 13

14 15 202 1,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,340 2,000,346

Gramatica limbii engleze Numeralul iterativ

Cum se identificaArata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla).

Exemple(for) the first time (for) the second time (for) the third time (for) the fourth time (for) the fifth time (for) the sixth time (for) the seventh time

(for) the eighth time (for) the ninth time (for) the tenth time (for) the eleventh time (for) the twelfth time (for) the thirteenth time (for) the fourteenth time (for) the sixteenth time (for) the eighteenth time (for) the nineteenth time (for) the twentieth time (for) the twenty-first time (for) the thirtieth time

Numeralul iterativ- Exercitii -

Link teorie: Numeralul iterativ - gramaticaCompletati spatiile libere cu numeralele iterative corespunzatoare:

pentru prima oara pentru a doua oara

pentru a treia oara pentru a patra oara pentru a cincea oara pentru a sasea oara pentru a saptea oara pentru a opta oara

Gramatica limbii engleze Numeralul adverbial

Cum se identificaArata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze ceva.

Exemplefirst(ly) = in primul rand

second(ly) = in al 2-lea rand third(ly) = in al 3-lea rand

fourth(ly) = in al 4-lea rand fifth(ly) sixth(ly) = in al 5-lea rand = in al 6-lea rand

Numeralul adverbial- Exercitii ExercitiiTraduceti numeralele adverbiale de mai jos:

in primul rand in al 2-lea rand in al 3-lea rand in al 4-lea rand

in al 5-lea rand in al 6-lea rand

Gramatica limbii engleze Numeralul multiplicativ

Cum se identificaArata de cite ori se repeta o actiune, eveniment, etc.

Exempleonce = o data twice = de doua ori three times = de trei ori four times = de patru ori five times = de cinci ori ten times = de zece ori

fifty times = de cincizeci de ori sixty times = de saizeci de ori a hundred times = de o suta de ori a thousand times = de o mie de ori

ComentariiTot cu sensul de multiplicare se mai folosesc: double = twofold ( dublu ) triple = threefold ( triplu ) fourfold = impatrit

Numeralul multiplicativ- Exercitii -

Exercitii Link teorie: Numeralul multiplicativ - gramatica

Completati spatiile libere cu numeralul multiplicativ corespunzator:o data de doua ori de trei ori de patru ori de cinci ori de zece ori de cincizeci de ori de saizeci de ori de o suta de ori de o mie de ori dublu triplu

impatrit de doua zeci de ori insutit

Gramatica limbii engleze

Numeralul nehotaratCum se identificaFace referire la un numar indefinit de obiecte.

Exemplea number of (un numar de) a lot of (o multime de) lots of, many (multi, multe) tens of (zeci de) hundreds of (sute de) many (multi) several (cativa)

Numeralul nehotarat- Exercitii -

ExercitiiCompletati cu numeralul nehotarat corespunzator.

(un numar de)

employees

were present.

I read good design books

(o multime de)

really

The official website of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy offers (multe informatii despre) the current job market and open positions.

(zeci de masini)

entered for the

competition.

How

(multi)

people are online?

Gramatica limbii engleze Numeralul distributiv

Cum se identificaNumeralul distributiv exprima gruparea, repartizarea obiectelor (distributia).

Exempleone at a time = cate unul o data one by one = unul cate unul two at a time = cate doi o data two by two = doi cate doi every other minute = din doua in doua minute every other hour = din doua in doua ore = la fiecare doua ore every three hours = din trei in trei ore = la trei ore o data every six hours = din sase in sase ore = la interval de sase ore

Numeralul distributiv- Exercitii -

Traduceti numeralele distributive de mai jos:

cate unul o data unul cate unul cate doi o data doi cate doi

din doua in doua minute din doua in doua ore

din trei in trei ore

din sase in sase ore

Gramatica limbii engleze Pronumele personal

Cum se identificaPronumele personal face referire la o persoana care face actiunea (cazul A) sau asupra careia se rasfrange actiunea (cazul B).

ExempleI will go to the sea. (cazul A) Tom will tell me something. (cazul B) This idea belongs to him. (cazul B) We will go shopping. (cazul A) I know them. ( "I" = cazul A, "them" = cazul B )

ComentariiFormele pronumelui personal: Pronumele arata persoana care face actiunea ( Cazul A ) I (eu) You (tu) He (el, pt. fiinte umane) She (ea, pt. fiinte umane) It (el, ea pt. lucruri, animale) We (noi) You (voi) They (ei) Pronumele arata persoana asupra carei se rasfrange actiunea ( Cazul B ) Me (mie) You (tie) Him (lui, pt. fiinte umane) Her (ei, pt. fiinte umane) It (lui, ei, pt. lucruri, animale) Us (noua) You (voua) Them (lor)

Pronumele personal- Exercitii -

Exercitii Link teorie: Pronumele personal - gramatica

Completati cu pronumele personale potrivite in spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos:

tell again the story.

(Iti voi spune tie din nou povestea.)

What can

(Ce poti sa faci tu intr-un caz ca acesta ?)

do in a case like this ?

cannot do this.

(Ei nu pot face asta.)

Trust

(Ai incredere in mine.)

!

These resources can help job in time.

to finish your

(Aceste resurse te pot ajuta sa termini treaba ta la timp.)

Gramatica limbii engleze Pronumele impersonal

Cum se identificaEste un pronume care nu face referire la cineva anume. Afirmatiile/ negatiile/ intrebarile sunt facute la modul general.

ExempleYou can't always do what you want. People can't always do what they want. We can't always do what we want. One can't always do what one wants.Nota: Toate propozitiile se traduc la fel: "Nu se poate ca totdeauna sa faci ce doresti".

Comentarii Cel mai folosit pronume impersonal este "one". Cu aceeasi semnificatie se mai foloseste: you, we, people. Pentru a avea forma impersonala verbul folosit cu "one" este la pers. a 3a singular: one says = se zice, one tells = se povesteste, one learns = se invata, one sings = se canta, etc.

Gramatica limbii engleze Pronumele relativ

Cum se identificaPronumele relativ se refera la un substantiv mentionat anterior, caruia ii adauga informatii suplimentare.

Principalele pronume relative din limba engleza sunt:Cazul N Ac D G Referire se face la o persoana who = care, cine whom = pe care to whom = caruia, careia whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...)Asculta

Referire se face la un lucru, actiune which = care which = care, pe care to which = caruia, careia whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...)

who, whom, to whom, whose which, which, to which, whose

Asculta

ExempleI'm talking about the car which is parked over there. I talked to the girl whose car is red. This is the girl who comes from Halifax. I wrote this book for people who like history. I have written a lot about this place to which we belong.

Comentarii1) Pronumele relativ in Ac. poate fi inlocuit cu that. 2) Pronumele relative who, which, that se omit in propozitiile restrictive (in limba

vorbita) cand se gasesc in cazul acuzativ. Ex: The girl (who) you have just met is my niece. The magazine (that) you lent me is very interesting.


Gramatica limbii engleze Pronumele posesiv

Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Pronumele > Pronumele posesiv

Cum se identificaAceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care se doreste identificarea unui obiect prin referirea la posesor.

Formele pronumelui posesiv sunt:Pronume personal I you (singular) you (plural) he she it we they Pronume posesiv mine (al meu) yours (al tau) yours (al vostru) his (al lui) hers (a ei) its - is, however, rarely used ours (ale noastre) theirs (al lor)

ExempleJohn has a red car. Mine is green.That is your book. This is hers. That computer is his. This book is not mine. This book is yours.

ComentariiCand relatia de posesie e aratata impreuna cu obiectul posedat, aveam de-a face cu un adjectiv posesiv. Pentru mai multe detalii dati click aici.

Pronumele posesiv- Exercitii Home > Exercitii de gramatica > Pronumele > Pronumele posesiv - in limba engleza (exercitii)

Exercitii

Link teorie: Pronumele posesiv - gramaticaCompletati cu pronumele posesive adecvate spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos:That is her car and this is

(Aceia e masina ei si aceasta este a mea.)

.

This telephone number is

.

(Acest numar de telefon este al vostru.)

My book is big.

(Cartea mea e mare. A ta e mica.)

is small.

Is that his house? No, it's

.

(Este aceea casa lui? Nu, e a ei.)

Tom has a little office.

(Tom are un birou mic. Al nostru e mare.)

is big.

Good si/ versus Well - in limba engleza

Folosirea corecta a lui "good" si "well" in limba engleza "good" = adjectiv; Este folosit uneori cu verbe care descriu un substantiv saupronume (look, sound, taste, be).

"well" = adverb. (Exceptie cand are sensul de "healthy"(sanatos) si e folosit caadjectiv.)

ExempleI feel very well. (Ma simt foarte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia de mai sus) It looks good. (Arata bine. Obiectul respectiv arata bine. "good" este adjectiv) I run well. (Alerg bine. "bine" este un adverb deci se foloseste "well")

This steak tastes good. (Aceasta friptura are gust bun. "bun" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste "good". ) Tom is well. (Tom se simte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia de mai sus) Tom is good. (Tom e bun. "bun" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste "good". )

Gramatica limbii engleze

Adjectivul PosesivHome > Gramatica limbii engleze > Adjectivul > Adjectivul posesiv

Cum se identifica Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al tau, etc ...);

Exemplemy book (cartea mea) your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra) his book (cartea lui) her book (cartea ei) its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni) our book (cartea noastra) our books (cartile noastre) your books (cartile voastre) their book (cartea lor) their books (cartile lor)Asculta Exemplele

ComentariiCorespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:

Gramatica limbii engleze Adjectivul DemonstrativHome > Gramatica limbii engleze > Adjectivul > Adjectivul demonstrativ

Cum se identificaAdjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:singular

plural

closerfarther

these this (acestia/ (acesta/ aceasta) acestea)

that (acela/ aceea)

those (aceia/ acelea)

Adjectivul demonstrativ arat deprtarea sau apropierea unui obiect.

Exemplethis house (aceasta casa) that house (acea casa) these houses (aceste case) those houses (acele casa)Play Play Play Play


Adjectivul Demonstrativ- Exercitii ExercitiiCompletati cu adjectivele demonstrative potrivite propozitiile urmatoare: Exemplu:

(Acea)

car is very expensive.

(Aceasta) (Acea) (Aceste)

house is very nice. house is very nice. houses are very nice.

(Acele)

houses are very nice.

I don't know (acest) I don't know (acel)

boy. boy. boys. boys.

I don't know (acesti) I don't know (acei)

You can take (acest) there. You can take (acel) there.

train to go train to go


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