I.

MORFOLOGIA (THE MORPHOLOGY)

(gr. morphe - form, logos - studiu) Morfologia este partea gramaticii care cuprinde regulile de modificare a cuvintelor n procesul comunicrii. Ea studiaz prile de vorbire sub aspect formal, semantic i funcional.

Prile de vorbire sunt: 1. Articolul (The Article) 2. Substantivul (The Noun) 3. Adjectivul (The Adjective) 4. Pronumele (The Pronoun) 5. Numeralul (The Numeral) 6. Verbul (The Verb) 7. Adverbul (The Adverb) 8. Prepoziia (The Preposition) 9. Conjuncia (The Conjunction) 10. Interjecia (The interjection)

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1. ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE)Este un instrument gramatical care individualizeaz sau determin un substantiv. Prezena lui dovedete c substantivul pe care-l nsoete este deja cunoscut de interlocutor. Clasificare: 1. Articolul Hotrt (The Definite Article) 2. Articolul Nehotrt (The Indefinite Article) 3. Articolul Zero (The Zero Article)

1. este the

ARTICOLUL HOTRT (THE DEFINITE ARTICLE)

- pronunat [z] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu o consoan sau semi-consoan the ball [ z bO-l] the window [z `wind\u ] - pronunat [zi] - n faa cuvintelor care ncep cu o vocal the eye [zi ai] the apple [zi `Epl] singular: the girl [z g|l] - fata the boy [z Boi] - biatul the tree [z trI] - copacul the cat [z kEt] - pisica plural: the girls [z g|lz] - fetele the boys [z Boiz] - bieii the trees [z trIz] - copacii the cats [z kEts] - pisicile

Articolul hotrt apare ntr-un mare numr de expresii: on the one side/hand - pe de o parte on the other side/hand - pe de alt parte at the same time - n acelai timp etc Articolul hotrt plasat n faa unor adjective d acestora sensul unor substantive la numrul plural: adj. rich - bogat-bogat, bogai-bogate the rich - cei bogai - cele bogate adj. poor - srac-srac, sraci-srace the poor - cei sraci - cele srace Articolul hotrt apare la gradul superlativ relativ al adjectivelor: the best - cel mai bun, cea mai bun, cei mai buni, cele mai bune the least - cel mai puin, cea mai puin, cei mai puini, cele mai puine the biggest - cel mai mare, cea mai mare, cei mai mari, cele mai mari the most interesting - cel mai interesant, cea mai interesant, cei mai interesani, cele mai interesante etc Articolul hotrt apare i n structura the..., the... - cu ct..., cu att... (dou comparative juxtapuse) The earlier you come, the better it is. - Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme cu att e mai bine. The more we are, the easier it is.- Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att este mai uor. The more interesting the book is, the more I like it. - Cu ct cartea este mai interesant, cu att mi place mai mult. Articolul hotrt se intercaleaz de regul ntre un substantiv precedat de o prepoziie i prepoziia respectiv. a house in the forest - o cas n pdure a boat on the lake - o barc pe lac across the road - peste drum at the end - la sfrit

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at the door - la u in the end - n final in the morning - dimineaa in the village - n sat in the shade - la umbr Articolul hotrt poate fi ntlnit n unele denumiri geografice: The Black Sea, The Danube, The Carpathians, The Alps, The Himalaya Mountains, The Thames, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Commonwealth of Australia States and Territories, The United States of America, The Sahara Desert, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Pacific Ocean etc. Articolul hotrt nsoete, de obicei, substantivele cnd acestea sunt acompaniate/precedate de adjective. in the first/second/third/etc. sentence - n prima/a doua/a treia/etc. propoziie in the course of time - n decursul timpului, de-a lungul timpului in the second half - n a doua jumtate in the days/months that followed - n zilele/lunile care au urmat Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. - Muntele Everest este cel mai nalt munte din lume. Articolul hotrt the se mai traduce n limba romn prin articolele adjectivale cel, cea, cei, cele sau articolele posesive al, a, ai, ale. Alfred the Great - Alfred cel Mare Stephen the Great - tefan cel Mare The Second World War - Cel de al doilea rzboi mondial.

2.

ARTICOLUL

NEHOTRT

(THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE)

este : - a pronunat [] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan: a dog [ `dog]- un cine a wall [ `wOl]- un zid/perete a flower [ `flau\]- o floare a year [\ `ji\] - un an - an pronunat [n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal: an apple [n `Epl]- un mr an eye [n `ai] - un ochi an ear [n `i\]- o ureche an idea [n ai`dia]- o idee Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit : - n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective : a good teacher - un profesor bun a big house - o cas mare a book of proverbs - o carte de proverbe a house on fire - o cas n flcri a little tea - puin/destul ceai - n unele structuri : a tobacconist's - o tutungerie a baker's - o brutrie a greengrocer's - un aprozar a blue - eyed girl - o fat cu ochi albatri a confectioner's - o cofetrie a jeweller's - un magazin de bijuterii Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric: a hundred - o sut a thousand - o mie two saucers and an ash-tray - dou farfurioare i o scrumier a chemist 's - o farmacie a stationer's - o papetrie once upon a time - a fost odat a grocer' s - o bcnie two/three at a time - cte doi/trei o dat

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3.

ARTICOLUL

ZERO

(THE ZERO ARTICLE)

Articolul zero apare: a) n nume de continente, ri, persoane, zilele sptmnii etc. Exemple: Africa, Asia, America, Europe, England, France, Italy, Romania, Sunday, Alice, Bob, George, John, Mary, Peter, Richard, William etc. b) n faa subsantivelor folosite n sens general: Children like sweets. - Copiilor le plac dulciurile. Knowledge is power. - tiina nseamn putere. Oil is lighter than water. - Uleiul este mai uor dect apa. Boys like toys and lots of noise.- Bieilor le plac jucriile i mult zgomot. c) n faa subsantivelor nenumrabile (uncountables): Gold is yellow.- Aurul este galben. This house is made of wood.- Aceast cas este fcut din lemn. d) naintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie: care, death, hatred, honesty, hunger, love, sand, salt, tea, water etc. Salt seasons all things. (prov.) - Sarea d gust tuturor lucrurilor. Multe substantive abstracte apar n proverbe. Hunger is the best sauce. - Foamea este cel mai bun buctar. e) nume de: culori (white, black, yellow, red, green, brown, pink, violet, orange, blue, black), sporturi i jocuri sportive (football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, tennis etc.), limbi (English, Romanian, German, French etc.), mese (breakfast, snack, lunch, tea, dinner, supper). f) n unele expresii / structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greelilor. after dark - dup lsarea ntunericului after three o'clock - dup ora trei after dinner - dup cin day by day - zi de zi drop by drop - strop cu strop day after day - zi dup zi, zi de zi from end to end - de la cap la cap from first to last - de la primul la ultimul from place to place - din loc n loc from time to time - din cnd n cnd good for food - comestibil goods on sale - mrfuri/bunuri de vnzare in general - n general to learn by heart - a nva pe de rost piece by piece - bucat cu bucat Just in time - chiar la timp/moment to leave for school - a pleca la coal to keep in mind - a ine minte to be on duty - a fi de serviciu to go on foot - a merge pe jos to put in order - a pune n ordine to be in parliament - a fi n parlament to go to bed - a merge la culcare from London - de la Londra to look for help/aid - a cuta ajutor to pay on demand - a plti la cerere from morning to night - de dimineaa pn seara from beginning to end - de la nceput la sfrit on certain conditions - cu anumite condiii

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2. SUBSTANTIVUL (THE NOUN)Substantivul (lat.: substantivus; substans - substan; sub - sub/dedesubt, stans - aezat) este partea de vorbire care denumete fiine, obiecte, stri, noiuni, nsuiri etc. Clasificare: - comune (Common Nouns) dog (cine), cat (pisic), bird (pasre), house (cas), apple (mr), girl (fat), boy (biat), water (ap). - proprii (Proper Nouns) John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe, Asia, July, Sunday, Great Britain etc. - abstracte (Abstract Nouns) friendship (prietenie), joy (bucurie), wisdom (nelepciune), safety ( siguran), theory (teorie), gratitude (recunotin) etc. - inidividuale (Individual Nouns) man (brbat), house (cas), stone (piatr), tree (copac) etc. - colective (Collective Nouns) team (echip), army (armat), family (familie), fleet (flot), crowd (mulime), flock (stol), swarm (roi), group (grup) etc. - nume de materie (Names of Matter) water (ap), air (aer), fire (foc), beer (bere), milk (lapte), steel (oel), silver (argint), gold (aur), snow (zpad), wine (vin), tea (ceai), salt (sare) etc. - masculin - feminine - neutru

- Gen Substantivul are : - Numar

- singular - plural

- Caz - Nominstiv - Genitiv - Dativ - Acuzativ - Vocativ

GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR (THE GENDER OF THE NOUNS)masculin (masculine) (he - el) actor - actor bachelor - celibatar barman - barman boy - biat bridegroom - ginere brother - frate dad/daddy - tati/tticu feminin (feminine) (she - ea) actress - actri spinster - celibatar barmaid - barmani girl - fat bride - mireas sister - sor mam/mammy - mami

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earl - conte father - tat gentleman - domn god - zeu grandfather - grandpa - bunic hero - erou husband - so king - rege lad - flcu landlord - proprietar man - brbat master - stpn monk - clugr nephew - nepot papa/daddy - tata policeman - poliist prince - prin salesman - vnztor sir - domn son - fiu tutor - tutore uncle - unchi neutru (neuter) (it - el/ea) air - aer ball - minge book - carte box - cutie bread - pine building - cldire bus - autobuz crocodile - crocodil error - greeal fish - pete flag - drapel flute - flaut fork - furculi glory - glorie helicopter - elicopter honour - onoare house - cas impression - impresie indifference - indiferen kangaroo - cangur land - pmnt legend - legend light - lumin march - mar medal - medalie microbe - microb minaret - minaret monkey - maimu mouse - oarece mushroom - ciuperc

countess - contes mother - mam gentlewoman - doamn goddess - zei grandmother - grandma - bunic heroine - eroin wife - soie queen - regin lass - fat landlady - proprietreas woman - femeie mistress - stpn nun - clugri niece - nepoat mamma/mammy - mama policewoman - poliist princess - prines saleswoman - vnztoare madam - doamn daughter - fiic governess - guvernant aunt - mtu comun (common) (he/she - el/ea) associate - asociat/asociat architect - arhitect/arhitect artist - artist/artist beginner - nceptor/nceptoare author - autor/autoare child - copil/copil buyer - cumprtor/cumprtoare client - client/client companion - nsoitor/nsoitoare cook - buctar/buctreas cousin - verior/verioar customer - client/client customs officer - vame/vame dancer - dansator/dansatoare doctor - doctor/doctori dreamer - vistor/vistoare driver - ofer/oferi dyer - vopsitor/vopsitoare economist - economist/economist engineer - inginer/inginer examiner-examinator/examinatoare fighter - lupttor/lupttoare friend - prieten/prieten guest - musafir/musafir interpreter - interpret/interpret journalist - jurnalist/jurnalist owner - posesor/posesoare painter - pictor/pictori parent - printe

masculin (masculine) (he - el) boy friend - prieten

feminin (feminine) (she - ea) girl friend - prieten

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brother - in - law - cumnat bull - taur cock - coco dog - cine drake - roi father - in - law - socru fisherman - pescar fox - vulpoi gipsy/gypsy - igan grandson - nepot horse - cal host - gazd lion - leu lord - domn man-servant - servitor Mr. - domnul negro - negru ox - bou peasant - ran pirate - pirat postman - pota schoolboy - colar soldier - soldat son - in - law - ginere steward - stevard tom cat - pisoi turkey cock - curcan usher - plasator waiter - chelner neutru (neuter) (it - el/ea) net - plas novel - roman number - numr occupation - ocupaie ocean - ocean oil - ulei page - pagin panic - panic part - parte pear - par petal - petal piano - pian pig - porc pot - oal root - rdcin scorpion - scorpion shark - rechin sparrow - vrabie sphere - sfer stage - scen stick - b sun - soare tea - ceai telephone - telefon etc.

sister - in - law - cumnat cow - vac hen - gin bitch - cea duck - ra mother - in - law - soacr vixen - vulpe gipsy/gypsy woman - iganc granddaughter - nepoat mare - iap hostess - gazd lioness - leoaic lady - doamn maid - servant - servitoare Miss/Mrs. - domnioara/doamna negress - negres cow - vac peasant woman - ranc-

schoolgirl - colri-

daughter - in - law - nor stewardess - stevardes pussy cat - pisic turkey hen - curc usherette - plasatoare waitress - chelneri comun (common) (he/she - el/ea) photographer - fotograf/fotograf physician - doctor/doctori physicist - fizician/fizician passenger - pasager/pasager manager - manager/manager, director/directoare philosopher - filozof physiologist - fiziolog pilot - pilot player - juctor/juctoare playwright - dramaturg printer - tipograf/tipograf prisoner - prizonier/prizonier purchaser - cumprtor/ cumprtoare supporter - suporter/suporter reader - cititor/cititoare reporter - reporter/reporter rival - rival/rival scholar - nvat/nvat scientist - savant/savant smoker - fumtor/fumtoare spectator - spectator/spectatoare spouse - so/soie successor - succesor/succesoare superintendent - supraveghetor/ supraveghetoare theorist - teoretician/teoretician weaver - estor/estoare welder - sudor/sudori

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worker - muncitor/muncitoare writer - scriitor/scriitoare

PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELORClasificare: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Pluralul regulat al substantivelor Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor Plurale straine Plurale asimilate in Limba Englez Pluralul substantivelor compuse Pluralul fraciilor zecimale Pluralul unor abrevieri Substantive numai cu forma de Plural Substantive numai cu forma de Singular Substantive cu aceeai forma pentru Singular i Plural

1. Pluralul regulat al substantivelorSe formeaz prin adugarea literei s. book - books - carte - cri Litera s semn al pluralului substantivelor , al persoanei a III-a singular a verbelor i al genitivului saxon/sintetic al substantivelor, se citete: [ s ] - cnd este precedat de consoane nesonore/surde book - books - carte - cri to speak - he speaks - a vorbi - el vorbete the economist's pen] - stiloul economistului [ z ] - cnd este precedat de o consoan sonor chair - chairs - scaun - scaune to receive - he receives - a primi - el primete the girl's flowers -florile fetei ; [ iz ] - cnd este precedat de s, z, ch, sh sau consoane uiertoare/sibilante; bench - benches - banc - bnci bus - buses - autobuz - autobuze fox - foxes - vulpoi - vulpoi George' s books - crile lui George to teach - he teaches - a preda/explica - el pred/explic to wash - he washes - a (se) spla - el se spal Unele substantive terminate n y, precedat de consoan primesc s la plural, dar pe y l transform n ie. baby - babies - copila - copilai beauty - beauties - frumusee - frumusei city - cities - ora - orae etc. Substantivele terminate n y formeaz pluralul prin simpla adugare la sfritul lor a literei s dac n faa lui y se afl o vocal : boy - boys - biat biei toy - toys - jucrie - jucrii etc day - days - zi - zile play - plays - pies - piese Substantivele care se termin n f sau ff formeaz pluralul prin adugarea lui s : chief - chiefs - ef - efi cliff - cliffs - stnc - stnci grief - griefs - suprare/mhnire - suprri/mhniri

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Dar iat i excepii: calf - calves - viel - viei half - halves - jumtate - jumti knife - knives - cuit - cuite leaf - leaves - frunz - frunze life - lives - via - viei Substantivele terminate n o formeaz pluralul astfel: a) - unele adaug terminaia es : hero - heroes - erou - eroi mosquito - mosquitoes - nar - nari negro - negroes - negru - negri potato - potatoes - cartof - cartofi b) - altele adaug doar litera s : casino - casinos - cazino - cazinouri cuckoo - cuckoos - cuc - cuci embryo - embryos - embrion- embrioni kangaroo - kangaroos - cangur - canguri piano - pianos - pian - piane tomato - tomatoes - tomat - tomate volcano - volcanoes - vulcan - vulcani loaf - loaves - franzel - franzele shelf - shelves - raft - rafturi thief - thieves - ho - hoi wife - wives - soie - soii wolf - wolves - lup - lupi

radio - radios - radio - radiouri photo - photos - fotografie - fotografii studio - studios - studio - studiouri

2. Pluralul neregulat al substantivelorbusinessman - businessmen - om / oameni de afaceri child - children - copil - copii die - dice - zar - zaruri Englishman - Englishmen - englez - englezi fireman - firemen - pompier - pompieri fisherman - fishermen - pescar - pescari foot - feet - lab - labe gentleman - gentlemen - domn - domni gentlewoman - gentlewomen - doamn - doamne goose - geese - gsc - gte louse - lice - pduche - pduchi man - men - brbat - brbai mouse - mice - oarece - oareci postman - postmen - posta - postai sportsman - sportsmen - sportiv - sportivi tooth - teeth - dinte/msea - dini/msele woman - women - femeie - femei

3. Plurale strineGreceti: analysis - analyses - analiz - analize axis - axes - ax - axe basis - bases - baz - baze crisis - crises - criz - crize Latineti: agendum - agenda - agend - agende alga - algae - alg - alge aquarium / aquariums - acvariu - acvarii bacillus - bacilli - bacil - bacili candelabrum - candelabra - candelabru - candelabre erratum - errata - erat - erate diagnosis - diagnoses - diagnostic - diagnostice metropolis - metropolises - metropol - metropole sphinx - sphinxes - sfinx - sfinci octopus - octopuses/octopi - caracati - caracatie

gymnasium - gymnasiums - gimnaziu- gimnazii mausoleum - mausoleums - mausoleu - mausolee stimulus - stimuli - stimul - stimuli stratum - strata - strat - straturi

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4. Plurale asimilate n limba englezarena - arenas - aren - arene circus - circuses - circ - circuri dilemma - dilemmas - dilem - dileme diploma - diplomas - diplom - diplome drama - dramas - dram - drame genius - geniuses - geniu - genii idea - ideas - idee - idei minus - minuses - minus - minusuri opera - operas - oper - opere umbrella - umbrellas - umbrel - umbrele

5. Pluralul substantivelor compuseblackboard - blackboards - tabl - table motel - motels - motel - moteluri mother - in - law - mothers - in - law - soacr - soacre passer - by - passers - by - pieton - pietoni son - in - law - sons - in - law - ginere - gineri

6. Pluralul fraciilor zecimaleone quarter - three quarters - un sfert - trei sferturi one third - two thirds - o treime - dou treimi one fifth - two fifths - o cincime - dou cincimi one seventh - two sevenths - o eptime - dou eptimi

7. Pluralul unor abrevieriMember of Parliament (M.P.) - Members of Parliament (M.P.s) - membru al parlamentului, membri ai parlamentului Mountain (Mt. ) - Mountains (Mts) - munte - muni Post - Office (P.O.) - Post - Offices (P.O.s) - oficiu potal - oficii potale.

8. Substantive numai cu form de pluralspectacles - glasses - ochelari, trousers - pantaloni, clothes - haine, scissors - foarfeci

9. Substantive numai cu form de singularadvice - sfat, equipment - echipament/utilaj, furniture - mobil, information - informaie/informaii, knowledge cunotine, news - tiri, money - bani

10.Substantive cu aceeai form pentru singular i pluralsheep - oaie - oi, fish - pete - peti, deer - cprioar - cprioare, Portughese - portughez - portughezi, Chinese - chinez chinezi

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CAZURILE SUBSTANTIVELOR (THE CASES OF THE NOUNS)Cazul este categoria gramatical prin care se exprim raporturi sintactice ntre cuvinte prin modificarea formelor acestora. Clasificare: 1.Nominstiv 2.Genitiv a) saxon/sintetic b) prepoziional/analitic c) dublu d) implicit/aglutinant 3.Dativ 4.Acuzativ 5.Vocativ

1. Cazul Nominativ (The Nominative Case)Este cazul subiectului i rspunde la ntrebrile: who ? - cine ? , what ? - - ce?

The boy is playing in the garden. - Biatul se joac n grdin. Who is playing in the garden? - Cine se joac n grdin ? I saw John. - Who saw John? - I did. - Eu l-am vzut pe John. - Cine l-a vzut pe John? - Eu. The book is on the table. - What is on the table? - The book is. - Cartea este pe mas. - Ce este pe mas ? - Cartea. Alice and Gabi are in the street. - Who is/are in the street ? - Alice and Gabi are. - Alice i Gabi sunt pe strad. - Cine este pe strad? - Alice i Gabi.

2. Cazul Genitiv (The Genitive Case)Este cazul atributului i rspunde la ntrebrile: of ?- care dintre ?, what ?- ce/care ? Cazul genitiv este de patru feluri: a) saxon/sintetic b) prepoziional/analitic c) dublu d) implicit/agglutinant whose ? - al cui ?, a cui ?, ai cui?, ale cui ?, which ?- care ?, which

a)Genitivul saxon/sintetic (The Saxon Genitive or the Possesive CaseSe formeaz la singular cu ' (apostrof) plus litera s i se ntrebuineaz cu substantive masculine i feminine. all Shakespeare's plays - toate piesele lui Shakespeare John Major's diplomacy - diplomaia lui John Major the boy's friend - prietenul biatului this man's gift - talentul acestui om La plural sau dac posesorul se termin n s se adaug doar apostroful. the boys' friend - prietenul bieilor the children's ball - mingea copiilor the boys' ball - mingea bieilor Dickens' novels - romanele lui Dickens Genitivul saxon se mai folosete i n unele structuri cum ar fi:

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A Midsummer Night's Dream - Visul unei nopi de var at a stone's throw - la o distan de o aruncare de piatr at Shakespeare's - la Shakespeare acas the night's coolness - rcoarea nopii the house of my sister's husband - casa soului sorei mele the sun's heat - cldura soarelui the sea's roar - vuietul mrii to go to the barber's - a merge la frizerie to his heart's content - pe pofta inimii lui today's news - tirile de azi without a moment's rest - fr o clip de odihn a talk of ten minutes - a ten minutes' talk - o discuie de zece minute a two miles' walk - a walk of two miles - o plimbare de dou mile England's football team - echipa de fotbal a Angliei I must go to Mr. Brown's house. - Trebuie s merg la domnul Brown acas to be at one's wit's/ wits' end - a fi n ncurctur, a fi la captul puterilor

b) Genitivul prepoziional/analitic (The Prepositional/Analitical Genitive)Se formeaz cu prepoziia of i se folosete cu substantive de toate genurile. the smell of the flower/flowers - mirosul florii/florilor the friend of the boy - the boy's friend - prietenul biatului the friends of the boys - the boys' friends - prietenii bieilor the friend of the boys - the boys' friend - prietenul bieilor the friends of the boy - the boy's friends - prietenii biatului some books of my friend - nite cri ale prietenului meu a friend of mine/yours/his/hers - un prieten al meu/tu/lui/ei a friend of ours/yours/theirs - un prieten al nostru/vostru/lor a brother of my friend - un frate al prietenului meu a book of my sister - o carte a sorei mele one of my good friends - unul din bunii mei prieteni one of my best friends - unul din cei mai buni prieteni ai mei this interesting book of Helen's - aceast carte interesant a Elenei a dancing couple - a couple that/which is dancing - un cuplu care danseaz a burning house - a house that is burning - o cas care arde a sleeping dog - a dog that/which is sleeping - un cine care doarme the boy between John and Nick - the boy who is between John and Nick - biatul dintre John i Nick - biatul care este ntre John i Nick. the man in the street - omul de pe strad, omul de rnd, omul obinuit a boy of eleven (years) - un biat de unsprezece ani a man with grey hair - un om cu pr crunt the girl with glasses - fata cu ochelari the girl wearing glasses - fata care poart ochelari my friend's friend - prietenul prietenului meu my friends' friend - prietenul prietenilor mei my friend's friends - prietenii prietenului meu my friends' friends - prietenii prietenilor mei a walk of ten minutes - a ten minute walk - o plimbare de zece minute our walk of ten minutes - our ten minute walk - plimbarea noastr de zece minute a drive of ten miles - a ten mile drive - o plimbare de zece mile cu maina a journey of two days - a two day journey - o cltorie de dou zile my holiday of two weeks - my two week holiday - vacana mea de dou sptmni

c) Genitivul dublu (Group Possesive)my friend's birthday/ the birthday of my friend - ziua de natere a prietenului meu her sister, Alice's blue eyes - ochii albatri ai sorei sale, Alice

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his son-in-law's birthday - ziua de natere a ginerelui su/lui my friend, Tom's birthday - ziua de natere a prietenului meu, Tom someone else's birthday - ziua de natere a altcuiva that boy's friend's book - cartea prietenului biatului aceluia - cartea prietenului acelui biat.

d) Genitivul implicit/aglutinant (The Implicit Genitive)The United Nations Organisation - Organizaia Naiunilor Unite Students Organisation - Organizaia studenilor ignition timing - reglarea aprinderii a heart disease - o boal de inim

3.Cazul Dativ (The Dative Case)Cazul dativ este cazul complementului indirect i rspunde la ntrebrile: to whom ?-who(m)... to? - cui? for whom ?-who(m)... for ? - pentru cine ?, to what ...?- what ... to ? - la ce ? etc. I give Alice two books. - I give two books to Alice. - Eu i dau lui Alice dou cri. - Eu i dau dou cri lui Alice. To whom do I give two books ? - Who(m) do I give two books to ? - Cui dau eu dou cri ? Everybody is working for him. - Toi lucreaz pentru el. For whom is everybody working ? - Pentru cine lucreaz toi ? Who(m) is everybody working for ? - Pentru cine lucreaz toi ? I am referring to John. - Eu m refer la John. Who(m) am I referring to ? - To whom am I referring ? - La cine m refer eu? dativ acuzativ acuzativ dativ I have brought John a book. - I have brought a book to John. I-am adus lui John o carte. - I-am adus o carte lui John. Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c, atunci cnd n propoziie acuzativul (compl. direct) st naintea dativului (compl. indirect), se folosete obligatoriu particula to . Alte exemple: I offered my wife some flowers. - I offered some flowers to my wife - I-am oferit soiei mele nite flori. - I-am oferit nite flori soiei mele. The book belongs to me. - Cartea mi aparine mie. The book does not belong to me .- Cartea nu-mi aparine mie. Does the book belong to me ? - mi aparine mie cartea ? To whom does the book belong ? - Who(m) does the book belong to ? - Cui i aparine cartea ? He forgives us our mistake. - El ne iart nou greeala noastr. His coming is a mystery to me. - Venirea lui este un mister pentru mine. The advantage is obvious to them. - Avantajul le este evident. What relation are you to this boy ? - Ce rud eti tu cu acest biat ? This computer is superior to other computers. - Acest calculator este superior altor calculatoare. The matter is open to discussion.- Chestiunea este deschis discuiei. Give my friend that book, please ! - Give that book to my friend, please ! - D-i prietenului meu cartea aceea, te rog ! I am going to write to my friend. - Am de gnd s-i scriu prietenului meu. Do not be cruel to animals ! - Nu fi crud fa de animale ! You must not be blind to his mistakes. - Nu trebuie s fii orb fa de greelile lui. His uncle gave him a present. - Unchiul su / lui i-a dat un cadou.

4. Cazul Acuzativ (The Accusative Case)Este cazul complementului direct i rspunde la ntrebrile: whom ? - pe cine ?, what ? - ce ? I see the boy every day. - l vd pe biat n fiecare zi. Whom do I see every day ? - Pe cine vd eu n fiecare zi ? You see the book on the table. - Tu vezi cartea pe mas. What do you see on the table ? - Ce vezi tu pe mas ? My sister is looking for a book. - Sora mea caut o carte. What is my sister looking for ? - Ce caut sora mea ?

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5. Cazul Vocativ (The Vocative Case)Este cazul adresrii sau al chemrii. George, will you help me ? - George, vrei s m ajui ? Come here, my boy ! - Vino aici, fiule !

DECLINAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR (THE DECLENSION OF THE NOUNS)Trecerea unui substantiv (sau pronume) prin toate cazurile la numrul singular i la numrul plural poart numele de declinare.

Declinarea Substantivelor cu Articol HotrtN.G.

D. A. V.

singular the boy - biatul the girl - fata of the boy - the boy's - al, a, ai, ale biatului of the girl - the girl's - al, a, ai, ale fetei (to) the boy - biatului (to) the girl - fetei the boy - biatul the girl - fata -

plural the boys - bieii the girls - fetele of the boys - the boys' - al, a, ai, ale bieilor of the girls - the girls' - al, a, ai, ale fetelor (to) the boys - bieilor (to) the girls - fetelor the boys - bieii the girls - fetele -

Declinarea Substantivelor cu cu Articol Nehotrtsin gul ar N. a boy - un bi at a girl - o fat plu ral

boy s -

bi ei

girl s -

fete

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G.

of a boy - a boy 's al, a , ai, ale unu i bi at

of boy s boy s' al, a, ai, ale, uno r bi ei, de bi ei of girl s girl s' al, a , ai, ale, uno r fete , de fete (to) boy s uno r bi ei

of a girl - a girl 's al, a, ai, ale une i fete

D.

(to) a boy unu i bi at (to) a girl une i fete

(to) girl s uno r fete

A.

a boy - un bi at a girl - o fat

boy s bi ei

girl s fete

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V.

boy ! bi ete !, bi atul e! girl ! fat !

boy s!bi ei! girl s!fete lor !

Declinarea Substantivelor NeutreN. G. D. A. V. singular a table - o mas the table - masa of a table - al, a, ai, ale unei mese of the table - al, a, ai, ale mesei to a table - unei mese to the table - mesei a table - o mas the table - masa plural tables - mese the tables - mesele of tables - de mese of the tables - al, a, ai, ale meselor to tables - la/unor mese to the tables - meselor tables - mese the tables - mesele -

3. ADJECTIVUL (THE ADJECTIVE)Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care calific/determin un substantiv sau un echivalent al unui substantiv. n limba englez adjectivele stau naintea substantivelor sau dup verbul to be i nu se acord n gen, numr i caz cu substantivele pe care le determin. The interesting book is on the table. - Cartea interesant este pe mas. Clasificarea Adjectivelor :

1. Calitative (of Quality / Descriptive) 2. Pposesive (Possessive) 3. Interogativ - Relative (Interrogative-Relative) 4. Demonstrative (Demonstrative) 5. Cantitativ/Nnehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)

1.Adjective Calitative (Adjectives of Quality)clever - detept, deteapt, detepi, detepte a clever boy - un biat detept a clever girl - o fat deteapt clever boys - biei detepi clever girls - fete detepte interesting - interesant, interesant, interesani, interesante good - bun, bun, buni, bune etc.

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2. Adjective Posesive (Possessive Adjectives)my - meu, mea, mei, mele your - tu, ta, ti, tale his - lui, su, sa, si, sale, dnsului her - ei, su, sa, si, sale, dnsei its - lui/ei, su/sa, si/sale our - nostru, noastr, notri, noastre your - vostru, voastr, votri, voastre, dumneavoastr their - lor, dnilor, dnselor, dumnealor

my friend - prietenul meu your friend - prietenul tu his friend - prietenul lui/dnsului her friend - prietenul ei/dnsei its friend - prietenul lui/ei our friend - prietenul nostru your friend - prietenul vostru/dv. their friend - prietenul lor/dnilor

my friends - prietenii mei your friends - prietenii ti his friends - prietenii lui/dnsului her friends - prietenii ei/dnsei its friends - prietenii lui/ei our friends - prietenii notri your friends - prietenii votri/dv. their friends - prietenii lor/dnilor

3. Adjective Interogativ - Relative (Interrogative - Relative Adjectives) Interogativewhich - care ?, pe care ? which boy ? - care (al ctelea) biat ? (which boys ? - care (ai ctelea) biei?) which girl ? - care (a cta) fat? (which girls ? - care (ale ctelea) fete ?) which house ? - care (a cta) cas ? (which houses ? - care (ale ctelea) case?) which tree ?- care (al ctelea) copac? (which trees? - care (ai ctelea) copaci ?) which of ? - care dintre ? (selectiv) which of the boys?- care dintre biei? which of the girls ? - care dintre fete ? which of the houses ? - care dintre case ? which of the trees ? - care dintre copaci ? what ? - ce ?, care ? what boy ? - ce/care biat ? what boys ? - ce/care biei ? what girl ? - ce/care fat ?what girls ? - ce/care fete ? what house ? - ce/care cas ? what houses ? - ce/care case ? what tree ? - ce/care copac ? what trees ? - ce/care copaci ? what kind/sort of ? - ce fel de ? what kind of boy ? - ce fel de biat ? (what kind of boys ? - ce fel de biei?) what kind of girl ? - ce fel de fat ? (what kind of girls ? - ce fel de fete ?) what kind of house? - ce fel de cas? (what kind of houses? - ce fel de case ?) what kind of tree? - ce fel de copac? (what kind of trees ? - ce fel de copaci ? whose ? - al, a, ai, ale cui ? whose boy ? - al cui biat ? whose boys ? - ai cui biei ? whose girl ? - a cui fat ? whose girls ? - ale cui fete ? whose house ? - a cui cas ? whose houses ? - ale cui case ? whose tree ? - al cui copac ? whose trees ? - ai cui copaci ?

Relativewho - care ; the boy who knows you - biatul care te cunoate whose - al , a, ai, ale crui/crei/cror the boy whose father ... - biatul al crui tat ... the boy whose mother ... - biatul a crui mam ... the boy whose parents ... - biatul ai crui prini ... the girl whose parents ... - fata ai crei prini

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the boys whose father ... - bieii al cror tat ... the boys whose mother ... - bieii a cror mam ... the boys whose fathers ... - bieii ai cror tai the boys whose parents ... - bieii ai cror prini the girl whose mother ... - fata a crei mam ... the girl whose father ... - fata al crei tat ... the girls whose mother ... - fetele a cror mam the girls whose father ... - fetele al cror tat the girls whose parents ... - fetele ai cror prini the girls whose mothers ... - fetele ale cror mame the girls whose fathers ... - fetele ai cror tai the house whose colour ... - casa a crei culoare the house whose roof ... - casa al crei acoperi the houses whose colour ... - casele a cror culoare the houses whose roof ... - casele al cror acoperi the houses whose colours ... - casele ale cror culori the houses whose roofs ... - casele ale cror acoperiuri the tree whose leaf ... - copacul a crui frunz the tree whose leaves ... - copacul ale crui frunze the trees whose leaves ... - copacii ale cror frunze The boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. - Biatul, a crui carte este pe mas, este fratele meu. The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare. - Dramaturgul, a crui pies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare. to whom - cruia, creia, crora the boy to whom you recommend the book - biatul cruia i recomanzi cartea the girl to whom you recommend a book - fata creia i recomanzi o carte the boys to whom you recommend a book - bieii crora le recomanzi o carte the girls to whom you recommend a book - fetele crora le recomanzi o carte whom - pe care the boy whom you see - biatul pe care l vezi the girl whom you see - fata pe care o vezi the boys whom you see - bieii pe care i vezi the girls whom you see - fetele pe care le vezi that/which - care, pe care the colour that/which you like - culoarea care i place which of [wit~ ov] - care dintre , cui dintre He knows which of us lives here. - El tie care dintre noi locuiete aici. what [wot] - ce/ct/care Tell him what answer to give. - Spune-i ce rspuns s dea. Tell me what time it is. - Spune-mi ct e ceasul . I know what book you like. - tiu ce/care carte i place. what kind/sort of - ce fel de I know what kind/sort of man he is. - tiu ce fel de om este el.

4. Adjective Demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives)this - acest, acesta ; aceast, aceasta this boy - acest biat, biatul acesta this girl - aceast fat, fata aceasta this tree - acest copac, copacul acesta this book - aceast carte, cartea aceasta these - aceti, acetia ; aceste, acestea these boys - aceti biei, bieii acetia these girls - aceste fete, fetele acestea these trees - aceti copaci, copacii acetia these books - aceste cri, crile acestea

that - acel, acela ; acea, aceea that boy - acel biat, biatul acela

that girl - acea fat, fata aceea that tree - acel copac, copacul acela

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that book - acea carte, cartea aceea those - acei, aceia; acele, acelea those boys - acei biei, bieii aceia

those girls - acele fete, fetele acelea those books - acele cri, crile acelea those trees - acei copaci, copacii aceia

the one - acel/acela care, cel ce/care; cea/aceea care The one, who knows us, is here. - Cel/cea care ne cunoate este aici. it - acela, aceea Was it you ? - Tu ai fost acela/aceea ? the former - primul (din doi), cel dinti (din doi), prima (din dou), cea dinti (din dou) the latter - (cel de-) al doilea, ultimul (din doi), (cea de-) a doua, ultima (din dou) John and William are friends. The former is a farmer, the latter is an engineer. - John i William sunt prieteni. Primul este fermier, al doilea este inginer. the first - cel, cea, cei, cele dinti, primul, prima, primii, primele He is my first friend. - El este primul meu prieten. - El este cel dinti prieten al meu. the first boy - primul biat the first boys - primii biei the first girl - prima fat the first girls - primele fete the first book - prima carte the first books - primele cri the first tree - primul copac the first trees - primii copaci the last - cel, cea, cei, cele din urm, ultimul, ultima, ultimii,ultimele Is this your last decision ? - Este aceasta ultima ta hotrre ? the last boy - ultimul biat the last boys - ultimii biei the last girl - ultima fat the last girls - ultimele fete the last book - ultima carte the last books - ultimele cri the last tree - ultimul copac the last trees - ultimii copaci the other - cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte the other boy - cellalt biat the other girl - cealalt fat the other house - cealalt cas the other boys - ceilali biei the other girls - celelalte fete the other houses - celelalte case another - alt, alt, o alt, alte another boy - alt biat another girl - alt fat another tree - alt copac another house - alt cas another news - alte tiri another good news - alte tiri bune He will be staying in England for another year . - El va sta n Anglia nc un an. such - astfel de, asemenea, aa such a boy - un astfel de biat, un asemenea biat such a girl - o astfel de fat, o asemenea fat such boys - aa biei, astfel de biei, asemenea biei such girls - aa fete, astfel de fete, asemenea fete such people - aa oameni, astfel de oameni people such as - oameni cum ar fi, oameni ca de exemplu We hope never to have another such experience. - Sperm s nu mai avem niciodat o astfel de experien. the same - acelai, aceeai, aceiai, aceleai the same boy - acelai biat the same girl - aceeai fat the same book - aceeai carte the same tree - acelai copac the same boys - aceiai biei the same girls - aceleai fete the same books - aceleai cri the same trees - aceiai copaci one and the same - unul i acelai; una i aceeai. one and the same boy - unul i acelai biat; one and the same girl - una i aceeai fat one and the same book - una i aceeai carte; one and the same tree - unul i acelai copac

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the very - chiar, tocmai , nsui , nsi the very boy who/that - chiar/ nsui / tocmai biatul care; he very girl who/that - chiar/nsi/tocmai fata care the very book which/that - chiar /tocmai cartea care; the very boys who/that - chiar/tocmai bieii care the very girls who/that - chiar/tocmai fetele care the very books which/that - chiar/tocmai crile care This is the very book I needed. - Aceasta este chiar cartea de care aveam nevoie.

5. Adjective Cantitative/Nnehotrte (The Quantitative/Indefinite Adjectives)some - unii, unele, nite, vreun, vreo Se folosete n propoziiile afirmative. Cnd apare n propoziiile interogative se sper s se obin un rspuns afirmativ. I see some people in the street. - Vd nite oameni pe strad. Come to see us some Sunday ! - Vino/venii pe la noi ntr-o (zi de) duminic ! Do you see some people in the street ? - Vezi nite oameni pe strad ? I should drink some water, not some wine. - A bea nite ap, nu nite vin. I know him to some degree. - l cunosc ntr-o oarecare msur. Some agree with me and some don't. - Unii sunt de acord cu mine, iar alii nu. They will find out the truth some day. - Ei vor afla adevrul ntr-o bun zi. This matter has some importance. - Chestiunea aceasta are oarecare importan. You will meet some person or other. - Vei ntlni o persoan sau alta. any- n propoziiile afirmative - orice, fiece He can come at any hour of the day. - El poate veni la orice or din zi. You may like any book. - i poate plcea orice carte. You can/may come any time. - Poi veni oricnd. any ? - n propoziiile interogative - orice ?, fiece ?, vreun ?, vreo ? Do you like any book ? - i place orice carte ? Have you got any friends ? - Ai vreun prieten ?, Ai ceva prieteni ? Can you lend me any of those books ? - mi poi mprumuta vreuna dintre crile acelea? any - n propoziiile negative - nici un, nici o I cannot find any excuse. - Nu pot gsi nici o scuz. We do not see any house. - Noi nu vedem nici o cas. He does not see any boy. - El nu vede nici un biat. no - numai n propoziiile negative - nici un, nici o n limba englez se folosete o singur negaie n propoziie. I see no boy, no girl and no house. - Nu vd nici un biat, nici o fat i nici o cas. No man could do it. - Nici un om n-o putea face. He will spare no pains. - El nu va crua nici un efort. no admittance - intrarea interzis no smoking - fumatul interzis I can find no other solution. - Nu pot gsi nici o alt soluie. few - puini, puine I see few boys, few girls and few houses. - Eu vd puini biei, puine fete i puine case. few of us/you/them - puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele a few - puini/destui, puine/destule I have a few books. - Am puine/suficiente cri. He has a few friends. - Are puini/destui/ceva prieteni. quite a few - a good few - some few - many, a large number - muli/multe He has got quite a few friends. - Are destui/muli prieteni.

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little - puin, puin; mic, mic, mici I drink little tea and little coffee. - Eu beau puin ceai i puin cafea. He has little time for reading. - El are puin timp pentru citit. The little boy drinks little lemonade. - Bieelul bea puin limonad. the little ones - cei mici a little - puin/destul, puin/destul, (cte) ceva A little is better than none. (prov.) - Mai bine puin dect deloc. - Mai bine ceva dect nimic. We have a little beer and a little wine. - Avem ceva bere i ceva vin. to know a little of everything - a ti cte ceva din toate The little girl is a little better now. - Fetia face ceva mai bine acum. much - mult, mult There is much tea in the teapot. - Este mult ceai n ceainic. many - muli, multe There are many people in the park. - Sunt muli oameni n parc. many of us/you/them - muli/multe dintre noi/voi/ei/ele . plenty of - mult, mult, muli, multe. We have plenty of time . - Avem timp din belug. - Avem timp berechet. a lot of - o mulime de. We have a lot of books. - Noi avem o mulime de cri. each - fiecare (luat n parte) Each man knows their story. - Fiecare om tie povestea lor. each of us/you/them - fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/ele every - fiecare, toi/ toate Every man knows their story. - Fiecare om tie povestea lor. We can go to the library every day. - Putem merge la bibliotec n fiecare zi. several - civa, cteva, mai muli/multe We shall spend several days and nights in the mountains. - Vom petrece cteva zile i nopi la munte. He has several friends. - El are civa prieteni. several of us/you/them - civa dintre noi/voi/ei/ele Several of us went home on foot. - Mai muli dintre noi au mers acas pe jos. enough - destul, destul, suficient, suficient There is enough bread on the table. - Este suficient pine pe mas. certain - anumii, anumite, unii, unele certain boys - unii/anumii biei certain girls - unele/anumite fete certain books - unele/anumite cri a certain - un anumit, o anumit, un anume/oarecare, o anume/oare- care a certain boy - un anume/anumit/oarecare biat a certain girl - o anume/anumit/oarecare fat a certain Mr. Jones - un anumit/oarecare domn Jones a certain Mrs. Jones - o anumit/oarecare doamn Jones a certain Miss. Jones - o anumit/oarecare domnioar Jones

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COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR I ADVERBELOR (THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS)Comparaia adjectivelor i adverbelor este:

1. Regulat/Sintetic (cele scurte) 2. Analitic (cele lungi) 3. Mixt (sintetic i analitic) 4. Neregulat Comparaia adjectivelor se realizeaz la urmtoarele grade: 1) pozitiv, cnd nsuirea unui obiect/substantiv nu se raporteaz la nici un alt termen. Pozitivul este asemuit cu nominativul substantivelor i cu infinitivul verbelor. 2) comparativ, prin care se exprim superioritatea (comparativ de superioritate), egalitatea (comparativ de egalitate) sau inferioritatea (comparativ de inferioritate) unui obiect/substantiv fa de altul. 3) superlativ (lat.: superlativus; super - deasupra, latus - dus/ridicat) prin care se arat c nsuirea obiectului / substantivului se afl fie n cea mai mare msur/ intensitate (superlativul relativ), fie n foarte mare msur/ intensitate (superlativul absolut). Adjectivele monosilabice dubleaz consoana final cnd aceasta este precedat de vocal scurt.

1. Comparaia Sintetic/Regulatgradul pozitiv big mare dry uscat easy uor fat gras great mare, mre happy fericit hard tare, dur hot fierbinte kind amabil long lung nice plcut/drgu short scurt/scund small mic/modest strong tare tall nalt comparativ de superioritate bigger mai mare drier mai uscat easier mai uor fatter mai gras greater mai mare happier mai fericit harder mai tare hotter mai fierbinte kinder mai amabil longer mai lung nicer mai plcut shorter mai scurt smaller mai mic stronger mai tare taller mai nalt superlativ relativ the biggest cel mai mare the driest cel mai uscat the easiest cel mai uor the fattest cel mai gras the greatest cel mai mare the happiest cel mai fericit the hardest cel mai tare the hottest cel mai fierbinte the kindest cel mai amabil the longest cel mai lung the nicest cel mai plcut the shortest cel mai scurt the smallest cel mai mic the strongest cel mai tare the tallest cel mai nalt superlativ absolut very big foarte mare very dry foarte uscat very easy foarte uor very fat foarte gras very great foarte mare very happy foarte fericit very hard foarte tare very hot foarte fierbinte very kind foarte amabil very long foarte lung very nice foarte plcut very short foarte scurt very small foarte mic very strong foarte tare very tall foarte nalt

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thick gros thin subire/slab

thicker mai gros thinner mai subire

the thickest cel mai gros the thinnest cel mai subire

very thick foarte gros very thin foarte subire, etc.

2. Comparaia Analitic a adjectivelor i adverbelorpozitiv abject abject/josnic abrupt abrupt active activ amiable prietenos attractive atrgtor beautiful frumoas curious curios foolish prost(esc) huge uria/imens severe sever/aspru sincere sincer skilled priceput sociable sociabil unfit nepotrivit unjust injust/nejust urbane manierat untidy dezordonat comparativ de superioritate more abject Mai josnic more abrupt Mai abrupt more active mai activ More amiable mai prietenos more attractive mai atrgtor more beautiful mai frumoas More curious Mai curios more foolish mai prost(esc) more huge mai imens more severe mai sever More sincere Mai sincer More skilled mai priceput More sociable mai sociabil more unfit mai nepotrivit more unjust mai injust More urbane mai manierat more untidy mai dezordonat superlativ relativ the most abject cel mai josnic the most abrupt cel mai abrupt the most active cel mai activ the most amiable cel mai prietenos the most attractive cel mai atrgtor the most beautiful cea mai frumoas the most curious cel mai curios the most foolish cel mai prost(esc) the most huge cel mai imens the most severe cel mai sever the most sincere cel mai sincer the most skilled cel mai priceput the most sociable cel mai sociabil the most unfit cel mai nepotrivit the most unjust cel mai injust the most urbane cel mai manierat the most untidy cel mai dezordonat superlativ absolut very abject foarte josnic very abrupt foarte abrupt very active foarte activ very amiable foarte prietenos very attractive foarte atrgtor very beautiful foarte frumoas very curious foarte curios very foolish foarte prost(esc) very huge foarte imens very severe foarte sever very sincere foarte sincer very skilled foarte priceput very sociable foarte sociabil very unfit foarte nepotrivit very unjust foarte injust very urbane foarte manierat very untidy foarte dezordonat

Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie analitic se ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely, awfully, quite etc.

3. Adjective cu comparaie mixt (sintetic i analitic) 23

pozitiv able capabil ample amplu empty gol strange ciudat stupid stupid etc.

comparativ de superioritate more able abler mai capabil more ample ampler Mai amplu more empty emptier mai gol More strange stranger Mai ciudat more stupid stupider Mai stupid

superlativ relativ the most able the ablest cel mai capabil the most ample the amplest cel mai amplu the most empty the emptiest cel mai gol the most strange the strangest cel mai ciudat the most stupid the stupidest cel mai stupid

superlativ absolut very able foarte capabil very ample foarte amplu very empty foarte gol very strange foarte ciudat very stupid foarte stupid

4. Comparaia Neregulat a adjectivelor i adverbelorcomparativ de superioritate better mai bun/bine worse mai ru less mai puin/mic more mai mult/muli older/elder mai btrn/ vechi nearer mai aproape later Mai trziu latter - ultimul din doi farther/further mai departe inner mai n interior superlativ relativ the best cel mai bun/bine the worst cel mai ru the least cel mai puin/mic the most cel mai mult/cei mai muli the oldest/eldest cel mai btrn/ vechi the nearest cel mai aproape the latest cel mai trziu the last - ultimul the farthest/ furthest cel mai departe the inmost cel mai n interior/ luntric the innermost luntric la maximum the outermost cel mai n exterior the utmost, uttermost - n exterior la maximum the upmost cel mai (de) sus superlativ absolut very good/well foarte bun/bine very bad/ill foarte ru very little foarte puin/mic very much/many foarte mult/muli very old foarte btrn/vechi very near foarte aproape very late foarte trziu

good/well bun/bine bad/ill ru little puin/mic much/many mult/muli old btrn/vechi near aproape late trziu

far departe in n interior

very far foarte departe

out n exterior

outer/utter mai n exterior

up sus

upper mai sus

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beneath dedesubt hind din spate

nether mai dedesubt hinder mai din spate

fore n fa

former Mai n fa

the uppermost - sus la maximum the nethermost cel mai de dedesubt the hindmost cel mai din spate the hindermost ultimul din spate the foremost cel mai din fa/dinainte the first - primul

5. Comparativul de egalitateSe realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative: as... as... - tot aa de .... ca ..../la fel de... ca .... as interesting as ... - la fel de interesant ca ... as beautiful as ... - la fel de frumos ca as beautifully as ... - la fel de frumos ca as near as ... - la fel de aproape ca ... as old as ... - la fel de btrn/vechi ca as strange as ... - la fel de ciudat/straniu ca ...

Unele astfel de comparative de egalitate au devenit idiomuri: as quick as thought - iute ca gndul as sweet as honey - dulce ca mierea as swift as an arrow - iute ca sgeata as white as snow - alb ca zpada etc.

6. Comparativul de inferioritatenot so ... as ... - nu aa de ... ca ... sau less ... than ... - mai puin ... dect/ca This film is not so interesting as that one. - Filmul acesta nu este aa de interesant ca acela. This man is not so old as that man. - Omul acesta nu este aa de vrstnic/btrn ca omul acela. That house is not so big as this house. - Casa aceea nu este aa (de) mare cum este casa aceasta. Mary is less beautiful than Alice. - Mary este mai puin frumoas ca Alice. Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative:

7. Comparativul de intensitateConst din dou comparative de superioritate legate ntre ele prin conjuncia and i se traduc prin structura din ce n ce mai . better and better - din ce n ce mai bine fewer and fewer - din ce n ce mai puini/puine worse and worse - din ce n ce mai ru bigger and bigger - din ce n ce mai mare/mari etc. more and more - din ce n ce mai mult less and less - din ce n ce mai puin()/mic() more and more interesting - din ce n ce mai interesant/interesant/ interesani/ interesante more and more important - din ce n ce mai important/ important/ importani/ importante more and more beautifully - din ce n ce mai frumos more and more carefully - din ce n ce mai atent/grijuliu etc.

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8. Pozitivul cu comparativul de superioritate

much better (than) ...- mult mai bine/bun (ca/dect)... much older (than)...- mult mai n vrst (ca/dect)... much worse (than)...- mult mai ru (ca/dect)... much easier (than) ...- mult mai uor (ca/dect) ... much more (than)...- mult mai mult (ca/dect) ... much less (than) ...- mult mai puin (ca/dect) ... much more difficult (than) ...- mult mai dificil/greu (ca/dect) ... much more beautiful (than) ...- mult mai frumoas (ca/dect) ... much more interesting (than) ...- mult mai interesant (ca/dect) ... much more important (than) ...- mult mai important (ca/dect) ... much more beutifully (than) ...- mult mai frumos (ca/dect) ... much more carefully (than) ...- mult mai atent (ca/dect) ... a little better (than) ...- puin mai bine/bun (ca/dect) ... a little earlier (than) ... - puin mai devreme a little worse (than) ...- puin mai ru (ca/dect) ... (ca/dect)... a little more (than) ...- puin mai mult (ca/dect) ... a little later (than) ...- puin mai trziu (ca/dect) ... a little less (than) ...- puin mai puin (ca/dect) ... a little easier (than) ...- puin mai uor (ca/dect) ... a little older (than) ...- puin mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect)... a little more difficult (than) ...- puin mai dificil/greu (ca/dect) ... a little more beautiful (than) ...- puin mai frumoas (ca/dect) .... a little more interesting (than) ...- puin mai interesant (ca/dect) .... a little more important (than) ...- puin mai important (ca/dect) ... a little more beautifully (than) ...- puin mai frumos (ca/dect) ... a little more carefully (than) ...- puin mai atent/grijuliu (ca/dect)...

9. By far + comparativul de superioritate - cu mult mai ...

by far better (than) ...- cu mult mai bun/bine (ca/dect)... by far worse (than) ...- cu mult mai ru (ca/dect)... by far more (than) ...- cu mult mai mult (ca/dect)... by far less (than) ...- cu mult mai puin (ca/dect)...

by far older (than) ...- cu mult mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect)... by far earlier (than) ...- cu mult mai devreme (ca/dect) ... by far later (than) ...- cu mult mai trziu (ca/dect)...

by far easier (than) ...- cu mult mai uor (ca/dect)... by far more difficult (than) ...- cu mult mai dificil (ca/dect)... by far more beautiful (than) ...- cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)... by far more interesting (than) ...- cu mult mai interesant (ca/dect)... by far more important (than) ...- cu mult mai important (ca/dect) ... by far more beautifully (than) ...- cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect) ... by far more carefully (than) ...- cu mult mai atent/prudent (ca/dect)... a good/great deal better (than) ...- cu mult mai bine (ca/dect)... a good/great deal worse (than) ...- cu mult mai ru (ca/dect)... a good/great deal more (than) ...- cu mult mai mult (ca/dect)... a good/great deal less (than) ...- cu mult mai puin (ca/dect)... a good/great deal older (than) ...- cu mult mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect) ... a good/great deal earlier (than) ...- cu mult mai devreme (ca/dect)... a good/great deal later (than) ...- cu mult mai trziu (ca/dect)... a good/great deal easier (than) ...- cu mult mai uor (ca/dect)... a good/great deal more difficult (than) ... - cu mult mai dificil (ca/dect)... a good/great deal more beautiful (than) ...- cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...

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a good/great deal more interesting (than) ...- cu mult mai interesant (ca/dect)... a good/great deal more important (than) ...- cu mult mai important (ca/dect)... a good/great deal more beautifully (than) ...- cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)... a good/great deal more carefully (than) ...- cu mult mai atent/prudent (ca/dect)...

10. Structuri constnd din dou comparative de superioritate (cu ct... cu att...)the earlier, the better - cu ct mai devreme, cu att mai bine The earlier you come, the better it is. - Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme, cu att mai bine. The more you learn, the more you forget. - Cu ct nvei mai mult, cu att uii mai mult. the later, the worse - cu ct mai trziu, cu att mai ru The later you arrive, the worse it is. - Cu ct ajungi mai trziu, cu att este mai ru. The more beautifully Alice will sing, the more money she will get. - Cu ct Alice va cnta mai frumos, cu att mai muli bani va ctiga. His flat is a little cheaper than yours. - Apartamentul lui este puin mai ieftin dect al tu. Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine. - Apartamentul tu este mult mai ieftin dect al meu. Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. - Apartamentul nostru este ntructva/puin mai ieftin dect al lor.

11. Superlativul absolutSe formeaz cu adverbele: very (foarte), extremely (extrem de), quite (total, complet, cu totul), perfectly (perfect), extraordinary (extraordinar de), inconceivably (incredibil de), exceedingly (excesiv/nemaipomenit de), fantastically (fantastic de), enormously/ immensely (enorm/imens de), tremendously/ awfully (ngrozitor/teribil de), infinitely (infinit de), terribly (teribil de), terrifically (nfiortor de) etc. awfully hot - ngrozitor/cumplit de cald They have changed enormously. - Ei s-au schimbat enorm. quite well - foarte bine very well - foarte bine infinitely small - infinit/nemsurat de mic exceedingly difficult - excesiv de greu, din cale afar de dificil perfectly well - perfect de bine terribly boring - teribil/nfiortor de plictisitor a matchless playwright - un dramaturg fr pereche We are awfully sorry. - Ne pare nespus de ru

extremely well - extrem de bine exceedingly good - excesiv de bun

quite right - perfect adevrat/just

enough - adjectiv enough food - food enough - hran suficient/destul to have money enough - to have enough money - a avea destui bani enough - adverb de comparaie I am warm enough. - mi este destul de cald. The exercise is difficult enough. - Exerciiul este destul de greu. What is good for you is good enough for me. - Ce este valabil pentru tine este perfect valabil i pentru mine. Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin. This beer is good enough. - Berea aceasta este destul de bun.

12. Comparaia adjectivelor compuse 27

POZITIV

COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE

SUPERLATIV RELATIV

SUPERLATIV ABSOLUT

well-paid bine pltit good-looking artos sweet-natured bun la suflet short-sighted miop

better-paid mai bine pltit better-looking mai artos More sweet - natured mai bun la suflet more short - sighted mai miop

the best-paid cel mai bine pltit the best-looking cel mai artos the most sweet -natured cel mai bun la suflet the most short -sighted cel mai miop

very well-paid foarte bine pltit very good-looking foarte artos very sweet- natured foarte bun la suflet very short-sighted foarte miop

John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. - John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill. Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. - Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John. He is a little less careful than his brother. - El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui. He loves her more than I (do). - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu. He loves her more than me. - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine. They know her better than I (do). - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine. They know her better than me. - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.

4. PRONUMELE (THE PRONOUN)Pronumele este partea de vorbire care nlocuiete un substantiv (o fiin, un obiect etc.). Clasificare: 1. Personale (the Personal Pronouns) 2. Interogative (the Interrogative Pronouns) 3. Relative (the Relative Pronouns) 4. Posesive (the Possessive Pronouns) 5. Demonstrative (the Demonstrative Pronouns) 6. Impersonale/Generale (the Impersonal/General Pronouns) 7. Reflexive (the Reflexive Pronouns)

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8. Emfatice (the Emphatic Pronouns) 9. Nehotrte (the Indefinite Pronouns) 10. Reciproce (the Reciprocal Pronouns

1. Pronumele personale (The Personal Pronouns)I - eu we - noi you - tu you - voi, dumneavoastr (dv.) he - el, dnsul, dumnealui they - ei, ele, dnii, dnsele, dumnealor she - ea, dnsa, dumneaei it - el, ea

2. Pronumele interogative (The Interrogative Pronouns)N . who ? - cine ? ( N. - nominativ ) Who knows him ? - Cine l cunoate pe el ? G . whose ? - al, a, ai, ale cui ? ( G. - genitiv ) Whose is this house, his or hers ? - A cui este aceast cas, a lui sau a ei ? Whose is this little boy ? - Al cui este acest bieel ? Whose is this little girl ? - A cui este acest feti ? Whose are these books ? - Ale cui sunt aceste cri ? Whose are these children ? - Ai cui sunt aceti copii ? D . to whom ? - who (m)... to ? - cui ?, la cine ? ( D. - dativ) To whom do you give this book ? - Who(m) do you give this book to? - Cui i dai aceast carte? To whom are you referring ? - Who(m) are you referring to ? - La cine te referi? To whom does the book belong ? - Who(m) does the book belong to ? - Cui i aparine cartea? (to) me - mie (to) us - nou (to) you - ie (to) you - vou (to) him - lui (to) them - lor, dnilor, dnilor/dnselor (to) her - ei (to) it - lui/ei (to) my friend - prietenului meu (to) our friend - prietenului nostru (to) your friend - prietenului tu (to) your friend - prietenului vostru (to) his friend - prietenului lui (to) their friend - prietenului lor (to) her friend - prietenului ei (to) my friends - prietenilor mei I write my friends a letter-I write a letter to my friends-Eu scriu prietenilor mei o scrisoare-Scriu o scrisoare prietenilor mei. for whom ? - who(m) ... for ? - pentru cine ? For whom must you buy the book? - Who(m) must you buy the book for? - Pentru cine trebuie s cumperi cartea ? about whom ? - who(m) ... about ? - despre cine ? They are talking about Jim. - Ei vorbesc/discut despre Jim. Who(m) are they talking about ? - About whom are they talking ? - Despre cine vorbesc ei? about me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them - despre mine/tine/el/ea/noi/voi/ei/ele) after whom ? - who(m) ... after ? - dup cine ? Jim is running after them. - Jim alearg dup ei. After whom is Jim running ? - Who(m) is Jim running after ? - Dup cine alearg Jim ? (after me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them - dup mine/tine/el/ea/noi/voi/ei/ele) before whom? - who(m) ... before ? - n faa cui ? - naintea cui ? He was sitting before us. - El edea n faa noastr. Before whom was he sitting ? - n faa cui edea el ? (before me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them - naintea mea/ta/lui/ei/noastr/voastr/ lor

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before my/your/his/her/our/your/their eyes - naintea ochilor mei/ ti/ lui/ ei/ notri/ votri/ lor) behind whom? - who(m) ... behind ? - n spatele cui ? He was sitting behind me. - El edea n spatele meu. Behind whom was he sitting ? -Who(m) was he sitting behind ? - n spatele cui sttea el ? beside whom? - who(m) ... beside ? - alturi de cine ? Beside whom was he sitting? - Alturi de cine edea el ? He was sitting beside me. - El edea alturi de mine. (beside whose friend ? - alturi de prietenul cui ? beside my friend - alturi de prietenul meu) between whom? - who(m) ... between ? - ntre cine ? between his (two) friends - ntre cei (doi) prieteni ai lui between John and Nick - ntre John i Nick beyond whom? - who(m) ... beyond ? - dincolo de cine ? (beyond me - dincolo de mine beyond us - dincolo de noi beyond you - dincolo de tine beyond you - dincolo de voi beyond him/her/it - dincolo de el/ea beyond them - dincolo de ei/ele) by whom ? - who(m) ... by ? - de (ctre) cine ? (by me - de mine by us - de noi by you - de tine by you - de voi/dv. by him/her/it - de el/ea by them - de ei/ele) by whose friend ? - de prietenul cui ? (by my friend -de prietenul meu by our friend - de prietenul nostru by your friend - de prietenul tu by your friend - de prietenul vostru by his friend - de prietenul lui/su by their friend - de prietenul lor by her friend - de prietenul ei/su by this boy's friend/by the friend of this boy - de prietenul acestui biat by this girl's friend/by the friend of this girl - de prietenul acestei fete by these boys' friend/by the friend of these boys - de prietenul acestor biei by these girls' friend/by the friend of these girls - de prietenul acestor fete by this boy's friends/by the friends of this boy - de prietenii acestui biat by this girl's friends/by the friends of this girl - de prietenii acestei fete by this boys' friends/by the friends of these boys - de prietenii acestor biei by this girls' friends/by the friends of these girls - de prietenii acestor fete) for whom? - who(m) for ? - pentru cine ? For whom are you buying the book ? - Who(m) are you buying the book for? - Pentru cine cumperi (tu) cartea ? (for me - pentru mine for us - pentru noi for you - pentru tine for you - pentru voi for him/her/it - pentru el/ea for them - pentru ei/ele for whose friend ? - pentru prietenul cui ? For whose friend is John working ? - Pentru prietenul cui lucreaz John? for my friend - pentru prietenul meu ) from whom ? - who(m) from ? - de la cine ? from me - de la mine from us - de la noi from you - de la tine from you - de la voi from him/her/it - de la el/ea from them - de la ei/ele from whose friend ? - de la prietenul cui ? - de la al cui prieten? (from my friend - de la prietenul meu) near whom? - who(m) ...near ? - lng cine? (near me - lng mine near us - lng noi near you - lng tine near you - lng voi near him/her/it - lng el/ea near them - lng ei/ele) John was sitting near this man's friend. - John edea lng prietenul acestui om. Near whom was John sitting? - Who(m) was John sitting near ? - Lng cine edea John? of whom ? - who(m) ...of ? - de cine ?; despre cine? to get rid of somebody - a se descotorosi/scpa de cineva I must get rid of that drunk man. - Trebuie s m descotorosesc de omul acela but/beat. Who(m) must I get rid of ? - Of whom must I get rid ? - De cine trebuie s scap eu ? on/upon whom? - who(m) ... on/upon ? - de cine ? to depend on/upon - a depinde de Our going on the trip depends on John. - Plecarea noastr n excursie depinde de John. On/upon whom does our going on the trip depend ? - Who(m) does our going on the trip depend on/upon ? - De cine depinde plecarea noastr n excursie ?

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(on/upon me - de mine) On/upon whose friend does our going on the trip depend ? - Whose friend does our going on the trip depend on/upon ? - De prietenul cui depinde plecarea noastr n excursie ? with whom? - who(m) ...with ? - cu cine ? I am playing tennis with John. - Eu joc tenis cu John. Who(m) am I playing tennis with ? - With whom am I playing tennis? - Cu cine joc eu tenis? (with me - cu mine with us - cu noi with you - cu tine with you - cu voi with him/her/it - cu el/ea with them - cu ei/ele) with whose friend ? - cu prietenul cui ? They are going on the trip with my friend. - Ei merg n excursie cu prietenul meu. With whom are they going on the trip ? - Who(m) are they going on the trip with ? - Cu cine merg ei n excursie ? with my friend - cu prietenul meu without whom ? - fr cine ? (without me - fr mine without us - fr noi without you - fr tine without you - fr voi without him/her/it - fr el/ea without them - fr ei/ele) without whose friend ? - fr prietenul cui ? without my friend - fr prietenul meu Whose friend were you there without ? - Fr prietenul cui ai fost acolo ?) A . whom? - pe cine ? ( A. - acuzativ ) This is the boy whom I saw. - Acesta este biatul pe care l-am vzut eu. I see John in the street. - l vd pe John pe strad. Whom do I see in the street? - Pe cine vd eu pe strad ? John sees me in the street. - John m vede pe mine pe strad. Whom does John see in the street ? - Pe cine vede John pe strad ? (me - pe mine her - pe ea/dnsa us - pe noi you - pe tine it - pe el/ea you - pe voi him - pe el/dnsul them - pe ei/ele/) John sees my friend in the street. - John l vede pe prietenul meu pe strad. John sees my friend's brother in the street. - John l vede pe fratele prietenului meu pe strad. what? - ce ? What is this ? - Ce este acesta/aceasta ? What are these ? - Ce sunt acetia/acestea ? What is there on the table ? - Ce este pe mas ? - Ce se afl/gsete pe mas ? What is your name ? - Cum te cheam ? What time is it ? - Ct este ceasul ? what kind/sort of ? - ce fel de ? What kind/sort of man is he ? - Ce fel de om este el ? What kind/sort of films do you like? - Ce fel de filme i plac?

3. Pronumele relative (The Relative Pronouns)who - cine, care. He does not know who must come to see us.- El nu tie cine trebuie s vin pe la noi. I know the boy who can play tennis well. - Eu l tiu/cunosc pe biatul care tie s joace tenis bine. whose - al cui, a cui, ai cui, ale cui. We are playing with John's ball but we don't know whose they are playing with. - Noi ne jucm cu mingea lui John dar nu tim cu a cui se joac ei. to whom - who(m) ...to - cui I don't know who(m) I shall give this book to. - Nu tiu cui s-i dau cartea aceasta. Do you know who(m) he is referring to ? - tii la cine se refer el ? whom - pe cine, pe care

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I know whom you appreciate very much. - Eu tiu pe cine apreciezi tu foarte mult. He could not guess whom he might see there. - Nu putea bnui pe cine va putea vedea acolo. which - care, pe care She has many books, but she doesn't know which she must read for the examination. - Ea are multe cri, dar nu tie pe care trebuie s-o citeasc pentru examen. Her house, of which roof is of tiles, was built five years ago. - Casa, al crei acoperi este de igl, a fost construit acum cinci ani.

4. Pronumele posesive (The Possessive Pronouns)mine - al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele. John's friend is in Bucharest and mine is in Berlin. - Prietenul lui John este n Bucureti, iar al meu este n Berlin. John's sister is in Bucharest and mine is in Berlin. - Sora lui John este n Bucureti, iar a mea este n Berlin. John's friends are in Bucharest and mine are in Berlin. - Prietenii lui John sunt n Bucureti, iar ai mei sunt n Berlin. John's sisters are in Bucharest and mine are in Berlin. - Surorile lui John sunt n Bucureti, iar ale mele sunt n Berlin. yours - al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale. My car is white and yours is blue. - Automobilul meu este alb, iar al tu este albastru. My house is in the country and yours is in the town. - Casa mea este la ar, iar a ta este la ora. My children are in the mountains and yours are at the seaside. - Copiii mei sunt la munte, iar ai ti sunt la mare. Our daugthers are at school and yours are at the university. - Fiicele noastre sunt la coal, iar ale voastre sunt la universitate. his - al lui, a lui, ai lui, ale lui My friend is an engineer and his is an economist. - Prietenul meu este inginer, iar al lui este economist. Our daughter is a school-girl and his is a student. - Fiica noastr este elev, iar a lui este student. Her books are in English and his are in Romanian.- Crile ei sunt n englez, iar ale lui sunt n romn. hers - al ei, a ei, ai ei, ale ei My friend speaks French but hers doesn't. - Prietenul meu vorbete franuzete, dar al ei nu. My sister works on a farm but hers doesn't. - Sora mea lucreaz la o ferm, dar a ei nu. Our children are noisy but hers aren't. - Copiii notri sunt glgioi, iar ai ei nu (sunt). Our books are old but hers aren't. - Crile noastre sunt vechi, dar ale ei nu (sunt). ours - al nostru, a noastr, ai notri, ale noastre. Your sister is Mary and ours is Beverly. - Sora voastr este Mary iar a noastr este Beverly. Your boys play tennis but ours don't. - Bieii votri joac tenis, dar ai notri nu joac. Your daughters read many books but ours don't. - Fiicele voastre citesc multe cri, ns/ dar ale noastre nu (citesc). yours [yOz] - al tu, a ta , ai ti , ale tale My friends live here , yours don't. - Prietenii mei locuiesc aici , ai ti nu. theirs - al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor. Our son is here but theirs isn't . - Fiul nostru este aici, dar al lor nu (este). Our daughter is not here but theirs is. - Fiica noastr nu este aici, dar a lor este. Our sons don't study German but theirs do. - Fiii notri nu studiaz germana, dar ai lor studiaz.

5. Pronumele demonstrative (The Demonstrative Pronouns)this - acesta, aceasta That book is yours and this (one) is mine. - Cartea aceea este a ta, iar aceasta este a mea. that - acela, aceea This book is mine and that (one) is yours. - Cartea aceasta este a mea, iar aceea este a ta. these - acetia, acestea Those books are mine and these (ones) are yours. - Crile acelea sunt ale mele, iar acestea sunt ale tale .

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Those players are good but these (ones) are better. - Juctorii aceia sunt buni, dar acetia sunt mai buni. those - aceia, acelea These players are very good but those (ones) aren't. - Juctorii acetia sunt foarte buni, dar aceia nu sunt.

6. Pronumele impersonale (The Impersonal Pronouns)one, you One could work there. - S-ar putea lucra acolo. - Se putea lucra acolo. You should always be careful when crossing the road. - S fii totdeauna atent la traversarea drumului. One can learn a lot of things here. - Se pot nva o mulime de lucruri aici. You should always behave decently. - Trebuie s te pori totdeauna decent.

7. Pronumele reflexive (The Reflexive Pronouns)myself - m ourselves - ne yourself - te yourselves - v himself - se themselves - se herself -se oneself - se itself - se Cu ajutorul pronumelorreflexive se formeaz diateza reflexiv a verbelor. to enjoy oneself - a se distra I enjoy myself - eu m distrez De reinut c verbelor reflexive din limba romn nu le corespund totdeauna verbe reflexive n limba englez. eu m mir/ntreb - I wonder ; verbul to wonder n limba englez nu este reflexiv.

8. Pronumele emfatice/ de ntrire (The Emphatic Pronouns)

myself - eu nsumi, personal, chiar eu yourself - tu nsui, personal, chiar tu himself - el nsui, personal, chiar el herself - ea nsi, personal, chiar ea itself - el nsui, ea nsi, personal, chiar el/ea

ourselves - noi nine, nsene, chiar noi yourselves - voi niv, nsev, chiar voi themselves - ei nii, ele nsele, chiar ei/ele I must do it myself - trebuie s-o fac eu nsumi

9. Pronumele nehotrte (The Indefinite Pronouns)another - alt, alt; One man says yes, another says no. - Un om zice da, altul zice nu. each - fiecare We received two books each. - Am primit cte dou cri fiecare. each of us/you/them - fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/ele the other - cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte John likes this book but I like the other (one). - Lui John i place cartea aceasta, ns mie mi place cealalt. John likes this book but I prefer the other (one). - Lui John i place cartea aceasta, dar eu o prefer pe cealalt. others - alii, altele Others know better than you. - Alii tiu mai bine ca/dect tine. the others - ceilali, celelalte The others did not come by bus. - Ceilali n-au venit cu autobuzul.

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I do not see the others. - Eu nu-i vd pe ceilali. - Eu nu le vd pe celelalte. one - unul, una, un, o; se You do not have any book but I have one. - Tu nu ai nici o carte, dar eu am una. Can you tell one from the other ? - l poi deosebi pe unul de cellalt ? My neighbours have two sons whom everybody admires ; I admire one's common sense and the other's diligence. Vecinii mei au doi fii pe care i admir toat lumea; eu admir bunul sim al unuia i hrnicia celuilalt. He is considered as one of the family. - El este considerat drept unul de-al familiei/casei. one of us/you/them - unul/una dintre noi/voi/ei/ele. all - tot, toat, toi, toate; totul He must tell you all or nothing. - El trebuie s-i spun tot sau nimic. I cannot buy it all. - Nu pot s-l/s-o cumpr tot/toat. All he wants is money. - Tot ce vrea el sunt banii. all of us/you/them - we/you/they all - noi/voi/ei toi/ele toate . either - oricare din doi/dou You may buy either. - l /O poi cumpra pe oricare. either of us - oricare din /dintre noi doi/dou either of you - oricare din /dintre voi doi/dou either of them - oricare din /dintre ei/ele doi/dou). Neither - nici unul, nici una, nici un, nici o (din doi/dou) One can see neither. - Nu se poate vedea nici unul/una. neither of us/you/them - nici unul/una din(tre) noi/voi/ei/ele. both - ambii, ambele, amndoi, amndou You may read either of them - both are interesting. - Le poi citi pe oricare din ele - ambele sunt interesante. both of us/you/them - noi/voi/ei doi/amndoi, noi/voi/ele dou/amndou. several - mai muli/multe, civa, cteva You can see many books on the table, but several are mine. - Poi vedea multe cri pe mas, dar cteva sunt ale mele. several of us/you/them - civa/cteva dintre noi/voi/ei/ele. few - puini, puine I only found few. - Am gsit doar puini/puine . few of us/you/them - puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele. a few - puini/destui, puine/destule I have found a few. - Am gsit destui/destule. quite a few - a good few - foarte muli/multe I have found quite a few. - Am gsit un mare numr. - Am gsit foarte muli/multe. little - puin, puin, mic, mic. I have done little for them. - Am fcut puin pentru ei/ele. The little of what I've done, matters a lot. - Puinul din ct/ce am fcut eu, conteaz mult. Your house is big, but mine is a little one. - Casa ta este mare, ns a mea este mic. How are your little ones? - Ce fac cei mici ai ti? a little [\ `litl] - puin /destul/ceva, puin/destul/ceva You only have little tea but I have a little. - Tu ai doar/numai puin ceai, ns eu am ceva/ctva. much [m{t~] - mult, mult You have got little tea but I have got much. - Tu ai puin ceai, ns eu am mult. many [meni] - muli, multe many of us/you/them - muli dintre noi/voi/ei, multe dintre ele You have only got few books but I've got many. - Tu ai doar puine cri, ns eu am multe. some - nite, unii, unele, ceva, puin, puin, civa, cteva. Some are good and some are bad. - Unele sunt bune, iar altele sunt rele. Unii sunt buni, iar alii sunt ri. any - orice, fiece, oricare, ; nici unul, nici una. He doesn't like any. - Lui nu-i place oricare. - Lui nu-i place nici unul/una. You've got much money, but I haven't got any. - Tu ai bani muli, dar eu n-am nici sfan. - Tu ai bani muli, dar eu nu am deloc. somebody - cineva ; cineva ? I can see somebody at the gate. - Pot s vd pe cineva la poart . Do you see somebody ? - Vezi pe cineva ? anybody A. - oricine - I can ask anybody. - Pot ntreba pe oricine. I. - cineva - Do you see anybody ? - Vezi pe cineva ? N. - nimeni - I cannot ask anybody. - Nu pot ntreba pe nimeni. nobody - nimeni I see nobody. - Nu vd pe nimeni. something - ceva ; ceva?

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I see something. - Vd ceva. Do you see something ? - Vezi ceva ? (Cnd rspunsul este afirmativ). anything - orice - I buy anything.- Cumpr orice. - orice?; ceva? - Are you going to buy anything? - Ai de gnd s cumperi ceva/orice? - orice ; nimic - I'm not going to buy anything. - N-am de gnd s cumpr nimic. nothing - nimic I bought nothing. - Nu am cumprat nimic. someone [`s{mw{n] - careva, cineva You must ask someone. - Trebuie s ntrebi pe careva. anyone - oricare - You may/can ask anyone. - Poi ntreba pe careva/ oricine. - oricare? - Can I ask anyone? - Pot ntreba pe oricare/careva? - oricare - I cannot ask anyone. - Nu pot ntreba pe oricare/ nimeni. no one - nobody - nimeni; none- not one/any - nici unul/una You can ask no one. - Nu poi ntreba pe nimeni. everybody - toi, toat lumea, fiecare I saw everybody laughing. - I-am vzut pe toi rznd. everything - totul, tot He can understand everything. - Poate nelege tot. somebody else - altcineva I see somebody else. - Vd pe altcineva. anybody else - oricine altcineva - Give it to anybody else! - D-i-o oricui altcuiva ! - oricine altcineva ? - Could you play with anybody else? - Puteai juca cu oricine altcineva ? - nimeni altcineva - I was not seen by anybody else. - N-am fost vzut de nimeni altcineva. nobody else - nimeni altcineva Nobody else can do it. - Nimeni altcineva n-o poate face. something else - altceva We must buy something else. - Trebuie s cumprm altceva. anything else - orice altceva: They may do anything else. - Ei pot face orice altceva. nothing else - nimic altceva I saw nothing else. - N-am vzut nimic altceva.

10. Pronumele reciproce (Reciprocal Pronoun)each other - unul pe cellalt (dou persoane) The two neighbours help each other. - Cei doi vecini se ajut unul pe cellalt. one another - unul pe cellalt (minimum trei persoane) The three brothers help one another. - Cei trei frai se ajut unul pe cellalt.

DECLINAREA PRONUMELUI PERSONALn schema care urmeaz este inclus i cazul genitiv dei pronumele personal n cazul genitiv este pronume posesiv, nu personal. numrul singular N. G. D. A. I - eu my - meu mine - al meu (to) me - mie me - pe mine you - tu your - tu yours - al tu (to) you - tie you - pe tine he - el his - lui his - al lui (to) him - lui him - pe el she - ea her - ei hers - al ei (to) her - ei her - pe ea it - el/ea its - lui/ei its - al lui/ei (to) it - lui/ei it - pe el/ea

numrul plural

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N. G. D. A.

we - noi you - voi/dv. they - ei/ele, dnii/dnsele our - nostru your - vostru/dv. their - lor, dnilor/dnselor ours - al nostruyours - al vostru/dv. theirs - al lor, al dnilor/dnselor (to) us - nou (to) you - vou/dv. (to) them - lor, dnilor/dnselor us - pe noi you - pe voi/dv. them - pe ei/ele, pe dnii/ dnsele

5. NUMERALUL (THE NUMERAL)Este partea de vorbire prin care se exprim un numr de obiecte/fiine etc. sau ordinea acestora. Clasificare:

1. Cardinale (Cardinal Numerals) 2. Colective (Collective Numerals) 3. Ordinale (Ordinal Numerals) 4. Distributive (Distributive Numerals) 5. Fracionare (Fractional Numerals) 6. Adverbiale (Adverbial Numerals) 7. Multiplicative (Multiplicative Numerals) 8. Nehotrte (Indefinite Numerals) 9. Exprimarea orei 10.Uniti de msur (Measures)

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1. Numeralul Cardinal (The Cardinal Numeral)Exprim un numr exact/ntreg de obiecte sau fiine ncepnd de la zero ctre plus sau minus infinit. La telefon zero/0 se pronun ca litera O [\u], la tenis se spune love (all), n tiine se folosete cuvntul zero. Cnd ne referim la ani exprimm: 1907 - nineteen oh seven. Exprimarea temperaturii se realizeaz astfel: 0 se pronun zero -10 - ten degrees below zero. Cnd se exprim scorul la jocurile de fotbal 0 se pronun nil [nil] sau nothing. La tenis: Nstase leads by two sets to love. (2 - 0) - Nstase conduce cu dou seturi la zero. Numerele de telefon (Telephone Numbers) se scriu cu spaii ntre grupele de cifre. e.g. 04 662 5142 0 n numerele telefonice se pronun [\u]. Numerele se rostesc separat, iar cifrele duble se rostesc folosindu-se cuvntul double 01 223 456 - oh one double two three four five six . - zero unu doi doi trei patru cinci ase. Cifre triple (Triple/Treble Figures) : 7 555 - seven five double five - apte cinci cinci cinci. Un numr ca 5555 se rostete : double five double five 1 one [w{n] - unu, una 11 eleven [i`levn] - unsprezece 2 two [tU] - doi, dou 12 twelve [twelv] - doisprezece 3 three [SrI] - trei 13 thirteen [`S|`tIn] - treisprezece 4 four [fO] - patru 14 fourteen [`fO`tIn]- paisprezece 5 five [faiv] - cinci 15 fifteen[`fif`tIn] - cincisprezece 6 six [siks] - ase 16 sixteen [`siks`tIn] - aisprezece 7 seven [`sevn] - apte 17seventeen [`sevn`tIn] - aptesprezece 8 eight [eit] - opt 18 eighteen [`ei`tIn] - optsprezece 9 nine [nain] - nou 19 nineteen [`nain`tIn] - nousprezece 10 ten [ten] - zece 20 twenty [`twenti] - douzeci 21 twenty-one - douzeci i unu/una 40 forty [`fOti] - patruzeci 22 twenty-two - douzeci i doi/dou 50 fifty [`fifti] - cincizeci 23 twenty-three-douzeci i trei 60 sixty [`siksti] - aizeci 24 twenty-four - douzeci i patru 70 seventy [`sevnti] - aptezeci 25 twenty-five - douzeci i cinci 80 eighty[`eiti] - optzeci 26 twenty-six - douzeci i ase 90 ninety [`nainti] - nouzeci 27 twenty-seven - douzeci i apte 100 one hundred [h{ndr\d] - o sut 28 twenty-eight - douzeci i opt 101 one hundred and one - o sut unu 29 twenty-nine - douzeci i nou 102 one hundred and two - o sut doi 30 thirty [`S|ti] - treizeci 125 one hundred and twenty five - o sut douzeci i cinci 200 two hundred - dou sute 257 two hundred and fifty seven - dou sute cincizeci i apte 1,000 one thousand - o mie 1,066 ten sixty six - one thousand and sixty six - o mie aizeci i ase 2,567 two thousand five hundred and sixty seven -dou mii cinci sute aizeci i apte 10,000 ten thousand - zece mii 100,000 one hundred thousand - o sut de mii 123,547 one hundred and twenty three thousand five hundred and forty seven - o sut douzeci i trei de mii cinci sute patruzeci i apte 1,000,000 one million - un milion - 1.000.000 2,000,000 two million - dou milioane - 2.000.000 1,000,000,000 one milliard/billion - un miliard - 1.000.000.000 3,000,000,000 three milliard/billion - trei miliarde - 3.000.000.000 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion - un trilion - 1.000.000.000.000 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion - un catralion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion - un chintilion

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2. Numeralul Ordinal ( The Ordinal Numeral)1st the first [f|st] - primul, prima 2nd the second [`sek\nd] - al doilea, a doua 3rd the third [S|d] - al treilea, a treia 4th the fourth [fOS] - al patrulea, a patra 5th the fifth [fifS] - al cincilea, a cincea 6th the sixth [siksS] - al aselea, a asea 7th the seventh [`sevnS] - al aptelea, a aptea 8th the eighth [eitS] - al optulea, a opta 9th the ninth [nainS] - al noulea, a noua 10th the tenth [tenS] - al zecelea, a zecea 11th the eleventh [i`levnS] - al unsprezecelea, a unsprezecea 12th the twelfth [`twelfS] - al doisprezecelea, a dousprezecea 13th the thirteenth [`S|`tInS]- al treisprezecelea, a treisprezecea 14th the fourteenth [`fO`tInS]- al paisprezecelea, a paisprezecea 15th the fifteenth [`fif`tInS] - al cincisprezecelea, a cincisprezecea 16th the sixteenth [`siks`tInS] - al aisprezecelea, a aisprezecea 17th the seventeenth [`sevn`tInS] - al aptesprezecelea, a aptesprezecea 18th the eighteenth [`ei`tInS] - al optsprezecelea, a optsprezecea 19th the nineteenth [`nain`tInS] - al nousprezecelea, a nousprezecea 20th the twentieth [`twenti\S]- al douzecilea, a douzecea 21st the twenty first - al douzeci i unulea, a douzeci i una 22nd the twenty second - al douzeci i doilea, a douzeci i doua 23rd the twenty third - al douzeci i treilea, a douzeci i treia 24th the twenty fourth - al douzeci i patrulea, a douzeci i patra 25th the twenty fifth - al douzeci i cincilea, a douzeci i cincea 26th the twenty sixth - al douzeci i aselea, a douzeci i asea 27th the twenty seventh - al douzeci i aptelea, a douzeci i aptea 28th the twenty eighth - al douzeci i optulea, a douzeci i opta 29th the twenty ninth - al douzeci i noulea, a douzeci i noua 30th the thirtieth [`S|tiiS/`S|ti\S] - al treizecilea, a treizecea 40th the fortieth [`fOtiiS `fOti\S] - al patruzecilea, a patruzecea 50th the fiftieth [`fiftiiS `fifti\S] - al cincizecilea, a cincizecea 60th the sixtieth [`sikstiiS `siksti\S] - al aizecilea, a aizecea 70th the seventieth [`sevntiiS `sevnti\S] - al aptezecilea, a aptezecea 80th the eightieth [`eitiiS `eiti\S] - al optzecilea, a optzecea 90th the ninetieth [`naintiiS `nainti\S]- al nouzecilea, a nouzecea 100th the one hundredth [`h{ndr\dS `h{ndridS] - al o sutlea, a o suta 101st the one hundred and first - al o sut unulea , a o sut una 102nd the one hundred and second - al o sut doilea, a o sut doua

which? - al ctelea, a cta, ai ctelea, ale ctelea? Which boy is John ? - Al ctelea biat este John ? Which girl is Jane ? - A cta fat este Jane ? Which boat is theirs ? - A cta barc este a lor ? I know which he is. - Eu tiu al ctelea este el. Do you know which she is ? - tii tu a cta este ea ? quarter - a fourth (and twenty three - nou supra cinci sute douzeci i trei; 4.53 - four point five three - 4,53 - patru virgul cincizeci i trei .3.

Numeralul fracionar (The Fractional Numeral)

Fracia (The Fraction) - Ordinar (Vulgar) - Zecimal (Decimal) 38

- a/one half (o doime); - a/one third (o treime); - a/one quarter - a fourth (un sfert); - three fourths - three quarters (trei ptrimi, apte; - nine over five hundred and twenty three - nou supra cinci sute douzeci i trei; 4.53 - four point five three - 4,53 - patru virgul cincizeci i trei

Semnele Matematice+ plus - and - plus; empty set- mulime vid; minus - minus; pi [ pai ] - 3,14; multiplied - nmulit; angle - unghi : divided by - mprit la; ' - minute - minut; " - second - secund; - equal to - egal cu; - not equal to - neegal cu, diferit de; log - logarithm - logaritm; < less than - mai mic dect/ca; integral (of) - integral; > more than - mai mare dect/ca; triangle - triunghi; less than or equal to - mai mic sau egal cu; infinity - infinit; more than or equal to - mai mare sau egal cu; square root - rdcin ptrat; ll - parallel to - paralel cu; perpendicular to - perpendicular pe; % - Percentage Sign - la sut (procent); 5 % - five per cent - cinci la sut - 5 la sut; 5.5 % - five point five per cent - cinci virgul cinci la sut. % - five and a half per cent - cinci i jumtate la sut

Operaiunile Aritmetice (Arithmetical Operations)2 + 2 - 4 two plus/and two makes/equals/is/are four - doi plus doi fac patru 10 - 2 - 8 ten minus two makes/equals eight - zece minus/fr doi fac opt 5 x 5 - 25 Five times five makes/is twenty-five. - Five multiplied by five equals (25) twenty-five. - Five fives is twenty-five. - Cinci or