ALICE L. BADESCU
GRAMATICA LIMBII E,NGLEZE
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u/EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I. $I ENcIcLoPEDIciBUCURE$TI, 1984
c Dv I ti T c |lTREc r'r'1'r oFlonE beensamethingof a
baxlefield,. "The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,s Anon; tl,r
mdnu i!:ut" na,ob.inp toryht oL'ti' thot b.t,\".n trts"fit||\e and
d?s..tplire Flrir udes 1o ,r.age.'r anclrcte Cu aceste curinte
incepeutn d,inte numeroatele efecluate altima in treme asupra
limbii englezeactudle in Anglia. Prima.
atitudine,aceea,,prscriptil'n", esteautori.tail,
natmotird.,ingrddird gamaticii ld,tineale secolnla; ile numeroase
reguli, stibuind, tncd tn idealuriLe al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi
unc; i.naifili erwl,{te rctragrade;(.ead,ea ti doud, tttitudinea
,,descr'ip1irn".etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE. Limba ln1ti
popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este
cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarc
celor d.epe cantinent,"The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtd in 1f68
d,ercpeLe Gearye !11 III-lea &l At|glici caclusir p.trtu
lncurujareaartelorpldsticcprin infiinlerca unei scali de,:L6enti
(rearca un.i exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lestitieni
in oiatd. Incurajarea scriitoritor filrrdsese, !rctinri stribcchi,
seamu tn d,in sueeranilor a nobiLilorcatcgaritau in juruL ( rlii.
reg(rle arlulaa "lhej,|rp^Irons". Lituba Si ri d,'st^td o d^,n:t.
t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l,;rn,t :i sstlplnunpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:nettsl,'
rat|Qa,,r's I:n4tsl"..inJ 'to ,o.ut2.o ,jun* sd tnan'rp. lintp tl"
s".otc. ,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLe naticd.lenrecte
abliga.tarii". E Od,atd insd cu descoperirea Nd,iotel.egruf ti a
tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree ici. prin intenled,iulacestar
culturii in mose subiteti.prestiliaascmassmediA.bah.nlo, putctii
s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou nume coresii a|linrleosd nai a noile
et'enimente, nstfelEnglc.a IIodeLa fast nnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI
e curindinsd, $i ptsoane renite d,in lo(tte cnglezc, faplul cd ]a
BBC rorbeau,in direrft d.ialecte coLlwile lumii. LimbaengLetd
d.lfu.atil la BBC d tncetatde a mai p ea fi consideratd
.,madelulunic" ti s-a dd.optdttermenul de "SlandaftI EULish" pentru
socatildca rodel. llcest nume lare sd aibi n1o.i saianta li )Lii
en1leze nrulle .lc suprarieluirc, deaarece preteazdIa conslrut:lii
earelat reda nusnle se Sanse gtumatir& poatefi dascripli\A
muhiple. atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarte utiLe.Asttcl., snrrp rfr
cri tt irar. l/on,?nla, ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn
paate a(cptal0le,accepled. archaicsaa la re,l.uracft stard.rd sou
subslandard. cepled. rlnrcfe rhle. pfe{eraLlesd l,rtfcnd,
|bdcscert. obsolele,anl,iquuted. sut,errnrualed.suterseded.
old-fashioned, outwoln sduj "it r{!1es il js out cf daic";rlc. nd
i,firilum. ["1'oulhcr]4. Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L
Jon.:.\1.\.. hoflssol. Erncritus in Phonoticsil tha Ufivorsity ol
London, r.s; incqte s.ria dNfanrirci,"i dic studiul littlbii
cngleze. lionare toneticeenlle.etti carc arcau si
reroLulione.etlntih s .1 dlia. \:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6!6. :'
lll.tl L' -{nglii,, lronul lilrii po{i-a rveni ailt lr.trl,a!')or.
.ii li J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(trIBC, a bl"lia1 ia r unic lni r
ndt udiiuz i' Dii hita n n 'e : 'D t i s h B r i d c a s t t l S .
/?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" \au simpl,: "Io(.
.oor ./trr.s". ctr o n' brrl" n..drr,l",Ir"+ . \ Liilr , l.i.,ri
J.r"^1",. din ili lFr p |, r - , - - . lo o i nr a Pr o.mo osr)
iic
|i-.\r tt,!)\|rh. litrctrctn,:te:.tr,ti nin _. ln p{ala winului
sdutii.dionat trr3nounc;ng Dirt;onnr\-'. dtdo ti !.ri!: ..,1;doi
:;rid.dar (n n a,r int .lia pranuntiel ori tl,e ldbi lare pronuntic
csrtt:ntt si carc isre de a fa.ce 4 -refltnn gtqlfi. ,\capul
arcstui d.itlianar estcd...Linrel.ltra. dt trai prc.l] pa..ii:t,
,to unlio tipid. i ieb.inletil in mol ol;snuii in t:anq)rtali,(te
dtr. n nnntir considerali.L persadtre de scoltvi:.at.dm swt t
\n!ti!.i.''l "Thc booL it n rcca l of t\:rt nat ol thrcr;ts at
rcBanat rrli!"n.B toot t rt uDt i. r',od o to Ip. : , 1. 1, 4, r
apv a- . ,.. tt..rt tt, ,,.., |- t . ^ p.^ ! 1 ^ u t , " . . . . I
b , nurt:d t;on .L vp t.1, r y . , 1 t , , \ r , , r . t , t t ; ,
h. t . t . . . a. ) . t . t t . ! . 4 1 ,r -j al t.. I.L, f
Il L , /1 r.a , . . . \ . , ii- r ^, , t,r, 1 .,,F .' j .,. . ,i
:.,t,r,,,.t1,! t. \r:l t,,:t.h n d a t' , abr c r : or f . P ,\, |
,,i ,,. , l r, I,p r. \.-.,,i , r-. I d.....t ot,r,r:tn o. : 4, n
,i ru t.4 ,p tt)p ...,..., R . p. {H e-\,j to "r" hr r r t' .,.,r
,r. P n ,ntt n I ia . r rI pphr i -. o J i t:r .p r,,,, c L r t. ,,
( a?casti o&zie s.a canttato,t ii tinbt en:].:n nu tja. te
ftl!,t, a sinlurd. limlri, ci clt c:t:isttru .Lottn cario,ntt::
tintba s,:riia larr a li,sr ;r n,: $ritte nt\glish) ti.li.mbu
nrbitd (spoli{\r English). lriat dtit.bne nnt;.h .nklti t.a fun|i
.t..l t. D rc .l $ t .n u: aJ . : t t ' 4jind t s .;rt,..t p o stL
t lic t . s . alt f ir n l rc l rl i 1 ti : a) ior m al s pe e ,h
(s ti l L 'fat1 na t. c u m ro n i os, trn\;i ): t 1)) rrn ,ni
\I,i1iIg (stiLul ftrnnl s(:tis). ; di:ir sri/'.1 t1\reic?.
,/irilllj le:at. juid,ic t-i. !t.t::tires.: c ) inl. r r r nal s a
' r c o l l 0 q u j rl s p e rh (s ti l rl infornat t\)' tr\i ti 3
(nrti 1); ^-,tu j /J ./, J l inl" r r r , , t r . ,,r," .1 1 ,,t.
.l !' i t\r... ..t1\.): rut,, ' pl ' t' ...r lni r nhnt i" ; ,n i o
u s .l 1 " .t /t. t.,t r' tu ' l ,,o, t. ' ,..t.i ,r.:,: _ d,ela
puncnl $), ad,iirrsin.t aitftl u stil in ptuN. .lL]i rrunatit:icnl
uu iiitrorlus tn .o .r n , 0t |, ot : r td t4 ..p a ;l i ta tp
,,,,1 s ,' :.., , t,.' .," : ptn" at!! !,t. L.,o.tdt u tst, I r ar
ed) . Se atrage at.elid. citilotikr c|L,irl lnnl)a u!\e.d.
eduraterl ir?^vraliDriic(tiri za i . c ult . iar uned u c a te d
:re i c i l a l j z .1 t. (,i l n{j xl i on : i .c u tr. Ii rri i
ful tri i : s,colarrz:rfe.ifvntnturii. culiur.l: 1dr cdurrlie lln
Lniha. ntl nn) - r\Ntlrpr! (go!d rd bad): "Ar io nnl1nefs. hc hls
rorre"r a erlu{ra. a (.rette (un copit) : I l , l s ul: c dur ali o
,rtu r' -i ' . -i ,,' .,rr: L ,,,1' t.nrt:tu uf: ' " ,.,, I l a ln
- , , . nt r pn r..J :t:l a . tt i n !ru ,4 tn tt,4 ,t..
Aryuhthl ddoptat in trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d
.t t*olid.liei
Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnat. a furt r/iof.i - ;t
m.rmmoth lrlsti o cuilt spur,n:l"'t: ^t:1d rrt^t.. t:r,.o d.
,";n."n.,tLt r..u,,tri oL r.n *.ln. \\/a..,dd u: p.t. a tt..pott "
1r rrt,. l.rtlp. fit,. .,.tqrur.. tnI Prrrr',!ia d in s , L, l, a \
nqlei x los lil. is i, n !n l e l . d e o t d e i e t . . ', . 1 .
a . . i , i . i h r r l si o rll. [ ia] . r . ' Fljr r r c { f r a
r Nt , it il d e s . r d e r e r t r ! u l i r . F i t i r t i t f
d ! t r S rlfrfarr.n lr! .i | ., t O,' o- . -n . .' \, ,r"! !r , r
r,rh_ , ,l t:,:,. ".. i,,, , i t ,i ,u r 'r . r 'u L , r i semlu l
nl lll,t r:lf;nc t bs ln I ij: 3! 1. lr , , iL{ 401. n \ g b ! \ 1
i t j i l . I" a t r ; ! i t a j t \ . ( 'h t t t.rk.us. itlll
.t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille
Dersonatjtiti ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi. .\..sh r.oli ii
ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi. turut r"oi, c,i or r iilof
. |, r \ uiplia ljir . s r lo r d c l . r l n , . f *. a ! . i r g
e n i r u . s i i l -slll , Ll . stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris
n . in r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e !..)pfr. . . knU oqti.a
l sp t.h/. jrL f of t r as t . l iot r \ f r s it ir t f s ir ! f i
s o r i l . i i t . {t c L r ) f o r d d t c . . r.!rtl lir.er
CUIi'NT CATU
CEITOR
ulrfotrnelat t& 4 efa.anstd,efat nqral. dtical fu
inccputltLa.est.lti. seeol (inloI uir t a notni aLi.ruluit tt
(rcu.st aul 1 p r onu tclc p eNnnal ; \\ho i . loc (1,e i a e
\\h.)m ; i hf t's ne lcnlrtr it i! l. locu prcpo.ili ei d ltt n \
eth si u inaintea cwittLt lui ta l N.rc se refeft (rvlo is it for?
I|'herc ure 11ou cani g holl!l) etc.. ctt., ctt:.)este nnsiderat
core(l acum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.) t!
inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tgranntlcd .rtl conrldl4t
sloppy. Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp.
t:it.mai mu.Utimp. a a(lusti ertindered. telor Nntruse. a
fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc. a snnctelorinjtrnit lor IalLIe. S-a
a(eptat un aLLoiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r the man in lhe slreet,
(fi sintboluLt:rtd!?nnului ( tlc: obitnuit). Chiar t-i d. la
&tcilrele niwftiture, ptolctotii ro aiscLtrcla.ti Lintbaj
surprinzdtor. bc (? intedbd un nai\'. -Nu ttiu !ruflaticii ? -
Pentu m stLtdcnlii sainu i. Itutr.e tirept 'old,faegies"( :bd,
H?nt!/ Seeel, lta t&ri(i!1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai
pftcetlent (in Ne\! Fl!rglislL Crammar. Logical ard Hisroriral 1392
si 1696), anticlptnd s rile d,c fatt utuale: " t he rul(s af |rumtu
dt lolie no tal ue cftept Le state,n.nts of ftl(:I: whateaer in gen
al us. in tl languafe is lor th&t et! ftdsan granl is tati@llt
eotrc(t." Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii
dniltr '50.'60 au deja un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai.
e&re sint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari. inslt,'i. )a
lintiir n!]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr?
ncapirct nu:csdrai ei. , ?entru a li se tontla o ha.i solitli si
numai rLupdaeet:a i si.nr putetl {Ia s&nla. in pradid, da *hi.n
xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en!le.d..',,.
tclegtwnali.ti.ilui Otto Jftl'5dz i/r "The Fis!enri.rls E!glish
Gramln ,', 1938, .l ture r?d,e en!\e.d: "as sotncthing Liti.ry antl
derclopingund,er .onlinaal !r.1nt.1tie& flwluaions. $omcthini
that ls founrlcnon the past anrt pr$aris rhc $'atJfor the futnrc,
sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistentar perf.ct. bur ,lallessing
anl, pe.fettible in onc pord,, hunlan." 7u ,\,o;;n nr\tyt.. : . j,
, . p"' n, , i. , i t on P a t ! . r . 1 l d ,1,tb^tp rl"sfe
neri-
( L 1'i,\ t. l), 1tt.TE Crunatiut rl.e[aln tii-ica luuare
con.:eputii Ld.e tat].ilianat.. pe ,Si t tratale apnfu ddt
taatulJroblet )tt de Erumaticd,p;t ,iulu st dc(nn pa
fnontenp.legrunaticalc st.Lifice liniii engtie;i deci trtai ?ulin
(t:t:csib;Le (Llriarul\t nmain. f..t t ot;: o tu!, u. t,.,. tu,trti
tr !orotiat ,, a tr tnyt,:d s; t,c bozr,tnr "odui,.fu,Llt, .,
.tat,.rt.. "n.: tn..t u. ttr.t,tt ,.x"r,.tt"iu;,i ranate de
o&menL. Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu
tinl)ii si uanld. J)e S a urmdrit.sd se dd,apuc tenninataSi.li
!.tlcatti t:it ijdi brit:i ;i. cit n;ai ya aptapiatd.dc f.nanenul
s1ud,;at. rcnsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenre deosebhc tald
de gtatnatica lLmbii tot drr,. (:unitt Ii: genvt;rut. ri.itorut
lulti t. t!e&t, i,,olut o '[.,t l0 n J ',,,',t.1t,:.,'u p,r[.
..tot,1,.,.4] t,t.,t,.l4 rt" 4 !t,lot i: t \ ir t $1un : n . . . -
t . . p t . . , . : . . . a.., n,t,paptp. - t u, . dt . t df
pn\ttlp ".J,rt, tir - : . t s d ; ' , , ' t lot - . . t t . . t n .
, I 'i , . , n r , , t . , . . . . ', I , t p lt t I.n tDtnn It1 t
t t n dl s lt l. .
t'entru .a .agrc tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i
tradls. ptin un?le emnplitirairi ti notc d,e sulJal, tit mai,
trnthc d.jte ttesprccitttLtu ti driti.a.lid, englptd ti despn
sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)nateenlte:rtti. Latted.are
pdragrafe nu tcNn&tu t& inujt tul pind. lo stitlitut ti.
p{dra d,c tt s. lutea /.r.e triniteri de la o prubio n Ia altd. ti
!.ntru a se ei.ra reperdrite. id.tdt.. i ot i un, i", t,,,,;, i"
,"r,r'.,., ,t.,tr..rtt'tt[0. Lrt . 'hrs,t'ttL-t .. o\tltt |n.tt , ;
i, qut s l po4t d psl, d n .n , tut.. t t t t t . 1; 1 I \ [
nn.
dL la tnrcpur ftnt lu iirttt.. '1" L
+ tt ,ntelo\pnit. ,rn n t o r t t r 'p .
lt.n un,,ffi t t Toretrei
I t't )o dp [ o, ; . ],. a .t'..t',..,, L.t.... p. a ,Jnft;,t,
.,..,!; o 0t laat . , . ^o"o,t lr t at p . t o' . 4t .. t .,1. t.
rn,iInc" t . pt r
,t lp.luln;i.n . pnlpi, d,e
Sperin M wrca tlepLisn cLitrc (utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leasi
d.drui& specifice .le nu t.LLun..L tarsnte, sd [ie sprc
instruiru. intercsul ,\i s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui
E ;)TT{ i R A
TABLA DE }IATORIICuvlnt cAtr citito! Cuvlnt lnainto .,... 5
8
IIORTOLOGIA . .. Sul6tantivut . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,.
.Adiectiwl
t:t9l ,2t !,67 229 247 457 489 5lt 520
Numeralu1 ....................hepotiiia.
r..
snn{xl8i;u*a prcpozlli"i. . . . . . .Sintara tlazei. 524 5?3 626
629
BIBLIOGRAFIA INDICE
MO RFOLOGIA lrroRPHoLocY)
SUBSTI.NTIVUil
{. tI,
CONSIDDRAT]I G!]NEIIALE1
p.9: t7 t7 ti Ii ti
CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR SubstMtfo oomue 9i suhtstrtiYo
Foprii . srbstantive comune
3 I. . . ... b17 It8 918 10 t2 13 t4 15 t8 t9 20 t1 22 2X 24 t8
29 30 31 t2 33 3i 38 39 40 4t L2 49
8 SdDstMtiYo eoncroto ti s u b 3 t8 n i l l e b s h a c 1 e .
..... . . Sulstantive abstractel Sulst&ntFo ttrdiYiduslc si
slD$iMti{o colcctlve .. Srlstantive iniliYiduale . sulstantive
coleotive Nume dc naterii ti de mise conc.e Sobltcntilo rumer8bile
li ncnumerrbiloNun iab ilitok| . . . Substantiee numtdbite .
Substannve cono.ete
'
C ar ac t er is t ic i. .-. -..... . . Calcgorii dc sulstaniive
numcrallSubstuntioe nenrmetubite
Car ac t er is t ic i,.-.. .. . Categorii de substartive nc ! ,
m Pr ibil. , . . . . . Numcle spotu.ilor Nrmele de materii sau de
mase Nnme dc mai.edi sau de nase iul .. - . . rabile ln
Produselenaturare . A nim t r lele. . . ...... Plantele
comesiibile. . . . Numelc de mase :ibslraole.. Nune de masealshacte
nenunerabile Catcgoriide srbsianlive (hnel). TII, GENUL
SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR. D eliniliel. . . . . . ..... .. Gnurile ln
sranlatic{ englczi. . . .
19 7g 19 19 19 t0 20 20 20 2Q 20 20 tt 2t ?1 '2X 3 :r4 ,5 25 26
26 t6 26 2tj 21 27 21 3' 33 33 36 37 !7 37 37 37
llasculin ti leninnt . . Genul,subsiantivelo..are n ic{
naliomlitatea sau lrovenienla regionala G enulc om un. .,..
Exprcsid Sranaticaldd enxlui . {\.. NU]IiNUL SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit
Col3lilorstll gon$8|e.. Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor '
-
6t 62 63 87
i ,;.ror"...''illi,;, ,i !ifl,ll"{i'i "
rd-.,ji,,;"0',1-2.+h..h-rsnrur'L i";;'i;" s,rEUrdr,.;;,;;;':i; -s.
-i.
90 91 92 DerxrtTlrrrr 93 95
: -::::=
t4 Lryq In tc.ninate la singular 't sau'le snbstantive in'q. . .
.. . terminate Subslantile ln terminate -th .. . . .. Snbstantilc
rrexn al.
:: ::
P lu. dl6
,;? ;;i ;;;
iiJi,i. i, ,";*i rormr 'i.t!ru"rpr"'p ,'iva ", l i ; i n l
rllisu b slin ti Ylecolectile..-...
ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r," Plumle strline
:i n ru r "
' dr ' . t lu" dl .
.
ly: l. li .
;;;
33 ie .10
;; i0il i3
' 'nr rnt"res ri'l^ i,ji,i:i' '" J";,i1 rormr,-ir-ar.cu aii*it
," ." , ,,.,,,1 ." r. L ,o .i ! lu. d" , Pl L rJ" r lin f r r r c
lP dp r' 1 r'
D o u l f or m " d" t n. r al u
l s rl i l p ri l
.
113 ';:, :j;l:9:11" Ii o
1iiJ"] o'i.i;l; i I in," s .r" 'insu e "\p".r:'P . .: i' li"i"r
,i,ri,i, i'"llr rr" "r'r 'd onarir: 'au Pto!n-n'a fg'onari "a ', ..
Fj'"ii"i a.."-i"it- d.i animare .9luralul I'luralnl tl Jra l u l Pl
u mhl substaniile)or.conlnse .- . . numelo. })roprn. . .... . . ur
n. r lt " t o" . .. l u i e tr.ti .. nnm elo.dc " ,te rc .. r..t-
... ' . . . .. .. , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , . .
ill ltl i;l: ;;; ;l; . j :' ::t
:'1 i: i;re 60 60
. ,
.
. ,1"r", i'i" '.. "t'"'par li ro rb i " P . J' Pl u i , r l llor
'ul'L Ll,J.f J ,'rt ,a nti\". ,,
:.. r" r\d..
::;189 l ;j198
ii6? !;6lt
v.
CAZLL SUTISTANTMLOR co ..;o 4- . , i, :, , no. , "liomiistiru l
......,._ ..
,,.,,
: :::::
D . riri1 jc....{u cl i i . . . . . \ominatirnl \ooaur' Ge n l t
' nl . . .
..
.
"
:.... ................. " " " ' ,' :osri l r
l#;i ;
3B64
Deii n i . .j.c . . . . . . 1 .
... . Fu n 4 i j rra d tr c pr e. . . . . . . . ,. l o rma l , .
- . . . . . Cenitirul eran {t. ca.ut Pofsie .
:.
.
;13 3li ti :ti t !28
rormi...............
. .
.:
-
{j5 66 66
:: .'.'',' 331 3314 2i a !80
'12 0 i2
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283 !85 300 307 3n8
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srrBsTAN:cl!'IJI,.SUMAR
15
_.L 4aVI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI REFERITOARE LA SUBSTANTIV ......
Substantiwl adjeotivat Chdinear r v inte l o . . - .. . .. .. .
.. . .. . .. ..:. . Func$ile substantiftlui VII, FORMAREA
SUBSTANTIVELOR Ds de& . r . . . . . . . ...... Alixatia . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . P ief k . . . . . . . . ....... S uf i: . . .
. . . . .. .. .. .. Dpr iv dF a r e8r , 8 i e 6... .. . .. R E duc
er ea . . . . . . ..... Atternanl lonetice Ab r ev ier ea. . . . .
. ... .. SclimDew cslogorlei 8flm3uodo. . . . . . . . CoDpur c r m
. . . . . Sui6tertive tele$opate ....... . .....
944 345 347 357 359 360 36t 368 373 a?4 482 383 384 399 40t
7A 7A 19 19 80 80 80 80 a2 a4 84 85 86 88 89
...
S U B S T A N TIVUL(TIIE NOUNi
0ENnBALE I. CONSID$n-{TIIp s l " p a r" H d " \ orbi r-" rrp
doru' l 1F:' o[' i trl al ' ' Dc linilic . Su b ' l s n l i ru l P
' in . obiF cl a ' s ^ i n re l .g . p o p l a n e r" rIIi ' J1. fi
i nl P l " pl anl cl " l u" rur' r' e\rcrFnl o pp pl cn' rr rpor:
tn .u: ir il. . . " li" ni l a ..l ' ri l a n ^ l i u n i l p . -h
s ' a l i i l ' Fl ' i d ml rdl rP ' l r" ' h'l A, ' ,o s .l i 6l '
I" a'
sr
STA]['I\\-EL OR, II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]B PROPI\II CON{UNE
SUBSTANTIVE $I A. SLTBS'IANTI\iEcomulle (a a t,' tL c ' n \,,, t 1)
SubstantiTele ,obiectelor' de acelali fel:dos b i .d tn !' llolFr /
-er!' . l i i ndi . r-d 1' r' rrr^r I oP l e Inmrl y
s3 s4$t
ptoprii (Prop'I AodnrJ num-s' un. obi.cl( Jeosbin- $ 6 2,
Subsraoti\cLc proprrr Subslsalrvele dul de loale cFlelalte
,obiectc'din acceo:icategorrF. seogralr'e fiintp locuri (oumrrr.
denumesn sp s.riu .u ioitiald maju."uldr 9i csrp enl ii in
rcnere),nalionalil6!i (substanliva adjP.li\e). aqlrp $r.gal,a\rr
(toldeduna dc gen fFmrnrnll ur,icalp'. urassre, laifun" elc.
istoric", operilrter"r". sliiDliticp.arlisli e el'..
anumilPlrlulalun ercdrlrp' 'prole.ionalFsi culluraie. lnlrpprjcd'ri
m;r' i dF labrirarrc Pr' onorifi.c, lunile anuiui qi zilele
sipi5mlnii etc :c ur J c r i" lno ao n iii-ii T 11 n L c h a F s l
B.n N P \i s th p I L D i . ' i " L n^nub" :j l erpt T l r;l 8 i n
Ro{1nia Romanian Eulole ^-inar l'lie W{ oi lhe Roses B.itish
Aeroslace Airdali Group V ot d' ! 4p.l ' 1. 5pn' n l dtron' Rolls
Roxce
O bs . r oalLi: p rn p ri i a u d c \" ' i l s ubsrsnl i rc
romunF si ca al p sc t J nele " ub. l a n l i !F sr r iu r : r inir
ir li m n u s c u l d ' F F r , t l F d i s l i ' g' dF nrrmel "
propri i r" sn" l rte: d) obip. l. n u m j te d u p a Io c u l tl e
o rrgi nc: cl : \11_J n' rml e of nF nl " o b pdt r nl u a/ ;l d p
n .L d n : l l to p ri u : r S !' d '. u nu' \ m hr . r , ' r dt J
d a l i p l r,i fl i n /rl r. J .I L o n Jl ' . A ncIT ,t,, a l:
nor ieln n < C l ri n a l .," ii" , . t . i" . d. ,i " c o ri
rr' / ' o i n I' l ' n u r ' l n ,:r ' i l i | d r' ro cul l gF oi
r ai l J ri 4 n\;n l e i .l u l , Er" n ;;.; , , ' " " " ' . , din
.\nglia) l t)imint sccuddl r' ' -5' 1r" .1' L^i, , u" rro n " ;i ,u
" 1 .s L ' s l r' l i i b p s" fl ' r ^r i rri ; tu, t t , , ' lh t
ur ' t' ' d rJ ' " . 5 P ,n t ni ni l ni J r' a ^r t , at ih. n -a
n .:' o " . 'i ' ' ' i ' r' l 71 ," rl ,1 \y ttrJ . ' ..' r. J p "
.r. i nl -l p .Ji ub...ar" rv.on n " ! ln , ! : r rrru l _ s P ,l d
u J " ' ' ra nr ' LJr" I rrol ' rr' ri . ] \ s d c o o .rrd.i o n
rm ' l r g l a ' th ' n t too\ p6o,' i ,i .J' n . e ic i c : " \ i:
j, , " ; ,- s i " ;- i i :..-. L i , . ,-. t,,t.r.t;tai - . i s/.
!ric r il, d' lJ ' dp d e rj \a re rb u l r,a ,n /.rr:P nnmele
trnor unsaDc de pc coastr Caiiiofri'i '--;lli'i..-et'"..
s7
/:.il'tr, 1: olundilr < Holl|ild 1: Oiurda\ jer s . ul< J
er i u u i n c rn rl n l -/.f!,y i . -( - m ar oc hinl s e r ioic
.ol i ll - \Ia .o l ,r l h ,e l i !l ,,,r,.., < Il o rn ,tt nnn
L- .lift\ lcatit.nal). soia. .rd,ipe.l < OLlonnx rt r.o,
d,iije,rtr ai rc.hiul[i o rr./s i: prntoli de sport. rxLlii:tnrii
< O\lod iorai lnivesillf di,, .\dliil) :r,/,r ( : r n' de X eps
r < Xe re si l o ' ra l i i a n ,i rt ,tn ia) SD ,,r ,1..7..i ud
I.'l de rfirlesil luri-.si hfrl < Ulsref iprorhiiD id nofddl
l.l,rLd.ili ,/ obiec t o um i l .c d u p i i v e ta to ri i . d e
scopcri tori i . fabl j canl i i , i nspi r8681 o l n o tsf u1m l-
n dLr e,, r,.1 rrrc l i i < rl ,o rd l n fo fg h xml i m de sl
.all ,.i i .ani c, r rr i \utbrntJ l- Ln I.l !1. sloli
inpfimcabilil sfu . hanji din a.csi !rat!ri{l) np as , ad lr P loo4
_\ ". t dos r ' ' 3r Ft hur I o' r s r u! ll' n d l l \\' /l .,. '
' 1\ d dPidlY' E /t/'6 m t id. r 'tr ' LrF "oom q x r f B r r . H"
. lhF " . ) scnzori le delirr tl?nzili!' c ii v er bele legr t nF
p' r t P l t i i l e -\ s ob se r v a l^' ul J 'l l 'r r \ u l u r
' In .in d" , r r ' u l|n, ' " 'J\-rh slnt urnilloarere:
S 761)
.ilu ""-
i;;"1;;"re
cer adiective in loc de advobe
ctc nu inseann *"r,, clnil se rehn la ur miros s{u la un
lrarlunr ' 'ari""l*.tr mo q : v ,' tt s - l a rru ml r. i -. t du]
t r ' . ", , .? ^ " p In o r' r rts - old. , ; l i " " " g - b
F
1;B d) verbele copulatilc aritate la S 2i15: to bc. to see
continireimpreuni cu sinonimelelot; spre e{empluli ta became t')
i
h -
rl:l;;i,..'l iP,, l;il'i,ll;ri l;t;i. ;;JJ:";J,|', iffJ1
"l",ifilv;i precun qi:cJ\d i F/ri r ul pnir c f ilt
: b t at t aloo An^J ' a t 41 r 1 n n ro bc oui l. ro.._ s, ot
'l 'i l ' " 1 ' p i / r ' ) 1. r . . dt t o - , it : t o t oat ' t
t \ | -i i iui r t _\ ' lr P pi: D I r o l d l i r J so r d \hi l,
u ' t \ ' t!)tt,a ;{ b btov "t"": ' .lc la f,z, son r' -;n " dt \ :
. ro.\dl: to ltou tr)" Pir . ir - n : r o , / "1 ' nd J;,:;,; 'i'n
': - aor ' ' ' "n' Fnz or ialFl Fxlt;m " p"t . eplii 6 / v"rb"l".u
r" r o u g h : o l : ! " t a a i . '. \ t 'i ,"r*r, o1,. ILn
q',..;.r l, lhiFr \ : ' . / "PllJ r d. painlul
| -: , n ha n tJ D /d /l d d d . i l l : ' o s u P F ti el t s"
orea' D /; trb-ri d i ,, , . " *r . :F 'i ' l u' npatl :,o p o i
ntgr an $ ; ' . . ri ' p ,o ." ,o ' .t " _ o rs to t;" bi rgl '
'
"". , L j " " i i " ;.'r i .
t;,-aonr,l.nent)3.li..orIl"m-rl,rltill. - Obiectiee Comqlemrnt :
)aH " I , a." /Jd ln u li.'d ! . r ub:
.uL ia r,,l ri-,1 e.rpru,, . prFdi, ri! s u b ia rrv . d' : t "
Com r l F n
r" h u i i ' i a r i n l o u r a d re rh u l ri nu ' rai dd " l
' " rmi n;
rL dir..l lind c'lp nump nrP4rce onrp '
s ri' '
ii" i'"t^s i ""tli 'lt i:..,"t np !'!' i;" i;; ::'" 'r'r "irh:
ljt t t l | \ . i_ so',r,d tn' tT hd idkr 1,,.t /. ...' I n^u-d 1 5
.j'.-. /,lr ' n 'r' ol \ \ ; -. * hrr. " so .\ r r lp. '
nr ',r'.' sub-' \" cornpr""nl( : o ll { r ' . r om p"1' r l
1r) Adieclivrl caro ciliti,rf mei rulte subsfirntiYo'-
Adjcctiv-ul cAre ub r''r'i\- rLr rr t'pe d tnain'pd liF'; ri ."u n.
rr ult ., lifi:. ,fi 'i ''
S 770
.,a,h.! lvotu rhei, itiii" il$ Jiilf';$'li',:T,lT:iJ
#11'.,i1'll'{'"',iiike snar,$tdf el: Repetarca adjc.tillrlui ie
face pentru accentuarcaideii eriprimate :') .tdir.li\ul )i
Pr.p"zilit trrornl"nr'. r:1 ': !"tr'-l" 1di' ir"oor r. urnirtr
dF.rr d. Lr',,rni" tr' l^/ilii rl'r'to/rrrr r
"rrrr^nsLJi:dclioienl. in $il diil-"rent /mn nnvonc 'fh;
coll-"ctivc iantrfN liad llanDfd to hive 'eo trrlioN a'rd nc''
conbines
ru
i i7l
r"", r , l r ' n ' oim tlrr1 "
learnins keen liabi. 'D a [a{ p 'rL 'o
pentrrra 6) 0n0 (pl ones]. .\cstproluloe Fe pun dupn un adjectiv
r,rb'ldr'li\ rlrri o'lar; F\l'rin -l?: s" "rira r"p, tar.a l oo i
oIl sGa ldk, ll l i,, p r-J io "ll li $ (liczi :r ' . ' ' liL ' lo
{ 1 6 4 !e n lN e o r tl Ic \h r " d orP d e la lii)
"'l
lr r
'," " '/ ""' lP' r )S 772
l Ailjeciiveleoilalc nu linL ilecit exe plc: ele nu eluizcazl
lista adjeclivelorde cme Dot ti d rmn t eler belp r P s l p .trv e
.. . , nt al s u rrs ta n L r\u tu r 'sa u uo er hi\ a| 3 Vezi S
,5t4. I \'czi S t i2u sau ' ol o' J ti - s" si mt" i ti t,i' o" a .
s - im " r1 u T l n J n " rf" .i o IL s rn rrdH r.q re ie ls t J r
ede s P i ri t). D r o si . ' t\'l !zi { : 64 a' . 769 b e "n rr
ir, , " pr on' r m "\./i G . C rfm' . o P i r' S l 0 J \' I04 A
( ?73 '
7) VerI. Much. - -\drerbul rPl, pre'edr adj'r ii\ul pr'prju'?is
(tn u'po't"rru1;ln'inra; unui parr:'ipru ir"rrr ire "rlrcrhrrl l;i
n-i'i""u "'- F.lp lnlo Li' print'u h.tu t"ra nu h: ,.7I I i.. r-L
't. pl' r n "N '. ,j); r "4 Pr er ' l- - l' ' adj c " l n / i 'i \
l u. . v pr s ; b t . r t . . ( 0 J i . g r , s u p p r ) a l i t "
. , . . . ' h" ) i[ d D , , o l l r g 'd p l r ' I p a r | r 'p n l
n 'r',fv,
)iumeroase participii trcul,e, dvenite aderirate adjective' sint
prece,laie de adYerbul ,rg: tired, tc r..?.oBpli.aitd. t.9
dislinpished,efls pleased' 'cry Proredul ac.sta s a exiins ln
engleza contemporani chiar qi la simple Darl,iciDii trecute '
Cdmpa"ativele slnt precedate de adverbele much' ecry much san tar:
It is scitine n!.t colder'I I P r " f PI ng , ' - 4 n"' 1' \ \'t n
'" li t s / , r bplr i. ' o ; it lor lhp r h o l a r 'h i ! n o w (
Yc z i ii S 1377 )
t 77{ "---
qj li'o.!rurlii ad.ierli\alc sa|r crbitrlenle cu
unelcron'lrurlii impcrlonalo
I-'rale''nsr''u'riiinp*ru"nol"sauadv'rbiAl" ti;br iomAni.
a,lt"rrriot" 'lio adjel..tiv'ul djn limba romani sinl,redate in
limba pnglezaprin -propozilji Jn.car-e rc'0a liv inlrpb!inrdl
rrrcdi'sliv lmprFuna'u Frbrn ld D" cdlilici un "ubre't
pcriorral.C'a moi frcrvpnte 'onFlru'liF ilp a F" lin 'clp forrnal'
drnlr un idiectiv urmat de un inlinitiv: Shet ccrtainr" Dein.
Isi(xf c] (ea)P nsJ l lltisn t lili./'/ ^'pr obi6 i a p l ) 5 l !'
n a a ra i u ' l n J l l\ u. ' ' na polm j- d ;l' l ; l ra rr' ' 1
1to l " o tn b J ' \ , " ds l, i p. / i - P s l p tr.u d , ' n v b
l a ' Il p d r n Jrt, ) Tl,.Y're ru ro ,e away - r . r | , , J nr n
]p ,d (i d i n o rd i ) \ ' . is a, , . i i n d F s i n g ? \d f
LDr " , . lm b ta .a t re l rPd e l l Don. i b" t , nx a to u t i
t! 1r ' r m r n. ' r ep. o ts r\od u' ft ha o*" 'r ta Pko'e l; n
l!L m e ,."a ,ir a r i E li uF'r
d'
I
Iur'i l
l
lT. ECErY-{LD\Trr,4.DJUCTr'[lLrFontLia adiectivului poate fi
indepliniti rsi de urDlntoareie pi4j de \ oroirF '-J .o sr' u't;i
"djF'ri\ Jo ir u; 'rrl'cl anlivsau o'' onsrru li' sub r'tnr:vAl"'u
\eloarP'le. adjP'r.ie S ?76 e cDrnrclnd sensur atrjbulir
sauprcdicatjv- ln generp,rr i',rm; de singul0r. de plural (v. $
1uu):-.t. - bt n .
| ;:::.:L;::: ': ,'i;:";i':.::";i":.i';i,;1"
,b".".1,:;",.':,T.:! ot d . ',;"',:":'".:,'2' ^: . ,...,-.,.t rtit
, h. , . n! ". t:tndinla lntrebuin,ttuii plLlraDin rc iD ce mai
mult ins, !e acceni,ueazii chiar cu ro1 dc adjecin' (v. $ 167):
lului substantivelor'llf- ho"E affa,s cornmittee. ile r'l ti'ts ' t
. n r.it ,t'l;tt t-'otiong tlr r ti nual Stotes cu ditltion, "ikd
lr ik p a l h p L 'l l o n s " h n o o l I o n o n '':
\ t t r n t at L i n " r' l i 0 /,,o J l i / r" . b " v . - os a
r . ' . na - ru b r:' .,1 ,rtl ,rro r p p \n n,l "
\l i "
'
p' rl l rr ra dn /r fe (\rrr
2) un gerundiv:n' ,,rIo ol..' ' ., lc"t..,; I I nj n . n o, A
..1 r - \ int . . t ". o1. d. t , , J "l i^t or '"r r odnr dd : ,
|)d ,n.a rS1:to. l:.tuoh'
S ?7? $ 7i8ra4nt,g wrter. the t@nhg irrnr. the
3) un pa icilirl
trezcntl
Ihe accampdnyiig n.te. ltu . nirq slom. au t s ains t lne. e
t.r. 1 v si S l; 0! r :
4) un pa iciliu trecut:-L.t dnupdn . l\rtp d r.t 1o . r "
p1lLpi" at . \ "t ' n. . . "$i' h t a' , b ) lr l. t "' ; . aa t 'a
l . r k i t r \ \ " n l. - r ' i Jir. -. \
$ 7?e $ 780
5) un infidtir':an int)r1sc b sir{r thc last lo Lar, ni.v rvisl\
L ga to the pictxrcs;
6) un adverb:) r'" n. . lh , . r l r / "" n/ . . th .t t L
iL-:J.i -r..',b " r r , l v ' tsi. v" . '-, S 1ri9 2 56 1. S 2l_ |
lP datn :bi.'. ' ' " ' lhd '/ . ? h d l n 'r " r ' . t l ' 1 o '/ -
t ' ' - r b, l" t .
.,t?81
7) u
genitir:
| 782
lne lno\rc .f tle rlot!; nlt ftin.ls sot: hdtf a,ti tt.'s silen
e: Itjjt: Lan,lat tarins's n o th Y eaf r l' t ' . ?n , a tu | ttu
n rn E mo t| 0 r n a s .a ucd tp Ct'hatu GreeLe's' ic " Quie i ,{me
r an"nas s et 1n \i e L n a ' n .L v .ti S :.8 , l s l ).
8) un :rticol:e tsn ): one: T o hr * l \v o c h i l .l ri : a b
o y a l d a Si rl i a hrnd(di r thousardi a nill i o n ; l v. s i S
ial. l3; r tlt/c (denlo^ttattr ). rIe D uf..l l .{" is t " ?
ftewools nc k r as ain s s tmrs m e a s s " ./" 7 n . ? tn a" ) -"
Il .ri Ir ' II r Du u e l l ? A r c t ou t p f i l i rl p o e l l "
' (v . i ti S 5 r4 l :
s 7t3
9) un rlumeral:fabteen sqnat\cts': thc thi..l door o n the lett
i fttTn lverue6; ,nd.te.ri.l World \\'af l
$ 731 !?85"l.T l L Jr ' l.
t o ) o l o cuti ue p r e p ozilionali:' f hp I 'ol r l r :
r u . t . r -.u b n "- n. ,
t or n ot tl c to p l $ i
JL .l
q rts i
.'
.),
fi m
$d
d rd\i ga
o_
,
u
t dD ,fa sj carc circulii spre Londfa sau sprc un oras mare:
dorn,.atns: cnr. rin de h Lo;dra sau de la !n orai i)ri!.ipal
(atlail l,ilelessi r&tru up ptatlotmri doen plat'fDit
nlafrm : aefunt. ' , o. ' , r i 3! r ' d , , ' , ". 1 ' " . ro"r
C"hhim ii;,,, r '/ . n L . . . I n l 9 0 i 5d. . u ,, n {u '. i o t
c l t i i l d , u r m 't - rF rto ot'd .L: /d./ a ro s . i. ' uf
idin". u ! im ll . J / lo' of i' iall l L o r d u l , , C , , 'c P
l a r f - I n . d u l u i d , \ . , ndLou .1l 'uDo r in,:JT"r.' l^v
i. or . ' r nd J : r s' , nr r . . :d d : i '1 1 1 i / r b l r p F
n t r u d : o , H i e h. ho, / eit'^ t r t t k r ' t opl" r . oJ i
, r J : '1 a r l i 4 o l u l . d r c - l d I i a m i l l ti n" . D
lu u foPilo r idu r ul 6|r h }aza coircil ui brjtnnici /r./
dcn!nirea de lt'ddlsdci simbolizenz{ iii ttnclia dc Lod Catr_ Iar.
a.fstl .eprezentind |ocea Canw.i Latzitot ('Iht raice of ttu Halse
of b.ds) n\ p\ pr "iii, . / , r . I l 'o o l . & rrv,rfua".i" t
i mo ll j " l .ti op ll@1. "l,l- ' r ndp. i d i or.t Ldn. la i. Lo
nl-r ,a, . . t dr I no, Dlii"s r F, . 1, J , - I u, l, i"l " . r "
r n i r : b\rl.d rd il u" ' unr " di Lur ' d e A p e j . P d s r r
b o r u , . . r i l i ei. r^cr b ru rn l-1 Li. '. pr ' . J r ' "l :
. e i _ u c. . k li sr ra o ut , . . , " u. d p, . , r , r d. J , .
j t o . l i n , f . o . J t . n U J . e r J L o r - , , , r lrb .i
Jlliuntesd,l \; d r, flde!jr;o n - \ or b. a- . b i, J dr u ar t il
l ', l o r . 'l I/ r, r ,!n1fl, J r.d,"d lapl L p r o p 1, ..1u
i,mo.d p ir .-,n lppt r r . d, ' " ' . l' r . , t d. id , i J n "
ln i rp r rb .l I n r ". nr lt r dpr F/ r n r r 'l d 'r o p i n d s
d p I rJ r.lrs : . n. J r ' r ' i, ". n r o r , ' p i,"d.il r PFr
p' l"o e i J lC a Ap.l.r , o, m bo, , l l. r , li iJ'p' ou. ii"r
'lio. l i . d .p L " l i : S u p r 'r d . \ t I ; " . . ' 1 ". t"r
rh "u .a , n rr, t , u nrdt cr rt.u " rn Dr,J J ir d i J l14 public
: ' $- hal L ll " o p n i o n o l r ' Ilnor,o-l , n rj r, l T , a,
. rar "ri rol o. it p"r . . - d il' s pr nd J n gr 1r r . t L n ' l
i d d " j u l . ' u t t . ont . ' . p G oE" bu r- u pr onunla F,
3i. dr r d' . r n". . U i . , d ! " l l n '. . 1 1 , ' l 1 l t . p
o l ! i rohax(i.r cnslpT to .lrle apr Fc r at . : ier.0 inb .Jr ;
or J r r . iAc r d. lp d. p"opl. r ar o o r ; J " " ! . u r i . t .
m r 'l o '1 1u cas;i ,j1:rtl libere. Buleva.d din NfN \-ork, unde
numele prlnoip&lelor bulevade sintnulndalc ordlnale-
1,56
s 786
1l) o apoz il i c : ._. Sir Nrriil lIoLL,qn,,t
.f the19i7 l;ol,el t'i.e, N,rs Lnightedin 1961 1or his
scien-
s rt?s ?68
c i. r " . . . n. / . . . A1 .,,...' r.p o i l - . ,,h ,.ro"
/,1. /t \.ar" d.t,rm1d tl .tt, , r n ' o .th I:. o t 0 r" 0 ' l !ro
p o ,i l " r,J' \.i ,.tr." rg_ri l " l ami r,l /h" l r 'n
12) o pmp0zilie relatiri:Lord Rnfhcrionl. (ho eat a,va llt Lh.
1908-\-oLel Prite. \ras ihe liNt soienlistto sr,l i t t he at om (
in M .rr. (v . i i 5 1 7 !0 ) 0I t s t : r t at t e UajoritatFa
erhiralenlilor adjectivali sint, de Iapt propozilii relatire
or . . t t . " p. - r 1. : p : $ ' ,L i d d .,rp " m h 1 p
.:..It ro p ,. o ,"um. i ,, ' h. o-o,npor ti na-ra. /,r./d,r ' . ,
, oF pi .:oti -sti ,aar;s.l u.o: "j ta, lcaec: l\e l.st srpst Fho
blt, ri..
s 789
I. l.0nnl-{nEA lD.ltscTlt'Er,0R(!'oIirI1ITIoN oF ADJD|_]TrYES)
l,inba englczil.ra ti limba romdrln. cunonft rele trei procedeee
obi5nuite de l0rrnftrc a adieciil"elorI al derivarea l/ schimbarea
categoriai granaiical ./ compuno.n (ct. s 35t, !:011
s 79n
DERI\i.\REA IDNRIV-\TION) Prin Llerivarese iormeazd adjecl,iye
din alte adjectile sau pdrli de vorbire. la carc s0 adaugi un
prelix sau un surir. Printre prefi:iele 9i sulirele adjertivale
rele mai obifnuit ln limba englczrl se alld urmdLoarclr:
s 7tt(;ermanice:
Prefixe4r ' l5puk 1. r , / s r r 'd n g . , l . . : u ul-: or lr
oir c . , ", lJ ins . tre.b ca o rr": "''lon ,. nngr , r c . . as
l: o. "f r onliLlpr t . t . .r r i i l , i l , . t p f d n F , o u
, f l 'r l l , o u p r . ! o l r t e . ,re.polulai.d,
d!rsnbscribed. oerloight. ot{seais), etc.
Lo anic e: r-. rlr-, rDF: aclirotnauc.adanantr arnormal, arsent.
or.dpnions. etc.i arl.- : anraredent.dzkdilnrian, anr.mernlian.
dnr.-Far. el.c.;
/ lr i1r F. , r g! m ol. . hi-:,r"n:".. Dl s a. . D . i o n l h
l \ . - i , ci.cn m-: ..r.&nr t ex i c r r c am lac eit - , r r
, a, r poa r , , , ^ r , , s o r a . j ! 'f t , D r s p P , r . .
'r ! e & sianlial, el,c.: col-, .om-, eon-, cor-: .ollaierali
.,r,lassionatc. ..nponent, .,ncaie, .ohspjc!o!sl .r.rcct, .o/Npt,
etc.: ro ofrr-: ..r,"dir lor v o. "ot nt n . aan- : . orl,stJ. pt..
!\-..I-...:,J|Fn s i\ F' P' , p' ' - : "h|' "[ |nien|: extn-:
cz,.arnuial, c.taneons. d.rrao.dirary, rrr.{tcrcstrial,
.r//o{agani. elt... o' !ot
I O r r c iijili la E BC f' o r o u ' o ri ; ' o. i o- J C \ l t
O"A4nqhh llFrn limpmeridiamhi Grcenwich). : Ntrnai rfel'xele Fi
snlixele au o.jginea indicaia, c!rjnlele citate ca cxentl!
16?intcr-: ntrallied. i,rcrclanscable, ;/,rcollcgiatc.
inrdlnational, lc.i el ' lnr.. ,P;a nnt . . Pt p. t . r l: l, / lu'
id I ' . F , pel: tpfn l p t r-r r-li o'\. P-'^ 't r' /Feous P Pt
or r ' o"\ ' / + s Pnr '
l '. _ $ a r '
rctuflca. /.t,grade. .er.ogrtssive, re,/ospecl,ire, etc i
rotro-: ..tuacti'e, , inr. l' : ru t r -. sur-r . ,ru 'din d .
.,bs"qu"nl. , D5idar Y. . , ll' " J ned n ' ; Pr it t nr r . . dr '
l' ir il o: 5"4p a l i l . r 'P d i n a . F l . : F U t c F . $r-:
s/,qib un din t. Fr t , La' : t Fr'. l ru s -: ran,rthn li".
zll}amun' nltla': L/r.acodv.ntional, zrfa fashionable, anlznarine,
,ltdmontan., alra-slrort, zl,rasonic, rlr.dvi.lct. ctc dane,
dltdllanetarJ,
sufileQermlrnice:_d uo di"Fd , m o pJ , r . lI pd. s r Fl. h r '
. Fl. . , \ 'o , r S P r l . 8 0 5 . 8 'l l -F d : ,. I b-J,J, : .
6h a. p ,dllFr, g old ,,, pad"r , $ood, . , $ooll r . F' . . ; -. n
etc nardd, outr (slacel, nlp'. -er llomea,a com!ffaiivul): {'rn:
easlc.,. north.rz. souihe.z. $'este'n. elc.: pr,.: -tu l : l, e" /
i/. "..t.lut, a hi t t dt , g"r "l' t , p"1t "l . ll, dk &/ .
lre rl r4 . r i' 1 , ! . lo' ir ! , ollia, ' ! . r l. : -in c :
axru.,n p. . Dps l. $l' l; 3h. pl . . : -kt -: lrhr, r. u1 ],./':
roo l, , { . ; lJ ; . n. b.illl.. licl/,. id/, rimbl., etc.: -le:
etc.; -tike: bell'ltne. clild,t^?, hol!.lifr, lilrt^?, rnrlii,,
q!.1/, d.r"1u t o t ! . , i. \ ""1! . i- "1! . t anl! . ; 'l t t .
"1.. -l ! : : r. odi,/. ,1 ,.i/a. .t.rrtJ ^i. . tsontP). rtt: t t
A: a4p. \ \ ' at ln. +o m ( A ): ' nl'o 4".|^ A r l . S '2 '1 r ' ,
tr',d. )r.o i r aa, -n s f l ij | 11"',d . ,. r lr . bd, , i' , od
'l J $ r . " r ' ' rl. l'r'ny. "i J ! 'l : . r , ' at ' . J . ' , '
t'i b l c , I r ^ : b b '1 4 ttt i itnot ' . t ) / r b|" - m t r c
ll, -! b f r . -il, lc: /ll .,, n nt: . ! t / . g- os t lr hr t ot
J . t ^: ' r l ) . l ''o t ; . / o l t . 't ' -i . f u lt: ,
^m.r.//, u' J dr . , ln. r l. lid '/ " r ' -s l : !n- 1. 1 - m n l.
o n. lr u ior . / Elizabil,dn. Dnroped4, amplibi?n. GeorgiaD,
.rnslaolar, -&n. -jon | \meri.,n, G.fcian. rerubiifa,.
Itusslon. Shaliaz3. etc.r - a D t : u" id, / , o is,o J,.i. d,. r
a, / . , alj! n- ", . I 1, , , , . " c . : innou, , . ! "r m aD4, ,
pFr o r 5 l , , , , 4 l ' - e o l : d D nJ,l. uilL .,.ridF, / , :
"F sl d /. lh li-n ,;1, f l1". d/ , iu li. m l, adr r ond/ , . li.
i -,al la ..;.. li lor , . t . bI , . , . ' r lphuli, T' ulonr " e
n : - n : Rvron;, .1,.i - i r" : ,i, t i.,, ,o "r,,.", ,o n.r uFr ,
/ . il' , . r ' p. ilgr , ' p. ! r "; , p. r p s r ; 'p . ' 1 " : "
Ul. r'"iltl", A"n /p, hr r m bl", nim b/ ". Fl, jr . m F n d o , s
p r ' - o u ! : ' ourd s o ,s. lo ro"i"h . gr or io, s . jo) oas .
I , r ", io, .
s 792
Romaniee:
AIIJtrCTIINCU fiTELXS NIGATIY Pretixo Germarioe:unwise, elc
unpleasa!!, uDtrne, u-: zzcrt, znhspty! enintelligenl, Iiomnnicc:dh
- : di,asree ab lc. d ;armin s . d6hon"! ' . d6lonour r blP. di n l
. a s P d , l . i it r -, lg-, ii-, im-, iF: ,a.jp ti; ilp. ; s
nobl; . I 4p8s l. , m m o\ dbi. . m a r i o n a l . p l . : nis dar
pd, n; s l a i d . P l r . m i i - : /traDplFJ, no n -: iDn-t s
rilish , ro ,d'$ fi pl, @ 4m or al. nor pr r dil. i. t s etr s 4 .
t u n '. m o ) . i n g n a n ' s1op, no4(eJsucl. etc.
s 79:|791 "s
Sulixo Gcrmanice:pitills, tireLss, etc. cease/trs,
counu,ss,lolcldsr, pennildss, -toc$: carelcss, 1 Sulixul
-tu&are ln gnereo nuanla depreciatir{. , Su l i \L l Jy , s r "
. ar dc t pr F ti cp p n l ru a d v p rb (8 2 2 5 0 t. 3 R cl e ri
l n r13 G . B . S la$.
$ 795
s ?96N ;C;
ORI OGIi,ATIE
;";,' ''T"i';i'1"".''o;';'' l:":l;:i:;"""": '''-'' ;;;'' " "1"";
,:"ll: '"':"rl;f"-:l:;l ::;-1'ri;.. "' '-'Er cePl i i :
o) LacuvinLFrp il';i:J:"t""i::"11"i".:u'i l:i:r)'i"';; 1"."
'"r'i"'"
1r UuLt rrr ronsoauoilirralc'
i,lif?''"
in fe.able tr'rls lerabtc azuriio fud'"'r:'l::':;:td In finali
nLrse duLlcdzn ' cl'laite ' D) Consoana a sau rLeaccentLrol cind
actcrinl i" t de de o alti conloand' d"rla ""*'i' ' "t"i" silabil:
nu se nnnline Pe aceea-si
""":lF. '3;;-x3ili:" iili."-li:#:u til**. . :" 1,"T"f
t;;;i";:"j"';li'"1:i;)::'. ' /'rr ',": li i;,1": ,l ;"J r"
"::l'1""';:"':; r:,t'r'''"u'"': i i". i:""" ;l:;;1'l::.ii :;Il; t:;
"'; -'il'r'r'i'l'1il'i.. "i',"Jf"' - !:"l,ilil'f,
-,,",,,,,,1*'i'ii1"' ",Eat:':!ltr:Peri/ou!, trn larill'/r'd
'?"i ;:' ;;l ';
,
:1, ,f:;
,;sb
, u,ui .u r ir" " , " in ' " r ' " u ' - 1 : 1 i' : l i ': i 'l
il 'j ; ,,,r- i n.i ,'FH
:"i" -,".,,,
Ll:,:::,r1,"
1t: -;1;:li'
ErcePlic: igrcous gllt'I, uucJ' suliri ca'e incepecu o conli""r
* rrrelrlininsi indriea unui Aj -" ''"t
E:r ce p lie:
ii'ii:li"::'t'! lt,l't*,i#il.'l:,:r:",'11"'i'i:""IJlt'lli?
.",,l't,eilb l;;r:;ir;" l; J,"im dr gt r bLu
lliijj .
s i'rli
seschimbn de Ln-t preledat ronsoa'n-1 li!al ," r'r'| tirr:rt*
;)ri.1'lll;, ' " rr' : .''r'"' | -rr'le''arrl 'lul' -lp " r' 1 " ,1
]"l i :'
'' ';': l ; .''-
l:.i
:',"'
, rr",- i:'";'-'
lorlnei lalire g/d'i'sLs litl ln acestcaz _mrt s a hltrslormai
'n -L strb iDlluenlr
169 ttrtt b l ' rl a -l " aut?oJb' rn r-D.nl p' t ous' prs d u
./ - I' d 1 0 ' p ' tr' i tt """ D/ 7 ljnal s c m enf ire i n s d a
tn n c i c i n d e s l e p recedaL de rocal i : . njo/ . ' b l e p
' d ,a u l ro,,l p.buo. / a' . oroxr c/ I t inal s e s c hjr n b d
j n to td e a u n a tn i l n a i n tea sui i rul ui -l y: bodY
datlX - bodilY day d) -? final se mnline lntotdeauna inaintea
sufixelor -tsft Si ItAe: c o ' r1 trY bt e - bdbJish ' ounl " ,l
:k" ho! - borl i l - g rl " n c"i e) La cuvintele trmin at in -y se
int rodu ce un e mut ln ainta sufixului g:
SCHIITIBARE.A CATEGORIEI GRAMATICALE'{CON1llNSION) p. r !" r" ,
l e r;' i p .n r ru l i -b a p ngl pz; pr i n trc" Fnl a l ui Are
-r r r r oc pdp, r pr i. " s r " tn rms r" J a J ;e .ri \d o r. p i
r l i l p. d' torbi rc ' F]p m" i ln """a " obisnuit adictil'ate
siltt: participiile, substantiYul fi adverbul. l l Pa flir ipii A
djpr li\ a te . - V d l rF p a ri i ' rP i i l rp .ul e sj pfpzP nl
F si otl nl rP buinl 'rp a djF . r r \ al. r r ne l e l -v " r.i n
rl a d p \5 ra l F a d j F crrrp .unsrdpratc ' a sl arc ln di cl i
o n a r e:
s 80o
s 801
ple$eg _0harn,ingLakng
.
Cn.ori Darticipiile au fost aiit de mutt' identiiicate cu
adjectiveie Inctt' $ 802 ca ."i acestei, lonireazd adverbe prin
addngarea sufixului J3: ,mur.d1u. hrrmou.dlg"ic sood 'pJrnpdl!,
"urpri""d/v, el!. l0Lingly. lovinglyrvilling/v Jd,ns1{:AnosiDglt.
(Vezi9i ! 791.1rr1) trcule. ln maioriLatea lor forme verbale mai
vechi, sint S 303 Unele DartiLiDii contemporand. deosFbindu-Fp
rntrebuintaie nuniai adi"' lival ln limba enql"za lvezi $ 1756 J"
forn',le cor".punralbar.ele parricipiuluitrecul propriu-zis 1?58.
1760):11! bound.endnt! a .a4,rz Blaiue lpoetrc) jr a d.urfteD
ioryor
sl,e hrd ,.nr her knePs.readv to laU i T h !v (o rp D o u p d l
du' \ ro o\Frl u i i l l l hp ! an He iad .arued a head iir tle
marble ' ' On H i r " r. t,o u -a l /el mv h' Jrl i n l $ai n l I
had d.!nl rnv sla$ cheprlullY H e n a d Po rh i s d i s re e l v l
rrd $ork. The lam-p has noa hffn iir {sEUli8her'l Thc heat has
melted Ihe \nrter. It trad prc'4d my sood lairh H e h rd s i ,' d i
n l h e morni ng.
nohea Slass an rnt.oqr accusaton
l lnaintea sulixuhi -o&r, trecdat de consoan{sc ofiogaliaza
uneori-_'pronrnlia -I cazn.r' remlnlnd aceearioa si In celela,lte
)-i5. '\etizi i D.hirdledii adj@ti',li 5 0 4 '\e Com p l n P | F c
8 si c aDit olul S .. \\' c n , . - ; f e . , F . H o r .ta r . t
.tr . ,it D.t 4 .4
lG0 The mate.ial 1,as ri.znk i! the wash,g the conl,was sr./dez
iriih rnin. The conNc ol events \Ynsslagrd. TLcy were vr".l Nith
paric, \l:ho has s,rrLs n)r violin? The storm had sz;n thc shilShe
had o,n'orid. (v e z i $ i S 1 8 a !l
!/rr"8e d rn stru m Fnr s szzftez wrcoligarden
80.1
2) Substnutiveadjcotivatc. buinlate ca adjeciive:
Numele de nrtedi
pot fi in genereintre
Celelalte substantive pot, fi ti ele adesea adjeciiral,e: l.le
Bz.nd-4, streets a f1otbdu ream /a.u eqnitmenl a sree, \rorks the
re,ur4lar-" 805 ,{li,cori substantivul devine adjectiv prin
adiuga.ea Fu{ir.ului -rd a participiului LrccLrtregulat:&o.scd
.ad,iag.s tlie Doa,r.d interesls fl .&h{rcd \lonan ,/o-!p d
r'rn l'rlr^. a t b, o n"r r : t l o t | 'l " t y Po"\ ' t dtu: d
;:/ / !,rfi t "' n "..:tta in 1lrt6. Thc \\rorld Ilorlins
clampionship wd bsle,/' D1- SorLlh {li.a had sal lh. di.r bcio.c.
Thc homf a{lairs ronmittd, r/,ataP br the Eome J..r!la.r H, lo ok-t
1 1" . r ' . i ?1 , . ld "we adnrir.d ttis ftann.kn ind r',r?rr...l
p.$on " "\n1 Lttctt. a*t.adletL and nLfre.ed, nood .\brl " 1\ ' ez
i ii S 8l L i
E06
3) Ycrbo adjcotirato.
Unele ,ierbe pol avca raloare de adje.ti':
S h e i a l k e d $ i l h m,.t s o l .dni tX . lle \ras only a
sidn captain. Ther sa$ in lr th. acircss e 0.. Onipnpil, iho so"ld
Deorator, hns r bent ro. toelrr. 807 4) Adftrbc adjectiyatc.
Cite\.a adverbe sinL tnrrebuinlate tive. unele arind chiar grade de
comparrlie:thc o//-side !laj
fi ca adje.-
.\.lon t lsin up) hie/lutt these /,tncrl, results
?ur, mme. o&r.r space
l1'r oz.r proviNf ol lril.ain the ar&f,r,sr delence
linPS.
This is otrr g,De,z, [cacli{. Is tnis a ,.r,sl, irain? Slre told
nt i.he rpri.,rl torsc.se 1 \' e 7 i i i 9 .3 1 9 b , 6 i 1,1)
806
5) Articolul !\i umeralul ru \'alorile ile ndjt(tiv. - tlele
doud adesori numeralle 1'aloarede adjective: autne fridsP thcle a
pounua wee k?n oterativ.s the st.onl steike. iYc z i ii S 520, 12t
il I : g[zduit
iicole !i
161
COMPUNEREA{CONPOSITION) ln limba enslez[ se formeazd adjective
compnse(CompoundAdiectioes) atlt din adjeciiv;, clt qi din alte
pn4i de vorbire: a subst.i subsr.: f,ont-xh"4df|v?, \ ?
l";r-pu\hds" s.\srpm. /D4..i"sr m0jo'i'] tu
$ 809
rtla'. ct' si.lPm, * - -; ;rtn .-"t;; 1. , st;Pom'litu shrpP
lIFt sat "auad.o,? k 1 " e d " rD l rJN hi rP s" J* orl l rt b; F
ndnev. c d " k .u -.4 o ;.:-d ctu. sotrnrlprool, i fb o rn o t '
ondi l i onpJ rgg sh0pP d i u b sl .+ Ds r t . : t " ar l- r " n d
i n g .l " a .r Io \ In g heartlelt.. ithoushtworn, erc i ' ' "ii i
. J i ii .i '
li"lt;i'", rcn.n",
h 'inj ldJ,, ""
irrF s rk a L t E \ ' e : lt ' t
h: ' \ ' . oln r ' d pl" 6 d n l s D o l '" n e l ': d +p .lon
"d . har J bo"d ;dj. -psf.: dt' : r dv. 8d l.: d own ri;h', . epr .
' hd"p our bJ nJ . pr ' c r ' idv. -r nsit.: ra'\-c"in s. hs r d \
t or } s oul "ndr n. l o \ '_ b a r r n ; \ ! F r l m d a n n g ir
i ndr lnr n Jo s n "d l. l,;sl,sh J\Pi, ha iv r _la' l' ve.b +
snbst.: l.hc ral, taL blush. elc : \ p d' n t . \ n 'L l d b " ! l
" s 6 4 t ' : a dl r rrrr + re tl: n ok? b't:p " s at ai ' J o. r o
dr J lr i. d ' u 0 " o ! va u t o' eerb i !dr.: a h :J.4 ' g6 l ,
nr ' r . o,', D , r g a m " s . t h " o P F P '( s ) / n..; b"l.:a1
lfr,../i,, ". \ i ", l t ll -s roa d, it. tf t d e . ai,,rh, /l -
batl ar\ h rondu"t. "\c Adi. (,;Dme t . a inl.: a 1 ut i\ : a' ' 1.
. ' m; i mu riF rre"f'..ti!sdu sPAq'drJ"4oJ olrr"m 1r h: llr d odL
| o t n t o . ^ - I '1 " o n d 'd 4 o t h . ' .t . u Q elc. Jno, 'o
n,o L,|:)a ''JIu 'ho, d. r \ d! ' ho\ : ado! b! . |] o' t po Ps an
o tt ol th" qoJ Ptarp atr :l,o ,: ihp nol/-rl"/ "rAl,/ D-tut' dn" .
."t al-d ' " I \ \ l- h' n. t r n Joyothona oonstruc lii rrrrrs:lc:
:t+ . t 1ui E""o, dhl ^h ltv . y\.o n '. n t 'r rh! srorl ; n. o b"
4n' t - l \. \ " . d . / , utd; t hu a ^ 11 ! tp o l' anuh "rt ign.
lnb il \ ' s r dr . h, 4do' . - i, Unt \ t t o l S p ) l a 'n s s
-,,ds 'pa nn ^'
Elementelc care inLrn in compunereaunui adjectiv stnt in general
sau scrise intr'rn singur cuvlnt, sau unitc prin oratimn:| $ "r,. ,
"r F ", . _J d. r . \'\ Eoeryd.nll (adj ) nnslisli Col|sc Il is a
lans disl4ne aw0! (adj ) cau. Ii lrad a lo,s'd,rd,'. Th !. u", p
linl bt , - o' , i. aplt ; ! lo \ r '. T p lo - , h" t t a* - and t
F: anal . , r t ? o d t a b l "
S Sl{l
Liniula de unire $i locul unde se alld er prczinti loart mare
impoltanlA pentru intelesul cuvintelor respective ,\ se compara:(:
1: (: i: l: (: o camer{ dc hotel nicl o camri dc hotel nrice)
retala unui t'Iandaiir strivit) ; pchu de trandalir stdfita) calrl
vcchii diligenlc) leirlDul c d diligenl{)
a cndpled
/otr ledl
plefgdlt de !l adjectj\. i Sll un in Foarte adcsea linba englzn.
substantiY al !du dF un FfbivclpnL a.p.ruie prim".l" !uti\ul
prrli.ipiel -'d1cbi3t aluo' I un ,ind nu exista un !erb .o'..pun/d
nr 1n limbdr' forml d asLtel sdiA ri\
(cf. S 805): compusqilfedsed a ane'kgge.l rr,an bdtu ed 8\L a
doubleThc chair had dn upenr)ed\o\ tor one l e g . 'rh. restalrant
\eas ;rcrnaDledL shoestring : ll - cran.lre t\\..
linbji encreze
812
Ailiectire telescopate(Partmankalt ll'ords ) cerea
termenului):gald nr " inr I u r'i m Jn i' r n! l d r';r lr"
(Yezi S401 peniru eaplithine
bl:l
l-roarcdadierli\cl,'r rrrodorrrc. Cr' dr^ ' al' ' lja'i\" noi r'
rli/'ar.arr pru'F'l'u.qrrlr'I .lild .r:Jf.nl0 in limbd - el.zi a
'''o'r'p "l' lolo''l; a 'accentuarea subtiliid-tii. o\presiritilrii
tn scris qi in p entru lldsi,icitnlii fi la'J.|l.rJ e\en p|" '|-
",nFn darjp'li\F In'r':rrrrd" I lrmb6 rlrFl' ,r+alii li "ra."
i,olH-;. "i -'d,\lnil ,r'i"r -'r"d" 'l' 'omn,r-Li' 'onlurFr
l'-cedelor ourente:an daclurrsbtel nnn dblel l]hces u n_ge,_al d r
n \ , i 'E 8 n d , 'd g L . s t s ] , at ano ; n f / r \ t r . l d
z zl E n d lhc !r.r ", r ,,,x1 -,1?i.,ish: {ir Il \r.rs a n.(r"-r'
lntE., l' ; l I i' ) l/ * r ^ r ii nd /t a lidli. dr ' I L, . , -
nh. . bo.t 'J
lle $a5 rod- St*'r ' ''_ \' ,o ull lx q |d L '.IlL rllplh . u. '
1. a. "r "i tarian and Eu,lar-Dor0lrilh."r a frin ro z.v '/,,a l,'
"Here'!
Iatn rqiadjectivc tormato dintr o lo.ullrne snu diitr o frazii
tutrearn:1l\is h.k'a|ain'Co&a!(ilr
:i ;
'',1: n:t" ! .
,a ' "i " ti".
;.
: r,
'
oDt " l'
t.:.
lriend oi lis
-
t-.l/,
r' , i :'| l r '
l on
i { ar d Adjeciivul trbuie studiat ptralel cu adtcrbul
NALII S 814 B. ADJECTMLE DETERI'II\A1'IVE Sr\tl
PIi{JNO\'II(PRONOITIIN'\L AD JECTI\lilS) lirrbA proprirrzis',
P\i\1i in ljr bx enql-/;. (a qi-in In afari de adjectivcle plonunle
rare nu rrruilirr lo'rn iirbFrrrni"lor' 'i lc dc romeni. o
cateqorie i.""i"* .; t" ditermini ca $i adielli\tle. Ille lu nti
dtr. r: Llrr' firr '1ie (le udidit' 1"" derin adcvirati adjecti\e
ii de aceeasint "; poarln Einr,nflr ""o'iuln": Sprea se deosbi
adjectivele n1ai trliiitati\ e ele':rtr\it.. d iominalc. de a4iedLw
.lettmlnatLrc:Tlls lot lf ail is r f o. c ir r t er ' s l l n s t l
] l n
i ?i. al es t e n p ro n u me d e o a r' e i ' e rk ,t ui el tc
u ' t ul . in. d a lt c l i ! p p r,rl r " ,l rts rmi n i -. l' h l
. P ru n u r l " . \ P r ' bt , c n r onunelui int e ro s a l i l '
s n u rc l a l i l n /t' r' ' pLrf ur a u 5 i u n c o l e s l o
ndent p r onune nehot i ri te
subsl rnti trtl ?t' tml t: p" ' ' " t ' 11' rLrFl ' Jr\ /ri rl
!r01' r' rri arl j | tl i Y al '
''d r '
thts
-i;'fa#,ll:Xi:"1'l,i'll'"1*;,*'
d. L,\\,. i,, Ad,anu,e! 11',,nnqhtui din.7ti.,s(}'hatosrut
't
trR. -\ldinstor. or. .n. { iala o iarLi iDiuz.tni.d ca& ra
lnraiil .Im 5n lotosraliali" 1 i" w r ' i601. " ' P u \\ \a" "tl
:ng Fry:\ ',J' ou.P. i 1r ' l \ ' 6! n i\ ' . /o . l o d l r I i n
' r' b -: l
163
Adjectivale pronominale so tmparti ca lsi pro umele respcti1-el
in .tncl S 815 .ategorii: 1) adjectivc posesil-e 2) ad ierin e
demonstratiYe 3) adjectirc inrcrogalivc 14 adjective relative ;)
adjecLivc nehoterite prononilale sint inl.nriabile, cu erceplia
adjccti\.e]or posc- ,s Slti -{djectivrtc sive. demonstrati\.e ,si a
cito a adjocLive neholnrite. (Peniru studiercn comperal,ivi rrsi
amnn nlitn a adjectivelor prorrlS9'n 'll |,inil", \"/i
proru,'l.r'.p'rr\p '012. 1049,IIjl]l. lj tdic;ritolo p,'sc.i\; I
Po.-s,J" AIJJ T;r's.t : nt s 617 I ou' {.- trostN, nonsha..
"s. { ,a . {
il ffi"l=ii,:.i',t.;'i,:ili"l"'r lw*{= (1'cnL.u dcialii
{: rosrru, voastraroifr! !oaslrel
$ e00i 2/ .\diorlirclc dcmoDslralit0(D"nonstrat;" .ldjcctitcs)
stllL. tho (: acel, acea, acei. acele) Orzi $ 444)vczi
li: l-lii'(,f[;;,1]'"' ,. lui, ri) ln PUt r ul
(: l-"ninii, rt 1,t,","lor) (nascnliD,conu.l nculrn ir
S tl8
I d i d n ' t k n o F l .h e ma i ,/E Ii m e . ls he
rndrCronin'1 ac s t . ac eas tn ) (s g -) ?its bol goes 1o e
dax-nu.sery. these (: acesli, aceste) (p1.) Arc ,tusd cigarctn's
yonrs? t h i s (: that (: acel, acea) (sg.) I'ndr rcst l,omc h6
jt6t been bnilt. acei, acele) (pl.) Don't put ,lD.? things on the
tablel
those (:
the other (: celdlalt, cealalti. ceilalli, celelalte) Givc me
,ld ,rrdr Dhoto: this one is no cood. l'll havc ,1, od.f apdesi I
don'l like these, ihey're g.ecn. thc lormer [: prinul (din .jouli
obiecte' sau din dodlUgrupud de obiecle'?)] Doesn't he p.eler th.
latwr ?f,Letn.\tite the laiier? to tho latter (: ullimul din lo d
obiocte'sau din dou.t grupuri de obiecte?) Aren'l rne lo,rd
!.oposals do.c atl.active lhan ihe forncr? the fi$t [: primul.
primele (din mai multe obiecre')l rvas lhe best ol the thrc.. ?r.
ftr, tiile he s'rggcsLcd the last [: ultimul, u]timele (din rzal
nulie obiecte'9)l Ol all ihc plaJs you mcntioled, oniX fta 16, onc
soundsUfilllngSuch (: a.est, aceastn. acestj, aceste; asemenea,
astfel de) \there did 1on lind st., a perfcct pieceol old ohinn?
,ta.n rvre his wo.ds. .lL.n goodncss is.a.e. .larl, liorsps ,.e
Aood lor field sorlt.
':Pronu,l t [0iJ rezi ! Ir1 Srnsgfrmatic.l(S tl.
1|]4
acelaii, aceea;i etc.) The sdtu dav I went on a irip to uie
seside 'l ory (: chiar ao1/acea/aceilace'le) We arcstandirgoi
l'hcterl ryot Ftrcretlc baltlc\rxslouglil rc"i a""t-'' u.rdretbp
\on. rt'url ,i !oniitsrrur li rdi''ir"r ' 'rel r'"a JialF' cl .J n
jr'lul loprr': o olol"ii irt -'rr,'i n^u"r". n -"b rrnL"l \ 'l j
Soms (:ln r n | " l' \" o r \ o' " " h4 ' r n J L '^ d 'i / \ d \
lnr ' ' \ ' 1, p"- . '' i; b l"' 'v d l\iczi tnrtN detalji s 93r)
'
S i. l) '
/i' "s./ sir. : J, .\dicr!i\elp irrlprogrli\e I tn' rr' -at"1di
rrn'-1" I-'lrins 'Frp'rrrl Whi.lii 1p"7 ure Jin -Ln rru"'.1 oj , !"
" 1 1 / , . f r \ ' d- o " b .." o r' : ! 1 y t, , r ' . ; , o ! '
,:J " " o " n nr" \r t'trl I\'hosc? (: al cuil n cui? ai cui'l ale
cui!) lfr,se sor \tas h.1 rnos' roice did l hcaf? ' lT bat ? : r :
e? c a re l p c ra re ? (i n fc l e s l n rg ge cral ) lr'ial
rclatives ln!. Jou got in Buchrcst? ltla, lciter .ue lrrstT iry'd,
cha.act0r did lie inrpersotrate? Ho\ l m r loh? ( : c i t] c i tn ?
) ,'1,n,,,rc]' llnslish do You kno{? H,0 nr./, iJiFrest did he
show' r onY l (: c i ti ? c i te ? ) llo\ tlh. 1 o lhp nnnor ' ' 1
5 - ! m 'r d 1to ' rto d o "!u - \ p, Ha r " aa -t \r,:s , . : d .
\ o' r pl nLl {vezi Penl'u detalii S 101!l
S sJO
inirodnced me lo heo oI ihe rcadD's' ltcnt The li|rrim lfo ntra
nkPr' nan a fo l u $ d r d\ r D W to'l h'mlo ' nr obd ' r lil
ri]|,tl 14 ,{djectirelo<tire ffielrtti'e Adiecttues) :
(pe) care Which
rld
Jones' oni'l'
hll'r
lvhoso (: Wh$t l:
al rafui. a irerci, ai ciror, ale cnrei etc)"n s
Thp mln Lfta i;:' ,s ll|o!l
idrili ls b- dn m r : o1p| i o " d o o I r - r " 'l p r J 1' . r
ib m v $o k
ce, (Pe) carel
poi tl pronume orr Cuvintele compusedin *'har l\ Qhich +erer sau
soer'J' .Ldjectivc: 'o. h m u l l o 'l n' dJ l- . ll h dt rro f.,.
r c llls . ' p r' t om ds f ir lr m or n h : he ". p\i "i delalii S
103j) lvezi lenlN ' r"l
te rd ir ^ o . . nt i' ( 1 tYl,, Fl li\r n 4r r ' I do _ troL {
"hdr s o. ( Wnal liitle tobacco rmains is at Iou dispos'tl
i 5::1 "
il tdiertitelo rrebolnrile//ndPl'l/P A.di 'la)'i",t: cnur' rr' o
inJnrrlJr a ccrtitin ( un/od.rrdtz Dan Rlrrt with him Hc
broL.lehi,4 iii" *;;i i'* to @.c.'dia exrent sadsractorv cedsin (:
unii' unele; oarecare) h t f r din oP oD l p a l e ro b rp to r i d
/z mL s' He I ' a" , - ; or ' , b o u l s h a m rg h l ' n l " n 5
r ) vu
somel (: pul,ine atc.)
cil,ira, cilcl'a; unii, unele; ni-ste,ceva, pulin, pulind,
pulini,
Wc sarv so/re teasets at worL Shc will buX srru rrce. llhe
ernibiLion c.nlaired somd
sorrre... or other (:1'reun,
vreo .., oarecere)
Hc is alnays sure fo make sol.e eti\1se or ot'tet. $'o mnst
liird satue reas(n o. athct lof our absence ltom the party
reEpeotiv)
d, (in propoziliile S.terogaliv-e,negalive sau ipotetice):i'run,
vreo: ( negaiie)nici un, nici o; sau nu se traduce; Ha\. rod dra
rare books? 'fhe\-\ion'i lti ni or9 clild urder seren any plcde. It
Jon trale any llorr, bring me some, &l : orice. oricare ,1,v
ohilrl conld do lhis Toli niav tale du, nro magazines like. lon mai
mulli, mai multe; dilerili, difrite; several(: citiva.
rjtevn:Jarrii lircfs 01 iewelr n..c missirA. I rn re 'b ee, , lo \
- enic ; re /e /a i ti r,ra \te oalled iberc or tlircc .v,t.ral
da\-s. 'l-h-"sresis said sood |yc and $rit tl,, ir .\.r.rol \tays
su dfy (: diierifi. diterite) \Ve liaY m.t on s,nd'! occarions.
Tlroc wrrr sdn.lfr reaaoi( lor his alliludc o n o (: un, o) Orz dat
l.hc cosros \rill hold no secrek ror nim Thcre i\as onc }Qter ln
pafllcul{r Nliose rngs were Folks of lnrc a alrother (: un alt, o
ali:i; rrdi, hcn) 0!c ol ile mcn lud bougl,l or. ho$e, on.lner one
anolhef. Uav I lralc rn,r(. ro ol ica. trlease? Stir LnaLhe, th!
rinulcs. Fill XoD? (5 133) other (: all, nltn, alli, oh,e) x lid!
orllr peoplc callcd he. altfnt'on lo it, slie r.alized lier nisiakc
c'rEl da]s, ,rll \tnys. rh m o .n i n l . . Tl f " $ d : " . , 1 us
: You lnov l,o\L na.n Norh l djd yestudtty-
uch (: mutt, multii) (rezi $ 690 694)
mary (: n1ull;, nn te) (vezi S 690 694)_
inlo orttr -lIa,y \rtsr tlie resnlls iolloring !!0n
lhc:launchingol tlie carth srtellites I halc mdr.! radio h rs:
auons mI lrinds I savc him ./ lrtL adri.. on his $ork. H ,; L n n \
s r r , L, ludn J n ( ' ., l a l i u .
(a) littrc (: pu1in, pu-tine)(vczi S 677-686) (a) re\v (:
ciliye. citel'a; pulini, putine) (vezi S 687). . 1 / t u {o ds a,.
o rl.n o, p plol, \ \ p kno! /.- rFop le i, ' t "t r hur "s t lhJ n
a long s p 'h
1 as le d ! o bicdi n d. AT lorm' s "nl . al ln, onr . * L- |P
de. i lo r m a , l d b l l p r n p o ? i -on! ro ipi v"/i r T' t -
rml Jnde so a '.nlu il nr od r ' "ials uuda! 65eallblJ b l r r i i
l ! l !i Q ll: 8, lt 8i. r fdd,o lan J : rJdlo am at or i { c olo(
\ idll.
186 enough (: desLul, destuii, destui. destule) We have iood
cn4rsn fo. our oul.ing. Thoc arer't ,mLrn caks to go ronnd each [:
fiecare in parte (accntuindu-se padea. nu intregul)] We should see
a tuture Dromisein adr ohiid is $vil..hed or' -Eaci applianceshould
b-; ovefhauied belo.c it eycry [: Iiecare (inteles colectiv); io!i,
todt] /, './ L ' , , 1 v ll' ov J " 4 \p n u r i ro t' .n , rrt d
.i .n ro a r" d " m i , ri ; d, . i" " r , I'i i i * E e.e Jaok had
ltis Jiil. all (: tot, toatd, to!i, toate; liecare) He worked l,afd
all dar ai the lorttiit ol an acadoni.ian. .1lI peo!]es stru3gle
ior Peace. cither (: amindoi, amindoui; oricare din doi sau do n)
,1 .1 .1 " F o {",j s l r v o, ' t la" -rd r o r 1 P rn d d / 5 h "
I ral l. r \ p . t i, . . r o o m . s h ' ;.h r r s h " p - ' .:
noither (: nici unul, nici una din doi sau doui) ,{.id..
I.ontranke. was over bvenly_Iive years oI age fi,nnd. scheme was
accepied. both (: amlndoi. amiddoui) to,n mv cliild.en are at
school. Lct m have totn testtlbes ior the etperrment no (: nici un.
nici o) ,Vo ma n k np( r Lourqd d e n i n s a s m " ' 1 . 6 \n Tn p
p o - m d ! - or ula@ h rr.rs .v e s t,rd d j nolle (: nici un,
nici o, deloc)l P"d .ri .al , \ p" r : ar r p h" h a d .o r b " i n
S ) ' o o J o ' rD c Bd "k,rdt ur ij lur a. r hn rew e re to 4 p i
n l \" o " p h a n d Cr' Genius he is naE. (Ve z i i i S l l e 7
l
Nard determinatitetrebuie studiateparallcu
proounelerespec,A.djectirete (Vezi $ 1152) tive.
I zond, despe.liI de subslantivulle cn.eil determint cind cslc
adjectiv,sti iI gcnere literaf). {stil
PRO\U}ItrLEcoNsIDtH{T1t GE\ER_\L}l322 824 8r5 427 828 838 ii39
839 L PFO\I \ LE r ll I t F s U\ -{ L Delini!ie FucliiN.mn l
Iratut"ElIi pprsanol
ptstil
trt 111 171 t1r \t! 17' 1r_2 1/-3
Persoanaa 2-a sinsnlar PeNoanaa 3-a siniular Phalul antorjlalii
ti alfa: ul lonun .lot t.,.o nt le
8t!0 1i4 841 1 7 t , 842 1 'L 3/r4 |,.t, 845 t74 846 lt4 849 I
r-4 85ll 1,-5869
870 873 887 888 890 8-46 900 901 !07 !09 910 911 918 IJD
I^"TiRIRE. 919 920 grt 92t 923 92i 928 929 930 931 934 9t5 936
939
1r' 8 t79 181 11J1 181 182 183 183 r33 184 184 184 1l t5 1l l 5
15 186 186 186 laJ 187 18rl 188 188 189 189 189 189189 189 190
IL
PR ON|IE I , E ! t : \ D, J E C T IV L L T O S ES IV.
III.
PNONU]IELE IIE}'J,}III\T
-qI
FlI']\U]IEI-E
P rn r.l u rJ - r r or idr ii i. , . o r r;.,i ..... ......
...... ......... rl n ru ar dr er n' ll f r" r' .n l ' r' ,,1 1 ,\i
f i l p l ro ,,,In!tu d. n,1ri rp. ,. rn n tn /.- pr onr m - 1" ..
.. .... .... I"o u n " r n r l" \ | , ' r ..' n r ' 1 . ! n " l
ronLn frn n 'rn r pb r o|F \ r v .,I,, .u t ,," ,,o ," ,,,... , /fu
J l t r nr r eDnr r lx I r Lo ml p ronnnr hi ; eit . r ir .i a l
t,l r.u n i i rri ri e J n i ;l ;.;... ........ Ft ,,\r \ t F Lf .
t \ 1, . L L ,I:\tO.-T | | \' t,\ ' :T .\t
... ........
I\ .
t6 8 945{r48 !4! 961 gil,
't HLS (THtiSL), THA'1 ('tHOSE) lu n cl i i ... . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .......... ... .. ... . lo rma . Gc D.Nu: lr . Ca Z .
In|rcnninlarc 'Tl ,L r,- lhx r ' ' .. l, onu ,n l _ l r\ \Jr. rb "
, . or . l ' r . ": l. r 1 -l h t ..... i -r."' TIlD T'ARJ]IEN.THE
],!'T TL A lu ,rj i i .. . . . . Fo rml .. . . . . . . . . . . .
hhelxinla.c ' )H1 .: I.I A S T , ' , t HE L AS ' | ..........-....
I H f Oflt l n. l111, utt1 l 1 :. .....
190{90 1)1 19rl i9J
!66
191
96t 1161, 1 9 41!5
s A l r E ... . ...
,i 1 9i )
195 rl9i
v.
PTIo NUI E LE $I - \ DJ E C T IIL i . l Y l l i L l .ra j -l T
I\' ........ Dcl i n i l i . . . . . . . . . . .
i!l:r
ll .
101t 1n l8Siualkt ..tut\ ....,. ,.. In te ro q aiiadir c . li s
i n i d n e d i -' Ixxili;ril DO ln irti,rcsatii . . . .. L o "r pr
. ' o/ li i.'o co n struoliim ionilic e . .. ..: .. .. ... ....
Proa , l o i , iF ' r .... ....
' rrr r?-
. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . .. ..
1011 : 102b lotll 'ln_ n' 10:10l nl :'
1035 : 1057
'_
\.I
PRO\UI { F I LE lI
A D J IIC T IVU L R E L -\T IV.... .... ......
1894i
wHoIYEICH Inteles Funclie
1053 1059 1060 1061 106, 1063
205 t05 205 206 206 206 206 207 201 208 ,08 ,08
210 210 2ll 211 211 2t! 211 A3 .. .. , . 2t2 212 212 BUT 2t2
lnr.l"s . .. . .. ..... . ... ... lnsn 212 mrPrlrnl,rr .. .. .. ..
.. ... . .. ... tO99 212 2\2 Ake clkstnrli. ft f.t itaate ta p.a
numete atljtti, eleretatiee... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 9i 212 -..
Su b sl d li\ , , ol " liv . - l J ,.o -n u m, rp tJ t' r h ....
......... .. ..,... rrul 272 urrp sap o' uad. r r r J . v ,P " o .
,j , r" l u l i \ /..o to l . ....... .... rro2 213 Lo cD rp rlnur
n ....,, 2t3 ' r,,6 214 c u r r n .{ rF d P s u b s ta n tr\' .,.
2t5 ra t6;i; ; i; ; iii'; iit i r ; i . r i p . l . i i i i i i i .
' " i i i i i"!.................1 1 1 2 ....' ... 215 1120 216 \t21
216 1t25 216 7124 2ti 7129 21) 1130 2t1 1133 21i 1134 21i r\t' 2t)
1136 !l r. 1137 at?. Ca zI'tadutrh \:II. retalio II .. . ..
Pll']NU]IELE D ' irili
WHAT
1083 1084 t0a7 1088 1u91 7192 1093 1091 1495 1096 7091
I DJ D C T IYIT L -!-EH O T A R IT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.._........ ... .. . .. , d. it \ q r . dt r ot J lt ....-. .. o r
rr J r dlr " r f . t or Lr hot J r "t n , u alt p p r o n , r m . ,
,." f."u.t
ri l tt t(2 It11 lt41 I t4u
21!. 1. :t. l. :.jl
170j
protrumeri sdierlieo oetot6rite . EYE RI . . . - .
t1r")'I l5t tt37 7116 Llii 1t5i
,22:l2rl 222 l.!.! 22) 122
I ri 9 223 tl6a 1161 123 1163 "l 224 116i ' )2L l16i 116,1 { 170
))1 tl14
Inleles.. . -.
.' ' .. . .. ..
Acordul cu alte Proaune . F un o i i i . ,,' consfruoiii
idiomatice SOME, ANY..tIO, -i\?NE S o,tl f lnlpj e . .. . t nhe b u
i n l a P Pro n u n l i e Funcli . .
1r)'5 :15
1 1 r - 6 " 221 1 1 1 8 22i
... .. .. ... ....
. l nte r e b . .. ...lnhebuinta'e^f ^rnN/i
ANv
... .. . . . . . . . . . .,' -
l-la l t74 22ii Irl t' l l 8< 1186 2), )t1 iii* :tl . . . .
ris a 1),119t 924 .. .. 1205 !t8
F o rmeco m lus r
P N ,O N U IIE I,E(TIllI PRONOUN)
OONSIDERATII GT]NEBALI] l) Drtinitic..dt
,
rn Ut pc nr \ dt enli
PronrrnFlecsr" _parrea vorbire care ljne jocul unni dedl ac es t
Ur e.
S 8gz
iub.'-,,ri\ut ,.ru c.hivalanrutluir rnto.uit de pronum".e
numeqlejn g 821 llnti .rlrl-z; .nlprpdcnt pronumplui (lnn.pd" tl
sau Prinrr'parl.Desi nu r..'r', rotul .3ri.15.d'odf..a,pa.tn
dFnumirpfa fi tnrrpbuijr!n; pon,ru sim_ plilirar" in 1rr. r*r'a
