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ALICE
L. BADESCU
GRAMATICA
LIMBII E,NGLEZE
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EDITURA
9TIINTIFIc.I.
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BUCURE$TI,
984
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8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
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c Dv ti T c lTREc 'r' 'r F
"The
tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,s
onE
beensamething f a baxlefield,.
Anon; t l , r mdnu
:ut"
na,ob. inp
oryht
oL' t ' thot b.t , \" .n
tr ts"f i t | | \e
and
d?s.. tpl i re
F
rir
udes
1o
,r.age. ' r
Cu aceste urinte incepe
utn
d,inte numeroatele
nclrcte
fecluaten altima
treme asupra limbii engleze ctudle n Anglia.
Prima. atitudine,aceea,,prscriptil'n", steautori.tail,
natmotird., ngrddird
ile numeroase eguli,
stibuind, ncd tn idealuriLe
amaticii
ld,tine
ale
secolnla;
al XVIIIlea,
$i
aparlinind azi unc;
i.naifili erwl,{te
i
rctragrade;
.ea
d,ea
doud,
tttitudinea
,,descr'ip1irn".
etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu
dacd.na este
cantolatd.
In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarc
celor
d.e
e
cantinent,
The
Royal Aca.lemf"
fiind fonddtd
n 1f68
d,e
cpeLe
Gearye
11
II-lea
&l At|glici
caclusir
p.trtu
lncurujareaartelor
pldsticc
prin
infiinlerca
unei
scali de,:L6en
i
(rearca
un.i
exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile
(ilitlilar
|lesti-
tieni in oiatd.
Incurajarea scriitoritor ilrrdsese,
,in
rctinri stribcchi, n seamu
ueeranilor
Si
a
nobiLilor
atc
garitau
in
juruL
(
rlii. reg(rle
i
arlulaa
"lhej,|r
^Irons".
Lituba
d, 'st^td o
d^,n:t .
t ;n,t , .
F,od.r, ' l
; rn,t
: i sst lplnunpl,
, tp
-r( ipgs
l:netts l , '
rat |Qa,,r 's
I :n4ts l". . inJ
' to
,o.ut2.
o , jun* sd
tnan'rp.
l intp t l "
s".otc.
,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.lenrecte
abliga.tarii".
Od,atdnsd cu descoperirea d,iotel.egrufci.
i
a tcleriziunii
ti
eu
ftspindiree
culturii in mose
rin
intenled,iulacestar
ubiteti.
prestiliaasc
massmediA.
bah.nlo,
putctii
s-a tn(lindt sprc an
nou
nume
coresii a|linrleosd nai
a
noile et'eni-
mente,
i
nstfelEnglc.a
IIodeL
a
fast
nnnitd
"BBC
Englisll''.
FoI e curindinsd,
faplul
cd ]a BBC rorbeau, n direrft d.ialecte nglezc,
tsoane
renite
d,in
lo(tte
coLlwile
umii.
LimbaengLetd
.lfu.atil a BBC
d tncetat
de
a
mai
p
ea
i
consi-
deratd .,madelul
unic"
ti
s-a
dd.optdt ermenul
de
"SlandaftI
EULish" pentru
saianta li
)Lii
en1leze
ocatildca
rodel. llcest nume
are
sd aibi n1o.i rulle
Sanse
lc suprarieluirc, deaarecee
preteazd
a conslrut:lii eare
at
reda nusnle
muhiple.atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarteutiLe.Asttcl.,
tumatir&poatefi dascripli\A
snrr
p
rfr cri
t
irar.
/on,?nla,
ra
r.ccivcd pronunciation
f,4.P.r,
un tomcn
paate
ft
stard.rd sou subslandard. (cptal0le,
accepled. rchaic aa a
re, l .urac-
cepled.
r lnrcfe rhle.
pfe{eraLle
d
l,r t fcnd,
|bdcscert. obsolele, nl , i -
quuted.
sut,errnrualed. uterseded.
ld-fashioned, utwoln sdu
"i t
r{ 1es
["1'oulhcr]4.
l
js
out
cf daic";r lc. nd i , f i r i lum.
Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L
Jon.:.\1.\..
hoflssol. Erncritus
in Phonotics l tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s;
ncqte
s.ria
dN
anrirci,"i
dic
lionare tonetice
enlle.etti carc arcau
si reroLulione.e tudiul littlbii
cngleze.
' l l l . t l t lnt ihs .1 dl ia.
:
L'
-{nglii,,
lronul
lilrii
\:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6 6.
po{i-a
rveni ailt lr.trl,a ')or. .ii
li
J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-
r IBC,
abl" l ia1ia
runicln i rndtudi iuzi 'Di i h i tann'e:
'D
t ish Bridcastt lS
.
/?d,pler
"Iour
coat dalfs
ron
ili{rhin
cl..l" \au
simpl,:
"Io(.
.oor ./trr.s". ctr o
n'brr l "n..drr , l " , Ir"+
lFrp
| ,r- ,-- . lo
.
\L i i l r , l . i . , r i J.r"^1",. d in
i l i
o i nr
aPr o.moosr)
-
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
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i ic
_.
ln
p{ala
winului sdu
i i .dionat
i trctrc
n,:te:. tr , t i
n in | i - . \r
t t , ) \ | rh.
trr3nounc;ng
irt ;onnr\- ' .
dtdo t i
.r i : . . ,1;
doi
: ; r i
d.dar
(n
n a,r
int
. l ia
de
a
fa.ce
-refltnn
pranuntiel
ori
tl,e ldbi lare pronuntic
csrt :ntt
si
carc
sre
gtqlfi.
,\capul
arcstui
d.itlianar
estc
d...Linrel.ltra. dt
trai
prc.l]
pa..ii:t,
,to
unl io t ipid. i ieb. inlet i l in mol ol;snui i in t :anq)rtal
i , tedtr. n nnntir
considerali.L
e
persadtre
coltvi:.at.
dm swt
t
\n ti .i.''l
"Thc
booL t
n rcca
l
of t\:rt
nat ol
thrcr;ts
at
rcBanat
rrli "n.B
to
ottrtuDt
i . r ' ,odo
o
Ip. : ,1.
1,4,rapva-.
|- t .
^
p.^ 1^ut,". . . .
Ib,
, . . t t . . r t t t ,
, , . . ,
nurt :dt ;on.L vp t .1,ry. ,1
t , , \
r , , r . t , t t ; ,h. t . t . . .a.). t
. t t . .41
f
- j
al t . . I .L,
, r
Aryuhthl
ddoptat n
trnns.icre.
fonatt:d
tr
ftrst $i
este
(d
.t t*olid.liei
/1r .a,
. . . \ .
, i i - r^, I lL,
,
t , r ,
1 . , ,F. ' j . , .
. , i : . , t , r , , , . t1 ,
t . \ r : l t , , : t .h
ndat ' ,
abrcr :or .P, \ , |
-
, , i , , .
,
l r , I ,p
r .
\ . - . , , i ,
r - .
I
d . . . . . t
o t , r , r : tn
to"r"
hrrr
o.:4,
n, i ru
t .4 ,pt t )p. . . , . . . ,
R.p.
{He-\, j
t ' . , . , r
, r .
, ,Pn,nt n a .rr pphri - . oJ :r .pr , , , , cL r t.
(
a?casti o&zie
s.a
canttato,t i
tinbt en:].:n nu tja.
te
ftl ,t,
a sinlurd.
limlri,
ci clt
c:t:isttru
.Lottn
cario,ntt::
tintba s,:riia
larr
a
li,sr
;r n,:
$ritte
nt\glish)
ti.li.mbu
nrbitd
(spoli{\r
English).
lriat
dtit.bne
nnt;.
h
.nklti
t.a
fun|i
$t
.nu:aJ. :
t t '4 j ind
t
s. ; r t , . . t
t .
Drc. l
. t . . l
postLt l ic t .
s.a l t
f i rn l rclr l i
'1t1nti :
a) iormal spee,h
(st i l
L
fat
at .
cumronios, trn\; i ) :
1)) rrn ,ni
\I,i1iIg (stiLul
ftrnnl
s(:tis). ;
di:ir sri/'.1
t1\reic?.
,/irilllj
le:at.
juid,ic
t-i. t.t::tires.:
c) in l .r r rnal sa'r col l0qujr l sperh (st i l r l
infornat
^- , tu
\) ' t r \ i t i3 (nrt i1) ;
Jl in l"rrr , , t
r . , , r , " .11,, t . . l '
i
j
/J . / ,
'p l ' t ' . . . r
rut, ,
t \ r . . .
. . t1 \ . ) :
ln i
rnhnti" ; ,n i
ou
s. l1" . t
/ t .
t . , t
r ' tu '
l , ,o ,
t .
'
, . . t . i , r . : , :
_
d,e a
puncnl
$),
ad,iirrsin.t
aitftl u
stil in
ptuN.
.lL]i
rrunatit:icnl
uu iiitrorlus
tn.o.rn ,0 t
| ,o t : r
td t4..pa;l i tatp
, , , ,1 s, ' : . . , ,
t , . ' . , " :
ptn"at
, t .
L . ,o . td t
u
tst, Irared).
Se atrage at.elid.
citilotikr
c|L, rl
lnnl)a u \e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDri
c(tiri
za i .
cu l t . iar
uneducated:reici la l jz.1t.
i .cutr . I i r r i i
fu l t r i i :
( , i ln{ jxl ion :
s,colarrz:rfe.
fvntnturii.
culiur.l: 1dr
cdurrlie
lln
Lniha. ntl nn)
-
r\Ntlrpr
(go d
rd bad):
"Ar
io nnl1nefs.
hc
hls rorre"r a
erlu{ra.a
(.rette
(un
copit)
:
I l , l s ul :cdural io ,r tu r ' - i
' .
- i , , ' . , r r : L
' " , . , ,
, , ,1 ' t .nr t : tu uf :
I
la ln
-
, ,
.n trpnr . .J
: t : la .
t t in ru
,4
tnt t ,4
, t . .
Saftina pe
cat.
rni
d.n
&tntnat.
a
furt
r/iof.i
-
;t m.rmmoth lrlsti
cuilt
spur,n: l" ' t :
^ t :1
d
rr t^ t . .
r .n *. ln.
t : r , .o
d.
," ;n."n., tLt
r . .u, , t r i oL
\ \ /a. . ,dd
u:
p. t .
a
t t . .pot t
"
1r
rr t , .
l . r t lp . f i t , .
. , . tqrur. .
tn
I
Prrrr ' , ia
din s,L, l ,a \nqlei
x losl i l . is i ,n
nlel . deotdeie t . . ' , .1.a. . i , i . ihrr l
Srl f r farr.nlr si or l l . [ ia] . r . ' Fl j rrrc{ f ra rNt,
i t i l de s.rde rertr ul i r .Fi t i r t i t f d t r
O, 'o-
.
-n.
. '
\ ,
. i
|
. , t
" . .
,
, l t : , : , .
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r
,
r r , rh_
r 'r . r 'u
L,
r i
"
i , , ,
, i
t
, i
,u
semlul
nl l l l , t r : l f ;nctbsln
i j :3 1.
l r , ,
iL{401.
n\gb
\1i t j i l .
I Iatr;
i taj t \ .
( 'ht t
t.rk.us.
itlll .t...
.afc ldmrNfri''
rp
dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r
si,at
.nttczi si ille
Dersonatjtiti
ina(rmtLr.
uhirr
sir._rlnLi.\..sh r.oli
ii
ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi. ,i turut
r"oi,
.
r . r t l
l i r .er
-sl l l ,Ll
orr i i lof .
| , r \uipl ia
l j i r .sr lor
dc l . r ln, . f* .
a . i r
geniru.
si i l
. .
.
stil .ula^ ial
:
stll .nfart..ris n
.
in
..)pfr.
r.onvqsrtiilor
oliiNriif. tamilir|e
knUoqt i .al
spt .h/ .
j rL
fof t rast . l iotr\ f rsi t i r t f
si r f isori l .
i i
t . { tcLr) forddtc.
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CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR
ulrfotrne at
t& 4 efa.anstd,efatnqral. dtical
fu
inccputltLa.est.lti.
eeol
(inlo-
I
u r
t
a
notni
aLi.rului tt
(rcu.st
aul 1
p
r onu t
cl
c
p
eNnnal
\\ho
i
.
loc
(1,e
\h.)m
i
hf
t's
ne
lcnlrtr
it i l. locu
prcpo.ili
ei
d
tt n \
eth si
u
inaintea cwittLt
ui ta
N.rc se refeft
(rvlo
is it for? I|'herc ure
11ou
ani
g
holl l) etc.. ctt.,
ctt:.)este
nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi
fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.)
t inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tgranntlcd .rtl
conrldl4t sloppy.
Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp.
t:it.mai mu.U imp. a a(lus
i
ertindered.
or
telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior
tnanatilabirc. a snnctelor njtrnit
IalLIe.
S-a a(eptat un aLL
oiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r
fi
the man in lhe slreet,
sintboluL :rtd ?nnului
(
tlc:
obitnuit).
Chiar
t-i
d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,
ptolctotii
ro
aisc
Ltrcla.ti
intbajsurprinzdtor.
bc
(?
intedbd un
nai\'.
-Nu
ttiu
ruflaticii
?
-
Pentu
m stLtdcnlii sainu
i. Itutr.e tirept
'old,
aegies"
:bd,
H?nt / Seeel,
lta
t&ri(i 1 u|,
toia ]u sfiltlt
L te.alulai
pftcetlent
(in
Ne\ Fl rgl is lL
rammar.
Logical
ard Hisror iral 1392
si 1696), anticlptnd
s rile d,catt utuale: " t he rul(s af |rumtudt lolie no tal ue
cftept Lestate,n.nts
of
ftl(:I:
whateaers in
gen
al us. in tl
languafe is
lor
th&t et
ftdsan
granl
tat i@ll t
eotrc(t."
Litnba s. sthb hn
r
atittl r.lpiditat(.
intit striitorii dniltr
'50.'60
au deja
un
it inte.h
.
Pcnffn
strti.ini insai. e&re sint in
matea lor tnajoritate cititari.
inslt,'i. )a
lintiir n ]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici
tadilional.e llr? ncapirct
nu:csdrai
?entru
a
li
se
ontla
o ha.i
soli li si numai
rLupd
aeet:a
i. si.nr
putetl
{Ia s&nla. in
pradid,
da *hi.n xirile
prctctie
sdlt liitoare
di limb& en le.d..
7u, \ ,o; ;nnr \ ty t . . : . j , , .p" 'n, , i . , i
' , , .
ton
Pat .
r .1 ld
,1, tb^tp
r l "s fe
ner i -
tclegtwnali.ti.i
ui OttoJftl'5dz
i/r
"The
Fis enri.rls
l
E glish
Gramln
,',
1938,
ture r?d,e
r.1nt.1tie&
n \e.d:
"as
sotncthing
iti.ry antl derclopingund,er onlinaal
flwluaions. $omcthini hat ls founrlcnon the pastanrtpr$aris
rhc$'atJ or the
futnrc,
sonethiw that is not eleags
rcnsistentar
perf.ct.
bur
,lallessing
anl,
pe.fettible
in onc
pord,,
hunlan."
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(
L 1 ' i , \ t . l ) , 1t t .TE
Crunatiut
rl.e
aln
tii-ic
a
luuare
con.:eputii
e
Ld.e tat].ilianat..
,Si
t tratale apnfu
ddt taatu
lJroblet
)tt
de
Erumaticd,
p;t
,iulu
st
dc(nn
pa
fnontenp.le
runaticalc
st.Lifice
liniii engtie;i
deci trtai
?ulin
(t:t:csib;Le
(Llriarul\t
nmain.
f . . t
t ot ; :
o
tu ,
u.
t , . , .
tu, t r t i
t r
orot iat
, , a t r tnyt , :d
s;
t ,c
bozr, tnr
"odui, . fu,Ll t ,
. ,
. tat , . r t . .
"n. :
tn. . t
u. t t r . t , t t
.x"r , . t t " iu; , i
ranate de o&menL.)e Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&.
etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld.
S
a
urmdrit.
sd se dd,apu
tenninataSi.li
a
.tlcatti
t:it
ijdi
brit:i
;i.
cit n;ai
aptapiatd.
dc
f.nanenul
s1ud,;at.
cnsi,t;;i
it
,:d
sint t)|.'Ltc
etenlenre eosebhc
tald
de
gtatnatica
Lmbii
tot drr,.
(:uni
t
Ii:
genvt;rut.
ri.itorut
lulti
t. t e&t,
i , ,o lut
o
' [ . , t
l0
n
J
' , , , ' , t .1t , : . , 'u
p,r [ .
. . tot ,1, . , .4]
t , t . , t , .
l4r t" 4 t , lot i : t -
- tu, .dt . tdf
\ i r t
$1un:n..
. - t . .p
t . . , .
: . . .
a. . , n, t ,paptp.
pn\t t lp".J,r t ,
t i r - :
. t
sd
lt t
; ' , , ' t lot- . .
t t .
.
t
n. ,
I ' i , .
,nr-
, , t . , . . . . ' ,
I , tp
I .ntDtnn
It1t
t
n d l s l t l . .
t'entru
.a .agrc
tnta
srutli.rul
nt&terirlultli.
s
ao
i
tradls. ptin
un?le
emnplitirairi
ti
notc
d,esulJal, tit
mai,
trnthc d.jte ttesprc itttLtu
ti
driti.a.lid,
englptd
ti
despn
sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor
Lrad,ili)nate
enlte:rtti.
Latted.are pdragrafenu tcNn&tu
,c & inujt tul
pind.
lo
stitlitut
ti.
p{dra
tt
s.
lutea /.r.e
triniteri
de a
o prubio
n
Ia altd.
i .ntru
a
se ei.ra reperdrite.
.
Lr t
'hrs, t ' t t
d. tdt . .
i
ot i un,
i" ,
t , , , , ; ,
i "
, "r , r ' . , . ,
, t . , t r . . r t t ' t t [0.
L-t
. .
o\ t l t t
|n. t t
, ; i ,qut
sl
po4td +
t t
,ntelo\pnit .
l t .n un,, f f i
psl ,
dn
.n,
tut . . t t t t
t .1;1
I
\ [
nn.
ntor t t r 'p.
, rn
t t
Toretrei
dL
la tnrcpur
f tnt
lu
i i r t t t .
.
I t ' t )o dp
[o,;
.
^o"o,-
] , .
a
. t ' . . t ' , . . , ,
L. t . . . .
p.
a
,Jnft ; , t , , t
lp . lu ln ; i .n
'1"
L
., . . , ;
o
0t laat. , .
t .ptr t l r
ta tp
. to ' .4t . . t
. ,1.
t .
rn, i Inc"
.
pnlp i ,
d ,e
Sperin
M
wrca tlepLisnle
cLitrc
utoalcj
(u
tlsitL;Lea
si d.drui& specifice
nu t.LLun..L arsnte, sd [ie sprc instruiru. intercsul
,\i
s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui
E;)TT{iRA
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TABLA
DE }IATORII
Cuvlnt
cAtr citito
5
8
9l
,2t
,67
229
247
457
489
5lt
520
Cuvlnt
lnainto .,...
IIORTOLOGIA
.
Sul6tantivut
. .
. . . . . . .
-
. . .
. . , . .
t : t
Adiectiwl
Numeralu1
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . .
hepotiiia.
snn{xl
8i;u*a prcpozlli"i.
. . . .
.
Sintara tlazei.
524
5?3
626
629
BIBLIOGRAFIA
INDICE
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MORFOLOGIA
lrroRPHoLocY)
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SUBSTI.NTIVUi
{. CONSIDDRAT]I
G ]NEIIALE
tI,
CLASIFICARE\
;SUBSTANTIVELOR
SubstMtfo
oomue
9i
suhtstrtiYo
Foprii
.
-
p.9:
t7
t7
l
1
3
I
t i
I i
t i
srbstantive
comune
SdDstMtiYo
eoncroto
Substannve
cono.ete
t i
sub3t8ni l le
bshac1e.. . . . .
. .
. . . .
b17
It8
918
10 19
t2
7g
13
19
Sulstantiveabstractel
Sulst&ntFo
ttrdiYiduslc
si
slD$iMti{o
colcctlve ..
.
'
Srlstantive
iniliYiduale
.
sulstantive
coleotive
Nume dc
naterii
ti
de mise
conc.e
Sobltcntilo
rumer8bile
li
ncnumerrbilo
t4
19
15 19
t8
t0
t9 20
20
20
t1 20
22 2Q
2X
20
Nuniabi l i tok|
. . .
Substantiee
numtdbite
.
Caracter is t ic i . . .
. - . . . . .
.
Calcgorii
dc sulstaniive
numcrall
Substuntioe
nenrmetubite
Caracter is t ic i , . - . .
. . .
Categorii de substartive
nc ,mPribi l . , . . . . .
24 20
t8 t t
29 2t
30
?1
31
'3
2 2X
33 :r4
Numcle
spotu.ilor
Nrmele de materii sau
de mase
Nnme
dc mai.edi sau
de nase
rabile
ln
iul ..
-
. .
Produsele
naturare
Animtr le le
. . . . . . . .
.
Plantele
comesiibile.
.
. .
Numelc
de mase
ibslraole.
Nune
de mase
alshacte
nenunerabile
Catcgorii
de srbsianlive
(hnel).
T I, GENUL
SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR.
Del in i l ie l . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
Gnurile
n
sranlatic{
englczi.
. . .
llasculin
ti
leninnt
.
.
Genul,
ubsiantivelo.
are
n ic{ naliomlitatea
sau
lrovenienla
regionala
-
Genulcomun.. , . .
Exprcsid
Sranaticald
d
enxlui
.
{\..
NU]IiNUL
SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit
Col3lilorstll
gon$8|e..
Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor '
4t 26
L2
2t j
3i
,5
38 25
39 26
40 26
t6
6t
3'
62 33
63 33
87
36
49
21
27
21
90
37
91 7
92
37
93 37
95 37
i f l , l l " { i ' i
l i , ; ,
"
, i
. , j i , , ; "0' ,1
; . ror". . . ' ' i -
:
- : : : :=
. ; ; , ; ; ; ' : i ;
i " ; ; ' i ;" rd s,rEUrdr,
s.
i .
-2.
+h..h-rsnrur 'L
DerxrtTlrrrr
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Lryq
snbstantive
c.ninate
a singular
n
't
sau
le
:: ,;? 33
Subslant i le
erminate
n'q.
.
. . . .
; ; i
ie
Snbstantilc
erminate
n
-th
.. . . ..
: : ;;;
.10
Plu.dl6 n
rrex
al .
; ; ;
i iJ i , i . i , ,";* i rormr, ' i . t ru"rp "'p , ' iva ly:
l i ; in l r l l isubsl int iYlecolect i le. .- . . .
l . l i
; ;
: inru
r"
'dr ' .
t lu"dl .
.
ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r,"
113
';:,
Plumle strline
:j ;
Doul form"
d"
tn.ral
'
u
'nr
l s r l i lpr i l
.
ri'l^
i,ji,i:i'
'"
J";,i1 rormr,-ir-ar.cu
nt"res
ii*it
.
l:9
i0
L,o i
lu.d",
," . " , , , . , , ,1."r .
:11"
i l
PlLrJ"r l n f rrrclP
dp
r '1r '
I io
i3
i iJ"] o' i . i ; l ;
I in," s .r"
' insu
-
e
"\p".r: 'P
.
.: i l l
: '1
i ' l i" i"r , i ,r i , i ,
' ,
' " l l r rr"
"r ' r
'd
onarir :
a
au
Pto
n-n'a
g'onari
l t l i :
Fj'"ii"i a.."-i"it-
d.i
animare
. .
i;l
i;
9luralul
substaniile)or
.co
nlnse
.-
.
: ;;; re
I'luralnl numelo. })roprn. . .... . . . ;l; 60
t lJralu l
.urn.r l t " to"
"uietr . t i r . . t -
. . .
. .
j : ' .
Plumhl
nnmelo.
dc l , terc. .
. .
. . .
-
,
: : t
60
i 'i"
'.
"t'"'
1"r",
.
. :.. .
::;
ii
Plui ,
r l
l lor
par l i
J '
rorbi"P
'ul '
'
r "r \d
v.
CAZLL
SUTISTANTMLOR
-
. .
189
6?
co.. ;o4-. , i , :
,no. ,"
.
: : : : : : l ; j ;
L Ll,J. f
J
, ' r t ,ant i \ " .
, , , , . , ,
l iomiist i rul
. . . . . . , ._. .
. . . , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , . .
198
6lt
D.ri r i1 jc. . . .
.
: l# 3B
{ucl i i . . . . . -
.
"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; i ; 64\ominatirnl
\ooaur'
Genl t 'n l
. . .
"
, ' :osr i l r
Deiin i1 jc
. . . . . .
. .
.
: . ;13 3l
Fun4i j
.
. . .
. i t i
{ j5
rradtrcpre
. . . . . .
-
"
: t i t
66
lormal
, .
- . . . . .
. , .
Cenitirul
eran
{t.
ca.ut
Pofsie
.
" '
-
28
66
rormi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
. :
: : . ' . ' ' , '
331 33
t4
14
'0ia
12
80
i2
. . . . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . .
283
i3
85
) '3
300
1t
307
ia
Drl i rd , . . . .
. .
, '
3n8
' i
Irefini l , ,e
...
i l : l ' ;
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srrBsTAN:cl 'IJI,.SUMAR
VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI
REFERITOARE
LA SUBSTANTIV . . .
. . .
15
_.L 4a
7A
Substantiwl
adjeotivat
Chdinearrv inte lo.
.
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .
Func$ile substantiftlui
VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR
Dsde&.r
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
Alixatia . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
P iefk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suf i :
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Dpr ivdFa re8r,8 ie6.
. .
. .
REducerea
.. . . . . . . . . . .
Atternanl
lonetice
Abrevierea.. . . . . . . .
. .
SclimDew
cslogorlei
8flm3uodo.
.
. . . . . . . . .
CoDpurcrm
. . . . .
Sui6tertive
tele$opate
944
345
347
357
359
360
36t
368
373
a?4
482
383
384
399
40t
7A
19
19
80
80
80
80
a2
a4
84
85
86
88
89
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SUBSTANTIVUL
(TI IE NOUNi
I. CONSID$n-{TII
ENnBALE
Dcl in i l ic .
Sub' lsnl i ru l
psl"par"
H
d"
\orbir - " r rp doru' l1F: '
o[ ' i t r la l ' '
P ' in
.obiFcla '
s^ inrel .g.
po plan
er"r I I i ' J1.
f i in lPl"
planlc l"
lu"rur ' r '
tn.u: i r i l . . . "
l i "n i la. . l
' r i la
n^ l iuni lp.
-hs
'a
l i i l '
F l '
e\ rcrFnlo pp plcn' r r rpor :
A,
' ,os. l
idml
h' l
rd l
rP ' l r "
'
i 6 l
'
I "a '
sr
II. CLASIFICARE,\
S1]B
STA]['I\\-EL
OR,
A.
SLTBS'IANTI\iE
ON{UNE
I
SUBSTANTIVE
PROPI\II
s3
s4
$t
$6
s7
1) SubstantiTele
omulle
,obiectelor'
de
acelali
fel:
(aat , ' tLc 'n
\ , , , t
/
-er '
.
l i indi .
r -d
1' r ' r r r^r
dos
tn '
I
oPle
bi .d
l lo lFr
Inmrly
2,
Subsraot i\cLc
topri i
(Prop'I AodnrJ
num-s'
un. obi.cl(
Jeosbin-
dul de loale
cFlelalte
obiectc'
din acceo:i
ategorrF. ubslsalrvele
roprrr
sp
s.r iu
.u
ioit iald
maju."uldr
9i
denumesn
iintp
locuri
(oumrrr.
eogralr 'e
in
rcnere),
nal ional i l6 i
substanl iva
i
adjP. l i \e) .
aqlrp
$r.gal ,a\ rr
srp
enl
ur, icalp'.
urassre,
laifun"
elc.
(toldedunadc
gen fFmrnrnl l
is tor ic" ,
oper i l r ter"r" .
s l i iDl i t icp.
r l is l i
e e l ' . .
anumilP
r lu la lun ercdr lrp '
onorif i .c, prole. ionalFsi cul luraie. nlrpprjcd'r i m;r ' i
dF labrirarrc Pr'
lunile
anuiui
qi
zilele
sipi5mlnii
etc :
cur nLchaFsl
B.n NP\ is
T 11
Vot
d'
Jcr i "
n^nub"
thp
IL Di .
' i "L
: j lerpt 4p. l '1.
lno aon
Ro{1nia
Tlr ; l8 in
5pn'n
ldtron'
iii-ii Romanian
Eulole
^-inar
Rolls Roxce
l'lie
W{ oi
lhe Roses
B.itish
Aeroslace
Airdali Group
Obs.roalLi :
tJnele
"ub. lanl i F
prnpr i i
au
dc\" '
i l subsrsnl i rc
romunF si
ca al
p
sc
srr iu r : r in i r i r l i
mnusculd
'
FFr ,
t
lF
dis l i 'g '
dF nrrmel"
propr i i r "sn" l r te:
d) obip. l . numjte dupa Iocul t le orrginc:
o bpdtrn
u
a/ ; l dp
n.Ldn:
l topr iu
:
r
S 'd
' .
c l :
\11_J
f
nF
nl
"
n ' rmle
unu'
\mhr.r , ' rdt
Jd
al ip l r , i f l in/ r l r .
J. I LonJl ' .
AncIT
, t , ,a l : nor ie lnnl
Clr ina
. ," i i " , .
t
. i " .d.
, i "
cor i r r '
/
'
o in I '
l 'nur
' l
n
, : r
' i l
; ; . ; , ,
" "
" ' . ,
nl
e i . lu
' l
l ,
Er"n
r ' ro cul l
gF i |d
oi r
a i l
J
r i
4
n\ ; -
t)imint sccuddl
din .\nglia)
-
L^ i , ,u" r ron"; i ,u"1.sL's l
r ' l i i bp s" f l ' r
^ r
i r r i 1r" .1 '
r ' '
-5 '
tu, t t , ,
' lh
tur ' t '
'drJ
'
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5P,nt
^r t
,at ih.n-an. : 'o" . ' i
n i J
r 'a
'
'
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n in i l
71,"
r l ,1\y
t t rJ.
' . . ' r .
Jp" . r .
in l - lp
.J i
ub. . .ar" rv.o
n
n
"
ln , : r
r r ru l
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sP
, ldu
J
" '
' ra
. ] \ sd co o.r rd i onrm' l r g la ' th 'nt too\ LJr" I r ro l
' r r ' r i
nr
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n.e ic i c:" \ i : j , , " ;
, -
s i " ; -
i i : . . - .
L i ,
.
, - .
t , , t . r . t ; ta i
-
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r icr i l ,
d ' lJ
'dp
der j \a
rerbul r ,a,n/ . r r :P
'--;lli'i..-et'"..
nnmele
trnor unsaDc
de
pc
coastr
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s8
ss
/:.il'tr,
1:
olundilr
155
155
1t5 15i
760
l i i i
t'iotozi ie rehtivl
v.
FoR\I-\nI^
ADJECTIVELOR
-
..
I ter irercs
. . . .
7bJ
7S9
,-90
150
l r t
156
l i6
Ji i
t9l
A'|j..tir.
cu
t
t
Lc. esntir
".
Sxi ixo.. . . .
. . .
- , . . .
Dul lr trea
consoanoi
inalo
-..
.
-e
-
ntut
lilral
t9t 157
30ri80t
s08
809
i94
,94
t96
i57
137
l i )
,l6tf
' l6 l
'10:
16t
164
1Cl
Schndbired
rtsorici
grrmatlcal
t97
1i9
793
l5t
,99 la8
800
l i9
814
818
819
3 1i
szt
Pdticipii
adFciivate
-qubstantile
adjcctiralt.
. ..
-
-substantile
adJccurarr.
. ,.
\trle adjeclivate . . .
\ , t terbr nr i
'
\ r l r .o lu '
r"
nFr ' l ' r '
'u
bloJr"
d.
' l j '
l '
(
oDprn.rcn
. . .
. . .
ADJECTITELN
DIINR]TINATIYE
sAU
PRO\OUL\-q.I,X
,\diecli{clc losostve
r\dieclircle
ilcmof
slratire
rldjecti ele
rntoogau e
Adicctirele rcl'rtivc
Adjf.ii lc
neiloLArile-
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114
{
013
LocuI iuned
adie. t iaald
(Adj 'ct inl
Phrcse)
Loou't 'uDea
"
."-
ua "Ji"uriii'"ons
t dinlr-un
grup
de
crroli"te
eie
p""aic"t coreiuatc
impreun;
au'\.aloare
de adictil':
T.
r-a
i 's
,
r to,
6, 'dPn
r" r l
P:
L
T,i r , . l r 'Ar,-
. t
h"
aPa
in{o";n L
a1
"v'n in;
" ' lss
sl
d 'nr '
\l'h-"r:e is Ure io\el lent to Martdn?
lli'.:nt
vou
folnil
arvole
glad la
h?:]P
ou?
{
614
b)La.uL
ddjet t rvulni
Adiect ieul
' l r r ibat iP
sie
pus in
genere
"
rnoiutca
-ub. l . ,ol ivului
pp
rere
l l
" l i f i '
5:
-
thc
nlce
o&.1
ouses
(Pcntn detalii
vczi
S
2668
'683)
1, t j
t i ,u t
L, r 'c l t .at i r
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pus.dupd-\ - rb 'au
ddp"
'of lp lern"ntu l
Jir" ' t
.1rd
", " .
I
c\ i
;
(v ' r r
Frempre
S
/o/
/oJr '
615 3) l'urc-tii. - Adjectivul are Itei funcl;ii sintactice:
616
a)
pot\re li d.tributl
Madse' a
/iae
girl. wa -comi
g
to
lca-
I bo'urht
sorne
ioallen
':lo ese
is-a man
/drd
10
l'ase'
$17
,)
poate face
Pade
din
P,'edt:"r:
618
l)''
)'cd
nnme
pre(licatie
l(hedicate)
Conplementf:
The
sLY
is Dnr''
It
sre;
ddln-
AD old
shoe
ieels
eas,'
7 got readll i^ a lerY
shorl
trme'
I
t
,')
pentu
.a
campkta
nteLesul.unui,':il"^:i-:i'1".Ye:T*,,',""#t::i
s
u'o
*,r'",?
.i,i'i'l'f
:3?#"f'ii'xlj""i'i'#ii,'ii"li"ii'?i""i-""iii"
'i-
(
Pred.icate
f Re.sultt
|
Prtdlcak
of Resuh' )l
'
\ ' P" inr
d
l l r
{ l ' " " l /
' lh '
g ' "u F '
_ol" l
L-
1"1 sru ' l ' r '
I boiied
m
'ge
s'l''
S
620
cl
poate
fi complement
circtmstunllal
de mod:
-
Thov came
hom'
'ied'
re'$ind llew
coli''
{ 621 Adieclivulsubstani,i'rat$ 750 760) are luncliile
substanlilului
(
s
347-358).
s
ii22
Ir.
c0llPAnAlrr
.lDJECTrrEl'oB
ICOII"ATTSON
F ADJECANDS)
S
6f3
' l
eomfa,al ia
adje' ivFlor
p^" le I i
r 'al izst i
i t .do.ud
tno'J-r ' :
i t ' t r
"
"-"
ot, i-
i .,"1,
.:,. i . i
I ' i".r
"u,
;, /;,,p.
pri\ in,l
""
laei
obie'rr
'
I He
sas nn
ollef
workman
ilrm
his
brol'her'
,rk.,,
l
iie w6 the aatas,workma^ in thc laclory
f
[ler health
lad
been
growing
tJelr?/ d
balrd'"
dmr
1
it $as Des,
6t lundav
-i-^,"
t-,t,""
"diectivah
consii
tle art
dintFo
pmruzi ierelaiira
t'iri
lmnnd'
* r ,
, . . i
. , ' i .
; : : : i ; "p: : ; , : .
. , t : . ' i . . . ; " '
t i t " " "" .
tk
t t tv t " ' . . )
r ;
e
.
'
l ton.r r ' r
"n:
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rornanr
'd
di
'
pr ' r r l
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un ' ' 'd
l ' "1
Ino'
\ i7
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2t3f l ,
-
3
Sens
granaticat.
-
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COMPANATh
ADJECTIVXI]OR
2)
O compara_tie
oate
i fdcutndin
rrri
punctc
de vedero:
a,
pentru
a se
aftLa egalitateai
lle
b 6 lizl ds
Jane.
0.,)
pentru
a se
^rdLa
saperioritatc&i
TI" i3
i i ,d. / t , ,di
J.ne
lle
is
Ure fttud,r,
ol
al l
c/
pentru
a se ari|a inferLorihtea..
He
js
less nt4
than Janc.
lle
is
nDr
g,,/os
lia.l as Jue.
He is,,,,p
i.ds, Ilad
oI alr.
3) Pe plan gramatical
se
deosebescrei
grado
de
comparatio:
a)
gddul
pozitie,
clnd adjectivulnu
a suferit nici
o comparalie:
l 6
{
624
s
ii:15
s
62G
s
tig?
i 628
s 69$
cold
bcautiful
n) orcdul
.onpatt t i r .
" ind
adjF. ' i \u l
a-rar i
o in (u,cire ntr-un
1T"d
sun"
q
,: : i r l
r ior .du
inlFr ior
araluiJ
'
\ f f lmc'
t r in
gradut
pozit iv.
sau
egsl
;u
arebiJ:
coldaf
n,fe
beatrtitnl
tsnrerio.iratet
lcsr cold
/ss
ieanriiut
linfu.iorjtarct
as
cold n
ds
beauliiui
as
(csatitare)
not
solos cotd as
noi
ro/as biniiliil as
i
r.riortrab)
. t . )
grddul
snpLr lot i . . jnd
adject ivul exp
mi o tnsr l i re
tn
gradul
cel
S
ft
mar t l)8t t sxu cel mar srdzul :
most
beantjlnl
lsuDerioriiate)
lctBt
Ieauliiul
(inlerlorilale)
SLrperlativul
poate
fi :
, .
c ')
.s.up"t lo. t i r . r . , to, , r .
ind
a\pr imi
erddul
.al
mai tnalt sau
,
pl
msi s
.rzu'
. :
r , : tJ
ar
rneu: inr Inur
ot, tF. l i1
inmpsrr ' tp
c' l at 'F obiFcto sau
lr . t impl
Hc is
ou. @sr .'italr.
tracto. driver.
, i"r
q
r,
, r"
I"^t
src.". . lut
ot
, t ,p
, r ld idarp. .
I
h.rv" b
.n
r.
ry
. t l
0l t $rpI but I I . r t " , / j l roday,
c"
).superlatte
bsolut,
lnd arati o tnsusire
ntr-un
grad
nalr ldri stabili
S
(i:t:i
lea urei
comparaliidirecte:
,ca,.sr
Fathol
Tldnt
y"u
lof
)^ . r
rd. ,
/ jnJ
I ,
pr .
l l , y {
rn aorr
" ,
L
r^
I ' im.
Shp ; , .o"t ar,d.a."
Superldt ivul
bsolut, nel i t ic l se
deoseheste
e
cet relat iv.sip
n
acfert:
.
t j : ]1
sup' la
i u l rbsolu l .
i ind d" .nr ipLiv.
r" , ,
"pnrul
p"
adierr i r .
nsr." i rea
xof l
mcr i dp ar. . ta al l inJu-." pp I ,r imutptan st inLpr" .utu i
l up"r .Ler ivule l i tn
ar" , . . rn,u l
p"
sdr"rbI l
/ r r r , . r i
rqta
Ajp ' imt,
d. . ,F l . tL-
tn
, :arF
.
and obic,
' IrrF
5 r l ,"
4osr
,h,athc
ot
rh.
boohsn th"
l ibrr j .
tSuD""t.et1
\ l le
h
I
thn 4o: l , , \ "p. t i rx
larp.
l< 0"a. rbs.r
H .
r"Trk
tq
nost
tnlert : .s.
(sup"r l
o l r r ,
rvezi
5
638
i
6i3
-
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
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120
6];
collPAltATL\
DE S
l Pli Rl
o ll
lTr\TE
icolljl-\illSoN
oI sLrllr'IoRl
lY)
G3{i
Corilarati{ul
.sj
supcrlatil'ul
do
superioritale
-se
ormeazl
ln doxli
uo'ltrrj'
(tupi
curn
adjeciivcle
sint
scufie
sau
lungr'
t i : l ; - \ . t r l i$r l i to lo sr ' l r l . n i "nF' 'u
i \ "1-
-
r
' "n
^u
'on' f r r ' ' ' i " . : i
_ ' r
,n" '
r , r .ut , "r lu ' i ' raJ 'u
la l l
,J jF '
i \u l
|
"J
l to/r"vrr '
^ '1rsI
r r r ' r
sau flerionard
satoli):
VioleL
is
a
rdl,
girl
lPoTitir)
\ .1.
is
r / , .
'n
\
" r l
l r '
In lJr
r"
\ ro . L
r t"
r " .1.r u l
I r f r
r" .
i r .
suip" |
r I
li:Js LJ. Adiectileto
lu
gi
primesc
adveit)cle
'?'rc
(lenlru
oonfnratil-)
-: l
,nsl
(pentru
superlai i rJi
are
lrrecedi i
dject i \ul
in
gr idul
fozit iv
(metoda
1al i t i ia
'au
n; l l " \ ionJr.
hJr '
r : ) :
M\. sor
is iut?lliaezl
(Po7ltirl
N; : ,1 r" , ;o ' " , ' /1,r , ' h'1 1\ l " rL
r"" l '
p"r '
' l r
- .n - / ' ,
r '
buiBt t uo\ '
n
'
16'
i orr r t
Lrr l icat i i
cxacte
n
rrrN.mta
onrlrar l i ;
iLLjecrivelor
lnt
in]poFihi l
df
. l1 l i , , . t1diul :n crr- ,n
r t is l i rn la
in
r- ld
i '
rual
"
l l r r r '
l
"
nrar u io ' rz
r I
. , ' t " o io- t , " ' - " . r0 ' .
l^ rm"lor
'
L ' / ' l r
' -
'
^n
r
' / i "
"r
r ' - "r : i
'
h i i r . i r I
on"
{
rr l
l " , . ; " ; l
lo l "
-s,
p"nr.u
crpl i . i l r i .
^"
' '
d-r rn ' i
o
l ru ' rualre
rntpns":r
crescindi
in uzanla
curent,a.
' ' - in
' . . 'nrr i '
I
i i
. t l '
L ion."n,
'spi 'u l ' r l
' " " rnd11l iFi
d j t ' ' i \ " lor
"
l -
cvr
- l
.1u exocdi f t l
uma..u
p\pmplo
nd"roni"
t ' le
1" lu ' '
' en
rel
pFntf l r
,caI
sir
aibi'trasate
unele
reperc,
ahiar
nstabile,
'
ontradr'torri
onErhrcc
arl
aDruF
,1, . f inth l 5eamrd" dr i rp l"erpu.e mai jo. . i r ror i ivor
in l r ln i L ler tsur ' l l " -
' iur .
nrpr imor i
dr t"r i le,
o l ' i . i i
'onl rJr i :
dsr
rLr
\of
r i "a
5J.rru
rc, inL4rp: l
sau sn
ie acuzati
de
ipsi de con.idersl ic
ent lLrnt ' rLocutnn'
nt
tn'
$ttL
he on thc
safesidc.
ri
639
a. colrP,rRrTll
-LDJltfrrvrloR,
sorr-rirrl
lcolrlAHr'sor
[
sH0tr'\D'lljcrlvul)
,{cessLd
categorie
cuprindc:
z I adiccti']e
monosilabice
;i ili;;ii";i;
ai";i,ai.,
"'-i".t"
ir\'a'
'L ,
'r, r'
-o",
-ro'rc
si
srle
. i l -Ld' ,d: ' i . .u r r ' - , ' r , ,1 p" nr irr ' i
laba:
,7
nim-roa""
adj t ' r i \p
b/s/ /di ' "
'u ' ' 'pnlul
ln
Ll r
n
I
srr lDJ:
di adjectirelc
trisilabicc
ct
preii\
negati\.
l\Iai{fitatea
acesLor
adjcctive
au ambclc
forn]'
tl conparalie:
o11,
,*oro
i ' .r
sul i r" lo- ' ' ; i - ' t r ' r r-
F" ' i
[ot" 'o
Fl , t0] ' i :
b) h
l
t 'onoru
Dxemllc
UrnlLoarele
adjecl,ive
fofireazii
irr tnod
norma]
conrparati{ul
iIL
-cr
ii
suDerlativul
ln
-esl:
'
1) Adicctilele
ile
o si
guri
lil^bti
(
nnosilabtte)l
lnrc
ga.r
thitr,
otc
- . leuer
- . Icar$l
-
htter
-
lattcsr
garcr
-
g.xesl
olear
l l rc tuplel
.iear
lat
ga),
610
-
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
120/609
2)
Adjectirclo
de
aloui
sital,c
D8ildrfu,
erminate
n
-y
fi
_ay:
bu:.
, l p j
i \ .h
.
Drl
m. t \
elrsy
likely
sicktl:,
etc.
Exemple:
Dusy
-husier
_busiest
easy - e8ie. _eastcsf.
: " ,1J ' .v
.
t r ndt ," r
t . i6ndr ip.
. . i , . \ t
r
" | 'Lt
. t
loncly
-ton,"lier
_I0rclesr
Observal ie
,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;': :';i:,i:,:'nparaLi,
i
superra'if,
u
refc
s
64
r ' , / ml j i l i
b leJ
i ' r j - .r i \ ' t ' r
tnar ,s; tdb; , . .
127
s
641
n"r,,,ul
,'iIfi
adjectil'cre
Islrd'ir'
tcrninate
n
$
8,rs
sii|I
-y
s&u
J3l, acirentuate
pe
'
6t+
l.id r
i
6{l-r
s
616.
s
617
arg_ry
locc.i
glad
iliifr' Y
'x . tx
l l j i
risk-\'
"1,""v
.J
adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c.
.orminate
n
-er, -Ie,
-ow,
-sotne
i
-urc:
biticr
teebl.
hollo*
g.L,esome
' i" l
i "n : i
humt. t"
. . '
lo$
sol4
noble
stall,,w
wholcsomo
tend.r
srD[e
vc]ror,
;illlli:.
",".
dl alte
cltcra adjec1,i1.e
isilabice
cn
acccntulpe
prinm
tabd:
..r r"
qlier
ni le
,rretr
rcal
s
'ppie
lteasui
siupid,
tc.
,/
nuneroase
adjeotivo
r;rlturri, .jn
act:t:ntul
c
Ltitna
si.tabd:
ibsurd
.oDcjsr
.cmdte
dF.reet
minute:
Irrolound
totitc
sinccre,
ctc.
. / l
. 'a ;" , , ; ,
. la
+.. : to l , .
. t ,
r . t :
n .n, , , j1orr i ,. r_-oa . j / ( r : t r.1. . t bt . t la i .
t . , t
r
.1rr
ru
ro. t
ior .
Et,
t r in
,r t i \ r r . :
nnkindly
tiaba..ng1ezl:
nue .t.
oa.Zesr.
ar
nr Srr\
aioi
a(ljectiv (cu
lrononlia
dilrtr.le
roc.n
l
lormelc
llcxionare
silt ori..grariatc
r
. -
r r idt . l r
xt
rJ,r . t l
{ :
mi i s.ul l e5rp
-
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
121/609
t9t
urt.rD,
lt.Pleasant
insrxfd
unl.;i,nv
rniidlJ
insi"..r,. er,.
f r . : $hrr \u
unho|t ;
'
t rnhary
"s
inpoini
-
i'n
pol't-
imPatitEsl
l i lg l l rcepl i i :
adjecl ive
ono' s i.
bis i lubiu
u
gradede compara,l io
or'
rnate analitic (lumai cu more i most):
4o.d
Lmunosi labld
; ; ; : ;
l ; : i ; ; .
ia"r .
t , "
t . .
t -
s i t .
t "o \ ' I
, . '
.oanl
n ' rdr" rc"nru.
onth" , . b i ,o- . ,
b
r ' " . r .
1
r a do. , r
\ ' laL ' r '
41rrr r
I t r rm' id
r '
) ror
I
d"
(- '
) :01
1"t '
' ' '1d
r .n;r
.1
"
' r '
ta" ' t
' l
p '
l - lurn
'
r " '
i
' "
(a '
' :
t r '
l ' r ,
,x l j "cf i rp l .prnJnal i reroDirr r i l r .uprer i \u l
n' . ' t
: l
ut
otat
^ ' l
n
'
r '
, i i , [
\nr f .Fr" ,o-rprr l l i " i
adiF" ' : \ ,1^-
nJ du
to '
. lahi l i r ' r "
i r r ' n
l ]Jn
t l ' r , rez i . ' . . r lur ,aan'rmi
- ,r i ror i i
.
r
t
u
n
.
.
j
u
'
io
c"
Tr mud
r '^ rnr l
'^-
-
nJrat;"
d ' l i ,c l i i " lor
h i . . i lobi"pm,i
nbi : rru i t"
'e
i r , '
'u
3
l ' r r r l
iu-r ' 'n lor
l
l : "n i* r i ' i - "
qi
-Fv,, ,np. lnd "J j . . r iv" l "
b i" i l ib i"
mir
pu{ i ' r ohi- ' ru i r"
'
' r r . 'd"1.
d"
""mi i ra ir"
u d j , r ruru l
^t 'n" lur
I
' r lp) i iorr" r '
unirnr i
'
'u
" 'n '
l t ; l ln 'ceea ce
pri. .c,ste
djectivele
u ambele
orme
de comperati l ' l i
super'
lativ.
aleqerea
irt.e icestea
esle
in D:trc
mnsurn
dictate
de eulonie,
riLn:-
exrres;''iiite.
Pe linsi aceasta.
n
lir a
votbiid si
l
preferato fornele llcrii(-
naie.
pe
cind in
ldba Lterard
se lotosesc
nrai mult fomele
oonstNite
'-
tnarL i nost.un. l . adiFc
\p.u
nusn n
"\c lu ' rv
l i lpr l rd
-
'J
onl;qa"
b;:a" l
hd
sir7u". t" . av in, i .
aEr um
.-a aru
"r
'
i649r. '
mJr torm' la
nFrl ' \ ion1'
Li;2
.
3) ,{.lto
pn4i de vorbiro ailjedirrte
sc conformeazi
acelorasi
uzanle
rl
\ lho
l i \ r on
t lc rpp' . loor '
l ldr r ' .vn"5r
$
6
l f .
. l i r lp. , LrnuLr ' .
Ou
tlfu
inchdcs ihc
proauction
oi
lhc cl,i.,r,
witfs
\1'eren't l.he
littlc bov's
{ords the
4)
Concluzie.
In engleza
onternporani
au
sparl tiparele
in comparat:-
rdieciivelor,
pe
lingi
mon;-
;i
l0isilabele
lcxionat,
lotme
ca
nlore
lat1'
n1't'
.oi|t.
n"r, obt".
niro
prau ,
not
sutl
au
n1r"
hat.
n
'lauda
-
rulrt" i
uulp l in" .
'nplcorul^s i ;o, le
" Bl lC
-,b ior
kn"" bud
n'o'" o" '1
.
t"ore
'
t inaar.
no.t w'tr-al, ' t*d.
na\t
tr l l ' ih lar d.
n,oJ
'r ' t l
dt 'ssd
-
plra
iormFle n i / { s i -pd ru gradr dp ,.rnparal i ' l ln \ io rHr
'z ro0l- ' rpbrrr '
r , i r r , r r i im. dov ' d indu-se
uirant i
l rd i
ler i ' iL ; r ' 'p i "1r"
l i
i r lpr" idr) l '
elocvente
i
lraparrte cind
se abat
dt la ltorn{
decit
conlornindu-se,
curnni:
acesteia. iete
de fapt, era
noului. a
ruper;i iuturor
ldnludlor,
a
incercini
:
oelor
nlai indrezn ;
fi
,,trnsnite".
din care
izbucnesc
adesea
dei
genirl
Excnple:
\ ' \ onc ot thc
'nnsl
aood ,a/
h4t
L
t
r ' r l"r '
\111
"
'
1" t , ' ' J
I t th. lo" t
' t ' -
tnrb ' to l
11" ' t t
o \ b 'c ' ' l
ro i
'
th"C
n;t
'
" t
DorF bc" f - tnosn
lon- thP.L
- , , i44
l l
l \ r l l r . l t , .
,Pt1" , ) .
' th" thr t
. - r ' ' lu / 'a " r l {mn" ' j " ' l . r Th lr ' . .1r t rJ 5'
rppl" rr ' -
1968).
'1...)
LMdon
nn:: an th. ,.t J
ro ,.,,,3 ll't
lciilinscs{
ll"a
lJohn
os|onf.
I
''""" l;
,*t"r,"*".,
,f
'
tt Inn,tah tLnr.
i' itt Pnti
i'aftt llhc tLLrcv
comcl'
t I
1906).
(Pcni
t r l t imele
l .c i . i iat ,
. i .
S
6t8r '
r l i i ' i
?1.*" ,
r1.^
l i ,anno,at
"
apa
-a
,
et .n.
-
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
122/609
COMPARATIA
..Iar
pe
cotorut
cirlii Guinncss ookof Reco s 1971,
printre
alte superla-
:i|e estedat
mostestr."
E\.ident
ce aoeste itaie nrl constituiemodele
de urmat. Ele alrartin
.nui
domFniu
l
lururor
i .pnlplor dom.niul r r i i 'orulu i ,
arc
1na.c. t
.az
u
poate
daclLsd ne edifice,
pe
unii
locindu-ne,
e
a4ii tnctntindu-ne.
B.
CO}I?AEATIA ADJECTIYXIOB I,TNGI
{COMfAIUSO\
OT I]ONC
-{DJEqIIYES)
1 0
Urm;roarplF d. ie,
ivp, . i
lar l i " ip i i
formeazr
'
L djurorul adrerbplnr
norpr
. : i
, l?ovz
rA
pdind
sradul
pozitiv:
1) adjoctirele
mai lrugi ds doud
silabe:
atiractiye
(rcativc
despoidcnt
}eautifut
cu.ious
imporl,ant
s
663
compdrativul
Si
superlativul
|
65,1
adjectiYele
i
participiile
n
$
666
S
ri".,6
Etemplul
rtlr (iive
nore atiractive nost
attractire
dependable
-more
depndnble
-nict
dpendanlc
2) numoro:rse
djective isilabice
u aceentul
e prima
silabd:
lSill.
acid .onstant
lrddent
do, l .
. ,n, , id
, .as
; dd.
-
tdr ' , te t i \ :d
tr . re" t t1. :o. . , . .
. .
rraglre
hostilc
advcNc
t.opcf
In special
adjeclivcle
bisilabice termir.rte
ln
,t.'.
-tsl, -tlc,
Jcss
Fi
-o"s:
r . r i r . Lr , i . ,
Ioolish
tnilhlcss
.toJous.
tc
Etemple:
r{ti*
more fttivf
.omic
rnorc
comic nrosl
lonrn
loolish
-
mor loolish
-
nDsl toolish
(Vzi
, i
S
611
61,61
3)
parficitiile
adjoetivate
,si
adjcctivele cu
sufi)ic
p&ticipidle:
skr l ted I ha.mirg
u rt lrdncd
.rnvnicilg. el,r.
EremVIe:
m.st. slrn
skill.d
-
morc skilled
-
nost
skiled
charming
-mo.e
cliar.i.g
-nost
cha.ning
L
x c c
p
i i :
crooked,
Ei
tritAc.l.
care
pot
aiea
lsi
formele fleriionare.
h
stilul
tatnilidr,
pentru
a se accentua si
mai mutt irieea de superlaiiv,
S
658
'Ln
er^dFF
dj, , l i \F.
tn
.pe" iat
c l"
'FrmiIdre
in
-obt - . t . - [ , ] t . - ;J
: i
- ;ng.
4.{ nu
au
.o^
pdrat ivul
n
-rr .
formear,J
oru: i
.upFrta
uL
ir
- . . . t .
a 'dFt
.J
lo.ma netlolrorArn
Jqktrdrd
-1.
'
o. j ,n lr i r
.dnd
d.s
. ' rnn'nqpc
bif lpn,.
I
f rJgLl , r
' impid. .r
s inn,n i .sr
I , r" rr 'ps,
dnmlab,pst
p
ic id. .
ss.nsinsN
.h,
pr ' . rp.
.n" ib le.r
t imidpr '
doAs"d.l
toyalest
tircdest
dninlenest. etc
Do
yo.Df
damnedat
I
He was the .asgrd6r
clild.
I
CoDptuatjvul
adverbului
nr.r.
s
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659
4) ntte
ptuli do rorbire
a.dieotirate:
Thev
dal l '^mP:
F
'
bd
r:
Yo;d,
-o*
,, i '" '
"
r ' ; , ,",P
1,J1"1,',
-.
p,n.,
lle
loted
liis
nelheN
so mu
than
uncle
o him
Notd
660
Un
substantiv
sau chivalentul si\r poate ti lnsolit de douir comparattle
"""
* fo'"t""
aii".ite.
unul
terminat
tn -cr
;et
ali
cotsiruii
cu
adverbul
tn're
i; ;;;";;;i;;;
.i.teiice
(h
-,.
sau'e'r)
prccedd
pe
cea
a'alitica
{con-
struifi
cu
mo,'e
sau mosl,):
She
looked
,.ot"
a'd
m"'
e't"/ftsins
llian
erer'
ie
iii-lr'"
"ia;",
ti;
? tarc'
and
rhe
hoft
cteeet t
r\e
Lwn
Pentru
simpl j l icare
ns6,
pntru
rpdarea
dpi i
de.progresje
"ssu,pentru
*"".t"""",
adjdctivele
scurte'care
pnm'sc
jn
lnod,
obj\nuit'
trrfixul
-l
la
comparal iv
poi avea
si forma
on' l r r r i lS
'
' r
d Frbul
mote:
'
ll"i*Ti."*;:1ff?ii''i,,:T'#iixlffJl"'
t ; . f io; '
" r 'am'
f o
r"
'o ' r R
o'
om"
dd' ' r
rnot"
' tP dnt
'Pat
R;a'"i"'""ii;
,:;"
if
'i\i,"i"ii'^ :o
.
"',"
e
te)\
tu e
deld thaD
axve
S
661
oRroGRArIrl
S
662
a,
Adjccl i le le
rPrmina'" n
r o
'un 'oana'zprF"pdar
F o
siDgurd
o'a l ;
"
""-
" . r r ' l 'q i
" i . . " t r r0ra
' ldblpa/ i
onro"nJ
4ainrpa
ul i \p lor
-pr
$r
-Ps/:
t,,c
bigg"r
-
biSg'
l
r r in - hinnFr - th nnesr
ln
celelalte
cazu
(adicd
atunci
ctnd
consoana
inale
este
prcedatd
de
doua
vocale
ori
de
o alti
consoand,
au
clnd
vocala
precedenti
nu est'e
accen_
iuatl),
consoana
inalE
nu
se dubleazi:
130
sweet -sweele.
deal -
dcate.
sol t -sol ier
qniet
-quteler
663
,J
Adjectivle
ternjnale
jn
'e mut
sau in
'ee
pierd
pe
'e
linal
lnaintea
sulixelor -.I sau -sl:
nice -
nicer
lrue -
t. er
lree
r i01 ,
LJ adlc. l i F lc
jerminrra
in
_/
pre ' 'dsL
dF o
\o 'a ln neac'entust ;
/ f in- l es l ts , l , rb lsr
n l imba
pnglFTn
nr
sr in.ca
amprrcsnaJ:
-ra'etul]er
-ca'elullest
"r'-""ii"t
-cheerlull'r
-cheedullest
ordcl -cruello
o
ellest
666
dJ
' \d j i
t ive le
lernrinst"
in - i inainreasrr l ixe lor ' / :L
drJ
tazY
ln
-y
precedat
de
o consoa
i
schinbn
p-: l
drie.r
-
dricst'r
-
l3zi|r
-lazrest
r
Uniis.dirori
nr|.rpreiear.
h a|sr
caz
conpuati{ulnde
0afiind
sinonim
o
adsf,-
r . le-r , t , : , r ; -" .
n, . id
, ' , d." i
11'on'p; 'J
r\
d" ' i
ra l :
orr rnJ
) '
r 'Lrroi '
parnl , ivul l i
'
lJngl $r lat r r
t rrul
/dr lF"
tCu
trceptra
onsoarPror,
t r
_ '
"Uncori
aaris
n't
dtyet
dtYest.
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COMPA&TIA
precedaL o vocali.
el se meo.tin:
-gaJe.
-
galest
FOnlIn Dr colrPAB,\TId
)l-0riDour, aT-tr
ar
fornre
neregulate
pentru
gradelede comparatie:
Canl.lratir
Superlalir
\1o.st
t81
Ctnd
ins[
-3,
ina] este
gay
cov
Eacepli i l
shy
sly
itl,{
wry1
ADJOCIIYE
CU
Urmdtoarele
adjctive
Pozitie
il t
l i l i le
I
litl.lesi
J
oldcsi
I
l.lihesl.
iarth.rnost
I
l ,r r lhcstr . ' . themrost
I
iitst
hindmosl,
hindcmost
I
uLmosi.
ultcrmosl
upm0sri
uupernosL
l
I
{
t
t
{
J
I
s
c66
s 667
rarc
{
hind
Urmdtoarele cuvinte,
iar la
gradele
comparaiiv
(beneath)
{ 'D)
(our)
{
(upl
cind sint la gradul pozit iv,au tunc,t ie e ad1erb,
Ei
superlativ ar
tunclie de adjeotiv:
l
compdaiivul
qi.sute.lativul
adjectivelor
,r.v
9i,,y
si t adeseo.i
ortogfatiale
ti
r
Icn
ru , .11 si , l / . ru vaoare dp
adi"cl iv.
v"u
si
{
:64
a
,
-6q
b
3td4hc"
r Ia-t
r , robdL:1,
a orieine,
.onplral i \ui ddv"" l ,ului
/o'e.sd.
dJpl
' rni i
Lori . a
l" i
/ort r /u"; t . I
f | .
un s rn:r lJLiv ormdt
dupd
.,r l*
.
npd.
i :nd la oris n.
.omoffJl i iul
aJvFrb-lui
, , jn; , "d"".
er '
un d'rblu
romp"ral ivi
ncr,
a losi sunolatiiul dverbulu
jatsn.
"rcrcn^t : t r ; ' 'an
fo, l d
or 'srDo
n"t l ,
ivF
tor 'nar.
d r, I dl . inl
dds""L'nui / , r , i
,
-p?,
cslp
ul
i .omp,mtiv
rornr '
-d
.pl
1d\"tn
)
la
n". '
tD'nort
tn l ' r ,b
'
"ngfr l
-
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
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132
668
-{djactirele
rele
toare
la
pu'otele cardinal
au
urmitoarele
grade de
comparal ie:
easlmostl.
casternmost
no hmostl.
northernnost
souihm.str.
southernmost
westmostl,
w.sterndost
6t i0
ln srar i
da
a'
F' le
lorm"
mai
'
\ i
' ;
o
-cr i '
. ' l '
sunpr ls l ive
ru lorma nprc-
u la je. .onslru i
.
pr i r ' .d 'u 'arFs.upFr l l i L lu i
t? 's/
' r
'prmrne r '
la unpre
adjectire
sau adrrbel
i .d
rcrnor,
b@1.
of
r .p
n
p
nc .a.orno" '
iJ
or
lh
"I
r't\csouth{nnan
leak
ol ihe
range
\"
old.
f i ;0 C.
si
'n
l in ,b '
r
.n, n" lp
id l- ' l i \F
r ,
fo ' . t 'Pa
'o '1"d
.o" 'puo' ;
i ie
pc t . .
" i
r r ' " ' r ' r f 'a
,
rpr i '
r i
' r r r
D' s l ' 'ubt i
nt
l^rat 'o. tPquu'
apt '^n4t
-r i .
- , , , r , ' " , .
p
n
rnt . i rcn". nt ; t
d^ i ip
l ' 'n l ru
i
d i l ln ' l r \e l '
s inr
, ' rF
jr . -1.
. ,b. . ' l " rF. ;J i . i
' l ' im,
Ln
'orIo lrdr
\
'cu
'" l . r I j ' r
i r '
r '
pr int re
acesten
e af l i i
o ier ie
de ci l .cr
Lrr jnt .
Iro\.nrtP
ta le
quire urn
nmra
ld, in ' i .ar l 'Jr"
, l r^ l ' i
,
F.h
lurn; : i
i r ' l
l " 'Joru\ inru lrpo-ra ' ' :
P\nJ or
opt i
LUnl
671
i
, in, l
' - . I
I n, i l i
' r
"n"" ' /
'dra' ler:7
r
pr i -
praT' E a
numpro
(FquD' l
laLi , ;
"L.otu
- . .e
tnrr ln,. ,
orut i
in -od
"ul"r ' r ' , r
s j r ' " ia l
nrraiul
lerni
in
-
adeseori
si in ccl
masculin -
lorme
ca:
ihe
mosr
P.r/4"
it
e lat
\ t
(
dt i tut"
. s\
ine
9t,,a'des'
jnzz
brnd
a rcr /
tnique clild
I harc
neac.
seer
".ou
p"*"r
poise n anvonc
lor
hcatd
a nDa
?aled
musical
'
Giren
ler olporllnity.
she
sill do
eelg
'.DrlaDle
York
8i2
obse
alii asupra
adiectirelor
cu
gratle
le
comp&rafie
eregulati
I t t
6?t
1) Adjectilul
tll
(: bolnav)
are
formle
de
comparalie
neregulate
tors'
Sh"
(d.
- ,s"
\ th , l I
ca\
hF"l isr :shr
hJJ cdl led
up
lar
do ' or '
fadiJ
sh n sh"
\ " ' ak n to
noop|ar '
She
\Y.rs
u.. tZ
/@ree,
ihan
rYc thougnt"
674 2) lll si siek. Sinonirnul rlie(Livului
ll
si'e i'ft
ln
SLiA' ll
este
chi-
"''
""}".t"i;ii
i;;;al
ai atlieciivului
si(A'
anbeleadjective vindacela;inlels:
t
Fo.nc
r.r.
intrebuinlate.
'
afietu^t
:
hr1dn61
3
los.rmost
:
lae.st.
'tui.lmost:
in
the e,s
n dle
6
tapmost.:
al
lhc aerg tap.
r
tnl . tnast
-
la ,s l
I \ '?r
r i
r ' .h ' la \ t . l l
\ l : l i r j
r
111
oP.r r ' 'pra
5l
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8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
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co@aRATu
183
l,ohar,. In Angtia. tll (: bolnav) este Dtrebuinlat numai
prdical,iv.
\tribu-
liv
ti
ca adjectiv
substanlivatr, este nlocuii
prin
st./r
(:
bolnav):
t l .a, l tcoti )
\ou
loJk,//
- l
l . ts l t
,
| . . ,16
'
L,1
, ,
r .s,rd' \
_
tott ibbu )
HF
F
1
.r , l
n '"n.
1p
i\
nn,, / , .1 i \p
nJ
on
",
".1l lo.\:
n"
.
(substdntie)
The
si.l musi be
cared or.
Cind lnsi sic&este ntrebuintat predicatir. lo &dsi.A are
n ,{nglia nuanla
de: a avea
greatri (la propriu), (iar la
tigurat) a ii
sAtul peste
misurd de cineva
(ptdicatio
) "You
look livid. af.
you
3i.l?"
"As
st./. as a.atl
I
am alwavs sdst.l *hen I
cross he Chinnel
-
it's
alw.rls ronsh. and
I
nm such a bad sailor."3
I'n
si.ft
la;d
lire-,i)
ol
felliig
her
fo
do her
job
t.opcrry.
3)
Ani,oninrul adjertil'ului ill esle
{r.ll
sau in
good
tahlt. In bad heaLth
S
6i5
este sinonim or ill. Heahhlt nu este antonimul adjecti 'ului
til. tnsnmnd
,,sdnitos"
ln sensulde a fi iniotdauna sdndtos. ezistent la holi.
robust.
4) IlL ri trotst, norst poi ii i subsi,antii'e9i adverle:
I
woD't
hale
Jou
think ill ol
Jour
felioF.
lSlbst.)
l ' l l
tb in l @roe ot l , im
i l
he docsr ' l come.
{Subsi . )
Let
him do his orr .
ts isr . )
Ii wiil
80
il, $iti
Xon
il
]ou
don'l
oneX
Iour
doclor.
(Idv.)
I'o.J plaJcd
Dadly. fiona
piar.d,orra
dd Elsie
played
ao.-"l.
(,,\dv.)
Little. A littlea, fcw. A I$a
s
676
1) Lit e-
-
LittLc are cinci
lnlelesuri principale:
S
$77
O
lAlhs
\lntn
substanliv
plural) (contrar:
narn)
:
,
pu,tin(i)" (:
insu-
S
6;8
ficiont). se rclere la cantitate sdu duratd, are comparati'ul
lr.rs i supeflativul
/.asl
_si
este
intrebujniat cu substantive nenumerabile
(nullle
do Inalcrii,
d
abstracl i i etc.):
lirl? donfl. htne \\ite. Utne timc. li,ri intelesl.
She has lri&
(:
trea
pltille)
knowledgeol DnglisJi,
so she
.a.'t rad
inis boo[.
1..$
joy,
lcsr air. i.ss wo.k. lcis tngl'sn.
les.s oisc
Hc look the line
ol
lcas, resistarc
and accelteii to be
pui
on a diet.
,
b) a liulA intrebuin,tat, cu substantive nenumerabile (deci
fnre
substan-
g
67$
t iy
plural -s i grade
de comparal i r )
: . ,pul in(e)"
( :
. rceva". , ,n iqte" :s inoninr :
son1. este lntrebuinlaL cu Eubsianlivele
care nu au
plurfll:
a
til1|e
mone\,
a tiltL winc,.r
little wliile. o lnre
jnicrest
She has
d hirL
(:
cevar krowledgc or
Xnglish.
so shc ran reid thjs
)ook.
t
L
"n
.
l '
.v
' r
: I 'andb/sbp.du.d
lJ\d
/ , , , r
p
r l n j ,
J
moiPv. ] .1n.J n,
s1l iv . ,
)
|
4dn
h' , j
'n i -
hlndb.s bF.dus. h \d o 1." t"
, -
c" \al
I
monr
\ .an
a , ' , r i
ivr '
lve, i i i
S
687)
cJ lilll
(+
subst.
p1.)
:
,,mic(n)"6
se referd la
f.irsta copiilor nici
;i
a
g
660
animalelor tinere
(: pui);
are comparativul
yourger
ti
suprlarivul
Soangesl
(iD stilul familiar,lirer qi hlles4:
J im
is r l , t r ,
boJ hp k m
t,ook sFl l
i l tFr '1onr / i rd
o; ts l -
'T lF
i InAI ish)
rhar"4
CanalLt
l lap, i i , l " .D
r" ,4rs l id
d" I ranla.
s
p
L.
a
bal siilat .r
"uieri
rotdcaum de .,lu de m re:
r / / , t i / . /b intdJ" . t j \p, ,
r i r r r iv"sdun,ho'ar t"
der"rm:nar iv.r .ol iutesiof ,
s lD'
adj
. r ivp
npholr
'p
(dprprmindr i \ . ,
t \p7i S
82t .
6; \djcct ,v
del f , rninal iv
1S
821).
6
-{djectjv
calilicaliv
($
609J.
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134
Tnp
snarrca
{as
lrJ ine
I ' r
/ ; r rL
o'P'
'
o
i ;
Th"
/ ; , /P '
k jd ' 5r
r rpk'd
rn ornqnr '
He
is our
/t',6'|
(onc) (Ian l
S 6 1
.r , l iah(r : ibubFl
plrL
'
mi46'
p tLin
'1rlor 'dnrrai
' l 'F ' ; i l : ' : .
1
'
" '
. . rn*
; t ,u,
t '
" ' r"hri
l ; d;m'r 's iun'
i-do1"r 'LJ"i
r^re 'd
gra4F
d'
compa-
f1L;r.ompstr ' r t ' lp ' .s 'pu1rnu' i :ar asrazrrru I s ' '13
si superldri ul
Past
(j
i
stilul
tamiiiar'
lil'61)r
' ' .
l l r l .
roo d i '1 lP
"
u1
I
ir ' t i1"
m'nd
ric
n.
rn- ,
no
t ,
"
a nJn
hl
lh ' ndnrs 'L
i :
r r" :gn,
i rr , .
"q
r, , . . " , . , f i . "1 '6 ' : , ; i . , '
, . r , r .
\D,,rp5
'h
| t
- ,oeu"
lhP r '
rd
Lown
tlrc
t?ss2'
tead
hrr l .ssrr
\o 'L j ,
l l ' r l ' iet
locrq
oi
i , i ;
, : . .
.hon+ ,"
/ - . . . .
P o\".1
I bt
j ' "
o '
/ " ' r /
t r
6
s 'J(
' lFa""
i " , . , ' " ,
t
, .
r"a' '
o" i
JU"ur
'
crnLlPrla l t r i l tne / tdes- tL ' j
T l t l i r , .5 l
lh 'nA'
ol
darrY
ne
(
C\i
J
t
nJ
t t t11"-
IFl "
'
lu
vrrsl
'
s : ' r
drr '
" run" ' ' f "
J
o nrr rnld
afecr i {6
t13' ILLLts
u
ur dxnrnutrv:
lls
dulins
lt'rle
girll
(|'.tila tur
dragi
Il
Iliess rour
li'l'
lrei'L
((le ntimioal1
bun{l)
. .shchadi l lc lnostdclSnl lulnl , i .voice' thcgalest l i lt l
luugh,t l leniost iNoi lat i t '
lirlc
vars
s
e GD:i
ln
l i rLr
"
i l ryd
moderna
/J/ / c ' 'F i r lo' ' r i ' pr i r ' s t"d/ /
"u.grr ' le le
de
"" '
, " - " . i ,1 i "
t l . r t t rqisnt t t " \ t '
otunr i
' i ' l ' '
rFt '
rn
l " s impld
drrnFn5rurre
mar
"i"""
i ,
i
' ,
'olp'r '
un
'ubsrdr
l i \ ' on' rel :
IsaFaSwet l l , llchousc.mncnsna/ l?/ |h{nJox.s i i , l lcsnd]/
's ,hoIBeI l l 'Lveev
i . / .Cuvintul
irr le
Poate
i
' " i :
ll'he
/tl,
(subsl
I caa
gile
votr
is, l'n
atraid'
loo
lirdc
(adj)
f;:'i liJ;"li$"'."'
,Fve
ome
.o ,/,r.
\ l l , r
guis
d
lor g $cl lPr^ver l r
$
riAl
S
085
|drerb
' l r " r t
l ; r ' lL_F
l t lc
I r . l . In
| ' oLsr
;;", ;;;
t.j,,
"ii::1,i,i"i'',i,";i
iiTo
A
tenlLe
r
sri\6
sp'.
'l"':hir",":
l
'::"J'.4"'1"1:',''i';'",:il'rli";"
'
|
( .
)
-
/ . I
Lrctuln
'
dupn
nm
s
*rr "1':il F.:'l; :"ll r.*:,:'"if,i ;lj:i "'." "':,'"
* , , . t
""" ' r ,
i . ' . . ' i
r "* l
n ' "- ' t ' i ' *
l i -
t '
/
v ' 'ub' r '
p l
r '
.
pulrr
s'' ':f;1;::r,,,ti.ll i j j:::,ll::ij i i;;;1,:l::,,,i,1',"1
'
, \L j ( r
l rv
rr l r r f
rL i t
rs
foql
:
l \ : r rn
r i
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u
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p
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de
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sau
demorstrativ al,unai
cind-calificd
un substani,iv
la s ingxlar .
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a
plural poate
j l jpsi l ,de
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exemplele i la le
mai sus).
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i
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ntrebuiniate
atit
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{ ?01
fiinl,
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atunci cind
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ln
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rldsr sugreazi
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o
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n1d
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,
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,
ump,,-
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alia nu se face tntre membdi
lamiliei restrtnse,
atunci ;hd
comparatia nu
cirn-
stituie obieclivul prjneipal
sau alunci
clnd mentionarea rirstei_mai-are
o alt6
implicalie
decit, cea comparai,ivi,.
Astfel:
she had an dd./
sister.
(Avea
o sorl mai mare decli. ea.)
Slre
}ad
aD ou,r
sister.
llrea o sold mai ln vl6tl1 deott acccadesprcare est.e orba.)
ls
there no ol&. son?
1Nu
exisH
t]r nlt iiu mai competntp
n vtusl.aDi
dectl accsra?)
MA eLd.er
s
ar
.ldtst)
cotLsin n mod obiFuit
nu tnsea'nni
,,un
vtu
ai
are
(respociil'
cel mai mare) al mu",
ci,,cel mai in vt$ti
dintre doi (sau
mai
nulli)
frali, veri ai mei". MA alder
cousin este 1n genere preferar pentru
inte-
esurite
,,vbrul
meu mai mare decii
mine" sau
,,.e1
mai tn vjrsii
dintre doi
veri
ai mi
care
nu sint
fra i.'3.
Formel r/dn (cind
nu este urmat de
,rolJ
$
olddst ndici
rirsri tnaintatd
S
?03
sau durati
de tinrp lndelungatd:
She s an orlp,
woman
f:
o lcmeie
(mai)
tn lrst{. tn
etat].
Tlje ,ldar
hilding
jn
this to{'n
js
the Gui)dlall.
Shc
is
rny o?d.sr riend
(
=
c.a nai vcctre pieten{)a.
I'arther. Fart'hest. T'urthcr,
Furthest
1) Farther,
orthcst
si
further, lurthest
sint adeseori
ntrebuinlate
drh
i
?0{
entru
dislarl.i (: n1ai dcpirtat,
cel mai
depdrtat):
I
s\rari 10 l.he
atlhrt
b^rL ot th. rivcr.
lDistantel
\1rr
.onld $ lli.
/orlkr
cnd
oi th-" strcct.
(Disi:inlii)
I
Vezi
S
698.
3
H.W. Fow]er. ,p .n.
clder,
-est.
3
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cld0.r
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C,rrtr
liidl trn
s[]rsi{ni.i tle
s.nxt
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date ai.l
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