การพัฒนาหลักสูตรการให้คำปรึกษาเกี่ยวกับ เอช ไอ วี ในคู่สามีภรรยาที่มาฝากครรภ์

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78 °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ§π‰∑¬ ÿ¢¿“æ¥’°√°Æ“§¡ - °—π¬“¬π 2555

°“√æ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“Ω“°§√√¿å

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√—µπ“ ‡æ™√æ√√≥ π—°«‘™“°“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢™”π“≠°“√æ‘‡»…»Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬∑’Ë 3 ™≈∫ÿ√’«‘‰≈æ√√≥ «— ¥‘Ïæ“≥‘™¬å √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å§≥–æ¬“∫“≈»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∫Ÿ√æ“æ‘»¡—¬ ÀÕ¡®”ª“ ºŸâ™à«¬»“ µ√“®“√¬å§≥– “∏“√≥ ÿ¢»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∫Ÿ√æ“®‘πµπ“ «—™√ ‘π∏ÿå √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å§≥–æ¬“∫“≈»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∫Ÿ√æ“

∫∑§—¥¬àÕ°“√«‘®—¬π’È ‡ªìπ«‘®—¬‡™‘ßªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√ ¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“‡°’Ë¬«

°—∫‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“Ω“°§√√¿å (Couple Counseling VCT in ANC) °“√«‘®—¬·∫àß‡ªìπ 3 ¢—ÈπµÕπ§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫À≈—° Ÿµ√ °“√„™â ·≈–°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈À≈—° Ÿµ√ À≈—° Ÿµ√æ—≤π“¢÷Èπ·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß‚¥¬¡’ºŸâ‡™’Ë¬«™“≠„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–§”·π–π” ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬·ºπ°“√ Õπ∑’Ë¡’‡π◊ÈÕÀ“™—¥‡®π·≈–§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ 9 ·ºπ°√–∫«π°“√æ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√Õ“»—¬«ß®√∑’Ëª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ °“√∑¥≈Õß„™â °“√ª√–‡¡‘π ·≈–°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß °—∫°≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ßºŸâ‡¢â“Õ∫√¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ 6 √ÿàπ ¥—ßπ’È ¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡«ß®√°“√æ—≤π“√Õ∫∑’Ë 1 °—∫ºŸâ‡¢â“Õ∫√¡√ÿàπ∑’Ë 1 ‚¥¬π”À≈—° Ÿµ√∑’Ë √â“ß¢÷Èπ‰ª„™âÕ∫√¡√ÿàπ∑’Ë 1 ·≈â«ª√–‡¡‘πº≈ ·≈–ª√—∫·ºπ°“√ Õπ„πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ ·≈–π”À≈—° Ÿµ√¡“¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡«ß®√„π√Õ∫∑’Ë 2 °—∫°“√Õ∫√¡√ÿàπ∑’Ë 2 ·≈– 3 ·≈–π”À≈—° Ÿµ√∑’Ëª√—∫ª√ÿß¥’·≈â«µ“¡«ß®√√Õ∫∑’Ë 2‰ª„™â„π°“√Õ∫√¡√ÿàπ∑’Ë 4-6 °“√«‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’È„™â‡«≈“»÷°…“„π√–À«à“ß‡¥◊Õπ°—π¬“¬π 2550 ∂÷ß°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2552‚¥¬°≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπæ¬“∫“≈ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π∑’ËÀπà«¬Ω“°§√√¿å‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 6 ‡¥◊Õπ ®“°‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈»Ÿπ¬å/∑—Ë«‰ª/™ÿ¡™π„π¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°∑—Èß 9 ®—ßÀ«—¥ §◊Õ ™≈∫ÿ√’ √–¬Õß ®—π∑∫ÿ√’ µ√“¥ ©–‡™‘ß‡∑√“ ª√“®’π∫ÿ√’ √–·°â« π§√π“¬°·≈– ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√ °“√‡≈◊Õ°°≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫‡®“–®ß (Purposive sampling) ®“°ºŸâ‡¢â“√—∫°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡√ÿàπ∑’Ë1-3 (n = 40 §π) „™â·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡·≈–°“√ π∑π“°≈ÿà¡ (Focus group) °“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑“ß°“√‡√’¬π¢ÕßºŸâ‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡ √ÿàπ∑’Ë 4-6 (n = 117 §π) „™â·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫§«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈–„™â·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®À≈—ß°“√Õ∫√¡ ∑”°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‚¥¬„™â ∂‘µ‘‡™‘ßæ√√≥π“ ”À√—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ßª√‘¡“≥ à«π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ„™â«‘‡§√“–Àå‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ º≈°“√«‘®—¬æ∫«à“ À≈—° Ÿµ√¡’ 9 ·ºπ°“√ Õπ ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ ∑—π ¡—¬ ™—¥‡®π Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ ∂“π°“√≥åªí®®ÿ∫—π ºŸâ‡¢â“Õ∫√¡¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–∑—°…–„π°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“„π√–¥—∫¥’·≈–¥’¡“° “¡“√∂π”‰ª„™â„Àâ∫√‘°“√‰¥â®√‘ß à«π°‘®°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√¡’§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡¥’¡“° ·≈–∑ÿ°§π‡ÀÁπ«à“µπ‡Õß∫√√≈ÿ

THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 79July - September 2012


Development of the training curriculum onHIV couple counseling in antenatal care

Ratana Petcharapun Public Health Officer, Senior Professional level.The Regional Health Promotion Center 3Wilaiphan Sawatphannit Associated Professor.Faculty of Nursing, Burapha UniversityPissamai Homchampa Assistant Professor.Faculty of Public Health, Burapha UniversityChintana Wacharasin Associated Professor.Faculty of Nursing, Burapha University

«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å¢ÕßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ §«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥å∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫®“°À≈—° Ÿµ√¡’ª√–‚¬™πåµàÕµπ‡Õß ºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√ ·≈–Àπà«¬ß“π √«¡∑—Èß¡’§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®„πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√√–¥—∫¥’¡“° ¥—ß§”°≈à“« ç¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°∑’Ë¥’µàÕÀ≈—° Ÿµ√°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“·∫∫§Ÿà‡æ√“–‰¥â™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ„Àâ§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“‰¥â™à«¬°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“∑”„Àâ§Ÿà‡¢â“„®°—π·≈–µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ßµàÕ°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ∑”„Àâ‰¥â¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√·∫∫Õß§å√«¡é πÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—ßπ”‰ª„™â„π ∂“π∫√‘°“√„π¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°∂÷ß 25 ·Ààß æ∫«à“ ¡’§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“√“¬„À¡à¡“√—∫∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å§‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 25.4 ·≈–¡’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß°—π§‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 2.3 ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å “¡“√∂π”À≈—° Ÿµ√‰ª„™â‡ªìπ§Ÿà¡◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√°“√ª√÷°…“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“Ω“°§√√¿å ·≈– ”À√—∫»Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬‡¢µÀ√◊ÕÀπà«¬ß“πÕ◊Ëπ∑’ËµâÕß°“√π”À≈—° Ÿµ√‰ª„™â§«√ª√—∫‡π◊ÈÕÀ“„π·ºπ°“√ Õπ„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫∫√‘∫∑¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥„π‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫§” ”§—≠ : °“√æ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√ °“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“ §≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å

This action research was aimed to develop a training curriculum on counseling of HIV positivecouple attending in antenatal care clinics. It comprises 3 steps: curriculum design, curriculum application,and curriculum evaluation. The curriculum includes 9 lesson plans and comprehensive coverage ofcontents were developed under expert supervision. The development process, a cycle of application,evaluation and improvement was carried out through six training groups. The first and second cycles wereapplied to the 1st training group and the 2nd and 3rd training groups, respectively. Finally, the properlyimproved curriculum was applied and evaluated in the 4th to 6th training groups. This research wasconducted between September 2007 to February 2009. The samples were nurses who have been workingmore than 6 months in antenatal care units of regional, general and community hospital of nine easternThailandûs provinces (Chonburi, Rayong, Chantaburi, Trad, Chachoengsao, Prachinburi, Srakaew,Nakornnayok and Smutprakarn). By purposive sampling, two sample groups were selected, one fromtrainees of the 1st to 3nd generation (n=40) and the other from trainees of the 4th to 6th training generation

Abstract

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80 °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ§π‰∑¬ ÿ¢¿“æ¥’°√°Æ“§¡ - °—π¬“¬π 2555

‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–∫√¡√“™‡∑«’ ≥ »√’√“™“®—ßÀ«—¥™≈∫ÿ√’ √–À«à“ßªï æ.». 2546-2549 ¡’À≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿å∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ¡“Ω“°§√√¿å ®”π«π 677§π æ∫§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß°—π®”π«π 50§Ÿà §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 7.4 1 πÕ°®“°π’Èæ∫«à“À≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿å∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ®”π«π 10 §πÕ“¬ÿ√–À«à“ß18-29 ªï ¡’§Ÿà∑’Ë¡’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß 4 §Ÿà3 °“√‡ªî¥‡º¬º≈‡≈◊Õ¥·°à§Ÿà‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß¬ÿàß¬“°µâÕß„™â«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë´—∫´âÕπ¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—πº≈°√–∑∫∑“ß¥â“π®‘µ„®·≈– —ß§¡¢ÕßºŸâµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ·≈–§Ÿà‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å °“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“·∫∫§Ÿà‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“Ω“°§√√¿å πà“®–‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë™à«¬„Àâ§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“ ‰¥â√—∫√Ÿâ·≈–‡¢â“„®∂÷ßæƒµ‘°√√¡∑’Ë‡ ’Ë¬ßµàÕ°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ æ√âÕ¡∑—Èß‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâ “¡’¿√√¬“ ¡’°“√æŸ¥§ÿ¬ ◊ËÕ “√°—π‰¥â¥’¡“°¬‘Ëß¢÷Èπ™à«¬≈¥§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°¬ÿàß¬“°≈”∫“°„®„π°“√‡ªî¥‡º¬º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µàÕ§Ÿà‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å¢Õßµπ ·≈–„π√“¬∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ’¬ß§π‡¥’¬«¬—ß “¡“√∂ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„Àâ‡™◊ÈÕ·æ√à®“°§π∑’Ëµ‘¥·≈â« ‰ª Ÿà§Ÿà‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å‰¥â 1,2,3,4,5,6,11,12

∫∑π”°“√·æ√à‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ¬—ß§ß‡ªìπªí≠À“

”§—≠∑’ËÀ≈“¬Àπà«¬ß“πµâÕß√–¥¡§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π·≈–·°â‰¢ªí≠À“°—πÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß1,2 ∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—≤π“·π«§‘¥·≈–∑‘»∑“ß°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ ∂“π°“√≥å°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ·≈–‚√§‡Õ¥ å∑’Ë‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‰ª ´÷Ëß√«¡∑—Èßß“πªÑÕß°—π°“√·æ√à‡™◊ÈÕ °“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ√“¬„À¡à ·≈–°“√≈¥º≈°√–∑∫®“°ªí≠À“‡Õ¥ å∑—Èß„π√–¥—∫∫ÿ§§≈§√Õ∫§√—« ·≈–™ÿ¡™π ®“°º≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿åæ∫§Ÿà‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å¡’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß°—π §◊Õ “¡’À√◊Õ¿√√¬“µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ·µàÕ’°ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëßµ√«®‰¡àæ∫°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡‰ªµ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å ‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈™≈∫ÿ√’®—ßÀ«—¥™≈∫ÿ√’ √–À«à“ßªï æ.». 2541-2547 ®“°À≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿å∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’¡“Ω“°§√√¿å®”π«π430 §π·≈–¡’ “¡’¡“µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥®”π«π 214 §πæ∫§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß°—π ®”π«π 100 §Ÿà§‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 46.7 ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å

(n=117). Data from the first sample group were collected by means of questionnaires and focus groupdiscussion, while those from the second were collected for learning achievement by knowledge tests andfor overview satisfaction by post training program questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed bydescriptive statistics analysis while qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. The results revealedthat all the 9 lessons plans included modern well-defined contents which were practical and consistent withcurrent situation. The traineesû learning achievement scores were at good and very good level. Applicationof this training program to health care service is practical. Curriculum development activities were wellsuitable. All the trainees agreed that they achieved the curriculum objectives. Information and skills gainedfrom this training program were useful for them, clients and their work units. In addition, the overviewsatisfactory was at very good level as that was stated that çFeeling good on the training curriculum on HIVcouple counseling in antenatal care clinics was helpful to couples in solving problems that leading tounderstand each other and raised awareness in HIV infection risk. The clients received holistic care.éFurthermore, trials in 25 hospitals of eastern Thailand showed that 25.4 % were new couples and 2.3 %were discordant couples. It is suggested that antenatal care providers can apply the curriculum as guidelinesto improve performance on HIV couple counseling in antenatal care clinics. For the regional healthpromotion center or other agencies that need to apply the curriculum, it was suggested that contentimprovement of teaching plans in accordance with roles and area of responsibility.Key words : Development of the training curriculum, couple counseling, antenatal care



ªïæ.». 2547- 2552 »Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬∑’Ë 3 ™≈∫ÿ√’‰¥â√—∫°“√ π—∫ πÿπß∫ª√–¡“≥®“°°Õß∑ÿπ‚≈°(Global Fund) „π°“√®—¥∑”‚§√ß°“√°“√¥Ÿ·≈À≠‘ßÀ≈—ß§≈Õ¥·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“»—°¬¿“æ∫ÿ§≈“°√¥â“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢„π°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°“√¥Ÿ·≈À≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿å·≈–À≠‘ßÀ≈—ß§≈Õ¥ ÷Ëß‡ªìπÀ≈—° Ÿµ√∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Õ¥ å„π·¡à·≈–‡¥Á°¢Õß°√¡Õπ“¡—¬ ‡™àπÀ≈—° Ÿµ√°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“¬“µâ“π‰«√— „πÀ≠‘ßÀ≈—ß§≈Õ¥·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ À≈—° Ÿµ√°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“°√≥’‡ªî¥‡º¬º≈‡≈◊Õ¥ (Disclo-sure) À≈—° Ÿµ√°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“°√≥’¡“§≈Õ¥‚¥¬‰¡à¡’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥ (No ANC) ·≈–À≈—° Ÿµ√°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“À≠‘ß∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’·≈–§√Õ∫§√—« ”À√—∫∫ÿ§≈“°√∑’ËªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π„π»Ÿπ¬å ÿ¢¿“æ™ÿ¡™π·≈– ∂“π’Õπ“¡—¬ æ∫«à“ªí≠À“∑’Ëºà“π¡“ §◊ÕÀ≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿åÀ√◊ÕÀ≠‘ßÀ≈—ß§≈Õ¥∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’®–‰¡à°≈â“‡ªî¥‡º¬º≈‡≈◊Õ¥¢Õßµπ‡Õß°—∫ “¡’ À√◊ÕºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°≈—«∂Ÿ°√—ß‡°’¬® ∂Ÿ°‡≈◊Õ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ À√◊Õ “¡’∑Õ¥∑‘Èß

»Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬∑’Ë 3 ‰¥â‡≈Áß‡ÀÁπ§«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õßªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“« ®÷ßª√– “π§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ∑“ß«‘™“°“√°—∫§≥–æ¬“∫“≈»“ µ√å ·≈–§≥– “∏“√≥ ÿ¢»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∫Ÿ√æ“ ‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√ Couple Counseling VCT:Voluntary Counseling Test7,8,9,13,14,15 À≈—° Ÿµ√π’È‰¥â√—∫Àπà«¬§–·ππ°“√»÷°…“µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ”À√—∫æ¬“∫“≈ ®“° ¿“°“√æ¬“∫“≈ ·≈–π”‰ª„™âΩñ°Õ∫√¡„Àâ°—∫‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“∑’Ë§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å¢Õß‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈µà“ßÊ „π 9 ®—ßÀ«—¥¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°

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¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë 1 ‡™‘≠ºŸâ∑√ß§ÿ≥«ÿ≤‘ ‰¥â·°à»“ µ√“®“√¬åπ“¬·æ∑¬å ÿæ√ ‡°‘¥ «à“ß √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å«‘‰≈æ√√≥ «— ¥‘Ïæ“≥‘™¬å √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å¥√.®‘πµπ“ «—™√ ‘π∏ÿå ·≈–ºŸâ™à«¬»“ µ√“®“√¬å¥√.æ‘»¡—¬ ÀÕ¡®”ª“ ¡“ª√–™ÿ¡∂à“¬∑Õ¥Õß§å§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥å„Àâ°—∫∑’¡«‘∑¬“°√√–¥—∫‡¢µ „π‡√◊ËÕß‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫Couple VCT in ANC ·π«§‘¥∑ƒ…Æ’‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ÿ¢¿“æ§√Õ∫§√—« ÿ¢¿“æ∑“ß‡æ» °“√ ◊ËÕ “√ °“√æ—≤π“ —¡æ—π∏¿“æ„π§√Õ∫§√—« ∑—°…–°“√ª√÷°…“∑’Ë°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π§√Õ∫§√—«·≈–§«“¡ ”§—≠·≈–§«“¡®”‡ªìπ„π°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ°“√ Õπ§Ÿà ¡√ ∑’ËΩ“°§√√¿å ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“·π«∑“ß®—¥∑”À≈—° Ÿµ√ „Àâ¡’·ºπ°“√ Õπ

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- «—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å∑—Ë«‰ª ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâæ¬“∫“≈À√◊Õ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ §«“¡ “¡“√∂·≈–∑—°…–„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“Ω“°§√√¿å

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1. Õ∏‘ ∫ “¬π‚¬∫“¬·π«∑“ß°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π·≈– ∂“π°“√≥å°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§‡Õ¥ å„π·¡à·≈–‡¥Á°¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ (‡¢µ/®—ßÀ«—¥)

2. Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√√—°…“‡¬’¬«¬“‚√§‡Õ¥ å„πß“πÕπ“¡—¬·¡à·≈–‡¥Á°

3. Õ∏‘∫“¬·π«§‘¥ ∑ƒ…Æ’‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ÿ¢¿“æ§√Õ∫§√—« ÿ¢¿“æ∑“ß‡æ» °“√ ◊ËÕ “√ °“√æ—≤π“ —¡æ—π∏¿“æ„π§√Õ∫§√—«

4. ∫Õ°∑—°…–°“√ª√÷°…“∑’Ë°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π§√Õ∫§√—«

5. „Àâ∫√‘°“√°“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà ¡√ °àÕπ°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ◊ËÕÀ“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ‚¥¬§«“¡ ¡—§√„®

6. „Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà ¡√ À≈—ß°“√µ√«®À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ : °√≥’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥≈∫∑—Èß§Ÿà

7. „Àâ∫√‘°“√°“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà ¡√ À≈—ß°“√µ√«®À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ : °√≥’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥∫«°∑—Èß§Ÿà

8. „Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà ¡√ À≈—ß°“√µ√«®À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ : °√≥’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß

9. –∑âÕπ§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°·≈–°“√π”‰ªª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â (After Affective Refection)

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4.2 ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘®—¬ ‰¥â·°à ·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫§«“¡√Ÿâ ·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈À≈—ß°“√Õ∫√¡·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑—Ë«‰ª ·∫∫√“¬ß“π°“√‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ °“√ π∑π“°≈ÿà¡ ·≈–·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈

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1.1π‚¬∫“¬/ ∂“π°“√≥å°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§‡Õ¥ å„π·¡à·≈–‡¥Á°¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ (‡¢µ/®—ßÀ«—¥) ‡«≈“ 1 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

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1.3·π«§‘¥ ∑ƒ…Æ’‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ÿ¢¿“æ§√Õ∫§√—« ÿ¢¿“æ∑“ß‡æ» °“√ ◊ËÕ “√ °“√æ—≤π“ —¡æ—π∏¿“æ„π§√Õ∫§√—« ‡«≈“ 4 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

1.4∑—°…–°“√ª√÷°…“∑’Ë°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π§√Õ∫§√—« ‡«≈“ 3 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

1.5°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà ¡√ °àÕπ°“√µ√«®À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ ‚¥¬§«“¡ ¡—§√„®(Couple VCT Pre-test Counseling) ‡«≈“ 3™—Ë«‚¡ß

1.6°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà ¡√ À≈—ß°“√µ√«®À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ : °√≥’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥≈∫∑—Èß§Ÿà(Couple VCT Post-test Counseling Concor-dant Sero-negative) ‡«≈“ 2 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

1.7°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“§Ÿà ¡√ À≈—ß°“√µ√«®À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’ : °√≥’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥∫«°∑—Èß§Ÿà(Couple VCT Post-test Counseling Concor-dant Sero-positive ) 2 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

1.8°“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“À≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿å·≈– “¡’ : °√≥’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß (Discordant CoupleCounseling) ‡«≈“ 3 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

1.9°“√ –∑âÕπ§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°·≈–°“√π”‰ªª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â (After Affective Refection) 1 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

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2) ∫ÿ§≈“°√®“°·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡ ‡ªìπ‡æ»À≠‘ß¡’®”π«π∑—Èß ‘Èπ 40 §π æ∫«à“ ¡“®“°‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈™ÿ¡™π√–¥—∫ 10-60 ‡µ’¬ß√âÕ¬≈– 67.5 ·≈–‡ªìπºŸâ‡¢â“√—∫°“√Õ∫√¡„π√ÿàπ∑’Ë 1 ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥√âÕ¬≈–35.0 √Õß≈ß¡“§◊Õ√ÿàπ∑’Ë 3 √âÕ¬≈– 27.5 √ÿàπ∑’Ë 2 √âÕ¬≈– 20.0 ¡’Õ“¬ÿ√–À«à“ß 28-51 ªï (Õ“¬ÿ‡©≈’Ë¬ 39.5ªï) ‡ªìπæ¬“∫“≈«‘™“™’æ‡°◊Õ∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ à«π„À≠à¡’°“√»÷°…“√–¥—∫ª√‘≠≠“µ√’√âÕ¬≈– 92.5 ·≈–‡ªìπºŸâªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π√âÕ¬≈– 72.5

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µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 √ÿª√«¡§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢ÕßºŸâ‡¢â“Õ∫√¡ 3 √ÿàπ §◊Õ √ÿàπ∑’Ë 4 - 6 (n = 117)(µàÕ)

7. ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“„π°“√Õ∫√¡‡À¡“– ¡ 66.9 33.1 0.0 0.0 0.09. ◊ËÕÕÿª°√≥å„π°“√Õ∫√¡‡À¡“– ¡ 31.5 51.8 12.3 4.4 0.010. √–¬–‡«≈“„π°“√Õ∫√¡‡À¡“– ¡ 30.2 52.6 13.5 3.7 0.011. ∑à“π¡’§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®µàÕ°“√Õ∫√¡„π¿“æ√«¡ 41.9 54.8 3.3 0.0 0.0

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√–¥—∫§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ

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∑’Ë ÿ¥

¡“° ª“π

°≈“ß

πâÕ¬ πâÕ¬

∑’Ë ÿ¥



‡ªìπ∫ÿ§≈“°√ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√„π§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å 38 95.0

®”π«π«—π∑’Ë„Àâ∫√‘°“√ (§√—ÈßµàÕ —ª¥“Àå)1 «—π 15 37.52 «—π 18 45.03 «—π 2 5.05 «—π 5 12.5√–¬–‡«≈“∑’ËªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π„π§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å

‰¡à‡§¬„Àâ∫√‘°“√∑’Ë§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å 9 22.5πâÕ¬°«à“ 1 ªï 3 7.51 - 2 ªï 10 25.03 - 4 ªï 7 17.5¡“°°«à“ 5 ªï 11 27.5

µ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 ®”π«π·≈–√âÕ¬≈–¢Õß∫ÿ§≈“°√ ®”·π°µ“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑—Ë«‰ª‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√„π

§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å ®”π«π«—π∑’Ë„Àâ∫√‘°“√ √–¬–‡«≈“∑’ËªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π„π§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å Àπà«¬

ß“π¡’°“√‡ªî¥„Àâ∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà ª√– ∫°“√≥å„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà

·≈– ®”π«πºŸâ¡“√—∫∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà æ.». 2551

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑—Ë«‰ª ®”π«π (n= 40) √âÕ¬≈– 100.0

∫ÿ§≈“°√∑’Ë¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà

‰¡à¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å 15 37.5¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å¡“·≈â«πâÕ¬°«à“ 1 ªï 22 55.0¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å¡“·≈â«¡“°°«à“ 1 ªï 3 7.5∫ÿ§≈“°√∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„πÀπà«¬ß“π‡ªî¥„Àâ∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà 25 62.5

®”π«πºŸâ¡“√—∫∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà (§ŸàµàÕ«—π) n= 25 √âÕ¬≈– 100.01 - 2 §Ÿà 7 28.03 - 5 §Ÿà 5 20.0¡“°°«à“ 5 §Ÿà 8 32.0„Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“Ω“°§√√¿å‡ªìπ√“¬°≈ÿà¡ 5 20.0

À≠‘ßµ—Èß§√√¿å√“¬„À¡à∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“‡¥’¬«°—π12,765 §π §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 25.4 ´÷Ëß„π®”π«ππ’È¡’‡æ’¬ß√âÕ¬≈– 57.9 ∑’Ë§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’æ√âÕ¡°—π ·≈–æ∫«à“„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“¬Õ¡µ√«®À“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’æ√âÕ¡°—π∑—Èß§Ÿàπ’È‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°§Ÿà¡“øíßº≈‡≈◊Õ¥æ√âÕ¡°—π√âÕ¬≈–

98.7 æ∫§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡’º≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’∑—Èß ‘Èπ√âÕ¬≈– 3.3 ‚¥¬º≈‡≈◊Õ¥∫«°∑—Èß§Ÿà√âÕ¬≈– 1.0 ‡ªìπ§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡’º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß√âÕ¬≈– 2.3 ÷Ëß¿√√¬“¡’º≈°“√µ√«®æ∫°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ ‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π —¥ à«π∑’Ë¡“°°«à“ “¡’ 1.3 : 1 ¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë 4

º≈°“√«‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’È ‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πå ”À√—∫ºŸâ

∫ ∑ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ° “ √

88 °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ àß‡ √‘¡„Àâ§π‰∑¬ ÿ¢¿“æ¥’°√°Æ“§¡ - °—π¬“¬π 2555

®”π«πÀ≠‘ßΩ“°§√√¿å√“¬„À¡à∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 12,765 §π(„π™à«ß‡«≈“‡¥’¬«°—π) 3,242 25.41. ®”π«π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“√“¬„À¡à∑’Ë¡“√—∫∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“‡ªìπ§Ÿà§√—Èß·√° 3,242 100.02. ®“°¢âÕ 1 ®”π«π “¡’∑’Ë‰¡à¬Õ¡µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À“ HIV „Àâ¿√√¬“µ√«®§π‡¥’¬« 1,364 42.13. ®“°¢âÕ 1 ®”π«π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¬Õ¡µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À“ HIV æ√âÕ¡°—π∑—Èß§Ÿà 1,878 57.9

3.1 ®“°¢âÕ 3 º≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À“ HIV ≈∫∑—Èß§Ÿà 1,816 96.73.2 ®“°¢âÕ 3 º≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À“ HIV ∫«°∑—Èß§Ÿà 18 1.03.3 ®“°¢âÕ 3 º≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À“ HIV “¡’∫«° ¿√√¬“≈∫ 19 1.03.4 ®“°¢âÕ 3 º≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥À“ HIV ¿√√¬“∫«° “¡’≈∫ 25 1.3

4. ®“°¢âÕ 3 ®”π«π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¬Õ¡øíßº≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥ HIV æ√âÕ¡°—π 1,853 98.75. ®“°¢âÕ 3 ®”π«π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ëøíßº≈°“√µ√«®‡≈◊Õ¥ HIV ∑’Ë≈–§π 25 1.3

µ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 º≈°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà „π ∂“π∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ 25 ·Ààß æ.».2551

√“¬°“√ ®”π«π (§Ÿà) √âÕ¬≈–

„Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√÷°…“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“Ω“°§√√¿å „π°“√π”§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫®“°°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡‰ª„™â„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√®√‘ß„πÀπà«¬ß“π∑”„Àâ§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ëº≈‡≈◊Õ¥∫«°∑—Èß§Ÿà ·≈–º≈‡≈◊Õ¥µà“ß°—π ‰¥âªÑÕß°—π°“√·æ√à°√–®“¬‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ∑’Ë¥’¬‘Ëß¢÷Èπ

¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–„π°“√π”º≈«‘®—¬‰ª „™â1. ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√§≈‘π‘°Ω“°§√√¿å “¡“√∂π”

À≈—° Ÿµ√‰ª„™â‡ªìπ§Ÿà¡◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√°“√ª√÷°…“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Õ™‰Õ«’„π§Ÿà “¡’¿√√¬“∑’Ë¡“Ω“°§√√¿å

2. ”À√—∫»Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬‡¢µÀ√◊ÕÀπà«¬ß“πÕ◊Ëπ∑’ËµâÕß°“√π”À≈—° Ÿµ√‰ª„™â§«√ª√—∫‡π◊ÈÕÀ“„π

·ºπ°“√ Õπ„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫∫√‘∫∑¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥„π‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫

°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“»§≥–ºŸâ«‘®—¬¢Õ¢Õ∫æ√–§ÿ≥ ºŸâ∑’Ë∑”„Àâº≈

ß“π«‘®—¬©∫—∫π’È ”‡√Á®≈ß‰¥â §◊Õ »“ µ√“®“√¬åπ“¬·æ∑¬å ÿæ√ ‡°‘¥ «à“ß ∑’Ë„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“°“√°“√Ω“°§√√¿å·∫∫§Ÿà ºŸâ™à«¬»“ µ√“®“√¬å¥√.√—™π’¿√≥å ∑√—æ¬å°√“ππ∑å §≥∫¥’§≥–æ¬“∫“≈»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∫Ÿ√æ“ ∑’Ë„Àâ§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ∑“ß«‘™“°“√ ·≈–π“¬·æ∑¬å™—¬æ√ æ√À¡ ‘ßÀå ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√»Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬∑’Ë 3 ∑’Ë„Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°‘®°√√¡µà“ßÊ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. Sawatphanit, W., Ross, R., & Suwansujarid, T. A paper presented at the 30th Midwest Nursing Research

Society Conference. Hilton Milwaukee City Center, Milwaukee, WI. çImprovement of Self-esteem and HIV Transmission Prevention Behaviors among Seropositive Postpartum ThaiWomen.é Action Research, April 2;2006.



H E A L T H

2. Ko, N.Y., Lee, H.C., Hsu, S.T., Wang, W.L., Huang, M.C., Ko, W.C. Differences in HIV disclosure bymodes of transmission in Taiwanese families. AIDS Care. 2007; 19(6):791-8.

3. Sawatphanit, W., Ross, R., & Suwansujarid, T. Development of self-esteem among HIV positivepregnant women in Thailand. Action research. Journal of Science,Technology, and Humanities.2004; 2(2), 55-69.

4. Ross, R., Sawatphanit, W., Suwansujarid, T., & Draucker,C.B. Life Story of and depression in an HIV-Positive Pregnant Thai Woman who was a Former Sex Worker: Case Study. Archives ofPsychiatric Nursing. (2007); 21(1), 32-39.

5. Ross, R., Sawatphanit, W., Drauker, C., & Suwansujarid, T. The lived experiences of HIV-positivepregnant women in Thailand. Health Care for Women International. 2007; 28(8),731-744.

6. Sawatphanit, W. HIV Infected women caring model for Self-esteem promotion :A new vision andimplication for practitioner. Journal of Faculty of Nursing Burapha University.2005; 13(3),1-9.

7. Friedman, M.M., Bowden, V.R., & Jones, E.G. Family nursing: Research, Theory, and Practice. 5thed.. New Jersey : Upper Saddle River; 2003.

8. Wright, L.M., & Leahey, M. Nurses and Families: A guide to family assessment and intervention.3rded. Philadelphia : FA. Davis; 2000.

9. Wright, L.M., & Leahey, M. Nurings and Families: A guide to family assessment and intervention.5thed. Philadelphia : FA. Davis; 2009.

10. Kemmis & Mc Taggart. The Action research planner.3rd ed. Victoria : Deakin University; 1990.11. «‘‰≈æ√√≥ «— ¥‘Ïæ“≥‘™¬å. °“√æ¬“∫“≈¡“√¥“µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’. ™≈∫ÿ√’ : »√’»‘≈ª; 2549.12. √ÿ®“ ¿Ÿà‰æ∫Ÿ≈¬å. °“√æ¬“∫“≈§√Õ∫§√—« : ·π«§‘¥ ∑ƒ…Æ’ ·≈–°“√π”‰ª„™â. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 3. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : «’ ‡® æ√‘Èπµ‘Èß;

2541.13. ÿæ√ ‡°‘¥ «à“ß. °“√„Àâ°“√ª√÷°…“. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 2. °√ÿß‡∑æœ : ∫√‘…—∑ “¡‡®√‘≠æ“≥‘™¬å; 2546.14. Õÿ¡“æ√ µ√—ß§ ¡∫—µ‘. ®‘µ«‘∑¬“™’«‘µ§Ÿà·≈–°“√∫”∫—¥§Ÿà ¡√ . °√ÿß‡∑æœ : —πµâ“°“√æ‘¡æå;2545.15. ∫√√æµ ÿ«√√≥ª√–‡ √‘∞. °“√æ—≤π“À≈—° Ÿµ√‚¥¬‡πâπºŸâ‡√’¬π‡ªìπ ”§—≠. ‡™’¬ß„À¡à : The Knowledge Center; 2544.16. »‘√‘æ√ ®‘√«—≤πå°ÿ≈. °“√«‘®—¬‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ„π«‘™“™’æ°“√æ¬“∫“≈. ¢Õπ·°àπ : »‘√‘¿—≥±å ÕÕø‡´Á∑; 2548.17. ÿ¿“ß§å ®—π∑«“π‘™. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π°“√«‘®—¬‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ.æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 2. °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ”π—°æ‘¡æå·Ààß

®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬; 2542.

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