Odabrana poglavlja Ekspetiza

8/10/2019 Odabrana poglavlja Ekspetiza

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ODABRANA POGLAVLJA SA PREDAVANJA IZ PREDMETA

EKSPERTIZA SAOBRAAJNIH NEZGODASPECIJALISTIKE STUDIJE


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: , . . , , . . , . .

: , ,

Abstract :During processing of traffic accidents from which parameters fordelict or felony come from, in many cases there is a need for interpretingtraffic regulations. The most important principles, which are used duringdisputable situations, are the principle of trust and the principle of distrust. Innowday regulations, none of these principles is explicitly accepted, andtherefor there are problems and disagreements in the way of thinking andacting of the Court, public prosecutors and the Police as the initiators of thefelony or delict process. Therefor the draft of the Law for Traffic Safety

1


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which was written by the Ministry for Capital Investments, explicitlyemphasizes the principle of trust, and makes this principle more concrete inmany single clauses. This paper represents summary and retrospectve viewon the most important differences between present and future Law of TrafficSafety.

KEY WORDS: THE PRINCIPLE OF TRUST, EXPECTATIONS,INTERPRETATION OF THE LAW

1.

, ( , ). ,

.

, , , , , . , , (, , , , .)

, . , , , , .

2.

, . . , , , , .

2


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2.1.

, , ,

. , ( - 5. 2006. ) , .

2.2.

, :

, , ( , , .)

, (, , .)

, , - , , , .

2.3.

, , , . , ,

, .

3


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2.4.

, . , .

.

3.

3.1.

. ,

, ( ) .

, . , , . '''', , .

(

) . , , , , , .

4


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, ( ). , , .

. , , .

, . , , . , , .

3.2.

. , . . , .

, . , , . , .

5


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, , , . , .

3.2.1.

. , .

, . . , , . .

, , , . . . . .

.

. , , . .

6


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4.2.

4.2.1.

, , . , , , . , .

, . , , , . . 32. 1988.

4.2.2.

, . 45. ... , , . , , . , , , .

... . , , .

8


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4.2.3.

: ; , ; , . , . ,

, .

4.2.4.

, , . . 107. . , .

4.2.5.

, , . . , .

9


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4.2.6.

,

. , , .

( ) ,

, .

4.2.7.

, . 1988. , . , (, , .) , ( , , . ).

30/ , 50 / , . .

10


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4.2.8.

, ,

.

, . , ( ) , .

5.

, , 21. , . ., , .

, , .

, . , . .

2005. , 2009. , .

, . , . , . 1988. .

11


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- .

, , . , . , , 4.

- :

1.

1.1. 1.2.

2.

2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

2.4. 2.5. 2.6.

3.

4.

1.

, , , .

4 , , 2002.

13


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, , , () , . (), ( ), (, , , ), () .

:

17.09.2003., 05 20, , , ( ), 327 ( )

5.

24.02.2006. , 06 10, 22, , , ( )

6.

10.06.2007., 04 50, -105, , '' '' 73 ( )7.

1.1

() , :, , , . , , / ( : , , , ; ; ; : , , ; / ). , .

5 1: 89/06 ,

6 2: 139/08,

7 3: 73/08,

14


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:

''AUDI 6'' ( AUDI), BG 111-111, , 35 (31.08.1968..). AUDI-, 8.

''MAZDA323'' ( MAZDA) VA 111 111, , 29 (30.04.1976. .). 153/06. 03.07.2006. . ''1. 1967..''. MAZDA-, , 29 (1976 .)

9.

1.2

oja , ( ...). e

.

, (60 km/h , 80 km/h ,

100 km/h , 120 km/h ), , , '''', '''' , , .

. ,

( - 120 km/h, 100 km/h 80 km/h), , .

8 1: 89/06,

9 2: 139/08,

15


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:

40 km/h, a () , , . .

, , , 80 km/h

10.

. , , , , , . ( ),

. , .

:

, , , () 11.

, ja , . , .

,

( , , ...). , .

10 4: 98/07,

11 1: 89/06,

16


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, (, , ..) .

. ,

( , , , ...).

, .

/ / ,

. (, , , ...) , , .

( , , ...), .

:

, GOLF-, '' '', , . '' ''

12.

, ,, , , .

12 3: 73/08,

17


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. , , , , .

:

529+450 m , -, . , . - . 13.

, , , .

:

, 55,8 m 59 m , GOLF-, . -105, , , , '''', , ( )14.

2.

. , , , , . , ,

( , , ....).

13 10: 172/03,

14 3: 73/08,

18


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2.1

. - . , . / , (, , ,

, , ). ( ), , .

:

Y , Y Y,

Y. ,

Y ( ), ( 0,5 ),

Y, , ,

. Y, Y, , , Y . Y, Y . , Y , , , Y, () Y. Y, Y

15.

15 5: 33/00,

19


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, ( 60 km/h ). 60 km/h, ( , ...) , .

:

, , GOLF-, , , , . () GOLF-

50 km/h. 72 cm , , , , , , , . , ( ) GOLF-, , . , GOLF-

50 km/h16.

, a , , , .

2.2

. - , , .

16 6: 60/06,

20


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(/ ) , . , '''' () ( ) ('''') .

:

, '''' '''' - '''' , '''' MAZDA-. , ''''

'''' MAZDA-, '''' MAZDA- '''' . MAZDA- MAZDA- '''' MAZDA-, ., MAZDA- MAZDA- , , '''' MAZDA-. MAZDA- MAZDA- ''''

, MAZDA- 6

0.

MAZDA- MAZDA- 40 km/h

17.

'''' () , . '''' () ,

. , '''' , , .

17 2: 139/08,

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, , .

:

GOLF- - GOLF-. , GOLF- GOLF- , GOLF- GOLF- GOLF- . , GOLF- GOLF- , ('''') 18.

, (. : , , ). ,

. , (), / .

, . ,

, , .

18 7: 93/07,

22


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, , . , .

:

GOLF-, GOLF-, , GOLF-, GOLF-. , ,

GOLF- 19.

2.3

, , , . ( , ),

(, ) (, ).

. (, ), . , , / . , , , , .

19 6: 60/06,

23


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, . , , , , . .

:

, , AUDI- AUTOBUS- , , 5

20.

,

( , ...), ( ...) ( ...), .

:

, , POL , POL POLA OPEL-a, .

, , ,

21.

, . .

, . .

20 1: 89/06,

21 4: 98/07,

24


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2.4

, . . , ( , , , ...), ,

, ( , ...). , (), () / .

:

, POL OPEL- 8. , POL, . POL ( 9). PC CRASH POL OPEL- POL, 17,4 m , POL 5,53

0, OPEL

83,29022

.

, . , , .

:

, 27,1 m

23.

22 4: 98/07,

23 6: 60/06,

25


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, , . , , (,, ) , . .

2.5

, . ( ) ( , , ).

, . . ,

. , , , ( ) .

:

( ) . SCANI- ( 13 , ) 0 km/h 65,3 km/h,

( 1) ( 2) . , SCANIA KIA SCANI-, SCANI- SCANI- 65,3 km/h, 24.

24 8: 18/08,

26


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1

( ) , (

EES ), . (PC CRASH,CARAT,...), , . , (, , , ...) (), . /

.

:

, , AUDI- AUTOBUS- , , 5 . PC CRASH AUDI- AUTOBUS- 11,5 m 0,45 m , AUDI 1,720, AUTOBUS 0,19

0. AUDI

0,2 m ,

2 m , AUTOBUS 0,45 m 2,9 m . PC CRASH AUDI- AUTOBUS- 89,01 km/h, AUTOBUS- 20,01 km/h, AUDI- 3,37 km/h25.

25 1: 89/06,

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. , . , . , .

, , . . , , .

,

. , ( , , , ), ( ). ,

, , , (INDUBIO PRO REO)., , , .

:

, , , Y 4,6 km/h, ( - 96. 24.). , ,

26.

26 5: 33/00,

28


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, , ( ), ( ).

2.6

, , , ,

. - , . , , , . , .

- , ( , , , ,

...). - . , - , . , , .

- . , , ( ) , .

29


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, - - .

- , (), . ,

.

- , , .

:

GOLF MERCEDES- 37,7 m MERCEDES- ( MERCEDES-), 28,7

0.

GOLF- MERCEDES- 24,4 4,2

27

.

3.

. ;, , ,

, , , . , , , .

27 9: 136/08,

30


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. , , , , .

28:

'' , GOLF- GOLF-, MERCEDES- GOLF-.''

'' GOLF- GOLF-

( MERCEDES-) , , MERCEDES-, GOLF- , .''

'' KAWASAKI- , KAWASAKI- . , KAWASAKI- 105 km/h 40 km/h ( ) KAWASAKI- YUGA KAWASAKI-, YUGA KAWASAKI-.''

'' KAWASAKI- 105 km/h 40 km/h KAWASAKI- , , .''

'' YUGA KAWASAKI-j , , YUGA KAWASAKI-j , YUGA .''

'' , , GOLF-a, , GOLF-a, , .''

28 ,

31


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'' GOLF, / GOLF-a , , .''

4.

, . .

29:

'' GOLF-, GOLF- GOLF- .''

'' GOLF- GOLF- '' '' GOLF-. GOLF- '' '' GOLF-. , GOLF- '' '' GOLF- , GOLF , . ''

'' , , () , '''' FIAT- , , .''

'' ( ) , , , ( ), , .''

29 ,

32


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'' a '' / '' '''' , ,

, .''

'' e a '' / '' '''' , , , .''

''

10 m, FIAT- 45 km/h 22,7 km/h, FIAT- , . ''

33


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-

: . , , .

, , , .

Abstract :During the law procedure, the Court claim from traffic court expert

to write a report about a traffic accident in form of findings and opinions. Inthis paper, the analysis of a way to write traffic accident expertise, withelements which one traffic experts finding and opinion should contain, aswell as the questions which should be answered, was made. In this paper,the methods and the technics of traffic expertize, basics for right writing offinding and opinion, in additon, the problems one traffic court expert canencounter, as well as the ways to overcome those problems and errors, withprinciples and rules which expert should observe, were analysed.

1.

. , , .

34


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. .

, , . ,, .

2.

- ,

. , , . , , . .

, , , . , , , , . , , .

, , , . , .

35


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. , .

. .

(, .), , ( ).

, , : , , , , . , , -

, .

. , , .

, .

, , , , .

37


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, . , -.

. , ,

.

, , . . .

3.

. , , . , / , . , - , ,

- , . , 90% .

, :

38


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()?

?

?

?

?

3.1.

, . , , .

, , .

- () , . , , , .

. , , . , , , ,.

3.2.

, . , ,.

39


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- , , .

-:

, , , .;

;

;

; .

: ,. , ,, , .

- (-) - , . , . , , .

.

. . , . , , .

40


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3.3.

, , . :

, , , ;

;

, , .

- , . ( ) , . , . () ,

, .

, , () -, - ., , -,.

, , (, ) .

41


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-, . , , , , .

3.4.

, (, .) . () , . , . - , , .

3.5.

. (,, ) , . , ,

, :

I - (- ), :

;

/;

/;

/;

42


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,, , . .

, . - , , , .

4.

, , -. , , -. , ,

:

(),

, -(

), ()

.

, ,

:

4.1.

, ;

44


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;

;

.

;

, ;

;

, , .,, ;

4.2.

1. . ,;

2. ;3.

, ;4. /

. ();

5. : , ,.;

6.

;7.

;

8. ;

45


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9. , - ;

10. , , , (...).

4.3.

, :III

, : :

; :

( );

: -

; -

; , . -

;

:

2,5 (3,0) s;

;

"": () , ;

, ( V=50-70 km/h, : 50, 70 km/h)

- : - ( 1% ); , ;( );" ", ; .

46


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: , (. 10%). : ; ;

(PC Crash) ;

, ;

5.

, . , -, - . , , -.

: , , - . , , , : () ,

, - ( - ), () .

47


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2

: -, , . - , , -, - . : ,, , .

-, -. --

4-

, a.

: ,, , ,,

Abstract: In this paper we tried to harmonize gradation of theopinion of experts, having in mind the basis those opinions are builton, and all that in order to understand an expert and the Courtbetter. The gradation of the expert s opinions should be donedepending on the content and quality of documents available, thelevel of objective scientific knowledge at the time the accident hadhappened, the level of knowledge and experience of the expert toemploy wide range of knowledge while analysisng the accident, thetechnology used to analyse the accident and the skill andexperience of the expert to choose and use wisely relevantinformation from the documents. Five-level scale of the way expertsexpress themselves, is shown: I think, I find, I claim, I insist and I

-

IX

''

()''

48


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strongly insist. It is expected that the scale should improve theproces of analysisng traffic accidents, specially to even the wayexperts express their opinion and to contribute to the betterunderstanding of the Court and the experts. This paper is based onearlier papers and paper is rewritten because of importance.

KEY WORDS: TRAFFIC ACCIDENT EXPERTISE,GRADATION OF THE EXPERTS OPINION,THE PROCESS IN THE COURT, FIVELEVEL SCALE, MISTAKES OFTHE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PARTICIPANTS

1.

VIII '''', -

.

:

.

3

-, . , . -, -.

-4:2.

, , , , , -, -.14

, (), ().

3 . 130, 2006

4 . 2,

49


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5.

-, '''', .

. -, :

- , , ,- ,

,- ,- () .

, -, -

-.

2.

, '''', , -.

(, --, '''' ), , -, 6, ()6 , ...() -, .. 6.

5 ., 6 , . (2000) , -. 1, 1., , . 31-39.

50


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, --, -. --, -.

, :

, , ,

, -, -. -, . . -( ), , , .

, -, , -.

, , , .

, -.

40 . - -.

, e a -,, -, -.

.

51


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(, ), (PC Crash). - ,-. -, .

,.

--(, - ) , '''' -.

3.

, - .('''') --.

6, () :

1. ,

2. ,

3. ,

4. ,

5. ,

6. .

52


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3.1.

() - . , -, . (), --, .

, . , () -. -.

, , - ( , .).

, -.

- -, -, . , -1,8 .

-, , -. -, .

, . , , -. ( ), . ,

53


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. -, , .

) ''...-, , , -60 km/h...''.

''...GOLF--, GOLF-,

. -GOLF-GOLF-60 km/h...''.

''...GOLF--, -/...''.

''...GOLF-GOLF GOLF-. , GOLF--

, GOLF-, -, , GOLF ...''.

''... GOLF-, , GOLF-GOLF . -GOLF-GOLF , -...''.

''..., -/. , , /, ...''.

''...-80 km/h, GOLF-, , , GOLF- 80 km/h , GOLF-GOLF-...''.

54


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. 1

''...GOLF-(; ) GOLF-. -

, -, GOLF-60 km/h...''.

. 2

''...GOLF-60 km/h, - GOLF- 60 km/h...''.

''...-GOLF-, --, , ,

GOLF-, -, ...''.

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''...--, (GOLF), GOLF, /- GOLF--, -, ...''.

''... GOLF- GOLF-, , ...''.

) ''...-

SUBARU-.

, ... , : ''..., -. ......-...''.

, SUBARU-, -

SUBARU-, ...''.

) ''... -, ---KODOM, -...''.

KODE . . . ,. , , ... .

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. 3

3.2.

( ) --. , , ,, (-) , () .

(), , ,

57


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. - () -. .

, - . -, -7 m/s2 . 6,9 m/s2, -, -. --, 5,4 m/s2.

. -, , ().

- '''' . -.

) ''...GOLF- , '' ''. -, -. GOLF-0,4 m GOLF-, ...''.

58


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. 4

) ''..., -9,1 m, 0,4 m. , , je -. , 2,5 m,

(, . 2) (. 1) , -, , :

2 2,5 : 2 2,5 7,5V m

. 5

400

2,5

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, -7,5 m 0,4 m...''.

)

. 6

''... MERCEDES- , 0,1 m , ...''.

3.3.

, ( , ). -.

, . , , -, -, -.

, , - () -, , .-.

0 1

60


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)

. 7 . 8

. 9

''..., - , , 0,2 m ()...''.

''...KIENZLE,

() 7 40 , 60 km/h ( 6 45 , ). -

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--, 60 km/h . --, ()...''.

. 10

)

. 11

MER-CEDES-PASSAT-- MERCEDES- MERCE-DES-, MERCEDES-. -, MERCEDES--

MERCEDES-, MERCEDES-PASSAT-.

62


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, --. GOLF-a AUDI-, AUDI-, AUDI-GOLF-.

GOLF-

AUDI- , , , GOLF-- GOLF . , AUDI-, GOLF -GOLF-. . , -.

''- '' GOLF-. AUDI-.

GOLF-a, GOLF -0,2 m AUDI-. GOLF,

7. GOLF- 7, . GOLF-'''' . 7 GOLF-.

, - AUDI-ja GOLF-a, -AUDI-ja GOLF-a, AUDI-ja GOLF-a '''' GOLF-. GOLF AUDI-ja GOLF-a, - '' '', ,()...''.

64


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65


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. 13

. 14

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, 4,1 m -2,2 m (. 10), -PC Crash...''.

PC Crash, PASSAT , RENAULT . PASSAT 200, RENAULT -26,70(. 11).

. 17

3.4.

, (). , , . , -, .

, ,-, , . , , . , -. - (),

68


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-. -.

-(-), , . ,. -. , -.

3.5.

. -, , -, -

().

-, ., -.

, , -.

--. -

.

69


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3.6.

-

. , .

., () -. , , -, ,

, .

-, ,, -, . -.

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5.

--.

, , -.

, -, , .

-. , :

(Va),

() (Vb)

(Vu) . -.

:

,

,

-.

71


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- , , () -() -.

-,-, , -, (, -, , -).

-. --, , , . -(, ) , , ..

,-, -, ,.

-

(- -) (-). , -, -, .

-.

,.

72


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-

: , - e , . , - , , / . , .

: , , , , .

Abstract:Within traffic accident expertise, the content of the time-place analysis of a trafficaccident, or in other words-the results of the analysis of the possible ways to avoid trafficaccident, is of high importance to the court. The most important question for making the decisionduring the court process, on which the expert should give answer in the time-place analysis, isthe speed which would be enough for the participant to avoid the accident, which could be foundby applying time and/or place criteria. Having all that in mind, the elements and the analysiswhich should be done by the experts and which should be the part of the time-place analysis of

the traffic accident, will be presented in this paper.

KEY WORDS: TRAFFIC ACCIDENT EXPERTISE, THE COURT

PROCEDURE, THE MISTAKES OF THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

PARTICIPANTS

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1.

, , , ,

, , - . , , , ( ) .

- , - , . - , ( . 1 . 2).

. 1

, , , , .

74


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. 2 -

. 3 -

- , , , .

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2.

- '''' , , , ( ) -. , . , ( V), ( V1) (Vs).

2.1.

- - . , , .

:

S= Votr+ V12: 2 : b (1)

tr - , b . , . . , 1,6 s, 1 1,1 s,

0,6 s.

( ) , .

76


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, '''' . .

- , . , , , . , -

'''' ( . 4). , - , , .

. 4 -

, - , .

. , , ( ) .

77


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. , , . , , . .

. 5

. 6

78


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60 km/h, 20 m, , 5 % - 10 % 20 m, 10 % 15 % 30 m. , ( . 5 . 6).

, , - , - .

, , () , . , .

( . 6). , , - , :

t = tr+ V1: b (2)

2.2.

. , .

, , . , .

79


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, , ( .7).

. 7

, , .

,

, (), , .

- , , , , . ,

. ( . 8) - - , .

80


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. 8

, , , , , , (Srs) :

srss tbSbtbVu 2)(2 (3)

, (3), , . , (trs)

, :

)( srs ttbVu (4)

(Va), (Vb) (3) / (4) ( Vu), . :'' ?'', ( ), : '' , , ( )?''.

81


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. , 25 m, 1,6 s, 60 km/h, ,

. , , , 25 m( (3)) 44 km/h. (4) , , , 1,6 s, 13 km/h. 30 km/h, , 40 km/h.

. 9

, , , ,

(( )( srs ttb )


84/363

VII -

2009.

285

, , , , , , ., , , .

2.3.

. - , . , , , . , '''' .

, , , ( . 10 , ). , - , , .

. 10

83


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286

, - , , - , .

2.4.

- - . , , . , ( . 11), ( . 12), , .

. 11 [4.]

. 12

84


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VII -

2009.

287

3.

- . , , .

, - '''' . ,

, , . , .

( ), . , ( . 13),

. , , '''' .

. 13 -

85


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VII -

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288

, , , , , .

86


88/363

VII o -

2009.

289

: - . ,

. - .

: , , .

Summary: While doing traffic accident expertise one of many problems an

expert should solve, is the defining of the mistakes of the participants. Withinthe classification of the mistakes, an expert gives important contribution to theunderstanding of the circumstances during which a traffic accident has occuredand conditions for possible ways to avoid the accident. Mistakes of the trafficaccident participants which are correctly defined by traffic accident expert, arein most cases eminent for the Court to make a decision.

KEY WORDS: TRAFFIC ECCIDENT EXPERT, TRAFFIC ACCIDENT,MISTAKES OF THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PARTICIPANTS

1

87


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VII o -

2009.

290

1.

-

. , , , , , , , / , . .

- () , , . : , , .

2. -

. - , , , , , - , ( ) - . - , .

88


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VII o -

2009.

291

, , . , ,

- 4

:

4'' '', , , 2002.

89


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VII o -

2009.

292

. . , ,

, . , . .

- , , , . , - , .

:

:

:

'' , , -, , , 21.11.2007. .....''

90


92/363

VII o -

2009.

293

3.

, , . , 5.

5:

1. (, ) ,

2. ,3. ,4. ,5. , .

5:

1. ,2. ,3. ,

4. ( ) 5. .

, . , . , '' '' , .

, , .

5, ., , ., 2002. II , ,

91


93/363

VII o -

2009.

294

, . , , , , . ,

.

4.

- . . ,

, , .

:

1. , . ,.

2.

, , / , . , , , , /.

3. ,

, , .

, , .

92


94/363

VII o -

2009.

295

(, ). , :

1. (Va),2. () (Vb) 3. (Vu) .

.

, :

5 (Vb) 6, .''

(Vub)5 7.

(Va)

, (Va), () (Vb) (Vu),. a :

1. Va Vu ( ), ,.

6 10 '' '' '''', -, '' '', je o .

7 ( ), .

93


95/363

VII o -

2009.

296

:

Va - -61,7 km/hVu - -

89,8 km/h.

:

'' - , , - - , - . , - - 89,8 km/h, ,

61,7 km/h - .''

2. Vu < Va Vb ( ), () ,

:

Va - - 65,2 km/hVb () ,

80 km/hVu - -

57,9 km/h.

:

''

- ,

, . , 57,9 km/h, 65,2 km/h, 80 km/h , - , .''

94


96/363

VII o -

2009.

297

3. Vu < Vb < V ( ) (),

, , .

:

Va RENULT- RENULT- 86,2 km/hVb () ,

80 km/hVu RENULT- RENULT-

70 km/h.

:

'' RENULT-a 86,2 km/h, 80 km/h, RENULT-a , , , . , RENULT-a , , RENULT 70 km/h. , , , RENULT-a RENULT- 80 km/h,

RENULT-a .''

4. Vb Vu < Va () ( ), , ( ) , . .

:

Va SUZUKI-ja SUZUKI-ja 109 km/hVb () ,

50km/hVu SUZUKI-ja SUZUKI-ja

96,1 km/h.

95


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VII o -

2009.

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:

'' , SUZUKI-ja

''.

'', SUZUKI-ja FORD-a FORD-o SUZUKI 96,1 km/h. SUZUKI- 50 km/h, SUZUKI- 109 km/h, SUZUKI-, . SUZUKI- FORD-a, , .

/ SUZUKI- , , / / .''

, - .

4.1

, . 5 , .

. .

'' ''. / , . .

96


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VII o -

2009.

299

, () ( ) ,

. .

:

.1 - PC Crash MERCEDES-

'' , , MERCEDES-, , MERCEDES-, , .

MERCEDES, / MERCEDES- GOLF- , . MERCEDES- - , , , - / .''

0,7m 2 7 m

97


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VII o -

2009.

300

:

.2- PC Crash -

'' -, , , . - - , , , , - /

.''

98


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VII o -

2009.

301

:

.3 - PC Crash AUDI-ja

'' ,

AUDI-.

AUDI-,

, - ,

AUDI-, / , , , ,

/ .''

99


101/363

VII o -

2009.

302

:

. 4 - PC Crash - GOLF-

'' , GOLF-

-, - , , , GOLF-, . GOLF- -, , / -, , .''

:

. 5 - PC Crash MERCEDES-

100


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VII o -

2009.

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, . , MERCEDES-, MERCEDES-,

, . , , , .

:

. 6 - PC Crash FAP- NISSAN-

'' FAP- , / NISSAN- , . / NISSAN- FAP-,

- , , , , , / - , -.''

1 7

101


103/363

VII o -

2009.

304

:

. 6 - PC Crash''''

'' , / , / / , . , / / / , .

, - / - , , / /

, .''

102


104/363


105/363

VII o -

2009.

306

, . ,

, . , , , 20 m/s2 , , , , .

. , , , .

:

, . 7 . 8, JUGA 79,2 m .

. 7 UGA

104


106/363

VII o -

2009.

307

. 8 UGA

'' , JUGA , , , , JUGA , .''

'' JUGA , / , . JUGA , , , / , .''

, .

'' .''

105


107/363

VII o -

2009.

308

:

. 9 Z-101

'' , Z-101 , , , Z-101 .

- , Z-101, -, . , - - , .''

:

. 10 PEUGEOT-a CITROEN-a

106


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VII o -

2009.

309

. 11 - PEUGEOT-a CITROEN-a

'' , , , .''

:

. 12 -

'' MERCEDES-,

, , , . , , , . MERCEDES- , / MERCEDES- , . ''

107


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VII o -

2009.

310

'', MERCEDES-, MERCEDES-66 km/h 40 km/h, MERCEDES-, , , . , MERCEDES

40 km/h, 66 km/h, MERCEDES MERCEDES 27,1 m () , MERCEDES- .''

4.3

, , . , , , ,

.

, () , , , , () . , , - , ,

.

, 60 km/h, 100 km/h, , 50 km/h. , ? , e 60 km/h 40km/h,

100 km/h 1008

km/h.

8 , 50 km/h, 60 km/h 40 km/h, 100 km/h ! , 50 km/h , 60 km/h 40 km/h, 100 km/h .

108


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VII o -

2009.

311

, . , , ,

60 km/h, 100 km/h. , (, ), , ('' '').

, , . , . , .

(,, ...). , , . , , , .

. 13

109


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VII o -

2009.

312

. (. ).

:

. 14

. 15

110


112/363


113/363

VII o -

2009.

314

:

. 17 PC Crash ''''

'' , '', 20.07.2004. , , , , / , .

:

. 18 PC CRASH OPEL-

3m15,1 m

112


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VII o -

2009.

315

'' '' 50 km/h''.'

PC CRASH OPEL- 63 km/h, 6,8 km/h, . 20 m 60 km/h, , OPEL- 71,2 km/h, OPEL- 72,8 km/h.

OPEL- , OPEL 31,8 m, OPEL- 31,8 m, OPEL 46,8km/h, OPEL- 31,8 m, OPEL 60 km/h.

OPEL- 72,8 km/h, 60 km/h,

OPEL-a, , , OPEL-a OPEL 60 km/h, 60km/h, OPEL-a . OPEL-a 72,8 km/h, 60 km/h, , OPEL-a .''

:

. 19

'' , - -. , ''.

113


115/363

VII o -

2009.

316

'' , ( ), . - -,

, 5,4 m/s

2.''

'' - - , . , - , , . ''

:

. 20 YUGA

, XXX XXX, ...

YUGA YUGA ...

17 , , , .

114


116/363

VII o -

2009.

317

5.

- . , , .

, , ,

, , .

. , , :

1. (Va),2. () (Vb) 3. (Vu) .

.

:

1. ,2.

,3.

.

, , () ( ) .

115


117/363

VII o -

2009.

318

, , , , ( , ,

, ). , . , .

. -

, , , . (, ) , , . .

116


118/363

VII -

2009.

383

: PCCrash Virtual Crash. , . , , , ,

. .

Abstract :In this paper, the comparative analysis of exsisting and most frequentlyused analytical methods for reconstruction of pedestrian impact accidents andcomputer methods based on 3 D pedestrian models in the frame of programs PCCrash and Virtual Crash, have been done. Analysis has been performed on theexample of real traffic accident frontal pedestrian impact. Valuation of methodsapplied in the accident reconstruction procedure was done by comparation of thevehicle impact speeds, the pedestrian rest position, impact kinematics, vehicledeformations, the pedestrian injuries and a quantitative analysis of parameters

necessary for the use of the method. On the basis of analyses performed,advantages and disadvantages of methods used in accident reconstructionprocedure, have been emphasized

117


119/363

VII -

2009.

384

1.

, , , , , . , , , . , , "".

. ,, , .

, , , , , , . , .

, , . , , .

Crash , ,

(HYBRID III, POLAR II,...). , , . , .

118


120/363

VII -

2009.

385

, , , , .

2.

, CARAT (Computer Aided Reconstruction of Accident inTraffic), PC Crash, Virtual Crash, Analyzer Pro, ., . . ,

, -.

- . , .

. .

2.1. PC Crash

PC-Crash 1990. . 18 , , . PC-Crash- , .

119


121/363

VII -

2009.

386

Kudlich-Slibar, , , . , , .

, . , , . ultibody. PC Crash5.1. ultibody , (, ) . 16 , x, y z . , .

PC-Crash-.

1.,2. .

120


122/363

VII -

2009.

387

, , , . , .

. ultibody . , .

3. ultibody.

PC-Crash ( ), , . ultibody , , , , .

121


123/363

VII -

2009.

388

, , , , , . , , , , , . .

-ultibody , . ultibody , . 1 [s]. , avi file.

4. ultibody .

, . , .

, dxf, .

2.2. Virtual Crash

Virtual Crash . , , .

122


124/363


125/363

VII -

2009.

390

VirtualCrash, , , , .

, X, Y, Z , (, ) ().

, , , , .

, , .

6. Virtual Crash.

3.

,

, , . , , . , .

124


126/363

VII -

2009.

391

7. .

:"...

... , ...".

1. .

16.02.2003.

01:00

. ,

, ,

, , , 51 ., 177 ,

2,03/

"VW JETTA"

65%

125


127/363

VII -

2009.

392

"VW JETTA", , "VW JETTA" . , . , , .

3.1.

, "VW JETTA" 21 , 27,5 ().

"VW JETTA" , :

hkmsmSbV zs 7,611,17210,722 4

, "VW JETTA" :

%109,625,271212 hkmSV ods

Tooru i Araszewskom, :

hkmhkmhkmhkmSV ods 7,73,627,75,2725,87,725,861,061,0 ,

, Collins ,

, 0,8, . :

25497,7

2ss

od

VhVS

126


128/363

VII -

2009.

393

, :

h

ShV ods

93,15 .

, :

hkmVs 7,5977,18,0

5,2777,18,093,15

.

3.2. PC Crash

PC Crash, ultibody . .

, "VW JETTA" 62 km/h. , 0,78 0,1,

, 7 m/s2

. 7 km/h.

8. PC Crash.

127


129/363

VII -

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394

, , . , , , , , .

, , 9.

9. PC Crash ,.

3.3. Virtual crash

Virtual Crash, . , , .

10. Virtual Crash.

128


130/363

VII -

2009.

395

, 60 km/h. 5,7 km/h, 0,54.

, 7 m/s2, 0,5 .

, . , , 10.

10. Virtual Crash , .

3.3.

, , . , , .

, . Collinsova ,.

, PC Crash VirtualCrash, .

129


131/363

VII -

2009.

396

, 2. , , , ( ), .

, . , , , . , .

, ultibody PC Crash i Virtual Crash, , , : , , , , .

ultibody .

, , , , .

PC Crash . default , . PC Crash ,

. , . , ultibody PC Crash . , .

130


132/363


133/363

VII -

2009.

398

, , ,, , ,,.

, ,

-

Virtual Crash 2.2

Multibody model

60,0

, , ,, , ,

, , ,.

,,

, ,

-

-

132


134/363

VII -

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399

Virtual Crash . 60 km/h, PC Crash, , , 0,5

. e ultibody . . Virtual Crash, , , . PC Crash. , ,

.

4.

. , , . ,

, , .

, , PC CRASH VIRTUAL CRASH, , , , , , , , . . , , , .

133


135/363

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2009.

400

.

134


136/363

VIII ''''

2009.

1

.

: . a, .

, . . , , .

: - , ,

Abstract:By analysing the traffic accident statistics, it is concluded that there is a high number ofpedestrians injured or killed in traffic accidents. In contrast to the traffic accidents with vehicles, inthe accidents with pedestrians, the pedestrians suffer bigger concequences because they are morevulnereble and weaker that vehicles. For the just observing and analysing the way an accidenthappened, it is necessary to do detailed and careful analysis of all damages on vehicles andconnect them to the padestrians injuries during the traffic accident expertise, so the validconclusions could be made. The analysis of the vehicle damages is the base for the precisedeterming of the position of the body of the pedestrian in the moment traffic accident occured.Based on the vehicle damage analysis, it is often possible to determine the speed of the vehicle,the way pedestrian moved, the posistion of the body of the pedestrian in the moment trafficaccident happened and the other important characteristics of the traffic accident.

KEY WORDS:TRAFFIC ACCIDENT EXPERTISE, VEHICLE DAMAGES, DETERMINING THESPEED BASED ON THE DAMAGES

135


137/363

VIII ''''

2009.

2

1.

. , . .

, , . /, . , .

2.

2.1.

, , (), -. , , , ., , .

,.

136


138/363

VIII ''''

2009.

3

14

''-'' . ('' '') . , , (, -, ) () , ( 1).

, , /.

/ (,...) (2).

25

4

Der fahrzeug-fussganger-unfall und seine rekonstruktion, Arne Kuhnel, dipl.ing.5Der fahrzeug-fussganger-unfall und seine rekonstruktion, Arne Kuhnel, dipl.ing.

137


139/363

VIII ''''

2009.

4

, . ,

, , .

2.2.

, , ,

. ( ) , . , . , .

PC CRASH6

2.3.

. , ,, .

6PC CRASH 8.1,

138


140/363

VIII ''''

2009.

5

, , , .,

, . (, , ...). , , , .

, () , . , . , , , .

, , , , , ,.

, . , ( , ...). , ( ) .

139


141/363

VIII ''''

2009.

6

, ,

.

, ( ) . . . , () .

, , , ().

(, , , ), , , , .

7:

. , , ( , 18).

7, 18: 27/09 ,

140
http://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2018.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2018.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2018.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2018.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2018.pdf


142/363

VIII ''''

2009.

7

, ,

, .

, , ( , ), ( ), ().

, , , , /. (), , .

( , ). , .

141


143/363

VIII ''''

2009.

8

3

4

'' OPEL- OPEL-,

OPEL-. - . OPEL-, OPEL- 60 km/h OPEL .''

, , .

142


144/363

VIII ''''

2009.

9

, ,

. , .

3.

3.1.

, , ''''. , , , , . , ,

175 cm 162 cm., (5).

58

8-, 200..

143


145/363

VIII ''''

2009.

10

, / . ,

, , , .

, , , , (/) . , (), / , .

, , / ( 1). , , , , . , .

, , . , , . , .

144


146/363

VIII ''''

2009.

11

, ,

. , .

, (). , , (6).

69

3.2.()

,, / . /, , . , / .

9www. nhtsa.org

145


147/363


148/363

VIII ''''

2009.

13

(, ) , . ,

, (, 20).

8

''VW-VW-, VW-, VW-. , VW- , VW- VW- .''

3.5.

/ , . ,

, /, , . , ., , .

147


149/363

VIII ''''

2009.

14

, ,

. , .

12:

,, , ., ,, , ( , 14).

, . , , .

9

12, 14: 60/06 ,

148


150/363

VIII ''''

2009.

15

10

''GOLF-, GOLF-, , GOLF-, GOLF-. , , GOLF-.''

. . , , .

, , , .

149


151/363

VIII ''''

2009.

16

13:

(),

. , ( , 21).

11

12

13, 21: 8/08 ,

150


152/363

VIII ''''

2009.

17

13

''AUDI-AUDI-. AUDI- AUDI- , . AUDI- 50 km/h, AUDI-.''

14:

. , ( ), ., , () ,( ,22).

.

14, 22: 132/08 ,

151


153/363

VIII ''''

2009.

18

14

15

'' MERCEDES-MERCEDES-, MERCEDES-. MERCEDES- MERCEDES- 50 km/h.''

15:

, , ( , 23).

15, 23: 77/04 ,

152
http://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2023.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2023.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2023.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2023.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2023.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2023.pdf


154/363

VIII ''''

2009.

19

, , ,

. , .

16

17

153


155/363

VIII ''''

2009.

20

'' ZASTAV , ZASTAV ZASTAV 0,25 m ZASTAV ( ZASTAV),

ZASTAVI, , ZASTAV, ZASTAV . (178 cm), ZASTAVI, , ZASTAV50 km/h, 40 km/h.''

3.5.

. . , , (, ...). , , . , ,

, .

16:

, .

, , ., , , .

16, 24: 147/03 ,

154


156/363

VIII ''''

2009.

21

, .

, ( , 24).

18

19

155


157/363

VIII ''''

2009.

22

'' YUGA, YUGA( . ), YUGA,

, YUGA. , , , , YUGA YUGA, , 40 km/h, ( YUGA), . YUGA , , YUGA, YUGA, , , YUGA 40 km/h 40 km/h. YUGA ,,

YUGA, YUGA .''

3.5.

, .

, . . . , ( , , ...). ,,

. , .

17:

.

17, 13: 100/07 ,

156


158/363

VIII ''''

2009.

23

, ,

, , . .

, , , . ( , 13).

20

157


159/363

VIII ''''

2009.

24

21

22

158


160/363


161/363

VIII ''''

2009.

26

, , , .

, (, 25).

23

24

25

160


162/363


163/363

VIII ''''

2009.

28

, , . , ''''

, .

'''' () , , ., '''' , , . , , .

19:

, . , .

(, 26).

28

19, 26: 93/07 ,

162


164/363

VIII ''''

2009.

29

29

'' , GOLF-

GOLF- . GOLF--GOLF-., GOLF- GOLF-, GOLF- GOLF-GOLF-., GOLF-GOLF-, ('''') .''

3.9.

, , . , ''''

.

, . ,, , , ,

.

163


165/363

VIII ''''

2009.

30

20:

, , ,

. , , . , ( , 27).

30

31

20, 27: 68/03 ,

164


166/363


167/363

VIII ''''

2009.

32

''FAP-FAP-, . FAP- FAP-30 km/h.''

, , , .

22:

, , , .

,

(, 29).

33

22, 29: 47/06 ,

166


168/363

VIII ''''

2009.

33

34

35

''OPEL- , , OPEL-.OPEL-, , OPEL-, OPEL- , OPEL-. OPEL-OPEL-,. OPEL-, OPEL-

50 km/h.''

4.

, je . ,

.

167


169/363

VIII ''''

2009.

34

, , .

, .

, . , . , , .

168


170/363

VIII ''''

2009.

55

: - .

(, .) . .

: - , , ,

Abstract:The analysis of the traces of the traffic accident is considered as the analysis of thematerial elements from the Court document, according to which the traffic Experts can makeconclusions about determining the cause and the circumstances under which the accident

happened. By applying constant dependencies (spacial position of the traces, characteristicdeformations on the traces etc.) it is possible to come to the conclusions that imply where was theexact point of the accident and how did the pedestrian move at the time of the accident. Theconstant dependencies are not always appliable, hence they can be used only for the trafficaccidents with the necessary conditions.

KEY WORDS: THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT EXPERTISE, TRAFFIC ACCIDENT TRACES,ACCIDENT SITE, PEDESTRIAN WAY OF MOVING

169


171/363

VIII ''''

2009.

56

1.

- .

-. ; , . , . , .

2.

, .

:

,

. 1

170


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173/363

VIII ''''

2009.

58

, :

, , . . ( . 1), . , .

:

, .

:

:

,

.

172


174/363

VIII ''''

2009.

59

3.

,

. , :

(),

. () . (. 3).

. 3

. . , . , , ,

.

173


175/363

VIII ''''

2009.

60

( ) , , . ,

(). , , , . , .

4.

:

,

,

,

,

5.

. (, .).

, (, , ,.) (,.).

.

, .

174


176/363

VIII ''''

2009.

61

- ( , .). ,

.

, , . - ,

.

(. 4). , . ( ) () . .

. 4

, - ( , 31).

. 5

, , ( . 5).

.

175


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62

6.

. , '''' () , (, ) .

-, .

, . .

, : : ''... , MERCEDES-

...''.

,, .('''') . .

, ,- , , -.

. (. 6).

176


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. 6

- . ,

().

'''' . , . .

7. K

. ,, -

.

, .

.

177


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95

: . . , (, , ...) . , , a a. .

:, ,

Abstract: Among other traces of the traffic accident, the injuries of the pedestians are alsoincluded. By the analysis of the characteristic injuries of the pedestrians, it is possible to come tothe conclusions which are important for the further analysis of the traffic accident. Based on theanalysis of the injuries of the internal organs of the pedestrian, it is also possible to determine thespeed of the vehicle in the moment of the impact with pedestrian, while based on the characteristicinjuries of the body of the pedestrian, it is possible to determine the position of the pedestrian in themoment of the impact in corelation with the vehicle. The conclusions based on the pedestrianinjuries analysis, have to be compared to the conclusions made by the detaled analysis of theother material elements from the Court documents. Afterwards, the conclusions have to be matchso there could be one clear opinion about the causes ans circumstances under which trafficaccident happened. Determined pedestrian position in corelation to the vehicle does not refer to thepedestrian way of moving before the traffic accident happened.

KEY WORDS: PEDESTRIAN INJURIES, ANALYSIS, COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS

178


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96

1.

M

. , . , ,.

,

. , , . ('''') , , , . ,

. , , .

, (, , ), . , , .

, , ( ) . , . , , ( ).

.

179


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97

, .

. , .

,().

, , , , , .

- , .

2. ,

, . , .

, . , 50 km/h ( 60 km/h), , , ,, . , 50 km/h (60 km/h) '' ''. '''' '' '', .

180


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98

'''','''', ,

. , , . , . , .

, . , , . .

, , (.) , , . , .

, .

, -.

3.

, . , - ,

, .

181


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99

4.

, 50 km/h (60 km/h), -.

. 1

, ( , 1).

''..., OPEL- 50 km/h, OPEL-, 00.00.0000. . 50km/h, , , OPEL-OPEL-50 km/h...''.

. 1

, 50 km/h, .

, : ''... PC-Crash, - 40 km/h, 11 km/h, -

PC Crash...''.

182


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100

. 24

4-2009

183


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101

. , .

(. 2).

, : ''...11 km/h , ( -

96, 24, . 21)...''.

. 2

,

. , , 50 km/h (. 3 . 4). , () (, 2).

,

( / ) . (. 5), . .

, ( . 6). , 60 km/h.

: ''... , , , 60 km/h...'', : ''... GOLF-GOLF-

60 km/h...''.

184


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102

. 3

185


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103

. 4

. 5

186


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. 6

, , . , :''... GOLF- GOLF GOLF- . , GOLF- , GOLF- ,,

, GOLF ...'', : ''...GOLF-, GOLF ,

GOLF-...''.

, ,

. 60 km/h, : ''... GOLF- ... ('' '') , GOLF-60 km/h (7)...80 km/h, GOLF-, , , GOLF-80km/h , GOLF- GOLF- ...

187


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105

. 7

8

... GOLF- ( ;) GOLF- . , ,GOLF-60 km/h...

9

188


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106

9 GOLF- GOLF- , . .

.

GOLF- GOLF-, , GOLF-60 km/h.

GOLF- 60 km/h,

GOLF-60 km/h...''.

. 3

je , 50 km/h (60 km/h), -( , 3).

( . 10), 50 km/h, : ''... 50 km/h. , 50 km/h , (,

), 50 km/h...''.

. 10

189


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2009.

109

( ) , ,

.

.

. , .

(''''), , .

. 5

( , 5): ''... ( 160 cm) , , , I II . , : I, III, V VI., : II, III,IV V. I . III IV . V VI V VI ...25 cm . 10 cm . , , . 64 cm . 26 cm. 32 cm ... S, 15 cm. 3 cm ... , ,, , . , , , .

16.1.2006. , ...''.

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: ''...,

, . , ,

60 km/h...''.

. 6

( , 6): ''..., 169 cm, : ; : II, III, IV, V VI ; ; , 33 cm ; ; , , , 4016 cm, 12 cm

...''.

, , : ''... KODI.

KOD 50 km/h...''.

. 7

. '''' ( , 7).

: ''..., 145 cm,, : , ; ; , ( 3040 mm), (4040 mm), (

6030 mm), ...''.

,

.

193
http://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2006.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2006.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2006.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2006.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2007.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2007.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2007.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2007.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2007.pdfhttp://../Zbornik%20primera/Primer%20br.%2006.pdf


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'''' (, , , ...). ,.

, () , ,

. , '''' , . , ,, '''' .

,

. , ( , ), . , ().

(), ,, . , , , , .

194


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112

, 60 km/h, .

. , ,60 km/h, , 60 km/h (), .

. 8

, (, 3).

, .

: ''... ( 165 cm) (, ), ( 0,5 cm) . , .

I II III

, . , ., 2x1 cm, ( ) , 11 cm.

, . , , , . je, , , . , ,

, .

195


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114

. 13 . 14

: ''...GOLF-(. 13 . 5), GOLF-(. 13 . 6).

, : ''......je ,

...''.

GOLF- , GOLF-a , GOLF-a, , 05.11.2002. : ''...

......''.

,GOLF-,

GOLF-. , , ,GOLF-, . , , GOLF- GOLF- . GOLF-, , GOLF-, GOLF-,

GOLF-...''.

197


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115

6.

. , , , . . . ,

, .

, . .

198


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177

: , , . . , . , .

Abstract: In this paper analyzed the traffic accident in which the participants in traffic aspedestrians appear, and the goals of defining the characteristic finally positions of participants inaccidents, pedestrian injuries and damage to vehicles in front partial impact. According to thecharacteristics of partial front impact to pedestrian are significantly different from full-front impact.However, experts often make mistakes so they all impact to pedestrians analyzed by themethodologies that apply only to full-front impact. For this reason it is important to recognize partialfront impact to the pedestrian and in the analysis applied the appropriate methodology.

1.

. , . ,

.

199


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178

(The European Conference of Ministers ofTransport) [1] 2001 . 29,5%.

48,8%, 4,2%. 28,9% 29,5% . , 15,2% . 1.

1.

, ,15% [2]. , .

200


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179

2.

. , . , . . ,, .

2.1.

, ( 2). , , () . .

2.

)

, , (3):

3.

201


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2009.

180

, , . ,

.

, .

, .

)

, , . . , , ., , .

2.2

, , .

)

.

)

,

)

.

202


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2.3.

. , , , . : .

)

, ,. .

)

, , . , ,, .

2.4

. . , .

)

, ,, , ..

203


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182

)

, .

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