Publisher: NGU – Geological Survey of Norway Production: Skipnes Kommunikasjon AS Binding: Bokbinderiet Johnsen AS, Skien Paper: Multiart Silk 130 gr. Font: Georgia 9,5 pkt. 1st edition 2016: 1500 copies ISBN: 978-82-7385-160-4

MINERAL RESOURCES

IN THE ARCTIC

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY SPECIAL PUBLICATION

Edited by

Rognvald Boyd, Terje Bjerkgård, Bobo Nordahl and Henrik Schiellerup

Geological Survey of Norway

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY SPECIAL PUBLICATION

MINERAL RESOURCES

IN THE ARCTIC

PREFACEMorten Smelror

The Arctic is one of Earth's few remaining fron-tier areas. This huge area contains some of the largest known provinces of natural resources, including world-class petroleum-bearing basins, metallogenic provinces and mineral deposits, among them several of the world's largest dia-mond mines. Major new discoveries are still be-ing made in the Arctic, both beyond the regions that are already well known and within provinces where there are already operating mines, where the use of modern exploration methods has re-vealed "new" ore bodies underneath surface Quaternary deposits or at greater depths in the Earth's crust. Increasing focus on, and develop-ment of the Arctic region creates a rapidly grow-ing need for effective assessment of the resource potential of the region. Such an assessment must be based on compilation and evaluation of up-dated knowledge of the geology of prospective areas and of known deposits.

The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) held an informal dialogue about possible implemen- tation of a mineral resource project in the Arc-tic with potential partners in the course of 2011. Having been given a positive response, NGU invited representatives of the geological sur-

veys of the countries of the Arctic region to an inaugural, consultative meeting, held in Toronto in March, 2012 in conjunction with the annu-al Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada Convention (PDAC). A consensus on the general form of the project was achieved and the first regular meeting of the group of geoscien-tists who have had a major role in implementa-tion of the project took place in Copenhagen in December 2012. NGU had, prior to that meeting, been granted funding by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway to support coordination of the project and publication of its products.

Interest in the Arctic will continue to grow in the years ahead of us. Cooperation on compilation of modern geological and geophysical data is a neccessary step towards a common understand-ing of the potential for natural resources in the Arctic regions. This Preface gives me the oppor-tunity to acknowledge the positive support of the leaders of our partner organizations in this pro-ject and the outstanding efforts of the geoscien-tists who have participated in achieving its aims. The financial support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway is gratefully acknowledged.

The fiery skies of the winter, the summer nights' miraculous sun. Walk against the wind. Climb mountains.

Look to the North. More often.

Rolf Jacobsen (from: North in the World, 2002)

6 I N T R O D U C T I O N

i

ALASKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 RichaRd J. GoldfaRb, coRey MeiGhan, laRRy MeineRt and fRedeRic h. Wilson Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Main Geologic-Tectonic Features of Alaska (north of 60°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Mining History of Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Metallogenic Areas of Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Alaska’s Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78J. c. haRRison Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Neoarchean Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Neoarchean Volcanogenic MassiveSulphide (VMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Neoarchean Orogenic Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Rare Earth Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Gabbro-Hosted Nickel-Copper PGE . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Ultramafic-Hosted Nickel Copper PGE . . . . . . . . . 101Paleoproterozoic Orogenic Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Polymetallic Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Vein Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Unconformity Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Sandstone-Hosted Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Iron-Oxide Copper Gold Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Stratabound Iron and Base Metal Deposits . . . . . 115Neoproterozoic and Younger Iron Deposits . . . . . 116Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) Deposits . . . . . . . . . 118Sedimentary Exhalative (SEDEX) Deposits . . . . . . 122Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits (VMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Ultramafic-Hosted Nickel-Copper PGE . . . . . . . . . 129Polymetallic Silver-Lead-Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Epithermal Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Intrusion-Related Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Orogenic Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Manto Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Porphyry Copper and Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Copper and Tungsten Skarns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Map of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Diamondiferous Kimberlites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Gold Placers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

GREENLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Jochen Kolb, JaKob K. KeidinG, dioGo Rosa and KRistine thRane Description of the Main Metallogenic/ Kimberlite Provinces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164History of Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Isua Iron Ore Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Black Angel Zinc-Lead Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Isortoq Iron-Titanium-Vanadium Deposit . . . . . . . 172Motzfeldt Niobium-Tantalum- Zirconium-Rare Earth Element Deposit . . . . . . . . 172Ivigtut Cryolite Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Kvanefjeld Uranium-Rare Earth Element-Zinc Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Kringlerne Tantalum-Niobium-Rare Earth Element-Zirconium Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Sarfartoq Rare Earth Element-Niobium Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Citronen Zinc-Lead Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Skaergaard Platinum Group Elements-Gold Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Flammefjeld Molybdenum Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Malmbjerg Molybdenum Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

ICELAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190hJalti fRanzson, bRyndis G. RobeRtsdottiR, GudMunduR oMaR fRidleifsson andViGdis haRdaRdottiR Geological Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Exploration Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Gold Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Submarine Hydrothermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

SEA-FLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDE DEPOSITS . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Rolf b. PedeRsen and teRJe bJeRKGåRd

Sea-floor Massive Sulphides in Arctic Waters . . 210

CONTENTS

I N T R O D U C T I O N 7

i

NORWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216teRJe bJeRKGåRd, RoGnVald boyd, PeteR ihlen, aRe KoRneliussen, laRs-PetteR nilsson, MoRten often, KeRstin saalMann, Jan sVeRRe sandstad, henRiK schielleRuP, Jon aRe sKaaR and esPen toRGeRsen Mainland Norway introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218The Bjørnevatn Banded Iron Deposits . . . . . . . . . . 223The Nussir Sediment-Hosted Copper-Silver Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226The Rana Iron Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229The Løkken Volcanogenic Copper-Zinc Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232The Engebø Eclogite-Hosted Rutile Deposit . . . . . 234The Nordli Molybdenum Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Gallujavri and Raitevarri – potentially large deposits in the Karasjok Greenstone Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238The Geology of Svalbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Metallogeny of Svalbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Svansen Au-As mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

SWEDEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260andeRs hallbeRG, toRbJöRn beRGMan, Julio Gonzalez, GeoRGe a. MoRRis, Jan- andeRs PeRdahl, helGe ReGiniussen and MaGnus RiPa Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Sweden`s mining history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264The Bergslagen district: Fe, Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-(W-Mo-REE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Palaeozoic polymetallic (U-V-Mo-Ni-Zn-P) shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278The Gold Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Skellefte District (Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag-Au-Te) . . . . . . . . 283Laisvall Pb-Zn-Ag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Kallak area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Aitik-Nautanen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Malmberget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Kiruna area apatite iron ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300Norrbotten Greenstones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

FINLAND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316taina eloRanta, Pasi eilu, taPio halKoaho, esa heliMo, Janne hoKKa, tuoMo KaRinen, asKo Kontinen, niilo KäRKKäinen, RaiMo lahtinen, lauRa lauRi, MaRJa lehtonen, Jouni luuKas, hannu MaKKonen, teRo niiRanen, huGh o´bRien, aKseli toRPPa, tuoMo töRMänen and KaJ Västi Main geological features of Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . 318Mining history - Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Pyhäsalmi and Vihanti deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322Outokumpu Cu-Co-Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Talvivaara Ni-Zn-Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Suurikuusikko gold deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332The Hannukainen deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Kemi Cr deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Koitelainen chromitite layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Akanvaara chromitite layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Portimo Complex: Konttijärvi, Ahmavaara and Siika-Kämä PGE-Cu-Ni deposits . . . . . . . . . . . 343Mustavaara V-Fe-Ti oxide deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348The Kevitsa and Sakatti Ni-Cu-PGE deposits . . . . 351Otanmäki Fe-Ti-V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Lumikangas and Perämaa deposits . . . . . . . . . . . 358Siilinjärvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Sokli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362The Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

RUSSIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372PetRoV, o.V., MoRozoV, a.f., shatoV, V.V., MolchanoV, a.V., teReKhoV, a.V., luKyanoVa, l.i., aRteM'eV, d.s., beloVa, V.n. and KhaleneV, V.o.

Outline of the Geology of Russia North of 60°N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374Brief History of Mining in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380Gold, Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Base Metal Deposits and Associated PGE Ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Ferrous Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430REE Group and Special Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Kimberlite-Hosted, Placerand Impact Diamond Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Placer Diamond Deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Impact Diamond Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Map of Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

8 I N T R O D U C T I O N

INTRODUCTION

Geoscientific maps of the Arctic

The first initiative for cooperation on a series of circum-Arctic geological and geophysical maps was undertaken by the Russian Ministry of Nat-ural Resources and Ecology and by the Russian Federal Agency of Mineral Resources (Rosne-dra) in 2003 (Petrov and Smelror, 2014). The objective was to produce digital geological and geophysical maps for the Arctic region at a scale of 1:5,000,000. A consortium of national agen-cies from Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the USA signed an agree-ment on the cooperation two years later (Petrov & Smelror, 2014). This volume is one of the prod-ucts from a project, the Circum-Arctic Mineral Resources project, which was among the original aims of the participating organizations and is the most recent to be implemented:

• Geological Map of the Arctic (Harrison et al., 2008)

• Magnetic and Gravity Anomaly Maps of the Arctic (Gaina et al., 2011)

• Tectonic Map of the Arctic at scale 1:5M (Pet-rov et al., 2013, http://vsegei.ru/en/intcoop-eration/temar-5000/ )

• Mineral Resources in the Arctic (this work) Compilations of the type provided by the first three Circum-Arctic projects are important steps in updating scientific knowledge, in improving knowledge of the development of the Earth's Crust and in providing background information, which is relevant in assessment of the potential for mineral resources, not least in relation to en-ergy resources in offshore sedimentary basins.

Why consider the mineral potential of the Arctic?

The High Arctic has attracted attention from explorers at least since the three voyages of Wil-lem Barents in the late 16thC. Barents' aim was to

search for what we now know as the Northeast Passage or, in Russia, as the Northern Sea Route (Figure 1). Barents visited Bear Island, Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya but none of the voyages pen-etrated the region east of the Kara Sea (Figure 2). The first commercial exploitation in the High Arctic began early in the following century with the establishment of Dutch and English whaling stations on Svalbard. The whaling expeditions discovered coal on Spitsbergen, the main island in the Svalbard archipelago, as early as 1610 and used the coal on their ships (Dallmann, 2015): serious exploration and long-term exploitation of the coal deposits began approximately three hundred years later. Mining of metallic ores has been important in the southern parts of the Nor-dic region as early as the 9thC (at Falun) and, by the 19thC had become one of the most important industries in northern parts of Norway and Swe-den. Mineral exploration and subsequent min-ing developed throughout the Arctic in the lat-ter part of the 19thC and the first decades of the 20thC, becoming the most important industry in many parts of the Arctic by the latter half of the 20thC. The aim of this work is to give readers an overview of some of the most important miner-al deposits on land in the Arctic, not of energy resources such as coal, but of metals and dia-monds.

The case for the timeliness of the Circum-Arctic Mineral Resource project rests on many factors:• Heightened national, regional and interna-

tional focus on the Arctic including numerous research projects of many kinds.

• National projects on the mineral potential of the Arctic regions of several countries, includ-ing Canada, Greenland, the Nordic countries and Russia. These projects involve documen-tation of mineral potential as part of the basis for assessment of the development potential of the regions covered.

• The continuing discovery of major new depos-its in the Arctic, some in known metallogenic

I N T R O D U C T I O N 9

provinces but others in regions not previously recognized as having a major mineral poten-tial.

• Concern relating to access to certain critical mineral resources, some of which are known to occur in the Arctic: assessments of critical raw materials in Europe, the USA and other countries are among the expressions of this concern (European Commission, 2014, US Department of Energy, 2011).

• Improved access due to the more consistent, longer-term opening of shipping lanes such as the North-East Passage (also known as the Northern Sea Route), the North-West Pas-

sage and the Arctic Bridge (from Churchill to Murmansk), combined with greater access to ice-classified cargo vessels and ice-breakers.

• Article 7 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/att006_e.pdf) which was signed in 1991 bans all mineral resource activities on the Antarctic continent except those related to scientific research. The Arctic Region is thus, on a global scale, one of the few remaining land regions with exten-sive areas of "prospective" geology in which knowledge of the mineral potential is limited.

Figure 1 . Map of the Arctic showing alterna-tive Northwest Passage routes and the North-east Passage, including the Northern Sea Route along the coast of Siberia (Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report, Arctic Council, April 2009)

10 I N T R O D U C T I O N

Figure 2 . The Arctic, according to the four definitions indicated below . (Map courtesy of the The Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin)

I N T R O D U C T I O N 11

Definition of the Arctic The following are among several definitions of the Arctic (see Fig. 2):

• The area north of the Arctic Circle, currently (February 2015) defined, using the method developed by Laskar (1986), as 66° 33min 46s north of the Equator. The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemi-sphere at which the sun can remain continu-ously above or below the horizon for 24 hours. Because of changes in the Earth's axial tilt due to tidal forces, the Arctic Circle at the present moves northwards by about 15 m/year.

• The region in which the average temperature for July is below 10°C.

• The northernmost tree line. • 60oN. This definition includes: Most of Alaska, The Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut

and the northernmost parts of Québec and Labrador in Canada.

The whole of Greenland, given a slight in-fringement of the southern limit in order to reach Cape Farewell at 59° 46min 23s N.

Iceland The Faroe Islands The Shetland Islands, except for the southern-

most 12 km of Mainland. Most of Fennoscandia, approximately the

area north of the capitals Oslo, Stockholm and Helsinki.

Northern Russia, including almost all areas north of the 10oC summer isotherm.

The last of these four definitions is geo- graphically convenient and was adopted in the first of the geoscientific projects implemented in the region.

The land area of the Faroe Islands is not known to contain mineral resources of significance (USGS, 2012) and the metallic mineral deposits known on the northernmost of the Shetland Is-lands – ophiolite-hosted chromite and platinum group metal deposits are of very limited tonnage (Brough et al., 2015). The deposits on Shetland will not be given further attention in this volume.

The Circum-Arctic Mineral Resource ProjectThe Fennoscandian Ore-Deposit Database (FODD) project implemented by the Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish geological surveys and au-thorities in Murmansk and Karelia regions in NW Russia for the area underlain by the Fennos-candian Shield has had great importance for the Circum-Arctic project (http://en.gtk.fi/informa-tionservices/databases/fodd/index.html). The database developed in the FODD project, which is available at the above site, has functioned as a template for the Circum-Arctic project, though the Circum-Arctic project includes, for numer-ous practical reasons, only the deposits in the three largest size categories of the FODD system. The method for calculation of the size category of the deposits is described by Eilu et al. (2007). It is based on the calculation of the "in situ" value of each deposit according to ten-year averages of metal prices on the London Metal Exchange (LME) (for the period 1995-2005 in the origi-nal version of the database). The values for each deposit are then converted to a tonnage of cop-per corresponding to the value, so-called cop-per-equivalent, in order to provide a basis for the comparison of values of widely differing depos-its. The FODD database is up-dated every year, most recently in May 2015, using metal prices for the period 2003 – 2012.

This volume is one of the four main products to emerge from the above project. It contains de-scriptions of the most important metallogenic provinces in the Arctic, the largest individual metal deposits and the most important deposits of diamonds. Metal and diamond deposits were prioritised in the project as being the mineral re-sources with the highest unit values, as opposed to industrial minerals (in general), construction materials and fertiliser minerals. Information on the individual deposits is entered into a database, which is accessible at the project web site: www.ngu.no/camet. The folder at the back of the vol-ume contains a geological map at a scale of 1:10 million, based on the 1:5 million map ( Harrison et al., 2008) on which the largest deposits are plotted.

Inevitably, the authors of the following chapters have faced greatly differing challenges – reflecting the differences in the scale and geo-logical diversity of their countries. The numbers

12 I N T R O D U C T I O N

Figure 3 . The Black Angel zinc-lead mine on the W coast of Green-land (photo courtesy of Bjørn Thomassen, GEUS) .

Figure 4 . Drilling operations at the St . Jonsfjorden gold prospect, Svalbard (photo courtesy of Birger Amundsen, Svalbardposten)

I N T R O D U C T I O N 13

of deposits in the FODD categories Large and Very large is very much larger in certain coun-tries than in others – leading to differences in approach, including greater emphasis on the metallogenic-province level in the former. In-dependent of such variations the authors have

strived to provide the most up-to-date informa-tion on the origin and resources of the deposits.

Abbreviated versions of this volume, aimed at general-interest readers, will be published in three languages – English, French and Russian.

REFERENCES

Arctic Council, 2009: Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report (http://library.arcticportal.org/1400/1/AMSA_2009_Report_2nd_print.pdf

Brough, C.P., Prichard,H.M., Neary, C.R, Fisher,P.C. & McDonald, I, 2015: Geochemical Variations within po-diform chromitite deposits in the Shetland Ophiolite: Implications for Petrogenesis and PGE Concentration, Economic Geology, v. 110, pp. 187–208

Dallmann, W.K., 2015: (Ed.): Geoscience Atlas of Sval-bard. Norwegian Polar Institute, Report 148, 292 pp.

Eilu, P., Hallberg, A., Bergman, T., Feoktistov, V., Kor-sakova, M., Krasotkin, S., Lampio, E., Litvinenko, V., Nurmi, P. A., Often, M., Philippov, N., Sandstad, J. S., Stromov, V. & Tontti, M,: 2007. Fennoscandian Ore Deposit Database – explanatory remarks to the data-base. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investi-gation 168, 17p.

European Commission, 2014: Report on Critical Raw Ma-terials for the EU

Fennoscandian Ore-Deposit Database project: http://en.- gtk.fi/informationservices/databases/fodd/index.html

Gaina, C., S. Werner, R. Saltus, S. Maus, S. Aaro, D. Dam-aske, R. Forsberg, V. Glebovsky, K. Johnson, J. Jon-berger, T. Koren, J. Korhonen, T. Litvinova, G. Oakey, O. Olesen, O. Petrov, M. Pilkington, T. Rasmussen, B. Schreckenberger and M. Smelror. 2011. Circum-Arctic

mapping project: new magnetic and gravity anomaly maps of the Arctic. In: Spencer, A.M., A.F. Embry, D.L. Gautier, A.V. Stoupakova and K. Sørensen (editors). Arctic petroleum geology. London: Geological Society of London (Memoirs 35): 39–48.

Harrison, J.C., M.R. St-Onge, O. Petrov, S. Strelnikov, B. Lopatin, F. Wilson, S. Tella, D. Paul, T. Lynds, S. Shokalsky, C. Hults, S. Bergman, H.F. Jepsen and A. Solli. 2008. Geological map of the Arctic. Ottawa: Ge-ological Survey of Canada (Open File 5816, scale 1:5 000 000).

Lasker, J., 1986: Secular Terms of Classical Planetary Theories Using the Results of General Theory, Astron-omy and Astrophysics 157, 59-70.

Petrov, O.V., M. Smelror, S. Shokalsky, A. Morozov, S. Kashubin, G. Gurikurov, N. Sobolev and E. Petrov. 2013. A new international tectonic map of the Arctic (TeMAr) 1:5 M scale and geodynamic evolution in the Arctic region. Geophysical Research Abstracts 15: EGU2013-13481 (EGU General Assembly 2013).

Petrov, O. V., & Smelror, M., 2014: Uniting the Arctic frontiers – International cooperation on circum-Arctic geological and geophysical maps, Polar Record 09, 1-6.

US Department of Energy, 2011: Critical Materials Strat-egy, 2011

US Geological Survey, 2012: 2012 Minerals Yearbook; Denmark, The Faroe Islands, and Greenland