Notes and References

2 The Balkans from the Byzantine to the Modern Age

1. N. Jorga, 'Balkan i Vizantijsko carstvo', Knjiga 0 Balkanu, vol. II (Beograd: Balkanski Institut 1937) pp. 83-91.

2. G. Ostrogorski, 'Istorijski razvoj Balkanskog poluostrva u doba vizantijske prevlasti', ibid., pp. 92-100.

3. J. Ancel, 'Prirodni uslovi balkanskog jedinstva', Knjiga 0 Balkanu, vol. I (Beograd: Balkanski Institut 1936) pp. 369-77.

4. Vladimir Corovic, Borba za nezavisnost Balkana (Beograd: Balkanski Institut 1937) pp. 182-3.

5. Edgar Hosch, Geschichte der Balkanllinder (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1968) p. 92.

6. Ibid., pp. 31-70. 7. Ibid., pp. 71-84. 8. 'Self-styled' Count Djordje Brankovic is a controversial historical figure.

See: Ilarion Ruvarac, Odlomci 0 grofu Djordju Brankovicu i Arseniju Crnojevicu, patrijarhu, s tri izleta 0 takozvanoj velikoj seobi srpskog naroda (Beograd, 1896); M. R. Djordjevic, 'Pogledi Vuka KaradZica na nacionalno-oslobodilacku borbu srpskog naroda i stvaranje srpske drZave', Istorijsko-pravni zbornik (Sarajevo: Pravni fakultet, 1949).

9. Miroslav R. Djordjevic, Politicka istorija Srbije XIX i XX veka, vol. I (Beograd: Prosveta, 1956) p. 16.

10. Ibid., pp. 15-16. 11. Ibid., p. 24; Vladimir Dedijer, Interesne sfere (Beograd: Prosveta,

1980) pp. 62-6. 12. M. R. Djordjevic, Politicka istorija Srbije, p. 26. 13. Some writers draw distinction between the early, tolerant period of

Turkish rule ('imperial peace') and the subsequent period of increased oppression. See: N. Jorga, 'Osmanlije i balkanski narodi', Knjiga 0 Balkanu, vol. II, p. 121; 'Pax ottomanica' is also discussed by I. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York, 1958).

14. 'The Ottoman Empire unwittingly accomplished the union of the Orthodox Church without being able to foresee the consequences of the union.' N. Jorga, Knjiga 0 Balkanu, p. 123.

15. Concerning the effect of the French Revolution on the Balkans, see: Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales des peuples balkaniques 1804-1914 (Beograd, Institut d'histoire, 1965) p. 17.

3 The Rising and Independence of the Balkan States

1. For more detailed accounts see: S. Novakovic, Tursko carstvo pred srpski ustanak (1780-1804) (Beograd: Srpska knjiZevna zadruga, 1906);

217

218 Notes and References

Du~an Pantelic, Beogradski paSaluk posle SviStovskog mira, 1791-1794 (Beograd, 1927).

2. Miroslav R. Djordjevic, Politicka istorija Srbije XIX i XX veka knj. I (Beograd: Prosveta, 1956), pp. 91-2.

3. Ibid., pp. 92-3. 4. Ibid., pp. 241-2. 5. Vladimir Dedijer, Interesne sfere (Beograd: Prosveta, 1980) pp. 68-9. 6. M. R. Djordjevic, Politicka istorija Srbije, pp. 315-17. 7. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales des peuples balkaniques

1804-1914 (Beograd: Institut d'histoire, 1965) pp. 38-42. 8. Ibid., pp. 43-6. 9. I. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York, 1958) pp. 286-8.

10. Ibid., p. 289. 11. Ibid., pp. 289-91. 12. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 77-81. 13. Ibid., pp. 82-5. 14. Ibid., pp. 85-8; Jovan Ristic, Diplomatska istorija Srbije za vreme

srpskih ratova za oslobodjenje i nezavisnost 1875-1878, vol. I (Beograd, 1896) pp. 14-16.

15. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 72-4. 16. K. N. Milutinovic, 'Tri projekta balkanske konfederacije', Knjiga 0

Balkanu, vol. II (Beograd: Balkanski Institut 1937) pp. 180-93. 17. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 75-7.

pp.75-7. 18. Miroslav R. Djordjevic, 'Dru~tveno-politi~ki uslovi i ishodi srpsko-

turskih ratova 1876-1878 godine', Srbija u zavrsnoj fazi velike istocne krize 1877-1878 (Beograd: Istorijski Institut 1980) pp. 43-4.

19. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 114-19. 20. M. R. Djordjevic, 'Drustveno-politi~ki', pp. 45-6. 21. Zivan Zivanovic, Politicka istorija Srbije (Beograd: Geca Kon 1923)

vol. I, pp. 381-2. 22. Ibid., p. 383. 23. Ibid., vol. II, 109-10. For details on Serbia's diplomatic activities in the

Eastern crisis, see: Jovan Ristic, Diplomatska istorija Srbije za vreme srpskih ratova za osIobodjenje i nezavisnost 1875-1878, vols I-II (Beograd 1886-1898); Srbija 1878 (Beograd: Srpska knjizevna zadruga, 1978).

24. Z. Zivanovic, Politicka istorija Srbije, pp. 179-83. 25. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 150-3. 26. Risto Poplazarov, 'Politika velikih sila prema Makedoniji u periodu od

1876-1878 godine;, Srbija u zavrsnoj fazi velike istocne krize 1877-1878, pp.201-13.

27. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 175-7.

4 The Balkan Alternatives

1. Development of the Macedonian national liberation movement: Dimitrije Djordjevic Revolutions nationales des peuples balkaniques 1804-1914

Notes and References 219

(Beograd, Institut d'Histoire, 1965) pp. 165-75. See also: M. Pandevski, 'Za nekoi forrni na politickiot otpor vo predilindenskoit period (1893-1903)" Glasnik na Institut za nacionalna istorija (Skopje 1959) pp. 163-88.

2. Lj. Lape, 'Kru~ovskata republika', Ilindenski zbornik (Skopje 1963) pp. 152-62; D. Zografski, KruSevskiot manifest (Skopje 1948).

3. H. G. Andonovski-Poljanski, 'Situacijata vo Makedonija po Ilindenskoto vostanije i MircStegskite reformi', GodiSen zbornik na Filozofskiot fakultet (Skopje 1955) pp. 5--48.

4. I. V. Tarle Istorija novog veka, translated from Russian (Beograd: Prosveta 1948) vol. II, pp. 408-9.

5. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 208-10. 6. The Serbian Social Democratic party's revolutionary concept of the

national question in the Balkans makes a complete departure in 1908 from the stances of the Second International.

7. Istorijski arhiv KPJ, vol. III, pp. 85-6. 8. Miroslav R. Djordjevic, Nacija u razvitku socijalisticke misli u Srbiji

(Beograd: TreCi program RTB) pp. 90-1. 9. Istorijski arhiv KPJ, vol. III, pp. 126-9; Kongresi Druge Internacionale

(Beograd: Rad, 1956) vol. II, pp. 456-7. 10. M. R. Djordjevic, Nacija u razvitku, pp. 87-93. 11. Istorijski arhiv KPJ, vol. III, p. 237. 12. Materials concerning the First Balkan Social Democratic Conference:

Istorijski arhiv KPJ, vol. VI, pp. 260-84. 13. Ibid., p. 270. 14. Ibid., p. 273. 15. Kongresi Druge Internacionale, vol. II, pp. 471-3. 16. Ibid., p. 344. 17. Istorijski arhiv KPJ, vol. III, p. 236. 18. Dimitrije Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 227-35; Vladimir

Corovic, Borba za nezavisnost Balkana (Beograd: Balkanski Institut 1937) pp. 149-67.

19. V. Corovic, ibid., pp. 160-61. 20. Istorijski arhiv KPJ, vol. III, pp. 257-60. 21. Ibid., pp. 239-42. 22. Ibid., pp. 265-8. 23. Ibid., p. 270. 24. D. Djordjevic, Revolutions nationales, pp. 234--5. 25. Vaso Bogdanov, Historijska uloga drustvenih klasa u rJesavanju

jugoslovenskog nacionalnog pitanja (Sarajevo: Veselin Masle~a, 1956). 26. Vladimir Dedijer, 'Planovi nadvojvode Franje Ferdinanda 0

reorganizaciji Habsbur~ke monarhije', Jugoslovenski narodi pred prvi svetski rat (Beograd: Naucno delo, Beograd 1967) pp. 181-205.

27. V. Corovic, Borba za nezavisnost Balkana, pp. 174--5.

5 The Question of Balkan Security

1. The Gallipoli expedition has been presented as a war episode. See Hans Herzfeld, Der Erste Weltkrieg (Munchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch

220 Notes and References

Verlag, 1968). Far more important are the strategical parallels in the study of the Balkan invasions.

2. H. Herzfeld, ibid., pp. 130,135,310. 3. Ibid., p. 134. 4. Gerhard Schulz, Revolutionen und Friedensschliisse 1917-20 (Deutscher

Taschenbuch Verlag: Munchen 1967) pp. 48-61. 5. Josip Broz Tito referred to the question on several occasions. For

example: 'The unification of the Southern Slavs was bound to happen; it was the idea of the most progressive men in the lands describing themselves as belonging to the Southern Slavs.' Josip Broz Tito, Nacionalno pitanje i revolucija (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1977) p. 107.

6. Istorija drzave i prava naroda Jugoslavije (Beograd: Naucna knjiga, 1980) p. 311.

7. Ibid., pp. 311-12. 8. D. Jankovic, Jugoslovensko pitanje i Krfska deklaracija 1917 godine

(Beograd: Naucna knjiga, 1967) pp. 481-5. 9. Istorija drlave i prava naroda Jugoslavije (Beograd: Naucna knjiga,

1980). 10. Ibid., p. 320. 11. Ibid., p. 321. 12. D. Jankovic B. Krizman, Gradja 0 stvaranju jugoslovenske drlave, vol.

I (Beograd: 1964) pp. 113-14. 13. Vladimir Dedijer, Interesne sfere (Beograd: Prosveta 1980) pp. 147-8. 14. The motto, 'The Balkans to the Balkan Peoples,' accompanied the

scientific compendia: 'The Balkan peoples must tum to the Balkans; in order to secure the Balkans for the Balkan peoples, the idea of the Balkan peoples for the Balkans must come to life.' Knjiga 0 Balkanu vol. I (Beograd: Balkanski Institut 1936) ch. VIII.

15. G. Schulz, Revolutionen und Friedensschliisse, pp. 253-64. 16. Ibid., pp. 249-53. 17. The aspects of European and Balkan security are extremely complex

and differentiated. The western countries tried hard to bring the Balkan and the newly established central European countries within their orbit, but the endeavours of the Balkan countries to provide for their security without relying on western countries are also evident.

18. 'After the 1919 treaty, one word acquired a certain notoriety: Europe has become "Balkanized" .... No word has ever been so thoughtless and unfair, principally because the biggest delusions and mistakes of the Balkan peoples were almost invariably the result of instigations and intrigues by some west European cabinets.' C. Sforza, 'Politicki Zivot na Balkanu', Knjiga 0 Balkanu, vol. I, p. 213.

19. I. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, pp. 733-4. 20. Ibid., pp. 735-6. 21. Ibid., pp. 736-7. 22. Balkan unity was understood as a means of maintaining peace in the

Balkans, as seen from the titles of the books on the subject: T. I. Geshoff, Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe (New York, 1940); N. J. Padelford, Peace in the Balkans: The Movement toward International Organization in the Balkans (New York, 1935).

Notes and References 221

Also see: R. J. Kerner and H. N. Howard, The Balkan Conferences and the Balkan Entente 1930-1935 (Berkeley, California, 1936).

23. I. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, p. 738. 24. The publications launched during the campaign for Balkan

rapprochement continued to appear. For example: Revue internationale des etudes balkaniques (Belgrade, 1934-40).

25. 'These developments altered fundamentally the balance of forces in Central and Eastern Europe and thereby undermined both the Balkan and Little Entente.' I. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, p. 740.

26. The French foreign minister, M. Pierre-Etienne Flandin said: 'French alliance with the Little Entente is now valueless .... In my opinion, the last chance of saving central and eastern Europe from German domination has been thrown away.' I. S. Stavrianos, ibid., p. 741.

27. The bilateral treaties were the beginning of the attempt at 'neutrality'. See: J. B. Hoptner, 'Yugoslavia as Neutralist: 1937', Journal of Central European Affairs (July, 1956) XVI, 156--76.

28. I. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, p. 755. Quoted as an example of the legal formulation of Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact, whose essence has been clarified in Yugoslav literature. See, for example: V. Dedijer, lnteresne sfere (Beograd: Prosveta, 1980) pp. 185-7.

6 The Outlook for the Balkans

1. The foreign political aspect of the attempt to come to an agreement with Draia Mihailovic, and more especially the sending of the p.arJy British military missions, are discussed by Evard Kardelj, Seeanja (Beograd: Radnicka stampa, 1980) pp. 25-9,35-40.

2. Ibid., pp. 50-54; also see: Leo Mates, Medjunarodni odnosi socijalisticke Jugoslavije (Beograd: Nolit, 1976) pp. 18--19.

3. Svetozar Vukmanovic-Tempo, Borba za Balkan (Zagreb: Globus, 1981) p.88.

4. Ibid., p. 80. 5. Mates, Medjunarodni odnosi, p. 34. 6. Ibid., p. 27. 7. Ibid., p. 31. 8. 'We shall no longer be anybody's football or bargaining counter. In this

struggle we have acquired the right to participate on an equal footing with our allies both in this war and in the building of a new and happier Europe and not only Yugoslavia.' Josip Broz Tito, Jugoslavija u borbi za nezavisnost i nesvrstanost. A selection of texts. (Sarajevo, 1977) p.13.

9. Mates, Medjunarodni odnosi, p. 31. 10. lstorija driave i prava naroda Jugos/avije (Beograd: Naucna knjiga,

1980) p. 383. 11. Ibid., op. cit., pp. 16--17; about the Comintern's disapproval of A VNOJ,

see: Vladimir Dedijer, lnteresne sfere (Beograd: Prosveta, 1980) p. 352. 12. Vladimir Dedijer, lnteresne sfere, p. 312.

222 Notes and References

13. Istorija driiave i prava naroda Jugoslavije, pp. 401-4; Kardelj, Seeanja, pp.42-3.

14. Josip Broz Tito, Nacionalno pitanje i revolucija. A selection of texts. (Sarajevo, 1977) pp. 114-22; E. Kardelj, Secanja, pp. 59-61.

15. Istorija driave i prava naroda Jugoslavije, p. 406; E. Kardelj, Seeanja, pp.62-5.

16. Reasons for the disputes in the provisional government between the members of the former royal government in London and members of the former National Committee concerning the constitution, are discussed by E. Kardelj, Seeanja, pp. 74-6.

17. Vladimir Dedijer, Interesne stere, p. 398. 18. Ibid., p. 399. 19. Svetozar Vukmanovic-Tempo, Borba za Balkan, p. 88. 20. Ibid., p. 35. 21. There is a considerable body of literature and a large number of

documents published on the conflict between Yugoslavia and Cominform in 1948. There is no need to go into details here on this subject, our concern being the evolution of Yugoslavia's foreign policy.

22. Mates, Medjunarodni odnosi, p. 120. 23. Tito, Jugoslavija u borbi za nezavisnost i nesvrstanost, p. 14. 24. E. Kardelj, Secanja, p. 142. 25. Ibid., p. 142. 26. Ibid., pp. 246-51. 27. Mates, Medjunarodni odnasi, p. 255. 28. Ibid., p. 257. 29. After the Asian-African conference in Bandung, Tito commented: 'We

Yugoslavs are particularly pleased with these results, because the idea that dominated this conference is in full accordance with our own ideas, both as regards international cooperation and strengthening of peace, and as regards the right of the Asian and African countries to resolve their own problems.' Josip Broz Tito, Jugoslavija u barbiza nezavisnast i nesvrstanost, p. 73.

30. E. Kardelj, Secanja, p. 91. 31. Tito, Jugoslavija u barbi za nezavisnost i nesvrstanost, pp. 99--100. 32. E. Kardelj, Sacijalizam i rat (Beograd: Kultura, 1960) pp. 184-5.

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Index

Aehrenthal 107 Albania 37,60,92,93, 121, 123,

151, 153, 159, 160, 162, 163, 170,207

Alexander I (of Russia) 65 Alexander the Great 4, 19 Ali Pasha 59 Anatolia 146 Anschluss 158, 160 Anti-Fascist Council of National

Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) 171,176,177,178, 179, 180, 181

Antonescu, Ion 161 Arsenije III Carnojevic (Patriarch)

33,52 Asia Minor 22,27,37,87 Assyrians 3 Austria 16,32,33,35,36,37,38,

50,51,53,54,55,58,74,75, 77,80,106,125,137,145

Austria-Hungary 17,89,91,102, 127, 128, 144

Autonomy, Balkans 55 AVNOJ 171,176,177,178,179,

180, 181 Axis, Rome-Berlin 160, 166

Balance (of powers) 23,31,54,69 Balfour 148 Balkan

alliances 119 conferences 154 crisis 94 Front 138 nations 20, 90 Peninsula 103, 118 question 97 security 97

Balkanisation 22 Bandung Conference 194, 195, 196 Belgrade 38, 159, 183

Berlin Congress 82,88,90,93, 125,205,206

Bihac 176 Bismarck 94, 107 Bosnia 30 Bosnia and Hercegovina 74, 76,

82,85,89,94,99,108,110, 175,206,207

Brankovic, Djordje (Count) 33, 51 Bulgaria 35,87,121,129,139,151,

153, 154, 155, 156, 183, 188 Byzantines 3, 19, 24

diplomacy of 22 rule of 5

Byzantium 12, 19,20,22,23, 24, 26,27,28

Canning, George 65 Carinthia 52 Catherine the Great 38,61-2 Caulaincourt 61 Cer Mountain 138 Churchill, Winston (Sir) 135, 172,

173,179,183,184,185 Civilisation(s) 18

Mesopotamian 18 Roman 20 western 21

Coalition Anti-Fascist 169 Croatian-Serbian 126 Italo-Greco-Turkish 152

Codrington (Admiral) 66 Communist Party (Yugoslav) 168,

174 Congress of Vienna 63, 203 Constantin (Emperor) 19 Constantinople 19,20, 22, 23, 26,

28,31, 136 Convention

of Akkerman 66, 67 London Straits (1841) 69

Corfu Declaration 141

229

230 Index

Croatia 31, 32, 52, 126 Crusaders 26 Cvetkovic, Dragisa 161 Cyprus 43,89,97,128,146

Dalmatia 27,128,143 Diplomacy

European 81,84,85,98,112,113 of negotiation 90, 134 secret 187

Dedijer, Vladimir 184, 187 Dejanovic brothers (Ugljesa and

Vukasin) 29

Eastern crisis 56, 72, 82, 89, 92 Eastern question 4, 7, 18,39,40,

54,56,58,60,63,68,70,72, 77,82,90,125,128,146,201, 209

Eden, Anthony 171 Edward VII (King) 107 Egypt 18, 128 Egyptians 3 England 30,65,68 Entente 102, 112, 130, 156

Balkan 150, 155 Little 150

European West 19, 23

Federation 76, 115, 183, 189,204, 207 Danubian 78

Ferdinand, Francis (Archduke) 127 Feudalism 5, 48, 63, 113, 200 France 39,61,66, 136, 149, 150 Francis Joseph I (Emperor) 81, 100 French Revolution 12, 52, 53 Friedjung trial 127

Gallipoli 135, 136 Garasanin, Ilija 75, 79 Garibaldi 78 Genoa 30 Geographical conditions 2 Geopolitics 2, 5 George II (King) 161 Gradascevic, Husein 69 Great Britain 39,58,59,65,67,

68,69,88, 107

Great Powers 10, 17, 19,63,65, 72, 73, 99, 111, 191

Greece 67,68,75,76,94,152,193, 194

Greek rising (1821-30) 56, 63, 64, 65

Greeks 3, 19, 65, 67

Habsburgs 50,71, 150 Ferdinand (King) 31 rule of 32

Haiduks 45 Hamid, Abdul (Sultan) 99, 104,

105, 106, 108 Hatti-hamayouni (royal decree) 74 History

historical research 15 historical trends 15 logic of history 16 Slavic 14 sociopolitical 14 of sociopolitical developent 16

Hitler, Adolf 157,158,161,162, 211

Hittites 18 Holy Alliance 63, 65, 202, 203 Holy League 33,45 Hungary 26, 53 Hussein, Sherif 149

Ilinden (St Elias' Day) uprising 100 Illyrian Provinces 53 Ionian islands 59, 64 Iron Gates 3 Islam 44,49 Istria 163 Italy 50, 117, 128, 163 Izvolski, A. P. 107

Jajce 177 Janina 59 Janos Hunyadi 31 Joseph II (Emperor) 38,52 Jovanovic, Vladimir 78

Kajmakcalan Mountain 139 Kaunitz (Minister) 36 Karadjordjevic dynasty 101

Kardelj, Edvard 190, 191, 192, 194, 197

Kemal, Mustafa 146 Khuen-Hedervary 126 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and

Slovenes 143 Kitchener 135 Kolubara River 138 Kosovo and Metohija 170,180 Kossuth 78 Kranj 52 Kru~evo Republic 100

Lausanne Treaty 145, 146 Lazar (Prince and Emperor) 29 Lazarevic, Stefan (Prince) 30 League of Nations 154 Lenin, V. I. 103, 122 Leopold II (Emperor) 39 Levant 30,39,66,69,81 Lieven (Prince) 66

Macedonia 29,31,87,93,94,95, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 154, 170

MacMahon 149 Macek, V. 161 Marko (Prince) 29 Markovic, Svetozar 115,204,205 Mazzini 78 Mediation 38 Mediterranean 18, 40, 146 Methodology 13 Metternich 69 Middle Ages 200,201 Midhat Pasha 105 Mihailovic, Drafa (Colonel) 168,

169,171 Military frontier 50, 52 Modern age 41 Mohammed Ali (Pasha) 67,69 Moldavia 27 Montenegro 75, 76, 83, 120, 139,

163, 175 Morava-Vardar Valley 3, 139 Murad I (Sultan) 30 Mussolini, B. 151, 152, 153 Mustafa-Pasha Bushatli 69

Index

Napoleon I 59,64 Napoleon III 73, 74 Nasser, G. A. 195

231

National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia 169,176, 183, 184

Navarino 67 Near East 2,3, 5, 18, 19,39,97,

128,133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 143,145,146,147,195,206, 207

Nehru,J. 195,196 Nemanjic dynasty 29 Nesselrode (Count) 66 Nicholas I (Tsar) 66, 73 Non-alignment 189, 191, 192, 196,

215,216

Obilic, Milo~ 30 Obrenovic, Mihailo (Prince) 78,

79,80,204 Obrenovic, Milan (Prince and

King) 91,92 Obrenovic, Milos (Prince) 64 Osmanli

dynasty 28, 29 invasion 29, 30

Palmerston 69 Pasvanoglu 59 Peace treaties

Edirne 34 Pozarevac 34, 62 San Stefano 87 Svishtov (1791) 125 Trianon 161

Peninsula Arabian 146 Balkan 3, 19, 149,208 Sinai 19, 146

Persians 3 Peter II (King) 163,173 Petrovic, Danilo 76 Pijade, Mosa 184 Poland 39,159,210,211 Porte, the 59,61, 73 Potiorek (General) 138 Powers

Central 17, 127 European Great 72,89,112,

148,191,204,213,216

232 Index

Princip, Gavrilo 127 Prussia 36,77, SO, 81, 82

Rascia (also Raska) 26,30 Resistance movement 167 Revolution

French 52, 53 Hungarian 71 October (Russian) 148, 158 of 1848 70, 71, 72 Young Turk 96, 103, 104, 105

Ristic, Jovan 84, 86, 89, 91 Roman Empire 19,21,22,23,24 Roman power 19 Roman state 22 Romans 3 Rome

Eastern 20, 23 Western 22, 23

Roosevelt, F. D. 183 Rumania 144, 152, 160, 161 Rumyantsev 61 Russia 36,37,38,39,53,58,59,

61,74,85,87, 135, 150

Salonika Front 136, 139, 141, 165 San Stefano 87 Sarajevo 127 Seas

Adriatic 53 Black 2, 18, 128 Mediterranean 2 Red 2,146

Second International 102, 103 Security

Balkan 149, 150 European 149,156,157,159,

209 Soviet Union 149, 157, 158, 167,

171,189,208,210 Self-government 46 Selim III (Sultan) 57 Serbia 41, 71, 74, 75, 79, 83, 84,

85,86,91,108,139,140,141, 206,207

Serbian Social Democratic Party 108, 113, 118, 119, 123, 124

Serbian risings 57,58,59,60,63, 203

Skadar 69 Slavs 22 Slovenia 52,53, 175 Social Democratic parties 102, 109,

119 Spain 23 Spheres of interest 137, 187, 215 Stalin, J. V. 172, 179, 183 State

Bosnian 26 Bulgarian 26 Macedonian 26 Serbian 26

Stefan Nemanja 26 Stefan Uros 29 Straits

Bosporus and Dardanelles 3, 135,148

Suez Canal 97 Subasic, Dr Ivan 179, 180 Sudetenland 158 Syria 128, 148

Tito, Josip Broz (Marshal) 168, 169, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 188, 190, 195, 196

Tito-Subasic Agreement 179, 180, 184

Treaties Balkan 155 of Adrianople 67 of Bucharest 62, 64, 122 of Jassy 39 of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774) 35,40 of Lausanne 145, 146 of London 137 Paris Congress (1856) 74, 75 Sykes-Picot (1916) 137 Venizelos-Titoni 159

Tribes Croatian 25 Slavic 25

Triple Alliance 102 Trumbic, Ante 141 Tucovic, Dimitrije 110,111 Turkey 23,31,32, 33, 38, 78, 83,

84,85,105,106,152,193,194 Turkish Empire 147

Index 233

Turkish rule 6,17,28,41,43,44, 101,104,137,201

Turks 3, 16, 23, 31 Tvrtko I (King) 27

United Nations 191, 192, 194 Charter 193, 216 General Assembly 190

Ufice Republic 168

Venice 26, 30, 33 Venizelos 161 VMRO 101, 152 Vojvodina 48, 71, 143, 180 Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar 170,

188

Wallachia 27,35 War

Austro-Turkish 32 Balkan 96, 119, 121

First World 4,96,98, 104, 123, 125,127,130,133,134,136, 143, 159, 165, 208

Napoleonic 58 Second World 4, 138, 164, 165,

181,186,198,210 Serbo-Bulgarian 94

Wilhelm I 81 Wladislaw II 31

Ypsilantis, Alexandros (Prince) 64 Yugoslavia 137, 138, 144, 150, 151,

152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 161, 162, 163, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,173,174,175,176,177, 178,179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185,186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,192, 193, 194, 195, 197

Zogu, Ahmed 159