n. RibraZe n. samsonia - gtu.gegtu.ge/book/energetika/30_xarisxis menejmenti.pdf · lesi saswavleblebis profesor-maswavleblebisaT-vis, kompaniebisa da sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelTaTvis

1

n. RibraZe n. samsonia

`teqnikuri universiteti~2009w.

xarisxis menejmenti

energetikasa da

telekomunikaciaSi

registrirebulia stu-ssaredaqcio-sagamomcemlosabWos mier

2 3

sarCeviSesavali

Tavi 1. xarisxi, mcire istoria1.1. miznebi da saSualebebi, romlebic maT amarTle-

ben1.1.1. Sida da gare miznebi1.1.2.miznebis dabalanseba1.2. xarisxi: revolucia, romelic daiwyo Cvens Ta-

vebSi1.2.1.xarisxis logika1.2.2.xarisxis koSki1.2.3.fundamentiTavi 2. xarisxis menejmentis arsi2.1. demingis programa2.2. sami pragmatuli aqsioma2.3. ToTxmeti punqti (THE 14 POINTS)2.4. Svidi sasikvdilo avadmyofoba2.5. demingis jaWvuri reaqciaTavi 3. sayovelTao xarisxis principebis evolu-

cia3.1. demingis filosofia3.2. juranis filosofia3.3. krosbis filosofiaTavi 4. kavSirgabmulobis xarisxi da misi gaumjo-

besebis gzebi4.1. kavSirgabmulobis muSaobis xarisxis ekonomiu-

ri arsi da mniSvneloba4.2. kavSirgabmulobis momsaxurebis xarisxis gaum-

jobesebis gzebiTavi 5. momsaxurebis xarisxi _ bazarze warmatebis

sawindari5.1. xarisxis marTvis meTodebi, xarisxis marTvisad-

mi sxvadasxva midgomaTa Sedarebebi5.2. xarisxis marTvisadmi Tanamedrove midgomaTa

praqtikuli gamoyeneba5.3. standartebis ZiriTadi debulebebi

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo agebulia tradiciuli kur-sis safuZvelze da srulad asaxavs urTierTkavSirsmmarTvelobiT Teoriebsa da sayovelTao xarisxs So-ris. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia uerTierTkav-Siris aspeqtebi, sayovelTao xarisxsa da organizaci-ul Teoriebs Soris da agreTve ganxilulia energe-tikisa da telekomunikaciis sferoSi, xarisxis menej-mentis Taviseburebebi da roli.

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia bakalavri-sa da magistraturis studentebisaTvis da agreTve umaR-lesi saswavleblebis profesor-maswavleblebisaT-vis, kompaniebisa da sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelTaTvis.

recenzenti asocirebuli profesori lali boWo-riSvili

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2009ISBN 978-9941-14-350-2http:/www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvelaufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili(iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiTda saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), arSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvisgareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

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5.4. ZiriTadi gansazRvrebebi da cnebebi ,romlebicgamoiyeneba standartebSi.

5.5. momsaxurebis xarisxis donis Sefasebis prob-lemebi kavSirgabmulobaSi

Tavi 6 xarisxi energetikaSi6.1. xarisxis mniSvneloba energetikaSi6.2. saTbobis xarisxi6.3. energiis xarisxi6.4. saimedooba energetikaSi

Tavi 7. xarisxis marTvis zogierTi instrumentebi7.1. cvlilebebis danergva7.2. motivaciaTa marTva7.3. xarisxis marTvis “Svidi instrumenti~7.4 FMEH _ analizi7.5. xarisxis funqciebis gaSlis teqnologia (QFD)

Tavi 8. danaxarjebi xarisxze8.1. xarisxze gaweuli danaxarjebis registracia, daT-

vla, Semadgenloba.8.2. xarisxze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semadgenloba-

Si elementebis zogadi CamonaTvali

danarTi 1danarTi 2danarTi 3danarTi 4

Sesavali

saxelmZRvanelos safuZvelSi Cadebulia “sayovel-Tao xarisxis~ mcneba. swored am mcnebebis gamoyeneba-Sia gansakuTrebuli azri. SeiZleboda gvesaubra ub-ralod “xarisxze~ da ara “sayovelTao~ xarisxze, racganxilulia sxva mraval saxelmZRvaneloSi, sadac xa-risxis mcneba warmodgenilia produqciis, an saerTodromelime procesis saboloo rezultatis xarisxiT,magram rezultatis xarisxi Sedgeba mTliani proce-sis mraval SemadgenelTa xarisxisagan. igi moicavsmarTvis, organizaciis, personalis, informaciis, resur-sebis da sxva mravali faqtorebis xarisxs. “sayovel-Tao xarisxis mcneba~ asaxavs saboloo xarisxis for-mirebis procesis, urTierTdakavSirebul mraval maxa-siaTeblebs. swored amaSia misi faseuloba, daniSnu-leba da praqtikuli efeqti.

sayovelTao xarisxis realizaciaSi, mTavar rolsTamaSobs marTva. igi iZleva saSualebas gamoyos damoaxdinos prioritetebis realizacia, sistematizaciagaukeTos xarisxis formirebis yvela faqtors, gauke-Tos motivacia, maT organizeba-uzrunvelyofas da eta-pobriv efeqtur kontrols. gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-loba aqvs sarisxis strategiul marTvas. xarisxisadmiaseT midgomas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs gansakuT-rebiT saqarTvelosaTvis.

saqarTveloSi mraval umaRles saswavlebelSi aramarto Seiswavlian “xarisxis marTvas~ rogorc sagans,aramed arsebobs specialobac. magram, rogori gasakvi-ric ar unda iyos maT safuZvlad udevT xarisxis prob-lemebisadmi SezRuduli gageba: saqmianobis SedegebismaxasiaTebelTa kompleqsi _ produqciis, momsaxurebisan mxolod sawarmoo teqnologiaTa faqtorebis.

CvenTan sustad aris ganviTarebuli sayovelTao xa-risxis yvela misi prioritetebis, midgomebis da aqcen-tebis socialur-ekonomiuri da organizaciuli moti-

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vacia. Mmagram swored aseTi midgoma iZleva saSuale-bas yvelaze warmatebulad gadaiWras xarisxis zrdisproblemebi da xarisxi gadaaqcios, organizaciis um-Tavres konkurentul upiratesobad. sayovelTao xa-risxi _ aris saqmianobis TiToeuli saxis da maTiganxorcielebis yvela procesebis da am procesebisyvela elementebis da stadiebis xarisis uzrunvel-yofa.

winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia agreT-ve xarisxis sabazo principebi.

_ naCvenebia Tu ratom unda gaxdes xarisxisadmiyuradReba, TiToeuli organizaciis kulturisa da mmar-TvelobiTi sistemis Semadgeneli nawili;

_ mokled moTxrobilia “xarisxis revoluciis~ is-toria;

_ aRwerilia demingis, juranis da krosbis filo-sofiuri midgomebi, romlebmac Seqmnes safuZveli sa-yovelTao xarisxis realizaciisa,

_ mocemulia saerTo suraTi sayovelTao xarisxisgadamwyveti principebisa;

_ Sedarebulia mmarTveloba, romelSic ZiriTadiaqcenti gakeTebulia xarisxze tradiciuli meTode-biT mmarTvelobasTan;

_ saubaria urTierTkavSirze sayovelTao xarisxsada mmarTvelobiTi Teoriis mixedviT SemoTavazebulsaorganizaciao modelebs Soris;

_ Seiswavleba urTierTkavSiri xarisxsa da renta-belobas Soris;

_ ganxilulia ZiriTadi wyaroebi konkurentuliupiratesobis uzrunvelyofisa da maTi kavSiri xaris-xTan;

_ aRwerilia xarisxis mniSvneloba samomxmareblomolodinis dasakmayofileblad produqtis daproeq-tebisas, momsaxurebis SeTavazebisas, moqnilobis uz-runvelyofisas, sainovacio da swrafi reagirebisas;

_ ganxilulia informaciis roli, strategiul da-

gegmarebasa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, xarisxTandakavSirebiT mocemulia ganmarteba beldrijis pre-miisa da sxva masTan dakavSirebuli programebisa, ISO9000 da eqvsi sigma, rogorc modelebisa, romelic saSu-alebas iZleva miRweul iqnas sayovelTao xarisxi;

_ ganxilulia sxvaoba masStabebisa, daniSnulebisada filosofiis am sxvadasxva modelebisa, raTa auci-leblobis SemTxvevaSi ganxorcieldes dasabuTebiTiSerCeva da Tu saWiroa miRebul iqnas gadawyvetileba,romeli varianti SeirCes, raTa organizaciis mier mi-Rebul iqnas funqcionirebis maRali maCveneblebi.

_ ganxilulia gunduri muSaobis mniSvneloba sayo-velTao xarisxis miRwevaSi;

_ ganxilulia sxvadasxva tipebi gunduri muSaobisa,romelSic gamoyenebulia sayovelTao xarisxis mmar-Tvisas;

_ axsnilia sxvadasxva faqtorebi, romelic dakavSi-rebulia gundebis warmatebuli gamoyenebasTan;

_ ganxilulia kavSiri “xarisxi _ usafrTxoeba _garemo~ ganmartebulia, rom es ufro metia vidre in-tegracia.

_ ganxilulia kompania, rogorc erTiani sistema._ ganxilulia menejeris “saSualo gza~ e.i. swori,

Wkvianuri Sefardeba organizaciis menjmentis ganvi-Tarebisadmi, kriatiuli da receptoruli midgomebisa.

imisTvis, rom menejeri sworad Seudges “saSualogzas~ saWiroa gaices pasuxebi Semdeg kiTxvebze:

1) rogor gavukeToT formulireba organizaciis gan-viTarebis miznebs?

2) ra adgili unda daikavos miznebs Soris kliente-bis dakmayofilebis donis amaRlebis amocanam da ro-gor mivaRwioT mas?

3) rogor davgegmoT momsaxurebis da saqonlis xa-risxi?

4) rogor unda gamoiyurebodes organizaciuli me-

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qanizmi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems dagegmili miz-nebis miRwevaSi?

5) rogor unda vmarToT organizaciaSi procesebiswored?

am kiTxvebze pasuxis moZebna SesaZlebelia damate-biTi kiTxvebis saSualebiT, romlebsac profesiul yo-veldRiurobaSi uwodeben “xarisxis specialistis 7megobars~

1) ratom?2) ra?3) rogor?4) vin?5) rodis?6) rogor SevamowmoT?7) ra Rirs?saxelmZRvaneloSi agreTve ganxilulia xarisxis me-

nejmenti, misi mniSvneloba da Taviseburebebi energe-tikasa da telekomunikaciaSi.

Tavi 1.

xarisxi. mcire istoria

1.1. miznebi da saSualebebi,

romlebic maT amarTleben

1.1.1. Sida da gare miznebi

Tu SeekiTxebiT saqarTvelos sawarmoTa menejerebs,Tu ra aris biznesis umTavresi mizani, pasuxad miiRebT“mogebis miReba~ da dausvaven wertils, xolo Tu igi-ves SeekiTxebiT evropel da amerikel menejerebs, isi-ni ityvian “mogebis miReba~ da “klientebis dakmayofi-leba~ da aseve raRacas sazogadoebaze, xolo iaponelisaerTod upirvelesad isaubrebs xarisxze., vinaidanmaT Tavidanve aswavlidnen, rom samewarmeo saqmianoba-Si yovelTvis arseboben Sida da gare miznebi. Sidamiznebs Tavis winaSe svavs mewarme, roca iwyebs saqmia-nobas an aviTarebs mas. rogorc wesi es exeba piradSemosavlebs, xolo mewarmeobis gare miznebi _ es ise-Ti miznebia, romlebzec sazogadoebaa orientirebuli,roca aZlevs mewarmes saqmianobis dawyebis uflebas.

samrewvelo-ganviTarebul qveynebSi sazogadoeba xis-tad akontrolebs mewarmes, rom man ar daiviwyos garemiznebis Sesaxeb.

mewarmeobis filosofia _ es faqtiurad aris sayo-velTaod miRebuli kompromisi Sida da gare miznebsSoris, romelsac mxars uWeren yvela dainteresebulimxareebi: mewarmeebi, sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo da ro-melic fiqsirdeba profesiul kodeqsebSi, kanonebSiumaRlesi saswavleblebis saswavlo programebSi. me-warmeobis Tanamedrove filosofiis umTavresi Semad-geneli nawilia xarisxis filosofia, romelsac ag-reTve socialuri mimarTuleba aqvs. vnaxoT Tu ro-

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gor ganisazRvreba Tanamedrove xarisxis menejmentisSinaarsi saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad (ISO9000:2000)

midgoma organizaciis marTvis mimarT, romelic ga-miznulia xarisxze, dafuZnebulia yvela wevrebis mo-nawileobaze da mimarTulia grZelvadian warmatebaze,momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gziTda organizaciaTa da sazogadoebis sargebliT _ esaris xarisxis sayovelTao saxelmZRvanelo.

SeniSvnis saxiT SeiZleba miviRoT Semdegi:1. “yvela wevrebi~ _ niSnavs personals yvela dana-

yofSi da organizaciuli struqturis yvela doneze.2. xarisxis sayovelTao xelmZRvanelobisas, “xaris-

xis koncefcias” Sexeba aqvs, marTvis yvela miznebismiRwevebTan..

1.1.2. miznebis dabalanseba

rogorc cnobilia, yoveli organizacia Tu sawarmoimyofeba konkurentuli Zalebis, xuTi ZiriTadi jgu-fis gavlenis qveS esenia:

1) dargSi axali konkurentebis gamoCenis safrTxe.2) myidvelTa unari miaRwion fasebis Semcirebas.3) momwodebelTa unari miaRwion produqciaze fa-

sebis zrdas.4) produqtebis da kompaniis momsaxurebis Semcvle-

lebis , bazarze gamoCenis safrTxe.5) dargSi arsebul konkurentebs Soris brZolis

gamZafrebis xarisxi.am xuT Zalas moyavs moZraobaSi sawarmos daintere-

sebuli mxareebi, romlebic bevrad gansazRvraven kom-paniaSi menejmentis Taviseburebebs. mosaxerxebelia gan-xilul iqnas dainteresebul mxareTa 9 jgufi: klien-

tebi (momxmarebeli), sawarmoTa menejerebi, konkurente-bi, sawarmoTa TanamSromlebi, investorebi (mflobele-bi), momwodeblebi (nedleulis, momsaxurebis, saTada-rigo nawilebis), partniorebi, sazogadoeba, saxelmwi-fo. menejmentis saqmianoba dakavSirebulia am pirTainteresebs Soris kompromisis monaxvaSi. am interesTaurTierTkavSiri moyvanilia nax.1.

TiToeuli am dainteresebul mxareTagani ra Tqmaunada cdilobs “sabnis Tavisken gadawevas~:

1. investorebi _ miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba, mini-mumamde daiyvanon gadasaxadebi da saoperacio dana-xarjebi, magaliTad xelfasis fondi; gazardon fasebi;naklebi muSaxeliT Seqmnan meti produqcia, produqci-aze Seamciron TviTRirebuleba; garda amisa investo-rebi dainteresebulni arian sawarmoTa grZelvadian

nax. 1. sawarmoTi dainteresebuli pirebi

menejmenti

sazogadoeba konkurentebi

partniorebi klientebi

saxelmwifoinvestorebi

s a w a r m oTanamSromlebimomwodebeli

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ganviTarebaSi.2. momxmareblebi _ produqciaze fasebis Semcireba

da misi xarisxis gaumjobeseba, produqciis miwodebisxelsayreli pirobebis CaTvliT.

3. menejerebi _ investorebis finansuri moTxovne-bis dakmayofileba, amasTanave Semosavlebis gazrda, ka-rieris maRal safexurze asvla. menejerebi aseve dain-teresebulni arian sawarmos ganviTarebis perspeqtiu-li gegmebis SesrulebaSi.

4. TanamSromlebi _ gazardon TavianTi kompetentu-roba, xelfasis done, gazardon samuSaoTi kmayofile-bis done, uzrunvelyon socialuri garantiebi. yove-live es sakmaod zrdis sawarmos xarjebs da bevr Tav-satexs uCens menejers.

5. partniorebi _ uzrunvelyon TavianTi strategi-uli interesebi, maT Soris gazardon bazarze Tavian-Ti xvedriTi wili.

7. konkurentebi _ uzrunvelyon misaRebi konkuren-tuli brZolis wesebis dacva.

8. sazogadoeba _ realizacia gaukeTon socialurpartniorobas: saqvelmoqmedo programebi, socialuriprogramebi TanamSromlebisaTvis, sponsoroba, samuSaoadgilebis gazrda.

9. saxelmwifo _ uzrunvelyon stabiluri samuSaoadgilebi, Seqmnan axali samuSao adgilebi, gadasaxade-bis mTliani moculobiT amoRebis garantireba.

10. momwodeblebi _ uzrunvelyofen Sesyidvebze xel-sayreli fasebiT grZelvadiani kontraqtebis gafor-mebas.

konkretul sawarmosaTvis SesaZlebelia dainte-resebuli mxaris yoveli moTxovnis mixedviT, miecesSefaseba (Tu ramdenad sruldeba igi cxovrebaSi).aRniSnulis TvalsaCinod warmodgena SesaZlebeliainteresTa balansis diagramis Sedgenis saSualebiT(ibd). nax.2. . es diagrama cxadyofs imazec, rom interes-Ta balansi miRweuli ar aris, sawarmo aramdgradia da

daSla emuqreba.diagramis asagebad saWiroa Semdegi na-bijebis gadadgma:

nabiji I. SeafaseT maCvenebeli A _ dainteresebulmxares moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis done, 10 baliani Ska-liT da SeitaneT cxrilSi.

nabiji II. SeafaseT maCvenebeli B _ dainteresebulimxaris moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi ris-kebis ar qona, 10 baliani SkaliT,SeitaneT cxrilSi.

nabiji III. SeafaseT maCvenebeli E _ dainteresebulmxareze droulad zemoqmedebis arqonis SesaZleblo-ba, 10 baliani SkaliT.SeitaneT cxrilSi.

nabiji IV. gamoiangariSeT reitingis mniSvnelobaRBI=WxAxBxE yovel dainteresebul mxaresaTvis.

nabiji V. da bolos yvelaze mTavari _ Sedegebisanalizi . Tu araferSi Cavardna ar aris maSin kompa-

10

TanamSr

omlebi

menejeri2

konkurentuloba

0

momxmarebeli

investorebi

8saxelmwifo

sazogadoeba

6

4

TanamSr

omlebi

konkurentuloba

partniori

mimwodebeli

TanamSr

omlebi

konkurentuloba

nax. 2 interesTa balansis diagrama

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niaSi yvelaferi kargad aris . Tu diagrama mrudea e. i.droa SevqmnaT antikrizisuli programa da miviRoTSesabamisi zomebi.

zemoT mocemulia interesTa balansis diagrama, ro-melic gviCvenebs rom sawarmoSi interesTa balansimiRweuli ar aris. warmoeba aramdgradia (nax. 2).

1.2. xarisxi: rovolucia romelic

daiwyo Cens TavebSi

1.2.1. xarisxis logika

Cven vcxovrobT epoqaSi, romelsac specilistebi uwo-deben “xarisxis revilucias~. amis Sedegs Cven yvelaSevigrZnobT Cvens Tavze, rogorc momxmareblebi. masi-uri momxmareblisaTvis dReisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gax-da iseTi momsaxurebebi da saqoneli, romelic 10-15wlis win mxolod Zalian mdidari da SeZlebuli xal-xisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. magaliTad kompiuteruli,video da audio teqnika.

pirveli personaluri kompiuterebi Rirda 3-4 aTa-si aSS dolari, xolo Tavisi teqnikuri maxasiaTeble-biT bevrad CamorCebodnen dRevandels, dRes es yvela-feri bevrad iafia da ufro xarisxiani es imitom, romSeicvala menejmentis midgoma xarisxisadmi: `kmayofi-li klienti bevrad momgebiania~.

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri moyvanilia diagramaze,xolo maCveneblebi aseTi daskvnisaTvis aRebulia gra-fikebidan (nax.3.)

sawarmoTa menejmenti drois sxvadasxva istoriu-l monakveTSi, sxvadasxvanairad reagirebda am logi-kaze, ganaxorcielebden ra momsaxurebis da saqonlis

nax. 3 xarisxis logika

mimarT sxvadasxva midgomas da agreTve xarisxis sxva-dasxa filosofias. amAmidgomebis da am filosofiisganviTareba mimdinareobda saerTo deviziT:”vdebT rafuls defeqtebisa da Seusabamobebis Tavidan acile-baSi Cven vakeTebT ekonomias,radgan danaxarjebi kon-trolze da gansakuTrebiT defeqtebis Sesworebazemcirdeba.yovelive zemoTxsenebulidan gamomdinare ,xelmZRvanelobis principebi unda iyos ubralo dayvelasaTvis gasagebi. aseTebia:

1) pirovneba imsaxurebs pativiscemas.2) myidvels _ yvelaze saukeTeso momsaxureba.3) mudmivad iRvwode srulyofisaken da umaRles

maCveneblebisaken.

kargi finansuri Sedegebi

klientis umaRlesi dakmayofileba

xarisxobrivi biznes procesebi

xarisxiani sakadro resursebi

infrastruqtura sawarmoo garemo

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1.2.2. `xarisxis koSki: didi

mSeneblobis etapebi~

xarisxis filosofiis istoria yvelaze martivadwarmodgenilia diagramis saxiT _ “xarisxis koSki~.sSwored ise “sarTul-sarTul” rogorc istoriuladmimdinareobda misi mSenebloba, misi ageba uxdeba yve-la sawarmos,romlebic nergaven xarisxis menejmentismeTodebs. xarisxis koSkis mSenebloba mimdinareobdaSeqmnili viTarebis wnexis qveS, menejmentisatTvis sa-Wiro iyo moenaxa balansi sawarmos Sida da gare miz-nebs Soris ,xolo Cven ukve viciT, rom es miznebisakmaod urTierT gamomricxavi arian.

saWiro iyo “ gawonasworeba “:* gamosaSvebi produqciis xarisxis uzrunvelyofa

da Sesabamisad bazarze mewarmis mdgomareobis gamya-reba (gare miznebis uzrunvelyofa moiTxovs xarjebiszrdas).

* warmoebis efeqturobis gazrda, e. i. kompaniis mo-gebis zrda (Sida miznebis miRweva SesaZlebelia xar-jebis SemcirebiT).

am Seusabamobas (erTis mxriv saWiroa fulis Cadeba,rom gavzardoT xarisxi, meores mxriv saWiroa Sevamci-roT xarjebi rom gavzardoT warmoebis efeqturoba),warmoebis bazarsa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yve-la stadiaze, hqonda Tavisi specifika da sxvadasxvana-irad gadaiWreboda. ras niSnavs am Seusabamobis gadaw-yveta an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT interesTa balansismonaxva? es niSnavs, rom vipovoT procesebis organiza-ciis iseTi xerxi da menejmentis teqnologia, romlisdrosac idea, “vdebT ra fuls defeqtebis da Seusaba-mobebis Tavidan asacileblad, Cven vzogavT saxsrebs _radgan am SemTxvevaSi xarjebi kontrolze da gansa-kuTrebiT defeqtebis aRmosafxvrelad mcirdeba”,- mo-cemuli momentisaTvis yvelaze ufro racionalurad

realizdeba.

nax. 4 xarisxis menejmentis ganviTarebis etapebi

d1 _ danaxarjebi defeqtebis aRmosaCenadd2 _ danaxarjebi defeqtebis aRmosafxvreladd3 _danaxarjebi defeqtebis Tavidan asacilebladm1 m2 m3 _ damatebiTi Semosavlebis komponentebi,

romlebsac Rebulobs ufro progresuli sawarmo, nak-lebad progresul sawarmosTan SedarebiT.

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1.2.3. fundamenti

imisaTvis, rom “xarisxis koSki~ iyos myari, mas undahqondes saZirkveli (fundamenti).

_ erTi saxis saqmianobas unda mivyavdeT erTnairSedegebamde, amisaTvis aucilebelia saqmianobis stan-dartizacia, standartizacia produqtebis procesebi-sadmi da bolos muSakebisadmi moTxovnaTa mimarT.

_ urTierTSemcvleloba _ SesaZlebloba produq-ciis ama Tu im komponentis, dokumentebis da sxva kvan-Zebis analogiuriT Canacvlebisa. metnaklebad igi exe-ba agreTve muSakTa erTi meoriT Canacvlebasac.

_ metrologia unda SegveZlos xarisxis gazomva(Sefaseba) _ rogorc produqciis, aseve samuSao proce-sebis da personalis.

im SemTxvevaSi Tu urTierTCanacvlebis problemebigadauwyvetelia anda gadawyvetilia arasrulad “xa-risxis koSki~ ver aigeba. warmoebis marTvis umTavresiamocana unda iyos mewarmisaTvis “maqsimaluri moge-bis~ uzrunvelyofa sawarmoSi dasaqmebuli TiToeu-li muSakis maqsimalur keTildReobasTan erTad. sit-yva “maqsimaluri mogeba~ naxmaria am sityvebis farTogagebiT da niSnavs aramarto did dividendebs, aramedTiToeuli dargis ganviTarebas, romelic uzrunvel-yofs am mogebis realizaciis mudmiv xasiaTs. (f.u. te-ilori “mecnieruli menejmentis principebi 1908w). swo-red man miawoda sazogadoebas koncefcia mecnierulimenejmentisa, romelic moicavda sistemur midgomas, sa-kadro menejmentis, xelmZRvanelsa da TanamSromlebsSoris pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis, sawarmos ganvi-Tarebisa da xarisxis uzrunvelyofis mimarT.

Tavi 2

xarisxis menejmentis arsi

produqciis xarisxis safuZveli _ Sromis xarisxida xarisxiani menejmenti yvela doneze e.i. muSaobisiseTi organizacia, roca TiToeuli muSaki RebulobsTavis muSaobis (SromiT) SedegebiT siamovnebas.

programa dafuZnebuli iyo ara marto sawarmoo pro-cesebis srulyofaze, aramed mTlianad sistemis srul-yofaze, xarisxis problemebSi kompaniis umaRlesi eSe-lonis xelmZRvanelobis uSualo monawileobaze, kom-paniis muSakTa swavlebaze (“zevidan qveviT~) xarisxisuzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi meTodebis am qvakuTxedissaTaveSi dgas muSakTa motivacia, maRalxarisxiani Sro-misadmi. koncefciam “noli defeqti~, daikava koncefci-ebis: “naklebi wundebuli produqcia momxmarebels~da “ar dauSvaT wuni~-s magieri adgili, aRniSnulikoncefcia warmoadgina f. krosbim.

swored demingis, juranis da iSikavas ideebis Tan-mimdevrulma ganxorcielebam, iaponia _ qveyana, rome-lic sakmaod Raribia bunebrivi resursebiT da gapar-taxebuli iyo omebiT _ gaxada erT-erT umdidres qvey-nad msoflioSi.

filipe krosbi _ 1964w. SesTavaza programa “nolidefeqti~, mravali wlebis manZilze iyo kompania ITTvice-prezidenti, amerikis xarisxis marTvis sazogado-ebis prezidenti (ASQS), dReisaTvis aris msoflio-Si,mravali kompaniis konsultanti, xelmZRvanelobs kon-saltingur firma Philip Crosby Assoiates, inc.

demingma (Deming W. Edwards) romelic iyo ra ,erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti xarisxis uzrunvelyofisstatistikuri meTodebisa. 1950w. miiRo miwveva, iaponi-is mecnierTa da inJinerTa kavSirisagan (JUSE) , iaponi-is mrewvelobis aRorZinebaSi monawileobis misaRe-bad. iq man SesTavaza menejmentis programa 14 punqtisa-

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gan da xarisxis mudmivi gaumjobesebis principi, ramaciaponur mrewvelobaSi didi revolucia moaxdina.

feigenbaumi _ SeimuSava xarisxis sayovelTao mar-Tvis (Total Quality Management TQM) da paraleluri (er-Tdroulad) inJineringis principebi.

iSikava _ gamoigona “xarisxis wre~ SesTavaza “mize-zi _ Sedegi” diagrama, romelsac iSikavas diagramasuwodeben agreTve SeimuSava xarisxis marTvis iseTikoncefcia, romelSic monawileobs sawarmos mTeli ko-leqtivi.

jurani (Juran. Josephm) _ SeimuSava principi “xa-risxis triadi”, aris erT-erTi wamyvani biznes_kon-sultanti.

mesingi (Masing Waltes) _ SesTavaza saxelmZRvanelo“xarisxis Sesaxeb”, rogorc ZiriTadi dokumenti sawar-mos xarisxis uzrunvelyofis sistemisa.

2.1. demingis programa

yvelam romc akeTos is, rac maTZalebSia. es mainc ar iqnebapasuxi, adekvaturi problemissirTulisa.

edvard v. demingi

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi e. demingmapirvelad SeimuSava programa, romelic mimarTuli iyoSromis xarisxis amaRlebisaken. e. i. “xarisxis menej-mentis programa”. am programaSi Sedis Semdegi nawile-bi:

3 pragmatuli aqsioma; “14 punqti~; “7 sasikvdiloavadmyofoba”, “siZneleebi da folstartebi~; “jaWvu-ri reaqcia~ _ demingis mixedviT; “demingis cikli~;anu “uwyveti gaumjobesebis principi~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom demingis programas Seusrul-da ukve 50 welze meti man dResac ar dakarga Tavisiaqtualoba. demingis programis ideebi gaxdnen im moT-xovnaTa safuZvlebi, romelic Cadebulia saerTaSori-so xarisxis marTvis standartebis ISO9000, ISO 14000 dasxvaTa safuZvlad.

programis ZiriTadi ideebia:

_ opozicia , menejmentSi “receptoruli midgo-mis~ mimarT: mza receptebis nacvlad _ saerTo princi-pebi, romlebic menejerma damoukideblad unda gaiaz-ros da damoukideblad unda Seavsos SinaarsiT (Seq-mnas am principebis Sesabamisi, Sromis organizacia);

_ “nu Seiqmni SenTvis ideals~ _ yvelasaTvis SeCve-uli da erTi SexedviT cxadi marTvis principebi undaSemowmdes da gadamowmdes;

_ mTavari aqcenti unda gamaxvildes adamianis faq-torze da ara “usaxur~ marTvaze.

2.2. sami pragmatuli aqsioma

programa efuZneba 3 egreTwodebul pragmatul aqsi-omaze e. i. debulebebze, romlebic ganazogadeben daaerTianeben menejerTa praqtikuli saqminobis Sede-gebs da misaRebia yovelive mtkicebebis gareSe.

I pragmatuli aqsioma

“nebismieri saqminoba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, ro-gorc teqnologiuri procesi da amitomac SesaZlebe-lia misi Semdgomi gaumjobeseba~.

kargad CauRrmavdeT Tu ras niSnavs yovelive es?upirvelesad _ nebismier biznes procesebisadmi SesaZ-

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lebelia miyenebul iqnas is organizaciuli gamocdi-leba, romelic dagrovilia sawarmoo procesebis sa-marTavad:

_ nebismieri biznes-procesi SesaZlebelia dapro-eqtdes iseve rogorc teqnologiuri procesebi sawar-moSi;

_ nebismieri biznes-procesisaTvis SesaZlebelia aRi-weros moqmedebaTa saerTo Tanmimdevroba (samarSru-to teqnologia) da moqmedebaTa Sinaarsi (saoperacioteqnologia)

_ nebismieri biznes-procesi SesaZlebelia daiyosoperaciebad;

_ Sroma nebismieri biznes-procesis Sesasruleb-lad SesaZlebelia danawildes (procesSi monawileTamixedviT)

_ nebismieri biznes-procesi gardaqmnis Sromis ro-melime obieqts, ris Sedegadac izrdeba misi Rirebu-leba. arsebobs 4 saxis Sromis obieqti _ nedleuli,nakeToba, momsaxureba da inteleqtualuri produqti(dokumenti, meTodika, programuli uzrunvelyofa dasxva.)

_ nebismieri biznes-procesi moixmars resursebs, maTSoris sakadros da sxva.

meores mxriv xelmZRvanelebic da muSakebic undamoiazrebdnen sawarmoo saqmianobas, rogorc konkre-tuli teqnologiuri procesebis erTobliobas. mag.danayofis xelmZRvanels SeuZlia mkafiod CamoTva-los teqnologiuri procesebi, romlebic xdeba misdanayofSi.

mesame _ xelmZRvanelebsac da TanamSromlebsac es-miT Tu ra, produqtebs Rebulobs maTi danayofi, teq-nologiur jaWvSi myof sxva danayofebisagan da Ta-vad ra produqtebs awvdian sxva danayofebs.

Tu es yvelaferi sawarmos TanamSromlebisaTvis kar-gad aris cnobili, maSin I aqsiomis mxriv sawarmoSiyvelaferi wesrigSia.

II pragmatuli aqsioma

“warmoeba ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc sistemaromelic imyofeba stabilur an arastabilur mdgoma-reobaSi. amitom konkretuli problemebis gadaWra araris sakmarisi, Tqven mainc miiRebT mxolod imas, rasacmogcemT sistema, amitom saWiroa fundamenturi cvli-lebebi~

dReisaTvis sistemuri midgoma ar aris siaxle. yve-lasaTvis cnobilia, rom sawarmo _ sistemaa. mTavariarogor gamoiyenebs menejmenti am codnas. demingis mi-xedviT es codna gamoyenebul unda iqnes Semdegnai-rad:

_ vinaidan, sawarmos muSaobis organizacia, warmoad-gens aramarto ubralo saqmianobis garkveul saxeoba-Ta erTobliobas, aramed qmnis procesebis qsels, da-sawyisisaTvis saWiroa am procesebis qselis aRwera(mag. davxatoT) imisaTvis, rom umaRles xelmZRvanelobamda struqturuli danayofebis xelmZRvanelebma ,ag-reTve ubralo Semsruleblebma, warmoidginon Tu ro-gor erwymeva maTi Sroma saerTo Sedegebs.

_ sawarmos procesebis qselSi iqmneba momaragebisSida jaWvi, romlis TviToeuli rgoli, warmoCindebawina rgolebis momxmareblis saxiT da amave dros ro-gorc momwodebeli momdevno rgolebisaTvis. rgolismuSaobis sarisxis Sefasebas axdens Sida momxmarebe-li.

_ mmarTvelobiTi procesebi aseve Sedian am momara-gebis jaWvSi da awarmoeben mmarTvelobiT momsaxure-bebs Sida momxmareblebisaTvis;

_ produqcias (vargisi da wuni) awarmoebs ara kon-kretuli romelime muSaki, aramed mTliani sistema, ami-tom aucilebelia gaumjobesdes mTliani sistema.

_ sistema SeiZleba imyofebodes mdgrad an aram-dgrad mdgomareobaSi, mdgrad mdgomareobaSi , mas arSeuZlia ganicados evolucia, amitom saWiroa cvli-

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lebebis dasawyebad misi “Seryeva~. Tu yvela zemoTCamoTvlili niSnebi sawarmoSi arsebobs, maSin yvela-feri kargad iqneba. xolo Tu ara saWiroa SevudgeTxarisxis menejmentis sistemis proeqtis Sedgenas.

III pragmatuli aqsioma

“sawarmos umaRlesma xelmZRvanelobam yvela Sem-TxvevaSi unda aiRon TavianT Tavze pasuxismgeblobaproduqciis xarisxze~. aq mniSvnelovania Semdegi:

_ produqcias qmnis ara muSaki, aramed sistema daamitom TviToeul samuSao adgilze Sromis xarisxzepasuxs agebs is, vinc pasuxismgebelia sistemaze mTli-anad _ sawarmos umaRlesi xelmZRvaneloba;

_ imisaTvis, rom gavaumjobesoT sistema, saWiroa xan-grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ganxorcieldes maszemZlavri da mizanmimarTuli zegavlena. aseTi zegavle-na SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sawarmosumaRlesi xelmZRvaneloba aqsovs masSi mTel Tavisenergias.

_ pasuxismgebloba, romelic aRebuli aqvs Tavis TavzexelmZRvanelobas, unda iyos gadanawilebuli.

_ rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, sawarmoo aris pro-cesTa qseli, amitom TviToeul process unda hyavdesTavisi “patroni~, romelsac aqvs aramarto pasuxismgeb-loba, “Tavis~ procesze aramed mis gankargulebaSi arisaucilebeli ufleba-mosilebebi da resursebi.

2.3. 14 punqti (The 14 points)

punqti 1 _ miznis mudmivoba:

“iyavi ucvlelad mtkice da Tanmimdevruli , uwyvetigaumjobesebebis saqmeSi. gaakeTe ise, rom miswrafebaproduqciis srulyofisadmi (saqoneli momsaxureba)gaxdes mudmivi; Tqveni saboloo mizania _ gaxde kon-kurentunariani, darCe biznesSi da uzrunvelyo samu-Sao adgilebi~.

demingma SesTavaza xelmZRvanelebs gaxadon pro-duqciisa da procesebis xarisxis mudmivi gaumjobese-ba (5-8 wlis ganmavlobaSi) , TavianT ZiriTad strategi-ul miznad, daismis kiTxva ratom? , ratom finansurigaumjobeseba ara?:

upirvelesad imitom, rom finansuri Sedegebisutyuari prognozi ,aseT grZelvadian periodis ganmav-lobaSi, praqtikulad ararealuria _ Zalian bevri “uc-nobia~.

meores mxriv, ramdenad kargi aris finansuri miRwe-vebi, rogorc mizani, TiToeuli TanamSromlisaTvis anmTeli koleqtivisaTvis? xom yvelasTvis cnobilia, romfinansuri maCveneblebis saSualebiT. Zalian Zneliasworad iqnas gazomili TiToeuli muSakis Rvawli .swored es gaxda ”dabalansebuli maCveneblebis sis-temis meTodologiis” safuZveli, , romelic SemogvTavazakaplanma da nortonma, wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi.

mesames mxriv, _ gavixsenoT “xarisxis logika~ _`kmayofili momxmarebeli ufro momgebiania~ da xaris-xis sferoSi miznebis misaRwevisas miiReba Sesabamisifinansuri Sedegebic. cxovrebam daamtkica es debule-ba _ kompaniam, romelmac xarisxis sferoSi dayenebu-li mizanebi, umTavres miznad miiCnia (anu “kuTxis Tav-Si~ aqvs dayenebuli), uzrunvelyo Tavisi myari grZel-vadiani ganviTareba.

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punqti 2 _ axali azrovneba:

“gamoiyeneT xarisxis axali filosofia~: Cven aRarSegviZlia SeveguoT Cveulebisamebr miRebul Seferxe-bebaTa dones, Secdomebs, defeqtebs da muSaobaSi arse-buli wunis dones. Cven vcxovrobT axal ekonomikurepoqaSi, marTvelebma, imisaTvis rom miaRwion cvlile-bebs da stabilurobas sawarmoSi, unda upasuxon ga-mowvevaze, Seignon maTi pasuxismgebloba da aiRonmarTva TavianT xelSi.” gasagebia, rom demingis prog-ramis pirveli Tezisis realizacia, SeuZlebelia az-rovnebis stilis Secvlis gareSe, rogorc xelmZRvane-lobaSi, aseve TanamSromlebSi, sistemuri miswrafebaproduqciis xarisxis, procesebis, Sromis organizaci-is gaumjobesebebisadmi unda arsebobdes qvecnobiere-bis doneze mTels koleqtivSi. garda amisa, saWiroamudmivi propaganda, muSakTa treningi ,kvalifikaciisamaRleba da sxva.

punqti 3 _ kontrolis mimarT

damokidebulebis Secvla:

“gamovricxeT moTxovnileba masiur kontrolze, ro-gorc xarisxis misaRebi donis, miRwevis erT-erTi sa-Sualeba~.

xarisxis misaRwevad ar aris sayovelTao kontro-lis aucilebloba da xarisxi ar aris damokidebulimasze. produqciaSi da procesebSi, miaRwieT umaRlesSedegebs produqciaSi da procesebSi xarisxis uSua-lo “CaSenebis” gziT, gaxadeT xarisxi maT ganuyofelmaxasiaTeblad. moiTxoveT `CaSenebuli~ xarisxis sta-tistikuri damowmeba imuSaveT saimedo momwodebleb-Tan~.

swored am principebidan iwyeba xarisxis mimarTaxali azrovneba.

punqti 4 _ strategiis cvlileba:

“ar aagoT strategia ,Sesyidvebis da gasaRebis, daba-li fasebis safuZvelze~

“gamoricxeT dabali fasebis safuZvelze Sesyidve-bis praqtika, aseTi “ekonomia~ SemogibrundebaT zedme-ti danaxarjebiT Tqvens sawarmoSi Semowmebebsa da da-sakompleqtebeli nawilebis, da nedleulis saboloodamuSavebis. ufro uaresic, Tu iafi nivTebis defeqte-bi (“wuni~) gamovlindeba momxmarebelTan iyaviT dar-wmunebuli : dazaraldeba ra momxmarebeli, igi gaiZu-lebT daisajoT Tqvenc. amis magivrad SeamcireT er-Toblivi xarjebi.

xarjebis erToblioba samrewvelo produqciis Ses-yidvisas Sedgeba:

_ sakontraqto fasisagan;_ danaxarjebi sawyis etapze kontrolsa da Sesyi-

duli produqciis gamocdaze (montaJamde an gamoyene-bamde);

_ defeqtebis SekeTebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi, rek-lamaciis xarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT;

riskebi, maT Soris iuridiuli, romlebic perso-nalTan aris dakavSirebuli;

erToblivi danaxarjebis minimumis miRweva, SesaZ-lebelia ara dabali sakontraqto fasiT , aramed de-feqtebis SekeTebaze minimaluri danaxarjebiT da mi-nimaluri riskebiT.

punqti 5 _ mudmivi gaumjobeseba

mudmivad gaaumjobeseT , warmoebis da momsaxurebisdagegmarebis procesebi,

aRmofxvariT xarisxis cvalebadobis mizezebi, gada-aqcieT arastabiluri procesebi stabilurad,gamoav-lineT Tqveni warmoebis problemebi_Tu Tqven ver ga-moavlenT maT, maSin problemebi mogZebnian Tqven ( prin-

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cipi Continuous Improvementn Process, cip _aris mudmivigaumjobesebis procesi) .es aris axali azrovnebis me-same umniSvnelovanesi komponenti, mudmivi miznebis, kon-trolis mimarT midgomaTa cvlilebis da strategiiscvlilebis principebTan erTad.

punqti 6 _ mudmivi treningi

“treningebi unda iyos saerTo procesebis iseTivenawili, rogoric TviT warmoebaa~. SeqmeniT samuSaoadgilebze kadrebis momzadebis sistema, gamoiyeneT tre-ningebis Tanamedrove meTodebi, ganmeorebiTi trenin-gebi, uSualod samuSao adgilebze da “sawrmoo dava-lebebis Sesrulebisas~. iaponiaSi demingis am ideebissafuZvelze, umravles kompaniebSi Seiqmna “xarisxiswreebi~, xolo evropul qveynebSi da amerikaSi igivemiznebisTvis farTod gamoiyeneba muSa jgufebi.

“xarisxis wreebis~ Seqmnisas mniSvnelovania dacu-li iqnes maTi organizebis Semdegi ZiriTadi princi-pebi;

••••• keTili neba: am wreebis wevrebad SeiZlebagaxdnen nebismieri adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT amis sur-vili. xelmZRvanelebi unda dakavebulni iyvnen mona-wileTa motivaciiT da ara maTi iZulebiT;

••••• TviTganviTareba: vinaidan adamianis ganviTa-rebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgen codnis SeZenada damoukidebeli mecadineoba, xolo TanamSromelTaudides nawils dakarguli aqvs swavlis survili “wre~qmnis mecadineobisaTvis motivirebul, fsiqologiuratmosferos;

••••• urTierTganviTareba: es principi saSualebasiZleva gadaiWras amocana, muSakTa Tvalsawieris ga-farToebisa, gamocdilebis urTiergaziarebisgamoyenebiT.

••••• koleqtiuri monawileoba: Tu danayofSi Seq-

mnilia “xarisxis wre~ am danayofis yvela TanamSro-melma bolos da bolos unda miiRos masSi monawile-oba; es ar ewinaaRmdegeba keTili nebis princips, rad-gan iTvaliswinebs maT TandaTanobiT Cabmas “wris~ saq-mianobaSi, Tavidan wevris statusiT;

••••• funqcionirebis uwyvetoba: “xarisxis wre~ iSi-kavas azriT “unda moqmedebdes manamde sanam arsebobsfirma~, swored amiT gansxvavdebian isini “samuSao jgu-febisagan~;

••••• “xarisxis instrumentebis~ mudmivi gamoyeneba;••••• novatoruli suliskveTebis SemoqmedebiTi Zi-

ebis ganmtkiceba;••••• xarisxis mudmivi srulyofis mniSvnelobis Seg-

rZneba

punqti 7. efeqturi xelmZRvaneloba.

SeqmeniT efeqturi xelmZRvanelobis sistema, imisaTvisrom yvela donis xelmZRvanelebi pasuxs agebdnen araSiSvel cifrebze, aramed xarisxze. xelmZRvanelebismizani unda gaxdes personalisaTvis daxmarebis gawe-va. Semowmebebi da inspeqtireba mimarTuli unda iyosxalxis (manqanebis) daxmarebisaken ukeT, Seasrulon sa-muSao~.

demingis mixedviT kargi menejeri _ es is adamiania,romelic daexmara adamianebs (manqanebs) ukeTesad Se-esrulebinaT TavianTi samuSao. am TvlasazrisiT me-nejmenti _ es momsaxurebaa, romelic gaeweva Tanam-Sromlebs imisaTvis, rom maT ukeT Seasrulon Tavian-Ti samuSao.

marTlac uCveulo Sexedulebaa, magram msoflio praq-tikam gviCvena, rom aseTi Sexeduleba sakmaod efeqtu-ria. Tu kompania iwyebs menejerTa motivaciis sistemisagebas, romelic eyrdnoba im gaumjobesebebs, rac mene-jerebis mier aris Sesrulebuli maT mier marTul

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procesebis ganxorcielebisas, maSin kompania sakmaodswrafad grZnobs efeqts, magram aseTi motivaciis sis-temis aSeneba sruliadac ar aris martivi. saWiroaSeiqmnas kompaniaSi ndobis atmosfero, SeviswavloTprocesebis xarisxis da am xarisxis gaumjobesebis ga-zomva, SevqmnaT menejerTa mudmivi treningebis sistema.

Tu ar iqneba realizebuli demingis programis yve-la danarCeni, punqtebi SeuZlebelia “ efeqturi xel-mZRvanelobis ~ principis realizebac.

punqti 8. SiSis uaryofa

“aRmofxvari SiSi, safrTxisadmi saSiSrroba da or-ganizaciis SigniT mtruli damokidebuleba, rom Ti-Toeuls SeeZlos imuSaos warmoebis da mis sakeTil-dReod. Tu sawarmoSi Seqmnilia SiSis atmosfero, ma-Sin umaRles xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba dakargos re-alobasTan kontaqti. xelmZRvanelobamde miva mxolodis informacia, romelic mas undoda rom gaego.

demingi Tvlida rom:••••• aravis ar SeuZlia miaRwios saukeTeso maCveneb-

lebs Tu igi ar grZnobs Tavs daculad: rogorc wesidanakargebi muSaobis xarisxis gauaresebis da gaberi-li tafrebis gamo SiSis arsebobis utyuari maCvenebe-lia.

arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli winaaRmdegoba axa-li codnis mimarT _ “siaxleebis mimarT~,radgan axal-ma codnam SesaZlebelia ufro aSkara gaxados CveniSecdomebi.

••••• SiSs SeuZlia miayenos sxva zaralic _ mis gamoSeuZlebelia kompaniis mniSvnelovani interesebis re-alizacisadmi xelSewyoba, vinaidan aucilebelia Ses-ruldes specifiuri miwerilobebi, an dadgenili sa-warmoo normebi.

punqti 9. barierebis likvidacia

“daangrieT barierebi (dabrkolebebi) danayofebs, sam-saxurebsa da ganyofilebebs Soris. kvleviTi, sakon-struqtoro, savaWro da sawarmo ganyofilebebis muSa-kebi unda muSaobdnen, rogorc erTi gundi, maT undaSeeZloT gansWvreta im dabrkolebebisa da probleme-bisa, romelic SesaZlebelia warmoiSvas produqciiswarmoebisas, an misi eqpluataciis dros. Tu ki muSakeb-ma rameze unda ibrZolon ukeTesia , Tu es brZolaiqneba konkurentunarianobisa da warmoebis gadarCe-nisaTvis da ara erTmaneTTan brZola~.

demingi aRniSnavs, rom:_ danayofis interesebi SesaZlebelia xSirad ar

emTxveodes mTliani sawarmos interesebs; mag. yvela-saTvis cnobilia upiratesoba minimaluri sasaqonlo-materialuri maragis arsebobisa _ sawarmoo da gasa-Rebis ganyofilebebis muSakebis garda.

_ xSirad SecdomebisaTvis pasuxs agebs “bolo~ daara is, vinc dauSva wuni mag. danaxarjebi sagarantioSekeTebaze damokidebulia konstruqciaze, sawarmoo gar-Rvevebze da saqonlis gamosaSvebad cdebis moculo-bis Semcirebaze, magram swored sawarmoo muSakebs, ada-naSauleben danakargebisaTvis, romelic dakavSirebu-lia sagarantio SekeTabasTan.

_ jgufs, romelSic Sedian warmomadgenlebi sakon-struqtoro, sawarmoo da gasaRebis ganyofilebebidan,SesZlebda Seetana Tavisi wvlili perspeqtiuli kon-struqciis damuSavebasa da saqonlis an momsaxurebissrulyofisaTvis, arsebuli xarisxis amaRlebaSi, Tuigi SesZlebda emuSava riskis SiSis gareSe. aseT jgu-febs SesaZlebelia uwodoT administraciisaTvis sa-Wiro “xarisxis wre~.

_ kompaniisaTvis “muSaoba jgufebSi~ anu jgufurimuSaoba – aucilebelia: muSaoba jgufSi gulisxmobs,rom jgufidan erTi romelime monawile kompensirebas

32 33

gaukeTebs Tavisi Zlieri mxareebiT meore TanamSrom-lis sust mxares.

demingis am ideebis ganviTarebam, migviyvana mmarTve-lobiT revoluciamde _ tradiciuli mmarTvelobiTisistemis, procesulze orientirebuli mmarTvelobiTisistemiT SecvliT.

punqti 10. lozungebis uaryofa

“uari TqviT fuW, cariel lozungebze da mowode-bebze, romelTa Sesrulebac ar aris damokidebuliTqvens TanamSromlebze mag. demingi savsebiT marTebu-lad Tvlida, rom lozungebi qadagebebi da “masebismobilizacia~ nulovani wunisaken da umaRlesi Sro-mis nayofierebis miRwevisaken, iwvevda mxolod ukureaqcias, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi, dabali xarisxi dadabali Sromisnayofiereba, gamowveuli iyo sistemiT,da gamomdinare aqedan aRemateba muSakTa SesaZleblo-bebs.

punqti 11. uaris Tqma kvotebsa

da normebze

“gamovricxoT kvotebi da normebi~.am punqtma mTlianad daarRvia “ warmoebis organi-

zaciis safuZvlebi “, romelsac formulireba gaukeTau. q. teilorma _ warmoebis dagegmareba da xelfasisdaricxva , statistikuri normebis safuZvelze. demin-gis Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare saWiroa :

1. gamoiricxos normebi warmoebaSi. Seicvalos xel-mZRvanelobis stili :

* gamomuSavebis normebi _ es barieria Sromis nayo-fierebisa da xarisxis gaumjobesebis gzaze.

* inJinrebis raodenoba, romlebic adgenen gamomu-Savebis normebs sawarmoSi ufro metia, vidre im muSak-

Ta raodenoba romlebic dakavebuli arian warmoebisuSualo procesSi.

* sanardo samiSao fitavs ufro metad, vidre samu-Sao dadgenili normebiT. iaponiaSi ar arsebobs arcerTi qarxana, sadac muSaoben sanardo sistemiT.

* administraciis samuSao mdgomareobs imaSi, romgamomuSavebis normebi Secvalos kompetenturi da Wkvi-anuri xelmZRvanelobiT.

2. uari unda iTqvas obieqtivisturi marTvis meTo-debze. uari unda iTqvas marTvaze, romelic orienti-rebulia cifrebsa da raodenobriv maCveneblebze.

* Tu sistema, romelSic Tqven muSaobT stabiluria,ar aris aucilebeloba ganisazRvros Sromis nayofie-rebis da xarisxis amaRlebis mizani cifrebSi , suler-Tia Tqven miiRebT mxolod imas, rasac mogcemT sistema,mizani romelic sistemis SesaZleblobis farglebsgareTaa, miRweuli ver iqneba.

* Tu sistema arastabiluria, maSinac ar aqvs azricifrebSi miznis gansazRvras, radganac ar arsebobsSesaZlebloba gavigoT Tu ras mogvcems sistema, rad-gan dagegmili mizani ver iqneba miRweuli.

punqti 12. siamayis ufleba

“mieciT saSualeba Tqvens TanamSromlebs iamayonTavianTi SromiT, aRmofxvariT dabrkoleba, romelicxels uSlis muSakebs iamayon TavianTi SromiT~. espunqti umniSvnelovanesia am programaSi, radgan igidakavSirebulia sawarmoTa muSakebis swor motivaci-asTan

am Tezisis Sesabamisad aucilebelia:••••• aRmoifxvras dabrkolebebi, romelic ar as-

Zlevs saSualebas rigiT muSakebs iamayon TavianTiostatobiT. inspeqtorebis pasuxismgebloba unda iyosSecvlili, isini pasuxs unda agebdnen ara SiSvel cif-rebze, aramed xarisxze.

34 35

••••• aRmoifxvras dabrkolebebi, romlebic saSua-lebas ar aZleven administracias da sainJinro kate-goriis muSakebs, iamayon TavianTi ostatobiT, es niS-navs uaris Tqmas yovelwliur atestaciebsa da obieq-tivistur marTvis meTodebze.

punqti 13. TviTsrulyofa

“waaxaliseT swrafva swavlasa da TviTsrulyofi-saken. SeimuSaveT kvalifikaciis amaRlebis sayovel-Tao programa da SeqmeniT TiToeuli muSakisaTvis TviT-srulyofis pirobebi.” es punqti mWidrod aris gada-jaWvuli programis me-6 punqtTan, magram aq mizani uf-ro maRalia. demingi saubrobs ara ubralo kvalifika-ciis amaRlebaze, aramed TviTsrulyofaze. idealSi iq-mneba is, rac demingma mogvianebiT uwoda “learing organi-zation~.

_ es aris kompania, romelic mudmivad mowinave me-Todebs nergavs, muSakebi romlebic TviTsrulyofisa-ken miiswrafian aRweven kidec biznesSi umaRles mwver-valebs.

punqti 14. xelmZRvanelis pasu-

xismgebloba

“mkafiod gansazRveT Seuryeveli ltolva umaRle-si xelmZRvanelobisa, xarisxis mudmiv gaumjobesebasada Sromis nayofierebis amaRlebisadmi~.

aRniSnuli, logikurad gamomdinareobs me-3 pragma-tul aqsiomidan. demingis mixedviT unda gavakeTiT ise,rom TiToeuli muSaki kompaniaSi unda monawileobdesgardaqmnebis programaSi.

“gardaqmnebi _ TiToeulis saqmea~.“TviTgadarCena _ TiToeulis keTili nebaa~.

2.4. Svidi sasikvdilo avadmyo-

foba

“sasikvdilo avadmyofobebi~ _ es kompaniaTa saerTomaxasiaTeblebia, romlebsac SeuZliaT , nulamde daiy-vanon brZola, xarisxis gaumjobesebisadmi da romle-bic ar aZleven saSualebas kompaniebs miaRwion gamar-jvebas.

1. “dagegmareba , ver ukeTebs orientirebas warmoe-bas ,iseT momsaxurebebze da saqonelze, romelebzecbazari ayenebs moTxovnas da maTze, romlebic xelsuwyoben biznesis SenarCunebas da samuSao adgilebisuzrunvelyofas .~

2. “mewarmis aqcenti moklevadian mogebaze, romelicikvebeba SiSiT konkuretebis mimarT da imyofebianbankirebis da dividendebis mimRebebTa mxridan wne-xis qveS iZulebuls xdis maT orientacia moaxdinonwuTier sargebelze, rac biznesis SenarCunebis mud-mivi miznis sapirispiroa.

3. “muSakTa muSaobis Sefaseba formaluri maCveneb-lebis mixedviT, atestacia, normebis yovelwliuri ga-daxedva~.

4. “sawarmos saqmianobis yovelwliuri gardaqmnebi,sawarmoo programebis cvlilebebi, xelmZRvanelebismudmivi cvla, kadrebis gadaadgileba~.

5. “sawarmos marTva mxolod arsebul cifrebze day-rdnobiT, aRuricxavi maCveneblebis an im maCveneble-bis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, romelTa aRricxvac SeuZ-lebelia~.

6. “zemaRali socialuri danaxarjebi~.7. “zemaRali danaxarjebi produqciis dabrunebis

gamo~. aSS da evropis qveynebis bazrebisaTvis fuladivaldebulebebis, Zalzed maRali Rirebuleba, gaberi-lia iuristebis mier, romlebic angariSoben ubedurSemTxvevebis gamo sakompensacio gadasaxadebis gadax-das .

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2.5. demingis jaWvuri reqcia

xarisxis menejmentis programis es komponenti mo-wodebulia uCvenos, rogorc xelmZRvanels, aseve Ta-namSromlebs urTierTkavSiri muSaobis xarisxsa, war-moebis efeqturobasa da sawarmoSi muSakTa mdgomare-obis stabilurobas Soris (nax.5).

xarisxis amaRleba

Sromisnayofierebis zrda

xarjebis Semcireba

fasebi moTxovnis doneze

bazarze poziciebis gamyareba

sawarmos ekonomikuri

stabilurobis gamyareba

samuSao adgilebis SenarCuneba

nax.5. demingis jaWvuri reaqcia

am urTierTkavSiris Segneba Zalzed mniSvnelovania,xarisxiani Sromisadmi muSakTa swori motivaciis Se-saqmnelad. nax.5-ze aRniSnuli diagrama mkafiod gviC-venebs, rom xarisxis zrda xels uwyobs samuSao adgi-lebis SenarCunebas, aumjobesebs muSakTa motivacias,astimulirebs xarisxis zrdas da Semdgom cikli isevmeordeba. erTxel CaSvebuli es cikli viTardeba ise-ve rogorc jaWvuri reaqcia, birTvul fizikaSi.

Tavi 3

sayovelTao xarisxis principebis

evolucia

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo wina TavSi marTvisWeSmarit korifeebad, romlebmac moaxdines xarisxisrevolucia, iTvlebian edvards demingi, jozef jura-ni da filipe krosbi. maT ideebma, romlebic exebamarTvas , gazomvebs da xarisxis zrdas, metwilad gav-lena moaxdines praqtikul meTodebze , romlebic dRe-vandel dRes gamoiyeneba organizaciebSi

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo demingis filosofiaxarisxis da marTvis Sesaxeb rTulia. demingma masuwoda “Rrma analizis sistema~ (A System of ProfoundKnow ledge), romelic Sedgeba 4 elementisagan :

(1) sistemis Sefaseba;(2) procesebis gadaxris gageba;(3) codnis Teoria;(4) fsiqologia.

1. sistemebi

sistema (system ) _ es aris funqciebis , an saqminoba-Ta saxeobebis jami, romelic xorcieldeba organiza-ciebSi da gankuTvnilia saorganizacio miznebis mi-saRwevad. sistemas unda hqondes mizani, romlis misaR-wevadac is mudmivad miiswrafis. demingi darwmunebu-li iyo, rom nebismieri sistemis mizania miiRos Sore-ul perspeqtivaSi raime sargebeli (am miznis misaRwe-vad CarTulia yvela dainteresebuli piri da sxvajgufebi, aqcionerebi, muSakebi, momxmareblebi da gare-mo). Aaqcionerebma_ SeiZleba miiRon maRali finansu-ri Sedegebi, muSakebma _ miiRon kvalifikaciis amaRle-bis da profesiuli momzadebis SesaZlebloba; momxma-

38 39

rebelma _ miiRos saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelsacis moiTxovs; garemom _ Sesabamisi Sedegi socialuradpasuxismgebel menejmentisagan. demingi Tavis filo-sofiaSi xazs usvavs, rom menejeris ZiriTadi saqmea –dakavebul iqnes sistemis optimizaciiT.

2. procesis gadaxris gageba

(gadaxra)

zustad ise, rogorc ori Tovlis fifqi ar hgavserTmaneTs, aseve erTi saxis arc erTi gamoSvebulisaqoneli ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTnairi. nebismie-ri sawarmoo procesi moicavs mraval wyaros, romelicwarmoSobs gadaxrebs, mag. saWreli danadgarebi saqon-lis ramdenime partiis gamoSvebis Semdeg icviTeba, iZensvibracias, qaRaldis xelsaxocebis saTvleli da Sem-fuTavi danadgari daTvlisas uSveben Secdomas, dasxva. demingis azriT cudi xarisxis ZiriTadi mizeziaris gadaxra. faqtorebs, romlebic warmoadgenen pro-cesis bunebriv nawils ewodeba gadaxris saerTo mize-zebi.

3. codnis Teoria

“Rrma codnis~ mesame Semadgenels ewodeba codnisTeoria. es aris demingis filosofiis nawili, romel-Sic ganixileba codnis buneba da masStabebi. am mxrivdemingze udidesi gavlena moaxdina klarens irvingluisma (Clarence Izviug Lewis), romelic avtoria umniS-vnelovanesi wignis “Wkua da msoflio~( Mind und Warld)luisi amtkicebda: “codna misi interpretaciis gare-Se ar arsebobs “. Tu interpretacia, romelic warmoad-gens Wkuis saqmianobas, es aris yovelTvis procesi,romelic ganicdis Semowmebas , damatebiTi gamocdi-lebis meSveobiT , maSin rogor SeiZleba saerTod

visaubroT codnaze? iTvleba rom yvelaze ukeTes Sem-TxvevaSi , es SesaZlebelia mxolod warsulis (gamoc-dilebis) momavalSi gadataniT , magram es axsnac kigamomdinareobs principebidan, romlebic TviTon al-baTobiTi xasiaTisaa~.

aq yvelaze umTavresia is, rom mmarTvelobiTi gadaw-yvetilebebi unda ganisazRvrebodnen faqtebiT, moce-muli da Semowmebuli TeoriebiT da ara ubralodvinmes mosazrebebiT. gamocdilebis testireba SeuZle-belia, agreTve SeuZlebelia misi Semowmeba, Tumca kargTeoriebs, romlebic gamyarebulia Sesabamis monaceme-biT, SeuZlia gviCvenos mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebu-lebebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT progno-zirebisaTvis. Teoria xsnis Tu ratom xdeba esa Tu ismovlenebi.

4. fsiqologia

Aadamianebi SeimuSaveben produqtebsa da procesebs,uweven momsaxurebas momxmarebels da aRweven sxvadas-xva Sedegebs. fsiqologia gvexmareba ukeTesad gavigoTadamianebis, maTi urTierTqmedebebis arsi da garemoe-bebi, romelSic isini xorcieldeba, urTierTdamokide-buleba ufrossa da TanamSromlebs Soris da faqto-rebi, romlebic moqmedeben maT qcevebze.arc erT xel-mZRvanels ar SeuZlia marTos,Tu mas ar esmis da ariTvaliswinebs amas seriozuli gadawyvetilebis miRe-bisas.

yovelive zemoTxsenebuli ganazogada ganTqmulmakonsultantma piter Soltcma (Peter Scholtes), romel-mac zustad axsna is , Tu ratom ar SeuZlia yvelasgaigos demingis mier SemoTavazebuli “Rrma codnis~komponentebi da ideebi . misi azriT es xdeba SemdegSemTxvevebSi:

40 41

1. roca adamianebs ar esmiT

sistemebi:

* isini ganixilaven movlenebs, rogorc calkeulSemTxvevebs , da ara rogorc mravali Zalebis urTier-Tqmedebebisa da urTierTdamokidebul, jamur Sedegs.

* isini xedaven mxolod simptomebs da ara proble-maTa siRrmiseul mizezebs.

* isini ver igeben, Tu rogor SeuZlia sawarmossaqmianobis mxolod erT nawilSi Carevas ,Seitanosqaosi sxva nawilSi an imave nawilSi sxva dros.

* problemebis warmoSobisas isini adanaSaulebenamaSi calkeul adamianebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca amxalxs ar aqvs SesaZlebloba akontrolon movlenaTamsvleloba, romelmac miiyvana rTul situaciamde.

* maT ar esmiT azri uZvelesi afrikuli gamonaTqva-misa “bavSvs aRzrdian mTeli soflis saSualebiT~.


gadaxrebis:

* isini ver xedaven ukve Camoyalibebul tendenci-ebs.

* isini xedaven tendenciebs iq, sadac isini ar aris.* maT ar ician rodis aris molodini realisturi.* maT ar esmiT funqcionirebis wina maCveneblebisa

da amitom ar SeuZliaT momavlis prognozireba.* maT ar esmiT gansxvaveba winaswarmetyvelebas, prog-

nozirebasa da gamocnobas Soris.


fsiqologiis:

* maT ar esmiT motivaciis, an ar SeuZliaT axsnan, Tu

ratom adamianebi aucileblad unda akeTebdnen raimes.* isini iyeneben maTraxis da prianikis politikas

da agreTve sxvadasxva formebs motivaciaTa Sesaqmne-lad, romelTac sinamdvileSi ar SeuZliaT iqonionaraviTari dadebiTi gavlena da asusteben urTier-Tdamokidebulebas maT Soris romlebic aRweven mo-tivaciebs da im xalxs Soris romlebSic gamowveuliunda iqnes es motivacia.

* maT ar esmiT cvlilebaTa procesebis da maT mi-marT winaaRmdegobis.

* adamianebTan urTierTobis dros isini mimarTaveniZulebis politikas . .

* maTi qmedebebi badeben cinizms, demoralizacias,demotivacias, danaSaulis grZnobas da sasowarkveTi-lebas.

4. roca adaminebs ar esmiT

codnis Teoriis:

* maT ar ician rogor dagegmon swavleba da srul-yofa , da rogor moaxdinon praqtikaSi TavianTi gegme-bis realizacia.

* maT ar esmiT sxvaoba srulyofasa da cvlilebebsSoris.

*miuxedavad udidesi Zalisxmevisa , problemebi rCe-ba gadauwyveteli.

arc erT xelmZRvanels ar SeuZlia marTos, Tu araTviTcnobierebs da ar iTvaliswinebs yovelive ze-moTxsenebuls. sakvanZo gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas,da rac ufro mniSvnelovania admianebs Tavidanve aqvTufleba miiRon siamovneba samuSaosgan. fsiqologiagvexmareba SevinarCunoT adaminebSi ukve Camoyalibe-buli pozitiuri ganwyoba.

42 43

3.1 demingis filosofia

cikli “dagegme _ Seasrule _ Seamowme _ imoqmede~ _pirvelad SemuSavebuli iqna v. Suxartes mier 1920w.(Walter Shewhart), xolo mogvianebiT populizirebuliiqna e. demingis mier. am mizezis gamo xSirad mas “de-mingis cikls~ uwodeben. (nax.6)

dagegmarebis etapi exeba konkretuli miznebisa damoqmedebis gegmis gansazRvras. Semdgom etapze (Sesru-leba) Cven realizacias vukeTebT imas, rac dagegmili

4. imoqmede:

rogor gavake-

ToT es ukeTe-

sad SemdgomSi?

1. dagegme:

ra gaakeTo? ro-

gor gaakeTo?

3. Seamowme: See-

sabameba Tu ara

is rac moxda

imas rac dageg-

mili iyo?

2. Seasrule:

gaakeTe is, rac

iyo dagegmili!

gvqonda. mniSvnelovani operacia xorcieldeba Semow-mebis etapze: Cven vafasebT Cveni moqmedebebis siswo-res da efeqturobas, vadarebT miRebul Sedegebs da imSedegebs, romelsac movelodiT.

normebis Semotanis etapi SesaZloa mimdinareobdesori sxvadasxva gziT: Tu raime arasworia, maSin auci-lebelia SevamowmoT mTliani cikli PDCA da Tu yve-

laferi wesrigSia, maSin aucilebelia es eqsperimenta-luri Sedegi dafiqsirdes da Seyvanili iqnas yovel-dRiur normad, ramac Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia, moiT-xovos demingis kidev erTi ciklis realizacia PDCAP1anDo – Check - Act. demingis xarisxis da marTvis fi-losofia Zalzed rTulia, ris gamoc demingma ganazo-gada Tavisi filosofia, romelsac, rogorc ukve viciT,uwoda “Rrma analizis sistema~ (A System of ProfoundKnow leidge), romelic Sedgeba 4 elementisagan:

(1) sistemis Sefaseba;(2) procesebis gadasaxris gageba;(3) codnis Teoria;(4) fsiqologia.

3.2. juranis filosofia

juranma muSaoba daiwyo Western Electric-Si 1920 wleb-Si, im pionerul periodis dros, roca xarisxis statis-tikuri meTodebis SemuSaveba mxolod iwyeboda. igididi xnis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda am korporaciaSi.1951 wels juranma dawera da gamoaqveyna erT-erTiyvelaze mravalmxrivi wigni, xarisxis Sesaxeb _ “sa-xelmZRvanelo xarisxis kontrolis Sesaxeb~ (QwalityControl Handbook).

1950 wels ukve demingis Semdeg, jurani aswavlidaiaponiaSi xarisxis principebs da didi roli iTamaSaam qveyanaSi xarisxisadmi midgomebis gadaxedvaSi. ju-ranis midgoma cvlilebebisadmi iyo ufro pragmatu-li, vidre demingis. xarisxis sakiTxebs jurani ganixi-lavda or doneze:

1. kopmaniis misia mTlianobaSi produqciis maRalixarisxis misaRwevad.

2. sawarmos an kompaniis TiToeuli danayofis misia,maRali sawarmoo xarisxis misaRwevad. xarixis mar-

nax. 6. cikli “dagegme _ Seasrule _ Seamowme _ imoqmede~

44 45

Tvis procesSi aqtiur liderebad unda gamxdariyvnenumaRlesi menejerebi.

jurani aRiarebda, rom TanamSromlebi, romlebicsaqmianoben organizaciaSi sxvadasxva doneze “lapara-koben sxvadasxva enaze~. (demingi Tvlida, rom yvela-saTvis gasageb enad unda yofiliyo statistika). top-menejerebi saubroben dolaris enaze, muSebi _ pro-duqciis enaze, saSualo donis menejerebi unda saub-robdnen am orive enaze da SeeZloT dolarebis gaday-vana produqciaSi da piriqiT. imisaTvis, rom mivip-yroT top-menejeris yuradReba xarisxis aspeqtebisad-mi, es aspeqtebi unda gadayvanili iqnas maTTvis gasagebenaze _ dolaris enaze.

amasTan dakavSirebiT jurani iyo buRaltruli aR-ricxvisa da xarisxze danaxarjebis analizis didimomxre, radgan Sedegebi, romlebic miiReba am ubnebze,saSualebas iZleva yvela dainteresebuli pirebis mxri-dan yuradRebis fokusirebisa, xarisxis problemebi-sadmi.

saoperacio doneze jurani aqcents akeTebs speci-fikaciebis Sesabamisobis zrdaze, xarvezebis aRmof-xvris xarjze, risTvisac gamoyenebuli unda iqnas sta-tistikuri instrumentebi. jurani xarisxs gansazRvrav-da, rogorc raimes “gamosayeneblad vargisianoba~ (fit-ness for use). mTlianobaSi igi xarisxs yofda oTx Se-madgenel nawilad: proeqtirebis xarisxi, vargisiano-bis xarisxi, adgilze arseboba da momsaxureba.

proeqtirebis xarisxi ZiriTadad dakavSirebuliasabazro kvlevebis CatarebasTan, produqciis koncef-ciis amorCevasTan da saproeqto specifikaciis dava-lebebTan.

xarisxis vargisianoba iTvaliswinebs teqnologi-ur sakiTxebs da xelmZRvanelTa da momsaxureTa mom-zadebis xarisxs.

adgilze momsaxurebis xarisxi dakavSirebulia ope-ratiulobasTan, kompetenturobasTan da mTlianobas-

Tan.juranis koncefcia fokusirdeba xarisxis sam Ziri-

Tad aspeqtze, romelsac erTobliobaSi ewodeba “xa-risxis trilogia~ (savaWro niSani Quality Trilogy dare-gistrirebulia juranis institutis mier): xarisxisdagegmva _ momzadebis procesi, romelic uzrunvel-yofs xarisxis miznebis miRwevas;

xarisxis amaRleba (srulyofa) warsulSi funqci-onirebis miuRwevad doneze gasvlis saSualeba;

xarisxis kontroli _ xarisxis miznebis miRwevaoperaciebis Sesrulebis procesSi.

3.3 krosbis filosofia

filip krosbi (Philip Crosby), romelic gardaicvala2001 wels, 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo saerTaSorisosatelefono, satelegrafo kompaniis xarisxis korpo-raciuli vice-prezidenti International Telephone aud Te-legraph (ITT) vidre igi am posts daikavebda, man ganvlodidi gza, saxazo zedamxedvelidan maRali donis mene-jeramde. daasrula ra Tavisi muSaoba ITT-Si. man 1979wels daarsa Philip Crosby Associates, romelic dakavebu-li iyo profesiuli momzadebis programis SemuSave-biTa da am programebis realizaciiT. man gamouSvawigni “xarisxi ufasod~ (Quality Is Free) sayovelTaodiTvleba, rom aRniSnulma naSromma aiZula umaRlesidonis amerikeli xelmZRvanelebi gaemaxvilebinaT yu-radReba xarisxze.

krosbis filosofiis arsi, SeiZleba gamovxatoT sa-xeliT “xarisxis marTvis absoluteri ~ da “srulyo-fis sabazo elementebi~ (Basic Elements of Improvements)xarisxis marTvis absolutebs, krosbi miakuTvnebs:

46 47

* xarisxi niSnavs moTxovnebisadmi Sesabamisobasda araeleganturobas. moTxovnebi formurirebuli un-da iyos mkafiod da ise, rom ar SeiZlebodes maTiSecdomiT aRqma. moTxovnebi _ es udao mowyobilobaakomunikaciis gansaxorcieleblad. imis Semdeg, rac amo-cana iqneba Sesrulebuli, SesaZlebelia gakeTdes Se-sabamisi ganzomilebebi, raTa ganisazRvros ramdenadsrulad aris moTxovna dakmayofilebuli. gadaxrebisaRmoCena mowmobs uxarisxobaze. pasuxismgebloba moT-xovnaTa formulirebaze ekisreba menejerebs.

* xarisxTan dakavSirebiT problemebi ar arsebobs.problemebi unda gamovlindes im adaminebisa da gan-yofilebebis mier, romlebic maT qmnian. arsebobs bu-Ralteriis problemebi, sawarmoo problemebi, dapro-eqtebis problemebi, klientTan urTierTobis proble-mebi da sxva. xarisxis ganyofilebam unda gazomos Se-sabamisobis done, aCvenos miRebuli Sedegebi angari-SebSi da dasaxos saerTo mimarTulebebi xarisxis ga-umjobesebis sakiTxSi. am TvalsazrisiT es debulebaekvivalenturia demingis principebis punqti samisa.

* xarisxis ekonomika ar arsebobs: yovelTvis ufroiafi jdeba samuSaos Tavidanve sworad Sesruleba.krosbi mxars uWers maT azrs, vinc amtkicebs rom mcne-bas “xarisxis ekonomika~ Aar aqvs azri. xarisxi ufa-soa. is risTvisac damatebiT unda gadaixado fuli _qmedebebia, romelic sruldeba imisTvis, rom TavidanvesamuSao ar iyo sworad Sesrulebuli. Tavisi Sinaar-siT demingis reaqciaTa jaWvi ( “ jaWvuri reaqcia~ )asaxavs igive ideas.

* funqcionirebis erTaderTi maCvenebeli _ xaris-xze danaxarjebia. es aris _ gadasaxadi uvargisobi-saTvis, an moTxovnebTan SeusabamobisaTvis.

krosbi aRniSnavda, rom kompaniebis umravlesoba xar-

javen gayidvebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis 15-20%. xa-risxze danaxarjebis gadasaxdelad.

* funqcionirebis erTaderTi standarti _ nuliraodenobis wuni. imisaTvis, rom miRweuli iqnas wunisnulovani raodenoba, saWiroa yvelaferi gakeTdes swo-rad Tavidanve. es niSnavs imas, rom viRwvodeT imisaT-vis, raTa ar davuSvaT wuni, vidre davxarjoT drowunis mosaZebnad da Semdgom mis gamosasworeblad .

srulyofis sabazo elementebi, romlebic SemogvTa-vaza krosbim, moicaven: gambedavobas (sawarmos lide-rebma TavianT Tavze unda aiRon valdebulebebi), ga-naTlebas da realizacias. demingis da juranis prog-ramebisgan gansxvavebiT, krosbis programa upirvelesyovlisa qceviTia. imisaTvis, rom miRweuli iqnes cvli-lebebi , korporatiul kulturaSi da urTierTobebSi,igi udides yuradRebas uTmobs mmarTvelobiT da or-ganizaciul procesebs, vidre statistikuri ileTebisgamoyenebas. iseve rogorc juranisa da demingisagangansxvavebiT, krosbis midgoma kargad ewereba ukve ar-sebul saorganizacio struqturebSi.

48 49

Tavi 4.

kavSirgabmulobis muSaobis xaris-

xi da misi gaumjobesebis gzebi

4.1 kavSirgabmulobis muSaobis

xarisxi ekonomikuri arsi da

mniSvneloba

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi , warmoebis warmate-buli saqmianoba damokidebulia ara marto gamosaSvebproduqciasa da momsaxurebis saerTo moculobaze, ara-med maT asortimentze da teqnikur-ekonomikur maCve-neblebis momxmarebelTa moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba-ze. amasTan, rac ufro ganviTarebulia bazari, rac uf-ro gajerebuli xdeba igi, miT maRalia moTxovnebimomsaxurebisa da saqonlis samomxmareblo niSan-Tvi-sebebisadmi, maTi SeZenisa da gamoyenebis moxerxebu-lobis, ekologiuri usafrTxoebisa da esTeturobismimarT. yovelive amas gansazRvravs maTi sarisxi.

nebismieri saqmianobis sferoSi, firmisaTvis gamoS-vebuli produqciis xarisxi warmoadgens maTi muSao-bis ZiriTad daxasiaTebas. igi gansazRvravs bazrispirobebSi sawarmos muSaobis qmediTunarianobas , maTkonkurentunarianobasa da momxmareblis mizidvis faq-torebs. xarisxis amaRleba xels uwyobs mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis tempebisa da warmoebis efeqtu-robis zrdas, misi yvela saxis resursebis ekonomias.

xarisxis qveS moiazreba produqciis (momsaxurebis)yvela Tvisebebis erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvra-ven daniSnulebisda mixedviT maT vargisianobas, gar-kveuli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. kavSir-gabmulobis sawarmoo funqciebidan gamomdinare, dar-

gis momsaxurebebis Sesabamisad, xarisxi gansazRvruliunda iqnas, rogorc produqciis unari srulad daakma-yofilos sawarmoebis, mmarTvelobiTi organoebis, mo-saxleobisa da sxva momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi, yvelasaxis informaciis gadacemisaTvis.

mocemuli gansazRvrebebidan Cans, rom xarisxi _kompleqsuri mcnebaa, romelic asaxavs ama Tu im kon-kretuli saqonlis an momsaxurebis TvisebaTa erTob-liobas. es Tvisebebi ganisazRvreba, rogorc maTi da-niSnulebiT, aseve momxmareblis mier materialuri fa-seulobebis SeZenisa da moxmarebisas, samomxmarebloRirebulebebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebiT.

telekomunikaciebis muSaobis xarisxisadmi moTxov-nebi , ganisazRvreba im roliTa da funqciebiT, rom-lebsac dargi asrulebs Sromis sazogadoebrivi da-yofis farglebSi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistema-Si, sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi, Tavdacvis unarianobaSi,sabazro infrastruqturasa da adamianTa kerZo cxov-rebaSi.

telekomunikaciebis infrastruqturuli buneba damisi momsaxureobis moxmarebis sayovelTao xasiaTi, gan-sazRvravs dargis saboloo produqtis xarisxis uz-runvelyofas , mis aqtualobas , rac dakavSirebuliamisi warmoebisa da moxmarebis specifiurobasTan. ko-munikaciebis momsaxureba, rogorc informaciis gada-cemis sasargeblo efeqti, teqnologiurad warmoadgensmis gadaadgilebas, droSi da sivrceSi sxvadasxva sa-SualebebiT. gadasacemi Setyobinebisa da misi gadace-mis drois siCqaris mixedviT momxmarebeli irCevs ko-munikaciebis garkveul saxeobas. wayenebuli moTxov-nebis Seusruleblobas SeuZlia migviyvanos gadasace-mi informaciis faseulobis Semcirebasa da srul da-kargvamde rogorc kerZo, aseve saqmian seqtorSi. dro-is faqtori gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznesissferos warmomadgenelTaTvis, sadac sabazro urTier-Tobebi, maTi dinamizmiT da rTuli kavSirebiT moiT-

50 51

xovs informaciis gadacemis, damuSavebisa da gadawyve-tilebis miRebis maRal operatiulobas.

droSi, samomxmareblo Rirebulebis Seqmnisa da ga-moyenebis procesebis damTxveva, SeuZlebels xdis wu-niT damuSavebuli produqciis amoRebas an Secvlas.komunikaciaTa muSaobis yvela wuni momxmarebels, aye-nebs materialur da moralur zarals. amitom kav-Sirgabmulobis momsaxurebis (produqciis) warmoebi-sa da moxmarebis procesebis ganuyofloba umaRlesmoTxovnebs uyenebs komunikaciur sistemaSi informa-ciis Senaxvas, misi utyuarobis uzrunvelyofas da pir-vandeli saxis SenarCunebas. gadasacemi Setyobinebe-bis arsis Secvla migviyvans araswori gadawyvetile-bebis miRebamde, gaumarTlebel danaxarjebamde, warmo-ebis riTmis darRvevasa da sxva negatiur Sedegebamde.

informaciis gadacemisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs miskonfidencialurobis dacvas. radgan mimoweris, sate-lefono saubrebis, safosto gzavnilebis, satelegra-fo da eleqtronuli kavSirgabmulobis, sxva Setyobi-nebebis saidumloeba gaTvaliswinebulia konstituci-iT. amitom komunikaciebis saidumloeba nebismieri sa-xis momsaxurebis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa, romlis dacvaaucilebelia yvela satelekomunikacio kompaniisTvis.

telekomunikaciis produqciis Seqmnis procesSi ram-denime sawarmos monawileoba, kavSirgabmulobis mom-saxureobis xarisxis kategorias aniWebs qselur xasi-aTs. momsaxurebis mTliani samomxmareblo Rirebule-ba iqmneba mTliani qselis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, mom-saxurebis xarisxis maxasiaTeblebic formirdebian Set-yobinebaTa ganvladobis calkeul ubnebze: gamavali,satranzito da Semomavali. am pirobebSi mniSvnelova-nia, rom TiToeul etapze gamoiyenebodes erTiani teq-nikuri normebi da wesebi, romelTa ucilobeli dac-vac uzrunvelyofda mTlianad kavSirgabmulobis sa-momxmareblo maxasiaTeblebs.

dargis qseluri agebuleba uSualo zegavlenas ax-

dens telekomunikaciis sistemaSi informaciis gada-cemis siCqaresa da utyuarobaze. satranzito gadacemazrdis ara marto gadacemis dros, aramed zegavlenasaxdens informaciis Senaxvis dros utyuarobaze. amisgamo, qselis agebulebis sqema, masSi gamoyenebuli kvan-Zuri sistemebi, mizanmimarTuli unda iyvnen Setyobi-nebebis gadacemis droiTi parametrebis optimizaciazeda imavdroulad, qselebis sicocxlisunarianobis, sa-imedobis da mdgradobis SenarCunebaze.

momxmareblis mxridan, ZiriTadi moTxovna komunika-ciebis sitemis muSaobis xarisxisadmi aris misi advi-lad misawvdomoba, an informaciis gadacemis SesaZ-lebloba saWiro adgilsa da saWiro dros. misawvdo-moba SeiZleba ganixilebodes teqnikuri da ekomomi-kuri TvalsazrisiT. Tu momxmarebels ara aqvs sakomu-nikacio teqnikuri saSualebebi (saabonento punqtebian saerTo moxmarebis kavSirgabmulobis punqtebi) Ta-vis sacxovrebel adgilTan axlos, maT dasWirdebaTdamatebiTi dro da fuladi saxsrebi imasaTvis, rommiaRwion sakomunikacio sawarmos, rac Tavis mxriv am-cirebs komunikaciebis momsaxurebebis gamoyenebis mo-xerxebulobas, maT samomxmareblo faseulobas. xanda-xan ki informaciis moZvelebis gamo, iwvevs momsaxure-baze uaris Tqmas. amitom kavSirgabmulobis organoTaamocanas warmoadgens momxmareblisaTvis momsaxureo-bis miaxloeba, sawarmoTa qselis da telekomunikacie-bis punqtebis gafarToeba, maTi muSaobis reJimis srul-yofa, raTa ufro moxerxebuli da misawvdomi iyvnenisini momxmareblisaTvis.

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, momsaxurebis misawvdo-moba ganisazRvreba momsaxurebis tarifebiT. momsaxu-rebis tarifebi gamoxataven samomxmareblo Rirebule-bas fulad erTeulebSi. amasTan, gaTvaliswinebuli un-da iyos ara marto sawarmoo xarjebi, aramed momsaxu-rebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli samomxmareblo Tvisebebi.telekomunikaciebis dargs ar aqvs sxvadasxva xarisxi-

52 53

sa da saxeobis erTnairi produqcia, misi yvela momsa-xureba unda Seesabamebodes dawesebul normebsa damoTxovnebs. maTi uzrunvelyofa _ rTuli da Zviriamocanaa, risTvisac sawarmos uwevs informaciis gada-cemisa da ganawilebis Tanamedrove sakomunikacio sis-temebis danergva. amitom xarisxis gaumjobeseba kanon-zomierad iwvevs momsaxurebis Rirebulebis da ro-gorc Sedegi, tarifis zrdas. qveynis saerTo ekonomi-kuri situaciis da momxmarebelTa ZiriTadi nawilisdabali gadaxdisunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, zogi-erTi saxis momsaxureoba mravali momxmareblisaTvismiuRweveli xdeba. gardamavali periodis negatiuriSedegebis (gadaxdisunarianoba) uaryofiTi zemoqmede-bis Semcireba komunikaciebis momsaxurebis gamoyenebi-saTvis SeiZleba mxolod moqnili satarifo politi-kis gatarebiT da kanonieri zomebis miRebiT, raTa yve-la abonenti uzrunvelyofili iyos socialurad mniS-vnelovani momsaxurebiT, miuxedavad maTi gadaxdisuna-rianobisa.

teleradiomauwyeblobis warmoebis momsaxurebis ga-moyeneba dakavSiurebulia abonentis survilTan, mii-Ros maRali xarisxis xmovani da vizualuri programe-bi audio da video gamosaxulebiT. am saxis momsaxure-bisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs maT esTetiurobas.

yvela saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mimarT waye-nebul saerTo moTxovnas warmoadgens maTi ekologiu-ri usafrTxoeba, radganac komunikaciebis momsaxure-bas ara qvs nivTobrivi forma, isini TviTon ar SeiZle-ba iyvnen garemosa da uSualod momxmarebelze mavnezemoqmedebis wyaro. amasTan, komuinikaciebis sawarmoe-bis saqmianobam (teqnolodgiebi) am momsaxurebis Se-saqmnelad SesaZloa gamoiwvios adamiansa da bunebazenegatiuri zemoqmedeba. es, magaliTad exeba mimReb-ga-damcemi mowyobilobebis, antenebis eleqtro-magniturgamosxivebas da a.S. amis gamo, ekologiuri usafrTxo-ebis maCveneblebi, romlebic ar warmoadgenen komuni-

kaciebis momsaxurebis uSualo xarisxobriv maxasia-Teblebs, unda ganixilebodnen, rogorc kavSirgabmu-lobis muSaobis xarisxis mniSvnelovani komponente-bi.

amrigad, momxmarebelTa moTxovnebidan gamomdinare,SeiZleba Camoyalibdes komunikaciebis saboloo maxa-siaTeblebis Semdegi saerTo Tvisebebi:

_ informaciis gadacemis, an Setyobinebebis gadag-zavnis siswrafe;

_ Setyobinebis gadacemisa da aRwarmoebis sizuste,utyuaroba da Senaxva;

_ informaciis gadacemis konfidencialuroba, sao-dumlos dacva;

_ telekomunikaciebis sitemebisa da teqnikuri sa-Sualebebis saimedo da mdgradi moqmedeba;

_ telekomunikaciebis momsaxurebisa da saSualebe-bis advilad misawvdomoba;

_ gamoyenebis moxerxebuloba, esTetiuroba da eko-logiuri usafrTxoeba.

romelime zemoT aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblis Seusru-lebloba, momxmareblisaTvis niSnavs, samomxmarebloRirebulebisa da momsaxurebis fasis dakargvas. am Sem-TxvevaSi maRali efeqti, romelsac uzrunvelyofen sa-telekomunikacio saSualebebi, biznesis marTvaSi dakerZo cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba dasruldes pirdapiri da-nakargebiT da miayenos momxmarebels zarali, rome-lic ramdenjerme aRemateba momsaxurebis anazRaure-bis xarjebs.

yovelive zemoT ganxiluli gansazRvravs momsaxu-rebis xarisxis mniSvnelobas moxmarebis Tvalsazri-siT, magram xarisxis gaumjobesebis problema aranak-leb mniSvnelovania misi mwarmoebeli _ komunikacie-bis sawarmosaTvis. operatorTa movaleobaa , awarmoonmomsaxureba, romelic Tavisi xarisxiT Seesabameba te-lekomunikaciebis Sesaxeb kanoniT gasazRvrul stan-dartebs, teqnikur normebs, sertifikatebs abonentTa

54 55

momsaxurebis wesebsa da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebisdarRvevisaTvis ,sawarmoebi iuridiulad da adminis-traciulad pasuxismgebelni arian, Tanaxmad samoqala-qo kodeqsisa da kanonisa “momxmarebelTa uflebebisdacvis Sesaxeb “. kanonSi, kerZod dadgenilia mwarmoe-belTa materialuri pasuxismgebloba normebTan Seu-sabamo momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis. momsaxurebis xasis-xis darRvevisaTvis sawarmo valdebulia, momxmarebelsbolomde aunazRauros miyenebuli zarali. Tu am mo-valeobas sawarmoebi ar Seasruleben nebayoflobiT,klients ufleba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos , kavSir-gabmulobis araxarisxiani momsaxurebiT miyenebulimaterialuri da moraluri zaralis anazRaurebis moT-xovnis sarCeliT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo sar-Cels miiCnevs kanonierad, sawarmos daekisreba jarimasarCelis Tanxis odenobiT, momxmareblis moTxovnebisnebayoflobiTi Seusruleblobis gamo. jarimis ga-daxda xdeba an biujetis sasargeblod, an Tanxa iyofaproporciulad biujetsa da im sazogadoebriv orga-nobs Sroris (momxmarebelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTi-aneba, maTi asociaciebi, kavSirebi da a.S.), romlebicwarmoadgenen sasamarTloSi momxmareblis interesebs.

yvela fuladi gadasaxadis _ jarima, sanqciebi, mom-xmareblisTvis miyenebuli materialuri da moralu-ri zaralis gadaxda , warmoebs telekomunikaciebissawarmos kuTvnili saxsrebidan, rac TavisTavad amci-rebs maT mogebas, romelic mimarTuli unda iyos mu-SakTa materialur waxalisebaze da sawarmos socia-lur ganviTarebaze.

aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas, rom sateleko-munikacio sawarmoTa momsaxurebis xarisxi ,xSirad uSu-alo kavSirSia maT raodenobasTan. magaliTad, saerTa-Soriso satelefono sadgurebSi momsaxurebis daCqa-rebuli sitemis danergvisas saubrebis ricxvi SeiZle-ba gaizardos 5-3-jer, rac Sesabamisad zrdis warmoe-bis Semosavlebs. xolo roca abonenti uars ambobs

Setyobinebis gadacemaze, didi xnis lodinis an kavSi-ris ar arsebobis gamo, es tolfasia Semosavlebis da-kargvisa. amitom komunikaciebis yvela sawarmo dainte-resebulia arsebuli momsaxurebis im aucilebeli sa-momxmareblo Tvisebebis SenarCunebiT, romlebic uf-ro kargad pasuxoben momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebs.

maCvenebelTa sistemaSi am moTxovnilebebs SeiZlebahqondeT konkretuli gamoxatuleba (kriteriumi), ro-melTa safuZvelze SeiZleba Sefasdes sawarmos muSao-bis xarsxis parametrebi da maTi Sesabamisoba norma-tiul, sabaziso an dasaSveb parametrebTan. amasTan maC-venebelTa mTeli sitema erTiandeba or jgufSi (nax.7):

kavS

irgab

mul

obis

moqmed

ebis dro

operac

iaT

a sixSire

kavS

irgabmu

lobis qsel

Si

gan

vlad

obis siCqar

e

Set

yobineb

is gad

acemis

utyu

aroba

kavS

iris saimedooba

momsaxureobis

moxmarebis

done

kavSirgabmulobis muSaobis xarisxi

momsaxurebis xarisxis

damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebi

momsaxurebis xarisxis

damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebi

momsaxurebis

kultura

moxmarebis

siadvile da

moxerxebuloba

gadacemis

konfidencia

luroba

kavS

irgab

mul

obis

punqt

ebisa da

saw

armo

ebis simW

idrove

nax. 7. kavSirgabmulobis muSaobis maCveneblebis sitema

56 57

momsaxurebis xarisxis maCveneblebi

pirveli jgufi _ momsaxurebis gawevis xarisxismaCvenebeli axasiaTebs momxmarebelTan sakomunikaciomomsaxurebisa da saSualebebis advilad misawvdomo-bas, abonentTan maTi miaxloebis dones, moxmarebis mo-xerxebulobas.

momxmareblis momsaxureobis xarisxi ganisazRvre-ba:

_ am saSualebebiT gajerebis xarisxiT, romelic da-mokidebulia komunikaciebis sawarmoTa da punqtebisqselis organizaciasa da misi ganviTarebis doneze;

_ klientTa momsaxurebis sawarmoo operacisebissixSiriT;

_ komunikaciebis momsaxurebis moxmarebis doniT _maTi raodenobiT 1, 100, an 1000 mcxovrebze.

komunikaciebis saSualebebiT gajereba xasiaTdebagarkveul teritoriaze telekomunikaciebis punqtebi-sa da sawarmoebis simWidroviT; teritoriis farTobi-Ta da mcxovrebTa saSualo raodenobiT, romelTacemsaxureba erTi sawarmo an punqti; erTi sawarmos anpunqtis muSaobis radiusi; im mosaxlebis saSualoricxviT (soflad, qalaqad), romelsac emsaxureba erTikavSirgabmulobis ganyofileba, radio da telemauw-yeblobis programebiT, teritoriis mocviT da a.S.

es maCvenebeli sxvadasxva qvedargebisaTvis araer-Tgvarovania. magaliTad, iseTi maCveneblebi, rogori-caa safosto da satelegrafo sawarmoebisa da punqte-bis raodenoba, aseve momsaxurebis saSualo radiusi,saqarTvelosTvis TiTqmis igivea, rac ekonomikurad gan-viTarebuli qveynebisTvis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas te-leviziisa da radiomauwyeblobis programebiT teri-toriisa da mosaxlebis mocvis Sesaxeb.

100 ojaxze satelefono aparatebis simkvrive 2000w.Cvens qveyanaSi qalaqad iyo 77,86; xolo soflad _ 5,13.satelefono aparatebis raodenoba taqsofonebis CaT-

vliT 100 sul mosaxleze _ 15,79.qveynis zog regionSi jer kidev saerTaSoriso sa-

telefono kavSiri xorcieldeba saubris SekveTis sis-temiT. ris gamoc am momxmarebelTaTvis kidev ufronakleb misawvdomia momsaxurebis axali saxeobebi: fi-Wuri, radio-satelefono kavSiri, personaluri radi-ogamoZaxebebis sitema, telefaqsi, eleqtronuli fostada sxva. sxvadasxva organizaciul-teqnikuri da ekono-mikuri mizezebis gamo momsaxurebis es saxeobebi rCeba“elitaruli~, maSin, roca industriulad ganviTare-bul qveynebSi abonentTa umravlesobisaTvis isini ise-Tive Cveuli gaxda, rogorc momsaxureobis tradiciu-li saxeobebi.

telekominikaciebis saSualebebis gamoyeneba da ma-Ti momxmarebelTaTvis momsaxurebis misawvdomloba bev-radaa damokidebuli arxebis, sazogadoebrivi punqte-bisa da sawarmoebis muSaobis reJimze. sawarmos muSa-obis reJimi (gaRebisa da daketvis dro, Sesveneba) undaSeesatyvisebodes adamianTa saqmiani da kerZo cxovre-bis riTms, unda iyos maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli mom-xmareblisaTvis. fostisa da telegrafis sawarmoebisada punqtebis umravlesoba qalaqad da raionul cen-trebSi muSaobs kviraSi 6 dRisa da dRe-RameSi 8-10saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xolo rac Seexeba satelegrafoda satelefono kavSiris, sawarmoebs qalaqad da raio-nul centrebSi maTi samuSao reJimi sadReRamisoa.

momsaxurebis drois kuTxiT, ukanasknel wlebSi yve-laze mwvave situaciaa im safosto ganyofilebebSi, rom-lebic emsaxureba mcired dasaxlebul punqtebs. sa-fosto cvlis mkveTri dacemisa da soflis safostoganyofilebebis ararentabelobis gamo, maTi didi na-wili daixura da momxmareblis momsaxureba warmoebsuaxloesi kavSirgabmulobis ganyofilebebis saSuale-biT.

satelekomunikacio saSualebebis ganviTarebis, ze-moT ganxiluli droiTi da sivrcobrivi maxasiaTeb-

58 59

lebi , bevrad gnasazRvraven momsaxurebis moxmarebisdones, romelic raodenobrivad gamoxatavs konkretu-li saxis momsaxureobis samomxmareblo Rirebulebebs,drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi, magaliTad wlis gan-mavlobaSi 1, 100 an 1000 momxmarebelze gaweuli momsa-xurebis raodenoba. es maCvenebeli SeiZleba gaTvili-li iqnas momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis.

magaliTad: kavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebSi moqmediaRricxvianobis da angariSgebis sistemis Tanaxmad,ubralo da fasiani werilobiTi korespondenciis, ama-naTebis, fuladi gzavnilebis, depeSebis, saerTaSori-so satelefono saubrebis maCvenebeli ganisazRvrebaqveyvis erT sul mcxovrebze. momsaxurebis moxmarebisdone teqmowyobilobebis miwodebis saxiT, maTi saxe-obis da mixedviT damokidebulia moxmarebis xasiaTis(sawarmoo Tu kerZo), abonentTa teritoriul mdeba-reobaze (qalaqis Tu soflis mosaxleoba), da komuni-kaciebis punqtebis saxeobaTa (individualuri Tu ko-leqtiuri) mixedviT. ase magaliTad, adgilobrivi kav-Siris telefonebis raodenoba ganisazRvreba 100 sulmosaxleze, rogorc saerTod, aseve qalaqisa da sof-lis mosaxleobaze; saabonento telegrafis mowyobi-lobaTa raodenoba _ sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi daka-vebul 100 000 mosaxleze da a.S.

saerTod, telekomunikaciebis saSualebebis misaw-vdomoba gansazRvravs mxolod potenciuri abonente-bis SesaZleblobas gamoiuyenon es momsaxureobebi, amukanasknelTa Tvisebebi ki qmnian maCvenebelTa meorejgufs, romelsac ewodeba komunikaciebis momsaxureo-bis xarisxis maCvenebelTa sistema. am sistemis safuZ-vlad miiRebian iseTi maCveneblebi, romlebic asaxavensamomxmareblo Tvisebebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniS-vnelovan maCveneblebs. maTTvis dadgindeba teqnikurinormebi da normativebi da aseeve iqmneba teqnikuripirobebi, romleTa dacvac aucilebelia sakomunika-cio sferoSi momqmed yvela operatorisaTvis.

Setyobinebis gadacemis siCqaris normativebs war-moadgens komunikaciebis sitemaSi Setyobinebis gan-vladobis sakontrolo vadebi.

sakontrolo vada _ es aris drois reglamentire-buli monakveTi, romlis ganmavlobaSic Sesrulebuliunda iqnas komunikaciebis qselSi informaciis gada-cemidan mis miRebamde, gadacemis mTeli kompleqsi angadacemis calkeul etapze procesis nawili konkre-tuli sawarmos farglebSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT ga-nasxvaveben saerTo, etapobriv da saoperacio sakon-trolo vadebs.

saerTo sakontrolo vadas gansazRvraven Setyobi-nebis miwodebidan, adresatamde Cabarebis, saWiro nor-matiul droiT. magaliTad, arsebobs adgilobrivi dasaerTaSoriso depeSebis gadacemis saerTo sakontro-lo vada; werilobiTi korespodenciis gadagzavnis daCabarebis dro. aseve “SekveTis sistemiT~ saqalaqTaSo-ri satelefono saubrebis gansaxorcieleblad gaTva-liswinebuli dro.

etapobrivi sakontrolo vadebi gansazRvraven droisreglamentirebul xarjs Setyobinebis damuSavebaze ma-Ti ganvladobis calkeul etapze _ gamaval, satranzi-to da Semomavalze. drois xangrZlivobam, romelicSedgeba etapobrivi sakontrolo vadebis jamisagan kon-kretuli saxis SetyobinebebisaTvis ar unda gadaaWar-bos saerTo sakontrolo vadas.

magaliTad: depeSis gadasacemad dadgenilia etapir-bivi sakontrolo vadebi misi miRebidan adresatzeCabarebis momentamde: fanjaraSi depeSis miRebis mo-mentidan, mis aparatze gadacemamde: satranzito kvanZSidepeSebis damuSavebis dro; damabolovebel mimReb pun-qtSi depeSis Sida damuSavebisa da adresatTan mitanisvada.

safosto gzavnilebis gadagzavnisas dadgenilia nor-matiuli vadebi werilobiTi korespondenciis safos-to yuTidan amoRebisaTvis, werilebis da amanaTebis

60 61

sawarmos SigniT damuSavebisaTvis gamaval, satranzi-to da Semomaval etapebze, xelmomwerTaTvis gazeTebismitanis vada da sxva.

dadgenili saerTo sakontrolo vadebis Sesaxeb in-formacia advilad misawvdomi unda iyos momxmareb-lisaTvis da ganTavsebuli unda iyos TvalsaCino ad-gilze, radgan maTi Seusruleblobis gamo operatore-bi abonentTa winaSe pasuxismgeblebi arian dadgeniliwesis Sesabamisad.

saerTo da etapobrivi sakontrolo vadebis uzrun-velsayofad sawarmoebSi dgindeba: Sidasaoperacio sa-kontrolo vadebi, romlebic asaxaven calkeul droisreglamentirebul xarjvas. saoperacio-sakontrolo va-debi gamoixateba drois normebiT produqciis konkre-tuli saxeobebisaTvis an calkeuli teqnikuri mowyo-bilebebis momsaxurebis drois normebiT.

TiToeul qvedargSi gadasacemi informaciis utyua-roba da sizuste xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva parametrebiT:

satelefono kavSirisaTvis es aris saubris advi-lad garCeva, misi bunebrioba, xmis simaRlis done, gare-Se xmauris ar arseboba.

depeSebis gadacemisas mniSvnelovania gadasacemi teq-stisa da simboloebis sizuste.

fostaSi fuladi gzavnilebis, werilebis, bandero-lebisa da amanaTebis SigTavsis dacvis uzrunvelyofada konfedencialuroba.

yovelive amis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebeli teqniku-ri normebisa da pirobebis; komunikaciebis saSualebe-bis teqnikuri eqspluataciis wesebis, komunikaciebismomsaxurebis ganxorcielebis wesebis da sxva norma-tiuli dokumentebis zusti SesrulebiT, romliTacreglamentirdeba saerTo moxmarebis qselis operato-rebis saorganizacio-teqnukuri saqmianoba.

telekomunikaciebis muSaobis saimedooba da mdgra-doba ganisazrRvreba komunikaciebis mowyobilobebi-sa da nagebobebis SesaZleblobebiT. dadgenili reg-

lamentisa da teqnikuri pirobebis Tanaxmad, aRniSnu-li Tvbisebebis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba iseTi teqni-kuri maCveneblebi, rogorebicaa gamarTuli muSaobiskoeficienti, Seuferxebeli muSaobis koeficienti dasxva. maTi done damokidebulia mowyobilobaTa teqni-kur doneze, warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebul masaleb-sa da teqnikur gadawyvetilebebze, qselis teqnologi-urobaze, muSaobis xangrZlivovbaze da komunikaciebisqselSi arsebuli organizaciul-teqnikuri pirobebi-sadmi adaptaciis doneze.

qvedargobliv WrilSi, momsaxurebis samomxmarebloTvisebebisadmi wayenebuli saerTo moTxovnebis Ziri-Tadi maxasiaTeblebi dakonkretebulia komunikaciebismomsaxurebis xarisxis maCveneblebis sistemaSi. isiniasaxaven warmoebis specifikur pirobebs da konkretu-li momsaxuebis raodenobriv sazoms xarisxobrivi ma-xasiaTeblebisaTvis, romelic iqmneba TiToeul qvedar-gSi. qvemoT moyvanilia im maCveneblebis sistema, rome-lic amJamad gamoiyeneba msoflio satelekomunikaciosferoSi operatorebis mier momxmareblebisaTvis ga-weuli momsaxurebis xarisxis Sesafaseblad.

saqalaqTaSoriso satelefono kavSiri:_ arSemdgari saubrebis raodenoba._ sakontrolo vadebSi gadacemuli telegramebis

procenti;_ sakontrolo vadebSi miwodebuli telegramebis

procenti;_ yovel 1000 telegramaze sasamsaxuro mimoweriTa

da saCivrebiT gamovlenili wuniT damuSavebuli te-legramebis raodenoba

saqalaqo satelefono kavSiri (ssk):_ sakontrolo vadebSi aRdgenili dazianebebis pro-

centi._ Semowmebuli taqsofonebis saerTo raodenobaSi

mwyobridan gamosuli saqalaqo universaluri taqso-

62 63

fonebis xvedriTi wili.

radiofikacia:_ yovel 100 ZiriTad radio-satranslacio wertil-

ze dazianebis Sesaxeb Semosuli gancxadebebi._ gancxadebebis procenti, romelTa mixedviT radi-

owertilebis dazianeba aRdgenilia sakontrolo va-debSi.

_ radiosatranslacio kvanZebis, sadgurebisa da qve-sadgurebis kavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebis mizeziT moc-denis xangrZlivobis procenti.

radiokavSiri, radiomauwyebloba da televizia:_ komunikaciebis sawarmoTa mizeziT gadamcemebis,

mimReb-gadamcemi arxebis radio da telemauwyeblobismuSaobis Sewyvetis xangrZlivoba wuTebSi muSaobisyovel 1000 sT-ze

_ 1 kvt-mde da 1 kvt-ze meti simZlavris radio datelemauwyeblobis gadamcemebis, sawarmoos mizeziT mu-Saobis zenormatiuli Sewyvetis xangrZlivoba;

_ gadamcemi arxebis sawarmos mizeziT muSaobis Sew-yvetis xangrZlivoba.

_ yvela, maT Soris sawarmos mizeziT gamowveulisatelevizio gadamcemebis wuniT muSaobis xangrZli-voba wuTebSi muSaobis yovel 1000 sT-ze.

Tanamgrzavruli kavSiri:_Setryobinebebis mimReb-gadamcemi teqnikuri saSua-

lebebis muSaobis saerTo da zenormatiuli Sewyvete-bis xangrZlivoba mTlianad da, maT Soris sawarmosmizeziT.

safosto kavSiri:_ safosto gzavnilebis dakargva da dataceba (saer-

TaSoriso gzavnilebis gamoyofiT) erTeulebSi, mTli-anad da maT Soris mocemuli sawarmos mizeziT;

_ fuladi gzavnilebis da faseulobis danaklisida dataceba. maT Soris mocemuli sawarmos mizeziT;

komunikaciebis yvela sawarmosaTvis xarisxis saer-To maCvenebls warmoadgens saCivrebis raodenoba. sa-warmos muSakTa muSaobaSi darRvevebis gamo.

xarisxis maCveneblebis raodenobrivi gamosaxvisaT-vis, sawyis informacias warmoadgenen operatiul-teq-nikuri da statistikuri aRricxvis monacemebi, SerCe-viTi da erTeuli dakvirvebebis Sedegebi, komunikacie-bis teqnukuri saSualebebisa da momsaxurebis xaris-xobrivi parametrebis Sesaxeb momxmarebelTa socio-logiuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebi.

4.2 kavSirgabmulobis momsaxure-

bis gaumjobesebis gzebi

kavSirgabmulobis momsaxurebis xarisxis gaujobe-sebis problema ayvanilia dargis winaSe mdgom yvela-ze seriozul da rTul problemaTa kategoriaSi, rad-gan momsaxurebis xarisxi warmoadgens urTules soci-ualur ekonomikur kategorias, romelic ganisazRvre-ba maTi samomxmareblo TvisebebiT. am problemebis ga-dawyveta unda iyos dafuZnebuli kompleqsurobis dasistemurobis principebze, romelnic uzrunvelyofenrac SeiZleba meti iseTi faqtoris yoelmxriv aRric-xvasa da analizs, romlebic axdenen zegavlenas komu-nikaciaebis dargis da mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavalimeurne subieqtebis saqmianobis saboloo produqtisxarisxobriv parametrebis donesa da dinamikaze.

aRniSnuli problemis sirTule ganpirobebulia imi-Tac, rom konkretuli momsaxurebis xarisxi ganisaz-Rvreba ara marto erTi universaluri maCvenebliT, ara-med maCvenebelTa sitemiT. romelime erTi maTganis Se-usruleblobam SesaZloa momsaxurebis xarisxi daaq-

64 65

veiTos an gaxados momxmareblisaTvis uvargisi. gardaamisa iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa teqnologiurad momsa-xurebis xarisxi da momsaxureobis xarisxi, urTier-TSemavsebeli da urTierTdamokidebulia, momxmareblis-Tvis ki saerTod erTidaigivea.

ase magaliTad: sakontrolo vadebSi gadacemulida mitanili depeSa, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos xarisxi-anad Tu misi SinaarSi damaxinjebulia.

telekomunikaciebis muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobese-bis problemebis kompleqsuroba da sistemuroba pir-vel rigSi moiTxovs im faqtorebis dadgenas. rome-lic yvelaze did zegavlenas axdens maTze. ZiriTadadSeiZleba am faqtorebis gaerTianeba or jgufad, ro-melTagan TiToeuli Seicavs konkretul mimarTule-bes, romelTa realizaciac uzrunvelyofs momsaxure-bis samomxmareblo Tvisebebis dadgenili normebisada parametrebis Sesrulebas da maTi misawvdomobisdones. am faqtorebis umniSvnelovanesi nawili moyva-nilia nax 8.

teqnikur-teqnologiuri faqtorebis sistemaSi, mom-xmarebelTaTvis komukaciebis momsaxurebaTa misawvdo-mobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovania komu-nikaciebis punqtebisa da sawarmoTa qselis ganviTare-bis done.

komunikaciuri dargis ucxoel da samamulo eqsper-tebis azriT, am maCveneblis potencialiT momxmareb-lebis raodenobasTan SefardebiT, Cveni qveyana Camor-Ceba ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebs. gansakuTre-biT didi CamorCenaa adgilobriv satelefono kavSir-sa (soflis) da momsaxurebis iseT axal saxeobebSi,rogoricaa kavSiri moZrav obieqtTan, telematiuri mom-saxureba, sapaketo momsaxureba, informaciis maRali sis-wrafiT gadacema da sxva.

marTalia am problemebis gadaWris mxriv, ukanas-knel wlebSi situacia sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda, mag-ram jer kidev moiTxovs daxvewas.

nax. 8 kavSirgabmulobis muSaobis xarisxis ganmsazRvrelifaqtorebi

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66 67

Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom telekomunikaciebis pun-qtebisa da sawarmoebis qselis gafarToeba, xorciel-deba mecnierul-teqnikur miRwevaTa safuZvelze. es amar-Tlebs dargSi mecnierul-teqnikur progress da uz-runvelyofs momxmarebelTa momsaxurebas, msofliostandartebis Sesabamisad.

axali danadgarebis mwyobrSi Seyvana da arsebulismodernizcia damyarebulia komutaciisa da gadacemisaxal cifrul sitemaze, xolo saxazo nagebobebze kioptikuri_ boWkovani, radiosareleo da Tanamgzavru-li xazebisa da arxebis gamoyenebaze, rac qmnis komuni-kaciebis kavSirgabmulobis mZlavr maRalsiCqarian sat-ransporto qsels.

agreTve, SeiniSneba dadebiTi Zvrebi adgilobriv sa-telefono kavSirSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis(mtp.) miRwevebis danergvis saqmeSi. aqac teqnikur- teq-nologiuri bazis srulyofis ZiriTad mimarTulebaswarmoadgens, cifrul sistemaze gadasvla. qalaqis dasoflis satelefono qselebis sakomunikacio mowyo-bilobebis did nawils Seadgens eleqtronuli da kva-zieleqtronuli sistemebi, sadgurebs Soris kavSiriorganizebulia gadacemis maRalsixSirul sistemiT.amave dros mpt-s tempebi adgilobriv satelefono kav-SirSi aucilebelad unda amaRldes, radganac mora-lurad moZvelebuli da fizikurad gacveTili apara-turis xvedriTi wili jer kidev didia.

telekomunikaciebis qselebis sicocxlisunariano-bis, saimedoobis da saboloo jamSi momsaxurebis xa-risxis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria, kavSir-gabmulobis qselebis mSeneblobis sqemebis da infor-maciis gavlis marSrutebis optimizacia, am mizniT mud-mivad xdeba komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganlagebisada ganviTarebis sqemebis koreqtireba, maTi struqtu-risa da topologiis srulyofa,imitaciuri modele-bis gamoyenebiT, iqmneba maTi moqnili arqiteqtura Riasistemebis Teoriis safuZvelze, rac informaciis umok-

lesi marSrutis gamoyenebiT, qselebis rekonfigura-ciis saSualebas iZleva. es RonisZiebebi amcirebendisproporcias calkeul qvedargebsa da maT Semadge-nel magistralur, zonur da adgilobriv qselebisganviTarebaSi, rasac mivyavarT kavSirgabmulobis mom-saxurebiT momxmarebelTa srulad da Tanabrad dakma-yofilebisaken.

SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis xarisxi, umetes wiladganisazRvreba telekomunikaciebis qselSi gamoyenebu-li mowyobilebis xarisxiT.ucxoel momwodebelTaT-vis gaxsnilma samamulo bazarma, operatorebs miscasaSualeba aerCiaT msoflio gamocdilebis safuZvel-ze Seqmnil teqnikis, yvelaze progresuli da ekonomi-uri teqnologiebi, satelekomunikacio sistemis war-moebasa da damuSavebis sferoSi. axali teqnika ufrosaimedoa eqspluataciaSi xolo misi elementebis bazaufro maRalteqnologiuria, rac muSaobaSi Seferxebe-bisa da mocdenebis swrafi gamovlinebis da aRmof-xvris saSualebas iZleva. bevri momwodebeli uzrun-velyofs garantiebiT produqtis (momsaxurebis) ga-yidvis Semdgom servisul momsaxurebas, rac xels uw-yobs mowyobilobaTa Seuferxebel muSaobas.

momxmarebelTa mzardi moTxovnilebebi, gansakuTre-biT biznesis sferoSi, xarisxis iseTi parametrebismimarT, rogoricaa Setyobinebis Senaxva, misi utyuaro-ba da gadacemis konfidencialoba, ganapirobebs iseTimowyobilobebis gamoyenebis prioritetulobas, rom-lebic uzrunvelyofen informaciis dacvas arasanqci-rebuli Carevisagan. Tanamedrove eleqtro da radio-sistemebi saSualebas iZleva gadaices informacia cif-ruli saxiT,. absoluturi saimedoobiT, imavdroulad,monacemebis dacva ucxo pirTagan moiTxovs specialurmeTodebs da mowyobilobebs, romlebic an afrTxile-ben abonents informaciis gadacemis procesSi ucxoCarevis faqtis Sesaxeb, an SeuZlebels xdian TviT amarasanqcirebul SeRwevas.

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satelekomunikacio saidumloebis dacvisadmi, mzar-di moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, satelekomuni-kacio sferosTvis SemuSavebulia erovnuli satele-komunikacio sainformacio qselebis uSiSroebis kon-cefcia, masSi principulad aris dayenebuli TiToeu-li qveynis komunikaciis SekavSirebuli qselis mar-Tvis sistemis dacva, specialuri meTodebis gamoyene-biT.

telekomunikaciebis xarisxis teqnikur-teqnologi-uri faqtorebis yvelaze ufro sruli realizaciaSeuZlebelia komunikaciebis sawarmoTa saqmianobis or-ganizaciul-ekonomikuri pirobebis srulyofis gare-Se. mocemuli jgufisaTvis saWiroa gamoiyos is Ro-nisZiebebi, romelTa SemuSaveba da realizacia xorci-eldeba mTlianad dargis doneze da agreTve is Ronis-Ziebebi, romelTa danergva saWiroa uSualod kavSir-gabmulobis sawarmoebSi.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba RonisZiebebs, romle-bic qmnian komunikaciebis operatorTa saqmianobis nor-malur-sakanonmdeblo bazas da romelic exeba momsa-xurebis xarisxisadmi ZiriTad moTxovnebs SeTavaze-buli momsaxurebis xarisxis mimarT. es samuSao iwyebaoperatoruli saqmianobis licencenziis gacemiT. mas-Si dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli momxmareblisaTvis Se-Tavazebuli momsaxurebis saxeebi, maTi savaraudo mo-culobebis, sawarmos zRvruli simZlavre da misi miR-wevis vadebi, dgindeba licenziis mflobelis valde-bulebebi saerTo qselisaTvis miRebuli normebisa damoTxovnebis Sesabamisi momsaxurebis xarisxis para-metrebis uZrunvelsayofad. licenziebi gaicema sa-qarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis mier,adgilobrivi aRmsrulebeli organoebis rekomenda-ciebis Sesabamisad regionis teritoriaze komunikaci-ebis mocemuli saxeobis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobe-bis da aucileblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, momxmarebel-Ta momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebisaTvis. licenziis

gacemisas agreTve iTvaliswineben Sesabamisi dargob-rivi samsaxurebis daskvnas, romlis mierac gaicema ra-dioeleqtronuli da radiosixSireTa saSualebebiTsargeblobis nebarTva. licenziebi xSirad gaicema sa-konkurso safuZvelze da prioriteti eniWeba im ope-ratorebs, romelebic Tavis Tavze iReben im momsaxure-obis SeTavazebis valdebulebebs, romlebzec momxma-rebelTa mxridan mzardi moTxovnilebaa da romlebiciZleva maRali xarisxis garantias.

aseTi mdgomareoba satelekomunikacio momsaxure-bis bazarze metyvelebs konkurenciis ganviTarebaze, eski konkurenti kompaniebis muSaobis sarisxis gaumjo-besebisaTvis mniSvnelovani stimulia. konkurencia _sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSania,romelsac gaaCnia rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTiSedegebi. konkurentuli momsaxurebis bazarze ramde-nime mwarmoeblis arseboba ,momxmareblisaTvis Setyo-binebis gadasacemad arCevanis SesaZleblobas qmnis.xSir SemTxvevaSi am arCevanis umniSvnelovanesi krite-riumia, momsaxurebis xarisxobrivi parametrebi. konku-rencia yvelaze naTlad vlindeba: Semdegi saxis momsa-xurebebze moZravi radio-satelefono kavSiri, perso-naluri radiogamoZaxeba, monacemTa maRali siswrafiTgadacema, saerTaSoriso safosto kavSiriT momsaxure-ba da sxva.

amgvarad, komunikaciebis momsaxurebis bazarze arse-buli konkurencia mniSvnelovani stimulia materia-lur-teqnikuri bazis srulyofis, warmoebis organi-zaciisa da teqnologiis gaumjobesebis, momxmarebel-Ta momsaxurebis progresuli formebisa da meTodebisdanergvisaTvis. eqspluataciaze gaweuli xarjebis Sem-cirebis gziT, tarifebis Semcirebisa.

konkurentunariani garemos ganviTareba, sakomunika-cio momsaxurebis bazarze komunikaciebis urTierTda-kavSirebuli qselis farglebSi, mravalricxovani fir-misa da operatoris Sesvla, ganapirobebs Sesaqmneli

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qselebisa da saSualebebis Tavsebadobis problemas.arsebuli qselebis satelekomunikacio bazarze moqme-di yvela sawarmosaTvis Tanabaruflebiani konkuren-ciis pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis, kavSirgabmulobis urTi-erTdakavSirebuli qselis yvela rgolis Tavsebado-bis uzrunvelsayofad, arakeTilsindisieri momwodeb-lebisagan mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis dasaca-vad , Seqmnilia komunikaciebis momsaxurebisa da mow-yobilobebis sertifikaciis sistema.

es sistema telekomunikaciebis dargSi erTiani teq-nikuri politikis gatarebis mniSvnelovani elementiada gankuTvnilia komunikaciebis yvela saSualebebisada sistemebis aucilebeli SemowmebisaTvis, saerTo sar-geblobis komunikaciebis qselebze moqmedi moTxovni-lebebisa da normebis Sesabamisobis faqtis dasadge-nad.

yvela moqmedi da axlad damontaJebuli mowyobi-lobebi eqvemdebareba sertificirebas msoflio nor-mebisa da standartebis Sesabamisad, es iZleva infor-maciis xarisxiani gadacemis saSualebas ara marto ko-munikaciebis erovnuli qselis farglebSi, aramed uz-runvelhyobs mis organul Secvlas saerTaSoriso sa-telekomunikacio sivrceSi, teqnikuri saSualebebis ser-tifikacia rTuli procesia romelSic, dadgenili pro-cedurebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad, erTmaneTTan urTi-erTdakavSirebuli organizaciebis didi raodenobaiRebs monawileobas. sasertifikacio gamokvlevebisada cdebis Catarebisas, mowmdeba teqnikuri saSualebe-bis Sesabamisoba saxelmwifo standartebTan, sakanon-mdeblo - normatiul aqtebTan.

amJamad saerTo sargeblobis qselSi moqmedi yvelamowyobiloba sertificirebulia.

telekomunikaciebis dargis sertificirebis meoreaspeqtia momsaxurebis sertificirebaa, romelic Ta-visTavad kvlevis processa da maTi momsaxurebis nor-mativebTan da xarisxobriv-teqnikur parametrebTan, do-

kumenturad dadasturebis Sesabamisobas warmoadgens.es samuSao unda iwyebodes momsaxurebis iseTi stan-dartebis sistemis damuSavebiT, romelic SeesabamebasaerTaSoriso moTxovnilebebs, saerTaSoriso standar-tizaciis organizaciis, (sso) eleqtrokavSiris saer-TaSoriso kavSiris (esk), msoflio safosto kavSiris(msk) rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

momsaxurebis xarisxis standartebis sistema moi-cavs saerTo specialur da damxmare standartebs, rom-lebic axdenen SetyobinebaTa gadacemis procesis pa-rametrebis da TviT am momsaxurebis xarisxobrivi Tvi-sebebis raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis reglamentire-bas. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso standartizaciis orga-noebis mier dadgenilia standartebi, romlebic gan-sazRvraven SetyobinebaTa gadacemis teqnikur piro-bebsa da maT xarisxs, marTvis sistemisa da xarisxisuzrunvelyofas da sxva. kavSirgabmulobis saerTaSo-riso kavSiris mier SemuSavebulia rekomendaciebi mom-saxurebis xarisxisa da saqalaqTaSoriso satelefonokavSiris qselis marTvaze (rekomendaciebi E100 _ E600),satelegrafo samsaxuris (rekomendaciebi F1 _ F150),telematuri samsaxurebis (rekomendaciebi F160 _ F350)da eqspluataciis sxva saerTo sakiTxebSi.

amJamad, telekomunikaciebis momsaxureobis dargSi,samamulo satelekomunikacio qselebze saerTaSorisorekomendaciebi srulad ver gamoiyeneba komunikacie-bis ganviTarebis arasakmarisi donis, materialuri ba-zis arasrulyofili, moralurad moZvelebuli da fi-zikurad gacveTili mowyobilobebis jer kidev arse-bobis gamo. amave dros, saqarTvelos komunikaciebisqselebis integraciis aucilebloba globalur sate-lekomunikacio da sainformacio qselebSi, ganapiro-bebs sistemis mTlian uzrunvelyofas da momsaxure-bis xarisxis marTvis saerTaSoriso standartebTan Se-sabamisobaSi moyvanas. es problema organizaciul-me-Toduri kuTxiT wydeba mTlianad dargis masStabiT,

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magram gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sawarmoebSikavSiris sarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. aq abonentTauSualo momsaxurebisa da komunikaciebis saSualebe-bis eqspluataciis dros xarisxis dadgenili stan-dartebis uzrunvelsayofad, realizdeba RonisZieba-Ta sistema mTliani sistema.

komunikaciebis sawarmoebis saqmianobis farglebSimomsaxurebisa da momxmareblis xarisxis gasaumjobe-seblad, mowinave teqnikisa da teqnologiebis daner-gvasTan erTad arsebobs mravali rezervebi, romelTagamoyeneba warmoadgens, operatorTa saqmianobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes aspeqts da Seadgens maTi muSao-bis xarisxis marTvis sistemis safuZvels.

am sistemis erT-erT Semadgenels warmoadgens mom-xmarebelTa momsaxurebis progresuli formebisa dameTodebis danergva. eleqtrokavSiris saaqcio sazoga-doebebis farglebSi damoukidebeli sawarmoo qveda-nayofebis servisuli samsaxurebis Seqmnis pozitiurigamocdileba, sadac Tavmoyrilia samuSaos ZiriTadinawili abonentTa momsaxurebis xarisxis samomxmareb-lo moTxovnilebaTa momsaxurebebis xarisxobrivi pa-rametrebis mimdinare da perspeqtiuli moTxovnis ze-moqmedebaze gamokvlevis Sesaxeb. servisis samsaxure-bis muSakebi axorcieleben momxmarebelTa moTxovne-bis gamokvlevas, aanalizeben bazris koniuqturas, teq-nikuri samsaxurebisaTvis SeimuSaveben winadadebebs, kon-kretul momsaxurebaTa samomxmareblo Tvisebebis ga-saumjobeseblad. am samsaxurebis rekomendaciebis ga-iTvaliswineba ,mowyobelobebze momsaxurebis meTode-bis srulyofisas, Sromisa da warmoebis gasaumjobe-seblad, racionaluri satarifo politikis formire-bisaTvis sainvesticio saqmianobaSi im prioritetulimimarTulebebis gansasazRvravad, romlebic uzrunvel-yofen komunikaciebis momsaxurebis bazris subieqte-bis moTxovnebis srul dakmayofilebas da dabandebu-li saxsrebis efeqtur gamoyenebas.

muSaoben ra uSualod momxmarebelTan servisis sam-saxurebis TanamSromlebi, misawvdomi da TavlsaCinoformiT awvdian maT informacias, momsaxurebis xaris-xis standartebsa da normativebze, komunikaciebis sa-Sualebebisa da momsaxureobis moxmarebis moqmedi we-sebis, abonentTa uflebebisa da komunikaciebis orga-noebis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. sevisis samsaxurisfarglebSi xdeba konfliqturi situaciebis gadawyve-ta, ganixileba momxmarebelTa saCivrebi, wydeba sawar-mosa da konkretuli Semsruleblis pasuxismgeblo-bis xarisxis sakiTxi, dadgenili standartebisa da nor-mativebis SeusruleblobisaTvis.

magram muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobeseba ar aris, mar-to am mimarTulebaze, pasuxismgebel muSakTa jgufissaqmianobis obieqti, aramed unda moicavdes momsaxure-bis Seqmnis saerTo procesSi monawile yvela sawar-moo da funqcionalur qveganyofilebebs, ama Tu imdoniT monawile TiToeul Semsrulebels. aq mniSvne-lovania muSakTa mxridan imis Segneba, rom xarisxisgaumjobesebis problema, maT mier xarisxis normative-bisa da maCveneblebis da momsaxurebis SeTavazebis we-sebis codna, maTi unari da kvalifikacia, SeasruleonmaT winaSe mdgari moTxovnebi, Zalian mniSvnelovania.

telekomunikaciebis sawarmoebze araTanabari dat-virTvis, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis xarisxze negati-uri gavlenis gaTvaliswinebiT , sawarmoTa muSaobisreJimi unda ganisazRvros, drois sxvadasxva inter-valSi Semosuli informaciis nakadiT da amaves gaTva-liswinebiT ,gamoTvlili iqnas sawarmoo personalisoptimaluri raodenoba, konkretuli funqcionalurijgufebisa da specialobebis mixedviT, Sedgenil iqnesmaTi samsaxurSi gamosvlisa da Svebulebebis grafiki.Semosuli datvirTvis araTanabrobis SesarbilebladmizanSewonilia tarifebis moqnili sistebis gamoye-neba, momxmareblebTan SeTanxmebuli momsaxureobis gra-fikis SemuSaveba, agreTve sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic

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uzrunvelyofen komunikaciebis qselSi, informaciisgatarebis siCqareze zemoqmedebas da abonentTa momsa-xurebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba.

komunikaciebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis Sida sawar-moo faqtorebis sistemaSi, mniSvnelovani roli mie-kuTvneba, mowyobilobaTa momsaxurebis meTodebis daformebis srulyofas mis droul da xarisxian profi-laqtikas, mimdinare da kapitalur remonts.

komunikaciebis sawarmoTa xarisxis marTvis siste-maSi, gansakuTrebuli adgili ekonomikuri stimuli-rebis sistemas uWiravs, romelTa realizaciac eyrdnobaSemdeg faqtorebs : SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis xaris-xis Sesrulebis valdebulebebis ekonomikuri dainte-resebisa da materialuri pasuxismgeblobis meqaniz-mis Seqmnas; faswarmoqmnis meqanizmisa da satarifopolitikis formirebisas momsaxurebis xarisxis aR-nusxvas.

pirveli mimarTuleba mowodebulia ekonomikuri sti-mulirebis rolis amaRlebaze, SromiT motivaciaze daiseTi pirobebis Seqmnaze , roca sawrmos koleqtivi dacalkeuli muSakebi dainteresebulni arian komunika-ciebis muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobesebiT. individua-luri dainteresebis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba sxva-dasxva premialri sistemebisa da Sromis anazRaurebisiseTi formebis gamoyenebiT, romlis drosac premia-luri Tanxis sidide uSualodaa damokidebuli kon-kretuli muSakis mier Sesrulebul samuSaos xaris-xze.

sawarmos materialuri daintereseba da materialu-ri pasuxismgebloba, xarisxis dadgenili normativebi-sa da standartebis darRvevisaTvis, ZiriTadad rea-lizdeba jarimebis, sanqciebis, pirgasamtexlos, momxma-rebelTa materialuri da moraluri zaralis (maTSoris sasamarTlos sarCeliT) kompensirebis siste-miT. vinaidan aRniSnulis anazRaureba xdeba sawarmo-

Ta gamgeblobaSi darCenili mogebidan, Sesabamisad mcir-deba sawarmos SesaZleblobebic premiebisa da aqcieb-ze dividendebis gadasaxdelad, muSakTa sxvadasxva Se-RavaTebiT uzrunvelsayofad, socialuri da sawarmooganviTarebis dasafinanseblad.

faswarmoqmnis sistemaSi da satarifo politikaSimomsaxurebis xarisxis aRricxvis problema yvelazerTulia da bolomde ar aris gadawyvetili. momsaxu-rebis samomxmareblo Tvisebebis gaumjobeseba rogorcwesi, dakavSirebulia sawarmos mier maT Seqmnaze gawe-uli danaxarjebis zrdasTan, rasac kanonzomierad miv-yavarT tarifebis momatebamde. amasTan, unda aRiniS-nos rom , Tu es xarjebi mxolod xarisxis moqmedinormativebis uzrunvelyofasTanaa dakavSirebuli, ma-Ti asaxva tarifebSi marTebuli ar aris. tarifebiSeiZleba gaizardos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momsa-xureoba Seivseba principialurad axali TvisebebiTan dadgenil standartebTan da normativebTan Sedare-biT mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba maTi faqtiuri xaris-xobrivi maxasiaTeblebi.

magaliTad, dargSi moqmedebs saswrafo telegra-mebze da saqalaqTaSoriso saubrebze gazrdili ta-rifebi. es sakmaod dasabuTebulia, radgan ganxilulSemTxvevaSi informaciis qselSi ganvladobis siswraferamdenjerme izrdeba. amavdroulad, adgili aqvs Sem-Txvevebs, roca satelefono qselSi gamoiyeneba saa-bonento gadasaxadis diferencirebuli tarifebi sxva-dasxva saxis abonentTaTvis (satelefono sadgurebistipebis mixedviT). vinaidan rac ufro Tanamedroveasadguri miiT ufro meti SesaZlebloba gaaCnia masdamatebiTi momsaxurebis gawevis kuTxiT ,aseTi sad-gurebis abonentebis mosaxurebis tarific ufro ma-Ralia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia mxolod Teo-riuli TvalsazrisiT, praqtikulad ki abonenti im-yofeba iseT situaciaSi, rodesac mas ara aqvs, gansaz-Rvruli sistemis sadgurTan mierTebis arCevis saSu-

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aleba, anu im momsaxurebis arCevis ufleba, romelicmas awyobs misi Rirebulebis mixedviT. axal momsaxu-rebas mas TiTqosda Tavs axveven damatebiTi gadasaxa-dis saxiT, rac arRvevs kanonmdeblobiT dacul misuflebebs.

yvela SemTxvevaSi, Tu ufro maRali xarisxis momsa-xurebaze dadgenilia gazrdili tarifebi, momxmare-belma unda icodes amis Sesaxeb da aseTi momsaxurebaSeTavazebuli unda iqnes mxolod abonentis Tanxmo-bis SemTxvevaSi.

momsaxurebis xarisxis done warmoadgens, sawarmo-Ta im specialuri qvedanayofebis kontrolis obieqts,romlebic awarmoeben dakvirvebas mowyobilobebis dasaxazo traqtebis teqnikur maxasiaTeblebze, komunika-ciebis saSualebebis teqnikuri eqspluataciis wesebisdacvaze da momsaxurebis SeTavazebis wesebze. kontro-lis es saxe yvelaze qmediTia, radganac muSaobaSi ar-sebuli naklovanebebi gamovlindeba operatiulad, aR-moifxvreba da ar gamoiwvevs xarisxis seriozul gau-aresebas. zemdgomi organoebis mxridan xarisxis kon-trols unda axorcielebdnen kavSirgabmulobis zem-dgomi makontrolebeli organoebi da komunikaciebisregionaluri samsaxurebi, romelTa movaleobaa sawar-moTa da maT filialTa saqmianobis sistematiuri Se-mowmeba, dargSi xarisxobrivi maCveneblebisa da norma-tivebis dasacavad.

kontrolis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWi-ravs sazogadoebriv organizaciebs _ momxmarebelTasazogadoebas, kavSirebs da asociaciebs, “momxmarebel-Ta uflebebis dacvis~ kanonis Tanaxmad, maT uflebaaqvT monawileoba miiRon momsaxurebis usafrTxoebisstandartebisa da moTxovnebis SemuSavebaSi, Caataronmomsaxurebis xarisxis damoukidebeli eqspertiza. Se-amowmon momxmarebelTa momsaxurebisa da maTi SeTava-zebis dadgenili wesebis Sesruleba, mimarTon Sesaba-mis instanciebs prokuraturisa da sasamarTlos CaT-

vliT, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis xarisxis damrRve-vi sawarmos an konkretuli piris pasuxismgeblobaSimicemis winadadebiT. miuxedavad komunikaciebis sfe-roSi muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mravalferova-ni formebisa da meTodebisa, aucilebelia maTi umete-sobis Semdgomi srulyofa da ganviTareba. es exebasawarmoSi iseT organizaciul-teqnikuri pirobebis Seq-mnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen komunikaciebis samamu-lo qselebSi, saerTaSoriso standartebis xarisxisdanergvas da momsaxurebis xarisxis marTvis sistemaSiekonomikuri stimulirebis mniSvnelovan gazrdas. kav-Sirgabmulobis saerTo teqnologiur procesebSi mo-nawile saerTo sargeblobis qselis operatorTa So-ris urTierTangariSsworebisas ,xarisxis aRricxvismoqmedi meqanizmis SemuSavebas, momxmarebelTa momsa-xurebis iseTi axali formebis danergvas, romlebicSeqmnian Tanamedrove maRalxarisxiani satelekomuni-kacio momsaxurebis xelsayrel pirobebs.

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Tavi 5

momsaxurebis xarisxi _ bazarze

warmatebis sawindari

5.1. xarisxis marTvisadmi midgo-

maTa Sedarebebi

produqciis (saqoneli, samuSao, momsaxureba) xaris-xis sakiTxebi umniSvnelovanesia , kavSirgabmulobisfirma-operatorebis efeqturi ekonomikuri saqmiano-bis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan dResdReisobiT mTel msof-lioSi momxmarebelTa xarisxisadmi moTxovna gaxdaufro mravalferovani da xisti.

evropis momxmarebelTa komisiis farglebSi ganxi-luli iqna operatorTa movaleobebi , sabazo momsaxu-rebiT mosargeble kavSirgabmulobis momxmarebelTawinaSe. ZiriTadi movaleobebi: usafrTxo da saimedomomsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa; normaluri fasebi regu-latorisa da operatoris, organizaciuli da ekonomi-uri dayofa; momsaxurebaze angariSebis da tarifebismartivoba (gamWvirvaloba); xarisxis maCvenebelTa ar-seboba; saarbitraJo situaciebis sia; specialuri uf-lebebi unarSezRuduli adamianebisaTvis; mcire Semo-savlian mosaxleobis momsaxurebis minimaluri do-niT uzrunvelyofa; xarisxis regulireba momsaxure-bis mxolod im saxeobebze, romelTa xvedriTi wilibazarze 25%-ze metia; arakeTilsindisieri konkuren-tis Tavidan acilebis mizniT momsaxurebaTa urTier-Tsufsidirebis uaryofa.

umravles ganviTarebul qveynebs , dReisaTvis aqvTnacionaluri standartebi, romlebic SemuSavebuliaam funqciis Semsrulebel erovnul organoebis mier.

1987w. standartebis saerTaSoriso organizaciam (ssoInternational organization lor standartization - ISO) yvela da-interesebul nacionalur organoebTan konsultaci-is Semdeg, SeimuSava standartebi ISO 9000,9001, 9002, 9003da 9004. rogorc cnobilia, xarisxis standartebi ba-zirdeba misaReb racionalur principebze, iseTi ro-goricaa individualuri pasuxismgebloba, monacemTafiqsireba da efeqturi administraciuli procedure-bis SemuSaveba. isini moicaven moTxovnebs da proce-durebs, romelic exeba Semdegs: mmarTvelTa pasuxis-mgebloba, xarisxisadmi sistemuri midgoma; proeqtebismarTva; kontraqtebis Sinaarsis Sefaseba; dokumenta-ciis kontroli; Sesyidvebis marTva da produqciismiwodeba; produqtis aRwera; Tvalyuri gadaadgileba-ze; warmoebis kontroli da Semowmeba; cdebisa da ga-zomvebis Casatareblad saWiro danadgarebi; Semowme-bisa da kontrolis rolis Sefaseba; Senaxva da Se-fuTva; xarisxis Sesaxeb CanawerTa warmoeba; xarisxisSida auditi; personalis kvalifikaciis amaRleba (tre-ningi); klientebis momsaxureba; statistikuri meTode-bis da ileTebis SerCeva da gamoyeneba.

roca organizacia SeimuSavebs saWiro dokumentaci-as da gaivlis aucilebel procedurebs, mas ukve SeuZ-lia waayenos moTxovna garkveuli standartis Sesaba-misad sertifikatze. aseTi sertifikati gaicema damou-kidebeli organizaciebis mier, romlebic dakavebuli,arian xarisxis auditiT. Tanamedrove standartebisaTwlianma gamoyenebam gviCvena, rom isini nakleb yu-radRebas uTmoben urTierTqmedebebis sakiTxebs ,ada-mianebsa da firmebis danayofTa Soris, xolo xarisxisSesaxeb monacemTa fiqsaciis xerxebi umetesad mimar-Tuli arian, faqtebis konstataciaze, vidre xarisisgasaumjobeseblad, miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa proce-sis Sesaxeb informaciiT uzrunvelyofaze. garda ami-sa, isini TiTqosda yofen firmis personals maTze, “vincakeTebs~ da maTze, “vinc amowmebs~. yovelive es ewinaaR-

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mdegeba gavrcelebul warmodgenas imaze, rom xarisxisgaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia, mxolod muSakTa motiva-ciiT da maT mier TavianT Tavze aRebul pasuxismgeb-lobiT Sesrulebul samuSaos Sedegebze da ara Semow-mebis gziT.

mrewvelobis dargis mraval warmomadgenelTa Zi-riTadi pretenzia ISO standartebis mimarT imaSia, romisini scnoben xarisxis marTvisadmi mxolod biurok-ratiul midgomas, romelic dafuZnebulia “Teoria X~-ze da es garemoeba qmnis fundamentalur konfliqtsxarisxis marTvis Tanamedrove warmodgenebTan, rome-lic CarTulia xarisxis kompleqsuri marTvis kon-cefciaSi. (xkm)

xarisxis kompleqsuri marTvis koncefcia dReisaT-vis yvelaze intensiuri ganxilvis Temaa.

es is filosofiaa, romelSic ZiriTadi yuradRebadaTmobili aqvs muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobesebas dabazirdeba (efuZneba) adamianur faqtorze, “gundur~ mu-Saobaze da muSakTa motivaciaze , roca momxmarebelidgas yvelafris centrSi (umTavresia) da upirvelesadorganizaciis marTvis umaRles doneze. kompleqsurixarisxis marTvis koncefciis popularoba dakavSire-bulia im faqtis aRiarebiT, rom igi gvexmareba konku-rentul brZolisas gamarjvebaSi. es koncefcia Caisa-xa 50-ian wlebSi iaponiis mrewvelobaSi, xolo mogvi-anebiT aRiarebuli iqna amerikis SeerTebul Statebsada evropaSi.

arsebobs ori alternatiuli modeli, romelic sa-Sualebas iZleva xarisxisadmi kompleqsuri marTvismidgomis realizaciisa. pirveli maTgania_ diuponismixedviT mudmivad gaumjobesebadi kriteriumebi (DCIC).meore _ danayofebSi gaumjobesebaTa analizi (DIR)ferantis mixedviT

DCIC modelSi safuZvlad aRebulia kriteriumebi,romelic gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi xarisxissferoSi beldrijis saxelobis nacionaluri premiis

miniWebis dros. am kriteriumebs miekuTvnebian :1) lideroba _ imis asaxva, Tu rogor xdeba samuSa-

os organizacia da rogor monawileoben firmis xel-mZRvanelebi samuSaos xarisxis gaumjobesebis proce-sebSi.

2) informacia da analizi.3) xarisxis strategiuli dagegmareba.4) personalis Tvisebebis Sefaseba.5) produqtebis da momsaxurebis xarisxis uzrun-

velsayofad sistematiuri muSaoba ,warmoebis da do-kumentaciis warmarTvis kontrolis SemuSavebis CaT-vliT.

6) xarisxis sferoSi Sedegebis raodenobrivi Sefa-seba, romlebic mowmoben procesebSi, sistemebSi dameTodebSi srulyofis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuliZalisxmevis Sesaxeb.

7) momxmareblis dakmayofilebis xarisxi (done ) _klientebis moTxovnebis, maTi molodinis da Sedege-bis sferoSi ,miRwevaTa procesebis gansazRvra.

DIR koncefcia gulisxmobs romeliRac algoriT-mis Sesrulebas, romelmac unda migviyvanos garkveulgaumjobesebamde, amasTanave isini, romlebic asrule-ben am algoriTms, SesaZlebelia Seejaxon mraval amo-canebs. gamoyofen algoriTmis 6 ZiriTad nabijs (etaps):

1) swavleba da dawyeba _ aq TiToeuli Rebulobsinformacias imis Sesaxeb Tu ra aris DIR _ midgoma daecnoba xarisxis sferoSi miznebs da saqmianobis Sefa-sebis meTodebs, romlebic dadgenilia firmis umaR-les xelmZRvanelobis mier da SeTanxmebuli perso-nalTan. midgoma “zevidan _ qveviT~ gamoiyeneba imis-Tvis, rom uzrunvelyon umTavresi korporatiuli miz-nebis miRweva.

2) strategiul amocanaTa mimoxilva;3) momxmarebelTa Seswavla;4) personalis Tvisebebis realizaciis donis Ses-

wavla;

82 83

5) prioritetul RonisZiebaTa gegmis SemuSaveba, ro-melic mimarTulia saqmianobis gaumjobesebisaken.

6) xelismowera _ organizaciis umaRlesi ierarqiisdonis xelmZRvanelTaTvis DIR Sedegebis da RonisZi-ebaTa gegmebis prezentacia.

muSaobis mudmivi gaumjobesebis mizniT es eqvsiveprocesi meordeba Sesaferis intervaliT, Tvlian romam meTods aqvs rigi upiratesoba. es aris Semsrule-belTaTvis mizanmimarTuli, advilad gasagebi procesi,romelic gvagonebs proeqtis marTvis meTods, rome-lic mravali inJinrisaTvis aris cnobili. algoriT-mis yvela debulebebi SeTanxmebulia TviTon perso-nalTan da ar aris maTze zemodan moxveuli. ZiriTadiyuradReba eTmoba samuSaoTa ufro efeqtur Sesrule-bas da ara personalis motivacias, rac ganasxvavebs ammidgomas pirvelisagan, anu (DCIC).

5.2. xarisxis marTvisadmi Tana-

medrove midgomaTa praqtiku-

li gamoyeneba

ganvixiloT, Tu rogor udgebian momsaxurebisa damuSaobis xarisxis marTvis problemas did britaneT-Si BT (British Telecom)B magaliTze, romelsac dominire-buli mdgomareoba ukavia qveynis satelekomunikaciobazarze, magram romelic konkurenciis zemoqmedebisqveS sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs xarisxis prob-lemebs.

momsaxurebis xarisxis marTvis organizaciis pro-cesebs safuZvlad udevs sakuTari an Sida auditi, amavdros samuSao iwyeba im klientebis axal moTxovnaTagansazRvriT, romlebic Seadgenen ama Tu im seqtors.kerZod garkveul periodSi, miRebuli iyo gadawyveti-

leba korporatiuli seqtoris momxmarebelTa mimarTstrategiis gadaxedvisa da Camoyalibebuli iyo axalimiznebi, romlebic asaxavdnen am seqtoris momsaxureba-Si xarisxis cvlilebebis aucileblobas.

Semdgom miiReba gadawyvetilebebi miznis miRwevissaSualebebis Sesaxeb; nawilobriv, rig organizaciulxasiaTis cvlilebebiT, romlebic dakavSirebulia mom-xmareblis momsaxurebis procesebTan; nawilobriv axalteqnologiebSi sagrZnobi investirebis gziT. amasTanganisazRvreba finansirebis wyaroebic, kerZod, zemoTxsenebul periodSi, ZiriTad wyarod iyo miCneuli axalmomsaxurebebze fasebis mudmivi zrda, romelic Tavismxriv bevrad uswrebda inflaciis tempebs. amasTan ro-gorc cnobilia BT fasebis saerTo done regulirde-ba OFTL formuliT.

momsaxurebaze fasebis indeqsi = sacalo fase-bis zrdis indeqss _ X

sadac faqtori X imitacias ukeTebs konkurenciisgavlenas momsaxurebis bazarze da misi sidide gaian-gariSeba regulatoris mier. garda amisa, maregulire-beli organo da TviT operatori gamodian im debule-bidan, rom fassa da xarjebs Soris balansis misaRwe-vad fasebi, romlebic sakmaod aRematebian danaxarjebsunda Semcirebul iqnan TandaTanobiT. amgvarad, axalimiznebis misaRwevad xarisxis zrdis ZiriTad meTods, ,SesaZlebelia ewodos “danaxarjebiTi~ meTodi, yovelSemTxvevaSi amocanis gadaWris sawyis etapze mainc.

maregulirebeli organo iseTi, rogoric did bri-taneTSi aris OFTEL-, Tavis mxriv aseve axorcielebsxarisxis kontrols , bazris marketinguli gamokvle-vis gziT imisaTvis ,rom ufro naTeli gaxdes Tu rasaniWebs upiratesobas momxmarebeli, risTvisac isiniiyeneben damoukidebel eqspertebs. xarisxis auditisgarda, maregulirebeli axorcielebs agreTve audits

84 85

danaxarjebze. amisaTvis aseve, damoukidebeli konsul-

tantebis saSualebiT BT xelmZRvaneloba amowmebs:

_ danaxarjebis gaangariSebis meTodebis siswores

miRebuli sayovelTao praqtikis TvalsazrisiT;

_ gasatarebeli RonisZiebebidan mosalodneli uku-

gebis zrdis Sedegebis siswores.

ZiriTadi mizani aseTi gamokvlevisa, moicavs sur-

vils iqonios saWiro informacia im momentisaTvis,

roca sakiTxi momsaxurebaze fasebis zrdasTan dakav-

SirebiT ganixileba monopoliisa da Serwymis komisi-

aze (Monopolis & Aleigers Comision). amasTan fasebis Sez-

Rudvis Sesaxeb (price caps) SesaZlebelia iyos ori ga-

dawyvetileba.

pirvel rigSi, Tu maregulirebels ar aqvs rwmena,

rom fasebis zrda dakavSirebulia momsaxurebis xa-

risxis gaumjobesebasTan, maSin fasebi regulirdeba

zemoT moyvanili formuliT.

meore _ Tu aqvs rwmena imisa, rom fasebis zrda

mTlianad asaxavs xarisxis gaumjobesebas, maSin ro-

gorc wesi momsaxurebaze fasebis zrdis indeqsi dgin-

deba iseTive rogoricaa, sacalo fasebis zrdis indeq-

si momsaxurebis mTliani kalaTisaTvis, garkveuli pe-

riodiT gamocxadebuli tarifebis mixedviT.

momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaSi deklarire-

buli miznebis saxiT dasaxelebulia momsaxurebis sa-

mi done (nax.9).

nax. 9 cxrili. BT korporatiuli qselebis klientebismomsaxurebis doneebi.

maCveneblebi

sruli momsaxureba

momsaxureba gamoZaxebis SemTxvevaSi

standartuli momsaxureba

momsaxurebaze molaparakebuli tarifis farglebSi

momsaxureba 1

momsaxureba 2

momsaxureba 3

samuSao dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi emsaxurebian momxmarebels

24 saaTi 365 dRe weliwadSi

8:00 _ 17:00 sT orSabaTidan_paras kevis CaTvliT

8:00 _ 17:00 sT orSabaTi_paraskevi

dazianebis aRdgenis dro

5saaTi nebismier dros

5 saaTi samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi

2 samuSao dRe

dazianebis aRsadgenad samuSaoTa dawyeba

ganacxadis Semosvlidan 4 saaTis Semdeg

4 saaTis Semdeg samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi

meore samuSao dRis damTavrebamde

finansuri pasuxismgeblobis dadgoma

5 astronomiuri saaTi

10 samuSao saaTi

16 samuSao saaTi

amgvarad, SesaZlebelia SevajamoT yovelive zemoTmoyvanili da xarisxis marTvis sistemaSi gamovyoTZiriTadi momentebi: momxmarebeli _ regulatori _operatori (ix.nax. 10)

86 87

nax. 10. xarisxis marTvis procesis Sinaarsi.

1. sawarmoebi (kavSirgabmulobis operatori)

formirebas ukeTeben xarisxis marTvis sistemebs,

romlebic moicaven saqmianobis sxvadasxva mxareebs.

sawarmoSi xarisxis marTvis safuZveli

2. maCveneblebi unda asaxavdnen da asaxaven momsaxurebis samomxmareblo

Tvisebebs , romelTac aqvT dasrulebuli xasiaTi.

3. gamoiyeneba xarisxis standartebis ori tipi

_ kerZod xarisxis standartebi, operatorebis mier regulatorTan

SeTanxmebuli

_ momsaxurebis xarisxis maCveneblis saxelSekrulebo miznobrivi

mniSvnelobebi, romlebic SeTanxmebulia xelSekrulebaSi operatorsa

da klients Soris.

4.cxaddeba statistikuri monacemebi xarisxis donesa da miznebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian mis gaumjobesebasTan

telekomunikaciis momsaxurebaTa sxvadasxva seqtorebisaTvis, romelzec

moqmedebs operatori.

5. maregulirebeli kontrols uwevs operatorTa

gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebis gazrdis mxriv

sainvesticio proeqtebis realizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

mimarTulia xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad

xarisxis centralizebuli regulirebis ZiriTadi xerxi

6. xarisxis damoukidebeli auditi:

_ xarisxis maCveneblebis gansazRvris siswore

_ momsaxurebaze danaxarjebis gansazRvris siswore

_ xarisxis miRebuli standartebis da xarisxis

marTvis sistemebis Sesabamisoba

obieqturi informaciis miRebis ZiriTadi saSualeba

5.3. standartebis ZiriTadi debulebebi, rom-

lebic Seexeba xarisxis specifikacias

kavSirgabmulobis momsaxureba xorcieldeba urTu-lesi mowyobilobebis bazaze da maT meSveobiT, rom-lebic iwarmoeba samrewvelo sawarmoebis mier im an-gariSiT, rom isini TavianT gamoyenebas hpoveben tele-komunikaciis mowyobilobaTa bazarze potenciuri kli-entebis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ kavSirgabmu-lobis organizaciebis da firmebis, saSinao meurneo-bis seqtori. es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi moyvaniliateqnikur pirobebSi, magram Tavis mxriv es pirobebi araris imis garantia, rom momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi, ma-Ti vinc moixmaren kavSirgabmulobis momsaxurebas, nam-dvilad iqneba dakmayofilebuli.

mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom teqnikur pirobebSian organizaciul sistemebSi SesaZlebelia SeiparosSecdomebi da Seusabamobebi, romelTa aRmofxvra Za-lian Zvirad ujdeba momsaxurebis miwodebis procesisyvela monawiles, gansakuTrebiT momxmarebels. amgva-rad xarisxi damokidebulia firmis Zalisxmevaze daimavdroulad aris Sedegi gareSe urTierTobebisa xa-risxis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebSi. pirvel mimarTu-lebas aregulirebs ISO 9004 standarti, amocanis amox-snisTvis, meore aspeqts xarisxis uzrunvelyofis kuT-xiT aregulireben ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003 standarte-bi. garda amisa, ukve SemuSavebulia an muSavdeba dama-tebiTi standartebi.

xarisxis marTvis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba aris sa-warmos marTvis saerTo funqciis elementi, romelicxarisxis sferoSi gansazRvravs da ganaxorcielebs po-litikas da saWiroebs kavSirgabmulobis sabazo mom-saxurebisaTvis specifikaciis sistemas.

am funqciis realizacia gulisxmobs, rogorc ope-ratiul aseve grZelvadiani xasiaTis RonisZiebebs, xa-risxisadmi dadgenili moTxovnebi srulad unda asa-

88 89

xavdnen klientebis moTxovnebs. xarisxis sistemis mas-Stabebi da sirTule unda esadagebodnen xarisxis uz-runvelyofis amocanebs. xarisxis sistema unda ganxi-lul iqnas, rogorc saSualeba, romelic uzrunvel-yofs produqciis Sesabamisobas dadgenil moTxovneb-Tan. am moTxovnebis dadgena aris im kvlevebis sagani,romlebic dakavSirebuli arian specifikaciis SemuSa-vebasTan. produqciis (momsaxureba, samuSao) Sesabami-sobis Seswavla normatiuli dokumentebis moTxovneb-Tan dakavSirebiT, aris sertificirebis sagani, rome-lic dReisaTvis xorcieldeba saqarTvelos kanoniT“sertificirebis~ Sesaxeb da sxva normatiuli doku-mentebiT. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom aucilebelia ser-tificirebuli iqnas sabazo momsaxurebebi an is mom-saxurebebi ,romelTac ukaviaT bazris mniSvnelovaninawili, ZiriTadi yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT samuSaos

xarisxis marTvis sistemis sertificirebaze. mTavarielementebi, romlebic gaiTvaliswineba xarisxis sis-temaSi moyvanilia naxatze 11.

klientma unda miiRos ara marto momsaxureba, misiwarmosaxvis gaTvaliswinebiT, samomxmareblo faseulo-baTa Sesaxeb, aramed organizaciidan rwmunebac xaris-xisadmi mudmivi zrunvis Sesaxeb.

5.4. ZiriTadi gansazRvrebebi da cnebebi, rom-

lebic gamoiyeneba ISO standartebSi

momsaxurebaTa momxmareblebi, SeiZleba iyvnen “gare~,roca isini arian am momsaxurebis saboloo mimRebebi,an “Sida~ _ isini romlebic arian momxmareblebiorganizaciis farglebSi da imyofebian momsaxurebismiwodebis Semdgom etapebze.

momsaxureba _ aris Sedegi Semsrulebels, momxmare-belsa da Semsruleblis Sida saqmianobis uSualo ur-TierTqmedebisa, momxmareblis moTxovnaTa dasakmayo-fileblad. momsaxurebisadmi moTxovnebi mkafiod un-da iyos gansazRvruli, rogorc maxasiaTeblebi, rom-lebic eqvemdebareba momxmareblTa mxridan dakvirve-bebs da Sefasebebs. momsaxurebis procesebi rac ufromeqanizirebulia, miT ufro meti SesaZleblobebia xa-risxis kontrolis mowesrigebuli principebis gamo-yenebisa.

xarisxis sferoSi politika _ organizaciis Ziri-Tadi mimarTulebebi, miznebi da amocanebi xarisxissferoSi, romlebic oficialurad arias formulire-buli maTi umaRlesi xelmZRvanelebis mier.

xarisxis saerTo marTva _ marTvis saerTo funqci-is elementi, romelic axorcielebs politikas xaris-xis sferoSi.

xarisxis sistema _ organizaciuli sistemis, pasu-

ra aris aucilebeli gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas xarisxis sistemaSi

momsaxurebis ganxorcielebis gaumjobeseba

momxmareblis

moTxovnebis

dakmayofileba

danaxarjebis Semcirebis

efeqturobis amaRlebabazris gafarToeba

dainteresebis

stimulireba

d

rogorc xarisxis

gadamwyveti faqtori

lobebis ganviTareba

momsaxurebis miwodebasTan

dakavSirebuli socialuri

procesebi

korporaciuli imijis

mniSvnelobis Segnebis aRzrda

nax. 11. xarisxis marTvis sistemaSi ZiriTadi elementebi

90 91

xismgeblobis sistemis, saorganizacio procedurebis,procesebis da resursebis erToblioba, romelic uz-runvelyofs Sedegis miRwevas SedarebiT efeqturad(vakeToT is, rac unda vakeToT da gavakeToT ise, ro-gorc es saWiroa).

xarisxis marTva _ operatiuli xasiaTis meTodebida saqmianoba, romlebic gamoiyeneba xarisxisadmi moT-xovnaTa dasakmayofileblad.

xarisxis uzrunvelyofa _ dagegmil da sistematu-rad ganxorcielebadi RonisZiebebis erToblioba, mom-saxureobis xarisxis moTxovnebs Sesabamisobisadmi.rwmenis Sesaqmnelad.

amocanebi xarisxis sferoSi, romlebic dganan or-ganizaciis winaSe; xarisxi unda Seesabamebodes mom-xmarebelTa moTxovnebs; uzrunvelyos momxmareblisrwmena xarisxis mimarT; uzrunvelyos organizaciisxelmZRvanelebis rwmena, rom dasaxuli xarisxi miRwe-vadi da SenarCunebadia.

situaciebi, romelSic gamoiyeneba xarisxis siste-mebi:

sakontraqto (ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003). aq ganixilebaxarisxis gare uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi produqciissakontraqto wesiT miwodebisas, mag. mowyobilobebismaTi damontaJebis, awyobisa da gayidvebis Semdgom mom-saxurebaze, an kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebis aren-dis pirobebiT.

_ produqciis realizaciis ukontraqto sistema.standarti iTvaliswinebs _ teqnikur, administraci-ul da adamianur faqtorebs, produqciis realizacii-sas moTxovnili xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT momxmare-belTan muSaobis yvela etapze: produqciis xarisxi-sadmi moTxovnaTa gamokvlevidan, moTxovnaTa dakmayo-filebamde.

orive SemTxvevaSi momsaxurebaTa momwodebeli _ or-ganizacia, miiswrafis imisken, rom mis mier organize-buli xarisxis uzrunvelyofis sistemam aamaRlos mi-

si konkurentunarianoba da uzrunvelyos ekonomiku-rad efeqturi meTodiT, xarisxis saWiro done. yvelaes miznebi SesaZlebelia aisaxos produqciis serti-ficirebis msvlelobaSi, rogorc aucilebeli aseveSesaZlebeli.

standart ISO 9004 “xarisxis saerTo xelmZRvanelo-ba da xarisxis sistemis elementebi~ saSualebas iZle-va formulireba gaukeToT xarisxis sistemis garkve-ul xarisxis principebs:

1. yvelafris safuZveli momxmarebelia.personalis da momxmareblis urTierTqmedebis efeq-

turobis damyarebis aucilebloba.2. xelmZRvanelis pasuxismgebloba3. Sesabamisi personalis arseboba (maTi stimuli-

reba, momzadeba da profesiuli zrda, momxmarebelTanurTierTobis swavleba)

4. materialuri resursebi (momsaxurebis gasawevad,xarisxis kontrolisaTvis, sainformacio sistema)

5. xarisxis sistemis struqtura.6. xarisxis marTvisadmi sistemuri midgomis rea-

lizaciis etapebi (marketingi; axali teqnologiebisada momsaxurebis proeqtireba da maTi danergva; momsa-xurebis miwodeba)

7. problemis Sefaseba (dakavSirebuli reputaciisdakargvis riskTan, gasaRebis bazarTan, konfliqtebTan,dagegmarebasa da mimdinare saqmianobaSi Secdomebzeiuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis da danakargebis minimi-zaciasTan, romelic dakavSirebulia dabal xarisxTan)

yovelive es saWiroa imisaTvis, rom ZiriTadi yurad-Reba iyos mimarTuli problemebis Seqmnis Tavidanasacileblad da ara maTi Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad..

dasasruls unda aRiniSnos, rom firmam unda Seimu-Saos, Seqmnas da danergos xarisxis sistema, rogorcsaSualeba, romelic uzrunvelyobs garkveuli poli-tikis gatarebasa da garkveuli miznebis miRwevas.

92 93

5.5. momsaxurebis xarisxis donis Sefasebis

problemebi kavSirgabmulobaSi

dReisaTvis kavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebSi ganasxva-veben qvedargis produqciis xarisxis maCveneblebs dasawarmos produqciis xarisxis maCveneblebs.

xarisxis normirebis problemis gadaWraSi, kavSir-gabmulobis sistemaSi dainteresebulia 3 subieqti: kav-Sirgabmulobis sistemis momxmarebeli, kavSirgabmulo-bis saSualebaTa mflobeli, saxelmwifo (sakanonmdeb-lo organoebisa da samTavrobo institutebis saxiT).

momsaxurebis xarisxis normirebis problema ayenebsSemdeg kiTxvebs: romeli obieqtebis Sefaseba warmoad-gens interess TiToeuli subieqtisaTvis? am obieqte-bis romel maxasiaTeblebs da niSnebs, subieqti TvlisarsebiTad? romeli maxasiaTeblebiT SesaZlebelia aR-vweroT es niSnebi da Tvisebebi? ra faqtorebi moqme-deben xarisxis doneze?

pasuxebi am kiTxvebze kompleqsuria. maTze pasuxisgacema mizanSewonilia calkeul subieqtis mimarT, mag-ram amave dros samive zemoTxsenebuli subieqtis inte-resebi da qmedebebi urTierTkavSirSi unda iqnes gan-xiluli.

momsaxurebis mimarT moTxovnebi mkafiod unda iyosgansazRvruli, rogorc maxasiaTeblebi romlebic eq-vemdebareba momxmareblis mxridan dakvirvebebs da Se-fasebebs.

momsaxurebis gawevis procesebi, romlebic ar eqvem-debareba momxmareblis mxridan dakvirvebas unda xasi-aTdebodes maCveneblebiT, romlebic SeiZleba davakav-SiroT pirveli jgufis maCveneblebTan.

yvela es maCveneblebi unda martivad eqvemdebare-bodnen raodenobriv da xarisxobriv Sefasebas; iyosmosaxerxebeli auditisaTvis; iqonion standartebi maTSesadareblad.

kavSirgabmulobis operatorTa Soris SeimCneva kon-

kurencia, romlis gaZlebac SesaZlebelia qcevis swo-ri poziciis SemuSavebis gziT, romlebic pasuxobenmyidvelTa survilebs.

bunebrivia, imisTvis rom operatorma SeZlos aux-snas momxmarebels Tu ra momsaxurebas sTavazobs is,igi mkafiod unda warmoidgendes SeTavazebuli momsa-xurebis CarCoebs, momsaxurebis gansazRvrisas mniSvne-lovania is, Tu sad mTavrdeba operatoris qseli. imis-da mixedviT aqvT Tu ara pirdapiri, uSualo kavSirikavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebs momxmareblebTan, isiniiyofian pirveladi da meoradi qselebis sawarmoebad.mxolod meoradi qselebis mflobelebs aqvT uSualokavSiri momxmarebelTan. amitom, maTi Semosavlebis Zi-riTadi nawili ganisazRvreba maT mier momxmarebli-saTvis gaweul momsaxurebaTa raodenobiT da am momsa-xurebis fasiT. pirveladi qselebis saSualebaTa mflo-belebis, Semosavlebis ZiriTadi nawili ganisazRvreba,sxva operatorebTan urTierTangariSsworebis safuZ-velze, miwodebuli sawarmoo simZlavreebisaTvis. am-rigad, momxmarebelTaTvis miwodebuli momsaxurebisxarisxi aRelvebs ZiriTadad adgilobrivi qselebisada damabolovebeli saqalaqTaSoriso sadgurebismflobelebs da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu maTdavainteresebT mogebis gazrdaSi , momsaxurebaze arafasebis gazrdiT, armed miwodebuli momsaxurebis ra-odenobis zrdiT da maTi xarisxis gaumjobesebiT, ris-Tvisac saWiroa arsebobdes Sesabamisi meqanizmi.

gadawyvetilebebi, romelic dakavSirebuli arian xa-risxis srulyofasTan, sabolood mimarTulia sawar-moo procesebisaTvis rekomendaciebis SesamuSaveblad.xolo momxmarebelze did damokidebulebas mivyavarTiqamde, rom: sakmaod rTuldeba sawarmoo SeaZleblo-bis moTxovnilebebTan balansirebis procesebi; sawar-moo procesebi ufro rTuliad eqvemdebarebian teq-nologiur gardaqmnebs.

am yovelives Sedegad saWiroa udidesi Zalisxmeva,

94 95

raTa SenarCunebuli iqnas maRal doneze klientisdakmayofilebis xarisxi.

imisaTvis rom srulad ganvsazRvroT momsaxureba,saWiroa gavigoT Tu ra surs momxmarebels.

saerTaSoriso kvlevebi gviCveneben, rom telekomu-nikaciis bazarze SeiniSneba samomxmareblo segmente-bis konvengerciis tendencia, romlebic adre damouki-debeli iyvnen. es ki Tavis mxriv, niSnavs kavSirgabmu-lobis momsaxurebisadmi moTxovnaTa universaluro-bas.

klientebTan urTierTobebis garkveuli sistemisformirebasa da SenarCunebisaTvis saWiroa momxmareb-lis Seswavla, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes Semdegmomentebs: klientis da bazris codna mokle da grZel-vadian periodSi, moTxovnaTa formireba da marTva, kli-entebTan urTierTobis marTva, momsaxurebis standar-tebi; klientebisaTvis firmis xelmisawvdomoba; pro-duqciis gayidvis procesSi momsaxureba; klientis dak-mayofilebis gansazRvra; klientTa dakmayofilebis Se-dareba.

muSaobis xarisxis kompleqsuri daxasiaTebisTvissaWiroa ganxiluli iqnas rigi sxva kriteriumebic,Sesabamis sainformacio sistemis, bazris monitorin-gis da saqmianobis yvela aspeqtebis, sxva materialurda finansur resursebis safuZvelze, xarisxis marTvissistemis muSaobisaTvis.

momsaxurebis TviTiToeul saxeobaze, xarisxis dar-gobrivi standartebis formirebisaTvis saWiroa: 1. Set-yobinebaTa gadacemaze momsaxurebis xarisxiT momxma-reblis dakmayofilebis maCvenebelTa sistema, maCvene-belTa zRvruli mniSvnelobis CvenebiT; 2. Setyobine-baTa gadacemis momsaxurebis xarisxiT momxmarebelTadakmayofilebis meTodikis gansazRvra. 3. momxmareb-lis, SetyobinebaTa gadacemis momsaxurebis xarisxiTdakmayofilebis maCvenebelTa gansazRvris meTodika. 4.momxmareblis, SetyobinebaTa gadacemis momsaxurebis

xarisxiT dakmayofilebis normativebi. 5. normatiul-samarTlebrivi dokumentebi.

nebismieri produqciis Tu momsaxurebis gansazRvri-saTvis saWiroa maCvenebelTa zogadi CamonaTvali, rom-lis Sedgenac moiTxovs produqciis momsaxurebis aq-tualuri Tvisebebis gamoyofas. momxmarebelTa moT-xovnebis analizi kavSirgabmulobis momsaxurebaze, gviC-venebs, rom maxasiaTeblebi, iseTi niSan-Tvisebisa ro-goricaa “SetyobinebaTa gadacemis xarisxi~ iyofa orjgufad: qseluri maxasiaTeblebi da miRebis etapzeSetyobinebis maxasiTeblebi

qseluri maxasiaTeblebi _ es aris adresatisaTvisSetyobinebis mitanis saimedooba da is dro, romelicsaWiroa, sistemisadmi adresatis mimarTvis momentidan,adresatisaTvis Setyobinebis Cabarebis momentamde, ro-melic Tavis mxriv warmoadgens jams , gadacemis molo-dinis droisa da sistemiT TviT Setyobinebis gadace-mis droisa, agreTve Setyobinebis adresatisaTvis Casa-bareblad saWiro droisa, Tu adresats ar aqvs damabo-loebeli aparatura garkveuli saxis Setyobinebis mi-saRebad.

SetyobinebaTa maxasiaTeblebi miRebis etapze damo-kidebulia Setyobinebis saxeobebze. (xmovani, dokumen-turi, gamosaxulebiTi) zemoT aRniSnuli kritetiume-bis gaTvaliswinebiT, momsaxurebis funqciebi SesaZle-belia klasificirdes ise rogorc es aris naCvenebinaxatze.

yovelive amis Sedegad xarisxis Sesafaseblad Se-saZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas momsaxurebis maCvene-belTa sistema, romelsac iyeneben dRes msoflio praq-tikaSi (nax. 12):

1. momsaxurebiT sargeblobis uflebis gayidva _yvela qmedebebi da urTierTqmedebebi operatorsa daSemkveTs Soris satelefono kavSiriT momsaxurebismiwodebaze sawyis moTxovnidan, efeqturi momsaxure-bis periodis damTavrebamde (sakontraqto, Tu aris kon-

96 97

traqti).2. momxmareblamde dayvana _ yvela qmedebebi dakav-

Sirebulia momsaxurebis mowodebis procesTan momsa-xurebisaTvis ganacxadis momentidan momsaxurebaze ua-ris Tqmamde.

3. moxmarebis pirobebis cvlileba (Semguebloba) _yvela qmedebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia momsaxure-bis pirobebis cvlilebasTan, ganacxadis miRebis mo-mentidan mis Sesrulebamde, romelsac mivyavarT Sem-kveTis dakmayofilebamde.

4. momsaxurebis mxardaWera.5. SekeTeba _ yvela qmedebebi dakavSirebulia Sem-

kveTis momsaxurebis aRdgenasTan dazianebis SekeTebisSemdeg.

6. momsaxurebaze uaris Tqma (Sewyveta) _ yvela qme-debebi dakavSirebulia SemkveTis satelefono momsa-xurebis SewyvetasTan.

7. SeerTebis damyareba _ yvela qmedebebi dakavSire-bulia satelefono saubris dadgomasTan, im momenti-dan roca abonentma aiRo yurmili sadguridan pasu-xis miRebamde, romelic gvamcnobs gamoZaxebuli mxarismdgomareobas (dakaveba, sazianeba an sxva).

8. informaciis gadacema _ yvela qmedebebi romelicdakavSirebulia saubris gadacemasTan SeerTebis dam-yarebis momentidan gaTiSvis momentamde.

9. gaTiSva (kavSiris gaTavisufleba) _ yvela qmede-bebi dakavSirebulia SeerTebasTan. ganacxadis miRe-bis Semdeg gaTiSvis Sesaxeb, romelic uzrunvelyofi-lia qselis mzaobiT momxmareblisa da operatorebi-saTvis mis Semdgom gamosayeneblad.

10. angariSebis Sedgena _ yvela qmedebebi dakavSire-bulia SemkveTisaTvis angariSebis warsadgenad, momxma-reblis satelefono kavSiriT momsaxurebis SesaxebmimarTvis momentidan.

momsaxurebis TiToeul funqcias SesaZlebelia miv-ceT daxasiaTeba xarisxis Semdegi 7 kriteriumiT:

1) siswrafe; 2) sizuste; 3) misawvdomoba; 4) saimedo-ba; 5) dacva da usafrTxoeba; 6) simartive; 7) moqnilo-ba

amis Sedegad ukve gvaqvs, momsaxurebis xarisxis yo-velmxrivi SefasebisaTvis 70 maCvenebeli. momsaxure-bis xarisxis yvela funqciebi (10) da kriteriumebi (7}moyvanilia nax 13.

nax. 12 momsaxurebis funqciebi

1 10

momsaxurebiT sargeblobis

uflebis gayidva

2-6 7-9

- informaciis gadacema

- SeerTebis damyareba

- gaTiSva (kavSiris ganTavisufleba)

momsaxurebis funqciebi

angariSebis Sedgena

- moxmarebis pirobebis cvlileba

(Semguebloba)

- momsaxurebaze uaris Tqma (Sewyveta)

- moxmarebis mxardaWera

- SekeTeba

- momxmareblemde dayvana

momsaxurebis miwodebis marTva:informaciis gadacemis teqnikuri

xarisxi:

momsaxurebis xarisxis kriteriumebi

momsaxurebis funqciebi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 momsaxu-

rebis marTva

gadacemis teqniku-ri xarisxi

1. gayidvebi 2. momxmareblamde dayvana 3. cvlilebebi 4. momsaxurebis mxardaWera 5. SekeTeba 6. momsaxurebaze uari 7. SeerTebis damyareba 8. informaciis gadacema 9. gaTiSva 10. angariSebis Sedgena

X X X X X X X X

X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

nax 13. momsaxurebis xarisxis maCveneblebi da kriteriumebi

98 99

moebis kulturis, ise samecniero kvleviTi da saproeq-to samuSaoTa dones, agreTve teqnologiis, warmoebisada Sromis organizaciis xarisxs.

xarisxis amaRleba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom 1. na-warmis xarisxis amaRlebis, misi saimedoobis proble-ma gascda calkeul sawarmoTa farglebs da gaxda sa-xelmwifoebrivi problema; 2. sawarmoo kavSirebis cal-keul sawarmoebsa da dargebs Soris kooperaciis gan-viTarebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi produqciis xaris-xis amaRleba mxolos calkeul sawarmoTa an dargebisZalebiT SeuZlebeli gaxda; 3. miuxedavad garkveulidargobrivi Taviseburebebisa produqciis xarisxisamaRlebis organizaciuli samuSaoebis principulisafuZvlebi da mTavari problemebi, romlebic moiTxo-ven mecnierul damuSavebas, mrewvelobis yvela dargi-saTvis saerToa; 4. produqciis xarisxis ekonokikuriproblemebi moiTxoven erTobliv saxelmwifoebriv ga-dawyvetas, magaliTad: sanqciisa da stimulirebis sa-kiTxebs, maT kavSirs fasebTan, warmoebis momgebianobasda sxva.

produqciis xarisxianobis amaRlebis gansazRvrisamisi dagagmvisa da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Sefase-bis, agreTve xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad gansaxorcie-lebel RonisZiebaTa gatarebisas saWiro gaangariSe-bis dros mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT ekonomiis oriZiriTadi wyaro: 1. xarisxis amaRlebis Sedegad erov-nul meurneobaSi miRebuli sazogadoebrivi Sromisekonomia, romelic ekvivalenturia aRniSnuli nawar-mis Sesabamis raodenobriv zrdasTan da 2. produqciisxarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT kapitaluri xarjebis da-nazogebi, romelic dasWirdeboda axali sawarmoo sim-Zlavreebis amoqmedebas, imave xarisxis produqciisdamatebis gamoSvebis uzrunvelsayofad.

produqciis xarisxis done sxvadasxva dargSi xasi-aTdeba dargis TaviseburebebiT. magram imisaTvis romsworad ganisazRvros produqciis optimaluri xa-

Tavi 6.

xarisxi energetikaSi

6.1. xarisxis mniSvneloba

energetikaSi

Tanamedrove pirobebSi produqciis xarisxis amaR-leba, saqmianobis yvela sferoSi xarisxis maCvenebel-Ta srulyofa mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi amoca-na gaxda rogorc qveynis meurneobis ganviTarebisTvis,ise saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobis srul-yofis ganmtkicebisTvis.

efeqtianoba da xarsxi ekonomikis mudmivmoqmedi faq-toria, magram sabazro ekonomikis pirobebma xarisxob-rivi maCveneblebi aamaRla umniSvnelovanes socialur-ekonomikur maCveneblamde. xarisxobrivi maCveneblebiara marto mniSvnelovan socialur-ekonomikur maCve-neblad, aramed mniSvnelovan politikur faqtoradaciqcnen. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tanamedrove pirobebSimTeli meurneobrivi saqmianobis xarisxis amaRlebamniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi problema gaxda, ro-melic gansazRvravs qveynis erovnuli meurneobis gan-viTarebis xasiaTs da sagareo ekonomikur TanamSrom-lobas. am faqtorebis srulad gamoyenebiT SesaZlebe-lia warmoebis axlandel doneze, misi teqnikuri Seia-raRebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi, gacilebiT ukeT iyosdakmayofilebuli moTxovnileba, rogorc Sromis sag-nebze (liTonze, saTbobze, saSen masalaze), ise erovnu-li meurneobis saqonelze. yovelive es dakavSirebu-lia warmoebisa da marTvis, Sromis iaraRebisa da Sro-mis sagnebis, sawarmoo da arasawarmoo moxmarebis sag-nebis efeqtianobisa da xarisxis amaRlebasTan.

produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis problema gansaz-Rvravs, rogorc miRebul teqnikur-ekonomikur da war-

100 101

obis dros, amsubuqebs Sromis pirobebs, maRla swevswarmoebis kulturas. aRsaniSnavia, rom produqciis xa-risxis amaRlebis RonisZiebebi moiTxovs garkveul xar-jebs. amitom saWiroa moiZebnos xarisxis gadidebisoptimaluri sazRvari.

xarisxis optimalur sazRvrad miRebulia produq-ciis iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic yvelaze metad Seesaba-meba produqciis warmoebas, ganawilebasa da moxmareba-ze gaweul damaxarjebis jamur minimums.

6.2. saTbobis xarisxi

saTbobi gamoiyeneba teqnologiuri da energetiku-li miznebisaTvis. teqnologiuri ewodeba iseT saT-bobs, romelic eleqtruli da Tburi energiis warmo-ebisTvisaa saWiro eleqtrosadgurebSi da samrewvelodanadgarebSi, maT Soris samrewvelo RumlebSi. teqno-logiuri miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi maRalxaris-xovani saTbobi, rogoricaa: koqsis naxSiri, navTobi,bunebrivi gazi. energetikuli saWiroebisaTvis da, uwi-nares yovlisa, eleqtrosadgurebis saqvabeebSi sawva-vad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos sxvadasxva saxis saT-bobi, dawyebuli dabalkaloriuli saTbobidan (qva-naxSiri, torfi, fiqali) maRalkaloriuli gazisa damazuTis CaTvliT.

wvis yvelaze didi siTbo aqvs mazuTs (daaxloebiT38500 jouli/kg), agreTve bunebriv gazs (33520 jouli/kg). rac Seexeba naxSris wvis siTbos, igi didi gansxva-vebiT meryeobs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori markis,nacrianobisa da tenianobis naxSirTan gvaqvs saqme.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviTdgas saTbobis raodenoba, aramed saTbobis xarisxisproblema. dRes mTavaria ara marto mopovebuli saT-bobis raodenoba, aramed saTbobis xarisxic. saTbobis

risxi, aucilebelia SevinarCunoT xarisxis maCvene-belTa yvelaze racionaluri sistema, romelic misaRe-bi iqneba warmoebuli prduqciis teqnikur-ekonomiku-ri daxasiaTebis dros.

xarisxi _ esaa produqciis TvisebaTa erToblioba,romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad Seefardeba misi da-niSnuleba samomxmareblo vargisianobis dakmayofile-bis dones. xarisxis maCvenebeli aris maxasiaTebel Tvi-sebaTa raodenobrivi gamoxatuleba. xSir SemTxvevaSiproduqciis Tvisebebi SeiZleba gaizomos da ricxob-rivad gamoixatos, produqciis zogierT saxeobaze kiricxobrivi Sefaseba gaZnelebulia.

saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsis dargobrivi pro-duqcia, rogoricaa saTbobi, energia da produqciissxva saxeoba, agreTve xasiaTdebian TvisebaTa jgufiT,romelic gansazRvravs momxmareblis moTxovnilebisdakmayofilebis dones. Tumca es maxasiaTeblebi me-tad specifikuria. magaliTad, saTbobis xarisxi gani-sazRvreba iseTi samomxmareblo TvisebebiT, rogori-caa: siTbotevadoba, tenianoba, nacrianoba, gogirdis Sem-cveloba, eleqtroenergiis xarisxi xasiaTdeba denissixSiriT, ZabviT; siTbos xarisxi _ wneviTa da tempera-turiT.

udidesi yuradReba, romelsac partia iCens produq-ciisa da maT Soris energetikuli produqciis xaris-xis amaRlebisadmi, kanonzomieri movlenaa. produqci-is xarisxis gaumjobesebas umTavresad ganapirobebsteqnikuri progresi, radgan teqnikuri progresis miR-wevaTa ganxorcieleba dabali xarisxianobis SemTxve-vaSi SeuZlebelia. sawarmoo-sameurneo kavSiris in-tensiuri zrda agreTve mTel rig moTxovnebs uyenebssaimedoobasa da xarisxis stabilurobas.

didia xarisxis amaRlebis ekonomikuri Sedegi. ma-Rali xarisxis produqciis gamoyeneba amcirebs xar-jebs momxmarebelTan da amave dros amaRlebs saimedo-obis maCvenebels, axangrZlivebs mowyobilobis muSa-

102 103

erTdamokidebuleba unda gamoixatos saTbobis mopo-vebasa da gamoyenebis maCvenebelTa dagegmvis samuSao-ebis SeTanxmebaSi energiis gamomuSavebuli sawarmoe-bis kompleqsur daproeqtebasTan. mxolod aseT Sem-TxvevaSi, roca miRweulia urTierTkavSirSi myofi pa-rametrebis optimaluri SeTanazomva, SeiZleba momxma-rebelTan energiis erTeulze mosuli xvedriTi xar-jebis minimumis gansazRvra.

energiis erTeulze jamuri minimaluri xarjebisgansazRvra metad rTuli amocanaa. am amocanis gadaw-yveta moiTxovs optimaluri energetikuli balansisdamuSavebas, maT Soris saTbobis TiToeuli saxeobismopovebis moculobisa da misi momxmareblebis Semad-genlobis dadgenas.

jamuri minimaluri xarjebi energiis erTeulze, ro-melic Seesabameba saTbobis calkeuli saxeobis opti-malur xarisxs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, damokidebu-lia saTbobis saxeze, balastis Semcvelobaze da a.S.

mokled ganvixiloT saTbobis sxvadasxva saxeobazeoptimaluri xarisxis dadgenis meTodebi.

naxSiris optimaluri xarisxis gansazRvrisas saWi-roa misi mopovebis, gamdidrebis, gadazidvisa da wvismaCveneblebis kompleqsuri ganxilva. mocemuli ener-gobalansis SemadgenlobaSi am kopleqsuri maCveneb-lebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros gamdidre-buli naxSiris gamoyenebis ekonomikuri efeqturobaSemdegi saxis tolobiT:

Э=(зm + зt +зw)* ηη ′⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++

−−

.10.33

33.

10 66

g

wt0m

x QyQ

sadac Ý aris naxSiris gamdidrebiT miRebuliekonomia, anu gamdidrebuli naxSiris wviT miRebuliekonomia 1 gjouli siTboze, lari;

Çm _ 1 kg naxSiris mopovebis xarji (fasi), lari/kg;Çt _ transportirebis xarjebi 1 kg naxSirisa maRa-

xarisxi didadaa damokidebuli mopovebis wesze, gada-zidvis saxeze, wvis pirobebze, balastis Semcvelobaze.balastis saxeobac sxvadasxva saxis saTbobSi specifi-kuria. ase magaliTad: naxSiri da fiqali Seicavs Ziri-Tadad sxvadasxva saxis mTis qanebs, torfi _ tens, mazu-Ti _ gogirdis naerTs, parafins. bunebriv gazSic kiaris iseTi zedmeti minarevebi, rogoricaa mtveri dateni. balastis Semcvelobis Semcireba saTbobis Ti-Toeul saxeze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxvagziT. saTbobis gamdidrebis wesi da masSi zedmetiminarevebis Semcirebis xarisxi damokidebulia mra-val faqtorze. aseTi faqtorebia: saTbobis mopoveba-ze gaweuli xvedriTi xarjebi; brunvaSi arsebuli saT-bobis xarisxi; gamdidrebis procesisaTvis saWiro xved-riTi kapitaluri xarjebis raodenoba; gamdidrebu-li saTbobis xvedriTi wili saTbobis mTel raode-nobaSi; gamdidrebuli saTbobis xarisxi; saTbobis gam-didrebis procesSi gamoyofili meoreuli produq-tebis raodenoba da Rirebuleba; xvedriTi danaxar-jebi saTbobis transportirebaze, Senaxvaze, ganawile-basa da uSualod wvaze. am faqtorebis zegavleniTSeiZleba davadginoT saTbobis gamdidrebis mizanSe-woniloba sxvadasxva zomiTa da mimarTulebiT: racmetia xarjebi mopovebasa da gamdidrebaze sxva Tana-bar pirobebSi, miT naklebia ekonomikuri efeqturobada, piriqiT, miT naklebia ekonomikuri efeqturoba da,piriqiT, rac metia xarjebi transportirebasa da wvaze,agreTve rac ufro naklebi xarisxisaa bunebrivi saT-bobi, miT ufro mizanSewonilia misi gamdidreba.

saTbobis optimaluri xarisxis kriteriumad an, racigivea, gamdidrebis mizanSewonil doned miRebuliamomxmareblamde produqciis erTeulze (1kvt sT an 1gjouli) mosuli minimaluri xarjebi. minimaluri xar-jebis misaRwevad saWiroa saTbobis gamdidrebis pro-cesi ganxiluli iyos misi mopovebis, transportirebi-sa da wvis procesTan urTierTkavSirSi. aseTi urTi-

104 105

naxSiris xarisxi, xarjebi transportirebasa da wvaze.analogiurad SeiZleba fiqlis optimaluri xaris-

xis gaangariSeba. laparakia im fiqalze, romelic saT-bobad gamoiyeneba TboeleqtrosadgurebSi. fiqalSiuamravi zedmeti minarevia (45-50%) da amitom Zaliandabalia wvis siTbo Qc (8380 jouli/kg). fiqlis opti-maluri xarisxis gaangariSebebs arTulebs is garemo-eba, rom wvis Semdeg darCenili produqti SeiZlebagamoviyenoT, rogorc nedleuli saSeni masalebis war-moebaSi _ fiqlis, aguris, cementis da a.S. warmoebisaT-vis, e.i. rac naklebia fiqalSi mTis zedmeti qanebi, miTmeti energoekonomikuri efeqtis miReba SeiZleba Tbo-eleqtrosadgurebSi misi wvis Sedegad, xolo rac metiminarevebiTaa bunebaSi fiqali mocemuli da rac metimeoreuli produqti miiReba misgan, miT ufro Zvirfa-sia igi, rogorc nedleuli saSeni masalebis warmoebi-saTvis. amitom fiqlis optimaluri xarisxis gansaz-Rvrisas saWiroa misi jamuri efeqtianobis gaangari-Seba.

torfis optimaluri xarisxis gansazRvrisas gaTva-liswinebuli unda iyos misi Taviseburebani, kerZod,tenis Zalian didi Semcveloba. vinaidan torfi didihidroskopulobiT xasiaTdeba, amitom tenis Semcvelo-ba umTavresad damokidebulia garemos meteorologi-ur pirobebze. wlis ganmavlobaSi amindis pirobebisSesabamisad torfSi tenis Semcveloba meryeobs 30-dan70%-mde. tenienoba did gavlenas axdens saTbobis ka-loriulobaze. tenianobis yoveli 10%-iT momatebaiwvevs torfis kaloriulobis Semcirebas 2170 kjou-liT. es damokidebuleba naTlad Cans Semdegi monace-mebidan:

rogorc monacemebidan Cans; a) torfis wvis siTbosfardobiTi Semcireba ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, vid-re tenianobis gadideba; b) rac ufro didia tenianobatorfSi, miT araproporciulad bevri unda daiwvasigi energiis erTi da imave raodenobis misaRebad; g)

rodan momxmareblamde, lari/kg;Çw _ danaxarjebi 1 kg naxSiris wvaze momxmarebel-

Tan, wvisaTvis momzadebis xarjebis CaTvliT, lari/kg;Qc da Qg _ Sesabamisad, xami da gamdidrebuli naxSi-

ris wvis siTbo, jouli/kg;_ saqvabe danadgaris m q k Sesabamisad xami da gam-

didrebuli naxSiris wvisas, %;Ç0 _ 1 kg xami naxSiris gamdidrebis saangariSo xar-

jebi, lari/kg;Ó _ 1 kg xami naxSiridan miRebuli gamdidrebuli

naxSiris xv. wili, %;formulaSi Semavali calkeuli sidideebis gavle-

na naxSiris gamdidrebis ekonomikur efeqtianobazeSeiZleba gamoviTvaloT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas gaSli-li saxiT CavwerT Semdegnairad.

mocemuli gamosaxulebidan Cans, rom yvela mamrav-li, romelic martiv frCxilebSia moTavsebuli, nulzemetia, rac amtkicebs, rom ekonomia miiReba transporti-rebisa da wvis operaciebiT, xolo xarjebi izrdebamopovebasa da gamdidrebaze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi formulis anga-riSi ver iZleva zust Sedegs, vinaidan mocemuli mniS-vnelobebi SeiZleba iyos sxavadasxva, gamdidrebis we-sis cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT. agreTve naxSiris xa-risxis amaRleba gamdidrebis yvelaze srulyofiliwesiTac ki iwvevs xarjebis zrdas. magram yvela Sem-TxvevaSi naxSiris xarisxis gaumjobesebiT mcirdebaxvedriTi xarjebi transportirebasa da wvaze. e.i. an-gariSebSi aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi iyos miRebuligamdidrebis maCveneblebi, naxSiris mopovebis wesi, gam-didrebuli naxSiris gamosavlianoba, kaloriuloba,

106 107

bis mocdenis dro da xarjebi gawmendasa da remontze.amasTan, igi did zarals iwvevs garemos gaWuWyianebisTvalsazrisiT. gogirdovani mazuTis wvisas atmosfe-roSi gamoiyofa gogirdis antihidrati, rac 2-5-jeraWarbebs gogirdis koncentratis Semcvelobis zRvruldasaSveb dones. gogirdis antihidratiT gaWuWyianebu-li atmosfero uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis jan-mrTelobaze, iwvevs litonis da rkinabetonis kon-struqciebis korozias, zarali moaqvs soflis meurne-obisTvis. gogirdSemcvelobis Semcirebis problemaufro mwvavdeba mazuTiT momuSave eleqtrosadgurebi-sa da samrewvelo saqvabeebis raodenobisa da simZlav-reebis zrdis kvalobaze. mazuTis gamdidrebis Tval-sazrisiT, e.i. masSi gogirdis Semcvelobis SemcirebismimarTulebebiT Tanamedrove pirobebSi SemuSavebu-lia da tardeba rigi RonisZiebebi, romelTa SerCevawinaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri gaangariSebis safuZ-velze xdeba. teqnikur-ekonomikuri gaangariSeba meTo-duri TvalsazrisiT metad rTulia, aq mxedvelobaSimiiReba mravali faqtori, kerZod: navTobis mopovebisada navTobgadamamuSavebel qarxanaSi misi transporti-rebis xarjebi; mazuTis gamdidrebis xarjebi; gamdid-rebis Semdeg saTbobis gamosavlianoba, agreTve meore-uli produqtebis raodenoba da Rirebuleba; mazuTiswvis xarjebi; uSualod momxmarebelTan yvela dasaxe-lebuli faqtori sxvadasxva zomiT moqmedebs sabo-loo teqnikur-ekonomikur Sedegze. jamuri dayvanilixarjebisa da SefardebiTi efeqtianobis angariSebiTyvela moqmedi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis pirobebSimecnierulad ganisazRvra gogirdis optimaluri Sed-geniloba daaxloebiT 2%-mde.

% jouli

kg

kaloriulobis xv.

wonis Semcireba, %

10

20

30

40

50

17000

14800

12600

10480

8300

13%

17,2%

17,2%

21%

20%

teniani torfis wvis Sedegad sistematurad icvlebaqvabagregatebis m q k; d) tenianobis xarisxis cvlile-ba iwvevs eleqtrosadgurebSi torfis saWiro maragiscvlilebas, rac arTulebs maragebis dagegmvis samuSa-oebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom tenianobis Semcirebas udide-si mniSvneloba aqvs, xelovnuri RonisZiebebi torfisxarisxis stabilizaciis mizniT praqtikaSi jerjero-biT ar tardeba. torfis Srobis procesi mimdinare-obs mindorSi an specialur sawyobebSi.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs mazuTis xarisxis optimiza-ciis problemas, aRsaniSnavia, rom Cveni qveynis mTelrig raionebSi mopovebuli navTobi Seicavs 5%-mdegogirds, xolo navTobis gadamuSavebisas gogirdi um-Tavresad mazuTSi rCeba. gogirdTan erTad mazuTSiSedis iseTi minarevebi, rogoricaa parafini da vanadi-umi. aRniSnuli minarevebi sagrZnoblad amcirebs ma-zuTis gamoyenebis teqnikur-ekonomikur maCveneblebs.didi raodenobis gogirdovani minarevebiani mazuTiswvisas warmoiSoba narevi qvabagregatis gamaxurebelinawilis muSa zedapirebze, rac auaresebs danadgaristeqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebs. magaliTad, mcir-deba orTqlwarmoebluroba, izrdeba eleqtroenergi-is xarji sakuTar saWiroebaze, izrdeba qvabagregate-

108 109

lebs. sixSiris zomaze matad SemcirebiT mcirdeba Zra-vas brunvaTa ricxvi da, Sesabamisad, misi mwarmoeblu-roba, xolo sixSiris momatebam energosistemaSi SeiZ-leba gamoiwvios energetikuli danadgarebis daziane-ba, teqnologiuri procesebis moSla, avtomaturi xaze-bis uwesivroba da a.S.

sixSiris regulireba energosistemis masStabiT war-moebs. misi zRvruli mniSvneloba (50 herci) gansaz-Rvrulia eleqtrosadgurebSi generatorebis brunvissiCqariT. sixSiris nominaluri sididis SenarCunebadasaSvebi gadaxrebiT, SesaZlebelia aqtiuri simZlav-ris rezervis arsebobiT. imisTvis, rom simZlavris mniS-vnelovanma cvlilebam avaria ar gamoiwvios, moqmedebsspecialuri ganmtvirTavi avtomaturi mowyobiloba,romelic TiSavs naklebmniSvnelovan momxmareblebs.sistemaSi simZlavris deficitis likvidaciis SemdegganmeorebiTi CarTvis specialuri mowyobiloba avto-maturad CarTavs gaTiSul ubans.

eleqtroenergiis xarisxis meore mniSvnelovani maC-venebelia Zabvis gadaxra. Zabvis gadaxra iangariSeba,rogorc sxvaoba Zabvis faqtiur da nominalur mniS-vnelobas Soris

YV=Vfaqt_Vnomsadac V aris Zabvis gadaxra, 3;Vfaqt _ Zabvis faqtiuri mniSvneloba, 3;Vnom _ Zabvis nominaluri mniSvneloba, 3;xSirad Zabvis gadaxras angariSoben procentobiT

nominaluri mniSvnelobidan. Vfaqt_Vnom V% = _________. Vnomnormaluri muSaobis pirobebSi saxelmwifo stan-

dartiT gansazRvrulia nominaluri Zabvidan gadax-ris dasaSvebi zRvruli mniSvnelobebi: muSa ganaTebismomWerebze, SenobebSi, sadac mxedvelobiTi daZabva mo-

6.3. energiis xarisxi

eleqtroenergiis xarisxis maCveneblebi gansazRvru-li da gantkicebulia saxelmwifo standartiT. stan-dartSi gaTvaliswinebulia Semdegi maCveneblebi: a)mudmivi denis eleqtroqselSi Zabvis gadaxrebi; Zabvispulsaciis koeficienti; b) erTfaziani cvladi deniseleqtroqselSi sixSiris gadaxra, Zabvis gadaxra, six-Siris da Zabvis rxevebi, Zabvis mrudis formis arasi-nusoiduroba; samfaziani cvladi denis eleqtroqselSi_ sixSirisa da Zabvis gadaxrebi, Zabvis rxeva, Zabvismrudis formis arasinusoiduroba, neitralis Zabvissidide. CamoTvlili maCveneblebi SeiZleba daiyos orjgufad, romelic axasiaTebs sixSiris xarisxisa daZabvis xarisxs cal-calke.

eleqtroenergiis xarisxis ZiriTadi maCvenebeliacvladi denis sixSire. sixSiris standartul mniSvne-lobad Cveni qveynis eleqtroenergetikaSi miRebulia50 herci. eleqtrul sistemebSi cavladi donis sixSi-re icvleba garkveul sazRvrebSi. amitom SemoRebu-lia maCvenebeli, romelic gansazRvravs sixSiris ga-daxris sidides nominaluri mniSvnelobidan. Tu six-Siris faqtobriv mniSvnelobas aRvniSnavT ffaqt danominalurs _ fnom, maSin sixSiris gadaxra toliiqneba maT Soris sxvaobisa ∆f = ffaqt – fnom.

Tanamedrove avtomaturi regulirebis mZlavr ener-gosistemebSi sixSiris gadaxris gaqtobrivi mniSvne-loba udris +0,1 hercs. aseT mcire gadaxras uzrun-velyofs bolo wlebSi energetikaSi danergili spe-cialuri avtomaturi maregulirebeli xelsawyoebisgamoyeneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi mowyobilobani didkapitalur xarjebsac ar moiTxovs.

sixSiris cvlis dabali maCvenebeli gamarTlebu-lia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. sixSiris didi di-apazoniT cvla auaresebs denmimRebi danadgarebisa daaparatebis gamoyenebis teqnikur-ekonomikur maCveneb-

110 111

ebiT orjer.arsebiTad mcirdeba eleqtroTermuli danadgare-

bis muSaobis xarisxi, mis momWerebze Zabvis vardnisasizrdeba teqnologiuri procesis xangrZlivoba. eleq-troRumelebsa da eleqtrolizis danadgarebSi Zab-vis vardna iwvevs mwarmoeblurobis mkveTr Semcirebas,eleqtroenergiis xvedriTi xarjis gadidebas da, sabo-lood, gamoSvebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebiszrdas.

Zabvis asimetriuloba xasiaTdeba Sebrunebuli Tan-mimdevrobis mniSvnelobebiT. samfaziani sistemisaT-vis ukumimdevrobiTi Zabvis mniSvneloba %-obiT ian-gariSeba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT

sadac u1, u2 da u3 _ calkeuli fazis kompleqsu-ri mniSvnelobaa;

neitralis daZvris sidide ganiszRvreba nulidanSemdgomi TanamimdevrobiT

Zabvis asimetriulobis Sedegad izrdeba nominalu-ri Zabvis mniSvnelobidan gadaxris jamuri sidide dauaresdeba Zabvis reJimi eleqtromimRebTan. asimetri-uloba iwvevs manqanis gadaxurebas, energiisa da sim-Zlavris zedmet nakadurobas qselSi da a.S. Zabvisasimetriulobis dasaSveb zRvrad miRebulia 2-3%.

Zabvis rxeva gamoisaxeba procentobiT da gviCvenebsfardobiT gansxvavebas Zabvis udides da umcires mniS-vnelobebs Soris, roca Zabvis cvlilebebis siCqare

( )322

123100 aUUaU

UU ++=

nom

23

213

2.

veaf

+−==

( )3210 31 UUUU ++=

iTxoveba _2,5-dan +5%-mde, eleqtroZravis momWerebze_5-dan +10%-mde, xolo yvela sxva danarCen denmimRe-bebSi +5%. teqnikuri pirobiT SeiZleba daSvebuliiyos Zabvis gadaxris ufro marali mniSvnelobebic.Zabvis dadableba uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens sanaTiaparaturisa da asinqronuli Zabvebis muSaobaze. maga-liTad, mkveTrad mcirdeba sinaTlis nakadis sidideda masTan erTad m q k. nominaluri Zabvis 5%-iT dadab-leba iwvevs sinaTlis nakadis 18%-iT Semcirebas, 10%-iT dadableba ki sinaTlis nakadis 30%-mde amcirebs.sinaTlis nakadis cvlilebazea damokidebuli sawar-moebSi samuSao adgilis ganaTebulobis xarisxi. ara-sakmao ganaTebulobis mizeziT mcirdeba Sromis nayo-fiereba, xarisxi, izrdeba ubedur SemTxvevaTa ricxvi.nominalur sazRvarze zeviT Zabvis amaRlebiT, marTa-lia izrdeba sinaTlis nakadis sidide, magram saimedo-obis xarisxi naklebia. magaliTad, nominaluri Zabvis10%-iT amaRlebis pirobebSi sinaTlis nakadi izrdebadaaxloebiT 30%-iT, xolo aparaturis xangrZlivobaTiTqmis 3-jer mcirdeba. asinqronul ZravebSi ZabvisdadablebiT mcirdeba mabruni momenti momWerebze ar-sebuli Zabvis kvadratis proporciulad, rac sabolo-od Zravas gamoTiSvas iwvevs. mcirdeba agreTve Zravasm q k, xveulebSi gamavali denis momatebasTan erTadxdeba izolaciis intensiuri cveTa, amave dros izrde-ba srialis koeficienti da mcirdeba Zravas brunvaTaricxvi. es ukanaskneli ki gavlenas axdens denmimRebismeqanizmis mwarmoeblurobaze. Zabvis Semcirebam xSirSemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sasistemo avariac ki gamoiwvios.aseve arasasurvel Sedegs iZleva Zabvis amaRleba no-minalur sazRvarze zeviT. asinqronuli Zravis momWe-rebze Zabvis amaRlebiT izrdeba magnituri nakadissidide, ris gamoc xdeba statoris mavTulxviebis ga-datvirTva. gaangariSebulia, rom gadatvirTuli Zab-vis xangZrlivi muSaobiT, Tu Zabva momWerze udris_10%-s, misi muSaobis xangrZlivoba mcirdeba daaxlo-

112 113

aqtiuli simZlavris sididis cvlileba. am miznebi-saTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos generatorebTanSedarebiT ufro iaffasiani makompensirebeli mowyo-bilobani. amasTan, reaqtiuli simZlavris gamomuSavebaSeiZleba sxvadasxva wyaroebSi, sxvadasxva zomiT. reaq-tiuli simZlavris gamomuSavebis xvedriTi wilis re-gulirebiT SeiZleba Seicvalos qselis ama Tu im ub-nis datvirTva da, maSasadame, Zabvis danakargebis sidi-dec, ramdenadac makompensirebeli mowyobilobebi gav-lenas axdens eleqtroqselis Zabvaze, aucilebelia ma-Ti gamoyeneba agreTve denmimRebTan Zabvis reJimis ga-umjobesebis mizniT. vinaidan datvirTvis reJimi gav-lenas axdens Zabvis reJimze makompensirebeli mowyo-bilobis gamoyenebis pirobebSi, mizanSewonilia kon-densatoris elementebis simZlavre vcvaloT avtoma-turad. im SemTxvevaSi, roca kondensatoris elemente-bi gamoiyeneba rogorc makompensirebeli saSualebani,saWiroa maTi aRWurva Zabvis regulatorebiT da Sesa-bamisi sakomunitacio aparatebiT.

analogiurad SeiZleba Zabvis regulireba eleqtrulqselSi. makompensirebel mowyobilobad sinqronuliZravebi gamoiyeneba. gadametZabvisas sinqronuli Zra-vebi reaqtiul simZlavres aviTareben, sawinaaRmdegoSemTxvevaSi moixmaren mas.

energosistemis datvirTvis maqsimumis saaTebSi re-aqtiuli simZlavris kompensaciisaTvis da Zabvis sa-Wiro donis uzrunvelyofisaTvis makompensirebelimowyobilobis moTxovnili simZlavre SeiZleba gavi-angariSoT formuliT

sadac P aris moTxovnili simZlavris saSualoSe-wonili mniSvneloba sistemis magistraluri datvir-Tvis saaTebSi, kvt;

_ specialuri makompensirebeli mowyobiloba amoq-

( )21 ϕϕ tgtgPQ −=

wamSi 1%-s,

Vud _ Vumc Vt = _________ . 100 Vnom

Zravis rxevis dasaSvebi mniSvneloba damokidebu-lia misi warmoebis sixSireze. sanaTi aparaturisa daradioxelsawyoebis momWerebze dasaSvebi gadaxra ian-gariSeba gamosaxulebiT

sadac n aris rxevaTa ricxvi saaTSi;∆t _ intervali rxevebs Soris saSualod saaTSi.danarCeni eleqtromimRebebisaTvis Zabvis rxevis nor-

mireba ar xdeba.datvirTvis reJimSi Zabvis mniSvnelovani rxevebi

iwvevs Zabvis kargvebs eleqtroqselSi, ris gamoc Tana-medrove eleqtromomaragebis sistemaSi warmoiSva Zab-vis regulirebis aucilebloba. Zabvis regulireba Se-iZleba ganxorcieldes generatoris agznebis deniscvlilebis gziT. magram generatorebis gamomyvanebze+5%-ze metad Zabvis Secvlisas saWiroa generatorisaqtiuri siZlavris Semcireba, e. i. regulirebis aRniS-nuli meTodis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs damatebiTdanaxarjebs generatoruli simZlavris gadidebaze. me-ore meTodi Zabvis regulirebisa, romelic SedarebiTnaklebi xarjebiT ganxorcieldeba, esaa transforma-torebSi transformaciis koeficientis cvlileba. igiSesaZlebelia maregulirebeli ganStoebadi transfor-matorebisa da avtotransformatorebis gamoyenebiT, aR-niSnul danadgarebSi transformaciis koeficientisdasaSvebi cvla meryeobs 10-20%.

Zabvis regulirebis mesame meTodia gadacemuli re-

101611

tn

v ∆+=+=

114 115

debi, cdeba muSaxeli da a.S. amasTan, uaresdebaTviTonenergo sistemis ekonomikuri maCveneblebi gegmiT gaT-valiswinebul raodenobaze naklebi sasargeblo ener-giis gamoSvebisa da miwodebis Sedegad. sabolood ma-regulirebeli mowyobilobis gamoyenebis mizanSewo-niloba SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegnairad

E(K – ∆K)+ S+ y=min

sadac K aris makompensirebeli da maregulirebe-li mowyobilobebis SeZenis da montaJis kapitalurixarjebi, lari;

∆K _ kapitaluri xarjebis Semcireba transforma-torebisa da kabelebis SeZenasa da montaJze, lari;

S _ yovelwliuri saeqspluatacio xarjebi norma-luri eqspluataciis pirobebSi (saamortizacio ana-ricxebi, xarjebi energiis danakargebis kompensaciaze,mimdinare remontis xarjebi, xelfasi da saerTo sa-warmoo xarjebi), lari/weli;

y _ eleqtroenergiis xarisxis gauaresebiT gamowve-uli mosalodneli zarali weliwadSi, lari.

6.4. saimedooba energetikaSi

saimedooba farTo cnebaa, romlis daxasiaTebisaT-vis saWiroa maCvenebelTa mTeli jgufi. obieqtis sai-medoobis uzrunvelyofa niSnavs mis mudmiv samuSaomzadyofnas mTel saamortizacio vadaSi.

energetikuli danadgarebi eqspluataciis proces-Si SeiZleba asrulebdes mocemul funqciebs yvela imparametris dacviT, romelic Seesabameba teqnikuri do-kumentaciiT dadgenil moTxovnebs da SeiZleba muSa-obdes SeCerebebiT. SeCerebebs, romlis Sedegad irRve-

medebamde da amoqmedebis Semdeg.makompensirebeli mowyobilobis SerCeva da damon-

taJeba xdeba teqnikur-ekonomikuri gaangariSebis sa-fuZvelze. gaangariSebisas mxedvelobaSi unda iyos mi-Rebuli maregulirebeli mowyobilobis SeZenis, da-montaJebisa da eqspluataciis xarjebi, romlebic un-da Seefardos eleqtroenergiis xarisxis gauaresebiTgamowveul mosalodnel zarals. variantebi ekonomi-kurad Sesadarisia eleqtromomaragebis erTnairi xa-risxisa da saimedoobis pirobebSi. variantebis dayva-na erTnairi xarisxisa da saimedoobis doneze, am Sem-TxvevaSi, Zalian rTulia, radgan praqtikulad am maCve-nebelTa winaswari gansazRvra da dagegmva SeuZlebe-lia. amitom Tanamedrove pirobebSi variantebis Seda-reba energiis xarisxisa da energomomaragebis saime-doobis mixedviT warmoebis aRricxvis gansakuTrebu-li meTodiT. igi mdgomareobs am maCvenebelTa gauare-sebiT miRebuli zaralis gaangariSebaSi. imasTan da-kavSirebiT, rom energiis xarisxisa da saimedoobismaCveneblebi uTavresad albaTobiTi xarisxisaa, zara-lis maCvenebeli SeiZleba ganisazRvros dayvanili xar-jebisa da zaralis jamiT calkeul variantSi. maSinvariantebis optimalurobis kriteriumi Caiwereba ase

Ço = Ç + Ó

sadac Ço aris jamuri dayvanili xarjebi ama Tu imvariantisaTvis, xarisxisa da saimedoobis mocemulidonis pirobebSi;

Ó _ mosalodneli zarali.zaralSi igulisxmeba: energiis xarisxis gauareseba

da energomomaragebis saimedoobis donis Semcireba,rac iwvevs ekonomikuri maCveneblebis dawvas energo-momxmarebelTan. magaliTad, mcirdeba produqciis ga-momuSavebis raodenoba, fuWdeba nedleuli da danad-garebi, arasrulad gamoiyeneba sawarmos ZiriTadi fon-

116 117

tikuli sistemidan SeiZleba energetikuli rezervisSeqmnis gziT, energiis gamomuSavebis procesisa da misimoxmarebis drois damTxveva, mza produqciis SenaxvisSeuZlebloba ganapirobebs sistemaSi energetikuli sim-Zlavreebis rezervis Seqmnis aucileblobas.

daniSnulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi saxisrezervebs.

1. saremonto rezervis daniSnulebaa remontSi gay-vanili simZlavreebis kompensacia. igi iTvaliswinebseleqtrosadguris ZiriTadi danadgarebis mimdebareda kapitaluri remontebis Catarebis SesaZleblobaseleqtromomxmarebelTa saimedoobis xarisxis Semci-rebis gareSe. kapitaluri remonti rogorc wesi, tar-deba sistemis moTxovnili datvirTvis grafikSi Ca-vardnis periodSi, zafxulSi. amitom saremonto re-zervi datvirTvis maqsimumis periodSi saWiroa Ziri-Tadad mimdinare remontebis Casatareblad. saremontorezervebis sidide konkretuli pirobebis gaTvalis-winebiT aRwevs sistemis simZlavris 5 %-mde.

2. saeqspluatacio rezervi gamoiyeneba calkeulieleqtrosadgurebisa da agregatebis saeqspluataciopirobebiT gamowveuli qonebuli simZlavris Semcire-bis kompensaciisaTvis. avariiT gamowveuli simZlav-ris Semcireba saeqspluatacio rezervSi ar gaiTva-liswineba. saeqspluatacio pirobebis sxvadasxva ti-pis sadgurSi sxvadasxva zegavlenas axdens simZlav-ris gamoyenebis maCveneblebze. ase, magaliTad, mcireregulirebis hes-is simZlavre klebulobs dawnevissezonuri Semcirebisas, wylis maqsimaluri xarjvisperiodSi, qveda biefis amaRlebis dros. Tec-is eleq-truli simZlavre mcirdeba Tburi datvirTvis Semci-rebis periodSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi saeqspluatacio sim-Zlavris Semcireba SeiZleba ganisazRvros winaswar.am rezervis sidide didadaa damokidebuli sistemaSihes-isa da Tec-is xvedriT wilze.

3. avariuli rezervi saWiroa qselis energetikuli

va muSaobis reJimi, safrTxeSi vardeba momuSave perso-nalis sicocxle, wuWyiandeba garemomcveli atmosfe-ro, avaria ewodeba.

funqcionirebis xasiaTis mixedviT energetikuli obi-eqti SeiZleba iyos aRdgenadi da aRudgenadi. aRdgena-dia danadgari, romelic remontebis Semdeg kvlav ag-rZelebs muSaobas, xolo aRudgenadi, romelic erTje-radi gamoyenebisaa, e.i. muSaobs manam, sanam fizikuradar gamova mwyobridan. misi aRdgena SeuZlebelia, igiaucileblad unda Seicvalos. TiTqmis yvela energe-tikuli obieqti aRdgenadia. aRdgenadi obieqti SeiZ-leba mocemuli iyos calkeuli detalis an kvanZissaxiT.

Tu TiToeul energetikul obieqts ganvixilavT ro-gorc sistemas, maSin am sistemis saimedooba damokide-bulia misi Semadgeneli elementebis raodenobaze, ur-TierTqmedebis xasiaTsa da saimedoobaze. am Tvalsaz-risiT sistemebis saimedoobis uzrunvelyofa SeiZle-ba misi elementebis urTierTkavSiris ori ZiriTadisqemis mixedviT: a) mimdevrobiTi, roca erTi Semadgene-li elementis mwyobridan gamosvla iwvevs mTeli sis-temis gaCerebas; b) paraleluri, roca sistema mTlia-nad Cerdeba misi yvela paralelurad SeerTebuli ele-mentebis mwyobridan gamosvlis SemTxvevaSi.

urTierTqmedebis paraleluri sqemis gamoyenebas-Tan aris dakavSirebuli sistemis saimedoobis amaR-lebis ZiriTadi meTodi _ rezervis Seqmna. igi mdgoma-reobs energetikuli obieqtis mier minimalurad auci-lebeli funqciis Sesasrulebled damatebiTi simZlav-reebis SemoyvanaSi. amasTan, energetikuli obieqtis sa-imedoobis amaRleba SeiZleba masSi Semavali elemen-tebis saimedoobis gadidebis gziT, am elementebis Se-erTebis Sesabamisi sqemis gamoyenebiT, remontebis dro-uli CatarebiT, eqspluataciis xarisxis gaumjobese-biT da a. S.

momxmarebelTa saimedo eleqtromomarageba energe-

118 119

sadac NNrez aris V sistemis sarezervo simZlavre,mvt;

NNsist _ sistemaSi Semavali eleqtrosadgurebis dad-gmuli simZlavreebis jami, mvt;

PPmoTx _ eleqtromomxmarebelTa moTxovnili jamu-ri datvirTva, mvt.

maSasadame, saerTo rezervis sidide sistematuradicvleba sistemis datvirTvis cvlilebebis Sesabami-sad.

rogorc cnobilia, sistemis dadgmuli simZlavresruliad ar gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva obieqturi faqto-rebis zegavleniT. yovel mocemul momentSi sadgurisqonebuli simZlavre naklebia mis dadgmul simZlav-reze. eleqtromomaragebis saimedoobis amaRleba SeiZ-leba energosistemis simZlavris Tavisufali rezer-vis gadidebis xarjze

Nrez = NNqon _ P

sadac Nqon aris sistemaSi Semavali sadgurebis qo-nebuli siZlavre, e.i. Tavisufali rezervi, esaa yovelmocemul momentSi praqtikulad gamoyenebuli, saxezearsebuli rezervi.

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom sistemaSi eleqtrobalan-si SeiZleba Seicvalos moulodnelad, Tavisufali re-zervis garkveuli nawili unda iyos operatiul mzad-yofnaSi. simZlavris deficitis dasafaravad yovelkonkretul SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba operatiuli re-zervi. misi sidide ganisazRvreba umTavresad avariu-li da datvirTvis rezervebis mixedviT. mobilurobisTvalsazrisiT arCeven operatiuli rezervis arCevenoperatiuli rezervis Semdeg saxeebs: pirveli rigisrezervi anu wuTieri rezervi, romlis daniSnulebaasimZlavris ubalansobis wuTieri likvidacia, kompen-sacia, rom energiis xarisxobrivma maCvenebelma _ six-

danadgarebis avariuli mocdenis kompensaciisa da amgziT eleqtromomaragebis saimedoobis uzrunvelyo-fisaTvis. avariuli rezervis sidide damokidebuliaenergosistemis saerTo simZlavreze, agregatebis rao-denobaze. igi SerCeuli unda iyos mecnieruli dasa-buTebiT radgan avariuli rezervis Seqmna moiTxovsdid kapitalur xarjebs, xolo arasakmarisi simZlavreamcirebs energomomaragebis saimedoobas. calkeul ener-gosistemaSi faruli rezervis sidide ar unda iyossistemis yvelaze msxvili danadgaris simZlavreze nak-lebi.

4. datvirTvis rezervis daniSnulebaa sistemis dRe-Ramuri datvirTvis maqsimumis SesaZlebeli gadaxriskompensacia saangariSo sididisagan. dReRamuri dat-virTvis maqsimumi xSirad ar emTxveva mis saangariSosidides, vinaidan sistemaSi adgili aqvs datvirTvisrxevas. vinaidan datvirTvis cvlileba iwvevs denissixSiris cvlilebas, amitom sistemaSi iqmneba sixSi-ris regulirebis aucilebloba. datvirTvis cvlile-ba mniSvnelovanwilad sistemis wamyvan eleqtrosad-gurze aRiqmeba, sadac xdeba sixSiris regulireba, ami-tom datvirTvis rezervs xSirad sixSiris rezervsacuwodeben.

5. meurneobrivi rezervi saWiroa sistemaSi energo-balansis mosalodneli darRvevis dros. energobalansiSeiZleba dairRves energiis faqtiurad saWiro rao-denobis gadidebiT gegmasTan SedarebiT an simZlav-reebis dagvianebuli amoqmedebiT.

yvela CamoTvlili rezervis saxeobaTa erToblio-ba Seadgens sistemis saerTo rezervs, e.i. sistemis aq-tiuri simZlavris sruli, anu saerTo rezervi esaasxvaoba moTxovnil jamur datvirTvasa da sistemisdadgmul simZlavres Soris

Nrez = Nsist_PmoTx

120 121

leba srulad ver dafaros mTeli datvirTva. konden-saciuri Tboeleqtrosadguris simZlavris rezervisdeficitis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba energiis rezervis ga-moyeneba, magram energiis rezervis realizeba SeiZlebamxolod datvirTvis Cavardnis periodSi hes-is ener-giis gamomuSavebis Semcirebis kompensaciisaTvis. ami-tom momxmarebelTa sruli saimedo eleqtromomarage-bis uzrunvelyofa moiTxovs rogorc simZlavris, ase-ve energiis rezervis arsebobas.

rogorc Cans, saimedooba teqnikur-ekonomikuri ka-tegoriaa. energetikli danadgaris saimedoobis xaris-xis amaRleba moiTxovs maRali xarisxis masalebisa dadetalebis gamoyenebasTan, sarezervo danadgarebis Seq-mnasTan dakavSirebul damatebiT xarjebs. eleqtromo-maragebis saimedoobis Semcirebas ki mivyavarT zaral-Tan.

saimedoobis problemas gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobaaqvs energetikaSi, radgan energia meurneobis yveladargSi gamoiyeneba, amasTan, energetikisaTvis didi Ri-rebulebis sawarmoo fondebia damaxasiaTebeli. ami-tom saimedoobis problema moiTxovs iseTi sakiTxebisgadawyvetas, rogoricaa energetikuli obieqtebis sai-medoobis damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebis damuSaveba;obieqtis saimedoobis uzrunvelyofa minimaluri da-naxarjebiT; saimedoobis optimaluri donis gansaz-Rvra da a.S.

Sirem da Zabvam, _ ar moaswros teqnikurad dasaSvebisazRvridan gadaxra. wuTieri rezervis realizaciaxdeba mbrunavi, an cxeli rezervis xarjze. mbrunavi dacxeli rezervebi warmoiqmneba iseT agregatebze, rom-lebic sruli datvirTviT ar muSaoben, an uqmi svlisdros. pirveli rigis operatiul rezervad sistemaSiSeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos hes-is agregatebi, romel-Ta muSaobaSi CarTva moiTxovs ramdenime wams. mbruna-vi rezervi umTavresad gamoiyeneba avariuli rezervisda sixSiris avtomaturi regulirebisaTvis, cxeli re-zervi _ pikuri datvirTvis dafarvisaTvis. meore ri-gis rezervad SeiZleba gamoyeneba iseTi danadgarisa,romelsac SeuZlia simZlavris deficitis kompensacia1-3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. aseTebia: gaSvebisaTvis gamza-debuli hidrogeneratori, gazis turbina da a.S. meorerigis rezervs SeuZlia aRadginos energiis dasaSvebisazRvrebidan gadaxrili parametrebi. mesame rigis re-zervi xorcieldeba iseTi energetikuli danadgare-biT, romelTac SeuZlia datvirTvis aReba avariis Sem-Txvevidan ramdenime saaTis Semdeg. mas civ rezervsuwodeben. civ rezervad gamoiyeneba muSaobidan gamoy-vanili energetikuli danadgarebi. maTi muSaobaSi Car-Tva moiTxovs ramdenime saaTs, magaliTad naklebefeq-turi kondensaciuri da Tbofikaciuri turbinebi, rom-lebic gaCerebulia zafxulis periodSi.

sistemis eleqtrosadgurebSi sarezervo simZlavre-ebis ganawileba wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba ramden-jerme Seicvalos. magaliTad, wyalmeCxrobis periodSisarezervo simZlavred gamoiyeneba hes-is agregatebi,xolo wyaluxvobis periodSi Tesis agregatebi. amas-Tan, simZlavris rezervis garkveuli raodenobis arse-bobis pirobebSic ki ar aris sruli garantia imisa,rom sistemam mTlianad dafaros moTxovna eleqtroe-nergiaze. wlis mcire Camonadenma sarezervo agregate-bis simZlavris xarjze SeiZleba uzrunvelyos eleq-troenergiis damatebiTi gamomuSaveba, amave dros SeiZ-

122 123

lebiT vaxdenT organizaciuli winaaRmdegobis tipe-bis klasificirebas (individualur winaaRmdegobisrTuli Sedegi): struqturuli inercia, jgufuri iner-cia, cvlilebaTa viwro gageba, Semowmebisadmi SiSi ,uflebamosilebis Camoyalibebuli ganawileba, kadre-bis ganlageba.

struqturuli inercia. organizaciis meqanizmis gav-lena, romelic agebulia ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdescvlilebebis gawonasworeba: SerCevis procesi, swav-leba da sxva socialuri teqnologiebi, formalizmi(procedurebi, samuSao instruqciebi da sxv.), samuSaosnormireba da a.S.

jgufuri inercia. jgufebis safuZvlebis gavlena(formaluri da uwinares yovlisa araformaluri), ro-melTac SeuZliaT Seasrulon SezRudvebis funqcia,maSinac ki, Tu individs unda raime Secvalos . sasur-velia miRebuli viyoT jgufis wevrad. amgvarad CvenvRebulobT jgufis Sesabamis normebs, romlebsac ga-aCnia individualur wevrebze zewolis tendencia.

Semowmebebis safrTxe. organizaciul struqtureb-Si cvlilebebma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas specia-lur jgufebSi Semowmebis Catarebas .

uflebamosilebaTa gadanawileba. erTobliv gadaw-yvetilebaTa miRebis danergva, an samuSao jgufebSiTviTmmarTveloba, warmoadgens cvlilebaTa nairsaxe-obas, romelsac xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc safrTxesdabali da saSualo rgolis xelmZRvanelTaTvis.

kadrebis ganlagebis cvlilebis safrTxe. Tu cvli-leba niSnavs organizaciuli qvesistemis biujetis Sem-cirebas an Statebis Semcirebas, maSin adamianebi, ro-melbic muSaoben am qvesistemaSi, cvlilebebs aRiqvamensafrTxis saxiT.

saorganizacio cvlilebebSi adamianuri aspeqti fun-damentaluria, imitom, rom swored organizaciaSi ada-mianTa qceva – xelmZRvanel, teqnikuri kadrebis, Sem-sruleblebis – saboloo jamSi gansazRvravs , Tu ra

Tavi 7

xarisxis marTvis zogierTi

instrumentebi

7.1. cvlilebebis danergva

sawarmoSi Tanamedrove xarisxis menejmentis ideisdanergva , gulisxmobs mniSvnelovani raodenobis or-ganizaciul cvlilebebsa da siaxleebs, romelic mo-iTxovs gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas struqturuli dakulturuli dabrkolebebis gadaslaxavad.

sawarmoSi nebismieri cvlileba savsea sirTulee-biT da maxeebiT, amitom menejers unda SeeZlos cvli-lebebis ganxorcielebis winaSe mdgomi dabrkolebe-bis Semovla.SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT kiTxvas: ,,ro-gor vmarToT cvlilebebi” anu ,,rogor gadavlaxoTcvlilebaTa mimarT Seqmnili winaaRmdegobebi?”. am-gvarad, Cven ganvixilavT msgavsi winaaRmdegobebis sxva-dasxva SemTxvevebs, vinaidan cxadia, rom cvlilebaTamarTvis warmateba umetes wilad damokidebulia unar-ze – sworad gavigoT da gadavlaxoT winaaRmdegobebi,vidre axali procedurebis, Sida kavSirebis, swrafiprogramebis, sxdomebisa da a.S. saSvalebebis gamoyene-biT personalize zewoliT saSualebiT.

cvlilebisadmi winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba iyos Ria,nagulisxmevi, uSaualo an gadavadebuli.

nagulisxmevi winaaRmdegobebis magaliTia:• organizaciisadmi loialobis dakargva;• muSaobisadmi motivaciis dakargva;• Secdomebis an cdomilebis zrda;• samuSaos gacdenaTa zrda;cnobilia individualuri winaaRmdegobebis wyaro-

ebi: muSaobis Zveli Cvevebi, momavlisadmi rwmena, SiSimoulodneli movlenebis mimarT da a.S. ufro dawvri-

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Todebisa da qcevis formebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebas.es stadia moicavs or etaps:

• ,,identifikacia”, rodesac procesis monawileebigamoscdian siaxlis danergvis winadadebebs.

• ,,internalizacia” an ,,aTviseba”, rodesac xdebaprocesis monawileTa mier cvlilebebis Sinagani mi-Reba, amasTan erTad xdeba saerTo miznebisa da siax-lis danergvis principebis gadayvana specifiur pi-rad miznebsa da normebSi.

ara aqvs mniSnveloba, es cvlilebebi mimdinareobsTanmimdevrulad Tu erTdroulad, mniSvnelovania, romisini moiTxoven im dainteresebuli pirebis monawi-leobas, vinc axorcielebs am cvlilebebs.

,,ganmeorebiTi gayinva” xdeba maSin, roca cvlileba-Ta procesis monawileebi gamoscdian siaxleebs cde-bis Catarebis saSvalebiT. Pprocesebi , romlebic mim-dinareoben am stadiaze moiTxoven xelsayrel da mxar-damWer garemos (kerZod pasuxismgebeli xelmZRvane-lobis mxardaWera). am SemxvevaSi TanamSromlebs ez-rdebaT TviTpativiscemis grZnoba gansakuTrebiT kimaSin, roca isini acnobiereben miRwevebs dasaxulimiznis ganxorcilebis Sedegad. am stadiis sawyis eta-pebze aucilebelia gavamyaroT TiToeuli TanamSrom-lis miRweva (Tundac umniSvnelo) maTi dajildovebissaxiT, premiebiT, SeqebiT. SedarebiT mogvianebul etap-ze sasurvelia drodadro am procesis gaZliereba, romar gaqres muSaobaSi sasikeTo cvlilebebi.

saboloo jamSi TanamSromelTa mier , qcevis axaliSeZenili formebi an Zlierdeba da aiTviseba, anda uar-yofilia. aseTi uaryofa SeiZleba gamowveuli iyosmTeli rigi mizezebiT, romelTagan ZiriTadad SeiZle-ba CaiTvalos:

• mdgomareobis gauaresebis SiSi, anu mosazrebaimis Sesaxeb, rom gatarebuli gardaqmnebis SedegadSeiZleba gauaresdes samuSao pirobebi, maTi anazRau-reba, Semosavlebi, datvirTva, piradi uflebebi da a.S.;

SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra sargeblobis momtani iqne-ba esa Tu is cvlileba. adamianebs unda esmodeT,undodeT da hqondeT SesaZlebloba moaxdinon cxov-rebaSi gardaqmnebi, romlebic erTi SexedviT SeiZlebaCandes sufTa teqnikuri an (da) struqturuli, magramgarkveulwilad zegavlenas moaxdens maTze.

rodesac xarisxis sistemis danergvasa da ganviTa-rebasTan dakavSirebiT icvleba organizacia, cvlile-bebs ganicdian am organizaciaSi momuSave adamianebic.saWiro xdeba axali codnis SeZena, meti informaciismiReba, axali amocanebis gadaWra, unar-Cvevebis srul-yofa, samuSao unarebis, faseulobebis da organizaciissaqmianobasTan damokidebulebebis mimarT . cvlile-bebi faseulobaTa da damokidebulebaTa mimarT Zali-an mniSvnelovania; amis gareSe warmoudgenelia raimesaxis realuri gardaqmnis ganxorcileba.

adamianSi cvlilebebis Teoria, damuSavebuli iqnasociolog k. levinis mier. es Teoria moicavs samTanmimdevrul stadias - ,,galRoba”, ,,cvlileba” da ,,gan-meorebiTi gayinva”.

,,galRoba” gulisxmobs ramdenadme sagangaSo situa-cias, radganac iTvleba, rom axali informaciisadmimoTxovnilebis formirebisaTvis saWiroebs SeSfoTe-bisa da ukmayofilebis garkveuli wilis arsebobas.demingis me-2 pragmatuli aqsiomis TvalsazrisiT –stabilur sistemaSi cvlilebebis dasawyebad aucile-belia sistemis xelovnuri destabilizacia. arastabi-luri sistemisTvis, miT umetes Tu is arastabiluriaxangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, aucilebelia gadai-laxos TanamSromelTa urwmuno damokidebuleba Se-saZlebeli pozitiuri cvlilebebisadmi. nebismeir Sem-TxvevaSi, yvelaze mTavari am stadiaze aris – sawarmosumaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis ,,galRobaa”.

,,cvlileba” – warmoadgens procesis centralur sta-dias, rodesac rogorc xelmZRvaneloba, aseve Tanam-Sromlebi iwyeben axali urTierTobebis, samuSao me-

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cvlilebebis gatarebis dro

cvl

ilebebis sir

Tulis d

one

korporatiuli kulturis cvlileba (organizaciuli an jgufuri qcevis)

muSaobis stilis cvlileba (individualuri qcevis)

anTi samuSao efeqturoba axal situaciaSi; zogierTseWvi epareba da aris darwmunebuli sakuTar TavSi.,Ses-Zlebs Tu ara moiZios saWiro Zalisxmeva axali unar-Cvevebis asaTviseblad; (sasargebloa SevadaroT demin-gis programis me-8 punqts);

• Ddadgenili wesebis , Cvevebis da urTierTdamoki-debulebis darRveva. organizaciuli cvlilebebis Sem-deg, kargad SemuSavebuli samuSao Cvevebi da wesrigiSesaZloa aRar gaxdes saWiro, xolo Cveuli damokide-bulebebi transformirdnen an mTlianad dairRves, ra-sac SesaZloa moyves mniSvnelovani imedgacrueba daaseve nervuli aSliloba;

• cvlilebebis gamtareblisadmi upativicemlo da-mokidebuleba da undobloba. adamianebi eWvqveS ayene-ben cvlilebebs, romlebic SemoRebulia im ufrosebismier, romelTac xalxi ar endoba da pativs ar scems, angareSe piris mier, romelis kompetencia da motivebiucnobi da gaugebaria maTTvis (nax.14).

nax. 14. organizaciaSi cvlilebebis gatarebis dro da sir-Tulis done

• cvlilebebis aucileblobis saWiroebaSi daur-wmunebloba.

Tu xalxi arasaTanadodaa informirebuli , xologardaqmnis mizani arasakmarisad naTelia maTTvis, isi-ni yvelaze xSirad ganixilaven, arsebul situacias,rogorc damakmayofilebels, xolo cvlilebis saWi-roebas miiCneven usargeblod (swored amitomaaISO9001:2000 standartis moTxovnebSi aRniSnuli, romxelmZRvanelobam unda uzrunvelyos xarisxis sfero-Si sawarmoo politikis gageba, misi gatareba da mxar-daWera organizaciis yvela doneze) ;

• ufrosobis mier gatarebuli cvlilebebiT ukma-yofileba. Cveulebriv, xalxs ar moswons, roca maTeqcevian rogorc pasiur obieqtebs; isini ujanydebiancvlilebebs, romlebic danerga ufrosobam da romel-Ta mimarTac ar SeuZliaT sakuTari azris gamoTqma;

• moulodnelobebisadmi ukmayofileba. adamia-nebs ar surT rom isini hyavdeT gaugebrobaSi imgansaxorcielebel qmedebebis mimarT, romelsac api-rebs xelmZRvaneloba. isini ukmayofilebas avlenenxelmZRvanelobis im gadawyvetilebaTa mimarT, romel-Ta miRebac moulodnelad xdeba.

• SiSi ucnoblobis winaSe. Cveulebriv, adamianebiver itanen gaurkvevlobas da xSir SemTxvevaSi upira-tesobas aniWeben arc Tu srulyofil awmyos, vidreucnob da gaurkvevel momavals;

• arapopularul problemebisgan Tavis arideba. esmizezi gansakuTrebiT exeba organizaciaTa xelmZRva-nelobas, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi cdiloben gada-don usiamovno da arapopularuli qmedebebis Sesru-leba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kargad esmiT rom yovel-Tvis ver moaxerxeben amis samudamod gadadebas.

• SiSi raimes Seusruleblobis gamo SesaZlebeliwarumateblobis winaSe. uamrav adamians aRelvebs fiq-ri, SesZleben Tu ara isini cvlilebebis ise gadatanas,rom axal situaciaSi SeinarCunon an aamaRlon Tavi-

128 129

organizaciuli cvlilebebis

gatarebis Svidi wesi

1. wesi ,,viwro karibWe”. efuZneba procesis cvli-lebis stadiis identifikaciis da internalizaciis(aTvisebis) etapebis Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac cvli-lebebi unda gatardes ise, rom TanamSromlebma ganica-don es cvlilebebi saerTodan (identifikcia) , pira-dulze (internalizacia) maTi gadataniT. amgvarad, per-sonali, romelsac Seexo cvlilebaTa proceci, rac Se-iZleba adreuli etapidanve gaxdes Cabmuli cvlile-bebSiSi, rom cvlilebaTa procesis es orive sasicoc-xlo elementi sruliad iqnes moculi.

TumcaRa cvlilebaTa procesSi TanamSromlebis CaT-revisas (gansakuTrebiT kvalificirebulis) saWiroagaTvaliswinebuli iqnes faqti, Tu rogor moiqcevianisini am SemTxvevaSi. specialistebis gamokvlevebze day-rdnobiT, Tu sawyis momentSi aseT muSakebs mivaniWebTTavisuflebas airCion muSaobis sakuTari meTodi, xo-lo moqmedebis optimalur meTods ki mas SevTavazebTmogvianebiT (mag. meTodur instruqcias), im SemTxveva-Sic ki, Tu maT survili eqnebaT mihyvnen am optimalurmeTodebs, saboloo jamSi is mainc mniSvnelovnad ga-daixreba SemoTavazebuli meTodidan da gahyveba saku-Tars. marTalia, meTodebis variaciebi procesebis bo-loSi ase Tu ise arsebiTad Semcirebuli iqneba , vidredasawyisSi. xolo Tu aseT TanamSromlebs TavidanveSevTavazebT ganxorcielebis optimalur meTodebs, anmis msgavss, gamoyenebuli meTodebis variaciebi proce-sis bolos iqneba umniSvnelo (nax. 15).

yvelaze xSirad es xdeba samuSao jgufis mxridanzewolis Sedegad individualuri gadawyvetilebis mi-Rebis saSualebis ar arsebobis SexamebiT.

amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba formulirebul iq-nas cvlilebaTa procesSi TanamSromlebis CaTrevis

zemoT CamoTvlili winaaRmdegobebis mizezTa um-ravlesoba adamianuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs, ami-tomac Zireuli cvlilebebis gatareba, romelic saWi-roa Tanamedrove xarisxis menejmentis ideis daner-gvisas - ukiduresad rTuli procesia. nax. 14-ze moce-mulia diagrama, romelzec asaxulia cvlilebaTa sxva-dasxva done, sirTuleebis dro da xarisxi. maSasadame,gamoyofa organizaciuli gardaqmnebis oTxi done. sa-Sualod cvlilebebis gatarebis dro da sirTulisdone eqvemdebareba ,,iRbliani Svidianis wess” – erTidonidan meoreze gadasvlisas dro, romelic aucile-belia gardaqmnis gasatareblad da maTi sirTule ma-tulobs 7 ± 2 jer.

organizaciuli gardaqmnebis sferos specialiste-bi gvirCeven, cvlilebebis gatarebisas , 3 sabazo prin-cipis da 7 wesis gaTvaliswinebas.

• rogorc wesi, gardaqmnebs yvelaze xSirad ewina-aRmdegeba swored is, visac isini yvelaze metad esaWi-roebaT; es exeba rogorc calkeul muSakebs an xel-mZRvanelebs, aseve qvedanayofebsa da mTlianad organi-zacias;

• xSirad cvlilebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva –simptomia maTi ganxorcielebis araswori teqnologi-isa

• cvlilebebisadmi pasiuri, mtruli ganwyoba xSirSemTxvevaSi dakavSirebulia wina gamocdilebasTan; ada-mianebi, romlebmac ukve gadaitanes araerTi usargeb-lo reorganizacia, gansakuTrebiT eWvis TvaliT uyu-reben gardaqmnebs.

130 131

daner

gvis ef

eqturoba

samuSaos

2. ,,kibeze asvlis” wesi. sociologTa kvlevebi gviC-veneben, rom muSaobis xarisxi da efeqturobis maCvene-beli umjobesdeba ufro swrafad da xangrZlivi dro-iT maSin, roca axali meTodebis Semotana xdeba Seda-rebiT swrafad stabiluri muSaobis Semdgom perio-debSi (,,dasveneba” siaxlis Semotanisgan) axali meTo-debis gamoyenebiT.

rogorc nax.17-dan Cans , “safexuriani” danergvis praq-tikisas, uwyvet masirebul praqtikis danergvasTan Se-darebiT, gaumjobesebebi dgeba ufro swrafad( anu efeq-turobis mrudi ufro grexilia), da gaumjobeseba Se-narCunebulia ufro xangrZlivad, anu mrudis milevisnawili ufro damrecia. es praqtika araviTar SemTxve-vaSi ar ewinaaRmdegeba demingis programis 1-l punqts,ramdenadac exeba mxolod cvlilebebis danergvis teq-nologias da ara mis saerTo mizans.

nax.17

,,kibeze asvlis” wesi SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Sem-degnairad: samuSaos axali meTodebi saWiroa Semovi-RoT swrafad, muSaobis intensiuri periodebis , stabi-luri periodebiT CanacvlebiT (ramdenime dRe, ukidu-res SemTxvevaSi – kvira), muSaobis axali meTodebisgamoyenebiT (,,dasvenebis moedani”). xangrZlivobaTa Se-

TanamSromelTa

qmed

ebeb

isva

ria

cie

bi

individualurimidgomebisdidisxvadasxvaoba

iZulebiTiTanxmoba

SeTanxmebuligadawyvetilebidanmniSvnelovani

gadaxra

dro

nax. 15. gamoyenebul meTodTa cvlilebis variaciebi Tanam-Sromlebis sawyisi Tavisuflebis dros

wesi, romelsac uwodeben ,,viwro karibWis wess”: cvli-lebebis procesSi TanamSromelTa CaTrevisas, saWiroamaSinve warvudginoT maT meToduri monacemebi, Tun-dac mxolod informaciuli saxis da movTxovoT sa-valdebulo wesiT maTi Sesruleba; mxolod am Sem-TxvevaSi maTi qmedebebis variaciebi iqneba umniSvne-lo (nax. 16).

Tan

amSromelTa

qmed

ebeb

is varia

ciebi

SeTanxmebuligadawyvetileba

gamoiyenebaTavidanve

SeTanxmebuligadawyvetilebis

gamoyenebisgagrZeleba

SeTanxmebuligadawyvetilebi-dan umniSvnelo

gadaxra

dro

nax.16. sawyisi Tavisuflebis ar qonisas gamoyenebulimeTodebis variaciebi cvlilebebi

132 133

realisturi, arc Zalian ioli, arc Seusrulebeli, mag-ram iseTi, rom maTi miRwevisas warmoiSvas gamarjvebisSegrZneba. Tu momuSaves, romelic cvlilebebSi iRebsmonawileobas gaaCnia molodinis maRali done da gul-wrfeladaa darwmunebuli sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi,am SemTxvevaSi xSirad misi muSaobis efeqturoba daSromisnayofiereba Zalian maRalia. es efeqti SeiZle-ba gaxdes kumulirebuli (dagrovebadi). Sromis efeq-turobis zrda ubiZgebs adamians Tavis Tavze aiRosaxali valdebulebebi da qmnis amgvarad axal SesaZ-leblobebs mis zrdasa da ganviTarebisTvis (sasargeb-loa SevadaroT demingis ,,jaWvur reaqcias’’).

amis sawinaaRmdegod – Semcirebulma molodinma kiSeiZleba migviyvanos muSaobis efeqturobis dabal maC-veneblamde, romelic Tavis mxriv siaxlis danergav-sTan damokidebulebaSi migviyvans undoblobis ganvi-Tarebasa da skepticizmamdec ki. amitom mocemuli wesiSeiZleba Camoyalibdes ase: siaxlis danergvis miznisformulirebisas, TanamSromelTaTvis miznebi unda da-vaynoT SedarebiT maRla, vidre mosalodneli Sedege-bi; aucilebelia es miznebi saWiroa CamovayaliboTdidi yuradRebiT (raodenobrivi maCveneblebi undaiyos gazomvadi, xarisxobrivi – erTmniSvnelovnad Ca-moyalibebuli, droiTi maCveneblebisTvis gansazRvru-li iyos dasawyisi da xangrZlivoba).

6. ,,iRbliani Svidianis” wesi. es wesi dakavSire-bulia adamianebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebTan, gada-amuSavon axali informacia da dakavdnen axali saq-miT. mravali avtori werda, rom arsebobs informaciiserTeulTa zogierTi maqsimaluri odenoba, romlis aR-qmac da gadamuSavebac adamians SeuZlia erTjeradad.g.v. milers moyavs ,,iRbliani Svidianis” wesi (Seswo-rebiT individualur SesaZleblobaze 7 ± 2, anu 5,7, an9), romlis Tanaxmadac:

• swavlebis procesSi, Semomavali informaciis ska-lis qevda sazRvris (anu xuTiT) SezRudviT, maswavle-

fardeba eqvemdebareba ,,iRbliani Svidianis wess”.3. gameorebis wesi. es wesi uSualod dakavSirebu-

lia winamdebare wesebTan. rogorc Cans nax.17-dan, gar-daqmnis danergvisas miiRweva maqsimaluri mniSvnelo-ba, romelsac ewodeba ,,efeqturobis plato”. amis Sem-dgom siaxleTa efeqturoba SesaZlebelia ara martogaizardos, aramed, rig SemTxvevaSi Semcirdes kidec.imisaTvis, rom gamyardes ,,efeqturobis platos “ miR-weuli done, aucilebelia am stadiaze gatardes Tanam-SromelTa swavleba da varjiSebi, romlebic ganamtki-ceben SeZenil Cvevebs (wesi ,,viwro karibWis” gamoyene-biT). amitom SesaZlebelia Semdegi formulireba gau-keTdes wess, romelic cnobilia ,,gameorebis wesis” sa-xelwodebiT: samuSaos axali meTodebis danergvisasaucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT Sesabamisi swavleba dapraqtikuli mecadineobebi (gameorebebi).

4 ,,winaswari gaxurebis” wesi. momuSaveTa axalicodnis da unarebis SeZenaze Zvel unar-Cvevebma SeiZ-leba moaxdinon rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTigavlena. Zveli Cveulebebis msxvreva mimdinareobs ,,gal-Robis” fazaze, rodesac sawarmos momuSaveebi ariangancdebSi da aqtiurad eZeben informacias, rom Seam-ciron am gancdis done. Tu ,,galRoba” ar Sedga, momu-Saveebi Seecdebian axali informaciis interpretire-bas Zveli midgomebis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT. ami-tomac wesi ambobs: cvlilebebis gatarebisas aucile-belia vaCvenoT xalxs, rom axali amocanebis gadasaW-relad muSaobis maTTvis Cveuli meTodebi aRar varga.xolo Tu ecdebian axali meTodebis danergvas, Camoya-libebuli wesrigis winaswari rRvevis gareSe, arse-bobs wina Cvevebisa da codnis uaryofiTi zemoqmede-bis seriozuli riski.

5 ,,daRlilTa, magram kmayofilTa” wesi. rogorcmenejmentis Teoriidan, aseve praqtikidan gamomdnaresasurvelia mizani davayenoT ufro maRla, vidre mosa-lodneli Sedegi. amasTan erTad miznebi unda iyos

134 135

rac ufro rTulia komunikacia da informaciis gada-muSaveba, miT ufro axlos unda iyos komponentebisricxvi qveda zRvarTan.

7. ,,uku kavSirebis” wesi. realurad, siaxlis da-nergvis efeqturobaSi, TanamSromlebis darwmuneba Se-saZlebelia ara imdenad sityvieri mtkicebebiT, aramedsaqmiT. amitom xelmZRvanelma unda aRniSnos efeqtu-robis amaRlebis da muSaobis xarisxis yvela faqti,rom SesZlos siaxlis danergvis efeqturobis dasabu-Teba. amitom mocemuli wesi SeiZleba gaJRerdes Sem-degnairad: siaxlis danergvis warmatebas xSir Sem-TxvevaSi gansazRvravs xelmZRvanelsa da Semsrule-bels Soris arsebuli ukukavSiris efeqturoba. dro-uli informacia warmatebis Sesaxeb aucilebelia, romsaqmiT daarwmuno xalxi ukeT imuSaon. drouli in-formacia warumateblobis Sesaxeb SesaZleblobas aZ-levs maT operatiulad gaanalizon da moaxdinon pro-cesis koreqtireba, rac TavisTavad dagvexmareba raTaar gaucruoT maT imedebi .

moyvanili wesebisa da rekomendaciebis Sesruleba,xarisxis menejmentis sistemis Seqmnisa da ganaviTare-bis saqmianobaSi warmatebis uzrunvelyofis garda, da-exmareba administracias sworad da efeqturad gadaa-nawilos pasuxismgebloba da personalis uflebamo-sileba, romelic ukavSirdeba xarisxis uzrunvelyo-fas.

7.2. motivaciis marTva

moZRvreba Tanamedrove xarisxis Sesaxeb, dafuZnebu-lia momxmareblis moTxovnilebebisa da survilebissrulad dakmaofilebis principze dayrdnobiT, da esprincipi unda iyos sabazo nebismieri mewarmis saqmi-

bels ZaluZs Tavidan aicilos auditoriis gadaRla,Tumca riskavs gamoiwvios mouTmenloba SedarebiT ni-Wier msmenelebSi;

• samuSao jgufis Seqmnisas misi saerTo ricxovane-ba (xelmZRvanelis CaTvliT) unda Seadgendes 5, 7 an 9kacs; am SemTxvevaSi jgufi muSaobs SedarebiT efeqtu-rad;

• marTvisas, uSualo daqvemdebarebulTa ricxvi,romlebsac ZiriTadad ekontaqteba xelmZRvaneli, un-da iyos 6 ± 2 (7 ± 2 xelmZRvanelTan erTad); konkre-tuli ricxvi damokidebulia xelmZRvanelis pirad Tvi-sebebze (d. ezenhauers, romelic mokavSireTa gaerTia-nebul Zalebs xelmZRvanelobda meore msoflio omisdros, hyavda 4 uSualo xelqveiTi, riTic istorikosebixsnian saomari operaciebis mis mier efeqtur xel-mZRvanelobas);

• imisaTvis, rom organizaciaSi daiwyos cvlilebe-bi, aucilebelia Seiqmnas TanamSromlebis ,,kritikulimasa”, romlebic xels uwyoben am cvlilebebs (xelaxa-li swavleba, motivaciis Seqmna, faseulobebis sisteme-bis cvla); ,,kritikuli masis” sidide Seadgens 1 / ( 7 ±2) organizaciaSi momuSaveTa saerTo ricxvisgan;

• kargad momzadebuli dokumenti, magaliTad meTo-dologiuri instruqcia, unda Seicavdes 7 ± 2 mniSvne-lovan debulebas an danayofs;

• sasurvelia, rom erTi momuSavis mier Sesrulebu-li saqmianoba an procesi moicavdnen 7 ± 2 etaps, anteqnologiur operacias, mosamzadebelsa da damamTav-rebeli etapebis CaTvliT.

SesaZlebelia albaT am empiriuli wesis sxva gamo-yenebac, romelic SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalib-des: praqtikulad yvelaferi, rac ukavSirdeba adamian-Ta Soris komunikacias an calkeuli adamianebis mierinformaciis gadamuSavebas, mizanSewonilia aRniSnu-li davyoT 7 ± 2 komponentad; Tu ar davgegmavT amgvardayofas, is SeiZleba moxdes TavisTavad, amasTan erTad

136 137

swrafvaTviTgamo-xatvisken

swrafva

prestiJisken da

pativiscemisken

swrafva urTierTobisa da

kontaqtebisken

swrafva usafrTxoebisken da

riskisgan daculoba

sakvebiT, samosiT da sacxovrebliTuzrunvelyofa

ganviTarebis

moTxovnileba

aRiarebismoTxovnileba(moTxovnile-ba ,,me”)

socialuri

moTxov-

nilebebi

daculobis

moTxvnileba

ZiriTadi(fizio-logiuri)moTxov-nilebebi

rogoricaa ubeduri SemTxvevebi, avadmyofoba, invali-doba, siRatake da sxva, romelTac SeuZliaT daarRvi-on wina donis (fiziologiuri) moTxovnilebaTa dak-mayofileblobis SesaZlebloba.

fiziologiur moTxovnilebebze ufro maRali do-ne - socialuri moTxovnilebebi, anu urTierToba, sxvaadamianebTan urTierTdamokidebuleba. malous mixed-viT, moTxovnilebaTa TiToeuli done dakavSirebuliawina donis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleb-lobasTan da socilauri moTxovnileba gamowveuliamiswrafebiT srulad daakmayofilos moTxovnileba da-culobaSi. Semdegi done – aRiarebis moTxovnilebaa,anu moTxovnileba ,,ego” (,,me”): prestiJi, garSemomyofTa

nax. 18 a. maslous ,,moTxovnilebaT piramida”.

anobisa. amitom xarisxis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove moZRvre-bis Seswavlas Cven daviwyebT swored adamianis moT-xovnilebebis SeswavliT.

adamianis fsiqika ukiduresad rTulia da jer ki-dev ar agebula misi motivaciis sakmarisad srulyfi-li Teoria, romelic adamianebis qmedebebs udevs sa-fuZvlad. YiTvleba, rom motivacia aris gacnobierebu-li da gaucnobierebeli, inteleqtualuri da agreTvekulturuli da fiziologiur moTxovnilebaTa rTu-li kompleqsis mudmivi urTierTSerwymis Sedegi, rom-lebic imyofebian socialuri faqtorebisa da sacxov-rebeli garemos parametrebis zemoqmedebis qveS. miuxe-davad amisa arsebobs mTeli rigi Teoriebisa, romle-bic aRweren moTxovnilebaTa saxeebs da urTierTda-mokidebulebebs, romelTa safuZvelzec menejers SeuZ-lia imoqmedos sakmaod damajereblad da miaRwioskarg praqtikul Sedegebs. ganvixiloT SedarebiT gav-rcelebuli – ingliseli mecnieris a. maslous (Abra-ham Maslow) ,,moTxovnilebaTa ierarqiis Teoria”, rome-lic man wamoayena 50-ian wlebSi da “ori faqtorisTeoria”, romelic iqna SemuSavebuli 60-iani wlebisbolos germaneli mecnieris f. hercbergis (F. Herzberg)mier.

maslous `moTxovnilebaTa~ Teoria

a. maslous Teoria dafuZnebulia sam ZiriTad debu-lebaze – moTxovnilebaTa ierarqiis, deficitisa daprogresis principze. ierarqiis principis arsi mdgo-mareobs imaSi, rom maslous mixedviT arsebobs moT-xovnilebaTa 5 jgufi, anu done. (nax. 18)

qveda done – ZiriTadi, anu fiziologiuri moTxov-nilebebi, iseTi, rogoricaa sakvebi, samosi, sacxovrebe-li da a.S. romelic ganisazRvreba adamianis biologi-uri bunebidan gamomdinare. SedarebiT maRali donea -,,bedis dartymisagan” daculobis moTxovnileba, iseTi

138 139

umetesad ganisazRvreba misi fsiqikis ganviTarebis do-niT, is icvleba adamianidan adamianamde da erTidaigi-ve adamianisaTvis gansxvavebulia misi cxovrebis sxva-dasxva periodSic ki (nax. 19).

moTxovn

ileb

is done

nax 19. adamianis fsiqikis ganviTarebis donisa da misimoTxovnilebis donis urTierTkavSiri

hercbergis `orfaqtoriani~ Teoria

muSakTa motivaciebisadmi maslous ideebis garkve-ul ganviTarebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Qhercbergis Te-oria. 4000 momuSavis gamokiTxvis monacemTa analizi-dan gamomdinare, gamokiTxes 1753 samuSao situaciaSi,gamovlenili iyo faqtorebi, romlebc erTis mxrivxels uwyoben adamianis dakmayofilebas samuSaoTi xo-lo, meores mxriv, SeuZliaT gamoiwvion samuSaoTi da-ukmayofilebis grZnoba. hercbergi gvTavazobs ganvi-xiloT ,,dakmayofilebasa” da ,,daukmayofileblobas”Soris damokidebuleba calcalke. Mis mier dadginlia,rom faqtorebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion dauk-mayofilebloba ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli arian mo-

pativiscema, dideba da a.S. moTxovnilebebis yvelzemaRali done aris – sakuTari Tavis srulyofa, TviT-realizacia, ganviTarebis moTxovnileba.

“deficitis” principi moTxovnilebas xsnis rogorcdeficitis SegrZnebas, romelsac Tan axlavs swrafvamoaxdinos misi likvidacia. Teoriis mixedviT, defi-citis SegrZneba adamianSi iwvevs fsiqologiuri wo-nasworobis darRvevas, xolo deficitis likvidaciaaRadgens amgvar fsiqologiur wonaswrobas. progre-siis principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamianis moT-xovnilebis yvela saxeoba kmayofildeba Tanmimdevro-biT, moTxovnilebaTa dabali ierarqiuli donidan –pirveladi moTxovnilebidan – moTxovnilebaTa ufromaRal donemde. magaliTad, Tu pirveladi moTxovni-lebebi dakmayofilebulia, maSin saqmianobis motivadSesaZlebelia CaiTvalos Semdegi donis moTxovnile-baTa dakmayofileba – usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba.Tu am doneze ar arsebobs moTxovnilebis dakmayofi-lebis SesaZlebloba, maSin adamianis aqtiuroba gada-dis SedarebiT maRal doneze, meoTxe donemde – aRia-rebis moTxovnilebamde, an ,,sakuTari me”-s moTxovni-lebamde.

maslous Teoria saSualebas iZleva gacnobierebu-lad aigos adamianis qcevis marTva, misi moTxovnile-baTa dakmayofilebis xarisxis analizze dayrdnobiT,amitom misi gamoyeneba warmoadgens mniSvnelovan in-struments menejeris saqmianobaSi. misi gamoyenebis pe-riodSi gakeTebuli iqna Teoriisadmi rigi dazuste-bebi, romelTagan mniSvnelovans warmoadgens Semdegi:

• maslous mixedviT, moTxovnilebis gadanacvlebaufro maRal doneze

• xdeba maSin, Tu wina donis MmoTxovnileba dakma-yofilebulia 100%-iT; Tanamedrove fsiqologebi kiTvlian, rom es procenti ufro dabalia – 70% daxandaxan naklebic;

• konkretuli adamianis moTxovnilebis ierarqia

140 141

os SinaarsiT, anu warmoadgenen Sida faqtorebs momu-SaveebTan damokidebulebaSi da SeuZliaT maTze zegav-lenis moxdena. maT miekuTvneba: TviTrealizacia, pro-fesiuli zrda, dawinaureba samuSaoze, pasuxismgeblo-ba, samuSaos Sinaarsi, aRiareba, samuSaos Sedegebi.

hercbergis Teoria menejers uCvenebs Tu ra faqto-rebzea aucilebeli zemoqmedeba, rom uzrunvelyos xa-risxiani Sromisadmi sawarmos momuSaveTa motivacia.ZiriTad ,,zemoqmedebis wertilebs” SeiZleba mivakuT-vnoT kompaniis politika, uwinares yovlisa xarisxissferoSi da muSaobis SedegiT gamowveuli kmayofile-bis grZnoba. swored am zemoqmedebis faqtorebs efuZ-neba e. demingis ,,xarisxis menejmentis” programa.

7.3. xarisxis marTvis `Svidi

instrumenti~

xarisxis marTvis Sesaxeb 3 sabazo principidan erT-erTs warmoadgens faqtebis safuZvelze miRebuli ga-dawyvetilebebi. ufro srulyofilad amis gadawyvetaSesaZlebelia rogorc sawarmoo, aseve mmarTvelobiTiprocesebis modelirebis meTodiT, , maTematikuri sta-tistikis instrumentebiT. TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos romprocesis yvela monawilis Rrma maTematikuri momza-debis gareSe Tanamedrove statistikuri meTodebi sak-maod rTulia, aRsaqmelad da praqtikaSi farTod gamo-sayeneblad. 1979 w. iaponiis mecnierTa da inJinerTakavSirma (JUSE) erTobliobaSi Sekriba procesebis ana-lizis Svidi sakmaod ubralo, TvalsaCino meTodi. mTe-li Tavisi simartivis miuxedavd isini inarCuneben sta-tistikasTan kavSirs da profesionalebs aZleven Se-saZleblobas gamoiyenon maTi Sedegebi, xolo auci-leblobis SemTxvevaSi srulyon isini.

faqtoreb

is wona

momuSaveTa motivaciis faqtorebi

muSaveTa mimarT gare faqtorebze romelzec isini re-alurad ver moaxdenen gavlenas (mag. Kkompaniis poli-tika nax20.) faqtorebis am jgufebs man “higienis faq-torebi “ uwoda, radganac maT xelsayrel cvlilebeb-sac ki ar SeuZlia daakmayofilos momuSaveTa moTxov-nileba da SesZlebs mxolod daukmayofileblobis do-nis Semcirebas. maT miekuTvnebian: kompaniis politika,usafrTxoeba, statusi,xelmZRvanelobisadmi damokide-buleba, gamomuSavebuli xelfasi samuSao pirobebi,ze-damxedveloba,damokidebuleba kolegebisadmi (Tanam-Sromlebisadmi) da damokidebuleba xelqveiTebisad-mi.

faqtorebis meore jgufs uwodes ,,motivatorebi”, ma-Ti xelsayrli cvlilebebi zrdian momuSavis dakmayo-filebis xarisxis, xolo araxelsayreli – amcirebenmas, magram praqtikuklad ar iwveven daukmayofileb-lobas. es faqtorebi ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba samuSa-

nax. 20. momuSaveTa motivaciis faqtorebi damaTi mniSvneloba.

1 – muSaobis Sedegi; 2 – aRiareba; 3 - TviT samuSao; 4 –pasuxismgebloba; 5 – samsaxureobrivi gadaadgilebebi; 6 – pro-fesiuli zrda; 7 – kompaniis politika; 8 – meTvlyureoba; 9 –damokidebuleba ufrosobis mimarT; 10 – damokidebuleba samu-Sao procesis mimarT; 11 – xelfasi; 12 – TanamSromlebismimarT damokidebuleba; 13 – piradi cxovreba; 14 – damokidebu-leba daqvemdebarebul TanamSromelTa mimarT; 15 – statusi; 16

– usafrTxoeba.

142 143

paretos analizi

“paretos analizi “_es saxelwodeba man miiRo ita-lieli ekonomistis v.paretos pativsacemad, romelmacdaamtkica, rom kapitalis udidesi nawili (80%) imyo-feba umniSvnelo raodenobis (20%) xalxis xelSi. pa-retom SeimuSava logariTmuli maTematikuri modle-bi, romlebic aRweren am araerTgvarovan ganawilebas,xolo maTematikosma m. lorencma, warmoadgina amis gra-fikuli ilustraciebi.

paretos wesi – universaluri principia, romelicgamoyenebadia mraval situaciaSi da raRa Tqma undaxarisxis problemebis gadawyvetaSi. j. juranma aRniS-na paretos principis ,,universaluri” gamoyeneba imnebismier mizezTa jgufisTvis, romlic iwvevs ama Tuim Sedegebs, amasTan Sedegebis didi nawili gamowveu-lia mizezebis mcire raodenobiT. paretos analiziranJirebas ukeTebs calkeul sferoebs mniSvnelobi-sa da saWiroebis mixedviT, gamoavlens da aRmofxvravsupirveles yovlisa im mizezebs, romlebic iwveven prob-lemaTa umetes raodenobas.

paretos analizi, rogorc wesi, ilustrirdeba pare-tos diagramiT (nax. 22), romelzec abscisas RerZzeasaxulia xarisxis problemebis warmoqmnis mizezebi,maTi Semcirebis rigiTobiT, xolo ordinatas RerZze– TviTon es problemebi raodenobriv gamosaxulebaSi,ricxobriv da procentuli gamosaxulebiT. diagrama-ze naTlad Cans pirvel rigSi misaRebi zomebis sfero,romelic asaxaven im mizezebs, romelbic iwveven Sec-domaTa umetes raodenobas. maSasadame pirvel rigSiunda gatardes gamafrTxilebeli zomebi rolebcicmimarTuli unda iyos am problemebis gadaWrisaken.

mizez-Sedegobriobis diagrama(iSikavas diagrama)

,,5 M” tipis diagrama, ganixilavs xarisxis iseT kom-ponentebs, rogoricaa ,,adamiani”, ,,manqana”, ,,masala”, ,,me-Todi”, ,,kontroli”. xolo ,,6 M” tipis diagramaze masemateba komponenti ,,saSualeba”. (nax. 21)

adamiani meTodi, teqnologia saSualeba, meqanizmi

procesisxarisxi

masala kontroli, marTva garemo

dazgis mdgomareoba

instrumentismdgomareoba

mowyobilobaTamdgomareoba

nax. 21 iSikavas diagramis magaliTi

amocanis gadasaWrelad, kvalimetrikuli analiziskomponentisTvis ,,adamiani”, aucilebelia ganisazRvrosfaqtorebi, romelic dakavSirebulia operaciis Ses-rulebis mosaxerxeblobasa da usafrTxoebasTan; kom-ponentisTvis ,,manqana” – gasaanalizirebeli nakeTobe-bis konstruqciebis elementTa urTierTdamokidebu-leba, romelic dakavSirebulia mocemuli operaciisSesrulebasTan; komponentisaTvis ,,meTodi” – faqto-rebi dakavSirebuli SromisnayofierebasTan da Ses-rulebuli operaciis sizustesTan; komponentisTvis,,masala” – faqtorebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia nake-Tobis masalis Tvisebebis cvlilebebis ararsebobas-Tan operaciis Sesrulebis procesSi. komponentisaT-vis ,,garemo” – faqtorebi, romlebic dakavSirebulniarian garemosa da nakeTobaTa urTierTgavlenaze.

144 145

lia 4 kategoriad – momwodeblebis mixedviT, operato-rebis mixedviT, cvlis da mowyobilobebis mixedviT.warmodgenili monacemebis analizidan TvalsaCinodCans, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi defeqtis arsebobaSiyvelaze didi wvlili Seaqvs ,,momwodebel 2”-s.

def

eqteb

is %

momwodeblebi operatorebi cvla mowyobiloba

nax. 23 monacemTa stratifikacia

sakontrolo rukebisakontrolo rukebi – diagramis specialuri sa-

xeobaa, romelic 1925 wls pirvelma SemoiRo v. Suxar-tom. sakontrolo rukebi mocemulia nax. 24-ze isiniasaxaven xarisxis maCveneblis cvlilebis xasiaTs dro-Si.

sakontrolo rukebiraodenobrivi maCveneblebisaTvis

sakontrolo rukebi raodenobrivi maCveneblebi-saTvis – es gaormagebuli rukebia, romelTagan erTer-Ti gamosaxavs procesis saSualo cvlilebas, xolomeore procesis gafantvas. gafantva SeiZleba gamoiT-valos an procesis gaqanebis safuZvelze R (sxvaobaudides da umcires mniSvnelobebs Soris) an procesissaSualo kvadratuli gadaxris S safuZvelze.

sakontrolo rukis ageba moicavs ramdenime etaps.

dag

rovi

li pr

ocen

teb

i

Seusabamobis warmoqmnis mizezebi

Ppirveli rigis zomebis miRebis sferonax.22 paretos diagrama

stratifikacia

ZiriTadad stratifikacia – es aris monacemTa daxa-risxebis procesi zogierTi kriteriumebis mixedviT,romlis Sedegebsac xSirad warmoaCenen diagramis angrafikebis saxiT. Cven SegviZlia monacemTa klasifi-cireba movaxdinoT saerTo maxasiaTeblebis mqone sxva-dasxva jgufebSi romelsac stratifikaciis cvladsuwodeben. mTavaria CamovayaliboT, romeli cvlilebe-bi iqneba gamoiyenebuli daxarisxebisaTvis. stratifi-kacia – dafuZnebulia sxva instrumentebisTvis, rogo-ricaa paretos analizi an gafantvis diagramebi. in-strumentebis aseTi Sefardeba xdis maT kidev ufroZlirs.

me-23 naxazze moyvanilia defeqtebis warmoSobis wya-ros analizi. yvela defeqtebi (100%) klasificirebu-

146 147

procesi(SerCevis)

modeli(generalurierToblioba)

gazomveb

is rao

denoba

alba

Tobi

s ga

nawil

eba

das

aSvebu

lobi

sqved

a zRvari

gazomvadi sidide

nomina

li

das

aSvebu

lobi

szed

a zRvari

das

aSvebu

lobi

sqved

a zRvari

nomina

li

das

aSvebu

lobi

szed

a zRvari

defeqtidefeqti

nax. 25 a. SerCevis modelireba

defeqti defeqti defeqti

nax. 25 b. procesebis modeli 10+0.1 mm dasaSvebulobiT

procesis saSualoxazi

(awyobis xazi)

zeda sakontrolozRvari

droSi xarisxismaCveneblebiscvlileba

qveda sakontrolozRvari

nax. 24 sakontrolo rukis saerTo saxe

etapi 1. monacemTa Segroveba. sakontrolo rukazeTiToeuli wertili warmoadgens statistikuri gana-wilebis SerCevis aRwerilobas (nax. 25a, 25b.)]

mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cven SemovifarglebiT hausisnormaluri ganawilebis modeliT, aRsaniSnavia, romyvela procesi rodi Seesabameba am ganawilebas, TumcamaTi didi nawilis modelireba mainc SeiZleba norma-luri ganawilebis kanonis gamoyenebiT. pirvel safe-xurze iReben reprezentirebul SerCevas, aregistrire-ben gasazomi parametrebis mniSvnelobas. TiToeuliSerCevisaTvis amowmeben gazomili parametris masivs,normaluri ganawilebis Sesabamisobaze (mag. funqciaX2 –is daxmarebiT). Semdeg gamoiTvlian saSualo ariT-metikul mniSvnelobas da procesis saSualo kvadra-

tul gadaxras

148 149

nax. 27 procesis awyobis indeqsi.

rac ufro didia procesis gadanacvleba, miT ufronaklebia procesis awyobis (agebis) indeqsis maCvenebe-li (Cpk). procesis agebis indeqsi Cpk gamoiTvleba for-muliT:

sadac mricxvelSi gamoiyeneba mniSvneloba, rome-lic Seesabameba minimalur dacilebas da daSvebisaxlo zRvars (,,A”-s mniSvneloba nax. 26 -ze)

SesaZleblobis indeqsi da procesis agebis indeqsigamoiyeneba erTdroulad procesis statusis gansaz-RvrisaTvis (nax. 28).

amgvarad, manqanaTmSeneblobaSi iTvleba normad, TuCp≥ Cpx≥ 1,33. Mam utolobis Sesruleba niSnavs, rom Seu-sabamobis gamoCenis albaToba ar aRemateba 0,00006 daar aris aucilebloba 100 %-iani miRebis kontrolisa.Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom dargis specifikidan gamom-dinare, Seusabamobis gamoCenis dasaSvebi albaTobismniSvneloba SeiZleba Seicvalos.

etapi 2. procesis SesaZleblobis Semowmebaprocesis xarisxis erT-erT yvelaze umniSvnelova-

nes maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi stabiluro-ba. rac ufro mcirea kontrolirebadi parametris mi-mofantvis Sida daSvebis xarisxi, miT ufro maRaliaprocesis SesaZleblobis maCveneblis mniSvneloba. pro-cesis SesaZleblobis indeqsi Cp gviCvenebs kontro-lirebadi parametris daSvebis velis siganes da amparametris gafantvis xarisxs (nax. 26). procesis SesaZ-leblobis indeqsi Cp gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac USL – daSvebis zeda zRvaria;LSL – daSvebis qveda zRvari;σ - SerCevisstandartuli gadaxra.procesis gadaxris sxva mniSvnelovan maCveneblebs

warmoadgens procsis gadanacvlebis sidide, romelicaxasiaTebs procesis awyobas. procesis gadanacvlebisararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, procesis agebis maCveneblismniSvelobis saSualo xazis mimarT procesis agebisindeqsi – Cpk tolia Cp mniSvnelobisa. (ix. nax.25)

nax. 26 procesis SesaZleblobis indeqsi

150 151

metikuli mniSvneloba) formuliT:

sadac m - sawyis masivSi mniSvnelobaTa raodenobaa.Semdeg (nabiji 3) ageben sakontrolo rukis sakon-

trolo sazRvrebs. zeda da qveda sazRvrebi, rogorcwesi, gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac UCL – zeda sakontrolo sazRvaria;LCL - qveda sakontrolo sazRvari.

sadac sawyisi masivis standartuli gadaxraa X

maCveneblidan.xandaxan (nabiji 4) sakontrolo rukaze daitaneba

gamafrTxilebeli sazRvrebi, romlebic emsaxurebianmasStabirebis TvalsaCinoebas.

SemdegSi (nabiji 5) sakontrolo rukaze daitane-ba saSualo mniSvneloba mimdinare mniSvnelobebi,amasTan saSualo xazis da sakontrolo sazRvrebismdgomareoba ar icvleba. sakontrolo rukaze maCvene-belTa cvlilebebis Tvalyuris devnebis ZiriTadi amo-canaa – procesis stabilurobis kontroli. procese-bis marTvaSi kritikul Seusabamobas warmoadgens mniS-vnelobaTa sakontrolo rukis sakontrolo sazRvri-dan gasvla.

1-5 nabijebis analogiurad aigeba sakontrolo Srukac. amasTan saSualo xazi da sakontrolo saz-Rvrebi ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

sawarmoo procesi

procesisSesaZleblobis

Semowmeba

koreqcia

procesisSesaZleblobisdakmayofileba

SesaZlomakoreqtirebeli

zomebi

SesaZlebeliakontrolis

avtomatizacia

statistikurikontroli

100 %meqanikurikontroli

100 %avtomaturikontrooli

Semdegi etapi

ki

ara

arakiki

ara

Cp≥ Cpx≥ 1,33

nax. 28 procesis statusi

etapi 3. sakontrolo rukebis ageba. sakontrolorukebis ageba xdeba ramdenime etapad; (nax. 29). Tavda-pirvelad RerZze ,,dro – mniSvneloba “ daitanebamonacemTa sawyisi masivi (nabiji 1).

amis Semdeg (nabiji 2) gamoiTvleba sakontrolo

rukis saSualo xazi (sawyisi masivis saSualo ariT-

152 153

etapi 4. sakontrolo rukebis analizi.sakontrolo rukis msvleloba warmoadgens pro-

cess dinamiuri daxasiaTebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi wer-tilebi lagdeba Sua xazis gaswvriv da upiratesadmasTan axlos. sakontrolo rukaze wertilTa masivisganawilebis xasiaTi axloa normalurTan. rogorc ukveaRvniSneT, procesis msvlelobis Tvalyurisas sakon-trolo rukis mixedviT, aucilebelia Tavidan avici-loT romelime wertilis sakontrolo sazRvrebidangasvla. aseTi gasvlis winapirobad SeiZleba iyos sa-kontrolo ruqis damaxasiaTebeli ,,qceva”, magaliTinaCvenebia nax. 30-ze. (a-v)

Tu dakvirvebis msvlelobisas sakontrolo rukismiRma aRmoCenili iqna, rom procesma daiwyo msvle-loba miSvnelovnad stabilurad, saSualo xazTan ax-los (nax. 30 e), am SemTxvevaSi Rirs gadaixedos sakon-trolo sazRvrebi maTi Seviwroebisaken. procesis sta-biluri qceva sakontrolo sazRvrebis CarCoebSi –saukeTeso dadasturebaa am procesis marTvis Sedegia-nobisa.

sakontrolo rukebi xarisxobrivi niSanTvise-bebisaTvis

1. defeqtur nakeTobaTa wilis ruka (p - ruka).p - rukaSi gaiangariSeba SerCevisas defeqturi nake-

Tobebis wili. igi gamoiyeneba im dros, roca SerCevismoculoba - cvalebadia. procesis saSualo xazi ( -defeqturi nakeTobis saSualo wili) gamoiTvleba for-muliT:

sadac npi – SerCevisas wundebuli nakeTobebis wi-lia.

n i – SerCevisas nakeTobaTa ricxvi.

saS

ual

o maCveneb

elTa

sakont

rolo ruka

SeamowmeT yoveli SerCeva normalurganawilebasTan Sesabamisobaze

SerCevis saSualo maCvenebelTamniSvneloba

nabiji 1 dro

zeda sakontrolo sazRvari

gadaxra

saSualomaCvenebelTamasivisstandartuligadaxra

qveda sakontrolosazRvari


nabiji3 dro

zeda gamafrTxilebeli sazRvari

zeda sakontrolo sazRvari

masivis saSualomaCvenebelTastandartuligadaxra

saSualomaCvenebelTasaSualo


qveda gamafrTxilebelisazRvari


nabiji 5 dro

saSualo maCvenebelTa mniSvnelobaSerCevisas

nabiji 2 dro

zeda gamafrTxilebelisazRvari

zeda sakontrolosazRvari

saSualostandartuligadaxra

saSualossaSualo


saSualoebis mniSvnelobaarCevisas

nabiji 4 dro

qveda gamafrTxilebeli zRvari

masivissaSualostandartuligadaxra

zeda sakontrolozRvari

saSualostandartuligadaxra


qveda gamafrTxilebelisazRvari

standartuli gadaxrismniSvneloba SerCevisas

nabiji 1-5 S rukis dro

nax. 29 sakontrolo rukis ageba

Cveulebisamebr dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba S rukebi, xo-lo R rukebi gamoiyeneba iSviaTad.

154 155

loba mudmivia. procesis saSualo xazi ( - saSualoricxvi defeqturi nakeTobisa) gamoiTvleba formu-liT:

sadac npi - SerCevisas wundebuli nakeTobebis ric-xvia;

m – SerCevis raodenoba.zeda da qveda sakontrolo sazRvrebi (UCL da LCL

Sesabamisad) gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac saSualo wili defeqturi nakeTobebis ga-moiTvleba formuliT:

Tu gamoTvlisas, qveda sakontrolo zRvari gamovauaryofiTi ricxvi, maSin is mrgvaldeba 0 –mde.

3. SerCevisas defeqtebis ricxvis C ruka . C rukaSigamoiTvlian SerCevisas defeqtebis ricxvs. procesissaSualo xazi ( - saSualo xazi defeqtebis amorCevi-sas) gamoiTvleba forrmuliT:

sadac Ci - defeqtebis ricxvia SerCevisas;mi - SerCevisas nakeTobebis ricxvi .qveda da zeda sakontrolo sazRvrebi (UCL da LCL

a) seria b) trendi

g) sakontrolo zRvarTanmiaxloeba

d) saSualo xazis rRvva

e) stabiluri procesi v) stabiluri procesi,auclilebelia gadavxedoTsakontrolo zRvars

nax. 30 sakontorlo rukis damaxasiaTebeli ,,qcevis” magali-

Tebi

zeda da qveda sakontrolo sazRvrebi (UCL da LCLSesabamisad) ganisazRvreba formulis mixedviT:

sadac SerCevisas saSualo moculobaa.Tu gaangariSebisas qveda sakontrolo sazRvari uar-

yofiTia, maSin igi mrgvaldeba 0-mde.1. wundebuli nakeTobebis ricxvis ruka (np - ruka).np rukaze gamoiTvleba amorCevisas wundebuli nake-

Tobebis ricxvi. is gamoiyeneba roca SerCevis mocu-

156 157

danax

arjebi def

eqtebis

gamosw

orebaz

e

75 % defeqtebiswarmoSoba

defeqtebisgamoswreba

defeqtiswarmoSoba

defeqtebis 80%-isgamosworeba

saWiroebisgansazRvra

sacdel-sakonstruqtorosamuSao

warmoebisteqnologiurimomzadeba

warmoeba kontroli gamoyeneba

sasicocxlo ciklis fazebi

nax. 31. danaxarjebis ganawileba, romelic ukavSirdeba defeq-tebis warmoqmnasa da gamosworebas, nakeTobis sasicocxlo

ciklis stadiebis mixedviT.

bebulia mcdari, aCqarebiTi da arasrulyofili Semu-SavebiT. (nax. 31).

firma ,,jeneral motorsis” (aSS) kvleviTi ganyofi-lebis monacemebis mixedviT, nakeTobis damuSavebasa dawarmoebaze moqmedebs aTmagi danaxarjebis wesi – TunakeTobis xarisxis wris erTerT stadiaze daSvebu-lia Secdoma, romelic gamovlenilia Semdgom stadi-aze, maSin misi gamosworebisTvis saWiro gaxdeba 10-jer meti danaxarjebis gaweva, vidre misi drouli aR-moCenisas. Tu is aRmoCenili iqneba erTi stadiis Sem-dgom – maSin 100-jer meti, ori stadiis 1000-jer metida a.S.

imisaTvis, rom SevamciroT danaxarjebi, metnaklebadgaviTvaliswinoT momxmareblis survilebi da Sevam-ciroT SemuSavebuli nakeTobis damuSavebis da pro-duqciis bazarze gatanis vadebi, iyeneben damuSavebisspecialur teqnologias da SemuSavebuli nakeTobisda procesebis analizs.

FMEA – analizi (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) –aris

Sesabamisad) gamoiTvleba formuliT:

Tu gamoTvlis dros qveda sakontrolo sazRvarigamova uaryofiTi ricxvi, is mrgvaldeba 0-mde.

4. erT nakeTobaze defeqtTa ricxvis ruka (U ruka) .U rukaSi gamoiTvleba SerCevisas erT nakeTobaze de-feqtebis ricxvi.

procesis saSualo xazi ( - defeqtebis saSualoricxvi SerCevisas) gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac Ci SerCevisas defeqtebis ricxvia; mi - nakeTobebis ricxvi SerCevisas.zeda da qveda sakontrolo zRvari (UCL da LCL Sesa-

bamisad) gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac - saSualo moculobaa arCevisas.Tu gamoTvlis dros sakontrolo rukis qveda saz-

Rvari gamova uaryofiTi ricxvi, is mrgvaldeba 0-mde.

7.4. FMEA – analizi

mkvlevarTa monacemebiT, defeqtebis daaxloebiT 80%,romelic vlindeba nakeTobis warmoebis da gamoyene-bis procesSi, Seferxebis 60% gamowveulia nakeTobiskoncefciis damuSavebis da warmoebis momzadebis kon-struirebis arasakmarisi xarisxiT, romelic warmoiq-mneba nakeTobis sagarantio drois periodSi, ganpiro-

158 159

• dokumentbrunvis procesebisaTvis, finansuriprocesebisTvis da sxva;

• momxmareblis mier nakeTobis eqspluataciis ga-moyenebis procesisSi da a.S.

procesis analizis ukanaskneli saxeoba, mosaxerxe-belia Catardes nakeTobis koncefciis damuSavebis sta-diaze, FMEA konstruqciis ganxorcielebemde. FMEA sa-warmoo procesis ganxorcieleba iwyeba warmoebis teq-nikuri momzadebis stadiaze (teqnikuri procesebis da-muSaveba da dagegmva, aucilebeli sawarmoo da sakon-trolo mowyobilobisa) da mTavrdeba sawarmoo mow-yobilobis montaJis stadiaze. FMEA procesis mizanswarmoadgens warmoebis xarisxis yvela moTxovnile-bis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa, gazrdili riskis teq-nologiuri procesebis koreqtirebis gziT.

FMEA procesi Cveulebriv tardeba im qvedanayfSi,romelic asrulebs am process. misi ganxorcielebi-sas, garda am qvedanayofis warmomadgenlebisa, Cveuleb-riv monawileobas iReben xarisxis uzrunvelyofis sam-saxuris warmomadgenlebia, im qvedanayofebis warmo-madgenlebi, romlebic iTvlebian am procesis Sedege-bis Sida momxmarebleblebad.

FMEA xorcieldeba, rogorc wesi, axlad SemuSavebu-li procesisaTvis. zogjer sasargebloa ganxorciel-des aseTi analizi moqmedi procesisTvisac, gansakuT-rebiT ki maSin, Tu ar arsebobs maTTvis utyuari sta-tistika defeqtebze da Seusabamobebze da ar gamoiye-neba marTvis statistikuri meTodebi, xolo procesisSeferxebebi sakmaod xSiria, anu sistema, romlis far-glebSic mimdinareobs es procesi aramdgradia. ana-lizis msvlelobisas defeqtis Seusabamobis potenci-uri mizezebis gamovlena saSualebas iZleva ,,Savad”ganisazRvros, ratomaa sistema aramdgradi. SemuSavebu-li makoreqtirebeli RonisZiebebi aucileblad undaiTvaliswinebdes regulirebis statistikuri meTode-bis danergvas, pirvel rigSi im operaciebze, romel-

momxmarebelze defeqtis warmoqmnis da gavlenis Se-saZleblobis analizis teqnologia; FMEA gamoyenebaSesamuSavebulia produqciisa da procesebisTvis, raTaSemcirdes momxmareblis riski, romelic gamowveuliapotenciur defeqtebisagan.

xarisxis menejmentis sistemis danergvisas ISO 9000seriis standartebis modelis mixedviT, mewarmes moeT-xoveba saproeqto gadawyvetilebis analizis meTode-bis danergva, amasTan am analizs unda eqvemdebarebo-des rogorc proeqtis sawyisi, aseve gamosasvleli mo-nacemebi. amitom warmoeba, sadac iqmneba an viTardebaxarisxis menejmentis sistema, aucileblad unda is-wrafodes FMEA teqnologiis danergvisken. FMEA-s ga-moyenebas eniWeba upiratesoba, ramdenadac misi Sedege-bi gasagebia ara marto mewarmisTvis, aramed momxmareb-lisTvisac da mTlianad asrulebs xarisxis maCveneb-lis funqcias. FMEA sistematiuri midgoma iZleva pro-eqtirebis procesis formalizirebul mtkicebulebasproeqtirebis procesis koreqtulobisa.

FMEA saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes danaxarjebi dadefeqtebis warmoSobis riski. FMEA ar aanalizebspirdapir ekonomikur maCveneblebs, maT Soris danaxar-jebs arasakmaris xarisxze, magram saSualebas iZlevagamoavlinos swored is defeqtebi, romlebic ganapi-robeben momxmareblis risks, gansazRvros maTi poten-ciuri mizezebi da gamoimuSaos gamafrTxilebeli Ro-nisZiebebi maT gamosasworeblad vidre es defeqtebiiCens Tavs da amgvarad dazogos danaxarjebi, romle-bic saWiro iqneboda maT gamosasworeblad. rogorcwesi, FMEA gamoiyeneba ara ukve arsebuli produqcii-saTvis, aramed axali produqciis anda axali procese-bisTvis. FMEA konstruqciebi ganixilaven riskebs, rom-lebic warmoeSveba gare momxmarebels, xolo FMEA pro-cesi – Sida momxmarebels. FMEA SeiZleba gamoiyenebo-des:

• produqciis warmoebis procesisTvis;

160 161

- obieqtis komponenturi modelis TiToeuli ele-mentisaTvis potenciuri defeqtebi; aseTi defeqtebiCveulebisamebr dakavSirebulni arian funqcionalu-ri elementis uaryofasTan an elementis mier sasar-geblo funqciebis araswori SesrulebiT an elemen-tis mavne funqciebiT; pirveli nabijis saxiT rekomen-direbulia wina FMEA-s gadamowmeba an problemebisanalizi, romlebic warmoiSva sagarantio vadis dros;aucilebelia aseve ganxilul iqnas potencialuri de-feqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba warmoiSvas transporti-rebisas, Senaxvisas, aseve garemos cvlilebisas (tenia-noba, wneva, temparatura);

- defeqtebis potenciuri mizezebi; maT gamosavle-nad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas iSikavis diagramebi,romlebic igeba obieqtis TiToeuli funqciisaTvis,romelic ukavSirdeba defeqtis warmoSobas;

- momxmareblisaTvis defeqtebis potnciuri Sede-gi; ramdenadac yovel gansaxilvel defeqts SeuZliagamoiwvios obieqtSi procesebis uaryofaTa jaWvi, Se-degianobis analizisas gamoiyeneba obieqtis struqtu-ruli da nakaduri modelebi;

- defeqtis warmoSobis kontrolis SesaZlebloba;ganisazRvreba, SesaZloa Tu ara defeqti gamovleniliiqnas Sedegis dadgomamde, obieqtze gaTvaliswinebulidiagnostikis, TviTdiagnostikis da sxva kontroliszomebis gamoyenebis Sedegad,.

- momxmarebel B-saTvis Sedegis simZimis parametri;es aris Cveulebriv 10 baliani skaliT eqspertuliSefaseba; umaRlesi qula ismeba im SemTxvevebisTvis,rodesac defeqtebis Sedegebi warmoSoben iuridiulpasuxismgeblobas;

- sixSiris parametris warmoqmnis defeqti A; es –aseve eqspertuli Sefasebaa, warmodgenili 10 balianiskaliT; umaRlesi qula ismeba, roca warmoqmnis sixSi-ris Sefaseba Seadgens �1/4 -s da mets;

- E defeqtis aRmouCenlobis albaTobis paramet-

TaTvisac gamovlenilia gazrdili riskianoba.FMEA konstruqciis gamoyeneba SeiZleba rogorc Se-

samuSavebeli konstruqciisaTvis, aseve arsebulisTvis.analizis Catarebis samuSao jgufSi, ZiriTadad Sedi-an damuSavebis ganyofilebis, warmoebis dagegmvis, gasa-Rebis, xarisxis uzrunvelyofis, sacdeli warmoebis war-momadgenlebi. analizis mizans warmoadgens nakeTobispotenciuri defeqtebis gamovlena, romelbic iwvevenmomxmareblis risks, aseve cvlilebebis Setana nakeTo-bis konstruqciaSi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcemenSevamciroT aseTi riski.

FMEA eqspluataciis procesi Cveulebriv xorciel-deba imave SemadgenlobiT, rogoriTac FMEA konstruq-cia. aseTi analizis ganxorcielebis mizans emsaxure-ba nakeTobis konstruqciisadmi moTxovnaTa formire-ba, romelic uzrunvelyofs momxmareblis usafrTxoe-basa da dakmayofilebas. anu gsawyisi monacemebis mom-zadeba, rogorc procesis konstruqciis damuSavebis-Tvis, aseve FMEA konstruqciis analizisTvis.

FMEA-s ganxorcielebis teqnologia

dReisaTvis FMEA warmoadgens nakeTobaTa xarisxisada procesebis analizis erTerTs standartuli teq-nologiebidan, amitom misi ganviTarebis procesSi Se-muSavebulia analizis Sedegis warmodgenis tipiuriformebi da tipiuri wesebi misi ganxorcielebis. ro-gorc funqcionaluri analizis sxva formebi, is moi-cavs or ZiriTad etaps:

• komponenturi, struqturuli, funqcionaluri danakaduri modeli obieqtis analizis agebis etapi, TuFMEA tardeba ,,fsa” da ,,faf”–sTan erTad, gamoiyenebaadre agebuli modelebi;

• modelis gamokvlevis etapi, romlis drosac gani-sazRvreba:

162 163

ciroT defeqtis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba (mcirdebaparametri A);

2) SevaferxoT defeqtis warmoqmna. statistikuri re-gulirebis daxmarebiT xeli SevuSaloT defeqtis war-moSobas (mcirdeba parametri A);

3) SevamciroT defeqtis gavlena. SevamciroT Sem-kveTze defeqtis gamovlenis an Semdgomi procesi va-debisa da danaxarjebis gaTvalisinebiT (mcirdeba pa-rametri B);

4) SevamsubuqoT da gavzardoT defeqtis gamovlenisutyuaroba. SevamsubuqoT defeqtis warmoSoba da Sem-dgomi SekeTeba (mcirdeba parametri E).

procesis an nakeTobis xarisxis zrdaze makoreqti-rebeli RonisZiebebi maTi gavlenis donis mixedviTganlagdebian Semdegnairad:

• obieqtis struqturis cvlileba (konstruqciebi,sqemebi da a.S.);

• obieqtis funqcionirebis procesis cvlileba(operaciebis da gadasvlebis Tanmimdevroba, maTi Sina-arsi da sxva);

• xarisxis menejmentis sistemis gaumjobeseba.xSirad SemuSavebuli RonisZiebebi Seitaneba FMEA

analizis cxrilis grafebSi. Semdeg gadaiangariSebaRPZ potenciuri riski makoreqtirebeli RonisZiebaTaCatarebis Semdeg. Tu SeuZlebelia misi Semcireba mi-saReb sazRvrebamde (mcire riskisTvis RPZ<40 an saSu-alo riskisas RPZ<100), SemuSavdeba damatebiTi mako-reqtirebeli RoniZiebebi da meordeba wina nabijebi.

analizis Sedegebidan gamomdinare SemuSavebuli ma-koreqtirebeli RonisZiebebisaTvis dgeba maTi daner-gvis gegma. ganisazRvreba:

• romel droiT TanmimdevrobaSi unda dainergoses RonisZiebebi da ramdeni dro dasWirdeba TiToeu-li RoniZiebis danergvas, ramdenad swrafad gamovlin-deba RonisZiebis dawyebis Semdeg dagegmili efeqti;

• vin iqneba am RonisZiebis danergvaze pasuxismge-

ri. rogorc wina parametrebi, isic warmoadgens 10 ba-lian eqspertul Sefasebas; umaRlesi qula iwereba,,farul” defeqtebisaTvis, romlebic ver iqnebian ga-movlenili Sedegis dadgomamde;

- momxmareblis riskis parametri RPZ; is ganisaz-Rvreba rogorc BxAxE warmoebuli; es parametri aCve-nebs erTmaneTTan rogor damokidebulebaSi imyofebi-an defeqtis warmoSobis mizezebi amJamad; defeqtebi,romlebsac gaaCniaT riskis prioritetis udidesi ko-eficienti (RP7 > 100) eqvemdebarebian pirvel rigSiaRmofxvras.

analizis Sedegebi Seitaneba cxrilSi (nax. 32). ,,viw-ro adgilebis” gamovlenisas, obieqtis komponetebi, ro-melTaTvisac RP2 Seadgens 100-ze mets, eqvemdebarebian

obieqtis analizis FMEA cxrilikompo-nenti

potenciuridefeqti

potenciurimizezi

potenciuriSedegi

kontroli BBBBB AAAAA EEEEE

defeqtebis warmoqmnismizezebis analizi (iSikavasdiagramis mixedviT)

komponenturimodeli

struqturulimodeli

masalebisnakadismodeli

funqcionalurimodeli

nax. 32. FMEA analizis sqema

cvlilebebs, anu SemuSavdeba makoreqtirebeli (an ga-mafrTxilebeli) RonisZiebebi.

rekomendirebulia ganxilul iqnas makoreqtirebelRonisZiebaTa ,,zemoqmedebis mimarTuleba” Semdegi Tan-mimdevrobiT:

1) gamovricxoT defeqtis warmoqmnis mizezi. kon-struqciis an procesis cvlilebis daxmarebiT Sevam-

164 165

Tad instruments warmoadgens QFD meTodi (Quality Fun-ction Develoyment – xarisxis funqciis gafarToeba - xfg).es eqspertuli meTodia, romelSic cxrilebis saSua-lebiT xdeba monacemTa warmodgena, aRsaniSnavia, romam cxrilebs specifiuri forma aqvT da miiRes dasaxe-leba ,,xarisxis saxlebi”.

QFD teqnologiis ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs imisgagebaSi, rom samomxmareblo Tvisebebsa (,,xarisxis faq-tiuri maCvenebeli” k. iSikavas terminologiis mixed-viT) produqtis standartebis normebsa da teqnikuripirobebis parametrebs Soris (,,xarisxis damxmare maC-veneblebi” k. iSikavas terminologiis mix.) arsebobsdidi gansxvaveba.

QFD teqnologiis ZiriTad instruments warmoadgensspecialuri saxis cxrili, romelmac miiRo saxelwo-deba ,,xarisxis saxli”. am cxrilze mosaxerxebeliaasaxul iqnes xarisxis faqtiuri maCveneblebi (momxma-reblis Tviseba) da damxmare maCveneblebi (teqnikurimoTxovna). cxrilis erTerTi varianti motanilia nax.33-ze.

beli da vin iqneba konkretulad misi Semsrulebeli;• sad (organizaciis romel struqturul qvedana-

yofSi) unda iyos isini Catarebuli;• romeli wyaroebidan iqneba dafinansebuli Ro-

nisZiebaTa gatareba (sawarmos biujeti, sxva wyaroebi).dResdReobiT FMEA analizi farTod gamoiyeneba ia-

poniis mrewvelobaSi, aSS-Si da aqtiurad inergeba ev-rokavSiris qveynebSi. misi gamoyeneba saSualebas iZ-leva mkveTrad Semcirdes ,,saymawvilo seni” warmoeba-Si SemuSavebaTa danergvisas.

7.5. xarisxis funqciis gaSlis

teqnologia QFD

iaponiasa da aSS-is firmebis produqciebis konku-renciis problema sul ufro da ufro mwvave xdebaara marto evropuli firmebisTvis, aramed postsabWouriqveynebisaTvis xolo am konkurentul brZolais lax-vars warmoadgens:

• warmoebis efeqturobis amaRleba, kerZod dana-xarjis Semcireba xarisxiani konkurentunariani pro-duqciis dasamuSaveblad;

• sawarmoo procesebis orientacia yvela stadiaze,damuSavebis procesidan dawyebuli, momxmareblis dak-mayofilebamde.

• saqmiani kulturis amaRleba da marTvis gaumjo-beseba warmoebis yvela rgolSi.

imisaTvis, rom SevasruloT es moTxovnebi, aucile-belia gamoviyenoT damuSavebis axali teqnologiebi,nakeTobis warmoebis dagegmva da teqnikuri momzadeba.aseTi teqnologia damuSavda iaponiaSi 60-iani wlebisbolos (1966 w-dan) da dReisaTvis farTod gamoiynebamsoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi. am teqnologiis Ziri-

166 167

QFD teqnologiis ZiriTadi etapebi(nax. 34)

etapi 1. xarisxis gegmis da proeqtis SemuSaveba.am etapze mimdinareobs bazris mdgomareobis da mom-xmareblis moTxovnis kvleva, dgindeba Tu ra undavawarmooT. bazris sxva mniSvnelovani parametrebisgaTvaliswinebiT muSavdeba momxmarebelTa moTxovne-bi xarisxisadmi. dgindeba ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebida produqciis marketinguli parametrebi, analizdebada fasdeba konkurentTa nakeTobebi. amis safuZvelzedgeba xarisxis gegma, romelSic aisaxeba dasamuSavebe-li nakeTobebis marketinguli reitingebi. ganisazRvrebaTu ramdenad mniSvnelovania (reitingi) xarisxisadmiTiToeuli dadgenili moTxovna. ganisazRvreba nake-Tobis komponentebi, konkurentTa produqciis anali-zis safuZvelze dgindeba komponentebis teqnikuri pa-rametrebi, xdeba reklamaciebis gamokvleva da momxma-rebelTa SeniSvnebi xarisxisadmi. xdeba xarisxis faqti-uri parametrebis gamokvleva da yalibdeba xarisxiskomponentis damxmare parametrebi. amis safuZvelze mu-Savdeba xarisxis gegma. dgindeba xarisxis uzrunvelyo-fis meTodebi da produqtisa da elementebis gamocda.

etapi - 2. xarisxis detalizirebuli proeqtisdamuSaveba da warmoebis momzadeba. am etapze dasru-lebuli produqciis xarisxis parametrebi gardaiq-mnebian calekuli kvanZebis xarisxis paramtrebad, rom-lebic Seitaneba specialur cxrilebSi, calkeul ele-mentebisaTvis da cxrilebi kvanZebsa da asawyob erTe-ulebisaTvis (romlebSic Sedian cxrilebSi calkeulelementebisaTvis). sabolood dgindeba elementebisda nakeTobebis kvanZTa funqciebi. agreTve kvanZTa xa-risxis niSnebi da standartebi, maTi ganmsazRvrelebi,igegmeba kontrolis elementebis poziciebi nakeToba-Ta kvanZTaTvis momaval sawarmoo procesSi.

etapi - 3. teqprocesebis damuSaveba. am etapzemuSavdeba teqprocesebi da teqnologiuri mowyobi-

teqnikurimoTxovna

momxmareblismoTxovna

samomxma-reblo

TvisebebisSedareba

SeniSvna

12+5ser

visis

rei

tingi

servisis reitingi

teqnikuri sirTuleebi

obieqturi mizani

teqnikurimoTxovnebisSedareba

mniSvne-loba

SedarebiTi

nax.33. ,,xarisxis saxlis” magaliTi

168 169

momxmareblismoTxovna

produqciis xarisxisgegma

produqtis komponentisxarisxis gegma

xarisxiskritikuliparametrebi(produqciisadmiteqnikurimoTxovnebi)

procesis xarisxis gegma

xarisxiskritikuliparametrebi(teqikurimoTxovnebikomponentisadmi)

operaciisxarisxisgegma

damzadebis dakontrolisprocesisxarisxiskritikuliparametrebi

samuSao instruqciebi, damzadebisprocesisTvis, produqciis awyobiskontrolis da gamocdisaTvis.

nax. 34. QFD procesis sqema

lobebi. amasTan yvela procesisaTvis tardeba `fsa~analizi. analizis Sedegebis safuZvelze muSavdebawarmoebis procesis gegma, romelic realizebas uke-Tebs mocemul sizustes, minimaluri danaxarjebis Sem-TxvevaSi. mtkicdeba standartebi kvanZebis xarisxis mi-xedviT, standartebi mza produqciasa da cdebze. irCe-ven momwodeblebs da dgindeba standartebi Sesyidveb-Tan dakavSirebiT.

xorcieldeba mowyobilobebis SerCeva da TiToe-uli teqnologiuri modelisaTvis sabolood dginde-ba xarisxis kontrolis pozicia, upirveles yovlisaiseTi maxasiaTeblebisaTvis, rogoricaa forma, mocu-loba da produqciis gamZleobis parametrebi. xdebawarmoebis procesebis faqtorebis gansazRvra, romle-bic gavlenas axdenen xarisxis am maxasiaTeblebze. amas-Tan muSavdeba cxrili, romelSic Sedarebulia dasru-lebuli produqtis xarisxis niSnebi da mowyobilo-bis muSaobis pirobebi da xarisxis maCveneblebi (QCcxrili). muSavdeba saoperacio rukebi teqnikuri kon-trolis da dasrulebuli nakeTobis asawyobad xaris-xis cxrili. kontrolis saSualebis arCevis Semdeg,SemuSavdeba teqnikuri kontrolis sistema amwyob war-moebaSi kontrolis SerCeuli poziciebisTvis.

mtkicdeba samarSruto rukebi warmoebis teqno-logiuri procesebisa da nakeTobis awyobisTvis. ma-kompleqtebeli da Sesasyidi nakeTobebis warmoebisdagegmvis cxrilebi gadaecema momwodeblebs. momwo-deblebi valdebulebi arian Seapirispiron warmoebisdagegmvis cxrilebi da QC cxrilebi TiToeuli makom-pleqtebeli nakeTobis xarisxis maCveneblebTan.

tardeba sawarmoo procesis FMEA analizi. amas-Tan analizi ukeTdeba rogorc saproeqto monacemebs,aseve kvlevis monacemebs, analogTa warmoebis monace-mebs, sacdel damzadebul nimuSis monacemebs. yvelagamovlenili problema dauyovnebliv gadaecema gadaw-yvetilebis misaRebad Sesabamis ganyofilebas. xdebamodelis xarisxis dazusteba da proeqtis koreqtireba.

muSaobis aseTi teqnologia saSualebas iZlevagaviTvaliswinoT momxmareblis moTxovna nakeTobiswarmoebis yvela stadiaze, sawarmos xarisxis yvelaelementisaTvis da amgvarad mkveTrad avamaRloT mom-xmareblis dakmayofilebis maCvenebeli, SevamciroT da-naxarjebi proeqtirebaze da nakeTobis warmoebis mom-zadebaze.

170 171

umjobeseba iTvaliswinebs intensiuri Semowmebebis Ca-tarebas da produqciis daxarisxebas maTi SedegebismixedviT, romelic eqvemdebareba gadagzavnas, gadakeTe-bas an gadayras.

* produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba gulisxmobsxarisxis donis zrdas.

es orive mosazreba arasworia. sinamdvileSi xaris-xis gaumjobesebas mivyavarT faisis Semcirebisken imSemTxvevaSi Tu “ xarisxis gaumjobesebis “ programasworad aris SemuSavebuli.

8.1. xarisxze gaweuli danaxar-

jebis: registracia, daTvla,

Semadgenloba

marTvis xelsawyo

finansebze orientirebul sazogadoebaSi, biznesisefeqturoba izomeba mogebis sididiT. firmis saqmia-nobaze finansuri kontroli aris sawarmos sicoc-xlisunarianobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi. danaxarje-bis umravlesoba, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian sa-warmos saqmianobasTan, registrirdeba angariSebSi dawaredgineba xelmZRvanelobas. am danaxarjebis codnada analizi did daxmarebas uwevs sawarmos xelmZRva-nelobas mis warmatebul marTvaSi. sawarmoTa umrav-lesobaSi, romlebic dakavebuli arian produqciis anmomsaxurebis an warmoebiT, danaxarjebi xarisxis mxriv,momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebladsakmaod didia magram isini ar axdenen gavlenas sawar-moTa mogebaze. Amitom logikuria, rom xarixze dana-xargebi gamovlenil unda iqnes, damuSavebuli da xel-mZRvanelobiaTvis wardgenili iseve, rogorc

Tavi 8

danaxarjebi xarisxze

ar SeiZleba ekonomia gaakeToxarisxze, radgan xarisxiukve aris ekonomia.

im sawarmoTa sicocxlis unarianoba, romelebicewevian, rogorc sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebas aseveraime saqonlis warmoebas, damokidebulia maT unarze, miaRwion momxmarebelTa moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebas.Zalian xSirad mravali menejeri Tvlis rom gayidve-bisaTvis mTavaria produqciis fasi da misi miwode-bis vada, amasTanave saTanadod ar aqceven yuradRebas,imas Tu ramdenad Rirebulia miwodebuli produqcia(ramdenad Rirebulia saqoneli). Aaucilebelia pro-duqciis Rirebuleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc, konku-rentunarianobis gansazRvris, erTerTi umniSvnelova-nesi faqtori. udidesi yuradreba unda mieniWos pro-duqciis faseulobis zrdas Tu ramdenad Rirebuliaigi da ara faisis Semcirebas, radgan Mmravali momxma-rebeli ganixilavs faseulobas (ramdenad Rirebuliasaqoneli da momsaxureba) ufro mniSvnelovan faqtorad,vidre saqonlis an momsaxurebis fasis Semcirebas. mar-jve gamyidvels SeuZlia miiRos SekveTa samuSaos Ses-rulebaze sxva firmebTan konkurenciis pirobebSic ki,magram mxolod produqciis an momsaxurebis xarisxigansazRvravs im faqtors SeukveTavs Tu ara am samuSa-os ganmeorebiT momxmarebeli. zogierTi xelmZRvane-lebi Tvlian, rom momxmareblis molodinis dakmayo-fileba xarisxis mimarT iwvevs xarjebis zrdas mwar-moeblis mxridan, rac Tavis mxriv amcirebs mogebas anzrdis produqciis fass. aseTi pozicia efuZvneba ormosazrebas.

* momxmareblisaTvis misawodebeli produqciis ga-

172 173

is SigniT danakargebi)* defeqtze gaweuli gare danaxarjebi e.i. danaxar-

jebi romelic gaweulia produqtze misi gayidvis Sem-deg. (organizaciis gareT gaweuli danaxarjebi) yvelaam danaxarjebis jami gvaZlevs saerTo danaxarjebsxarisxze.

nax 35. xarisxze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semadgenelixarjebi.

xarisxze gaweuli saerTo danaxarjebi

produqciis

Seusabamobaze

danaxarjebi

Sida

danakargebi

produqciis

Sesabamisobaze

danaxarjebi

gamafrTxilebe

likontroli

gare

danakargebi

sxva danaxarjebi . samwuxarod mravali xelZRvane-lisaTvis aRniSnuli miuwvdamelia radgan umravlessawarmoebSi ar arsebobs xarisxze danaxarjebis Seg-rovebis da analizis sistema, miuxedavad imisa ,romaRniSnuli arc Tu ise rTulia da ukve sakmaod damuS-Avebuli da gamocdilia praqtikaSi. maTi erTxel gan-sazRvra , uzrunvelyofs xelmZRvanelobas marTvismZlavri instrumentiT.

xarisxze gaweuli ZiriTadi

danaxarjebi

imisaTvis rom sworad ganisazRvros danaxarjebi,unda iyos dasmuli

Semdegi ZiriTadi kiTxvebi:* ra aris danaxarjebi xarisxze da rogor warmoiS-

vebian isini?* aucilebelia Tu ara danaxarjebi xarisxze?* rogoria damokidebuleba xarisxze danaxarjebsa

da xarisxis miRwevas Soris?* warmoadgenen Tu ara xarisxze danaxarjebi, kompa-

niis brunvidan seriozul nawils?* ra sargebeli SeiZleba miviRoT xarisxze dana-

xarjebis analizidan?ganvixiloT TiToeuli sakiTxi ufro dawvrilebiT.xarisxze danaxarjebi Cveulebisamebr iyofa Semdeg

kategoriebad (nax.35):* xarjebi wunis ar daSvebisaTvis e.i. xarjebi rome-

lic dakavSirebulia raime saxis saqmianobasTan, rome-lic amcirebs an mTlianad gamoricxavs defeqtebis andanakargebis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas

* xarjebi kontrolze, e.i. miRweuli xarisxis donisgansazRvrasa da dadasturebisaTvis;

* defeqtze gaweuli Sida danaxarjebi (organizaci-

8.2. xarisxze gaweuli danaxar-

jebis Semadgeneli elemente-

bis zogadi CamonaTvali

A. gamafrTxilebel RonisZiebebze gaweuli xarjebi

A.1 xarisxis marTva* danaxarjebi xarisxis sistemis dagegmvaze.* masalebis, procesebis, produqtebis, teqnikur maxa-

siaTeblebis xarisxze momxmarebelTa molodinis gar-

174 175

B.3. Semowmebasa da testirebaze masalebi

B.4. procesis kontroli

B.5. SemkveTis mier produqciis miReba

B.6. saTadarigo nawilebis da nedleulis Semowmeba

B.7. produqciis auditi

C. defeqtze Sida danaxarjebi

C1 narCenebi* im masalebis Rirebuleba, romelic ar pasuxobs

xarisxis moTxovnebs.danaxarjebi maT utilizaciasa da gadatanaze.* narCenebis salikvidacio Rirebuleba xarjebSi

ar CaiTvleba.C2 gadakeTeba da remontiC3 danakargebis analizi.C4 urTierT daTmobebi.C5 xarisxis Semcireba. C6 gadakeTeba da narCenebi, romelic warmoiSva mom-

wodeblis braleulobiT.D Defeqtze gare danaxarjebiD1 Mmomxmareblis mier uaryofili produqcia.D2 sagarantio valdebulebeliD3 Pproduqciis modernizaciaD4 saCivrebi

daqmnaze gaweuli danaxarjebi.

A.2. procesis marTva* procesebis marTvis saSualebebis dagegmaze gawe-

uli xarjebi.* danaxarjebi procesebis SesaZleblobaTa Seswav-

laze.* danaxarjebi sawarmoo personalisaTvis teqniku-

ri xelSewyobis gansaxorcieleblad.

A.3. sxva danayofebis mier xarisxis dagegmva.* danaxarjebi romelic dakavSirebulia xarisxis

dagegmvis saqmianobasTan, im personalis mier, romelicar eqvemdebareba xarisxis mmarTvels.

A.4. sakontrolo da gamzomi mowyobilobebi.

A.5. momaragebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofa.* momaragebaze xelSekrulebebis gaformebamde masa-

lebisa da potenciur momwodebelTa Sefasebaze gawe-uli danaxarjebi.

A6 xarisxis sistemis auditi.

A.7. xarisxis gaumjobesebis programa

A.8. xarisxis sakiTxebis Seswavla

A.9. aRuricxavi xarjebi.

B. danaxarjebi kontrolze

B.1. Semowmebebi da cdebi

B.2. mowodebuli masalebis gamocda da Semowmeba

176 177

susti mxareebi

statusi

(xo, ara)

mizezebi

da gamaf-

rTxi

lebeli

RonisZie-

bebi

ar arsebobs ganviTarebis mkafio

strategia

moZvelebuli mowyobilobebi

dabali momgebianoba

finansuri saxsrebis ukmarisoba

aucilebeli strategiuli cvlilebe-

bis dafinansebis uunaroba

mgrZnobeloba konkurentuli wnexis

mimarT

mmarTvelobiTi personalis arakvali-

ficirebuloba

momsaxure personalis arasakmarisi

kvalifikacia

cudad gamarTuli sawarmoo procesi

axlis damuSavebasa da kvlevis sfero-

Si CamorCenebi

bazarze susti warmodgena

arasrulyofili marTvis struqtura

ar arsebobs mkafio Sinagani koordi-

nacia

kontrolis arasrulyofili sistema

xelmZRvanelobis informirebis efeq-

turi sistemis ararseboba

aRricxvis arasrulyofili sistema

operatiuli da finansuri dagegmvis

sistemis arasrulyofiloba

danarTi 1

SWOT _ analizi

danayofis dasaxeleba

Zlieri mxareebi statusi

(xo, ara)

gaZlie-

rebis sa-

Sualeba

1. Tanamedrove mowyobilobebi

2. adekvaturi finasuri resursebi

3. momsaxureTa kargi kvalifikacia

4. muSaobis unikaluri profesiuli una-

rCvevebi

5. Sesaferisi teqnologia

6. mcire danaxarjebi

7. misawvdomoba kompaniis resursebTan

8. upiratesoba konkurenciis sferoSi

9. klientebTan kargi reputacia

10. SekveTebis Sesrulebis vadebSi upi-

ratesoba

11. inovaciuri potenciali

12. marTvis efeqturi sistema

13. sawarmoo Seferxebebze swrafi reagi-

reba

14. marTvis sainformacio sistemis mog-

vareba

sxva Zlieri mxareebi

178 179

konkurentebis bazarze gasvla Seda-

rebiT dabali danaxarjebiT

Semcvleli saqonlis gayidvebis zrda

bazris neli zrda an misi stagnacia

momwodebelze didi damokidebuleba

resursebze fasebis zrda

valutis kursis araxelsayreli cvli-

lebebi

ZviradRirebuli kanonieri moTxovnebi

maRali damokidebuleba moTxovnis da

biznesis ganviTarebis sasicocxlo cik-

lis etapis Semcirebis mimarT

momwodeblisa da myidvelebis gazrdi-

li moTxovnebi

araxelsayreli demografiuli cvli-

lebebi

momxmarebelTa gadaxdisunarianobis

Semcireba

sxva gareSe saSiSroebebi

personalis dabali motivacia

personalis stimulirebis araefeqtu-

ri sistema

sxva susti mxareebi

gareSe potenciuri SesaZleblobebi

statusi

(xo, ara)

gamoyene-

bis gzebi

axal bazarze an segmetebze gasvlis

SesaZleblobebi

produqciis asortimentis gafarToeba

axali produqciis gamoSvebaSi perso-

nalis unar-Cvevebisa da teqnologiuri

nou-xaus gamoyeneba

axali teqnologiebis aTviseba

moTxovnilebis mkveTr zrdasTan da-

kavSirebiT swrafi ganviTarebis SesaZ-

lebloba

valutis kursis xelsayreli cvlile-

bebi

danaxarjebis Semcireba integraciis

xarjze

axal momwodeblebze gasvla

kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis mozid-

vis SesaZlebloba

sxva gareSe SesaZleblobebi

potenciuri gareSe saSiSroeba

statusi

(xo, ara)

gafrTxi-

lebis Ro-

nisZiebebi

180 181

3.

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5.

3.6.

3.7.

3.8.

meTodologiuri, samuSao da sakontrolo instruqciebi

SemdgomSi dokumentebis CaTvliT;

momxmarebelTa dakmayofilebiT analizis gatarebis wesi;

makompleqtebeli da sxva masalebis momwodebelTa mimarT

Sefasebis, SerCevis daSvebis da marTvis wesi;

qvemoijareTa mimarT, Sefasebis, SerCevis, daSvebis da mar-

Tvis wesi;

ZiriTadi saqmianobis dagegmarebis wesi;

saqmianobisa da produqciis xarisxis kontrolis wesi;

momwodebelTa mimarT xarisxis kontrolis wesi;

qvemoijareTa mimarT xarisxis kontrolis wesi;

SemsrulebelTa samuSao instruqciebi;

4.

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.

4.4.

4.5.

4.6.

4.7.

4.8.

4.9.

4.10.

4.11.

xarisxis Sesaxeb CanawerTa formebi maT Soris;

monacemebi xelmZRvanelTa mxridan analizis Catarebis Sesa-

xeb;

monacemebi ganaTlebis, swavlebis, unarCvevebis personalis

gamocdis Sesaxeb

monacemebi, romlebic mowmoben imaze, rom procesebi da

produqcia pasuxoben moTxovnebs

produqciis, procesebis, qmedebebis Sedegebis analizi rom-

lebic gamomdinareoben am analizidan.

proeqtirebis sawyisi monacemebi

proeqtirebisa da amisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebis anali-

zis Sedegebi

proeqtirebsa da amisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebis verifi-

kaciis (dadastureba) Sedegebi

momwodebelTa Sefasebisa da nebismieri RonisZiebebis,

Sedegebi romlebic warmoiqmnebian am SefasebaTa Sedegad

Sida auditisa da Semdgomi RonisZiebebis Sedegebi

miRebuli makoreqtirebeli qmedebebis Sedegebi

miRebuli gamafrTxilebeli qmedebebis Sedegebi

danarTi 2

xarisxis menejmentis sistemis

dokumentaciis CamonaTvali (xms)

# dokumenti

1.

1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

1.4.

1.5.

1.6.

1.7.

1.8.

1.9.

1.10.

1.11

1.12.

1.13.

1.14.

1.15.

1.16.

1.17.

1.18.

1.19.

xarisxis saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic Sesulia mTlianad an

nawilobriv Semdegi dokumentebi;

ISO 9001:2000 moTxovnaTa realizacia;

organizaciis ganviTerebis koncefcia;

xarisxis sferoSi organizaciis politika;

xarisxis sferoSi organizaciis miznebi;

miznebi xarisxis sferoSi (doneebis mixedviT: samsaxurebi,

danayofebi, procesebi);

xarisxis gegmebi;

organizaciuli diagramebi;

procesebis urTierTkavSiri;

procesebis aRweriloba;

normatiul-teqnikuri dokumentacia(specipikacia);

dokumentirebuli procedurebi;

meToduri, muSa, sakontrolo instruqciebi;

dokumentebi, romlebic moicaven Senagani urTierTqmedebaTa

aRwerilobas (Tanamdebobrivi instruqciebi, debulebeli

struqturuli danayofebis Sesaxeb);

samuSao grafikebi, gegmebi;

mowonebuli momwodeblebis da qvemoijareTa sia;

gamosacdeli da sainspeqcio gegmebi;

Canawerebi xarisxis Sesaxeb;

`xms~ dokumentebis reestri;

xarisxis Canaweris Sesaxeb formebis reestri;

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4.

2.5.

2.6.

`xms~ dokumentirebuli procedurebi, m.S;

dokumentaciis marTvis wesi;

xarisxis Sesaxeb Canawerebis marTvis wesi;

xarisxis menjmentis sistemis Sida auditis, dagegmarebis,

momzadebis Catarebis wesi;

SeusabamoebaTa marTvis wesi;

makoreqtirebeli qmedebebis gatarebis wesi;

gamafrTxilebeli saqmianobis gatarebis wesi;

182 183

danarTi 3

procesebis detaluri

klasipikaciis magaliTi

procesi daniSnuleba Sedegi sworad Sesrulebuli procesisa

3.1. Sesyidvebis

procesi iwyeba

momxmarebelTa

moTxovnebis

gansazRvriT da

mTavrdeba miRe-

biT (an/da mom-

xmareblis mier

produqtis, an

momsaxurebis

Sesyidvis dam-

tkicebis Sesa-

xeb).

3.1.1 Sesyidvebis

momzadebis pro-

cesi

3.1.2. momwodeb-

lis SerCevis

procesis moni-

toringis pro-

cesi

iseTi produqtis an

momsaxurebis Sesyid-

va, romelic akmayo-

filebs momxmare-

belTa moTxovnas

(damkveTi)

dadgindes Sesyidve-

bis moTxovna da

miznebi

ganisazRvros momwo-

debeli sawarmo an

organizacia, rome-

lic Seesabameba

moTxovnebs. 3.1.1.

_ gansazRvrulia SemkveTis mier Sesyid-

vebis moTxovna, Sesyidvebis mizani,Ses-

yidvebis strategia da Sesyidvebis dam-

tkicebis kriteriumebi;

_ SemuSavebulia kontraqti, romelic

gasagebad gansazRvravs mosalodnel Se-

degebs, mxareTa valdebulebebs da mova-

leobebs;

_ Sesyiduli iqneba mxolod is produq-

ti da/an momsaxureba, romelic daakmayo-

filebs momxmarebelTa dafiqsirebul

moTxovnebs;

_ Sesyidvis procesi iqneba meTvalyure-

obis qveS ise, rom parametrebi rogore-

bicaa: fasi, nomenklatura da xarisxi,

Seesabamebodnen momxmarebelTa moTxov-

nebs;

_ miwodebuli Sesyidva miRebulia.

_ gansazRvrulia momxmarebelTa mier

Sesyidvebisadmi moTxovna.

_ gansazRvrulia Sesyidvebis strategia;

_ gansazRvrulia Sesyidvebis miRebaTa

kriteriumebi.

_ gansazRvrulia Sesyidvebisadmi moT-

xovnebi;

_ momwodebeli SerCeulia misi SeTavaze-

bis safuZvelze;

_ momzadebulia kontraqti momwodebel-

Tan da Catarebulia masTan molaparake-

bebi.

3.1.3.

momwodeblis

monitoringis

procesi

3.1.4. Sesyidve-

bis miRebis

procesi (Ses-

yidvebis dam-

tkiceba dam-

kveTis mier)

3.2. miwodebis

procesi

3.3. SemkveTis

moTxovnaTa

gamovlenis

procesi

produqtis mowode-

bis procesSi mom-

wodeblis saqmiano-

bis Tvalyuri (an

momzadeba da miwo-

deba)

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

produqciisadmi wa-

yenebuli moTxovna

dakmayofilebulia,

miRebul iqnas Ses-

yiduli produqti

miewodos momxmare-

bels produqti, ro-

melic Seesabameba

mis moTxovnebs

egrovdes, damuSav-

des da dafiqsirdes

momxmareblis moT-

xovnebi, uzrunvel-

yofili iqnas maTi

ganxorcieleba pro-

duqciis sasicoc-

xlo ciklis mTlia-

ni periodis ganmav-

lobaSi ganisaz-

Rvros produqciis

konfiguraciis saba-

zo xazi.

_ momwodeblis da momxmareblis aucile-

beli erToblivi saqmianoba sruldeba

wesis Tanaxmad;

_ momwodebeli regularulad awvdis in-

formacias mowodebis msvlelobis Sesa-

xeb;

_ xorcieldeba mowodebis Sedegebis Se-

dareba xelSekrulebaSi aRniSnul moT-

xovnebTan;

_ miReba efuZneba Sesyidvebis strategias

da xorcieldeba SeTanxmebul moTxovna-

Ta Sesabamisad;

_ miwodebuli produqti an momsaxureba

maTi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT Seesabame-

ba moTxovnebs;

_ momxmarebels gaegzavna pasuxi mis moT-

xovnaze;

_ momzadebulia kontraqti miwodebaze;

_ Semsrulebeli darwmunebulia Tavis

SesaZleblobaSi, Seasrulos kontraqtiT

gaTvaliswinebuli yvela pirobebi (mom-

xmareblis yvela moTxovna).

_ dadgenilia momxmarebelTan kavSiris

arxebi;

_ gansazRvrulia da SeTanxmebulia mom-

xmarebelTa moTxovnebi;

_ Seiqmna meqanizmi produqciis konfigu-

raciis dadgenil sabazoxazSi momxmareb-

lis axal moTxovnaTa CarTvisa;

_ yvela cvlilebebi, romelic gamowveu-

lia produqciis Seqmnis teqnologiis ko-

reqciiT, an momxmareblis moTxovniT,

identificirebulia da maTi danergva

marTvis qveSaa.

184 185

3.4. damkveT-

Tan urTier-

Tqme-debis

procesi

3.4.1. eqsplua-

taciis uz-

runvelyofis

procesi

3.4.2. Semkve-

Tis mxardaWe-

ris procesi

produqti gamoyene-

bul iqnas Sesabamis

teqnikur garemoSi /

an bunebriv garemoSi

da uzrunvelyofili

iqnes produqciis

momxmareblis xel-

Sewyoba

momxmareblis mier

uzrunvelyofili iq-

nas produqciis ko-

reqtuli da efeqtu-

ri gamoyeneba misi eq-

spluataciis mTliani

periodis ganmavloba-

Si teqnikur da bu-

nebriv garemoSi

produqtis efeqtu-

rad gamoyenebis mxar-

daWeris mizniT Se-

iqmnas da uzrunvel-

yofili iqnas momxma-

reblisaTvis misaRebi

servisis done. mom-

xmareblisaTvis dax-

marebisa da konsul-

taciis uzrunvelsa-

yofad. produqtis ga-

moyenebis procesis

mxardaWerisaTvis

moTxovnaTa Sesabami-

sad

_ uzrunvelyofilia rwmuneba imaSi,

rom operacia produqtTan dakavSire-

biT Sesrulebulia sworad;

_ uzrunvelyofilia rwmuneba, rom

produqti Sesabamis teqnikur an buneb-

riv garemoSi imyofeba

_ momxmarebeli uzrunvelyofilia

daxmarebiT produqciis eqspluataciis

Sesaxeb konsultaciebiT;

_ produqciis saoperacio riskebi

(riskebi eqspluataciis procesSi)

identificirebulia da meTvalyureo-

bis qveSaa;

_ uzrunvelyofilia rwmuneba (daje-

rebuloba), rom produqti gamoyenebu-

li iqneba Sesabamis teqnikur da bu-

nebriv garemoSi moTxovnaTa Tanaxmad;


produqtis SesaZlebloba Seesabameba

momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs;

_ momxmareblis moTxovnebi momsaxure-

bis servisis sferoSi produqtis

mxardaWeris mizniT identificirebu-

lia da Tvalyuri edevneba servisis

procesSi;

_ ganisazRvreba momxmareblis servi-

siT da eqspluataciis procesSi pro-

duqciis mdgomareobiT dakmayofile-

bis done;

_ xorcieldeba operatiuli mxardaWe-

ra, produqtis moxmarebis dros ope-

ratiulad wydeba yvela problemebi,

fiqsirdeba momxmareblis kiTxvebi da

moTxovnebi;

_ momxmareblis moTxovnaTa Sesabami-

sad icvleba servisis momsaxurebis

saxeoba;

N.1. produqtis

damuSavebis

procesi

N1.1. produq-ciisadmi da

mis SemuSavebi-

sadmi Semkve-

Tis moTxovna-

Ta analizi

produqtis mi-

marT moTxovna-

Ta Seqmna (fun-

qcionaluri da

arafunqciona-

luri)

produqtis kom-

ponentebisadmi

moTxovnaTa Se-

muSaveba

_ SemuSavebulia produqti;

_ SemuSavebulia produqtis sacdeli

nimuSebi (prototipebi), romelic gviCve-

nebs. rom saboloo produqti bazirdeba

momxmarebelTa moTxovnebze;

_ uzrunvelyofilia Sesabamisoba moT-

xovnebsa da parametrebs Soris;

_ arsebobs obieqturi mtkicebulebebi

(magaliTad, miRebuli cdebis proces-

Si), romlebic amtkiceben moTxovnaTa

mimarT saboloo produqtis Sesabamiso-

bas;

_ uzrunvelyofilia dajerebuloba,

rwmuneba, rom produqtis gamoyeneba

ganxorcieldeba dadgenil teqnikur

da/an bunebriv garemoSi da igi miRebu-

li iqneba momxmareblis mier;

_ SemuSavebulia produqtisadmi teqni-

kuri moTxovnebi, romelic Seesabameba

momxmareblis dafiqsirebul moTxov-

nebs;

_ SemuSavebulia produqtis struqtura

(gansazRvrulia komponentebi da kavSi-

rebi maT Soris);

_ SemuSavebulia moTxovnebi produqci-

is TiToeuli komponentisadmi;

_ SemuSavebulia sacdeli nimuSebis

Seqmnis strategia, romelic gansaz-

Rvravs prioritetebs produqciis moT-

xovnaTa mimarT, misi realizaciis

dros;

_ moTxovnebi produqciis mimarT dam-

tkicebulia da aucileblobis SemTxve-

vaSi gaumjobesebuli iqneba;

_ moTxovnebi, SeTavazebuli gadawyveti-

lebebi da maTi urTierTdamokidebule-

ba dayvanilia yvela dainteresebul

mxareebamde (mag. momxmareblis, mimwo-

deblis da sxva);

186 187

N1.2. produqci-is specipikaciis

Seqmnis procesi

N.1.3. proeqtire-

bis procesi

produqtis

komponentebi-

sadmi moTxov-

naTa SemuSave-

ba

SemuSavdes

produqtisa da

komponentebi-

saTvis teqni-

kuri gadawyve-

tilebebi, rom-

lebic Seesaba-

mebian moTxov-

nebs, xolo es

Sesabamisoba

eqvemdebareba

gamocdas

_ SemuSavebulia komponentebisadmi da

maT Soris kavSirebisadmi moTxovnebi,

romlebic Seesabameba momxmarebelTa

moTxovnebs;

_ SemuSavebulia moTxovnebi, romlebic

eqvemdebareba analizs, koreqtirebas da

gazomvas;

_ dadgenilia, Tu rogor axdenen gavle-

nas es moTxovnebi teqnikur da bunebriv

garemosadmi moTxovnebze;

_ SemuSavebulia produqtis komponente-

bis sacdeli nimuSebis Seqmnis strate-

gia, romlebic gansazRvraven priorite-

tebs realizaciis dros dadgenil moT-

xovnaTa Sesabamisad.

_ komponentebisadmi moTxovnebi damtki-

cebulia da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi

iqneba srulyofili;

_ moTxovnebi, SemoTavazebuli gadawyve-

tilebebi da maTi urTierTobebi dayvani-

lia yvela dainteresebul mxareebisadmi

(mag. momxmarebeli, momwodebeli da sxva);

_ dagenilia Sesabamisoba produqtsa da

mis komponentebs Soris;

_ SemuSavebulia produqtis saerTo

struqtura da aRwerilia misi ZiriTadi

komponentebi;

_ komponentebisaTvis SemuSavebulia gare

da Sida interfeisebi (mag. damagrebis

konstruqcia, _ meqanikuri interfeisi,

signalebis parametrebi da saxeobebi _

eleqtro interfeisi, Tanamdebobrivi mo-

valeobebi da sxva)

_ SemuSavebulia komponentebis detalu-

ri dizaini, romelic saSualebas iZleva

Seiqmnas da gamoicados isini;

_ dadgenilia Sesabamisoba produqciasa

da mis komponentebisadmi moTxovnaTa da

teqnikur gadawyvetilebaTa winadadebebs

Soris.

N.1.4.sakonstruq-

toro dokumen-

taciis Seqmnis

procesi

N.1.5. teqnolo-

giuri dokumen-

taciis Seqmnis

procesi

N.1.6. komponen-

tebis gamocdis

procesi

Seiqmnas komponente-

bis nimuSebi da Se-

mowmdes, rom isini

zustad asaxaven sap-

roeqto moTxovnebs

SemuSavdes komponen-

tebis, an mTliani

produqciis Seqmnis

teqnologia

gatardes produqtis

komponentebis gamoc-

da dadgenil moT-

xovnaTa Sesabamiso-

baze

_ Seiqmnas verifikaciaTa kriteriu-

mebi;

_ SemuSavebulia da Seiqmnilia kom-

ponentebi;

_ gansazRvrulia Sesabamisoba sap-

roeqto moTxovnebsa da komponen-

tTa Tvisebebs Soris;

_ ganxorcielebulia komponentTa

verifikacia;

_ gansazRvrulia komponentebis Seq-

mnis operaciaTa Tanmimdevroba;

_ gansazRvrulia TiToeuli opera-

ciis Sinaarsi;

_ gansazRvrulia danadgarebi da

TiToeuli operaciis xelsawyo;

_ gansazRvrulia TiToeuli opera-

ciisaTvis teqnologiuri reJimebi;


SemuSavebuli teqnologia Seesabame-

ba moTxovnebs;

_ SemuSavebuli miRebis kriteriume-

bi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen das-

turs produqciis komponentebis

moTxovnaTa mimarT Sesabamisobaze;

_ produqtis komponentebi gamocdi-

lia gamomuSavebuli kriteriumebis

Sesabamisad;

_ gamocdis Sedegebi dokumentire-

bulia;

_ SemuSavebulia qmedeba uvargis

produqciis mimarT (mag. gadakeTeba

ganmeorebiTi gamocdis Sedegad Se-

usabamobebi)

_ aris rwmuneba, rom uvargis pro-

duqciis mimarT qmedebis strategia

realizdeba;

188 189

N.1.7. nakeTobis

gamocdis pro-

cesi

П.1. sawarmoo

dagegmarebis

procesi

П.2. sawarmoo

lojistikis

procesebi

Catardes produqci-

is gamocda dadge-

nil moTxovnaTa Se-

sabamisad

produqciis vadaSi

miwodebis kuTxiT

kontraqtis Sesru-

lebis uzrunvelyo-

fa

uzrunvelyofili iq-

nas sawarmoo pro-

cesi da gegmiur va-

debSi saWiro pro-

duqtebis miwodebis

procesi

_ SemuSavebulia produqciis miRe-

bis kriteriumebi, romlebic uz-

runvelyofen produqciisadmi waye-

nebuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisobis

mtkicebas.

_ produqti gamocdilia SemuSave-

buli kriteriumebis Sesabamisad;

_ gamocdebis Sedegebi dokumenti-

rebulia;

_ SemuSavebulia uvargis produq-

ciasTan moqcevis strategia (dama-

tebiTi gamocdis Sedegad gamovle-

nili xarvezebis Sesworeba)

_ aris rwmuneba, rom uvargis pro-

duqciasTan moqcevis strategia

realizdeba.

_ SemuSavebulia sawarmoo dageg-

marebis strategia;

_ SemuSavdeba da tardeba monito-

ringi TiToeul sawarmoo SekveTis

gegmis Sesrulebaze (produqciis

partia);

_ sabiTumo da sacalo aRricxvis

monitoringis safuZvelze uzrun-

velyofilia rwmuneba gegmis Ses-

rulebaze.

_ SemuSavebulia sawarmoo lojis-

tikis strategia;

_ SemuSavebulia, danergilia da

eqvemdebareba monitorings sawyob-

Si da warmoebaSi produqtebis

moZraobis aRricxvis meqanizmi;

_ Seqmnilia sawarmoo lojistikis

infrastruqtura;


infrastruqturis Seqmna Seesabame-

ba moTxovnebs.

П.2.1. saWiro (ma-

kompleqtebeli)

nawilebis miRe-

bis, Senaxvis da

gacemis procesi

П.2.2 Sida saw-

rmoo transpor-

tirebis da Se-

naxvis procesi

П.2.3. warmoebaSi

produqciis

identificire-

bis procesi

П.3. teqnologi-

uri procesi

ganvaTavsoT Ses-

yidvebi da gavceT

warmoebaSi, sawar-

moo SekveTis Ta-

naxmad, makompleq-

tebeli nawilebi

Tanaxmad sawar-

moo SekveTebis

Sesrulebis gegmi-

sa uzrunvelyofi-

li iqnas Semoma-

vali produqte-

biT teqnologiu-

ri procesebis Ti-

Toeuli operacia

uzrunvelyofili

iqnas produqciis

aRricxva warmoe-

baSi.

produqciis Seqmna

sawarmoo SekveTis

gegmisa da moT-

xovnaTa Sesabami-

sad.

_ miRebuli, Senaxuli da warmoebaSi ga-

cemuli produqcia identificirdeba, aRi-

ricxeba da Tvalyuri edevneba;

_ uzrunvelyofilia rwmuneba, rom Senax-

vis pirobebi Seesabameba produqciisadmi

wayenebul moTxovnaTa pirobebs.

_ uzrunvelyofilia rwmuneba, rom tran-

sportirebis da Senaxvis pirobebi Seesa-

bameba produqtebisadmi moTxovnebs;

_ transportirebuli (gadaziduli) da

Senaxuli produqcia identificirdeba,

Tvalyuri edevneba da aRiricxeba.

_ SemuSavebulia da cxovrebaSi gatare-

bulia identifikaciis strategia;

_ identifikacia xorcieldeba strate-

giis Sesabamisad;

_uzrunvelyofilia rwmuneba, rom pro-

duqciaze Tvalyurisdevna xorcieldeba

strategiis Sesabamisad.

_ Seqmnis procesSi dadgenili teqnolo-

giuri procesis maxasiaTeblebi srulde-

ba, stabiluria da eqvemdebareba monito-

rings;

_SemuSavebis procesSi dadgenili teqno-

logiuri dokumentacia, operaciebi, maTi

Sesrulebis reJimebi sruldeba da eqvem-

debareba monitorings;

_ arsebobs rwmuneba teqnologiuri pro-

cesebis SesrulebaSi marTvadi pirobebi-

sa.

190 191

П.4. wunTan moq-

cevis procesi

П.5. damxmare sa-

warmoo procesi

П.П.3. xarisxis garantiebis uz-

runvelyofis

procesebi

П.П.7. auditis

procesi

aRikveTos warmoeba-

Si wuniani produq-

ciis gamoyeneba

uzrunvelyofili iq-

nas teqnologiuri

procesis Sesruleba,

sawarmoo SekveTis

Sesrulebis gegmis

Sesabamisad

uzrunvelyofili iq-

nas garantiebi imisa,

rom produqtebi da

procesebi Seesabame-

ba maT mimarT waye-

nebul moTxovnebs

uzunvelyofili iq-

nas damoukidebeli

Semowmeba, SerCeuli

produqtebis da/an

procesebis kontraq-

tis pirobebis moT-

xovnis Tanaxmad

_ wuniani produqcia identificir-

deba;

_ Seqmnilia da danergilia xaris-

xis garantiis uzrunvelsayofad

ganxorcielebuli qmedebaTa sta-

tegia;

_ kontraqtis moTxovnaTa mimarT

Seusabamoba da problemebi iden-

tificirebulia;

_ obieqturad vericifirdeba mkac-

ri Sesabamisoba produqtis, pro-

cesis da qmedebebisa standarte-

bis, procedurebebisa da moTxov-

nebis Tanaxmad.

_ SemuSavebulia da danergilia

auditis strategia;

_ auditi tardeba dadgenil vadeb-

Si;

_ SerCeuli produqtebis Sesabami-

soba kontraqtiT gaTvaliswine-

bul moTxovnaTa mimarT xorciel-

deba strategiis Sesabamisad.

_ auditi xorcieldeba damoukide-

beli specialistebis saSualebiT.

(audits axorcieleben damoukide-

beli specialistebi)

M.1. sawarmos

procesebis da

funqciaTa mar-

Tvis procesi

M.2. proeqtis

marTvis proce-

si

M.3. xarisxis me-

nejmenti

M.4.riskis me-

nejmenti

organizaciis fun-

qciis da nebismieri

procesis monitorin-

gis ganxorcieleba

misi ganviTarebis

mizniT

proeqtis Sesasru-

leblad aucilebe-

li qmedebebis, dava-

lebebis da resurse-

bis identificireba,

monitoringi da kor-

dinacia, romlebic

Seesabameba moTxov-

nebs

ganxorcieldes pro-

duqtis, an momsaxu-

rebis monitoringi

procesis damTavre-

bis etapze da dadas-

turdes, rom isini

akmayofileben mom-

xmarebels

_ identificirebulia qmedebebi da dava-

lebebi, romlebic Sesrulebuli unda

iyos procesebis, miznebisa da funqcie-

bis misaRwevad;

_ Sefasebulia procesebis miznebis miR-

wevaTa SesaZlebloba arsebuli SezRu-

duli miRwevadi resursebis arsebobis

pirobebSi;

_ tardeba qmedebaTa ganxorcielebisa

da davalebaTa Sesrulebis monitoringi.

_ gansazRvrulia proeqtis mixedviT sa-

muSaoTa moculoba;

_ Sefasebulia SesaZlebloba proeqtis

miznebis misaRwevad xelmisawvdom da

SezRudul resursebis arsebobisas.

_ SemuSavebulia da damtkicebulia pro-

eqtis Sesrulebis gegmebi;

_ proeqtis Sesruleba eqvemdebareba mo-

nitorings. monitoringis Sedegebi doku-

mentirdeba. (angariSebis saxiT)

_ dadgenilia xarisxis mimarT miznebi,

romlebic eyrdnoba momxmareblis mier

gansazRrul moTxovnebze produqciis

sasicocxlo ciklis yovel stadiisaT-

vis;

_ tardeba procesebis monitoringi xa-

risxis sferoSi dadgenili miznebis mi-

marT.

_ SemuSavebulia strategia xarisxis

sferoSi dadgenili miznebis misaRwevad.

dadgenilia samuSaos moculoba

proeqtis riskis menejmentisaTvis.

192 193

literatura

1. ; m. Ì. Ã. Êðóãëîâ; Ã. Ì.Øèøêîâ; Ìåíåäæìåíò êà÷åñòâà êàêîí åñòü. Ìîñêâà Eksmo Education Åêñìî 2007

2. Óïðàâëåíèå êà÷åñòâîì. Äæåèìñ Ýâàíñ.TÎTAL QUALITYþíèòè Ìîñêâà 2007.

3. Ìàðêåòèíã â òåëåêîìóíèêàöèÿõ. Í. Ï. Ðåçíèêîâà Ìîñêâà 1997.Èçä. «Ðàäèî è ñâÿçü»

4. Êà÷åñòâî: óïóùåííàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü? Ò. Êîíòè, ã. Êàëóãà ÐÈÀ«Ñòàíäàðòû è êà÷åñòâî» 2007

5. n. samsonia. ssr kavSiris energetikis ekonomikaq. Tbilisi 1989w.

6. n. RibraZe, m. sulaberiZe . ekonomika da marke-tingi telekomunikaciaSi q. Tbilisi. 2005w

7. n . samsonia, d. ComaxiZe. , m. gudiaSvili saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsis sawarmoTa ekonomika. Tbi-lisi 2003w.

8. d. ComaxiZe. saqarTvelos energetikuli usaf-rTxoeba. Tbilisi. 2003w

danarTi 4

organizaciis ganviTarebis

koncefciis stuqturis magaliTi

#

dokumentebi

1.

2.

2.1.

2.2.

3.

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.4.1.

3.4.2.

3.4.3.

3.4.4.

3.5.

3.6.

3.7.

4.

4.1.1.

4.1.2.

4.1.3.

4.1.4.

4.1.5.

5.

5.1.

5.2.

5.3.

5.4.

5.5.

5.6.

6.

7.

daniSnuleba;

saerTo nawili; gare pirobebi;

Sinagani pirobebi;

miznobrivi bazari; miznobrivi bazari;

miznobriv bazris moTxovnilebaTa analizi;

miznobrivi bazris zrdis mokle daxasiaTeba;

organizaciis sabazro SesaZleblobebis analizi;

organizaciis mimdinare mdgomareoba;

samuSao gamocdileba;

organizaciis ZiriTadi partniorebi;

organizaciis ZiriTadi konkurentebi;

organizaciis struqtura;

personali;

organizaciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi sastarto pirobebi;

organizaciis miznebi da amocanebi marketingis sferoSi;

ZiriTadi procesis ganxorcielebis sferoSi;

personalis sferoSi;

aRricxvisa da marTvis sferoSi;

xarisxis marTvis sferoSi;

saqmianobis mimarTulebaTa ganviTarebis strategia axal miznobriv bazarze organizaciis muSaobis saerTo strategia;

marketinguli strategia;

ZiriTadi procesebis ganxorcieleba;

administraciuli marTva;

strategia xarisxis sferoSi;

personalis marTva;

struqturuli cvlilebebis da saStato erTeulebis

zrdis gegma;

organizaciis misia

194

ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaecema warmoebas 26.02.2009. xelmoweriliadasabeWdad 12.03.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/8/pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 11,5/ tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~,Tbilisi, kostavas 77

Documents

n. RibraZe n. samsonia - gtu.gegtu.ge/book/energetika/30_xarisxis menejmenti.pdf · lesi saswavleblebis profesor-maswavleblebisaT-vis, kompaniebisa da sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelTaTvis