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Pengantar Elektronika Daya

IWJ-2006: Perkuliahan 1 1

IWJIWJ--2006: Perkuliahan 12006: Perkuliahan 1 11

POWER ELECTRONICSPOWER ELECTRONICS

Elektronika DayaElektronika Daya

Istanto W. DjatmikoIstanto W. DjatmikoElektro, FT UNYElektro, FT UNY


Signal processing

Electronics

Electromagnetics

Power systems

Circuit theorySolid-state physics

Systems & Control theory

Electric machines

Simulation & Computing

Power

Electronics

Scope of Power ElectronicsScope of Power Electronics




Lingkup Elektronika DayaLingkup Elektronika Daya

Elektronika Elektronika (electronics)(electronics)

Ketenagaan Ketenagaan (power)(power)

Pengaturan Pengaturan (control)(control)

mempelajari piranti semikonduktor dan rangkaiannya pada tingkat daya yang kecil

membahas tentang pembangkitan, transmisi, distribusi energi listrik, dan mesin listrik

membahas stabilitas dan karakteristik respon dari suatu sistem rangkaian-tertutup


Elektronika DayaElektronika Daya

merupakanmerupakan aplikasiaplikasi daridari lingkuplingkup elektronikaelektronikayangyang mempelajarimempelajari pengaturanpengaturan dandan konversikonversilistriklistrik dengandengan dayadaya yangyang besarbesar




What We Mean by Power Electronics?

Uses semiconductor devices as switches for power conversion from one type of source to another.

Uses solid-state electronics for efficient control of the amount of power and energy flow.

Applies control techniques in order to obtain the desired input and output requirements.

We can say that Power Electronics combine Power, Electronics and Control.

Thus we can define Power Electronics as the applications of solid-state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power.

Rashid M. (2001)


Power Electronics SystemPower Electronics System

Consists of an input source and a load. One or more converters for power conversion. Power semiconductor devices, which are used as switches to perform the power conversion. A gating circuit to generate the gate drive signals for the switching devices. A feedback control circuit implemented either in analog and/or digital electronics. One or more static-switches acting as a circuit breaker.




Circuits/systems to process and control the flow of electrical energy/power from input source optimally suited to user load

LoadPower

Processor

Controller

Power Input Power output

Control Signals

Reference signal

Measurements (v and/or i)

Power Electronic system

(v, i)i (v, i)o

What is Power Electronics?

88IWJIWJ--2006: Perkuliahan 12006: Perkuliahan 1

Power Input: from electric utility, 1 or 3 phase, 50 or 60 Hz: ac inputfrom dc supply/battery: dc input from previous converter output: ac/dc input

Power Output: to load (load can be of R or L or R-L nature)output parameters: dc/ac voltage, dc/ac current, frequency & numberof phase

Power Converter Core : Using BJT/ MOSFET/ SCR/ GTO/ IGBT/ MCT as switch, Diode, L and C as energy manipulatorsBecause converter core used switches, the electronic circuits are also called Switch-mode Power Supplies

Converter 1 Converter 2Energystorage elements

i/p o/p

Power Processor

Power Input: from electric utility, 1 or 3 phase, 50 or 60 Hz: ac inputfrom dc supply/battery: dc input from previous converter output: ac/dc input

Power Output: to load (load can be of R or L or R-L nature)output parameters: dc/ac voltage, dc/ac current, frequency & numberof phase

Power Converter Core : Using BJT/ MOSFET/ SCR/ GTO/ IGBT/ MCT as switch, Diode, L and C as energy manipulatorsBecause converter core used switches, the electronic circuits are also called Switch-mode Power Supplies


i/p o/p

Power Processor



i/p o/p

Power Processor




Fungsi Semikonduktor dalam Elektronika DayaFungsi Semikonduktor dalam Elektronika Daya

pensakelaran (switching)pengubah (converting)pengatur (controlling)


Esensi Rangkaian Elektronika DayaEsensi Rangkaian Elektronika Daya

• Pengaturan tegangan dengan potensiometer

Untuk mengubah tegangan V1 menjadi V2, dimana V2 < V1 terdapat rugi daya sebesar I2 (R1 + R2).

V1

V2

R1

R2

>

I




• Pengaturan tegangan dengan pensakelaran (switching)

electronic switching

V1 V2

Untuk mengubah tegangan V1 menjadi V2, TIDAK TERDAPAT RUGI DAYApada elemen electronic switching


Apakah electronic switching itu ?Apakah electronic switching itu ?

(1) Power Diode(2) Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) or Thyristor(3) Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO)(4) Power Bipolar Junction Transistor (Power BJT)(5) Power Metal-Oxide Field-Effect Transistor (Power

MOSFET)(6) Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) (7) Mos-Controlled Thyristor (MCT)

As electronic switching, there is two conditions, ie. ON and OFF



1313IWJIWJ--2006: Perkuliahan 12006: Perkuliahan 1

Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches


Power diodesPower diodes CathodeAnode+ vD –

iDCircuit symbol

VTH~ 0

v

i

IR~0

Ideal

v

i

VBR1/Ron

VTHIR

Real linear

FB

RB




Syarat Diode ON/OFF

ON, jika :A dan K dibias maju (FB), dimana A(+) dan K (-).

VAK = 0, IA = Ibeban

OFF, jika : A dan K dibias mundur (RB), dimana A(-) dan K (+). VAK = Vsumber, IA = 0


• Forward-biased region, where vD > 0. ID is very small if vD < VTH (threshold or cut-in or turn-on or knee voltage). ID is large if vD > VTH. The diode conducts fully and ID is limited externally.

• Reverse-biased region, where vD < 0. The reverse leakage current, IR (or IS) is very small, in the range of micro- to milli-ampere due to the flow of the thermally generated carriers.

• Breakdown region, where vD < -VBR (breakdown voltage). VBR is avalanche or zener voltage, where avalanche breakdown begins to occur. The reverse current increases rapidly with a small change in reverse voltage beyond VBR. If the current is limited external, the diode is not spoiled as long as the power dissipation (ID*VBR) < PD,max.

• Comparisons: VTH: power diodes: ~1V; signal diodes: ~0.7Vforward i-v: power diodes: linear; signal diodes: exponentialRon (ohmic resistance): power diodes: >0Ω; signal diodes: ~0Ω.




Voltage and current waveforms for a power diode driven by currents with a specified diF/dt and a specified diR/dt.

IF

tQrr

trrIleak

VR

Vrrt1 t2

t3t4

t5

VFP

Von

v(t)

i(t)

Irr

0.25Irr

diF/dt diR/dt

0

0Tens of volts

Qrr ≈ Irrtrr/2, Ileak ≈ 0

Switching characteristics


Power TransistorsPower Transistors

vCE

iC

on

off

Ideal

+vCE

-

iCC

EB

IB

Current driven




ON, jika :

Terminal C dan E dibias maju, polaritas C dan E tergantung jenis transistornya.

Arus IB > 0

VCE = 0 dan IC = Ibeban

Syarat Transistor ON/OFFSyarat Transistor ON/OFF

OFF, jika :

Terminal C dan E dibias maju, polaritas C dan E tergantung jenis transistornya.

Arus IB = 0

VCE = VCC = Vsumber dan IC = 0


Power MOSFETPower MOSFET

vDS

iDon

off

Ideal

vDS

IDS5

VDS = VGS-VGS(TH)

Ohmic region

Active region

Cut-off region

iD

BVDSS

VGS1

VGS5

VGS4

VGS3

VGS2

VGS < VGS(TH)

Incr

easi

ng

V GS

VDS<VGS-VGS(TH)

VGS > VGS(TH)

VDS >VGS-VGS(TH)

IDS4

IDS3

IDS2

IDS1

Gate

Drain

Source

Tipe N

Voltage driven




ON, jika :

Terminal D dan S dibias maju, polaritas D dan S tergantung jenis mosfetnya.

Tegangan VGS > 0

VDS = 0 dan ID = Ibeban

Syarat MOSFET ON/OFFSyarat MOSFET ON/OFF

OFF, jika :

Terminal D dan S dibias maju, polaritas D dan S tergantung jenis mosfetnya.

Tegangan VGS = 0

VDS = VDD = Vsumber dan ID = 0


Thyristors (SCR)Thyristors (SCR)

Cathode

Anode

Gate

iG

iAvAK

+

-

Two-transistor model

G

J1

J2

J3

A

K

IA1IA2

IG

Q1

Q2

vAK

iA

VH

IH

Forward blocking

Forward on-state

IBO

VBO

iG2 iG1 iG= 0

iG increase

VRWM

IL

V’ RWM

v

i

VF~ 0

IR~ 0

Ideal

FBRB

Reverse blocking




Syarat SCR ON/OFF

ON, jika :A dan K dibias maju (FB), dimana A(+) dan K (-).

Arus IG > 0


OFF, jika : A dan K dibias mundur (RB), dimana A(-) dan K (+).

Arus IG > 0

VAK = Vsumber, IA = 0


TRIACMT2

MT1G

iG

+i

+v

Quadrant IMT2 +

Quadrant IIIMT2 -

+VBO

-VBO+IH

-IHv

i

VF~ 0

IR~ 0

Ideal

FBRB




Syarat TRIAC ON/OFF

A dan K dibias maju (FB), dimana A(+) dan K (-).ON, jika :Arus IG > 0 VAK = 0, IA = Ibeban

A dan K dibias mundur (RB), dimana A(-) dan K (+).

ON, jika : Arus IG < 0


A dan K dibias maju (FB), dimana A(+) dan K (-).

OFF, jika :Arus IG = 0


A dan K dibias mundur (RB), dimana A(-) dan K (+).

OFF, jika : Arus IG = 0



Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

n-channel IGBT

G

C

E

pnp BJT

n-channel MOSFET

Equivalent circuits

Circuit symbols:

n-ChannelGate (G)

Drain(D)

Source(S)

G

C

Eor

n-channel IGBT

p-channel IGBT

G

C

E

npn BJT

p-channel MOSFET

G

D

SG

C

E

p-channel IGBT

or




Due to J1 forward bias

actual

linearized

vGE

iC

VGE(th)

Transfer curve

Active region

Cut-off region vCE

iC

BVCES

VGE1

VGE5

VGE4

VGE3

VGE2

VGE < VGE(th)

VGE(th) ~ 3- 8V, VGE(max)= ±20 to 25V, VCE(sat)~ 2- 4V

VGE > VGE(th)VRM

~1V

A few tens of volts due J1breakdown

Increasing VGE


Karakteristik dan Simbol Semikonduktor Daya




Types of Power ConvertersTypes of Power Converters

acac--dcdc converter,converter, alsoalso calledcalled asas aa rectifierrectifier..acac--acac converter,converter, alsoalso calledcalled asas anan acac voltagevoltage

controllercontroller..dcdc--dcdc converter,converter, alsoalso calledcalled asas aa dcdc chopperchopper..dcdc--acac converter,converter, alsoalso calledcalled asas anan inverterinverter..


Konversi DC

Konversi AC ke DC

- ~ Konversi DC ke AC

Konversi AC

- ~

• Penyearah tak-terkendali (rectifier)• Penyearah terkendali (konverter AC-DC).• Pengatur tegangan arus bolak-balik (konverter AC-AC).• Pemangkas arus searah (konverter DC-DC atau chopper DC).• Inverter (konverter DC-AC).

Jenis Rangkaian Elektronika DayaJenis Rangkaian Elektronika Daya




Penyearah Tak-terkendali (penyearah) merupakan rangkaian yangmengubah sumber tegangan arus bolak-balik (AC) menjadi sumbertegangan arus searah (DC) tetap

Penyearah terkendali (konverter) merupakan rangkaian yangmengubah sumber tegangan AC menjadi sumber tegangan DC yangdapat dikendalikan/diatur.

Pengatur tegangan AC (AC-regulator) merupakan suatu rangkaianyang digunakan untuk mengubah sumber tegangan AC tetap menjadisumber tegangan AC yang dapat dikendalikan/diatur

Pemangkas arus searah (chopper) merupakan suatu rangkaian yangdigunakan untuk mengubah sumber tegangan DC tetap menjadi sumbertegangan DC yang dapat dikendalikan/diatur.

Inverter merupakan suatu rangkaian yang digunakan untuk mengubahsumber tegangan DC tetap menjadi sumber tegangan AC yang dapatdikendalikan/diatur.


ReviewReview

1. Jelaskan fungsi semikonduktor daya dalam rangkaian elektronika daya !

2. Jelaskan keuntungan sakelar elektronik dalam rangkaian elektronika daya !

3. Jelaskan kapan diode ON dan OFF !

4. Jelaskan kapan transistor ON dan OFF !

5. Mengapakah transistor disebut piranti current driven ?

6. Jelaskan kapan MOSFET ON dan OFF !

7. Mengapakah MOSFET disebut piranti voltage driven ?

8. Jelaskan kapan SCR ON dan OFF !

9. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan rangkaian penyearah (rectifier) ?

10. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan rangkaian konverter ?

11. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan rangkaian ac regulator ?

12. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan rangkaian chopper ?

13. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan rangkaian inverter ?

14. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan rangkaian inverter ?

15. Sebutkan aplikasi rangkaian elektronika daya dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari !




Terima KasihTerima Kasih

Alhamdulillah, Wassalamu’alaikum

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