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Fupus Krltk`otdus ]lstk`lj

Fupus krltk`otdsus slstk`lj (systk`lm fupus krythk`otdsus) (]FK) `krupojoa pkayojlt

labfo`osl outdl`ua jrdals gkaeoa ktldfdel yoae nkfu` gljktohul skrto `oalbkstosl jflals,

 pkrcofoaoa pkayojlt goa prdeadsls yoae soaeot nkroeo`. Ykayojlt lal tkruto`o `kaykroae woaltouslo rkprdgujsl gkaeoa oaejo jk`otloa yoae mujup tlaeel. Bojtdr ekaktlj, l`uadfdelj goa

hdr`daof skrto flaejuaeoa glgueo nkrpkroa gofo` potdblsldfdel ]FK.?

Yotdekaksls goa Ktldfdel

@kjoals`k potdekaksls ]FK `krupojoa latkrojsl gorl eka tkrsoaejo goa bojtdr

flaejuaeoa yoae `kayknonjoa rkspda l`ua onadr`of. ^kspda tkrsknut `kflputl (?) Ojtlvosl

l`ualtos laaotk (skf gkagrltlj) dfkh MpE GAO, GAO pogo jd`pfkjs l`ua, goa ^AO pogo prdtkla

skfb-oatleka: (>) pkauruaoa o`noae ojtlvosl gorl skf l`ua ogoptlb (fl`bdslt spkslblj oatleka W goa

N): rkeufosl goa lahlnlsl lakbkjtlb gorl MG7+ goa MG8+ skf W: pkaeuroaeoa nkrslhoa skf opdptdsls

goa jd`pfkjs l`ua. ]kfb-oatleka gopot gljkaofl dfkh slstk` l`ua pogo pkr`ujooa skf opdptdtlj:

skhlaeeo oatleka, outdoatlndgl goa jd`pfkj l`ua `kaktop pogo coaejo wojtu poacoae,

`kayknonjoa labfo`osl goa pkayojlt nkrjk`noae.>

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Ojtlvosl l`ua gorl skf yoae nkrslrjufosl `oupua `kfkjot pogo corlaeoa glskrtol gkaeoa

 pkfkposoa tu`dr akmrdsls bomtdr  (WAB) prdlabfo`otdr, latkrbkrda tlpk ? goa > (LBAs), goa sltdjla

N stl`ufotdr fl`bdslt (NFy]) goa latkrfkujla (LF)-?9. Fupus W goa skf aoturof jlffkr (AJ) eoeof

`k`prdgujsl LF-> goa troasbdr`lae erdwth bomtdr (WEB) yoae `kaelagujsl rkeufosl MG7+ goa

skf lahlnlsl MG8+. Ojlnot onadr`ofltos lal ogofoh prdgujsl gorl oatlndgl potdekalj goa jd`pfkjs

l`ua. Ojtlvosl jd`pfk`ka goa skf l`ua `kayknonjoa pkfkposoa mhk`dtoxla, sltdjla, mhk`djla,

 pkptlgo vosdojtlb goa kazl` pkrusoj. Yogo labfo`osl jrdals, oju`ufosl gorl erdwth bomtdr  goa

 prdguj djslgosl jrdals `kayknonjoa jkrusojoa corlaeoa lrkvkrslnkf pogo efd`krufus, poru goa

 corlaeoa folaayo.>

]FK `krupojoa pkayojlt `uftlekalj. Yogo laglvlgu yoae rkatoa, jd`nlaosl gorl nkrnoeol

eka adr`of yoae `oslae-`oslae nkrjdatrlnusl tkrhogop skgljlt rkspda l`ua yoae onadr`of. Cljo

vorlosl tkrsknut tkroju`ufosl `ojo ojoa tl`nuf pkayojlt. Gkblslkasl hd`dzledt tkrhogop

jd`pdaka jd`pfk`ka M?q,M>,M7 `krupojoa prkglspdslsl juot tkrcoglayo ]FK. Nknkropo eka

`k`pkaeoruhl `oalbkstosl jflals pkayojlt (mdatdhayo akbrltls glpkaeoruhl dfkh Bm^ >O/=O,

@NF, YGMG?: ortrltls goa vosjufltls glpkaeoruhl @MY-?)>

Uoalto fknlh `ugoh tkrjkao fupus jorkao `k`lfljl rkspda oatlndgl yoae fknlh tlaeel.

Uoalto yoae tkrkjspds jdatroskpsl yoae `kaeoaguae kstkrdeka rksljdayo `kalaejot ?,>-> jofl

flpot. Nknkropo stl`ufus flaejuaeoa gopot `k`pkaeoruhl ]FK. Yoporoa uftrovldfkt `kayknonjoa

bfork ]FK pogo ho`plr 59% poslka, vlrus Kpstkla Norr `uaejla `krupojoa oeka labkjslus yoae

gopot `k`lmu ]FK.>

Kplgk`ldfdel

Laslgka tohuaoa ]FK gl O`krljo skrljot sknksor ;,? pkr ?99.999 pkaguguj, sk`katoro

 prkvofkasl ]FK gl O`krljo glfopdrjoa ;> josus pkr ?99.999 pkaguguj, gkaeoa rosld ekagkr

woalto goa fojl-fojl oatoro 99> gl ^][Y Mlptd @oaeuajusu`d (^]M@) Cojorto, glgopotjoa

?.7% josus ]FK gorl tdtof juacuaeoa poslka gl pdfljflalj ^ku`otdfdel Ykayojlt Gofo`7,

sk`katoro gl ^] Hosoa ]ogljla Noaguae tkrgopot >

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@oalbkstosl jflals ]FK soaeot fuos, `kflputl jktkrflnotoa juflt goa `ujdso, skagl, goroh,

 coatuae, poru, elacof, susuaoa sorob pusot (]]Y) goa slstk` l`ua. Glfopdrjoa nohwo pogo ?999

 poslka ]FK gl Krdpo yoae glljutl skfo`o ?9 tohua, `oalbkstosl jflals tkrnoayoj nkrturut-turut

ogofoh ortrltls sknksor 78,?%, ruo` `ofor =?,?%, akbrdpotl >5,>,

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otou

 n. 

]lflagkr skfufkr 3 - gopot nkrupo slflagkr krltrdslt, hk`defdnla,

eroaufor, tunufor otou mo`puroa.

Eoaeeuoa akurdfdel o.  Jkcoae yoae nujoa glsknonjoa dfkh dnot-dnotoa otou eoaeeuoa

`ktondflm (`lsofayo urk`lo, jktdoslgdsls, otou jktlgoj-skl`noaeoakfkjtrdflt).

otou

 n. 

Ysljdsls yoae nujoa glsknonjoa dfkh dnot-dnotoa otou eoaeeuoa

`ktondflm (`lsofayo urk`lo, jktdoslgdsls, otou jktlgoj-skl`noaeoa

kfkjtrdflt).

Eoaeeuoa hk`otdfdelj o.  Oak`lo hk`dfltlj gkaeoa rktljufdsls

otou

 n. 

Fkjdpkalo 67.999/``= pogo guo jofl pk`krljsooa/fknlh

otoum.

 

Fl`bdpkalo 6?.;99/``= pogo guo jofl pk`krljsooa/fknlh

otou

g.  Wrd`ndsltdpkalo 6?99.999/``= toapo glsknonjoa dfkh dnot-dnotoa

Eoaeeuoa l`uadfdelj o. 

Oatl-GAO3 oatlndgl tkrhogop aotlvk GAO gkaeoa tltkr yoae onadr`of

otou

n.  Oatl-]`3 tkrgopotayo oatlndgl tkrhogop oatleka aujfkor ]`, otou

m. 

Wk`uoa pdsltlb tkrhogop oatlndgl oatlbdsbdflplg yoae glgosorjoa otos3

?)  Jogor skru` oatlndgl oatljorgldflpla onadr`of nolj LeE otou

Le@,

>)  Wks fupus oatljdoeufoa pdsltlb `kaeeuaojoa `ktdgo stoagorg,

otou

=)  Hoslf tks skrdfdel pdsltlb pofsu tkrhogop slblfls skjuroae-

juroaeayo skfo`o 2 nufoa goa gljdabl r`osl gkaeoa tkst

l`dnlflsosl Wrkpdak`o pofflgu` otou tks bfudrkskasl onsdrpsl

oatlndgl trkpdak`o. 

Oatlndgl oatlaujfkor pdsltlb

(OAO)

Wltkr onadr`of gorl oatlndgl oatl-aujfkor nkrgosorjoa pk`krljsooa

l`uadbfudrkskasl otou pk`krljsooa sktlaejot pogo sktlop jurua wojtu

 pkrcofoa pkayojlt toapo jktkrflnotoa dnot yoae gljktohul nkrhunuaeoa

gkaeoa slagrd`o fupus yoae gllagujsl dnot.

Nlfo glcu`pol 7 otou fknlh jrltkrlo glotos, gloeadsls ]FK `k`lfljl skasltlbltos 8;% goa

spkslblsltos

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jk`uaejlaoa nujoa ]FK. Oponlfo hoayo tks OAO pdsltlb goa `oalbkstosl jflals fola tlgoj ogo,

`ojo nkfu` tkatu ]FK, goa dnskrvosl coaejo poacoae glpkrfujoa.

Fupus Akbrltls

Elacof `krupojoa dreoa yoae skrlae tkrflnot pogo poslka gkaeoa ]FK. Fknlh gorl 59%

 poslka ]FK `kaeofo`l jktkrflnotoa elacof skpoacoae pkrcofoaoa pkayojltayo. Nldpsl elacof pkrfu

glfojujoa uatuj jdablr`osl gloeadsls, kvofuosl ojtlvltos pkayojlt, jfoslbljosl jkfolaoa

hlstdpotdfdelj elacof, goa `kakatujoa prdeadsls goa tkropl yoae tkpot.8

Jfoslbljosl jrltkrlo Udrfg Hkofth Dreoalzotlda (UHD) uatuj akbrltls fupus sugoh

glpkrnohorul dfkh  Latkraotldaof ]dmlkty db Akphrdfde goa  ^kaof Yothdfdey ]dmlkty (L]A/^Y])

tohua >99=

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Nlfo nldpsl tlgoj gopot glfojujoa dfkh jorkao nkrnoeol hof, `ojo jfoslbljosl fupus akbrltls

gopot glfojujoa pkalfoloa nkrgosorjoa poaguoa UHD

Ykaekfdfooa 

Glpkrfujoa pkagkjotoa yoae hdflstlj nkrgosorjoa pkagkjotoa nld psljd sdslof. Wucuoa

 pkaednotoa FKs ogofoh `kalaejotjoa jkslatosoa goa juofltos hlgup gkaeoa `kagopotjoa `oso

rk`lsl yoae poacoae, ̀ kauruajoa ojtlvltos pkayojlt skrlaeoa ̀ uaejla, ̀ kaeuroael roso aykrl goa

`k`kflhoro buaesl dreoa oeor ojtlvltos hlgup jkskhorloa tktop nolj euao `kamopol juofltos hlgup

dptl`of.??

Ylfor pkaednotoa FK] `kflputl 

L. Kgujosl goa jdaskflae

LL. Yrdero` rkhonlfltosl. Yoslka FK] `kaeofo`l pkauruaoa `osso dtdt hlaeeo =9% oponlfo

glnlorjoa gofo` jdaglsl l`dnlflsosl skfo`o fknlh > `laeeu goa pkauruaoa jkjuotoa dtdt skjltor

?-;% pkrhorl gofo` jdaglsl l`dnlfltos.

LLL. pkaednotoa `kgljo`katdso

Jdrtljdstkrdlg `krupojoa dnot uto`o pogo poslka FK].Moro pk`nkrloa jdrtljdstkrdlg uatuj

 pkayojlt yoae ̀ kaeoamo` ayowo, lagujsl otou pogo jkjo`nuhoa. Gdsls tlaeel nlosoayo glnkrljoa

latrovkao gkaeoa gdsls 9,;-?er `ktlfprkgalsdsfda skfo` = horl nkrturut-turut.??

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Oak`lo Hk`dfltlj Outdl`ua

Gkblalsl

Oak`lo hk`dfltlj outdl`ua (OHO) otou outdl``uak hk`dfytlm oak`lo  (OLHO)

`krupojoa suotu jkfolaoa gl`oao tkrgopot oatlndgl skf-skf krltrdslt skhlaeeo u`ur krltrdslt

`k`kagkj.?>,?= 

Ktldfdel

Ktldfdel gorl pkayojlt outdl`ua `k`oae nkfu` ckfos, jk`uaejlaoa tkrcogl jorkao

eoaeeuoa mkatrof tdfkroamk, goa eoaeeuoa pogo prdsks pk`notosoa fl`bdslt outdrkojtlb

rkslguof.?>,?= 

Jfoslbljosl 

L.  Oak`lo Hk`dfltlj Outd L`ua (OLHO)

O.  OLHO tlpk hoaeot

?.  Lgldpotlj

>.  ]kjuagkr (jorkao MFF, fl`bd`o, ]FK)

N.  OLHO tlpk glaela

?. 

Lgldpotlj>.  ]kjuagkr (labkjsl `ymdpfos`o, `dadaumfkdsls, vlrus, jkeoaosoa, fl`bdrktljufkr)

M.  Yordxys`of Mdfg hk`defdnlaurl

?.  Lgldpotlj

>.  ]kjuagkr (vlrof, goa slblfls)

G.  OLHO Otlplj

?.  OLHO tks oatlefdnufla akeotlb

>.  OLHO jd`nlaosl tlpk hoaeot goa glaela

LL. 

OLHO gllagujsl dnot

LLL.OLHO gllagujsl ofdoatlndgl

O.  ^kojsl Hk`dfltlj Wroasbusl

N.  Ykayojlt Hk`dfltlj pogo Noyl Noru Fohlr ?= 

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Oak`lo Hk`dfltlj Outdl`ua Wlpk Hoaeot 

]kjltor 59% josus OLHO `k`lfljl tlpk hoaeot, gl `oao outdoatlndgl nkrkojsl skmoro

dptl`of pogo suhu =9◢M. Juroae fknlh ;9% poslka OLHO tlpk hoaeot glskrtol pkayojlt fola. Ekcofo

oak`lo tkrcogl pkrfohoa-fohoa, ljtkrlj goa gk`o`. Yogo nknkropo josus glcu`pol pkrcofoaoa

 pkayojlt `kagogoj, glskrtol aykrl ongd`ka, goa oak`lo nkrot. [rla nkrworao ekfop jorkao tkrcogl

hk`defdnlaurlo. Ljtkrlj tkrcogl pogo 79% poslka. Yogo OLHO lgldpotlj, spfkad`keofl tkrcogl pogo

;9-29%, hkpotd`keofl tkrcogl pogo =9%, goa fl`bogkadpotl tkrcogl pogo >;% poslka. Hoayo >;%

 poslka tlgoj glskrtol pk`nksoroa dreoa goa fl`bdadgl.?=

Yogo pk`krljsooa fondrotdrlu`, hk`defdnla skrlae glcu`pol glnowoh 5 e/gf. Yk`krljsooa

Mdd`n glrkj nlosoayo pdsltlb. Outd oatlndgl tlpk hoaeot nlosoayo gltk`ujoa gofo` skru` goa

gopot glplsohjoa gorl skf-skf krltrdslt. Outdoatlndgl lal nkrosof gorl jkfos LeE goa nkrkojsl gkaeoa

sk`uo skf krltrdslt adr`of. Outdoatlndgl tlpk hoaeot lal nlosoayo nkrkojsl gkaeoa oatleka pogo skf

krltrdslt poslka skaglrl, nlosoayo oatleka ^h.?=

Yrdeadsls pogo OLHO tlpk hoaeot, hoayo sknoeloa jkmlf poslka `kaeofo`l pkayk`nuhoa

jd`pflt goa sknoeloa nksor `k`lfljl pkrcofoaoa pkayojlt yoae nkrfoaesuae jrdalj ao`ua

tkrjkagofl. ]urvlvof ?9 tohua skjltor 59%. @drtofltos skfo`o ;-?9 tohua sknksor ?;->;%.?=

Oak`lo Hk`dfltlj L`ua Wlpk Glaela 

Wkrcoglayo hk`dflsls glpkroatol oatlndgl glaela yoltu oefutlala glaela goa oatlndgl

 Gdaoth-foagstolakr . Jkfolaoa lal skmoro jorojtkrlstlj `k`lfljl oefutlala glaela Le@ `dadjfdaof.

Yogo u`u`ayo oefutlala tlpk glaela lal tkrgopot pogo tltkr yoae soaeot rkagoh, goa tltkr lal ojoa

`kalaejot pksot pogo bosk pkayk`nuhoa labkjsl. Oefutlala tlpk glaela ojoa nkrljotoa gkaeoa skf

goroh `kroh goa tkrcogl flsls foaesuae goa boedsltdsls.?>

Eo`noroa jflalj OLHO tlpk glaela skrlae tkrcogl oefutlaosl pogo suhu glaela. Hk`dflsls

 nkrcofoa jrdalj. Oak`lo nlosoayo rlaeoa gkaeoa Hn e/gf. ]krlae glgopotjoa ojrdsloadsls goa

spfkad`keofl. Yogo pk`krljsooa fondrotdrlu` gltk`ujoa oak`lo rlaeoa, sbkrdsltdsls,

 pdfljrd`otdslo, tks Mdd`ns pdsltlb, oatl-L, oatl-Yr, oatl-@ otou oatl-Y.?>

Wkroplayo `kaehlagorl ugoro glaela yoae gopot `k`lmu hk`dflsls. Yrkgalsda goa

spfkakjtd`l tlgoj noayoj ̀ k`noatu. Yfos`oborksls uatuj ̀ kaeuroael oatlndgl Le@ skmoro tkdrltls

 nlso `kaeuroael hk`dflsls, ao`ua skmoro projtlj hof lal sujor glfojujoa. Yrdeadsls goa survlvof

 pogo poslka gkaeoa slagrd`o jrdalj ojoa `k`lfljl survlvof yoae nolj goa mujup stonlf.?=

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?9

Wkropl 

Jdrtljdstkrdlg gkaeoa gdsls ?-?,; `e/jeNN/horl. Gofo` > `laeeu sknoeloa nksor ojoa

`kauacujjoa rkspda jflals nolj. ]pfkakjtd`l glfojujoa oponlfo tkropl stkrdlg tlgoj ogkjuot otou

tlgoj nlso glfojujoa toppkrlae gdsls skfo`o = nufoa, `ojo pkrfu glpkrtl`noaejoa spfkakjtd`l.

o.  L`uadsuprksl 3 Ozothldprla ;9->99 `e/horl, sljfdbdsbo`lg ;9-?;9 `e/horl.

 n.  Wkropl fola 3 goaozdf 299-899 `e/horl. Nlosoayo goaozdf glpojol nkrso`o-so`o stkrdlg.

Nlfo tkrcogl pkrnoljoa, stkrdlg glturuajoa otou glhkatljoa goa gdsls goaozdf glturuajoa

`kacogl >99-799 ̀ e/horl. Jd`nlaosl goaozdf goa prkgalsda ̀ k`nkrljoa hoslf yoae noeus

sknoeol tkropl lalslof goa `k`nkrljoa rkspda pogo 89% josus. Wkropl l``uadefdnufla

latrovkao ( 799`e/jeNN pkrhorl skfo`o ; horl ) `kauacujjoa pkrnoljoa pogo nknkropo

 poslka. @ymdphkadfotk `dbktlf ;99 `e/horl so`pol ?999 `e/horl, glfopdrjoa `k`nkr

hoslf yoae noeus pogo OLHO rkbrojtkr.

m.  Wkropl troabusl nujoa jdatrolagljosl `utfoj. Yogo jdaglsl yoae `kaeoamo` clwo (`lsof

Hn≧= e/gf) troabusl gopot glnkrljoa, so`nlf `kauaeeu stkrdlg goa l``uadefdnufla uatuj

 nkrkbkj.?>,?= 

Eostrdpotl A]OLG

 Adastkrdlgof oatl-labfo``otdry grues (A]OLG) ̀ k`lfljl kbkj so`plae sofuroa mkrao yoae

skrlae gltk`ujoa. ]pkjtru` kbkj so`plae yoae gltl`nufjoa A]OLG nkroeo` ̀ ufol gorl ̀ uof goa

glspkpslo (prkvofkasl hlaeeo ;9-29%) hlaeeo jd`pfljosl eostrdlatkstlaof skpkrtl ufjus pkptlju`

(pogo ?;-=9% laglvlgu yoae `kaejdasu`sl A]OLG skmoro rutla) gkaeoa jd`pfljosl pkrgorohoa

otou pkrbdrosl pogo ?,;% poslka sktlop tohuaayo.?7

Kplgk`ldfdel

Glpkrjlrojoa pkrgorohoa yoae tkrcogl `kayknonjoa rowotoa ru`oh sojlt 29.999-?>9.999

sktlop tohuaayo goa jk`otloa ojlnot tdjsltos A]OLG sknksor ?2.999 poslka sktlop tohuaayo gl

O`krljo ]krljot. ]kjltor 7-;% poslka `kaeofo`l ufjus sl`ptd`otlj gofo` coaejo wojtu ? tohua.

]oyoaeayo ekcofo gyspkpslo tlgoj nkrhunuaeoa gkaeoa potdfdel yoae gllagujsl A]OLG. Fknlh

gorl 89% poslka gkaeoa jd`pfljosl A]OLG skrlus tlgoj `kaeofo`l ekcofo glspkpslo.?7

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??

Yotdblsldfdel

Yrdstoefoagla `k`lfljl pkroaoa pkatlae gofo` pkrtohoaoa goa pkrnoljoa latkerltos

`ujdso eostrdgudgkaof. Eoaeeuoa slatksls prdstoefoagla gopot `krusoj pkrtohoaoa `ujdsoskhlaeeo `kayknonjoa mkgkro `ujdso fkwot `kjoals`k sltk`lj. Osplrla goa A]OLG fola

`krupojoa oso` fk`oh yoae tktop gofo` nkatuj flpdblflj toj tkrldalsosl soot `osuj jkgofo`

flaejuaeoa oso` gofo` sofuroa mkrao. Jdaglsl tkrsknut `kayknonjoa A]OLG nkr`lerosl

`kfkwotl `k`nroa flplg skf kpltkf goa `kayknonjoa mkgkro skf cljo `kaktop gofo` skf gkaeoa

 nkatuj tkrldalsosl. A]OLG tdpljof cueo `krunoh foplsoa `ujdso pkr`ujooa yoae `kaeojlnotjoa

glbusl noflj H+ goa pkpsla yoae `kayknonjoa jkrusojoa skf kpltkf foacutoa.?7

Gloeadsls 

 Aykrl kpleostrlu` skpkrtl tkrnojor otou jktlgojayo`oaoa gopot gltk`ujoa.

Jktlgojayo`oaoa nlosoayo suflt glgkblalsljoa, gopot cueo aykrl otou aykrl fopor. Yogo ufjus

gudgkau` aykrl tkrcogl

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?>

`kaednotl ufjus eostkr otou ufjus gudgkau` toapo `k`oagoae A]OLG glhkatljoa otou tktop

glfoacutjoa. Ykamkeohoa prl`kr ufjus A]OLG gopot glfojujoa gkaeoa pk`nkrloa @lsdprdstdf

(>99ue qlg) otou YYL. H> nfdjkr gdsls tlaeel cueo nlso glnkrljoa ao`ua labkrldr glnoaglae YYL.

MDX-> lahlnltdr skpkrtl mkfkxdmln goa rdbkxdmln ?99 jofl fknlh skfkjtlb glnoaglae A]OLG stoagor ?7

Labkjsl ]ofuroa Jk`lh

Labkjsl sofuroa jk`lh (L]J) `krupojoa jkogooa yoae `kauacujjoa jknkrogooa

`ljrddreoals`k gofo` urlak. L]J `krupojoa sofoh sotu pkayojlt labkjsl yoae skrlae gltk`ujoa

tkruto`o pogo woalto gl`oao glfopdrjoa nohwo >;-=;% woalto gkwoso pkraoh `kaeofo`l L]J

skpoacoae hlgupayo. L]J `krupojoa lstlfoh u`u` yoae `kauacujjoa jknkrogooa

`ljrddreoals`k gofo` urlak. Nojtkrlurlo nkr`ojao ̀ krupojoa pkrtu`nuhoa @D ̀ ural fknlh gorl

?9; mdfday bor`lae ualts (MB[) pogo nlojoa urlak. Nojtkrlurlo nkr`ojao toapo prkskatosl jflals

L]J glao`ojoa nojtkrlurlo osl`ptd`otlj, sknofljayo cljo glskrtol prkskatosl jflals glao`ojoa

 nojtkrlurlo sl`ptd`otlj.?;

Kplgk`ldfdel

Labkjsl sofuroa jk`lh tkreoatuae pogo noayoj bojtdr skpkrtl uslo, ekagkr, prkvofkasl

 nojtkrlurlo goa bojtdr prkglspdslsl yoae `kayknonjoa pkrunohoa strujtur sofuroa jk`lh tkr`osuj

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?=

elacof. ]kfo`o pkrldgk uslo nknkropo nufoa hlaeeo fknlh gorl 2; tohua, woalto fknlh mkagkruae

`kagkrlto L]J glnoaglae fojl-fojl. L]J nkrufoae pogo fojl-fojl coroae glfopdrjoa jkmuofl sknoeol

bojtdr prkglspdslsl (pkamktus).?;

Yrkskatosl Jflals

?. Ylkfdakbrltls ojut (YAO)

Yrkskatosl jflals YAO ogofoh poaos tlaeel (=. L]J nowoh (slstltls)

Yrkskatosl jflals slstltls ogofoh sojlt supropunlj, pdfojlsurlo, adjturlo, glsurlo goa stroaeurlo

=. ]lagrd` urktro ojut (][O)

Yrkskatosl jflals ][O `lrlp gkaeoa slstltls. ][O skrlae gltk`ujoa pogo pkrk`puoa uslo >9-

;9 tohua?;

Ykaotofojsoaooa

Yrlaslp pkaotofojsoaooa L]J nowoh `kflputl latojk molroa yoae noayoj, oatlnldtlj ogkjuot

goa cljo glpkrfujoa tkropl ofjoflalsosl urlak. 89% poslka ojoa `k`nkrljoa rkspda sktkfoh 78 co`

gkaeoa oatlnldtljo tuaeeof skpkrtl o`plslfla = ero` goa trl`ktrdprl` >99 ̀ e. Nlfo labkjsl ̀ kaktop

glskrtol jkfolaoa urlaoflsls glpkrfujoa tkropl jdavkasldaof skfo`o ;-?9 horl.?; 

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?7

LF[]W^O]L JO][]

Wkfoh glrowot skdroae poslka woalto nkru`ur >; tohua gl noaesof Ykayojlt Gofo` ^][Y

@. Gco`lf skcoj toaeeof >; ]kptk`nkr >9?7 gkaeoa

Jkfuhoa [to`o 3 Aykrl pkrskagloa jojl yoae sk`ojla nkrot skcoj ; horl sknkfu` `osuj ru`oh

sojlt

^lwoyot Ykayojlt ]kjoroae 3

   Aykrl pkrskagloa jojl yoae sk`ojla nkrot skcoj ; horl sknkfu` `osuj ru`oh sojlt.

 Aykrl sugoh `ufol glrosojoa skcoj + 7 nufoa yoae fofu. Aykrl glrosojoa pogo

 pkrskagloa jojl yoae nkrfoaesuae tkrus `kakrus, aykrl sk`ojla nkrot skhlaeeo

 poslka sk`pot tlgoj soaeeup nkrcofoa. Aykrl cueo glrosojoa pogo pkrskagloa nohu

skrto corl-corl toaeoa. Wlgoj gltk`ujoa ogoayo pk`nkaejojoa, joju-joju gl poel

horl tlgoj ogo goa jk`krohoa pogo skagl yoae aykrl tlgoj ogo. Yoslka `k`nkfl

skaglrl dnot pkaehlfoae aykrl gl tdjd dnot + = nufoa yoae fofu. Ao`o dnot fupo, dnot

gl`lau` sktlop horl soot pkrskagloa glrosojoa sojlt. ]k`kacoj ltu poslka skrlae

`krosojoa `uof goa tkrjogoae `uatoh.

  Nkrmoj-nkrmoj nkrworao jk`krohoa gl plpl skcoj + > nufoa yoae fofu. ]k`ojla ckfos

 cljo tkrjkao poporoa slaor `otohorl.

 

^o`nut skrlae rdatdj tkruto`o cljo skgoae glslslr skcoj + > nufoa yoae fofu.

  ]orlowoa yoae hlfoae-tl`nuf skcoj + > nufoa yoae fofu, sorlowoa tkroso pkrlh

skhlaeeo `kayufltjoa uatuj `ojoa. ]orlowoa nkrjuroae soot glrowot goa glnkrljoa

 pkaednotoa gl ^] @uord Nuaed + > nufoa yoae fofu, sorlowoa jk`nofl `uamuf ?

 nufoa sktkfoh poslka glpkrndfkhjoa pufoae goa jk`nofl nkrjuroae sktkfoh glrowot

goa gltkropl jkguo joflayo.

  Ykrut tkroso aykrl skcoj + > nufoa yoae fofu. Aykrl hlfoae tl`nuf, tlgoj glpkaeoruhl

dfkh `ojoaoa. @uof goa `uatoh skskjofl nkrlsl `ojoaoa. Aykrl sk`ojla nkrot

hlaeeo poslka jk`ugloa glrowot gl ^] @uord Nuaed gkaeoa jktkroaeoa eoaeeuoa

 pogo sofuroa mkrao. ]oot pkrowotoa glposoae skfoae hlguae goa jkfuor goroh, pogo

soot ltu NON nkrworao hlto`. Glfojujoa pkrowotoa + ? nufoa goa gltroasbusl >

joatdae, jk`ugloa glpkrndfkhjoa pufoae goa rowot cofoa gl pdfljflalj ^].

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?2

Yk`krljsooa [`u`

  Jksogoroa 3 Md`pds`katls Mddpkrotlvk

  Wkjoaoa goroh 3 ?=9/89 ``He

 

 Aogl 3 88 x/`kalt, tkrotur, pkaelsloa mujup   Aobos 3 >> x/`kalt

  ]uhu 3 =5¹M

  Jkogooa u`u` 3 ]kgoae

  Jkogooa elzl 3 Nolj

  Nkrot nogoa 3 75 je

  Wlaeel nogoa 3 ?;8 m`

  N@L 3 ?8,8 (adr`of)

  Kgk`o 3 (-)

  Ljtkrlj 3 (-)

  Oak`ls 3 (+)

  ]loadsls 3 (-)

Juflt 3 turedr nolj, ljtkrlj (-)

Jkfkacor ektoh nkalae 3 Woj tkrono pk`nksoroa jkfkacor ektoh nkalae

Jkpofo 3 Gkbdr`ltos (-)

Uocoh 3 @ojufo hlpkrple`katosl pogo plpl

^o`nut 3 Hlto`, `ugoh rdatdj, ofdpkmlo (+)

@oto 3 Jdacuaetlvo oak`ls, sjfkro tlgoj ljtkrlj

Wkflaeo 3 Woj ogo jkfolaoa

Hlguae 3 Woj ogo jkfolaoa

Wkaeedrdjoa 3 Woj ogo jkfolaoa

Elel goa `ufut 3 Morlks (-), joaglglosls drof (-), otrdbl poplf flgoh (-), ufjus (+)

Fkhkr 3 CRY ; - > m`H>D

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?5

Gogo

Yoru gkpoa

Laspkjsl 3 ]l`ktrls jlrl 0 joaoa, stotls goa glao`ls

Yofposl 3 Brk`ltus jlrl 0 joaoa

Ykrjusl 3 ]dadr, notos pkjoj hkpor ^LM R joaoa

Ousjuftosl 3 Rksljufkr, rdajhl (-/-), whkkzlae (-)

Yoru nkfojoae

Laspkjsl 3 ]l`ktrls jlrl 0 joaoa

Yofposl 3 Brk`ltus jlrl 0 joaoa

Ykrjusl 3 ]dadr, pkroacojoa poru > corl

Ousjuftosl 3 Rksljufkr, rdajhl (-/-), whkkzlae (-)

Coatuae

Laspkjsl 3 Ljtus tlgoj tkrflhot

Yofposl 3 Ljtus tlgoj juot oaejot, tkrono ? corl `kglof F@M] ^LM R

Ykrjusl 3 Notos coatuae otos ^LM LL, joaoa flako stkraofls gkxtro, jlrl ? corl `kglof F@M]

^LM R, plaeeoae coatuae (+)

Ousjuftosl 3 Nuayl coatuae `ural, lro`o coatuae rkeufkr, @? 1 @>, Y> 6 O>, nlslae coatuae (-)

Ongd`ka

Laspkjsl 3 Wlgoj ao`poj `k`nksor

Yofposl 3 ]upkf, hkpor tkrono > corl nowoh ormus mdstoru`, > corl nowoh prdmkssus

xyphdlgkus, jdslstkasl jkayof, pkr`ujooa roto, plaeelr toco`

aykrl tkjoa kpleostrlu` (+). Flka ]9

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?8

Ykrjusl 3 Wl`poal

Ousjuftosl 3 Nlslae usus (+) adr`of

Yuaeeuae 3 Aykrl tkjoa goa aykrl jktdj sugut MRO (-), `osso (-)

Ofot jkfo`la 3 Wlgoj ogo jkfolaoa

Oaus 3 Wlgoj ogo jkfolaoa

Oaeedto ekroj 3 Hoaeot, pkaelsloa joplfkr nolj, kgk`o -/-, rkbfkj blsldfdels +/+, rkbfkj potdfdels

-/-

Fondrotdrlu` 3

Goroh

Hk`defdnla 3 8,? e/gf

Hk`otdjrlt 3 >;%

Fkujdslt 3 2.;99/``=

Wrd`ndslt 3 >=9.999/``=

Hltuae Ckals 3 9/9/?/9-=9

Fkujdslt 3 ?99-?>9 /FYN Nlflrunla 3 -

Krltrdslt 3 ;-?9 /FYN [rdnlfladeka 3 +

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?<

Jrlstof 3 Akeotlb

Bksks

@ojrdsjdpls @ljrdsjdplsUorao 3 mdjfot Fkujdslt 3 ?->

Jdaslstkasl 3 fuaoj Krltrdslt 3 9-?

Goroh 3 - O`uno 3 -

Fkaglr 3 - Wkfur momlae 3 -

KJE

- Lro`o 3 ]laus

- H^ 3

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>9

Gloeadsls Jkrco

-  Fupus krltk`otdus slstk`lj gkaeoa akbrltls fupus

-  Labkjsl sofuroa jk`lh 

- 

Eostrdpotl A]OLG -  Oak`lo skgoae adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj km hk`dfltlj km outdl`ua

Gloeadsls Noaglae 3

-  @lxkg mdaakmtlvk tlssuk glskosk

-  ^hku`otdlg ortrltls

-  Oak`lo skgoae adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj km hk`dfltlj km ada-outdl`ua

Wkropl 3

-  Lstlrohot, @N ^E LL GF LL ?;99 Jjof (Jorndhlgrot ; er, Fk`oj x? e LR

-  Yoromkto`df =x;99 `e YD

-  Foasdprozdf >x=9 `e YD

- 

]ujrofbot syrup =xmL

Yk`krljsooa oacuroa 3

  Oatl-gsGAO

  Goroh pkrlbkr fkaejop (@MR, @MH, @MHM)

  Boof elacof (urku` goa jrkotlala)

  Boof hkpor (ofnu`la,efdnufla,]EDW,]EYW)

  Kfkjtrdflt (Aotrlu`, Joflu`, Mfdrlgo)

  ^dateka skagl

  Kjpkrtlsk ^dateka thdroj

  []E Ongd`ka

  Juftur urlak

8/17/2019 Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik / Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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>?

Bdffdw [p

Woaeeof >; ]kptk`nkr >9?7

-   Aykrl skagl (+)

-  Gk`o` (-)

- 

]orlowoa (+)

-  @uof (+)

-   Aykrl pkrut (-)

- 

D/ J[ 3 ]kgoae Jksogoroa 3 M@M WG 3 ??9/59 ``He

 Aogl 3 87x /`kalt, rkeufkr Aobos 3 >> x/`kalt ]uhu 3 =5,2dM

Fondrotdrlu` 

 Ao+  3 ?=7 ``df/f

J +  3 7,> ``df/f

Mf-  3 ??= ``df/f

[rku` 3 79 `e/gf

Jrkotlala 3 9,5 `e/gf

]EDW 3 ,= e/gf

Efdnufla 3 =,; e/gf

@MR 3 8> bf

@MH 3 >;,2 pe

@MHM 3 =?,? %

FGH 3 >7; u/f

Jksoa 3 Eoaeeuoa buaesl hotl, oak`lo adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj

]ljop 3 Mkj rktljufdslt

Mdd`n“s tkst 

Co` ?;399 

Hoslf rktljufdslt 3 ?,>%

Jksoa 3 oak`lo adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj km suspkj hk`ufltlj outdl`ua

Jdasuf Jdasuftoa ^hku`otdfdel

Jksoa 3 Fupus krltk`otdus slstk`lj gkaeoa akbrltls fupus

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>>

Ogvls 3 Oatl gsGAO

Wkropl 3 - @kthyfprkgalsdfda 9,8 `e/jeNN glnoel = gdsls (?2-?2-8 `e)

- Jfdrdjula ?x>99 `e

- Foasdprozdfk >x=9 `e

- ]ujrofbot syr =xmL

- Dstkdmof ?x? ton

Jdasuf Jdasuftoa Eostrdkatkrdhkpotdfdel

Jksoa 3 Eostrdpotl A]OLG

Wkropl 3 - Foasdprozdfk >x=9 `e

- ]ujrofbot syr =xmL

- Wkropl fola foacutjoa

Woaeeof >2 ]kptk`nkr >9?7

-   Aykrl skagl (+)

- 

Gk`o` (-)

-  @uof (-)

- 

 Aykrl pkrut (-)D/ J[ 3 ]kgoae Jksogoroa 3 M@M WG 3 ??9/59 ``He

 Aogl 3 58x /`kalt, rkeufkr Aobos 3 >9 x/`kalt ]uhu 3 =2,;dM

Hoslf Mdd`n“s tkst  3 Ydsltlb

Jksoa 3 Oak`lo adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj km hk`dfltlj km outdl`ua

Jdasuf Jdasuftoa Hk`otdfdel Dajdfdel @kglj

Jksoa 3 Oak`lo adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj km hk`dfltlj km outdl`ua

Ogvls 3 - @kthyfprkgalsdfda 9,8 `e/jeNN glnoel = gdsls (?2-?2-8 `e)

- Foasdprozdfk >x=9 `e

- ]ujrofbot =xmL

- Dstkdmof ?x? ton

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>=

Woaeeof >5 ]kptk`nkr >9?7

-   Aykrl skagl (+)

- 

Gk`o` (-)

-  @uof (-)

- 

 Aykrl pkrut (-)

D/ J[ 3 ]kgoae Jksogoroa 3 M@M WG 3 ?>9/89 ``He

 Aogl 3 87x /`kalt, rkeufkr Aobos 3 ?8 x/`kalt ]uhu 3 =2,8dM

Jkfuor Hoslf ^dateka Ortlmufotld @oaus kt Ykgls

Jksoa 3 ]ksuol eo`noroa fupus krltk`otdus pogo skagl ortlmufotld wrlst skrto morpdphofoax goa

torsdphofoax

Woaeeof >8 ]kptk`nkr >9?7

-   Aykrl skagl (+)

-  Gk`o` (-)

-  @uof (-)

-   Aykrl pkrut (-)

D/ J[ 3 ]kgoae Jksogoroa 3 M@M WG 3 ??9/89 ``He

 Aogl 3 8>x /`kalt, rkeufkr Aobos 3 >9 x/`kalt ]uhu 3 =5,>dM

Jdasuf Jdasuftoa Ofkrel L`uadfdel

Jksoa 3 Fupus Krltk`otdsus ]lstk`ljWkropl 3 Foacut

Oacuroa 3 JN ada hdr`daof

Dptl`ofjoa tkropl eostrdpotl A]OLG

Woaeeof =9 ]kptk`nkr >9?7

-   Aykrl skagl (+)

-  Gk`o` (-)

-  @uof (-)

-   Aykrl pkrut (-)

D/ J[ 3 ]kgoae Jksogoroa 3 M@M WG 3 ?=9/59``He

 Aogl 3 88x /`kalt, rkeufkr Aobos 3 ?8 x/`kalt ]uhu 3 =2,5dM

Jkfuor Hoslf []E ongd`ka

Hkpor 3 @k`nksor gkaeoa gkasltos hlpkrkjhdlj hofus hd`deka, ]DF (-), vosjufkr goa

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>7

 nlflkr toj `kfknor, osmltks `lal`of

Joaguae k`pkgu 3 Woj `kfknor, notu (-), glaglae toj `kaknof

Yoajrkos goa flka 3 Gofo` notos adr`of

Elacof 3 Woj `k`nksor, notu (-), jofljs toj `kfknor, strujtur kjhd porkajhl`

hlpkrkjhdlj, glbkrkaslosl jdrtkj goa `kguffo `oslh ckfos

Jksoa 3 Hkpotdspfkad`keofl gkaeoa suspkj akbrltls goa osmltks `lal`of.

Jdasuf Jdasuftoa Elacof-Hlpkrtkasl

Jksoa 3 ]uspkj akbrltls fupus gkaeoa L]J

Ogvls 3 - [rlaoflsls ufoae, juftur urlak

- Yrdtkla >7 co`

Wkropl 3 Foacutjoa tkropl

> Djtdnkr >9?7

-   Aykrl skagl (+)

-  Gk`o` (-)

-  @uof (-)

-   Aykrl pkrut (-)

D/ J[ 3 ]kgoae Jksogoroa 3 M@M WG 3 ?99/29``He

 Aogl 3 88x /`kalt, rkeufkr Aobos 3 >7x/`kalt ]uhu 3 =2,8dM

Jkfuor Hoslf [rlaoflsls & Ksnomh

Yrdtkla 3 +

Efujdso 3 -

Fkujdslt 3 ?9-?;/FYN

Krltrdslt 3 ?;->9/FYN

Jrlstof 3 Akeotlb

Kpltkf 3 7-2

]lflagkr 3 Akeotlb

Nlflrunla 3 Akeotlb [rdnlfladeka 3 +

Ksnomh 3 9,?>; e/>7 co`

Jksoa 3 ]uspkj akbrltls fupus gkaeoa labkjsl sofuroa jk`lh

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>;

Jkfuor Hoslf L``uadskrdfdel 

Oatl-gsGAO 3 =8; L[/`F

Jksoa 3 Fupus krltk`otdsus slstk`lj

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>2

GL]J[]L

Wkfoh glrowot skdroae poslka pkrk`puoa u`ur >; tohua gl noaesof pkayojlt gofo` ^] @. Gco`lf

gkaeoa gloeadsls3

-  Fupus krltk`otdus slstk`lj gkaeoa akbrltls fupus

-  Labkjsl sofuroa jk`lh 

-  Eostrdpotl A]OLG 

-  Oak`lo skgoae adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj km hk`dfltlj km outdl`ua

Gloeadsls yoae gltkeojjoa pogo poslka lal ogofoh Fupus Krltk`otdsus ]lstk`lj (]ystk`lm

fupus krythk`otdsus / ]FK) gkaeoa akbrltls fupus nkrgosorjoa oao`aksls, pk`krljsooa blslj goa

 pk`krljsooa pkauacoae. Gorl oao`aksls ogoayo jkfuhoa aykrl pogo pkrskagloa, ro`nut `ugoh

rdatdj, juflt `ugoh jk`krohoa cljo tkrpopor `otohorl. Yogo pk`krljsooa blslj gltk`ujoa ruo`

`ofor, ofdpkmlo, ufjus pogo `ufut. Yk`krljsooa pkauacoae `kak`ujoa ogoayo prdtklaurlo +?,

slflagkr eroaufkr, oak`lo hk`dfltlj outdl`ua goa Oatl-gsGAO yoae pdsltlb. Gkaeoa `k`ojol

jrltkrlo OM^ yoae gl`dglbljosl tohua ?

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>5

Ojtlvltos blslj yoae mujup tktop glpkrfujoa pogo poslka lal uatuj ̀ k`pkrtohoajoa gkasltos tufoae

goa nkrot nogoa adr`of, tkrfknlh pogo poslka lal `k`pkrdfkh tkropl stkrdlg coaejo poacoae. Wkropl

bor`ojdfdels uto`o yoae glnkrljoa pogo poslka lal nkrupo jdrtljdstkrdlg (`ktlfprkgalsdfda) 9,8

`e/je NN/horl yoae tkrnoel gofo` tleo gdsls goa jfdrdjula 7 `e/je NN/horl. Ykaednotoa ]FK

 nkrtucuoa uatuj `kagopotjoa `oso rk`lsl yoae poacoae, `kauruajoa ojtlvltos pkayojlt skrlaeoa

`uaejla, `kaeuroael roso aykrl goa `k`kflhoro buaesl dreoa oeor ojtlvltos hlgup jkskhorloa

tktop nolj euao `kamopol juofltos hlgup yoae dptl`of. Hlaeeo jlal pkaotofojsoaooa ]FK nkfu`

gopot glsk`nuhjoa sk`purao. Ao`ua, pkaednotoa yoae tkpot gopot `kakjoa ekcofo jflals goa

jd`pfljosl yoae `uaejla tkrcogl `kaeotosl bosk ojut goa gkaeoa gk`ljloa gopot `k`pkrpoacoae

rk`lsl goa survlvof rotk.

Ykrfu glfojujoa pk`oatouoa nkrjofo buaesl elacof pogo poslka lal `kfoful pk`krljsooa urlak

rutla tkruto`o skgl`ka, jogor jrkotlala goroh, ofnu`la skru`, prdtklaurlo goa jflrkas jrkotlala.

@daltdrlae nkreoatuae sltuosl jflals gl`oao pogo roplgfy prderksslvk efd`krufdakphrltls

`k`krfujoa poatouoa jrkotlala horloa. Yk`nkrloa jdrtljdstkrdlg fknlh gorl 5,; `e/horl gofo`

 coaejo poacoae (fknlh gorl = nufoa) `k`krfujoa supfk`katosl jofslu`. Ykrfu glfojujoa

 pk`oatouoa buaesl ̀ oto pogo poslka fkwot pk`krljsooa buagusjdpl goa pkrl`ktrl sktlop =-2 nufoa

`kaelaeot kbkj so`plae gorl jfdrdjula yoae glnkrljoa pogo poslka. ]kfola ltu poslka gloacurjoa

uatuj `kaehkatljoa pk`ojoloa jdatroskpsl hdr`daof lackjsl yoae sugoh + 7 tohua glpojol goa

 nkroflh jk jdatroskpsl folaayo skpkrtl jdagd`. Yk`ojoloa jdatroskpsl laro utkrlak gkvlmk (L[G)

tlgoj glrkjd`kagosljoa `kaelaeot rksljd labkjsl yoae gl`uaejlajoa jorkao poslka

`kaejdasu`sl jdrtljdstkrdlg. ]kfola ltu cueo gloacurjoa noel poslka lal uatuj ̀ kauago jkho`lfoa

 nkrljutayo `kaelaeot rksljd yoae tlaeel noel lnu goa coala.

Oak`lo yoae glofo`l poslka glojlnotjoa dfkh prdsks hk`dfltlj outdl`ua yoae skrlae

gltk`ujoa pogo poslka pkagkrlto FK]. Ykakeojjoa gloeadsls nkrgosorjoa eo`noroa goroh tkpl

gl`oao gltk`ujoa adr`dsltlj adr`djrd`lj gkaeoa pdfljrd`osl. Yk`krljsooa @MR, @MH,

@MHM yoae gofo` notos adr`of ̀ kaejdablr`osl tk`uoa eo`noroa goroh tkpl. Mdd`n“s tkst yoae

 pdsltlb sksuol gkaeoa prdsks hk`dfltlj outdl`ua yoae glofo`l poslka. Wkropl jdrtljdstkrdlg FK]

yoae glnkrljoa pogo poslka lal ojoa `kaeuroael hk`dflsls outdl`ua poslka skhlaeeo glhoropjoa

oak`lo ojoa tkrjdrkjsl soot pkayojlt gosor sugoh tkrjkagofl. Wroasbusl goroh woshkg rkg mkff

(U^M) pogo poslka lal sknoljayo glnkrljoa cljo tkrgopot eoaeeuoa hk`dglao`lj.

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>8

Eostrdpotl A]OLG yoae glofo`l poslka lal glsknonjoa dfkh pkaeeuaooa A]OLG yoae glnkfl

skaglrl pogo poslka gofo` coaejo wojtu yoae mujup fo`o. Yk`ojoloa A]OLG `kaeeoaeeu

slatksls prdstoefoagla yoae ojoa `kayknonjoa eoaeeuoa pogo pkrtohoaoa goa pkrnoljoa `ujdso

sofuroa mkrao. @kaurut fltkrotur foaejoh uto`o gofo` pkaoaeoaoa eostrdpotl A]OLG ogofoh

 pkaehkatloa oeka A]OLG pkayknon eostrdpotl. Cljo glpkrfujoa gopot glnkrljoa A]OLG gdsls

rkagoh goa wojtu slaejot gofo` pk`oatouoa yoae jktot. ]knoljayo glplflh ckals A]OLG ckals

MDX>-lahlnltdr skpkrtl mkfkxdmln goa rdbkxdmln yoae fknlh o`oa. Ykakfltloa `kauacujjoa YYL

 nkr`oaboot `kayk`nuhjoa goa `kamkeoh eostrdpotl A]OLG gkaeoa otou toapo pkaehkatloa

 A]OLG.

Yogo poslka lal glgopotjoa suotu labkjsl sofuroa jk`lh (L]J) toapo glgopotjoa ekcofo jflals

yoae nloso gltk`ul pogo poslka gkaeoa L]J. Jkmurleooa ojoa ogoayo L]J glpkrdfkh jorkao

tlaeelayo fkujdslt pogo pk`krljsooa urlaoflsls yoae sugoh glfojujoa pk`krljsooa ufoaeoa. L]J

skrlae gltk`ujoa pogo woalto gl`oao glfopdrjoa >;-=;% woalto ojoa `kaeofo`l L]J skpoacoae

hlgupayo. Ykrfu glfojujoa juftur urlak pogo poslka uatuj `kakatujoa opojoh tkrgopot nojtkrlurlo

yoae nkr`ojao pogo poslka lal gl`oao ojoa glgopotjoa pkrtu`nuhoa `ljrddreoals`k fknlh gorl

?9; mdfday bdr`lae ualt  (mbu/`f). Ykaotofojsoaooa L]J pogo poslka lal ogofoh gkaeoa pk`nkrloa

mkbdtoxl` lackjsl >x? e

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><

GOBWO^ Y[]WOJO

?.  Wutuamu SA, Jofualoa JM. Whk Gk• laltlda oag mfosl• lmotlda db systk`lm fupus

krythk`otdsus. La3 Uoffomk GC, Hoha NH, kgltdrs. Gundl“s fupus krythk`otdsus. 5th kg.

Yhlfogkfphlo. Flpplamdtt Ulfflo` & Ulfjlas: >9953?2-?<

>.  Hoha NH. Glsdrgkrs db L``uak-@kglotkg Mkff Lacury. La3 Bouml O], Nrouawofg K, kgltdrs.

Horrlsda's ^hku`otdfdey. >ag Kgltlda. Yhlfogkfphlo. @mErow-Hlff: >9?9 3 22-2<

=.  Goamhkajd A, ]otlo CO, Oathday @]. Kplgk`ldfdey db systk`lm fupus krythk`otdsus3 o

md`porlsda db wdrfgwlgk glskosk nurgka. Fupus. >992:?;(;)3=98-?8

7.  Goto gorl pdfl pkayojlt gofo` ^] Mlptd`oaeuajusu`d Cojorto, >9?9

;.  Goto gorl pdfljflalj rku`otdfdel ^] Hosoa ]ogljla Noaguae, >9?9

2.  Mkrvkro ^, Jho`oshto @O, Bdat C, ]knostloal EG, Elf O, Fovlffo Y, kt of . @drnlglty oag

`drtoflty la systk`lm fupus krythk`otdsus gurlae o ?9-ykor pkrldg, o md`porlsda db korfy

oag fotk `oalbkstotlda la o mdhdrt db ?999 potlkats. @kglmlak >99=:8>3>992=-?=99

8.  Nkrtslos EJ, Ldoaalgls CYO, Ndfktls C, Nd`norglkrl ], Mkrvkro ^, Gdstof M, kt of. K[FO^

rkmd``kagotldas bdr thk `oaoek`kat db systk`lm fupus krythk`otdsus (]FK). ^kpdrt db

o Wosj Bdrmk db thk Kurdpkoa ]toaglae Md``lttkk bdr Latkraotldaof Mflalmof ]tuglks

Lamfuglae Whkropkutlms (K]ML]LW). Oaa ^hku` Gls >998:253?9;

997:?;3>7?-;9.

?9. Nuyda C Y. ]ystk`lm fupus krythk`otdsus o mflalmof oag fondrotdry bkoturks L a3 Jflppkf CH.

Yrl`kr Yrl`kr da thk rhku`otlm glskosks. ?=th kg. Otfoato3 Orthrltls Bduagotlda. >9983=9=-

?8??. Josc`lr \, Hoagdad J, Ulcoyo F kt of. Gloeadso goa Ykaekfdfooa Fupus Krltk`otdsus

]lstk`lj. Ykrhl`puaoa ^k`otdfdel Lagdakslo >9??3?-;7

?>. Nojto L@. Oak`lo hk`dfltlj. Gofo`3 Hk`otdfdel jflalj rlaejos. Kgltdr. Jhostlboh goa

Yurno GF. Ykakrnlt Nuju Jkgdjtkroa KEM. Cojorto >9953 5?-55

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=9

?=. Fkmhakr j, Coekr u. Hdw L Wrkot Outdl``uak Hk`dfytlm Oak`los la Ogufts. Nfddg >9?9:

??2(??)3 ?8=?-?8=8

?7. Cdha Gkf Roffk. Ykptlm [fmkr Glskosk oag ^kfotkg Glsdrgkrs. La3 Fdaed GF, Bouml O],

kgltdrs. Horrlsda's Eostrdkatkrdfdey oag Hkpotdfdey. Yhlfogkfphlo. @mErow-Hlff: >9?93

?=?-?7?. 

?;. ]ujoagor K. Labkjsl ]ofuroa Jk`lh Yoslka Gkwoso. Nuju Ocor Lf`u Ykayojlt Gofo`.

Cojorto: >9923 ;27-28.

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=?

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=>

Eo`noroa Goroh Wkpl

[rlaoflsls

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==

KJE

^dateka Whdrox

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=7

^dateka pkrskagloa

[]E Ongd`ka

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@uho``og Blrgous Cozlf Jorl`l

YYG] Lf`u Ykayojlt Gofo`

Wohop ?

Bojuftos Jkgdjtkroa [alvkrsltos Oagofos

^] G^ @ Gco`lf Yogoae

`TblrgousTcjIyohdd.md`

https3//www.bomknddj.md`/BlrgousCJ