Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Genetic engineering: the alteration of Genetic engineering: the alteration of the genetic components of the genetic components of organisms by human intervention. organisms by human intervention.

MutationsMutations

Variations from the normal genetic Variations from the normal genetic makeup of an organismmakeup of an organism

A gene mutates or changes and a A gene mutates or changes and a new characteristic is madenew characteristic is made

Also called genetic accidentsAlso called genetic accidents Organism usually dies from Organism usually dies from

mutationsmutations Missing a limb, too many limbs, organ Missing a limb, too many limbs, organ

defects etc. defects etc.

Mutations continuedMutations continued Not all mutations are badNot all mutations are bad

Seedless watermelonSeedless watermelon Polled (no horned) Hereford cattlePolled (no horned) Hereford cattle

A farmer noticed that some of his cattle A farmer noticed that some of his cattle that were born, naturally did not have any that were born, naturally did not have any hornshorns

He bought other polled Herefords from He bought other polled Herefords from other farmers and started a new breed of other farmers and started a new breed of cattlecattle

Yellow Delicious applesYellow Delicious apples Original color is redOriginal color is red A farmer noticed that there were yellow A farmer noticed that there were yellow

apples on his red delicious apple treeapples on his red delicious apple tree

DNADNA

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acidDNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Makes up chromosomesMakes up chromosomes Different segments of a chromosome Different segments of a chromosome

controls a different trait that is controls a different trait that is expressed in an organismexpressed in an organism

DNA is shaped like a double-helix or DNA is shaped like a double-helix or a twisted laddera twisted ladder

Discovered by Watson and CreekDiscovered by Watson and Creek

DNA continueDNA continue

Made up of nitrogen base pairs Made up of nitrogen base pairs that connect the two strandsthat connect the two strands A-adenineA-adenine T-thymineT-thymine G- guanineG- guanine C- cytosineC- cytosine

A always pairs up with TA always pairs up with T G always pairs up with CG always pairs up with C

Gene MappingGene Mapping

Finding the location of certain genes Finding the location of certain genes on chromosomeson chromosomes

The arrangement of the nitrogen The arrangement of the nitrogen base pairs (A,T,C and G) determines base pairs (A,T,C and G) determines what an organism looks likewhat an organism looks like

Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project Trying to find where certain traits are Trying to find where certain traits are

located in humans’ DNA (Alzheimer's, located in humans’ DNA (Alzheimer's, diabetes, etc.)diabetes, etc.)

Gene SplicingGene Splicing

Once the DNA sequence is found, Once the DNA sequence is found, enzymes are added to separate the enzymes are added to separate the two strands at a certain locationtwo strands at a certain location

Other DNA can be inserted into the Other DNA can be inserted into the location and the original DNA is location and the original DNA is taken outtaken out

First gene splicing was done with First gene splicing was done with bacteriabacteria

Gene Splicing continuedGene Splicing continued First use of gene splicing was to make First use of gene splicing was to make

human insulin for diabeticshuman insulin for diabetics Insulin was harvested from the pancreas Insulin was harvested from the pancreas

of cattle that were slaughtered of cattle that were slaughtered Very expensive- only a little amount of Very expensive- only a little amount of

insulin was obtained from cattleinsulin was obtained from cattle Some people were allergic to this type of Some people were allergic to this type of

insulininsulin Used E. coli bacteria- reproduce Used E. coli bacteria- reproduce

quickly and could pass on the insulin quickly and could pass on the insulin making gene to their offspringmaking gene to their offspring

Gene Splicing continuedGene Splicing continued

BST- bovine somatotropinBST- bovine somatotropin Naturally occurring hormone in cattle Naturally occurring hormone in cattle

that increases the production of milkthat increases the production of milk Helps the cow produce less fat and more Helps the cow produce less fat and more

milkmilk E. coli bacteria used againE. coli bacteria used again

Tissue Culture- regenerating plants Tissue Culture- regenerating plants from a single cellfrom a single cell

Gene Splicing continuedGene Splicing continued

Round-Up ready corn (round up won’t Round-Up ready corn (round up won’t kill the corn plants, but will kill all kill the corn plants, but will kill all other plants)other plants)

Resistance to certain insects and Resistance to certain insects and diseasesdiseases

Scientists spliced DNA from fireflies Scientists spliced DNA from fireflies into a tobacco plant, which resulted in into a tobacco plant, which resulted in a plant that could glow in the darka plant that could glow in the dark

Future: naturally colored cotton?Future: naturally colored cotton?

TransgeneticTransgenetic

Transferring genetic material Transferring genetic material between different types of organismsbetween different types of organisms

Done shortly after an egg was Done shortly after an egg was fertilized by spermfertilized by sperm

Adding growth genes of humans into Adding growth genes of humans into micemice

Adding the glowing genes of fireflies Adding the glowing genes of fireflies into plantsinto plants

Societal ConcernsSocietal Concerns Why geneticially altered food?Why geneticially altered food?

More people = less land to raise foodMore people = less land to raise food Ownership of the genetically Ownership of the genetically

altered organismsaltered organisms Companies will spend millions of Companies will spend millions of

dollarsdollars Some believe that no one should have Some believe that no one should have

ownership of genetic materials- ownership of genetic materials- especially humanespecially human

Societal concerns continuedSocietal concerns continued

Effects on the environmentEffects on the environment KudzuKudzu Genetically altered fishGenetically altered fish

Are genetically altered organisms Are genetically altered organisms safe to eat?safe to eat?

Should humans be “playing God”?Should humans be “playing God”?

Regulation of Genetic Regulation of Genetic EngineeringEngineering

USDA- United States Department of USDA- United States Department of AgricultureAgriculture Strict guidelines for testing genetically Strict guidelines for testing genetically

altered organismsaltered organisms APHIS- Animal and Plant Health APHIS- Animal and Plant Health

Inspection ServiceInspection Service Enforces the regulations that the USDA Enforces the regulations that the USDA

setset