Under supervision :

Dr. Ghada Saber Mohamed Ismail

Group 3:

1. Radwa alaa

2. Yousra yosre

3. Mariam adel

4. Reem osama

5. Asmaa mostafa

Genetic engineering

Definition

History of genetic

engineering

How to do it(steps)

Examples

GMO compare to traditional

breeding

The most common GM

crops now

Advantage anddisadvantage

Is it safe to eat a GMO

How to know the crops is organic or

GMO

History of genetic engineering

while the average selling food began genetically since

1994 .

"1933 Published the first science fiction story about

genetic engineering, "Brave New

World”

Aldous Huxley

Freezing strawberry

Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding

new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more

new traits that are not already found in that organism.

Examples of genetically engineered (transgenic) organisms

currently on the market include plants with resistance to

some insects, plants that can tolerate herbicides, and

crops with modified oil content .

How does genetic engineering compare to traditional breeding?

Although the goal of both genetic engineering and

traditional plant breeding is to improve an organism’s

traits, there are some key differences between them.

While genetic engineering manually moves genes from

one organism to another, traditional breeding moves

genes through mating, or crossing, the organisms in

hopes of obtaining offspring with the desired

combination of traits.

Using the recipe analogy, traditional breeding is like taking two

cookbooks and combining every other recipe from each into one

cookbook. The product is a new cookbook with half of the

recipes from each original book. Therefore, half of the genes in

the offspring of a cross come from each parent.

How to make

How is genetic engineering done?

Genetic engineering, also called transformation, works by

physically removing a gene from one organism and

inserting it into another, giving it the ability to express

the trait encoded by that gene .

The process: Once a goal is in

mind…

1) First, find an organism that

naturally contains the desired trait

2) The DNA is extracted from

that organism. This is like

taking out the entire cookbook

3) The one desired gene

(recipe) must be located and

copied from thousands of

genes that were extracted.

This is called gene cloning.

4) The gene may be modified slightly to work in a more

desirable way once inside the recipient organism.

Techniques of Transformation The most common

transformation technique uses

a bacteria that naturally

genetically engineer plants with

its own DNA. The transgene is

inserted into the bacteria, which

then delivers it into cells of the

organism being engineered

. Another technique, called the gene

gun method, shoots microscopic

gold particles coated with copies of the

transgene into cells of the recipient

organism. With either technique,

genetic engineers have no control over

where or if the transgene inserts into

the genome. As a result, it takes

hundreds of attempts to achieve just a

few transgenic organisms

6) Once a transgenic organism has been created, traditional breeding is

used to improve the characteristics of the final product. So genetic

engineering does not eliminate the need for traditional breeding. It is simply

a way to add new traits to the pool.

Advantages

1 - Genetic engineering will help

medical sciences.

2 - Genetic manipulation is good

For the economy

3 - The environment will improve

4 - Better and more efficient food

production.

Super carbon-capturing plantsHumans add about 9 gigatons of carbon to the atmosphere

annually, and plants and trees absorb about 5of those

gigatons. The remaining carbon contributes to the

greenhouse effect and global warming, but scientists are

working to create genetically engineered plants and trees

that are optimized for capturing this excess carbon .

Researchers hope to create bioenergy crops with large root

systems that can capture and store carbon underground.

Scientists are currently working to genetically modify

perennials like switchgrass and Miscanthus because of their

extensive root systems

DisadvantagesOf course there are two sides to the coin; here are some

possible eventualities and disadvantages.

1 - Dangerous for the environment

2 - Nobody knows the effects on the long term

Nature is an extremely complex inter-related chain consisting of

many species linked in the food chain. Some scientists believe

that introducing genetically modified genes may have an

irreversible effect with consequences yet unknown. Genetic

manipulation is still in its infancy and nobody knows from

practical experiences what the consequences could be.

3 - It is true that nature is considered as one of the complex

thing that is associated in a food chain. There are

scientists who believe that the existence of hereditarily

modified genes had an irreversible effect that are also

associated with some consequences.

There are variety of GM crops found and each one made

for a specific function.

Pesticide plant ,insecticide plant …and so on .

Example of genetic engineering crops

Golden rice is genetically modified rice that now contains a

large amount of A-vitamins. Or more correctly, the rice

contains the element beta-carotene which is converted in

the body into Vitamin-A. So when you eat golden rice,

you get more vitamin A. For the golden rice to make

beta-carotene three new genes are implanted: two from

daffodils and the third from a bacterium.

Golden rice

The rice can be considered a particular advantage to poor people in underdeveloped countries. They eat only an extremely limited diet lacking in the essential bodily vitamins. The consequences of this restricted diet causes many people to die or become blind. This is particularly true in areas of Asia, where most of the population live on rice from morning

to evening.

Critics fear that poor people in underdeveloped

countries are becoming too dependent on the rich

western world.

Pesticide resistant rape plantsScientists have transferred a gene to the rape plant

which enables the plant to resist a certain pesticide.

When the farmer sprays his genetically modified rape crop

with pesticides, that can destroy most of the pests

without killing the rape plants.

Insecticide sweet cornScientists have genetically modified sweet corn so that it

produces a poison which kills harmful insects.

The genetically modified corn is called Bt-corn, because the

insect-killing gene in the plant comes from the bacteria

Bacillus thuringiensis.

Scientists have recently taken the gene that programs poison in scorpion tails and looked for ways to combine it with cabbage.

Venomous cabbage

To limit pesticide use while still preventing caterpillars from

damaging cabbage crops.

These genetically modified

cabbages would produce

scorpion poison that kills

caterpillars when they bite

leaves ـ but the toxin is modified

so it isn't harmful to humans.

Why would they want to create venomous cabbage?

Long-lasting tomatoesThe genetically modified tomato produces less of the

substance that causes tomatoes to rot, so remains firm

and fresh for a long time.

Are GMOs Safe?The fact is that there is NO LONG TERM TESTING done on

GMOs and their effect on the humane race.

Rats fed life time of GM corn grow

horrifying tumors and 70% of

females die early.

Even squirrels know

its not suppose to be

eaten.

Most developed nations do not consider GMOs to be safe.

In more than 60 countries around the world, including

Australia, Japan, and all of the countries in the European

Union, there are significant restrictions or outright bans

on the production and sale of GMOs.

In the U.S., the government has approved GMOs based on

studies conducted by the same corporations that created

them and profit from their sale.

In 2001 Epicyte Corporation isolated a protein that causes sterility and spliced its genes into corn so that men and women eating the corn would become sterile. Guess who bought that from them?

MONSANTO DID. To date No congressperson, No Senator,

and No Presidential candidate has

dared to ask WHY? Instead, they

mandated that all corn needs to be

bought from Monsanto. Is it just me, or does that not sit well with you either?

Did You Know…

Are You Eating GMOs?

Did you know that 80% of processed foods in your

standard grocery store are GMO? Most people are

eating GMO and are completely unaware about it.

In the United States, 94% of soy, 88% of corn, 90% of

canola, 95% of sugar beets, 25,000 acres of zucchini and

yellow crook neck squash and almost all Hawaiian

papaya are now genetically modified.