WtW The Borneo Post Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: THE BORNEO POST

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE BORNEO POST............................................................................ 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 THE BORNEO POST


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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE BORNEO POST

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Borneo Post, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverageof BN (57.16%).

PR were attacked (52%) and covered negatively (46.7%) more then BN, with BN receiving

more positive coverage (83.42%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (75%), followed by the positive category (13%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towards

BN (62%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the

neutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (14%).

However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Najib Razak, Taib Mahmud, and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (45%) than PR politicians (10%), aswere independent/other political figures (44%).

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Muhyiddin Yassin and Najib Razak were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (79%) than eitheropposition politicians or independents/others.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.

4 THE BORNEO POST


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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (39.92%), followed by Others, DAP, PKR, then SUPP.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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BN

OtherDAP

PKR

SUPP

PR

PAS

SPDP

PBB

PRS

UMNO

MCA

SAPP

MIC

Gerakan

PBS

PSM

UPKO

PRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

39.92

12.2010.05

9.48

5.57

5.51

5.00

3.62

2.39

2.03

1.65

1.03

0.47

0.35

0.27

0.24

0.11

0.11

0.03

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN (57.16%).


6 THE BORNEO POST

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

57.16

30.03

0.62

12.20

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (75%), followed by the positive category (13%).

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6%7%

75%

13%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN were the most negatively covered (23.11%), followed by Others and DAP (both 15.8%),then PAS and PKR (both 10.38%), then PR (10.14%).

Others were the most attacked (32%), followed by PR (22.67%), then DAP (16.8%), then BN(11.47%).


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BN

Other

DAP

PKR

PAS

PRSPDP

SUPP

UMNO

PRS

Gerakan

MCA

PBS

PSM

SAPP

MIC

PBB

PRM

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (73.12%) coverage by a very significant margin.


9 THE BORNEO POST

BN

Other

PKR

DAP

SUPP

PASSPDP

PR

PBB

PRS

UMNO

MCA

SAPP

MIC

Gerakan

PBS

UPKO

PSM

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (52%) and covered negatively (46.7%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (83.42%).

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.14 13%

Neutral 1 : 0.5 75%

Negative 1 : 1.28 7%

Attacked 1 : 3.25 6%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

16.00

36.56

57.98

83.42

52.00

46.70

29.65

11.81

32.00

16.75

12.37

4.77

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion

(34.23%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (8.49%), William Mawan (7.9%), Ching Chien Jen(7.18%), then Taib Mahmud (6.79%).

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

William Mawan

Chong Chieng Jen

Taib Mahmud

Lim Guan Eng

Muhyiddin Yassin

Lim Kit Siang

Alfred Jabu

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

Baru Bian

Nik Aziz

Wong Ho Leng

Tian ChuaKarpal Singh

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Jeffrey Kitingan

James Masing

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

34.23

8.49

7.90

7.18

6.79

5.03

4.70

3.59

2.81

2.09

1.96

1.76

1.76

1.05

0.980.85

0.85

0.85

0.78

0.72

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed towards BN (62%).


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62%

36%

2%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(19.9%), followed by Taib Mahmud (10.92%), Muhyiddin Yassin (9.63%), then ElectionCommission Spokespeople (6.13%).


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Najib Razak

Taib Mahmud

Muhyiddin Yassin

Election Commission Spokesperson

Mahathir Mohamad

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Baru Bian

Hadi Awang

Chua Soi Lek

0 5 10 15 20 25

19.90

10.92

9.63

6.13

3.17

2.20

2.20

2.16

1.37

1.33

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (45%) than PR politicians (10%), aswere independent/other political figures (44%).


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45%

10%

44% BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (14%).

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14%

73%

7%5%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (11.5%) and attacks (24.66%).

Nik Aziz was second most negatively covered (9.73%) and Chong Chien Jen second most

attacked (17.81%). Third most negatively covered was Chong Chien Jen and Tian Chua (both 8.85%), then

William Mawan (7.96%).

Third most attacked was Lim Guan Eng (9.59%), then Hadi Awang (8.22%), then Baru Bianand Dzulkefly Ahmad (both 5.48%).

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Anwar Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Chong Chieng Jen

Tian Chua

William Mawan

Lim Kit Siang

Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Taib Mahmud

Baru Bian

Lim Guan Eng

Hadi Awang

Khalid Ibrahim

Hassan Ali

Alfred Jabu

Nurul Izzah

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Jeffrey KitinganChua Soi Lek

James Masing

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (67.27%) and neutral coverage (32.88%%).


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Najib RazakWilliam Mawan

Anwar Ibrahim

Taib Mahmud

Chong Chieng Jen

Lim Guan Eng

Muhyiddin Yassin

Lim Kit Siang

Alfred Jabu

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

Baru Bian

Wong Ho Leng

Karpal Singh

Nik Aziz

Rosmah Mansur

Wong Soon Koh

Jeffrey Kitingan

James Masing

G. PalanivelKhalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is the largest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.1 14%

Neutral 1 : 0.56 73%

Negative 1 : 1.92 7%

Attacked 1 : 7.1 5%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

12.33

32.74

62.80

89.55

87.67

62.83

35.22

8.64

0.00

4.42

1.98

1.82

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (29.51%) then Najib Razak (24.59%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Mahathir Mohamad (14.75%) then Taib Mahmud(9.84%).


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Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Taib Mahmud

Lim Guan Eng

Khalid Ibrahim

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

29.51

24.59

14.75

9.84

3.28

2.46

1.64

1.64

0.82

0.82

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (79%) than eitheropposition politicians or independents/others.


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79%

11%

11%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Policy Issues than Non-Policy Issues.


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52%48%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Education and Environment.


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47%

10%

23%

10%

0%1%1%2%

5%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byElectioneering then Socioeconomic Status.


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40%

5%5%

21%

1%

5%

22%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 25395

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 1202

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 38.8

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

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TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 39.915

DAP 10.046Gerakan 0.26894

MCA 1.0283

MIC 0.34805

PAS 4.9992

PBB 2.3889

PBS 0.2373

PKR 9.4763

PR 5.5055

PRS 2.025

PRM 0.031641PSM 0.11074

SAPP 0.47461

SPDP 3.6228

SUPP 5.5687

UMNO 1.6453

UPKO 0.11074

Other 12.197

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 39.915

BN 57.15903

Gerakan 0.26894MCA 1.0283

MIC 0.34805

PBB 2.3889

PBS 0.2373

PRS 2.025

SPDP 3.6228

SUPP 5.5687

UMNO 1.6453

UPKO 0.11074

PR 5.5055

PR 30.027DAP 10.046

PAS 4.9992

PKR 9.4763

PRM 0.031641

Independent 0.616991PSM 0.11074

SAPP 0.47461

Other 12.197 Other 12.197

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 11.467 23.113 38.225 73.116 145.921

DAP 16.8 15.802 10.068 3.392 46.062

Gerakan 0.26667 0.4717 0.2773 0.12563 1.1413

MCA 0.26667 0.4717 1.1945 0.75377 2.68664

MIC 0 0.23585 0.42662 0.12563 0.7881

PAS 6.1333 10.377 4.9488 1.1307 22.5898

PBB 0 0 2.9863 1.3819 4.3682

PBS 0 0.4717 0.25597 0.12563 0.8533

PKR 6.4 10.377 10.815 2.7638 30.3558

PR 22.667 10.142 3.8183 4.5226 41.1499

PRS 0 1.1792 2.4317 1.1307 4.7416

PRM 0 0 0.021331 0.12563 0.146961

PSM 0 0.4717 0.10666 0 0.57836

SAPP 0 0.4717 0.55461 0.25126 1.27757

SPDP 1.0667 4.717 4.1382 1.3819 11.3038

SUPP 2.1333 3.3019 6.2927 3.392 15.1199

UMNO 0.8 2.5943 1.6425 1.6332 6.67

UPKO 0 0 0.10666 0.25126 0.35792

Other 32 15.802 11.689 4.397 63.888

Parties &Coalitions


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26 THE BORNEO POST

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0

Alfred Jabu 2.8086

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.58785

Anwar Ibrahim 8.4912Azmin Ali 0.13063

Baru Bian 1.7636

Bernard Dompok 0.19595

Chong Chieng Jen 7.1848

Chua Soi Lek 0.26127

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.3919

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0.58785

Hadi Awang 1.9595

Hassan Ali0.45722Hishamuddin Hussein 0.26127

Ibrahim Ali 0.065317

James Masing 0.71848

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.7838

Karpal Singh 0.84912

Khalid Ibrahim 0.84912

Khalid Samad 0.13063

Lim Guan Eng 5.0294

Lim Kit Siang 3.5924

Liow Tiong Lai 0.13063

Mahathir Mohamad 2.0901

Maximus Ongkili 0.065317

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.19595

Muhyiddin Yassin 4.7028

Musa Aman 0.26127

Najib Razak 34.226

Ng Yen Yen 0

Nik Aziz 1.7636

Nizar Jamaluddin 0

Nurul Izzah 0.84912

Rafizi Ramli 0Rosmah Mansur 0.71848

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 6.7929

Teresa Kok 0.19595

Tian Chua 0.97975

Tony Pua 0.065317

William Mawan 7.9033

Wong Ho Leng 1.0451

Wong Soon Koh 0.71848

Yong Teck Lee 0.19595

Percentage(mention)

TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 16.00034

Negative 36.55635

Neutral 57.97745

Posit ive 83.41762

PR

Attacked 52.0003

Negative 46.698

Neutral 29.6501

Positive 11.8091

Attacked 32

Negative 16.7454

Neutral 12.371601

Positive 4.77389

Independent &Other


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27 THE BORNEO POST

TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 0.3919

BN 61.724217

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. PalanivelMIC 0.58785

Alfred JabuPBB 9.6015

Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.065317

James Masing PRS 0.71848

William Mawan SPDP 7.9033

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0.71848

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 41.54144

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.19595

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 17.962087

PR 36.250887

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 4.44158

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 13.84722

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.58785

2.024817

Hassan Ali Independent 0.45722

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.065317

Rosmah Mansur 0.71848

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.19595

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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28 THE BORNEO POST

TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 1.3338

BN 45.20554



Musa Aman 0.25234

Najib Razak 19.899

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 10.923

Anwar Ibrahim 2.199

PR 10.38216

Baru Bian 2.1629

Hadi Awang 1.3699

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.21629


Lim Guan Eng 1.2978

Lim Kit Siang 2.199

Nik Aziz 0.32444

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 44.412549

Hassan Ali 0.036049

Vox Pop Male 15.862

Vox Pop Female 3.0642

19.322

6.1283

Percentage(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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29 THE BORNEO POST

TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0

Alfred Jabu 2.7397 1.7699 3.4142 0.45455

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 1.7699 0.53908 0.45455

Anwar Ibrahim 24.658 11.504 8.5355 0.90909Azmin Ali 0 0 0.089847 0.45455

Baru Bian 5.4795 3.5398 1.6173 0.45455

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 1.3636

Chong Chieng Jen 17.808 8.8496 7.2776 0.90909

Chua Soi Lek 0 0.88496 0.26954 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 5.4795 0.88496 0.089847 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.80863 0

Hadi Awang 8.2192 2.6549 1.7071 0.90909

Hassan Ali 0 2.6549 0.26954 0.45455

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.35939 0

Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0.45455

James Masing 0 0.88496 0.80863 0.45455

Jeffrey Kitingan 1.3699 0.88496 0.89847 0

Karpal Singh 0 0.88496 1.0782 0

Khalid Ibrahim 1.3699 2.6549 0.62893 0.90909

Khalid Samad 0 0.88496 0.089847 0

Lim Guan Eng 9.589 2.6549 5.4807 2.2727

Lim Kit Siang 4.1096 6.1947 3.8634 0.90909

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.17969 0

Mahathir Mohamad 2.7397 5.3097 1.7071 1.3636

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0.089847 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0.88496 0.17969 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 1.3699 5.3097 4.6721 5.9091

Musa Aman 0 0 0.35939 0

Najib Razak 2.7397 6.1947 32.884 67.273

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0

Nik Aziz 4.1096 9.7345 1.0782 0

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0

Nurul Izzah 2.7397 1.7699 0.62893 0.90909

Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0 0Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.89847 0.45455

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 2.7397 4.4248 7.4573 6.3636

Teresa Kok 0 0 0.26954 0

Tian Chua 0 8.8496 0.44924 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0.089847 0

William Mawan 0 7.9646 8.8949 5.9091

Wong Ho Leng 2.7397 0 1.168 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0.89847 0.45455

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.26954 0


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30 THE BORNEO POST

TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 12.3287

Negative 32.74332

Neutral 62.803187

Positive 89.54565

PR

Attacked 87.6716

Negative 62.8316

Neutral 35.220188

Positive 8.63634

Attacked 0

Negative 4.4248

Neutral 1.97663

Positive 1.8182

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 78.6881



Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 24.59

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 9.8361

Anwar Ibrahim 1.6393

PR 10.65564

Baru Bian 1.6393

Hadi Awang 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0


Lim Guan Eng 3.2787

Lim Kit Siang 0.81967

Nik Aziz 0.81967

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 10.6558

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 6.5574

Vox Pop Female 0

4.0984

0

Percentage(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 15.639

Policy Issues 33.26359

Environment 3.4483Economy/Development 7.6977

Education 3.3438

Foreign Policy 0.10449

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 0.48763

Oppressive Legislation 0.34831

Health 0.62696

Religion 1.5674

Ethnicity 12.295

30.85997

Religion 1.5674

Democracy & Human Rights 1.5326

Socioeconomic Status 6.5134

Mudslinging 0.41797

Gender 1.6022

Electioneering 6.9314

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living

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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

Documents

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