WtW Bernama English Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: BERNAMA ENGLISH

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA ENGLISH............................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................26Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

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Executive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA ENGLISH

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Bernama English, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The ruling BN coalition and its parties were given the most coverage overall by a significantmargin.

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the

positive category was used most often (37%), followed by the neutral category (36%), whilejust over 25% of all coverage was either negative or an attack.

BN received the most positive and neutral coverage, while PR received the most negativecoverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was relativelyequitable overall, however:

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (36%), followed by the positive category (34%)then attacks (20%).

BN politicians were given the most positive coverage by a significant margin, while PRpoliticians were given the most negative coverage and attacked the most by significantmargins.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

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Of all the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin weremost commonly used as sources, with their combined use as sources larger than that of the restof the top 10 sources combined, and representing over 60% of all source usage tracked.

Due in large part to this dominance, BN politicians were used much more often assources overall than PR politicians, who were used as sources under 5% of the time -notably less than independent political figures.

Muhyiddin Yassin was the politician or political figure most commonly engaged in attackpolitics by a significant margin, followed at a distance by Najib Razak.

Muhyiddin Yassin and Najib Razak's combined attacks account for almost 90% of allattacks carried.

Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. PR politicians werevery rarely (1%) engaged in attacking others.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic Status was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage by a very significant margin (46.23%), followed at adistance by PR (10.73%), then PKR, PAS & DAP.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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BN

PR

PKR

PAS

DAP

UMNO

MCA

Other

MIC

Gerakan

PBS

SUPP

PSM

PRS

SPDP

UPKO

SAPP

PBB

PRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

46.23

10.73

9.60

8.26

6.24

5.83

3.98

3.69

1.30

0.92

0.71

0.63

0.46

0.38

0.29

0.29

0.25

0.21

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, we can see that the BN coalitionreceived the most coverage by a very significant margin (60.77%), as opposed to PR(34.83%).


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BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

60.77

34.83

0.71

3.69

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, thepositive category was used most often (37%), followed by the neutral category (36%).

Just over 25% of all coverage was either negative or an attack.

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14%

12%

36%

37% Attacked

Negative

NeutralPositive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

PKR were the most negatively covered (20.36%), followed by PR, PAS, DAP, then BN.

PR was the most attacked party or coalition (49.54%) by a significant margin, followed byPAS, PKR, then DAP.


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PKR

PR

PAS

DAP

BN

MCAOther

UMNO

Gerakan

PSM

MIC

SAPP

SPDP

PBS

PRS

PBB

PRM

SUPP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (83.24%) and neutral (35.96%) coverage by a very significantmargin, followed by UMNO then MCA, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving verylittle positive coverage at all.


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BN

PKR

PAS

UMNO

DAP

OtherMCA

PR

MIC

Gerakan

PBS

SUPP

PRS

PSM

SAPP

UPKO

SPDP

PBB

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesvery clear that BN's coverage was very significantly positive, while PR received the mostnegative coverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.05 37%

Neutral 1 : 0.6 36%

Negative 1 : 2.5 12%

Attacked 1 : 33.8 14%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

2.77

26.91

57.02

94.14

93.54

68.00

34.62

4.92

3.69

5.09

8.35

0.94

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (33.89%),followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Lim Kit Siang and Khalid Ibrahim, with Muhyiddin Yassin comingin with the fifth most mentions overall.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit SiangKhalid Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Nik Aziz

Musa Aman

Mahathir Mohamad

Azmin Ali

Hadi Awang

Liow Tiong Lai

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Jeffrey Kitingan

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Chua Soi LekMaximus Ongkili

G. Palanivel

Nurul Izzah

Rosmah Mansur

Tian Chua

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

33.89

16.95

9.075.73

5.49

4.30

3.82

2.63

2.39

1.91

1.43

1.43

1.19

0.95

0.950.95

0.72

0.72

0.72

0.72

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis relatively equal.


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52% 47%

1%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muyiddin Yassin were mostcommonly used as sources by the media by a huge margin - their combined use as sourcesrepresents over 60% of all source use.

This dominance flows on to the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.

Interestingly, while Muhyiddin was spoken about relatively rarely, he was used as a source orallowed to speak very often.


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Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Chua Soi Lek

Election Commission Spokesperson

Lim Kit Siang

Mahathir Mohamad

Anwar Ibrahim

Khalid Ibrahim

Taib Mahmud

Jeffrey Kitingan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

31.14

29.51

2.87

2.87

2.20

1.62

1.34

0.96

0.29

0.19

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (65.71%) than both independentand other political figures and PR, whose politicians received under 5% use as sources.


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66% 5%

29%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used the most often (36%), followed by the positive category (34%) thenattacks (20%).

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34%

36%

10%

20%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (40.48%) and was attacked the most often (39.02%) by verysignificant margins.

Lim Kit Siang, Khalid Ibrahim, and Azmin Ali were the next most negatively mentioned(14.29%, 11.91% and 9.52% respectively).

Lim Kit Siang was the second most (19.51%) and Nik Aziz the third most attacked politicalfigure (14.63%).

Notably, BN political figures were very rarely attacked or covered negatively.

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Khalid Ibrahim

Azmin Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Samad

Liow Tiong Lai

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Chua Soi Lek

Nizar Jamaluddin

Tian Chua

Nik Aziz

Hadi Awang

Najib Razak

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Rafizi Ramli

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred JabuAmbiga Sreenevasan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (67.14%) and neutral coverage (29.25%) by very significant margins.

Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (7.14%), followed by MusaAman (6.43%) and Khalid Ibrahim (5.71%).

Anwar Ibrahim received the second largest portion of neutral coverage (12.25%).


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Najib Razak

Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang

Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Musa Aman

Khalid Ibrahim

Azmin Ali

Liow Tiong Lai

Nik Aziz

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Jeffrey Kitingan

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Maximus Ongkili

G. Palanivel

Rosmah Mansur

Bernard Dompok

Tian Chua

Nurul Izzah

Alfred Jabu

Baru BianNizar Jamaluddin

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, the vast majority of positive coverage was given to BN politicians, while PRpoliticians were given the vast majority of negative coverage and attacks.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.1 33%

Neutral 1 : 0.7 35%

Negative 1 : 13 10%

Attacked 1 : 19.5 20%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

4.88

7.14

57.82

87.14

95.12

92.86

40.14

11.43

0.00

0.00

2.04

1.43

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (62.38%) was the politician or political figure most commonly engaged in'attack politics' by a significant margin, followed at a distance by Najib Razak (26.24%) thenChua Soi Lek (1.49%).

Muhyiddin Yassin and Najib Razak's combined attacks account for almost 90% of all attackscarried.

The opposition leaders barely register, showing that they were a) rarely given the chance toappear as sources, and b) when they were, they were rarely quoted as attacking.


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Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Chua Soi Lek

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Mahathir Mohamad

Musa Aman

Nazri Aziz

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

62.38

26.24

1.49

0.50

0.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. PR politicians were veryrarely engaged in attack politics.


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90%

1%9%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.


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44%

56%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies & Programmes were given the most attention,followed by the Economy & Development, then Education.


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35%

3%

33%

11%

8%

4%1%2%

3%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &

National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues, Socioeconomic Status or demographic factors were given the mostcoverage, followed by Ethnicity, and then Electioneering.


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26%

4%

13%

30%

2%

2%

23%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 9021

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 288

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 9.29

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

24 BERNAMA ENGLISH
http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

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TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 0.61538 11.636 35.956 83.236 131.44338

DAP 12.615 12 7.1429 1.4068 33.1647

Gerakan 0.30769 2.1818 1.4528 0.3517 4.29399

MCA 0 9.0909 4.7215 2.9308 16.7432

MIC 0 0.36364 2.3002 1.0551 3.71894

PAS 17.846 16.727 9.9274 0.7034 45.2038

PBB 0 0 0.3632 0.11723 0.48043

PBS 0.30769 0 1.2107 0.46893 1.98732PKR 13.538 20.364 13.801 1.7585 49.4615

PR 49.538 18.909 3.753 1.0551 73.2551

PRS 0.30769 0 0.84746 0.11723 1.27238

PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0.30769 1.0909 0.84746 0 2.24605

SAPP 0 0.36364 0.60533 0 0.96897

SPDP 0 0.36364 0.48426 0 0.8479

SUPP 0 0 1.2107 0.46893 1.67963

UMNO 1.2308 3.2727 7.9903 5.041 17.5348

UPKO 0 0 0.48426 0.3517 0.83596

Other 3.3846 3.6364 6.9007 0.93787 14.85957

Parties &Coalitions

TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 46.228DAP 6.2448

Gerakan 0.92205

MCA 3.9816

MIC 1.2992

PAS 8.2565

PBB 0.20956

PBS 0.71249

PKR 9.5977

PR 10.729

PRS 0.3772

PRM 0

PSM 0.46102

SAPP 0.25147

SPDP 0.29338

SUPP 0.62867

UMNO 5.8256

UPKO 0.29338

Other 3.6882

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 46.228

BN 60.77113

Gerakan 0.92205

MCA 3.9816

MIC 1.2992

PBB 0.20956

PBS 0.71249

PRS 0.3772

SPDP 0.29338

SUPP 0.62867

UMNO 5.8256

UPKO 0.29338

PR 10.729

PR 34.828DAP 6.2448

PAS 8.2565

PKR 9.5977

PRM 0

Independent 0.71249PSM 0.46102

SAPP 0.25147

Other 3.6882 Other 3.6882


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26 BERNAMA ENGLISH

TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 2.76925

Negative 15.88772

Neutral 57.02138

Positive 94.13862

PR

Attacked 93.537

Negative 68

Neutral 34.6243

Positive 4.9238

Attacked 3.69229

Negative 5.09094

Neutral 8.35349

Positive 0.93787

Independent &Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.95465

Alfred Jabu 0.23866

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Anwar Ibrahim 16.945

Azmin Ali 2.3866

Baru Bian 0.23866

Bernard Dompok 0.47733

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 0.95465

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0.71599

Hadi Awang 1.9093

Hassan Ali 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0Ibrahim Ali 0.23866

James Masing 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 1.1933

Karpal Singh 0.23866

Khalid Ibrahim 5.7279

Khalid Samad 0.47733

Lim Guan Eng 0.47733

Lim Kit Siang 9.0692

Liow Tiong Lai 1.432

Mahathir Mohamad 2.6253

Maximus Ongkili 0.95465

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 1.432

Muhyiddin Yassin 5.4893

Musa Aman 3.8186

Najib Razak 33.89

Ng Yen Yen 0

Nik Aziz 4.2959

Nizar Jamaluddin 0.47733

Nurul Izzah 0.71599

Rafizi Ramli 0.47733

Rosmah Mansur 0.71599

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 0.23866

Teresa Kok 0

Tian Chua 0.71599

Tony Pua 0.23866

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0.23866

(mention)


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27 BERNAMA ENGLISH

TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 2.38665

BN 51.78979

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.71599

Alfred Jabu PBB 0.47732Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.95465

James Masing PRS 0

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 46.77785

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.47733

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 10.02385

PR 47.01648

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 8.59186

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 28.40077

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0

1.19331

Hassan Ali Independent 0

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.23866

Rosmah Mansur 0.71599

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.23866

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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28 BERNAMA ENGLISH

TABLE 7

Politician/Polit ical Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 2.8653

BN 65.712061

Mahathir Mohamad 1.6237


Musa Aman 0.19102Najib Razak 31.137

Nazri Aziz 0.095511

Taib Mahmud 0.28653


PR 4.966663

Baru Bian 0.095511

Hadi Awang 0.095511

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.19102

Khalid Ibrahim 0.95511

Lim Guan Eng 0


Nik Aziz 0.095511

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.095511

Independent 29.321511

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 19.866

Vox Pop Female 2.9608

3.5339

2.8653

Percentage

(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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29 BERNAMA ENGLISH

TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 2.0408 0.71429

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.68027 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0

Anwar Ibrahim 39.024 40.476 12.245 2.1429

Azmin Ali 2.439 9.5238 2.7211 0Baru Bian 0 0 0.68027 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 1.3605 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 0 2.381 0 2.1429

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 1.3605 0.71429

Hadi Awang 7.3171 0 0 0.71429

Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0.71429

James Masing 0 0 0 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 4.7619 2.0408 0

Karpal Singh 1.2195 0 0 0

Khalid Ibrahim 6.0976 11.905 4.0816 5.7143

Khalid Samad 0 4.7619 0 0

Lim Guan Eng 1.2195 0 0 0

Lim Kit Siang 19.512 14.286 10.204 0

Liow Tiong Lai 0 4.7619 2.7211 0

Mahathir Mohamad 1.2195 0 5.4422 1.4286

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 1.3605 1.4286

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 2.439 2.381 2.0408 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 1.2195 0 8.1633 7.1429

Musa Aman 0 0 4.7619 6.4286

Najib Razak 2.439 0 29.252 67.143

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0

Nik Aziz 14.634 0 2.0408 1.4286

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 2.381 0.68027 0

Nurul Izzah 0 0 0.68027 1.4286

Rafizi Ramli 1.2195 0 0.68027 0

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 1.3605 0.71429Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.68027 0

Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0

Tian Chua 0 2.381 1.3605 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0.68027 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.68027 0


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30 BERNAMA ENGLISH

TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 4.878

Negative 7.1429

Neutral 57.82334

Positive 87.14318

PR

Attacked 95.1212

Negative 92.8576

Neutral 40.13595

Positive 11.42869

Attacked 0

Negative 0

Neutral 2.04077

Positive 1.42858

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 1.4851

BN 90.0991

Mahathir Mohamad 0


Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 26.238

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0


PR 0.9901

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0


Nik Aziz 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 8.91085

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 6.4356

Vox Pop Female 0.49505

1.9802

0

Percentage(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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31 BERNAMA ENGLISH

TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 10.113

Policy Issues 28.99953

Environment 0.73996

Economy/Development 9.6899Education 3.2417

Foreign Policy 2.2199

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.2685

Oppressive Legislation 0.28189

Health 0.52854

Religion 0.91614

Ethnicity 9.4433

36.57478

Religion 1.6209

Democracy & Human Rights 4.6864

Socioeconomic Status 11.099

Mudslinging 0.56378

Gender 0.8809

Electioneering 8.2805

Non-Policy

Issues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living

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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

Documents

WtW Bernama English Final