WtW Harian Metro Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: HARIAN METRO

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for HARIAN METRO................................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

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Executive Summary of Key Results for HARIAN METRO

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Harian Metro, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The coverage volume given to each major coalition was very equal.

PR were attacked (94.18%) and covered negatively (85.57%) much more then BN, andreceived much less positive coverage than BN (9.54% as opposed to BN's 90.15%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (46%), followed by the negative category (29%) then thepositive category (23%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed

towards PR (61%). Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, followed by AnwarIbrahim.

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (40%), followed by the negative category (34%),then the positive category (18%).

Overall, much more negative coverage (92.67%) and attacks (97.14%) were given to PR,while BN was given very much the most positive coverage (84.88%).

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often, and overall, politicians

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from BN were used as sources very much more often (61%) than independent/other politicalfigures (33%), with PR politicians being used as sources a tiny 6% of the time.

Muhyiddin Yassin (31.58%), Mahathir Mohamad (24.56%) and Najib Razak (22.81%) weremost commonly engaged in attack politics these three politicians contributed almost 80% ofall attack politics.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics very much more often than eitheropposition politicians.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic Status was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (38.95%), followed at a distance by PR, PAS, PKR, then DAP.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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BN

PRPAS

PKR

DAP

UMNO

MCA

Other

MIC

PSM

Gerakan

UPKO

SPDP

PBS

SUPP

PBB

PRS

PRM

SAPP

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

38.95

16.4414.22

9.76

8.19

7.61

1.98

1.40

0.44

0.36

0.22

0.13

0.07

0.05

0.05

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.02

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the coverage volume given to eachwas very equal.


6 HARIAN METRO

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

49.58

48.60

0.42

1.40

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (46%), followed by the negative category (29%) then thepositive category (23%).

7 HARIAN METRO

2%

29%

46%

23%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

PR were the most negatively covered (38.25%), followed by PAS (20.98%), DAP (14.05%),PKR (12.29%), then BN (9.14%).

PR were the most attacked (35.92%), followed by PKR (23.3%), then DAP (18.45%) and PAS(16.51%).


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PR

PAS

DAP

PKR

BN

UMNOMCA

PSM

Other

PRM

SPDP

UPKO

Gerakan

PRS

MIC

PBB

PBS

SAPP

SUPP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (82.47%) coverage by a very significant margin, with theopposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.


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BN

PAS

PKR

UMNO

PR

DAPMCA

Other

MIC

Gerakan

PSM

UPKO

PBS

SUPP

PBB

SPDP

PRS

SAPP

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (94.18%) and covered negatively (85.57%) much more then BN,and received much less positive coverage than BN (9.54% as opposed to BN's 90.15%).

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.1 23%Neutral 1 : 0.8 46%

Negative 1 : 6.3 29%

Attacked 1 : 16.2 2%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

5.83

13.17

53.49

90.15

94.18

85.57

43.48

9.54

0.00

1.26

3.03

0.31

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (27.35%), followed by AnwarIbrahim (21.8%), then Lim Kit Siang, Nik Aziz, and Hadi Awang, in that order.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit SiangNik Aziz

Hadi Awang

Khalid Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Nurul Izzah

Lim Guan Eng

Mahathir Mohamad

Karpal Singh

Azmin Ali

Rafizi Ramli

Rosmah Mansur

Ibrahim AliChua Soi Lek

Khalid Samad

Tian Chua

James Masing

Tony Pua

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27.35

21.80

8.237.80

4.70

4.17

3.10

2.99

2.88

2.46

1.82

1.60

1.39

1.39

1.180.96

0.85

0.85

0.53

0.53

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed quite heavily towards PR (61%).


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36%

61%

3%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were usedas sources most often (27.93% and 22.15% respectively), followed by EC Spokespeople,Mahathir Mohamad, then Chua Soi Lek.

Opposition politicians were barely used as sources.


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Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Election Commission Spokesperson

Mahathir Mohamad

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Anwar Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Lim Kit Siang

Nazri Aziz

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27.93

22.15

10.78

7.48

2.23

1.85

1.60

1.07

1.02

0.63

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources very much more often (61%) thanindependent/other political figures (33%), with PR politicians being used as sources a tiny6% of the time.


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61%

6%

33%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (40%), followed by the negative category (34%),then the positive category (18%).

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18%

40%

34%

8%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim was themost negatively covered (34.08%) and attacked (32.86%).

Nik Aziz was the second most attacked (30%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (14.29%), Lim Guan

Eng (8.57%) and Khalid Ibrahim (5.71%). Nik Aziz was second most negatively covered (11.47%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Khalid

Ibrahim and Hadi Awang.

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Anwar Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Lim Kit Siang

Khalid Ibrahim

Hadi Awang

Lim Guan Eng

Nurul Izzah

Karpal Singh

Rafizi Ramli

Azmin Ali

Mahathir Mohamad

Najib Razak

Tian Chua

Baru Bian

Hassan Ali

Khalid Samad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Teresa Kok

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Ibrahim AliJames Masing

Jeffrey Kitingan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (74.42%) and neutral coverage (31.47%) by very significant margins.

Anwar Ibrahim received the second most neutral coverage (16.52%) followed by Hlim KitSiang.

Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (4.65%), followed by AnwarIbrahim (4.07%).


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Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Hadi Awang

Muhyiddin Yassin

Nik Aziz

Rosmah Mansur

Nurul Izzah

Khalid Ibrahim

Mahathir Mohamad

Chua Soi Lek

Ibrahim Ali

Karpal Singh

Khalid Samad

Tony Pua

Azmin Ali

Lim Guan Eng

Liow Tiong Lai

Hishamuddin Hussein

Musa Aman

Ng Yen Yen

James Masing

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, much more negative coverage (92.67%) and attacks (97.14%) were given to PR,while BN was given very much the most positive coverage (84.88%).

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.1 18%

Neutral 1 : 1.1 40%

Negative 1 : 14.5 34%

Attacked 1 : 34 7%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2.86

6.37

45.87

84.88

97.14

92.67

49.33

11.05

0.00

0.96

4.80

4.07

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (31.58%), Mahathir Mohamad (24.56%) and Najib Razak (22.81%) weremost commonly engaged in attack politics these three politicians contributed almost 80% ofall attack politics.

The opposition leaders were rarely quoted as engaging in attack politics, with Hadi Awangleading at 7.02%.


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Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Najib Razak

Hadi Awang

Nik Aziz

Lim Kit Siang

Election Commission Spokesperson

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Chua Soi Lek

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

31.58

24.56

22.81

7.02

5.26

3.51

1.75

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics very much more often (79%) thaneither opposition politicians or independent/other figures.


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79%

16%

5%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.


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43%

57%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, the Economy & development was given the most coverage,followed by Vision Policies & Programmes, then Religion.


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29%

1%

40%

5%

4%

4%

1%1%

13%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Socioeconomic Status was given the most coverage,followed by Ethnicity then Religion.


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23%

12%

7%43%

4%

3%

9%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 19018

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 822

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 26.5

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

24 HARIAN METRO
http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

25 HARIAN METRO

TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 38.952

DAP 8.1908

Gerakan 0.21842

MCA 1.984

MIC 0.43684

PAS 14.216

PBB 0.036403

PBS 0.054605

PKR 9.7561

PR 16.436

PRS 0.036403

PRM 0.036403PSM 0.36403

SAPP 0.018202

SPDP 0.072807

SUPP 0.054605

UMNO 7.6083

UPKO 0.12741

Other 1.4015

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 38.952

BN 49.581793

Gerakan 0.21842

MCA 1.984

MIC 0.43684

PBB 0.036403

PBS 0.054605

PRS 0.036403

SPDP 0.072807

SUPP 0.054605

UMNO 7.6083

UPKO 0.12741

PR 16.436

PR 48.5989DAP 8.1908

PAS 14.216

PKR 9.7561

PRM 0.036403

Independent 0.418635PSM 0.36403

SAPP 0.018202

Other 1.4015 Other 1.4015

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 2.9126 9.1367 36.827 82.467 131.3433

DAP 18.447 14.052 7.4133 1.7067 41.619

Gerakan 0 0.063012 0.43842 0 0.501432

MCA 0 0.63012 3.069 1.7067 5.40582

MIC 0 0 0.87684 0.15516 1.032

PAS 16.505 20.983 15.424 3.3359 56.2479

PBB 0 0 0.079713 0 0.079713

PBS 0 0 0.11957 0 0.11957

PKR 23.301 12.287 11.877 1.474 48.939

PR 35.922 38.248 8.7684 3.0256 85.964

PRS 0 0.063012 0.039857 0 0.102869

PRM 0 0.12602 0 0 0.12602

PSM 0 0.56711 0.39857 0.07758 1.04326

SAPP 0 0 0.039857 0 0.039857

SPDP 0 0.12602 0.079713 0 0.205733

SUPP 0 0 0.11957 0 0.11957

UMNO 2.9126 3.0246 11.638 5.8185 23.3937

UPKO 0 0.12602 0.19928 0 0.3253

Other 0 0.56711 2.5907 0.23274 3.39055

Parties &Coalitions


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26 HARIAN METRO

TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 5.8252

Negative 12.476352

Neutral 53.486963

Positive 90.14736

PR

Attacked 94.175

Negative 85.57

Neutral 43.4827

Positive 9.5422

Attacked 0

Negative 1.26024

Neutral 3.029127

Positive 0.31032

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.10684

Alfred Jabu 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.10684

Anwar Ibrahim 21.795Azmin Ali 1.6026

Baru Bian 0.32051

Bernard Dompok 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 0.96154

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.10684

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0.21368

Hadi Awang 4.7009

Hassan Ali 0.21368

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.42735

Ibrahim Ali 1.1752

James Masing 0.53419

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.10684

Karpal Singh 1.8162

Khalid Ibrahim 4.1667

Khalid Samad 0.8547

Lim Guan Eng 2.8846

Lim Kit Siang 8.2265

Liow Tiong Lai 0.42735

Mahathir Mohamad 2.4573

Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.10684

Muhyiddin Yassin 3.0983

Musa Aman 0.32051

Najib Razak 27.35

Ng Yen Yen 0.42735

Nik Aziz 7.7991

Nizar Jamaluddin 0

Nurul Izzah 2.9915

Rafizi Ramli 1.3889Rosmah Mansur 1.3889

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 0.10684

Teresa Kok 0.32051

Tian Chua 0.8547

Tony Pua 0.53419

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0.10684

Percentage(mention)


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27 HARIAN METRO


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28 HARIAN METRO

TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 1.81624

BN 36.43125

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.21368Alfred Jabu

PBB 0.10684Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0.53419

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 33.7603

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 13.782

PR 60.57713

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 13.56838

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 33.22675

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.10684

2.99146

Hassan Ali Independent 0.21368

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 1.1752

Rosmah Mansur 1.3889

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.10684

Independent/

Other'1st lady'


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29 HARIAN METRO

TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 2.2341

BN 60.515005



Musa Aman 0.097135Najib Razak 27.926

Nazri Aziz 0.63137

Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 1.6027

PR 6.31378

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 1.8456

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0.24284

Lim Guan Eng 0.53424


Nik Aziz 1.0685

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.048567

Independent 33.171607

Hassan Ali 0.1457

Vox Pop Male 15.833

Vox Pop Female 6.1195

0.24284

10.782

Percentage(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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30 HARIAN METRO

TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0.5814

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0.5814

Anwar Ibrahim 32.857 34.076 17.333 4.0698

Azmin Ali 0 2.8662 1.0667 1.1628Baru Bian 0 0.63694 0.26667 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 0 0 2.1333 0.5814

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0.31847 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.53333 0

Hadi Awang 0 6.6879 5.8667 0.5814

Hassan Ali 0 0.63694 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.8 0.5814Ibrahim Ali 0 0.31847 1.6 2.3256

James Masing 0 0.31847 0.53333 1.1628

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0.31847 0 0

Karpal Singh 0 3.5032 1.6 0

Khalid Ibrahim 5.7143 7.3248 2.6667 0

Khalid Samad 0 0.63694 1.6 0

Lim Guan Eng 8.5714 5.0955 1.0667 0.5814

Lim Kit Siang 14.286 9.8726 8.8 1.7442

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 1.0667 0

Mahathir Mohamad 0 2.8662 2.4 2.907

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0.31847 0 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0.63694 5.0667 4.6512

Musa Aman 0 0 0.8 0

Najib Razak 2.8571 2.2293 31.467 74.419

Ng Yen Yen 0 0.31847 0.8 0

Nik Aziz 30 11.465 4 0.5814

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0

Nurul Izzah 1.4286 4.7771 2.9333 0.5814

Rafizi Ramli 0 3.1847 0.26667 1.1628

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 2.9333 1.1628Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.26667 0

Teresa Kok 0 0.63694 0 0.5814

Tian Chua 4.2857 0.95541 0.53333 0

Tony Pua 0 0 1.3333 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.26667 0


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31 HARIAN METRO

TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 2.8571

Negative 6.36938

Neutral 45.86703

Positive 84.8842

PR

Attacked 97.143

Negative 92.67464

Neutral 49.33307

Positive 11.0466

Attacked 0

Negative 0.95541

Neutral 4.79997

Positive 4.0698

Independent/

Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 78.947



Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 22.807

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 0

PR 15.7895

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 7.0175

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0


Nik Aziz 5.2632

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 5.2632

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 3.5088

Vox Pop Female 0

0

1.7544

Percentage

(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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32 HARIAN METRO

TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 8.1291

Policy Issues 27.9702

Environment 0.41902Economy/Development 11.293

Education 1.4247

Foreign Policy 1.1314

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.2361

Oppressive Legislation 0.25141

Health 0.35617

Religion 3.7293

Ethnicity 8.2967

36.4762

Religion 4.5464

Democracy & Human Rights 2.556

Socioeconomic Status 15.525

Mudslinging 1.278

Gender 1.0476

Electioneering 3.2265

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living

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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

Documents

WtW Harian Metro Final