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    'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

    Final Individual Report: 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    15/08/13

    Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

    Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

    in collaboration with

    Comments and feedback welcomed at:

    [email protected] 523 4575

    or

    Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

    Centre for Independent [email protected]

    03-4023-0772/4024-9840

    The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

    http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx
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    Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for 8TV MANDARIN NEWS......................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

    1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

    Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

    Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

    Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

    2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

    2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

    2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

    Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

    Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

    Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

    Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

    .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

    2 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

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    Executive Summary of Key Results for 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Introduction

    Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

    But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

    The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

    The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

    Key Results

    In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by 8TV Mandarin News, we found the following trends:

    (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

    The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards morecoverage of BN.

    PR were attacked (87.5%) and covered negatively (92.31%) more then BN, with BN

    receiving more positive coverage (84.62%).

    Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (89%).

    (2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

    Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

    The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed

    towards more coverage of BN politicians. Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral

    category was used very much the most often (98%).

    However, of the non-neutral material, more attacks were given to PR, while more positivecoverage was given to BN.

    Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

    Najib Razak was the source used most often, followed by Chua Soi Lek.

    Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than PR politicians (16%), whowere used as sources less than independent/other political figures (37%).

    3 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

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    Najib Razak (40%) was the most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by AnwarIbrahim and Chua Soi Lek (both 20%).

    Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than either oppositionpoliticians or Others.

    (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

    Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

    The Non-Policy Issue of Electioneering was the most covered issue overall.

    4 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

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    Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

    1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

    Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

    BN received the most coverage (30.36%), followed by DAP, MCA, then PR.

    Refer to Table 1 for figures.

    5 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    BN

    DAP

    MCA

    PR

    PAS

    PKR

    UMNO

    Gerakan

    Other

    MIC

    SUPP

    PBS

    SAPP

    PBB

    PRS

    PRM

    PSM

    SPDP

    UPKO

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

    30.36

    18.14

    14.06

    10.67

    6.40

    6.30

    4.46

    4.17

    4.17

    0.68

    0.39

    0.10

    0.10

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    Volume

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    Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

    Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards more coverage of BN.

    Refer to Table 2 for figures.

    6 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    BN

    PR

    Independent

    Other

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60

    54.22

    41.51

    0.10

    4.17

    Volume

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    1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

    Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

    Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (97%).

    7 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    1%1%

    97%

    1%

    Attacked

    Negative

    Neutral

    Positive

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    Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

    DAP and PR were the most negatively covered (38.46%), followed by PAS, PKR and UMNO(all 7.69%).

    DAP were the most attacked (50%), followed by PR (25%), PAS and Others (both 12.5%).

    Refer to Table 3 for figures.

    8 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    DAP

    PR

    PAS

    PKR

    UMNO

    OtherBN

    Gerakan

    MCA

    MIC

    PBB

    PBS

    PRS

    PRM

    PSM

    SAPP

    SPDP

    SUPP

    UPKO

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Attacked Negative

    Coverage Volume

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    Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

    BN received the most positive (76.92%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byDAP, MCA and Others (7.69%).

    Refer to Table 3 for figures.

    9 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    BN

    DAP

    MCA

    PR

    PAS

    PKRUMNO

    Gerakan

    Other

    MIC

    SUPP

    PBS

    SAPP

    PBB

    PRS

    PRM

    PSM

    SPDP

    UPKO

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120

    Posi tive Neutral

    Coverage Volume

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    Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

    When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (87.5%) and covered negatively (92.31%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (84.62%).

    It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

    Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

    CoverageType

    BN : PR TonalWeighting

    Positive 1 : 0.09 1%

    Neutral 1 : 0.8 97%

    Negative 1 : 12 1%

    Attacked 0 : 87.5 1%

    10 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Attacked

    Negative

    Neutral

    Positive

    Attacked

    Negative

    Neutral

    Positive

    Attacked

    Negative

    Neutral

    Positive

    BN

    PR

    Independent & Other

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    0.00

    7.69

    54.83

    84.62

    87.50

    92.31

    41.20

    7.69

    12.50

    0.00

    3.97

    7.69

    Coverage Volume

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    Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

    2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

    Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

    Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

    Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(29.79%), followed by Chua Soi Lek and Liow Tong Lai (both 10.32%), then Lim Guan Engand Lim Kit Siang (both 10.03%).

    Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

    11 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Najib Razak

    Chua Soi LekLiow Tiong Lai

    Lim Guan Eng

    Lim Kit Siang

    Anwar Ibrahim

    Muhyiddin Yassin

    Karpal Singh

    Mahathir Mohamad

    Hadi Awang

    Hishamuddin Hussein

    Ng Yen Yen

    Nurul Izzah

    Azmin AliHassan Ali

    Khalid Ibrahim

    Nik Aziz

    Teresa Kok

    Abdul Rahman Dahlan

    Ambiga Sreenevasan

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

    29.79

    10.3210.32

    10.03

    10.03

    4.72

    4.42

    3.54

    3.54

    2.65

    2.06

    2.06

    1.18

    0.880.59

    0.59

    0.59

    0.59

    0.29

    0.29

    Coverage Volume

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    Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

    When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that figures from BN were given much morecoverage than figures from PR.

    Refer to Table 6 for figures.

    12 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    63%

    36%

    1%

    BN

    PR

    Independent/Other

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    2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

    Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

    Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(31.07%), followed by Election Commission Spokespeople (13.59%), Chua Soi Lek (8.74%),then Lim Guan Eng (7.77%).

    Refer to Table 7 for figures.

    13 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Najib Razak

    Election Commission Spokesperson

    Chua Soi Lek

    Lim Guan Eng

    Mahathir Mohamad

    Hadi Awang

    Lim Kit Siang

    Muhyiddin Yassin

    Anwar Ibrahim

    Ambiga Sreenevasan

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

    31.07

    13.59

    8.74

    7.77

    4.85

    3.88

    2.91

    2.91

    0.97

    0.00

    Coverage Volume

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    Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

    Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than PR politicians (16%), whowere used as sources less than independent/other political figures (37%).

    Refer to Table 7 for figures.

    14 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    48%

    16%

    37%BN

    PR

    Independent/Other

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    2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

    Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

    Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (98%).

    15 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    1%

    98%

    1%1%

    Positive

    Neutral

    Negative

    Attacked

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    Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

    In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and ChuaSoi Lek received the most negative coverage (50% each), while Lim Guan Eng and Lim KitSiang received the most attacks (66.67% and 33.33% respectively).

    Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

    16 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Anwar Ibrahim

    Chua Soi Lek

    Lim Guan Eng

    Lim Kit Siang

    Abdul Rahman Dahlan

    Alfred Jabu

    Ambiga Sreenevasan

    Azmin Ali

    Baru Bian

    Bernard Dompok

    Chong Chieng Jen

    Dzulkefly Ahmad

    Elizabeth Wong

    G. Palanivel

    Hadi Awang

    Hassan Ali

    Hishamuddin Hussein

    Ibrahim Ali

    James Masing

    Jeffrey KitinganKarpal Singh

    Khalid Ibrahim

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

    Attacked Negative

    Coverage Volume

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    Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

    In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak, Chua Soi Lekand Muhyiddin Yassin received the most positive coverage (33.33% each).

    Refer to Table 8 for figures.

    17 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Najib RazakLiow Tiong Lai

    Lim Guan Eng

    Lim Kit Siang

    Chua Soi Lek

    Anwar Ibrahim

    Muhyiddin Yassin

    Karpal Singh

    Mahathir Mohamad

    Hadi Awang

    Hishamuddin Hussein

    Ng Yen Yen

    Nurul Izzah

    Azmin Ali

    Hassan Ali

    Khalid Ibrahim

    Teresa Kok

    Abdul Rahman Dahlan

    Ambiga Sreenevasan

    Dzulkefly AhmadElizabeth Wong

    Musa Aman

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

    Posi tive Neutral

    Coverage Volume

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    Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

    Overall, more attacks were given to PR, while more positive coverage was given to BN.

    It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

    Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

    CoverageType

    BN : PRTonal

    Weighting

    Positive 1 : 0.6 2%

    Neutral 1 : 1 96%

    Negative 1 : 1.1 1%

    Attacked 1 : 1.5 1%

    18 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Attacked

    Negative

    Neutral

    Positive

    Attacked

    Negative

    Neutral

    Positive

    Attacked

    Negative

    Neutral

    Positive

    BN

    PR

    Independent/ Other

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120

    0.00

    50.00

    63.27

    100.00

    100.00

    50.00

    35.80

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.93

    0.00

    Coverage Volume

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    2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

    Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

    Most Often?

    This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

    Najib Razak (40%) was the most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by AnwarIbrahim and Chua Soi Lek (both 20%).

    Refer to Table 10 for figures.

    19 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    Najib Razak

    Anwar Ibrahim

    Chua Soi Lek

    Ambiga Sreenevasan

    Baru Bian

    Hadi Awang

    Hassan Ali

    Jeffrey Kitingan

    Khalid Ibrahim

    Lim Guan Eng

    Lim Kit Siang

    Mahathir Mohamad

    Muhyiddin Yassin

    Musa Aman

    Nazri Aziz

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

    40.00

    20.00

    20.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00

    Attack Volume

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    Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

    This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

    Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than oppositionpoliticians or Others.

    Refer to Table 10 for figures.

    20 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    60.00 20.00

    20.00

    BN

    PR

    Independent/Other

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    Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

    3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

    Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

    More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.

    Refer to Table 11 for figures.

    21 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    33%

    67%

    Policy Issues

    Non-Policy Issues

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    Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

    Of all Policy Issues covered, Religion was given the most coverage, followed by Vision Policiesand Programmes then Education.

    Refer to Table 11 for figures.

    22 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    24%

    1%

    9%

    15%

    2%

    12%

    9%

    2%

    26% Policy Issues

    VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion

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    Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

    Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed byEthnicity.

    Refer to Table 11 for figures.

    23 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    34%

    2%

    8%

    16%

    0%1%

    39%

    Non-Policy Issues

    Ethnicity

    Religion

    Democracy & Human Rights

    Socioeconomic Status

    Mudslinging

    Gender

    Electioneering

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    Section 4: A Brief Methodology

    Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

    Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 3424

    Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 276

    Average number of articles/day: na/d = 8.9

    Data Collection

    The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

    Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

    They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

    They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

    They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

    They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

    Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

    (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

    Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

    Data Analysis

    The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

    24 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/
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    Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

    25 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    TABLE 1

    Party Percentage

    BN 30.359

    DAP 18.138

    Gerakan 4.1707

    MCA 14.064

    MIC 0.67895

    PAS 6.4016

    PBB 0

    PBS 0.096993

    PKR 6.3046

    PR 10.669

    PRS 0

    PRM 0

    PSM 0

    SAPP 0.096993

    SPDP 0

    SUPP 0.38797

    UMNO 4.4617

    UPKO 0

    Other 4.1707

    TABLE 2

    Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

    BN 30.359

    BN 54.219313

    Gerakan 4.1707

    MCA 14.064

    MIC 0.67895

    PBB 0

    PBS 0.096993

    PRS 0

    SPDP 0

    SUPP 0.38797

    UMNO 4.4617

    UPKO 0

    PR 10.669

    PR 41.5132DAP 18.138

    PAS 6.4016

    PKR 6.3046

    PRM 0

    Independent 0.096993PSM 0

    SAPP 0.096993

    Other 4.1707 Other 4.1707

    TABLE 3

    Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

    BN 0 0 30.214 76.923 107.137

    DAP 50 38.462 17.904 7.6923 114.0583

    Gerakan 0 0 4.3744 0 4.3744

    MCA 0 0 14.446 7.6923 22.1383

    MIC 0 0 0.71211 0 0.71211

    PAS 12.5 7.6923 6.5107 0 26.703

    PBB 0 0 0 0 0

    PBS 0 0 0.10173 0 0.10173

    PKR 0 7.6923 6.5107 0 14.203

    PR 25 38.462 10.275 0 73.737

    PRS 0 0 0 0 0

    PRM 0 0 0 0 0

    PSM 0 0 0 0 0

    SAPP 0 0 0.10173 0 0.10173

    SPDP 0 0 0 0 0

    SUPP 0 0 0.40692 0 0.40692

    UMNO 0 7.6923 4.5778 0 12.2701

    UPKO 0 0 0 0 0

    Other 12.5 0 3.8657 7.6923 24.058

    Parties &Coalitions

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    26 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

    TABLE 4

    BN

    Attacked 0

    Negative 7.6923

    Neutral 54.83296

    Positive 84.6153

    PR

    Attacked 87.5Negative 92.3086

    Neutral 41.2004

    Positive 7.6923

    Attacked 12.5

    Negative 0

    Neutral 3.96743

    Positive 7.6923

    Independent &Other

    TABLE 5

    Politician/Political Figure

    Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.29499

    Alfred Jabu 0

    Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.29499

    Anwar Ibrahim 4.7198

    Azmin Ali 0.88496

    Baru Bian 0

    Bernard Dompok 0

    Chong Chieng Jen 0

    Chua Soi Lek 10.324

    Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.29499

    Elizabeth Wong 0.29499

    G. Palanivel 0

    Hadi Awang 2.6549

    Hassan Ali 0.58997Hishamuddin Hussein 2.0649

    Ibrahim Ali 0

    James Masing 0

    Jeffrey Kitingan 0

    Karpal Singh 3.5398

    Khalid Ibrahim 0.58997

    Khalid Samad 0

    Lim Guan Eng 10.029

    Lim Kit Siang 10.029

    Liow Tiong Lai 10.324

    Mahathir Mohamad 3.5398

    Maximus Ongkili 0

    Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0

    Muhyiddin Yassin 4.4248

    Musa Aman 0.29499

    Najib Razak 29.794

    Ng Yen Yen 2.0649

    Nik Aziz 0.58997

    Nizar Jamaluddin 0.29499

    Nurul Izzah 1.1799

    Rafizi Ramli 0

    Rosmah Mansur 0

    Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

    Taib Mahmud 0

    Teresa Kok 0.58997

    Tian Chua 0.29499

    Tony Pua 0

    William Mawan 0

    Wong Ho Leng 0

    Wong Soon Koh 0

    Yong Teck Lee 0

    Percentage(mention)

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    TABLE 6

    Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

    Chua Soi Lek

    MCA 22.7129

    BN 63.12638

    Liow Tiong Lai

    Ng Yen Yen

    G. Palanivel MIC 0

    Alfred JabuPBB 0

    Taib Mahmud

    Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

    James Masing PRS 0

    William Mawan SPDP 0

    Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

    Abdul Rahman Dahlan

    UMNO 40.41348

    Hishamuddin Hussein

    Mahathir Mohamad

    Muhyiddin Yassin

    Musa AmanNajib Razak

    Bernard Dompok UPKO 0

    Chong Chieng Jen

    DAP 24.18777

    PR 35.98723

    Karpal Singh

    Lim Guan Eng

    Lim Kit Siang

    Teresa Kok

    Tony Pua

    Wong Ho Leng

    Dzulkefly Ahmad

    PAS 3.83485

    Hadi Awang

    Khalid Samad

    Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

    Nik Aziz

    Nizar Jamaluddin

    Siti Mariah Mahmud

    Anwar Ibrahim

    PKR 7.96461

    Azmin Ali

    Baru Bian

    Elizabeth Wong

    Jeffrey Kitingan

    Khalid Ibrahim

    Nurul Izzah

    Rafizi Ramli

    Tian Chua

    Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.29499

    0.88496

    Hassan Ali Independent 0.58997

    Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0

    Rosmah Mansur 0

    Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0

    Independent/Other

    '1st lady'

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    TABLE 7

    Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

    Chua Soi Lek 8.7379

    BN 47.5729

    Mahathir Mohamad 4.8544

    Muhyiddin Yassin 2.9126

    Musa Aman 0

    Najib Razak 31.068

    Nazri Aziz 0

    Taib Mahmud 0

    Anwar Ibrahim 0.97087

    PR 15.53397

    Baru Bian 0

    Hadi Awang 3.8835

    Jeffrey Kitingan 0

    Khalid Ibrahim 0

    Lim Guan Eng 7.767

    Lim Kit Siang 2.9126

    Nik Aziz 0

    Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

    Independent 36.8929

    Hassan Ali 0

    Vox Pop Male 9.7087

    Vox Pop Female 7.767

    5.8252

    13.592

    Percentage(source)

    Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

    Election CommissionSpokesperson

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    TABLE 8

    Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

    Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.30864 0

    Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0

    Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.30864 0

    Anwar Ibrahim 0 50 4.6296 0

    Azmin Ali 0 0 0.92593 0Baru Bian 0 0 0 0

    Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0

    Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

    Chua Soi Lek 0 50 9.5679 33.333

    Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.30864 0

    Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.30864 0

    G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0

    Hadi Awang 0 0 2.7778 0

    Hassan Ali 0 0 0.61728 0

    Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 2.1605 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0

    James Masing 0 0 0 0

    Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0

    Karpal Singh 0 0 3.7037 0

    Khalid Ibrahim 0 0 0.61728 0

    Khalid Samad 0 0 0 0

    Lim Guan Eng 66.667 0 9.8765 0

    Lim Kit Siang 33.333 0 9.8765 0

    Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 10.494 0

    Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 3.7037 0

    Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

    Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0 0

    Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0 4.321 33.333

    Musa Aman 0 0 0.30864 0

    Najib Razak 0 0 30.247 33.333

    Ng Yen Yen 0 0 2.1605 0

    Nik Aziz 0 0 0.30864 0

    Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.30864 0

    Nurul Izzah 0 0 1.2346 0

    Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0 0

    Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

    Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0

    Teresa Kok 0 0 0.61728 0

    Tian Chua 0 0 0.30864 0

    Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

    William Mawan 0 0 0 0

    Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

    Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

    Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0

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    TABLE 9

    BN

    Attacked 0

    Negative 50

    Neutral 63.27188

    Positive 99.999

    PR

    Attacked 100

    Negative 50

    Neutral 35.80239

    Positive 0

    Attacked 0

    Negative 0

    Neutral 0.92592

    Positive 0

    Independent/Other

    TABLE 10

    Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

    Chua Soi Lek 20

    BN 60

    Mahathir Mohamad 0

    Muhyiddin Yassin 0

    Musa Aman 0

    Najib Razak 40

    Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0

    Anwar Ibrahim 20

    PR 20

    Baru Bian 0

    Hadi Awang 0

    Jeffrey Kitingan 0

    Khalid Ibrahim 0

    Lim Guan Eng 0

    Lim Kit Siang 0

    Nik Aziz 0

    Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

    Independent 20

    Hassan Ali 0

    Vox Pop Male 0

    Vox Pop Female 0

    20

    0

    Percentage(source +attacking)

    Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

    Election CommissionSpokesperson

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    TABLE 11

    Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

    Vision Policies/Programmes 4.0082

    Policy Issues 16.75219

    Environment 0.20555

    Economy/Development 1.5416

    Education 2.5694Foreign Policy 0.30832

    Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.0555

    Oppressive Legislation 1.4388

    Health 0.30832

    Religion 4.3165

    Ethnicity 11.511

    34.12149

    Religion 0.8222

    Democracy & Human Rights 2.7749

    Socioeconomic Status 5.3443

    Mudslinging 0.10277

    Gender 0.30832

    Electioneering 13.258

    Non-PolicyIssues

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    Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

    1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

    1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

    2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

    16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

    29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

    43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

    2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

    1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

    10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

    12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

    15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

    3. Party or Coalition

    1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

    Party)

    4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

    17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

    4. Organisations

    1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

    organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

    5. Policy Issues

    1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

    Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

    4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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    6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

    2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

    3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

    4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

    6. PTPTN7. Other

    5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

    6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

    7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

    Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

    4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

    6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

    7. Other

    8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

    9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

    6. Non-Policy Issues

    1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

    2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

    6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

    3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

    4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

    12. Rural13. Cost of Living

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    14. Other

    5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

    6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

    6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

    7. Gender

    1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

    7. Sexism8. Other

    8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other