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Final report from the Watching the Watchdog Malaysian GE13 media monitoring project, a collaboration between the Centre for Independent Journalism and the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus.http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/Watching-the-Watchdog.aspx

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Page 1: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: MALAYSIAKINI ENGLISH

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Page 2: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI ENGLISH.................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6

1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 – Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25Section 6: Appendix 2 – Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

Page 3: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Executive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI ENGLISH

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media – the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media – newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Malaysiakini English, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

• The coverage of parties and coalitions was relatively equally split between BN and PR, with a slight skew towards PR.

• The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over 86%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR received the most attacks.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

• Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, but overall, the coverage given to politicians from both major coalitions was relatively equal.

• Najib Razak received the most of all kinds of coverage (positive, negative, neutral and attacked), followed by Anwar Ibrahim.

• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category is used very much the most often (74%) followed by attacks (12%).

• Overall, BN politicians received the most negative coverage and the most positive coverage, while PR and BN's politicians were attacked at very similar rates.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

• Anwar Ibrahim and Najib Razak were most commonly used as sources. Apart from Najib Razak, BN politicians were very rarely used as sources.

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• This is possibly linked to the barring of Malaysiakini from UMNO press conferences, as it is good journalistic practice to preferentially cite direct sources.

• Lim Kit Siang was most commonly quoted as engaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak then Lim Guan Eng.

• Overall, PR coalition politicians engaged in attack politics very slightly more often than BN politicians.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

• Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.

• The Non-Policy Issue of Democracy & Human Rights was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

• BN received the most coverage (27.39%), followed by PR, DAP, PKR, & PAS.

• Refer to Table 1 for figures.

BNPR

DAPPKRPAS

UMNOOtherMCAPSMMIC

GerakanSAPP

PBSSUPPUPKOSPDP

PBBPRSPRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27.3915.09

12.9111.98

9.027.54

5.334.54

1.831.141.010.99

0.420.410.220.080.050.020.01

Volume

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

• Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, PR received slightly more coverage than BN overall – 49% to 43%.

• Refer to Table 2 for figures.

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

42.83

49.00

2.83

5.33

Volume

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (86%).

5%6%

86%

3%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

• BN was the most negatively covered (39.09%) and most attacked (31.57%).

• PR, PAS, PKR and DAP were second, fourth, fifth and sixth most negatively covered (in that order), while UMNO was third most negatively covered.

• PR, DAP, PAS and UMNO were second to fifth most negatively coevred, in that order, followed by PKR in sixth place.

• Refer to Table 3 for figures.

BNPR

UMNOPASPKRDAPMCA

GerakanMIC

OtherSUPP

PSMSAPP

PBSPBBPRSPRM

SPDPUPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

• BN received the most positive (57.2%) and neutral (25.36%) coverage by a significant margin, followed by PR and its constituent parties.

• Refer to Table 3 for figures.

BNPR

DAPPKRPAS

UMNOOtherMCAPSMMIC

SAPPGerakan

PBSSUPPUPKOSPDP

PBBPRSPRM

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

• When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomes clear that BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR received the most attacks.

• It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category.

• Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

Ratio Type BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.6 3%

Neutral 1 : 1.2 86%

Negative 1 : 0.6 6%

Attacked 1 : 1.2 5%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

44.40

60.21

40.81

63.64

54.58

37.52

49.94

35.23

1.02

2.27

9.25

1.14

Coverage Volume

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

• Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

• Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (27.10%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (16.24%), then Lim Kit Siang, Mahathir Mohamad, then Lim Guan Eng.

• Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

Najib RazakAnwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang

Mahathir MohamadLim Guan EngChua Soi Lek

Khalid IbrahimNurul Izzah

Muhyiddin YassinIbrahim Ali

Taib MahmudNik Aziz

Hadi AwangLiow Tiong LaiYong Teck LeeKhalid Samad

Jeffrey KitinganRafizi Ramli

Bernard DompokAmbiga Sreenevasan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27.1016.24

9.396.06

5.493.293.293.07

2.652.46

1.631.551.481.441.211.171.061.020.870.83

Coverage Volume

Page 12: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

• When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas relatively equal.

• Refer to Table 6 for figures.

46%

49%

5%

BN

PR

Independent/Other

Page 13: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

• Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Anwar Ibrahim and Najib Razak were most commonly used as sources (16.68% and 13.75%). They were followed by Lim Guan Eng, Lim Kit Siang, and the EC Spokespeople (in that order).

• Apart from Najib Razak, BN politicians were very rarely used as sources.

◦ This is possibly linked to the barring of Malaysiakini from UMNO press conferences, as it is good journalistic practice to preferentially cite direct sources.

• Refer to Table 7 for figures.

Anwar Ibrahim

Najib Razak

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Election Commission Spokesperson

Chua Soi Lek

Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Khalid Ibrahim

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

16.68

13.75

8.16

7.37

5.30

4.10

4.10

3.51

3.16

1.96

Coverage Volume

Page 14: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

• Politicians from PR were used as sources more often (37.86%) than both independent political figures and BN, with BN politicians being used as sources the least (27.94%).

◦ Again, this is possibly linked to the barring of Malaysiakini from UMNO press conferences.

◦ It is worth noting that the distribution amongst the three key groups was still relatively equitable overall.

• Refer to Table 7 for figures.

28%

38%

34%BN

PR

Independent/Other

Page 15: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

• Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category is used very much the most often.

5%

75%

8%

12%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked

Page 16: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most negative coverage (26.7%) and attacks (28.31%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (11.17% and 19.69% respectively).

• Taib Mahmud, Mahathir Mohamad, and Khalid Ibrahim received the third, fourth and fifth most negative coverage respectively.

• Lim Kit Siang, Mahathir Mohamad, and Chua Soi Lek received third, fourth and fifth most attacks respectively.

• Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Taib Mahmud

Mahathir Mohamad

Khalid Ibrahim

Chua Soi Lek

Muhyiddin Yassin

Lim Kit Siang

Ibrahim Ali

Lim Guan Eng

Tian Chua

Yong Teck Lee

Hishamuddin Hussein

Liow Tiong Lai

Maximus Ongkili

Nurul Izzah

Azmin Ali

Hadi Awang

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Jeffrey Kitingan

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Chong Chieng Jen

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume

Page 17: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

• In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive (42.62%) and neutral coverage (26.24%) by significant margins.

• Anwar Ibrahim received the second most positive and neutral coverage (18.03% and 16.3% respectively).

• Khalid Ibrahim received the third most positive coverage, followed by Lim Guan Eng and Lim Kit Siang.

• Refer to Table 8 for figures.

Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Mahathir Mohamad

Nurul Izzah

Ibrahim Ali

Chua Soi Lek

Khalid Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Nik Aziz

Hadi Awang

Liow Tiong Lai

Rafizi Ramli

Yong Teck Lee

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Samad

Bernard Dompok

G. Palanivel

Karpal Singh

Maximus Ongkili

Taib Mahmud

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

• Overall, BN received the most negative coverage and the most positive coverage, while PR and BN were attacked at very similar rates.

• It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category.

• Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

Ratio Type BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.9 5%

Neutral 1 : 1.2 74%

Negative 1 : 0.5 8%

Attacked 1 : 1 12%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

50.15

61.65

43.50

52.46

48.62

32.52

50.99

45.08

1.23

5.83

5.50

2.46

Coverage Volume

Page 19: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?

• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

• Lim Kit Siang (16.7%) was most commonly quoted as engaged in 'attack politics', followed byNajib Razak (14.85%) and Lim Guan Eng (12.17%).

• Anwar Ibrahim and Muhyiddin Yassin came in at fourth and fifth place respectively.

• Refer to Table 10 for figures.

Lim Kit Siang

Najib Razak

Lim Guan Eng

Anwar Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Chua Soi Lek

Nik Aziz

Khalid Ibrahim

Taib Mahmud

Hadi Awang

Nazri Aziz

Jeffrey Kitingan

Election Commission Spokesperson

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

16.70

14.85

12.17

10.72

10.31

8.25

4.95

4.12

2.47

1.03

1.03

0.41

0.41

0.21

0.21

Attack Volume

Page 20: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

• This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

• Overall, PR coalition politicians engaged in attack politics slightly more often than BN politicians (43.71% to 38.97%).

• Refer to Table 10 for figures.

39%

44%

17%

BN

PR

Independent/Other

Page 21: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

• More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.

• Refer to Table 11 for figures.

29%

71%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues

Page 22: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

• Of all policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention, followed by the Economy & Development, then Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security.

• Refer to Table 11 for figures.

27%

5%

25%

7%

5%

18%

4%1%

7%

Policy Issues

Vision Policies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime & National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion

Page 23: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

• Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Democracy & Human Rights was given the most coverage, followed by Ethnicity, then Socioeconomic status.

• Refer to Table 11 for figures.

28%

7%

37%

12%

3%

3%

10%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering

Page 24: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 – 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 36353

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 698

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 22.516

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

• They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one).

• They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

• They were from within the TV news broadcasts.• They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,

opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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Section 5: Appendix 1 – Tables

TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 27.385

DAP 12.908

Gerakan 1.0116

MCA 4.5422

MIC 1.1431

PAS 9.0238

PBB 0.050582

PBS 0.42489

PKR 11.978

PR 15.094

PRS 0.020233

PRM 0.010116

PSM 1.8311

SAPP 0.9914

SPDP 0.080931

SUPP 0.41477

UMNO 7.5367

UPKO 0.22256

Other 5.3313

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 27.385

BN 42.832566

Gerakan 1.0116

MCA 4.5422

MIC 1.1431

PBB 0.050582

PBS 0.42489

PRS 0.020233

SPDP 0.080931

SUPP 0.41477

UMNO 7.5367

UPKO 0.22256

PR 15.094

PR 49.0038DAP 12.908

PAS 9.0238

PKR 11.978

PRM 0.010116

Independent 2.832616PSM 1.8311

SAPP 0.9914

Other 5.3313 Other 5.3313

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 31.568 39.092 25.359 57.197 153.216

DAP 10.794 6.9808 13.746 3.0303 34.5511

Gerakan 0.40733 2.0942 0.9894 0 3.49093

MCA 2.444 5.4101 4.6408 2.2727 14.7676

MIC 0.81466 1.5707 1.1425 1.1364 4.66426

PAS 10.183 8.726 9.1166 4.9242 32.9498

PBB 0 0 0.058893 0 0.058893

PBS 0 0.17452 0.48292 0 0.65744

PKR 5.2953 7.5044 13.039 2.2727 28.1114

PR 28.31 14.311 14.04 25 81.661

PRS 0 0 0.023557 0 0.023557

PRM 0 0 0.011779 0 0.011779

PSM 0 0.52356 2.0612 1.1364 3.72116

SAPP 0.20367 0.34904 1.1072 0 1.65991

SPDP 0 0 0.094229 0 0.094229

SUPP 0.20367 0.8726 0.36514 0 1.44141

UMNO 8.9613 10.995 7.4087 3.0303 30.3953

UPKO 0 0 0.24735 0 0.24735

Other 0.81466 1.3962 6.066 0 8.27686

Parties & Coalitions

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TABLE 5

Politician/Political FigureAbdul Rahman Dahlan 0.1514

Alfred Jabu 0.1514Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.8327

Anwar Ibrahim 16.238Azmin Ali 0.6056Baru Bian 0.11355

Bernard Dompok 0.87055Chong Chieng Jen 0.26495

Chua Soi Lek 3.293Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.1514Elizabeth Wong 0.03785

G. Palanivel 0.71915Hadi Awang 1.4762Hassan Ali 0.11355

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.56775Ibrahim Ali 2.4603

James Masing 0.0757Jeffrey Kitingan 1.0598

Karpal Singh 0.6813Khalid Ibrahim 3.293Khalid Samad 1.1734Lim Guan Eng 5.4883Lim Kit Siang 9.3868Liow Tiong Lai 1.4383

Mahathir Mohamad 6.056Maximus Ongkili 0.71915

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.41635Muhyiddin Yassin 2.6495

Musa Aman 0.5299Najib Razak 27.101Ng Yen Yen 0.11355

Nik Aziz 1.5519Nizar Jamaluddin 0.757

Nurul Izzah 3.0659Rafizi Ramli 1.022

Rosmah Mansur 0.41635Siti Mariah Mahmud 0.26495

Taib Mahmud 1.6276Teresa Kok 0.34065Tian Chua 0.757Tony Pua 0.4542

William Mawan 0.11355Wong Ho Leng 0.18925Wong Soon Koh 0Yong Teck Lee 1.2112

Percentage (mention)

TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 44.39896

Negative 54.62559

Neutral 40.812489

Positive 63.6364

PR

Attacked 54.5823

Negative 37.5222

Neutral 49.9416

Positive 35.2272

Attacked 1.01833

Negative 2.2688

Neutral 9.246179

Positive 1.1364

Independent & Other

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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 4.84485

BN 46.1775

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.71915

Alfred JabuPBB 1.779

Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.71915

James Masing PRS 0.0757

William Mawan SPDP 0.11355

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 37.05555

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.87055

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 16.80545

PR 48.78935

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 5.7912

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 26.1927

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.8327

5.0341

Hassan Ali Independent 0.11355

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 2.4603

Rosmah Mansur 0.41635

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 1.2112

Independent/Other

'1st lady'

Page 28: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 4.096

BN 27.94061

Mahathir Mohamad 3.5108

Muhyiddin Yassin 4.096

Musa Aman 0.58514

Najib Razak 13.751

Nazri Aziz 0.70217

Taib Mahmud 1.1995

Anwar Ibrahim 16.676

PR 37.85799

Baru Bian 0.46811

Hadi Awang 1.5506

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.35108

Khalid Ibrahim 1.9602

Lim Guan Eng 8.1627

Lim Kit Siang 7.3727

Nik Aziz 1.3166

Ambiga Sreenevasan 3.1597

Independent 34.2009

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 10.971

Vox Pop Female 8.0749

6.6998

5.2955

Percentage (source)

Public Opinion/Vox Pop General

Election Commission Spokesperson

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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0.48544 0.15283 0Alfred Jabu 0.30769 0 0.050942 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.30769 0.48544 0.76414 0Anwar Ibrahim 19.692 11.165 16.302 18.033

Azmin Ali 1.8462 0.48544 0.40754 0.81967Baru Bian 0 0 0.15283 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 1.0188 2.459Chong Chieng Jen 0 0.48544 0.30565 0

Chua Soi Lek 6.1538 5.8252 2.8018 0Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0.48544 0.15283 0Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.050942 0

G. Palanivel 0.61538 0 0.86602 0Hadi Awang 1.5385 0.48544 1.6811 0Hassan Ali 0 0 0.15283 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.30769 1.4563 0.56037 0Ibrahim Ali 0.30769 3.3981 2.8018 1.6393

James Masing 0 0 0.050942 0.81967Jeffrey Kitingan 0.30769 0.48544 1.2226 1.6393

Karpal Singh 0.30769 0 0.86602 0Khalid Ibrahim 2.1538 8.7379 2.5981 9.0164Khalid Samad 0 0 1.1717 1.6393Lim Guan Eng 4.9231 2.4272 5.9093 6.5574Lim Kit Siang 10.462 4.8544 10.036 4.918Liow Tiong Lai 0 1.4563 1.5283 2.459

Mahathir Mohamad 9.8462 9.2233 5.2471 2.459Maximus Ongkili 0 0.97087 0.86602 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0.56037 0Muhyiddin Yassin 3.0769 5.3398 2.2924 1.6393

Musa Aman 0 0 0.71319 0Najib Razak 28.308 26.699 26.235 42.623Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.15283 0

Nik Aziz 1.2308 0 1.8339 0.81967Nizar Jamaluddin 2.1538 0 0.66225 0

Nurul Izzah 2.7692 0.48544 3.515 0.81967Rafizi Ramli 0.30769 0 1.3245 0

Rosmah Mansur 0 0.48544 0.45848 0.81967Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0.30565 0.81967

Taib Mahmud 1.5385 10.194 0.81508 0Teresa Kok 0 0 0.45848 0Tian Chua 0.92308 2.4272 0.61131 0Tony Pua 0 0 0.61131 0

William Mawan 0 0 0.15283 0Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.25471 0Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0Yong Teck Lee 0.61538 1.4563 1.3245 0

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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 50.15416

Negative 61.65021

Neutral 43.504454

Positive 52.45897

PR

Attacked 48.61555

Negative 32.52434

Neutral 50.994092

Positive 45.08208

Attacked 1.23076

Negative 5.82528

Neutral 5.50175

Positive 2.45897

Independent/ Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 4.1237

BN 38.96837

Mahathir Mohamad 8.2474Muhyiddin Yassin 10.309

Musa Aman 0Najib Razak 14.845Nazri Aziz 0.41237

Taib Mahmud 1.0309Anwar Ibrahim 10.722

PR 43.71166

Baru Bian 0Hadi Awang 0.41237

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.20619Khalid Ibrahim 1.0309Lim Guan Eng 12.165Lim Kit Siang 16.701

Nik Aziz 2.4742Ambiga Sreenevasan 4.9485

Independent 17.31959

Hassan Ali 0Vox Pop Male 4.1237

Vox Pop Female 2.268

5.7732

0.20619

Percentage (source + attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox Pop General

Election Commission Spokesperson

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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 4.3583

Policy Issues 16.03987

Environment 0.80379

Economy/Development 4.0457

Education 1.1967

Foreign Policy 0.8663

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.9204

Oppressive Legislation 0.57158

Health 0.1161

Religion 1.161

Ethnicity 11.342

40.0554

Religion 2.8668

Democracy & Human Rights 14.683

Socioeconomic Status 4.8852

Mudslinging 1.3932

Gender 1.0717

Electioneering 3.8135

Non-Policy Issues

Page 32: WtW Malaysiakini English Final

Section 6: Appendix 2 – Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan2. Alfred Jabu 3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim 5. Azmin Ali 6. Baru Bian 7. Bernard Dompok 8. Chong Chieng Jen 9. Chua Soi Lek 10. Dzulkefly Ahmad 11. Elizabeth Wong 12. G. Palanivel 13. Hadi Awang 14. Hassan Ali 15. Hishamuddin Hussein 16. James Masing 17. Jeffrey Kitingan 18. Karpal Singh 19. Khalid Ibrahim 20. Khalid Samad 21. Lim Guan Eng 22. Lim Kit Siang 23. Liow Tiong Lai 24. Mahathir Mohamad 25. Maximus Ongkili 26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 27. Muhyiddin Yassin 28. Musa Aman 29. Najib Razak 30. Ng Yen Yen 31. Nik Aziz 32. Nizar Jamaluddin 33. Nurul Izzah 34. Rafizi Ramli 35. Rosmah Mansur 36. Siti Mariah Mahmud 37. Taib Mahmud 38. Teresa Kok 39. Tian Chua 40. Tony Pua 41. William Mawan 42. Wong Ho Leng43. Wong Soon Koh 44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian 4. Chua Soi Lek 5. Hadi Awang 6. Hassan Ali 7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim 9. Lim Guan Eng 10. Lim Kit Siang

11. Mahathir Mohamad 12. Muhyiddin Yassin 13. Musa Aman 14. Najib Razak 15. Nazri Aziz 16. Nik Aziz 17. Taib Mahmud 18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General 21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun

Murut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI 7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

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4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)6. SOSMA (Security Offences (Special

Measures) Act 2012)7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

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12. Rural13. Cost of Living14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose

11. Other

7. Gender1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other