Smart Houses & Smart Grids for a Sustainable Energy Future

M.J.J. Scheepers

Presented at the NXP stategue meeting Smart Environments, 8 September 2010, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven

ECN-L—10-082 September 2010

www.ecn.nl

Smart Houses & Smart Grids for a

Sustainable Energy Future

Martin Scheepers

ECN Efficiency & Infrastructure

NXP Research Scientific Steering Board, September 8, 2010

Contents

• The energy challenge

• Energy in the Built Environment

• Smart House & Smart Grid

• An example: PowerMatcher

2 8-9-2010

The Energy Challenge

3 8-9-2010

Strategy for a sustainable energy supply

Trias Energetica

First step (energy saving) is:

Reducing final energy demand

Increasing energy (conversion) efficiency

Primaire

Energy source

Energy

conversion Energy carrierEnergy

conversion

Energy supply Energy demandEnergy system

Energy

function

Ind

ustry

Bu

ilt En

viro

nm

en

tT

ran

sp

ort

wind

solar

wave & tidal

geothermal

hydro

coal

oil

natural gas

uranium

ind turbine

photo voltaic

CSP

solar collector

power station

biomass

raffinary

electricity

heat

gas / LPG

transport fuel

heat/cool

power

light

electronics

heat/cool

power

light

entertainment

power

lightning

(steam)boiler

gas turbine

heat pump

cooling machine

furnace

electric motor

Fuel cel

SNG

hydrogen

ICE

el.heater automation

stirling motor

gasifier/reformer

storage storage storage

elektrolysis

steam turbine

Primairy

Energy source

Energy

conversion Energy carrierEnergy

conversion

Energy

function

wind

solar

wave & tidal

geothermal

hydro

coal

oil

natural gas

uranium

Wind turbine

photo voltaic

CSP

solar collector

power station

biomass

refinary

electricity

heat

gas/LPG

transport fuel

Ind

ustry

Bu

ilt en

viro

nm

en

tT

ran

sp

ort

heat/cool

power

light

elctronics

heat/cool

power

light

entertainment

power

ligthtning

(steam)boiler

gas turbine

heatpump

cooling machine

furnace

electric motor

fuelcel

SNG

hyrdogen

ICE

el.heater automation

stirling motor

gassifier/reformer

storage storage storage

Energy supply Energy demand

chain efficiency

Energy system

electrolysis

steam turbine

Space required for renewable energy

Renwable

Energy

source

Energy

density

Annual electricity

production per km2

Land use for

120 TWh/jaar

% of the

Netherlands

Wind 2 W/m2 17,52 GWh 6849 km2 16,5%

Zon 15 W/m2 131,4 GWh 913 km2 2,2%

Biomassa 0,5 W/m2 4,38 GWh 60883 km2 147%

7 8-9-2010

Netherlands: 41.528 km2

Energy in the Built

Environment

8 8-9-2010

9

• Net energy neutral Built Environment around 2050

• Net energy neutral:

- Total energy demand covered by local renewable sources

(solar, wind, geo/soil)

- Neutral over one year (all seasons)

• All buildings

- Existing & new

- Residential & Non-residential

Vision on the future of Energy Efficient Buildings

2015 2030 2050

100%

Business as usual

Energy Neutral

Fossil

Energy

saving &

Renewable

energy

10

What does the vision imply for the Built Environment?

Case study: The Netherlands

• All measures for residential buildings combined: -40 %

- Passive house concept

- Building Integrated RES

- Seasonal heat storage

- 2% reduction User Appliances

• All building-related (residential + non-residential) measures combined: -80 %

• Ambition for RES at district level: -20 %

-250

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

To

tal n

et

pri

ma

iry

use

of

en

erg

y [

PJ p]

Residential Transition Scenario Total Business as UsualNon-residential Transition Scenario Total Transition ScenarioDistrict systems Transition Scenario

11

Technologies in Energy efficient

residential buildings

• Passive Solar energy

• Building Integrated PV

(BIPV)

• Solar collectors or PV-

Thermal (PVT);

• Electric heatpump

• Seasonal heat storage

• Energy

Demand/Supply

matching

Smart House & Smart Grid

12

Demand & supply matching: Optimisation challenge

Commodity Heat Electricity

Quality Different temperature

levels

220-230 V

System level House, street, district Street, district, national

system

Flexibility Heat storage, thermal

capacity of buildings

Thermal capacity

appliances, time-flexibiltiy,

battery storage

Time range 1 day – 1 year 5 minutes-several hours

Optimisation goal Reduction of external

energy supply

National: reduction of back-

up generation capacity

Street, district: load

management local grid

13

Demand & Supply Management of heat

14

solar collector

(supply)

thermal storage

(supply/demand)

Heatpump

providing

space

heating/cooling

and warm

tapping water

(demand)

Ground heat exchanger

(supply)/demand

electricity grid (supply)

PV(supply)

Collective heat pump system

Smart Grids use demand side flexibility

15 26-5-2010

less generation

capacity for peak

and back up

power

less network

reinforcement costs

16

LS net

MS

net

Distributie

station

LS net

MS

net

distributie

station

micro WKK

elektrische

warmtepomp

zonnepanelen

zonnepanelen

windturbine

Load management of local electricity grids

Uncontrolled charging

5 hours charging

00:0

0

01:0

0

02:0

0

03:0

0

04:0

0

05:0

0

06:0

0

07:0

0

08:0

0

09:0

0

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

13:0

0

14:0

0

15:0

0

16:0

0

17:0

0

18:0

0

19:0

0

20:0

0

21:0

0

22:0

0

23:0

0

[KV

A]

About 25 cars per 100

dwellings

Reinforcement of

transport capacity

Controlled charging

5 hours charging

00

:00

01

:00

02

:00

03

:00

04

:00

05

:00

06

:00

07

:00

08

:00

09

:00

10

:00

11

:00

12

:00

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

00

:00

[KV

A]

About 25 cars per 100

dwellings

Maximum transport

capacity

17 26-5-2010

LV

MV

HV/EHV

Smart meter

Smart Grids:

distributed

intelligence and

automated

operational

processes

Smart Grids:

distributed

intelligence

supporting

demand

response and

(real time)

energy

market

participation

Smart Grid: IT making electricity grids smarter and

enables more renewable energy and energy efficiency

Network operations

SCADA

Trading operations

IT

supported

energy

trade

Smart House & Smart Grid: The IT challenge

• Appliances become interconnected

- Energy supply in buildings

- Energy demand responsive to external energy supply

• Simple control systems in appliances are no longer adequate

• More complex control systems integrating local optimisation

(appliance level) with optimisation on house, district and

national level

18

An Example

19

What does the consumer want?

The consumer:

• doesn’t want to be bothered too much

• wants to minimse costs (and CO2

footprint)

• wants to have comfort

• has flexiblity to offer

• but she wants to decide for herself!

I don’t want anybody to

fumble with my household!

20

Which demand side flexibility?

• Flexibility in time

- Washing machine, dish washer, tumble dryer

- Charging (plug-in) electrical vehicle

• Flexibility of thermal capacity

- Freezer, refrigerator

- Air conditioner

- Heat pump

- CHP with heat storage

21

Optimisation by using electronic markets

kWh

Pri

js

Wind

energy

Solar

energy

Coal/

biomass

(micro-)

CHP/

gas

Washing/

drying

Heating/

Cooling

Charging

Industrial

demand

Demand/Supply matching

22

Virtual Power Plant created by applying multi

agent technology

23

24

Characteristics

• Scalability:

- Large number of DER components

- Spread over a large area

- Centralized control reaches complexity limits

• Openness:

- DER units can connect and disconnect at will

- All (future) DER types must be able to connect

- Integration with renewable generation

• Multi-actor interaction:

- Balancing of stakes: Locally and globally

- Coordination exceeding ownership boundaries

- Decide locally on local issues.

• Align with liberalized energy markets

Multi-Agent

Systems

(MAS)

Electronic

Markets

Distributed

Control &

Intelligence

DER: distributed energy resources, i.e. distributed generation, demand

response appliance, energy storage device

27 8-9-2010

•

PowerMatching City: looking into the future

Consumers participate actively in power market

and grid management

Power

Market

Grid

Manage

ment

29

display

30

Introduction of (Plug-in) Electric Vehicles

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Annual no. of Evs and

PHEVs sold in the

Netherlands if same

introduction speed holds as

Toyoto Prius

March 2008: 8 years after

introduction Toyota Prius

10,000 sold in the

Netherlands

Total Evs and PHEVs in

the Netherlands

including replacement

after 10 years

929,000

585,000

42,000-55,000

120,000-143,000

246,000

129,000 149,000

392,000

2.7 million

1.3 million

Action Plan Stichting

Natuur en Milieu

31

When and how will current electicity grids

becoming smart?

proeftuinen

2010 2015 2020

preparations

Taskforce Smart Grids

implementation

Innovation program