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Genetic Genetic Engineering Engineering
STS Biology STS Biology Unit 4 Unit 4
GeneticsGeneticsMrs. SteinMrs. Stein
What is Genetic What is Genetic Engineering?Engineering?
Manipulating DNA for practical Manipulating DNA for practical purposes:purposes:– DNA sequencing and the Human DNA sequencing and the Human
GenomeGenome– Transgenic organisms have many Transgenic organisms have many
applications in agricultureapplications in agriculture– DNA fingerprinting used in DNA fingerprinting used in
forensicsforensics
Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering Tools: PCRTools: PCR
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses DNA polymerase to make many copies of DNA
Gives scientists enough DNA to work with!
Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering Tools: Restriction Tools: Restriction
EnzymesEnzymes Proteins which Proteins which
recognize and cut recognize and cut specificspecific base base sequencessequences in DNA in DNA
Results in fragments Results in fragments of DNA with of DNA with “sticky “sticky ends”ends”
First step in many First step in many DNA manipulationsDNA manipulations
PlasmidsPlasmids Plasmids – circular DNA Plasmids – circular DNA
molecules in many bacteriamolecules in many bacteria
Plasmid use in genetic Plasmid use in genetic engineering engineering
Recombinant DNA and Recombinant DNA and PlasmidsPlasmids
Genes are “spliced” into plasmidsGenes are “spliced” into plasmids Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA –contains DNA –contains DNA
from different sourcesfrom different sources Plasmids containing the target gene Plasmids containing the target gene
are reproduced (cloned) inside are reproduced (cloned) inside bacteriabacteria
Used to make various proteins:Used to make various proteins:– insulin, human growth hormone, pest insulin, human growth hormone, pest
resistance proteins in plantsresistance proteins in plants
Gel ElectrophoresisGel Electrophoresis
DNA fragments are placed in wells of the gel
DNA digested by restriction enzymes
Gel
DNA is negatively charged so it will migrate to the positive size
Power source
Longer DNA fragments
Shorter DNA fragments
DNA DNA FingerprintingFingerprinting
Analysis of gel Analysis of gel electrophoresis to electrophoresis to compare the compare the genomes of genomes of organismsorganisms
Used in crime Used in crime investigations and investigations and paternity testspaternity tests
Whose kids are Whose kids are these???these???
Using the gel, Using the gel, determine:determine:– Which child/children Which child/children
are the offspring of are the offspring of both mom and dad?both mom and dad?
– Which child/children Which child/children are the dad’s child from are the dad’s child from another marriage?another marriage?
– Which child/children Which child/children are the dad’s child from are the dad’s child from another marriage?another marriage?
– Which child/children Which child/children are adopted?are adopted?
Transgenic Transgenic OrganismsOrganisms
Organisms containing Organisms containing genes from other speciesgenes from other species
Transgenic bacteria Transgenic bacteria produce growth hormoneproduce growth hormone
Transgenic plants and Transgenic plants and animals improving animals improving agricultureagriculture
CloningCloning
Making a Making a genetically genetically identical organismidentical organism
Potential to use Potential to use cloning to treat a cloning to treat a variety of diseasevariety of disease
How was Dolly the sheep How was Dolly the sheep made?made?
Donor Nucleus
Cells are fused
Nucleus is removed from the egg cell
Egg CellFused Cell
Embryo
Foster MotherCloned Lamb