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># Hrcst`gczcr`mc N sa dkncv` prkg`zki silasa p`r` nkr

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Mao`tcvmc stapam khscd`bcla' Mc2N cNa>N-

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) M`lladmkst`vmclc nkr`m' NF2mcla pkzm`t

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) struhtur` dcnkr`m` mcla pktpumk r`zl`mlam`) ksci cstcffcdrcd` nkr` pkzm`tc su c hkincmcr`mc fcdrcdch`k gctcl nkrkfcdrcd' GcNF

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lar m`st`g` FE ikiamt`gmk ra`oula s mafcdrkgczcr`mciNE2d`luctatr`egukrknkr`tmu hcsagcmu' FNE4K >F2NK2

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\`orcl`v`mlai 4F2NK2 ounc vkdu c prag`zc uiat`nkr`tmu &iat`nkrmu# hcsagcmu' FNK>' ` l`ciz`orcl`v`mlai u N

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@hk sa hkmdamz`bcl` kn vgl` s i`mlcinrklai ikgahug` F

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Krtknkrm` hcsagcm` la u vkdamci r`stvkrci` vrgk sg`n`hcsagcm`NK2)

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2) &M`> N2K5 c H2 N2K5#c s` g`m`mci `mckmki B`&NK>#>

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Nkrm` hcsagcm` hcsagcm` ci` `mtcsaptch` dalstv`' `hkrcstc sa u kngchu 2! r`stvkr` c 0: ! i`stc-

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Rguc z` cipraom`bclu z`vkl`-

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Hkipgahsmc nkr`tc' s`st`vglamc kd NK2)orup` c NK4)orup`-M`lv`mclc la nkr`hs M`>N4K1&KF#4 6F>K - Rg`nk sar`stv`r` u vkdc' vkdamc r`stvkr ra`oula n`zmk- Nkr`hshrcst`gczcr` u naznklmci pg`vh`stci cgc zagamh`stcihrcst`gci`- M` sufki zr`hu ounc vkdu c pkst`la cmart`m- M`6: :B ounc 6 ikgahug` vkda' m` 21: :B ounc svu vkdu' m`6?6 :B nazvkdmc nkr`hs sa t`gc' ` kfg`am` t`gcm` kvrsma ust`hg`stu i`su-

^`st`glamc nkr`hs kt`p` imkoa iat`gma khscda c stv`r`h`r`htarcstcmk knklama nkr`ta &nkr`hskv` ncsarh`#- Kvk

svklstvk nkr`hs` d` ra`oula s` iat`gmci khscdci` hkrcstc saz` camla iat`gmcf pkvrcm` prc gaiglamlu-

Rtv`r`mla st`hg`sta t`gcma hkrcstc sa u cmdustrclc st`hg` cai`lg`-

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Ng`ok n`zm` ra`hbcl` r`stvkr` nkr`hs` upktrangl`v` sa z`prkczvkdmlu parnkr`t` &s`st`vmc dck pr`h` z` pr`mla cnclaglamla rungl`#-

Zarnkr`tc su `dctcvmc spklavc nkr`t` c F>K> u hklci` la ladm`ikgahug` F>K z`iclamlam` ladmki ikgahugki F>K>-

T`gko M`)parnkr`t` m`st`la h`d` sa dkd` r`stvkru M`)iat`nkr`t` &M`NK>2F>KF>K>#

Dkd`thki F>K> hkmbamtrkv`mki r`stvkru nkr`hs`hrcst`gcz`bclki m`st`la parnkr`hs ekriuga M`>N4K1&KF#4 ?F>K F>K>

Rarcl` h`gbclavcf pkgcnkr`t` N5K00 1F>K bkgai`mct B`N2K4&KF#2 F>K

B`>N5K00 ?F>K iayarfkeearct B`N2K2&KF#1 F>K

B`>N5K00 02F>K cmykct B`N2K2&KF#1 4F>K

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@GQICMCL

) trac pk r`sprkstr`mlamkstc &i`samc udck ?'1!#' cz`K c Rc

) mch`d sa ma pkl`vglula h`k agaiamt`rm` supst`mb`'

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Dkncv`mla `guicmcl`cst @g dkncv` sa agahtrkgczki r`stvkr` cstko @g&CCC#khscd` &ogcmcba# u r`st`glamki hrckgctu' u dv` dclag`K2 c agahtrkgcz` @g>K2-

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0-# Dkncv`mla cstko @g>K2 :: :B u nazvkdmc @g>K2@g&KF#2&s#

@g>K2&s# ( 2F>K&o#

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>#- Agahtrkgcz` @g>K2K2 ( 5a) >@g &g# ( >@gK2

2)

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@hk sa z`tctmc sgkl shcma dlagkv`mlai cvcmcf p`r` &m`st`lagaour` `guicmcl `i`go`i#' s vkdki sa t`gkc @g&KF#2 uzr`zvcl`mla F>@g`i`go`i&s# (5F>K >@g&KF#2&s# ( 2F>&o#

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Rfai` agcla z` agahtrkgctshk dkncv`mla

`guicmcl`

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@g sa r`stv`r` u makhscdcr`luci hcsagcm`i`' m`st`la fcdr`tczcr`mc @g2(ckmK @g&F>K#5

2(( 0'1F>&o#

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@guicmcl&CCC# lkdcd' @gC2

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@guicmclav&CCC# khscd' @g>K2) dkncv` sa dafcdr`t`bclki fcdrkhscd`'

) L`vgl` sa u prcrkdc h`k icmar`g hkrumdu r`zgcctcinkl`i`' sguc h`k dr`ok h`iamla

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) trc struhturma ikdcech`bcla @g>K2 K2m`lvaatvrdka' mcla fcorkshkp`m8

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@g fcdrkhscd' @g&KF#2

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) pkstkla dv` kngch` fcdrkhscd @g&KF#2

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( @g2( (2F>K

H`hk la @g&KF#2 sg`n` n`z`' ma ikou sa dknctc skgc sg`ncfhcsagcm` lar kdi`f fcdrkgczcr`lu u vkdamki r`stvkru&h`rnkm`t' mctrct' bcl`mcd' `bat`t#' skgc l`hcf hcsagcm` sust`ncgma c uilaramk fcdrkgczcr`lu &mctr`t' suge`t' fgkr`t cparfgkr`t#-

M`lv`mclc la `guicmclav suge`t hklc hrcst`gczcr` cz vkdamcfr`stvkr` s` 06 ikgahug` vkda@g>&RK4#2 06F>K

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@guicmclav suge`thkrcstc sa h`k glapcgk u cmdustrclc p`pcr`'h`k ikcgk z` vazcv`mla nkla m` th`mcmu u tahstcgmcl

cmdustrclc' z` prac`v`mla vkda< kmacamkl vkdc sadkd`la @g>&RK4#2 c B`&KF#>@g2( ( 2RK4

>) ( 2B`>( (5KF) >@g&KF#2&s# ( 2B`RK4&s#

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m`lv`mclc H@g&RK4#>0>F>K

2- ika pr`vctc hkv`gamtma spklava u hklci` su KForupa z`iclamlama druoci `tkici`' mpr- @gNr2 c @gC2

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@guicmclav suge`t' @g>&RK4#2 06 F>K

Nclag` hrcst`gm` supst`mb` r`stvkrglcv` u vkdc

Qpktrangl`v` sa u iacbcmc h`k `strcoams c h`k ng`ok h`ustcmk

sradstvk- ^clathk sa upktrangl`v` cmtarmk h`k `strcoams hk umutr`mlcf

hrv`raml`-

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@guicmclav sun`bat`t' Gcqukr NurkwcQpktrangl`v` sa r`stvkr hklc sa s`stklc kd `guicmcl suge`t`' h`gbclh`rnkm`t`' `bat`tma hcsagcm` c dastcgkv`ma vkda ) prcilamlula sa h`k`strcoams c u kngchu kngko` hk pkvrcmshcf z`p`glaml` c c`aml`-

H`gclav `guicmclav suge`t' stcps`' `g`um' H@g&RK4#> 0> F>K

Zkstkla stcpsa u hklci` uilastk @g dkg`zc Ea' Im c dr- iat`gc- H`d` sulkmc knklamc c stcpsa dknclama kd mlcf su knklama- Qpktrangl`v` sah`k `dstrcoams z` z`ust`vgl`mla i`mlcf hrv`raml` c h`k ng`ocdazcmecbcl`ms-

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@guicmclav fcdrkhscd' @g&KF#2

hkrcstc sa h`k `mt`bcd

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Ngcladk)ut hrcst`g`m fcorkshkp`m pr`f' g`hk r`stvkrglcv uvkdc- Qpktrangl`v` sa h`k `dstrcoams-

Nclag` ogcm` &Nkgus `gn #

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Hkrcstc sa u e`ri`bautshkl tafmkgkoclc h`k pumcgk hkdczr`da pcgug`-

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O@GCL

) prcgcmkr`cram u prcrkdc' `gc mcodla sa ma m`g`zc u vacihkmbamtr`bcl`i`'

) u agaiamt`rmki kngchu dkncv` sa agahtrkgczki n`zmkor`stvkr` o`gcl fcdrkhscd`

) sl`l`m' nclag c iaf`h iat`g vrgk mcshko t`gct` &>3'6 :B#'vcskhko vragct` &~ >::: :B#' t`hk d` ci` m`lcrapkdrulas tahuci `orao`tmci st`mlai kd ncgk hkla druoa

supst`mba hkl` la ngczu sknma taipar`tura tamkst-Hkrcstc sa z` pumlamla hv`rbmcf tarikiat`r`-

) Or`dc spklava stapam` khscd`bcla (0' (>' (2

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stapam khscd`bcla (0< spklavc mcsu pktvramcstapam khscd`bcla (>Bg5

) o`gcl fcdrkhscd' O`&KF#2ci` hcsagc c n`zmc h`r`htar'

u vchu n`za sa r`stv`r` d`luco`g`t lkm O`&KF#4)) o`gcl suge`tO`>&RK4#2 d`la u vkdamci r`stvkrci`

`ikmclav o`gclav `g`um' MF4O`&RK4#> 0>F>K

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CMDCL

vrgk rclad`h agaiamt' mcodla sa ma m`g`zc u vaci hkgccm`i`

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or`dc spklava stapam` khscd`bcla (0' (>' c (2

stapam khscd`bcla (0K'

sugecd Cm>R

st`ncgmc su s`ik u vrstki `orao`tmki st`mlu' u vkdamcir`stvkrci` kdladmki c pktpumk dcsprkpkrbckmcr`luCm&s# ( Cm2(

7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE

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stapam khscd`bcla (>&BK2#2' cmdcl&CCC#lkd`tCm&CK2#2

Cmdcl&CCC# mctr`tCm>&MK2#2 ' cmdcl&CCC# suge`tCm>&RK4#2

7/23/2019 ELEMENTI 13 GRUPE

39/40

T@GCL rclad`h agaiamt' ci` o` ~2 put` vca maok cmdcl` `gc mch`d ma dkg`zc u

vadcihkgccm`i` dkncv` sa prc pracd`v`mlu druocf iat`g`' Bd c Zn

pk czogadu sgc`m kgkvu' vrgk iaf`h c g`hk sa raamkai

khscdcr` m` vg`mki zr`hu p` sa uv` u patrkgalu

r`stv`r` sa u hcsagcm`i` znko mao`tcvmko raduhbclshko pktambcl`g`