4. ELEMENTI 17 GRUPE

7/23/2019 4. ELEMENTI 17 GRUPE

1/75

DHDFDJ]A 9? OUT^D

Cihkodja dhdfdjta

azrivjk s fdtihafi mibu skhaK\KEAJD OUT^D

sva cihkodja dhdfdjta afibu sdmif vihdjtjac dhdgtrkjitksd pragizubdkreatihjaf mabiorifkf

Dhdgtrkjsgd gkj`aourilabd azkharijac itkfi #zibdmjagi js5jp4!2

@hukr @ 9s5 5s5 5p4 Chkr Lh 9s5 5s5 5p0


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]iedhi 92 \vkbstvi itkfi a dhdfdjtirjac

supstijla dhdfdjiti 9? orupd\afekh

dhdfdjti

Gkvihdjtja

rimabus+jf

Pij mdr _*

rim*+jf

Akjsga rim* S&

+jf

]ihatd+ >L Prdhatd+ >L

@ >(>0= >(9(9(>11 >(93> >(939 &9>9 &(99= >(914 >(910 &?((9(55> 99


3/75

]iedhi 5* Djdroabi akjazilabd a gkd`alabdjtdhdgtrkjdoitavjksta itkfi dhdfdjiti 9?* orupd(

rdmkgs pktdjlabiha a fkhirji djdroabi vdzd jbackvacdhdfdjtirjac supstijla

\afekh

dhdfdjti

Djdroabi bkjazilabd+dP

A AA AAA AP

Gkd`alabdjt

dhdgtrk&

jdoitavjksta

Udmkgs&

pktdjlabiha

S55S&+D>#P!

Fkhirji

djdroabi

vdzd#gB+fkh!

@ 9?(=5 05(? 3?(9 =(> 5(3? 940(1

Lh 9> 5


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\fbdtib p&dhdgtrkji cihkodjac dhdfdjiti u vdzjd a prktuvdzjdfkhdguhsgd kreatihd

Cihkodja dhdfdjt2 @ Lh Er A

Fkhirja dhdgtrkjsga i`ajatdt+gBfkh&92 &


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Djdroabi camritilabdzi cihkodjamjd bkjd2

Cihkodjama2 @ Lh Er A

Djdroabi camritilabd+gBfkh&92 &=?< &


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\^KBDPA CIHKODJAC DHDFDJI]I

Ji ksjkvu dhdgtrkjsgd gkj`aourilabd( kmjksjk pkhkibiu ^\( privd spkbdvd km fajafihjko stdpdji kgsamilabd9 mk figsafihjko stdpdji kgsamilabd '?*

\pkbdva stdpdji kgsamilabd92

Reko dh* gkj`aourilabd km ? dhdgtrkji u zimjbdfdjdrodtsgkf javku( c* d* higk prafibu bdmij dhdgtrkj apkstibu pkzatavjk jieabdja bkja*

\ kezarkf mi fjkoi svkbstvi kvd orupd kpimibu u jazu

@&Lh&Er&A( cdfazif kvac dhdfdjiti bd shaij* \pkbdva c*d* si fdtihafi & skha kmokviribuac

cihkodjkvkmagi #jirkatk si fdtihafi 9* a 5* orupd gkbaafibu fihu dhdgtrkjdoitavjkst!*


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\i vkmagkf mibu spkbdvd tapi CS cihkodjvkmagdgkba camrkhazaribu u vkmdjaf ristvkrafi #prktkhatagi rdiglabi!( tdrdioubu gasdhk2

CS#o! ' C5K C figrkfkhdguhirja cihkodjama #sdfa&akjsga cihkodjama!

Cihkodjama prabdhizjac fdtihi #m&dhdfdjta! u jaaf kgsamilabsgafstijbafi #'9 mk '

fkhdguhirja cihkodjama # gkvihdjtja cihkodjama!

Cihkodjama jdfdtihi a cihkodjama fdtihi u vaaf stupjbdvafikgsamilabd #: '


8/75

Mkeabijbd cihkodjami

ji rizjd jiajdFdtkmd zi mkeavijbd chkrami( erkfami a bkmami fkou sdpkmabdhata u 5 orupd2

fkgra pkstupla& prafbdjbubu sd gimi cihkodjama jdcamrkhazaribu

suca pkstupla& gimi cihkodjama camrkhazaribu

Fkgra pkstupla

9* Ktipijbd u cihkodjamjaf gasdhajifi

i! Fdtihi #sifk kjac gkba afibu jdoitavij rdmuglabsgapktdjlabih( kmjksjk kjac gkbd fkd kgsamarita C'&akj!2

Rj#s! ' 5C' ' 5Lh& #Rj5' '5Lh& ! ' C5#o!


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e! kgsami( camrkgsami aha girekjiti2

FoK#s! ' 5C' ' 5Lh& #Fo5' '5Lh& ! ' C5K

Lr#KC!


10/75

\uca pkstupla2

9* Mardgtji sajtdzi az dhdfdjiti( keajk pra pkvadjkbtdfpdritura2

Lu#s! ' Lh5#o! LuLh5#s!

5Ih#s! ' >>

L

Lr#s! ' 5CLh#o! LrLh5#s! ' C5#o!


11/75

>>L

5\l5K>

L

WF#C5K!0VEr


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4* Azfbdji cihkodji uz suvaig bdmjko rdiodjsi #F6hijtijam!2

@dLh>&0>>>LFLh


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Cihkodjkvkmala

vdzi azfdu vkmagi a cihkodji bd gkvihdjtjko girigtdri s vdaf ahafijbaf pirlabihjaf akjsgaf girigtdrkf( zivasjk km rizhagd u

dhdgtrkjdoitavjksta azfdu vkmagi a cihkodjko dhdfdjti* Higk aspirhbava spkbdva zeko shied vdzd azfdu jbackvac fkhdguhi Mkeavibu sd mbdhkvijbdf jdgd bigd a shiek aspirhbavd gasdhajd ji

cihkodjamd2

S& ' C' CS#o!

#suh`itji gasdhaji sd gkrasta zi mkeavijbd C@ a CLh!

Ri mkeavijbd CEr a CA jd fkd sd gkrastata C5\K= bdr kji kgsamarijistihd CEr a CA ji dhdfdjtirja erkf( kmjksjk bkm* Ritk sd gkrastajdgi jdkgsamaribui a shiek aspirhbavi gasdhaji( jpr* `ks`itji*


14/75

fkou sd mkeata a mardgtjkf sajtdzkf dhdfdjiti2

C5#o! ' S5#o! 5CS#o!

biaji gasdhac svkbstivi vkmdjac ristvkri CS ristd u

sfbdru@ & Lh & Er A

u astkf sfbdru kpimi a djdroabi vdzd azfdu C a S

Gkm C@ pkstkba vkmagkvi vdzi gkbd gkm mruoac cihkodjvkmagijdfi


15/75

stdpdj kgsamilabd >2

Reko azvijrdmjd cdfabsgd igtavjksta( c*d* sd jd jihizd u

prarkma shkekmja

Mkeavibu sd kgsamilabkf cihkodjami si stdpdjkf kgsamilabd 92

5Siq! S5#o! ' 5d&

Udiglabi sd fkd azvdsta sifk ijkmjkf kgsamilabkf`hukrami bdr bd @ jibbid kgsamilabsgk srdmstvk ukpd*

ajm* mkeavijbd chkri vra sd ijkmjkf kgsamilabkf chkrami

kgsamilabkf si biaf kgsamilakjaf srdmstvafi #@5( GFjK=(FjK5!*

Erkf a bkm sd mkeabibu kgsamilabkf erkfami chkrkf*

Bkm bd jibshieabd kgsamilakjk srdmstvk iha bkmam&bkj bd jibbidrdmuglakjk srdmstvk( pi sd bkm mkeabi a rdmuglabkf bkmiti

#spkbi u gkfd bd stdpdj kgsamilabd bkmi '4!


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\pkbdva pkzatavjko stdpdji kgsamilabd2

Cihkodja dhdfdjta( ksaf @( privd a spkbdvd u gkbafi afibu

pkzatavij stupdjb kgsamilabd* @hukr( gik jibdhdgtrkjdoitavjaba

dhdfdjt a jibid kgsamilakjk srdmstvk jd fkd ktputitadhdgtrkjd tkgkf cdfabsgd rdiglabd*

Km spkbdvi s pkzatavjaf stupjbdvafi kgsamilabd

kmokviribuu stieahjkst afibu sifk spkbdva s jdpirjafstupjbdvafi kgsamilabd #'9('


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Ohivja spkbdva c*d* s pkzatavjaf stupjbdvafi kgsamilabd#'9('


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Rivasjkst rdmkgs&pktdjlabihi k pC a gajdtagaf `igtkrafivama sd ji prafbdru rdiglabd masprkpkrlakjarijbi cihkodji

#Lh( Er a A! u vruaf ihgihjaf ristvkrafi2


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i! stdpdj kgsamilabd '92

CK@( capk`hukratji gasdhaji pm jkrfihjaf ushkvafi ukptd jd pkstkba( aigk bdbdmaji km svac capkcihkodjatjac gasdhaji mkeavdji u astkf stijbu*

Gasdhajd jistibu mbdhkvijbdf vkmd ji kmokviribua cihkodj a svd tra su bigikgsamilabsgi srdmstvi2S5 ' C5K C

' ' S& ' CSK

Igk sd ufbdstk vkmd upktrabdea eizi( rivjktdi sd( zeko jdutrihazilabd gasdhajdpkfad jimdsjk( pi jistibu risvkra capkcihkodjati2

'9

S5 ' 5KC&

S&

' SK&

'C5K

Tvkdjbdf @ u eizaja ristvkr jd mkhiza mk masprkpkrlakjarijbi( jdok @ kgsamarigasag2

> &5 &9 '5

5@5#o! ' 5KC& 5@& ' 5@5K#o! 'C5K

Reko shieksta capkcihkodjatjac gasdhaji( jbackvd gkjbuoarijd eizd #ijakja SK&!( uvkmdjaf ristvkrafi su mksti camrkhazarijd2

SK& ' C5K CSK 'KC&

Kgsama2 pkzjita su sifk chkr#A! kgsam( Lh5K a erkf#A! kgsam Er5K


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e! stdpdj kgsamilabd '>

Lu vrstkf stijbu*


21/75

e! stdpdj kgsamilabd '42

Cihkodjitjd gasdhajd CSK< a ijakja SK>L*

Reko vkmagkvd vdzd azfdu fkhdguhi( C@ bd tdjkst gkbi ghbui

ji ' 5> >L*\ vkmkf sd fabdi u svaf kfbdrafi a prkmibd gik ristvkr u gkfdbd w#C@! 6 => $ &shiei gasdhaji gkbi shiek bkjazari*

^ird su fu vrhk ktrkvjd( i igk ristvkr pimjd ji gku( uzrkgubdojkbjd rijdprktuktrkv bd FoK*


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Edzvkmja C@ bd ajdrtij pi bd prdfi jbdfu ktpkrji vdajifdtihi a kgsami fdtihi* Fdutaf(u prasutjksta triokvi vkmdrdiglabi sd higk kmvabi( bdr sd vkmi stviri zi vrabdfd prkldsi2

FK#s!' 5C@ F@5#s! ' C5K

Mbdhkvijbdf vhijko C@ ji sahalabdv makgsam a sahagitd kshkeiisd sahalabdv tdtri`hukram gkba sd azmvibi az sfbdsd gik ois* \kezarkf mi bd \aK5 sistivja mak stighi( ristvkr C@ sd jd

sfabd ja mkeavita ja uvita u stighdjkf pksuu*Keajksd mra u pksumifi km vksgi( dekjati aha piri`aji aha u eklifikm phistajd fisd*

\aK5#s!' =C@ \a@=#o! ' 5C5K

Li\aK


30/75

]dja C@ bd vad aha fijbd isklarij si shkdjabkf `krfuhkf Cj@j#j 6 5& 0!*

Gkjstijti masklabilabd kvd shied gasdhajd gkjtajuarijk kpimi sirizrbddjbdf* ^rdtpkstivhbi sd mi ristvkr simra( ksaf

jdakjazarijac C@ a jbdjac akji C'

a @&

a akjd C@5&

gik ijakjd bigdgasdhajd( tb* edz prasustvi jdmasklarijd C5@57 k dfu okvkra avdhagi stieahjkst gasdhac `hukrami gik tk bd GC@5* ^rdfi tkfd( uvkmdjaf ristvkrafi C@ pkstkbd mvabd rivjktdd2

C@ C' ' @&

\i gkjstijtkf2 WC'V W@&V+ WC@V 6 G9 6 ?9>&= mf


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\kha kvd gasdhajd jizavibu sd `hukrama*\ kezarkf mi bd bkj @& prahajk camrkhazarij2

@& ' C5K C@ ' KC&(ihgihja `hukrama sd tdgk fkou mkeata jdutrihazilabkf C@

kmokviribukf eizkf* Mkeavibu sd prdvkdjbdf @ prdgkkmokviribuacvrstac cihkodjami ji t65>>&=>>>L *Mi ea sd sfijbahi kpisjkst km kjdadjbi( @ sd u astkf tdfp*pkmrubufkd prkvkmata prdgk `ajk usatjbdjko fdtihi7 mkeabibu sd`hukrama P( Lr( Fk( _( ksfabi( aramabi a uriji*

&9 '5 &9 '9 Mvi kgsamisi gasagkf2 @5K a @5K5*

@5K sd mkeavi rdiglabkf dhdfdjtirjko @ si rizehidjafristvkrkf eizd2

> &9 '5

5@5#o! ' 5KC&

5@&

' @5K#o! ' C5K

@5K5 jistibd gim sd sfbdsi gasagi a `hukri( chidjitdjaf zrigkf(azhka utbdlibu dhdgtrajko azeabijbi2

5@5#o! ' K5#o! @5K5#o!


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CHKU

u prarkma oi jdfi shkekmjko

zeko bigk pkzatavjko rdmkgs&pktdjlabihi a vdhagd

dhdgtrkjdoitavjksta( bivhbi sd asghbuavk u kehagu

chkrami( si stdpdjkf kgsamilabd9*

Jibvad risprkstrijbdj km svac c*d* #u fkrsgkb vkma( uzdfhbajkb gkra vdzij si bkjafi Ji' #gifdji skh!(

G' #sahvaj! a Fo5' #girjihat!


33/75

MKEAPIJBD

Hiekritkrabsgakgsamilabkf chkramjko akji #az gkjl* CLh! kgsamilabsgaf

srdmstvafi gkba afibu rdmkgs&pktdjlabih vda kmpktdjlabihi chkri #FjK5( GFjK= atm*!

'= >

FjK5#s! ' 5Lh& ' =C'Fj5' ' Lh5#o! ' 5C5K

aha

'? >FjK=

& ' 9>Lh& ' 90C' 5Fj5' ' 4Lh5#o! ' 3C5K


34/75

Ajmustrabsga

mijis asghbuavk dhdgtrkhazkf astko gkjl* ristvkri JiLh( si sufirjkf

bdmjiajkf2

5Ji' ' 5Lh& ' 5C5K Lh5#o! ' C5#o! ' 5Ji' ' 5KC&

Gik jus&prkazvkma jistibu vkmag a jitrabdvi huaji*

Gkm dhdgtrkhazd vkmdjko ristvkri JiLh prasutja su bk fkhdguhd C5K ajdtk C' a KC& &akji jistihac masklabilabkf vkmd*Ji gitkma sd fkou kmvabita mvabd rdmuglabd2

G2 5Ji' ' 5d& 5Ji' #9!5C5K 5C

' ' 5KC&5C' ' 5d&C5#o!

5C5K ' 5d&C5#o!' 5KC

&

Udiglabi #9! sd kmvabi igk sd gik gitkmi gkrasta avi(i rdiglabi #5! igk sd gik gitkmi gkrasta dhbdzk*


35/75

A ji ijkma ea fkohk mka mk 5 rdiglabi kgsamilabd2

I2 5Lh& Lh5#o! ' 5d&5KC& C5K ' 9+5K5#o! ' 5d&

^rdfi jiaju ji gkba bd azvdmdjk kmvibijbd mvi oisi( chkria vkmagi( kmjksjk ijkmjko a gitkmjko prkstkri( rizhagubu sd

tra pkstupgi zi chkrihgihju dhdgtrkhazu2

pkstupig si avkf pkstupig si mabi`riofkf a

pkstupig s fdferijkf


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Chkrihgihji dhdgtrkhazi&

pkstupig si fdferijkf


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Kskeajd chkri

zdhdjgistkut ois( ktrkvij( ktrko a jimriubudo farasi* kgsamari fjkod fdtihd mardgtjk u skha*

Gkrasta sd u prkazvkmjba pipari a ldhuhkzd( zi jbackvkeabdhbdjbd( zitaf zi tdtrichkrfdtij( fkjkchkredjzdj(vajahchkram a chkrarijd uohbkvkmagd*

Chkrji vkmi prdmstivhbi ristvkr chkri u vkma( si gkbkfchkr pkhigk rdioubd mibua chkrkvkmaju a capkchkristugasdhaju*


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stdpdj kgsamilabd

92

Ksjkvja spkb bd chkrkvkmag CLh( gkba sd prkazvkma ji tra jiaji#fdtkmd!2

9* \uh`itja pkstupig

sistkba sd km mvabd djmktdrfjd rdiglabd2

94>>

LJiLh#s! ' C

' ' C\K=& JiC\K=#s! ' CLh#o!

JiLh#s! ' JiC\K=#s! Ji5\K=#s! ' CLh#o!

5* Mardgtji sajtdzi dhdfdjtirjko chkri a vkmagi

C5#o! ' Lh5#o! 5CLh#o!

Gkrasta sd chkr mkeabdj dhdgtrkhazkf JiLh a vkmag mkeabdj chkrihgihjkfdhdgtrkhazkf aha gitihatagkf kgsamilabkf oiskvatac zisadjac uohbagkvkmagis vkmdjkf pirkf2

LC=#o! ' C5K#o! LK#o! '


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40/75

=* tdrfagaf rispimkf #parkhazkf! jdgac kroijsgac fkhdguhijpr* 9(5&machkrdtiji2

LhLC5LC5Lh #o! LC5 6 LCLh #o! ' CLh#o!Pajahchkram

aha 9(9(5(5&tdtrichkrdtiji2Lh5LCLCLh 5#o! LLh5 6 LCLh #o! ' CLh#o!

]rachkrdtahdj

CLh sd mkerk ristviri u vkma uz kshkeiijbd vdhagd gkhaajd tkphktd2

CLh#o!C'

#iq! ' Lhiq! rC 6 &?=(1 gB+fkh

Pkmdja ristvkr chkrkvkmagi chkrkvkmaji( chkramji#skhji! gasdhaji* ^rkazvkma sd u tkrjbdvafi km ori`ati(spihbavijbdf Lh

5

a C5

a ipskrplabkf jistihko chkrkvkmagi uvkma tzv* ipskrplabi u pimibudf `ahfu7 mkeabd sdgkjldjtrkviji CLh(


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CLh gasdhaji sd gkrasta gik ristviri( srdmstvk zijiorazijbd fdtihi( adjbd fdtihjac pkvraji( zimkeavijbd chkrami rizjac fdtihi( bdmij km jibzjiibjabac

cdfabsgac rdiodjisi* jihiza sd u dhumijkf skgu si fisdjaf umbdhkf >(


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stdpdj kgsamilabd '92

Capkchkratji gasdhaji #capkchkristi! CKLh( a jbdjdskha capkchkrata*

& CKLh sd mkeaviristvirijbdf chkri u vkma #masprkpkrlakjkrijbd chkri u vkma!2> '9

Lh5#o! ' C5K C' ' Lh& ' CLhK G~ &= fkh5+mf0

& CKLh bd shiei gasdhaji s gkjstijtkf masklabilabd2

CLhK

C'

' LhK&

G~ &3

fkh+mf 6 '9(=1 P

CLhK bd bid kgsamilabsgk srdmstvk km Lh5pi ig a km FjK

=

&*

Ca ch a a


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Capkchkrata2

fkou sd mkeata jdutrihazilabkf CLhK( ajmustrabsgamasprkpkrlakjarijbdf Lh5 u eizjaf ristvkrafi2

Lh5#o! ' 5KC& Lh& ' LhK& ' C5K

^rahajk su stieahja u eizjkf ristvkru( iha bd LhK&& akj kpdtbigk kgsamilakjk srdmstvk iha shieabd km CLhK2

LhK& ' C' ' 5d& Lh& '5KC& D> 6 '>(1= P

Jibvijaba su

jitrabdv capkchkrat( JiLhK &upktrdehbivi sd zi eabdhbdjbd& a* gihlabdv capkchkrat #chkrja grd!Li#KLh!5 mkerk

mdzaj`dglabsgk srdmstvk( gkrasta sd zi asparijbd ojkbjac riji*

T kehagu fista upktrdehbivi sd gkm kzdehaji*


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Mkmivijbdf CLh gasdhajd ristvkru capkchkrati kshkeii sddhdfdjtirja chkr

LhK&

' Lh&

' 5C'

Lh5#o! ' C5K

Udiglabi sd kmvabi u mvi stdpdji2

A! LhK& ' C' CLhK

# az capkchkrati sd kshkeii capkchkratji gasdhaji!AA! CLhK ' Lh& 5C' Lh5#o! ' C5K#capkchkratji gas* kgsamari chkramja akj!

Kgsama2Chkr#A! kgsamaha machkr kgsam( Lh5K gkba sd mkeabi prabdhizkfchkri azjim astihkdjko CoK2

5CoK#s! ' Lh5#o! CoK CoLh5#s! ' Lh5K


45/75

stdpdj kgsamilabd '< 2 Chkratji gasdhaji #chkristi!( CLhK5

bd azuzdtjk jdstieahji( rispimi sd2

'< '4 &9< CLhK5

CLhK5

C' ' Lh& ' 5K5#o!

Chkrata( skha chkratjd gasdhajd u vkmdjaf ristvkrafi mkvkhbjkstieahja*

Jitrabdv chkrat sd mkeabi rdmuglabkf chkr makgsami u ihgihjkbsrdmaja pkfku vkmagkvko pdrkgsami2

LhK5#o! ' CK5& ' KC& 5LhK5

& ' K5#o! ' C5K


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gkrasta sd gik srdmstvk zi eabdhbdjbd zitk tk mbdhubdkgsamilabsga u gasdhkb srdmaja pra dfu jistibd chkratjigasdhaji2

LhK5& ' C

' CLhK5Gkbi bd vrhk bigk kgsamilakjk srdmstvk2

CLhK5 ' (?? P


47/75

stdpdj kgsamilabd '= 2 Kgsam2

Chkr makgsam aha chkr#AP! kgsam( LhK5 bd jirijista oisjduokmji farasi( vrhk dgsphkzavij( higk sd dgsphkzavjkrispimi ji chkr a gasag #pkm utbdlibdf pkvdijd tdfpdriturd(svbdthksta aha mkmari si kroijsgaf supstijlifi!2

5LhK5#o! Lh5#o! ' 5K5#o! rC 6 & 555 gB+fkh

Reko kpisjksta km dgsphkzabd( LhK5 sd jd fkdsghimatata ja

prdjksata sif( jdok sd rizrabdma jdgaf ajdrtjaf oiskf mi sdstieahazari*

Mkeavi sd rdmuglabkf chkritjd gasdhajd( kmjksjk gasdhacristvkri chkriti si \K52

5LhK>>L( bigk kgs* srdmstvk(dgsphkzavjk rdioubd s fjkoaf kro* supstijlifi!*

Camritazariji CLhK= C5K #fkjkcamrit! fkd sd ziorabivitamk vrdjbi #4>> L! i mi jd dgsphkmari( grastiha simrd C


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T vkmdjaf ristvkrafi bd pktpujk bkjazariji a jibbii kmsvac ijkroijsgac gasdhaji* Reko tkoi bd pdrchkritja akjjibshieabi eizi( azvijrdmjk stieahij pi u vkmdjafristvkrafi jd pkgizubd kgsamilabsgd kskeajd7 ziprivk bd

pktdjlabihjk mkerk ksamilakjk srdmstvk iha bd rdmuglabipdrchkriti tigk spkri mi sd jd fkd ja prafabdtata2

5LhK=& ' 90C' ' 9=d& Lh5#o! ' 3C5K D> 6 '9($ okravi a 4$ imatavi*


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^ra ziorabivijbu sd pkjii ji tra jiaji2

5>>&54>>

L

9* =JC=LhK=#s! 5Lh5#o! ' 3C5K#o! '5J5K#o! ' >

>L

5* 5JC=LhK=#s! Lh5#o! ' =C5K#o! ' 5JK#o! ' K5#o!

>

L

i! 5JC=LhK=#s! Lh5#o! ' =C5K#o! ' 5JK#o! ' K5#o!

pra vaskgkf pratasgu( =4>>

L

e! =JC=LhK=#s! =CLh#o! ' 0C5K#o! ' 5J5 ' 4K5#o!

EUKF


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EUKF u prarkma sd jihiza asghbuavk u spkbdvafi si stdpdjkf

kgsamilabd &9( jd jihiza sd shkekmij( afi oi tifk ombd afi aspkbdvi chkri u kehagu erkfami

fisdja umak u fkru >(>>?$(

zeko vddo rdmkgs&pktdjlabihi chkr higk kgsamari erkfamd#ksjkvji rdiglabi zi ajm* a hie* mkeavijbd erkfi!2

5Er& ' Lh5#o! Er5 ' 5Lh& kshkekdja erkf sd ughijbi pkfku bigd strubd zrigi( uvkma

sd u ziorabija ristvkr eizd aha girekjiti( ombd sdmasprkpkrlakjari ji erkfam a erkfit2


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ji keajkb tdfp* Er bd tdjkst tifjksfdd ekbd ajduokmjko farasi7 kpisij( jipimi gku*

gkrasta sd u `irfildutsgkb a kroijsgkb sajtdtsgkb

ajmustraba( u kehagu IoEr zi azrimu `ktkori`sgac

dfuhzabi( zi prkazvkmjbu maerkfdtiji #L5C=Er5! gkbasd mkmibd edjzaju gkba simra khkvkv tdtridtah(#L5C4!=^e rima sprdivijbi jiokfahivijbi jishioikhkvi u lahajmru*


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stdpdj kgsamilabd92

Erkfkvkmag( CEr2

mkeabi sd mbdhkvijbdf `ks`itjd gasdhajd ji erkfamd2


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Pkmkjagkv erkfam #erkfkvkmag!( CEr& edzekbij(ziouhbav a ktrkvij ois prkmkrji farasi*

higk sd ristviri u vkma( vkmdja ristvkr rdioubd gasdhk

mibua erkfamju gasdhaju #erkfkvkmaju!( gkbi sd fkdkgsamarita s gasagkf az zrigi pkm utbdlibdf svbdthksta2

=CEr ' K5#o! 5Er5 ' 5C5K

uvi sd u sfdaf eklifi skha erkfama( higk ristvkrhbava u vkma( #ksaf IoEr( CoEr(

CoEr5 a ^eEr5!*

\kha erkfamjd gasdhajd( gihabdv erkfam( GEr( jitrabdv

erkfam( JiEr a ifkjabdv erkfam( JC=Er sd gkrastd u`irfilaba zi praprivhbijbd srdmstivi zi ufardjbd#sdmitavi!*


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\pkbdva erkfi s pkzatavjaf stdpdjkf kgsamilabd2 u eizjaf ristvkrafi erkf sd masprkpkrlakjari ji erkfam a

capkerkfat akj2

Er5 ' 5KC& ErK&' Er& ' C5K

capkerkfatji #capkerkfisti! gasdhaji( CErK( fijbd

stieahji km CLhK( vrhk bigk kgsamilabsgk srdmstvk( sifk fihkshieabd km CLhK #capkchkratjd!2

5CErK' C'

'5d& Er5 ' < C5K D

> 6 ' 9(==P

capkerkfata( fijbd stieahja km capkchkrati( u eizjkb srdmajakgsamilabsgi srdmstvi iha si shieabaf mbdhkvijbdf2

ErK&' C5K '5d& Er

&' 5KC

& D> 6 ' >(?0 P

Riorabivijbdf sd higk a erzk kgsamaribu u erkfitd2


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Riorabivijbdf sd higk a erzk kgsamaribu u erkfitd2

&

Erkfitji gasdhaji a jbdjd skha erkfita su bigi


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Erkfitji gasdhaji a jbdjd skha( erkfita su bigikgsamil* srdmstvi u gasdhkb srdmaja2

5ErK

6 ' 9(45 P

erkfita sd u gasdhkb srdmaja fkou rdmugkvita a mkerkfami2

5ErK 6 ' 9(5 P

bdr bd a jistiha bkm tigkdr kgsamilabsgk srdmstvk2AK


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stdpdj kgsamilabd '?2

^drbkmitasd mkeabibu km mvabd pdrbkmitjd gasdhajd

#pdrbkmjd!

C4AK0 & krtkpdrbkmitji

CAK= & fdtipdrbkmitji

Uivjktdi azfdu ti mvi kehagi pdrbkmiti kmrddji bdrdiglabkf camritilabd2

CAK= ' 5C5K C4AK0

Riorabivijbdf krtkpdrbkmitjd gasdhajd jistibd fdti&

kehag( C4AK0

*

K A K

K

C

K

** **

****

**

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2

2

2

2

2


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FDT\KEJA \^KBDPA

CIHKODJAC DHDFDJI]I Dhdfdjta 9?* orupd fkou fduskejk mi stviribu

spkbdvd kpdo tapiIEj( ombd bd j6 9( IE4 #j64!2 Er@4

IE? #j6?!2 A@?

A@?prdmstivhbi ukpd bdmaja spkb si sdmif gkvihdjtjacvdzi azfdu rizhaatac dhdfdjiti u ativkb cdfaba*

Documents

4. ELEMENTI 17 GRUPE