dimitri gegenavas - press.tsu.gepress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/disertaciebi_samartali/dimitri... · 1.5.3. vaxtangis samarTali ... wminda saydari, romis eklesia _ romis kaTolikuri

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

iuridiuli fakulteti

samarTlis sadoqtoro programa

dimitri gegenavas

sadoqtoro naSromi

Temaze:

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-

saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi forma

da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi

xelmZRvaneli: profesori giorgi kverenCxilaZe

Tbilisi

2016

avtoris stili daculia

1

Sinaarsi

Semoklebani ................................................................................................................................................ 8

I. Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................. 12

II. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formebi ..................................................................................................................... 16

1. saxelmwifo da qristianuli eklesia ........................................................ 16

1.1. saxelmwifo ....................................................................................................... 16

1.1.1. saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti ............................. 16

1.1.2. saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefcia ........................................... 17

1.2. eklesia ............................................................................................................... 19

1.2.1. eklesia, rogorc erToba ..................................................................... 19

1.2.2. eklesia, rogorc samarTlebrivi instituti .............................. 20

1.2.2.1. eklesia _ iuridiuli piri ........................................................... 22

1.2.2.1.1. kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri ...................................... 24

1.2.2.1.2. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri .................................. 26

1.2.2.2. araregistrirebuli erToba ......................................................... 28

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis istoriuli

ganviTareba .................................................................................................................. 29

2.1. eklesiis warmoSoba da did sqizmamdeli urTierTobebi

saxelmwifosTan ..................................................................................................... 29

2.1.1. qristianobis legitimacia da eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi

daqvemdebareba..................................................................................................... 29

2.1.1.1. qristianebis devnidan qristianobis Semwynareblobamde 29

2.1.1.2. eklesia imperator konstantines Semdeg ................................ 30

2.1.2. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis eklesiebi da romis dacema ............. 31

2.1.3. kanonikuri samarTali da saxelmwifo .......................................... 32

2.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi dasavleTis eklesiebis

istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi .......................................................... 33

2.3. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi aRmosavluri eklesiebis

istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi .......................................................... 36

2

2.4. qristianoba sekularul msoflioSi ................................................... 38

3. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis modelebi da

samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba ................................................................................. 39

3.1. qvemdebareobis modeli................................................................................ 41

3.1.1. erastianizmi ............................................................................................... 41

3.1.2. Teokratia .................................................................................................... 42

3.2. saxelmwifo eklesia ..................................................................................... 43

3.2.1. saxelmwifo eklesiis koncefcia ..................................................... 43

3.2.2. saxelmwifo eklesiis instituciuri Sesabamisoba adamianis

ZiriTad uflebebTan ........................................................................................ 49

3.3. sekularizmi ..................................................................................................... 51

3.3.1. sekularizmis koncefcia ...................................................................... 51

3.3.1.1. sekularizmis idea ............................................................................ 51

3.3.1.2. sekularizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi .................................... 54

3.3.2. sekularizmis modelebi ....................................................................... 56

3.3.2.1. sruli gamijvnis modeli .................................................................. 57

3.3.2.1.1. saxelmwifo sekularizmi ........................................................ 57

3.3.2.1.2. liberaluri sekularizmi ...................................................... 59

3.3.2.1.3. Laïcité .................................................................................................. 63

3.3.2.1.4. antieklesiis modeli ................................................................ 66

3.3.2.2. TanamSromlobis modeli ............................................................... 68

3.3.2.2.1. TanamSromlobis modelis koncefcia ............................... 68

3.3.2.2.2. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromlobis

samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi .................................................................... 73

3.3.2.2.2.1. sakanonmdeblo modeli ...................................................... 74

3.3.2.2.2.1.1. sakonstitucio done ..................................................... 74

3.3.2.2.2.1.2. sakanonmdeblo done ..................................................... 75

3.3.2.2.2.2. saxelSekrulebo modeli ................................................. 76

3.3.2.2.2.2.1. konkordati........................................................................ 77

3.3.2.2.2.2.2. SeTanxmebebi ...................................................................... 81

3.3.2.3. Sereuli (hibriduli) modeli ..................................................... 81

3

3.3.3. sekularizmis problemebi ................................................................... 83

III. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba saqarTveloSi ..................... 86

1. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi ............................................................................................................. 86

1.1. I-V saukuneebi ................................................................................................... 86

1.2. avtokefalia da gorgaslis saeklesio reforma ........................... 87

1.3. VI-XI saukuneebi .............................................................................................. 88

1.3.1. VI-X saukuneebi .......................................................................................... 88

1.3.2. aToneli berebi da giorgi mTawmindlis saeklesio reforma

................................................................................................................................... 90

1.4. saeklesio reforma da aRmaSeneblis epoqa ...................................... 91

1.4.1. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba ........................................................ 91

1.4.2. mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis saxelo da eklesiis

saxelmwifosTvis daqvemdebareba ............................................................... 93

1.5. XII-XVII saukuneebi ......................................................................................... 94

1.5.1. XII-XIV saukuneebi .................................................................................... 94

1.5.2. erTiani saqarTvelos daSla da qarTuli eklesia ................ 97

1.5.3. vaxtangis samarTali .............................................................................. 99

1.5.4. XVIII saukune ............................................................................................ 100

1.6. qarTuli eklesia rusuli aneqsiis periodSi ................................ 101

1.7. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ......................................... 102

1.8. qarTuli eklesia da sabWoTa kavSiri ............................................... 104

1.9. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgomi periodi .............................. 105

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli modeli .................... 108

2.1. religiis Tavisufleba .............................................................................. 108

2.2. sakonstitucio privilegia ..................................................................... 110

2.3. TanamSromlobis sistema .......................................................................... 111

2.3.1. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebani ............ 111

2.3.2. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis problemebi ................... 113

IV. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba ......................................................... 114

4

1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis motivacia da winare periodi

........................................................................................................................................ 114

2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi ...................................................... 116

2.1. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna ................................................... 116

2.2. eklesiisa da sasuliero pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi ........ 117

2.3. safinanso-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba ............................................. 119

2.3.1. kompensacia da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi ................................... 119

2.3.2. qoneba da saeklesio saganZuri ...................................................... 120

2.4. religia da sajaro sivrce .................................................................... 121

3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis adgili qarTul samarTalSi ............ 122

3.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi statusi ................. 122

3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro............. 124

4. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi problemebi ................ 125

4.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxelwodebis terminologiuri

uzustoba ................................................................................................................ 125

4.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi .. 127

4.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis hibriduli buneba ............................. 129

4.4. sekularizmis principis darRveva da eklesiis SezRudva ...... 130

4.4.1. saidumloebis dacva ............................................................................. 131

4.4.2. licenzia da nebarTvebi .................................................................... 133

4.4.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva ......................................... 135

4.4.4. patriarqis xelSeuvaloba ................................................................ 136

5. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi ...... 138

5.1. eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromloba religiisa da demokratis

Tavsebadobis konteqstSi ................................................................................ 139

5.2. Tanasworoba ................................................................................................... 141

5.3. religiis Tavisufleba.............................................................................. 142

V. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba saqarTveloSi ...................... 145

1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis mdgomareoba .................... 145

2. jvrisweris aRiareba qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi ................... 147

5

2.2. qorwinebis samarTlebrivi gageba ........................................................ 149

2.2.1. qorwinebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gageba .......................... 149

2.2.2. qorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi gageba ............................. 151

2.3. jvrisweris aRiareba .................................................................................. 154

2.3.1. jvriswera, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqti da misi aRiareba

................................................................................................................................. 154

2.3.2. jvrisweris aRiarebis samarTlebrivi praqtika ..................... 156

2.3.2.1. jvrisweris araRiareba da samoqalaqo qorwinebis

erTaderToba .................................................................................................. 156

2.3.2.2. jvrisweris aRiareba _ alternatiuli modeli ............... 158

2.3.2.2.1. eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiarebis

samarTlebrivi geografia .................................................................... 158

2.3.2.2.2. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli

jvrisweris aRiareba .............................................................................. 159

2.3.2.2.3. romaul-kaTolikuri da sxva eklesiebis mier

Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiareba ................................................ 161

2.3.3. kanonikuri qorwinebis aRiarebis qarTuli gamocdileba .. 162

2.4. jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi ............. 164

2.4.1. qorwinebis aRiarebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba ................ 164

2.4.1.1. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba ..................................... 164

2.4.1.2. qarTuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba ....................................... 165

2.4.2. saero da saeklesio normaTa kolizia ....................................... 167

2.4.2.1. asaki ...................................................................................................... 167

2.4.2.2. qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi ............................ 168

2.4.2.3. ganqorwineba ...................................................................................... 169

2.4.3. saeklesio faqtebi da maTi registracia ................................... 172

3. religiuri dResaswaulebi ............................................................................ 173

3.1. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba ...................................................... 173

3.2. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba saqarTveloSi ....................... 174

3.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri `valdebuleba~ ................. 175

6

4. safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebi .................................................... 177

4.1. kompensacia ...................................................................................................... 177

4.2. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi ......................................................................... 180

4.2.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis

dadgena ................................................................................................................. 180

4.2.1.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis

dadgena da adamianis ZiriTad uflebebi ......................................... 180


dadgenis praqtika........................................................................................ 182

4.1.1.2.1. aSS-is sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba da praqtika ......... 182

4.1.1.2.2. evropuli midgoma ..................................................................... 184

4.2.2. religiuri gaerTianebebi da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

sistema .................................................................................................................. 186

4.3. eklesiisTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema ................................ 188

4.4. kulturuli memkvidreobis movla da saeklesio saganZuri ... 190

5. religiis swavleba da religiuri ganaTleba ..................................... 193

5.1. religiis swavlebis roli da mniSvneloba .................................... 193

5.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos instituciuri urTierTobebi da

ganaTleba ............................................................................................................... 194

5.2.1. ganaTlebis sistemaSi religiis integrirebis modelebi .. 194

5.2.2. religiis swavleba da saxelmwifos pozitiuri

valdebulebebi ................................................................................................. 196

5.2.3. religiuri ganaTlebis dafinanseba ............................................. 198

5.2.4. religiis swavlebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba ............. 199

5.2.5. religiuri simboloebi da ganaTleba ........................................ 200

5.3. religia saswavlo kurikulumebSi ...................................................... 202

5.3.1. religiis gakveTilebis savaldebulooba saswavlo

programebSi........................................................................................................ 202

5.3.2. `religiis swavleba~ da `religiis Sesaxeb swavleba~ ....... 204

5.4. religiis swavleba saqarTveloSi ...................................................... 206

5.5. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli saswavleblebi .......................... 207

7

5.6. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebul saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebaTa da maT mier gacemuli diplomebis aRiareba ...... 208

5.7. religia da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sivrcis problemebi 210

6. religia, sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis sistemebi ................... 211

6.1. sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis dawesebulebebSi religiis

integrirebis praqtika ...................................................................................... 211

6.2. religia da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sistema ................................. 212

6.2.1. samxedroTa rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba ....... 212

6.2.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis

Sesruleba ........................................................................................................... 213

6.3. religia da saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis sistema.............. 214

6.3.1. braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis rwmenisa da

aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba ..................................................................... 214

6.3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis

Sesruleba ........................................................................................................... 215

daskvna ....................................................................................................................................................... 217

danarTi 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 227

danarTi 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 228

danarTi 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 230

bibliografia ...................................................................................................................................... 234

8

Semoklebani

ix. _ ixileT

Sead. _ SeadareT

msg. _Pmsgavsi

a.S. _ ase Semdeg

dawvr. _ dawvrilebiT

dRg _ damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi

wm. _ wminda

Jurn. _ Jurnali

a(a)ip _ arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri

ssip _ sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri

prof. _ profesori

wminda werili _ biblia

gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia

evrosasamarTlo _ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo

evrokomisia _ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia

evokonvencia _ adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaT dacvis

evropuli konvencia

saqarTvelos eklesia _ saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri

marTlmadidebeli eklesia

wminda saydari, romis eklesia _ romis kaTolikuri eklesia, vatikani

azerbaijani _ azerbaijanis respublika

angola _ angolis respublika

argentina _ argentinis respublika

aSS _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

belgia _ belgiis samefo

benini _ beninis respublika

bulgareTi _ bulgareTis respublika

burundi _ burundis respublika

gaboni _ gabonis respublika

9

adamianis uflebaTa komiteti _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis

adamianis uflebaTa komiteti

gaerTianebuli samefo _ didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis

gaerTianebuli samefo

gaiana _ gaianas respublika

gambia _ gambiis respublika

germania, gfr _ germaniis federaciuli respublika

gvinea _ gvineis respublika

gvinea-bisau _ gvinea-bisaus respublika

dania _ daniis samefo

evrokavSiri _ evropis kavSiri

evrosabWo _ evropis sabWo

ekvadori _ ekvadoris respublika

espaneTi _ espaneTis samefo

euTo _ evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia

veneciis komisia _ evropuli komisia samarTlis meSveobiT demo-

kratiisTvis

TurqeTi _ TurqeTis respublika

indoeTi _ indoeTis respublika

irlandia _ irlandiis respublika

israeli _ israelis saxelmwifo

italia _ italiis respublika

kameruni _ kamerunis respubika

kviprosi _ kviprosis respublika

kongo _ kongos respublika

kot divuari _ kot divuaris respublika

latvia _ latviis respublika

madagaskari _ madagaskaris respublika

mozambiki _ mozambikis respublika

monako _ monakos samTavro

mali _ malis respublika

10

namibia _ namibiis respublika

naw. _ nawili

nepali _ nepalis federaciul-demokratiuli respublika

niderlandebi _ niderlandebis samefo

norvegia _ norvegiis samefo

poloneTi _ poloneTis respublika

portugalia _ portugaliis respublika

rasobrivi diskkriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis komiteti _ gaer-

Tianebuli erebis organizaciis rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg

brZolis komiteti

ruanda _ ruandis respublika

ruseTi _ ruseTis federacia

saberZneTi _ saberZneTis (eladis) respublika

san tome da prinsipi _ san tomesa da principis demokratiuli

respublika

sabWoTa kavSiri _ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri

safrangeTi _ safrangeTis respublika

senegali _ senegalis respublika

serbeTi _ serbeTis respublika

slovakeTi _ slovakeTis respublika

ssr _ sabWoTa socialisturi respublika

sssr _ saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika

tajikeTi _ tajikeTis respublika

togo _ togos respublika

usd _ umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba

yazaxeTi _ yazaxeTis respublika

yirgizeTi _ yirgizeTis respublika

SvedeTi _ SvedeTis samefo

Cadi _ Cadis respublika

Crd. korea _ CrdiloeT koreis saxalxo demokratiuli respublika

11

App. - Application

Circ. - Circuit

Comm.- Communication

ECHR - European Commission of Human Rights

ECtHR - European Court of Human Rights

ed. - edition

etc. - et cetera

U.S. - United States

UN - United Nations

UNHRC - United Nations Human Rights Committee

Fed. - Federal

Iss. - Issue

No. - Number

Para. - Paragraph

v. – versus

Venice Commission - European Commission for Democracy Through Law

Vol. – Volume

Para. - Paragraph

UK - United Kingdom

Том – Т.

12

`mrTeli adamiani azrovnebisa da Tavisuflebisgan Sedgeba.~ wm. nikoloz kabasila1

`qristianoba Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifos bebiaqalia?~2

I. Sesavali

kacobriobis istoriasa da TanamedroveobaSic Zalze iSviaTia

iseTi institutebi, romlebsac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTel procesze aqvT gavlena. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis saqmianobis specifikisa da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis, rogorc samarTlis Rirebulebis, 3 gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, nebismieri sxva instituti ukana planze iwevs. socialuri da sa-marTlebrivi urTierTobebis simravleSi sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli adgili ukavia religias, romelic socialuri, kulturuli, istori-uli da raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, samarTlebrivi movlenacaa. igi erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvreli, sazogadoebis Se-makavSirebeli elementia 4 da misi mniSvneloba kacobriobis Segnebu-li azrovnebis istoriis sawyisi etapebidan moyolebuli, warmoudg-enlad didia. is, erTgvarad, koleqtiuri identobis erT-erT mTavar Camomyalibeblad iqca5.

religiam kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba mas Semdeg SeiZina, rac as-parezze msoflios dominanti religiebi gamoCndnen da daiwyo ara mxolod saRvTismetyvelo, metafizikur sakiTxebze dogmatikis Camoyalibeba, aramed praqtikul, saxelmwifosTan Tanayofierebasa da Tanaarsebobaze fiqri. IV saukunidan qristianoba saxelmwifoebriv doneze gavrcelebas iwyebs da eklesia maleve evropuli sax-elmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi àtributi~ xdeba. mTel-ma Sua saukuneebma eklesiis mniSvnelovani dominantobiT Caiara da gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo, sadac saeklesio dogmatika da sa-marTali saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda.

Sua saukuneebis miwurulisken datrialebuli reformaciis qariSxlis Semdeg, evropaSi damkvidrda azri, rom sazogadoebis sta-biluroba da keTildReoba swored saxelmwifosa da eklesiaze iyo damyarebuli. 6 Sesabamisad, XX saukunemde saxelmwifo cdilobda,

1 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 30 2 spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 81. 3 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 206. 4 Peyrouse S., The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Christianity

in Central Asia, “Journal of Church and State”, #49, 2007, 101. 5 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 26. 6 loqlini r.b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxil-va~, #5, 2012, 91.

13

Tavad emarTa da daemorCilebina eklesia, rogorc xalxis kontrolis saukeTeso saSualeba. Tanamedrove epoqamde religiaze, rogorc adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoze, ra Tqma unda, saubari arc iyo. rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi principi, XX saukunis mTavari monapovaria7.

religia kerZo sfero,8 `Zalze piradi, Zalze sakraluri da Zalze wmindaa~, saero xelisuflebis nebaze rom iyos damokidebuli. 9 Sesa-bamisad, religiis Tavisuflebis principma saxelmwifosa da religi-is erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebis, gamijvnis idea TavisTavad ganavi-Tara, vinaidan religiis Tavisufleba, erTi mxriv, individualur Tavisuflebas, meore mxriv, ki Tavad religiuri institutebis damoukideblobas gulisxmobs10.

XXI saukune faseulobaTa gadafasebis epoqaa. 11 Tanamedrove samyaroSi eklesiebma da religiurma organizaciebma dakarges gavlena da kontroli kerZo Tu sajaro sferoebis mniSvnelovan seg-mentze. 12 miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli civilizebuli samyaro sax-elmwifosa da religiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnaze Tanxmdeba, es pro-cesi yvelgan erTnairad ar mimdinareobs. tradiciul, marTlma-didebeli qristianobis qveynebSi saxelmwifos dRemde sWirdeba eklesia, rogorc kulturuli identobis mTavari wyaro da Sedegi. 13 ufro metic, igi Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovrebis ganuyofel na-wilad iqca 14 da dRemde evropuli identobis mniSvnelovan komponen-tad rCeba15.

religia yovelTvis iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos erTiani organi-zaciuli qsovilisa da ideologiis ganuyofeli nawili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebSi qveynis oficialuri ideologia mTlianad saeklesio midgomebs efuZneboda 16 . ruseTis mier saqarTve-los aneqsiis erT-erT mTavar iaraRadac swored qristianuli mrwamsi iqca, eklesiis meSveobiT imperiam myarad gaidga fesvebi qvey- 7 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 21. 8 ix., 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR],

App. no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007, Para.150. 9 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 68. 10 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112. 11 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,

2013, 172-173. 12 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –

Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 26. 13 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition,

“East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 91. 14 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 240. 15 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,

2013, 175. 16 saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 19.

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anaSi, amitomac gasakviri araa, rom SemdgomSi rusuli eklesia saqarTvelosTvis saimperio-caristuli manqanis asociacias iwvevda. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis is modeli, romelic demokratiuli respublikis periodSi moqmedeb-da. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damoukideblobis periodSi dawyebuli brZola religiis winaaRmdeg zeaqtiur fazaSi sabWoTa kavSirma gadaiyvana, rac rusuli socializmis tipuri niSani iyo.

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika eklesiis mimarT calsaxa arasdros yofila da yovelTvis mravaldonianobiT gamoirCeoda. marTalia, saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba daido, riTac maTi TanamSromloba oficialurad gaformda da eklesiam de facto privilegirebuli sta-tusi miiRo, Tumca sakiTxi amiT ar amowurula. piriqiT, formalur-samarTlebrivma mxarem praqtikuli daniSnuleba TiTqmis ver Seasrula, ris gamoc qarTuli normatiuli sistemis rangiT meore dokumentma araTu sruli, aramed nawilobrivi aRsruleba da imple-mentaciac ki ver hpova. dRemde rCeba uamravi gadauWreli sakiTxi, romlebic srul uZraobaSia da samwuxarod, maT gadasawyvetad aucilebeli Tanmxvedri nabijebic ar sCans. amasTan, ar SeiZleba am sakiTxis polarizacia da romelime mxarisTvis sruli pasux-ismgeblobis gadakisreba, vinaidan TanamSromlobis procesSi uar-yofiTi Sedegis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, wvlili orive mxares mi-uZRvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da mis aRs-rulebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mudam aqtualuria, qarTul sa-marTlebriv sivrceSi am sakiTxebze mxolod ramdenime samecniero naSromi arsebobs, romlebic ufro idiografiuli xasiaTisaa, vidre analitikuri. amis mizezi kvlevis procesis sirTule da is delika-turobaa, romelic religiasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs mudam Tan sdevs. siRrmiseuli analizisa da Seswavlis gareSe, izrdeba sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa da aRmsarebelTa ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis, diskriminaciis safrTxe. sakiTxis aqtualobas ganapiro-bebs saxelmwifos evroatlantikur organizaciebSi gaerTianebisa da Tanamedrove, demokratiul qveynad Camoyalibebis survili, rom-lisTvisac sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania religiis Tavisufleba. amasTan, sazogadoebis umravlesobis aRmsarebloba da umciresobis religiuri uflebebi praqtikaSi mudmivad kveTen erTmaneTs, garkveuli jgufebi ki cdiloben am sferoSi arsebuli problemebis marginalizebiT mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaarTulon. garda amisa, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba xSirad aRiqmeba, garkveulwilad, `bu-rusiT mocul~ dokumentad, romelzec yvela saubrobs, Tumca misi Sinaarsi da miT umetes, siRrmiseuli, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi cotam Tu uwyis. dokumentis samarTlebrivi analizi da sa-konstituciosamarTlebrivi Sefaseba saTanadod jerac ar ganxor-cielebula, rac Zalian bevr dainteresebul jgufs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, igi sakuTari poziciis mxridan warmoaCinos. mniSvnelovania

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isic, rom evropisken swrafvis gzaze daixvewos da gaumjobesdes konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili samarTlebrivi wesrigi, Tavad aqti ki SedarebiTi sakonstitucio samarTlis, zogadad, evropulsa-marTlebrivi gamocdilebis WrilSi gaanalizdes da Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamisad daixvewos.

naSromis mizania saxelmwifosa da eklesiis, rogorc urTierTobe-baTa mxareebis, mimarTebis Seswavla, maTi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi, gavrcelebuli modelebis analizi, am urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis mimoxilva da ganzogadeba, ukeTesi da Sinaarsobrivad ad-ekvaturi klasifikaciis SemuSaveba, romelic ara romelime sivrceze, aramed mTlianad eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebriv mxareze iqneba orientirebuli; saxelmwifosa da eklesiis ur-TierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi formebis Seswavla, raTa gamoiyos is ZiriTadi meqanizmebi, romelTa recefcia da adaptacia SesaZlebe-li iqneba qarTul sinamdvileSi. kvlevis mizania, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc pozitiursamarTlebrivi wyaros, Seswavla, misi statusis, Sinaarsis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis analizi normatiuli wesrigis WrilSi, aseve, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis procesis, etapebisa da am mizniT ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Se-faseba, aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis diferenciacia, siRrmiseuli kvleva; implementaciis sirTuleebis gadaWrisaTvis rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis SemuSaveba, romlebic rogorc ka-nonikursamarTlebriv, ise saero samarTlis gamocdilebasa da msoflioSi aprobirebul modelebs daefuZneba.

kvleva ZiriTadad eyrdnoba SedarebiTsamarTlebriv meTodikas, analitikur, istoriul-genetikur, idiografiul (deskrifciul), her-menevtikul da sxva samecniero meTodebs. meToduri kvlevis sa-fuZvelze moxdeba eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis sferoSi arsebuli samecniero literaturis, samarTlebrivi aqtebisa da sasa-marTlo praqtikis Seswavla. damuSavdeba qarTuli saerTo da sa-konstitucio sasamarTloebis, evrosasamarTlos, evrokomisiis, gaer-os adamianis uflebaTa komitetis, aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlosa da sekularizmis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani ramdenime saxelmwifos praqtika, rac ukeTesi mowesrigebisa da saqarTveloSi arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis adekvaturi saSualebebis identif-ikaciisTvis mniSvnelovani wyaro iqneba.

naSromi eqvsi nawilisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan I da VI, Sesabamisad, Sesavali da daskvnaa, xolo ZiriTadi kvleva II-V nawilebSia moqceuli. II nawilSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis subieqtunarianobaze, maTi TanamSromlobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebze. mocemulia eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis sxvadasxva klasifikacia da ganxilulia maTi formebi, meqanizmebi da standartebi SedarebiTsamarTlebriv konteqstSi.

naSromis III nawili eTmoba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebis qarTuli modelis mimoxilvasa da analizs. qarTuli gamocdileba ganxilulia samarTlebriv konteqstSi, qristianobis

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gavrcelebidan Tanamedrove epoqis CaTvliT, Sefasebulia religiis Tavisuflebisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli mod-elis Taviseburebebi da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

IV nawili exeba konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments, mis Sinaarsobriv, teqnikur da samarTlebriv maxasi-aTeblebs. ganxilulia, rogorc uSualod teqsti, ise terminologi-uri, samarTlebrivi da sakanonmdeblo teqnikis mxriv arsebuli problemebi. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gaanalizebulia normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiis, qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi misi adgilis konteqstSi, Sedarebulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis doqtrinas, Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebasa da religiis Tavisu-flebas.

V nawilSi Tavmoyrilia konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRs-rulebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. Sefasebulia SeTanxmebis im-plementaciis procesi da am mizniT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba jvrisweris aRiarebis, religiuri ganaTlebis, saeklesio dResaswaulebze uqmobisa da religiis saja-ro sivrceSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis sferoebSi, integraciis sakiTxs. gaanalizebulia safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebis (kompensacia, qonebis dabruneba-gadacema, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis sistema da kulturuli memkvidreobis, saeklesio saganZuris movla-patronoba) aRsrulebis procesi da am kuTxiT konstituciuri SeTanxmebis jerovani imple-mentaciisTvis damabrkolebebi garemoebebis aRmofxvrisa da prob-lemaTa gadawyvetis SesaZlo gzebi.

II. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTle-brivi formebi

1. saxelmwifo da qristianuli eklesia 1.1. saxelmwifo 1.1.1. saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti saxelmwifos warmoSoba da ganviTareba metad saintereso isto-

riul procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. saxelmwifo, rogorc adamianTa organizebuli Tanaarseboba, uZvelesi wesrigia. 17 misi Tanamedrove arsi da maxasiaTeblebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda da ixveweboda. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos idea da koncefcia srulad iziarebs warsul gamocdilebas, mecnierTa naazrevsa da saero praqtikas. amasTan, misi Tanamedrove gaazreba sruliad gansxvavdeba Tundac XIX saukunemde arsebuli koncefciebisgan, igi moicavs pla-tonisa da arasistoteles definicias, ciceronis miznobriobas, makiavelis, bodenis, monteskies, lokis, medisonisa da jefersonis moZRvrebebs, romlebmac, saboloo jamSi, saxelmwifos Tanamedrove

17 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 187.

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saxe misces. saxelmwifos Tanamedrove formiT Camoyalibebis erTi, mniSvnelovani etapi dagvirgvinda bentamis, ostinisa da pozitivistebis TeoriiT, romelmac pozitiuri samarTlis arseboba srulad saxelmwifos suverenul neba-survils daukavSira18.

saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti, is uflebamosili warmonaqmnia, romelsac samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa ZiriTadi aspeqtebis mowesrigebaze aqvs eqskluzivi. xalxi mas gadascems Za-lauflebas, raTa misi saxeliT ganaxorcielos saqmianoba. 19 swored es aqcevs mas adamianTa yvelaze organizebul da sistemur, su-verenitetiT aRWurvil erTobad20.

yvela sazogadoebas sWirdeba avtoritetuli instituti, Tumca saxelmwifo, sinamdvileSi, erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi aseTi warmo-naqmnia.21 es aris is mniSvnelovani debuleba, romelic man unda gaiT-valiswinos, raTa mmarTveloba tiraniad ar iqces. saxelmwifos, rogorc samoqalaqo erTobas, IV saukunidan qristianuli eklesiis saxiT mniSvnelovani konkurenti gamouCnda, romelmac TandaTan saero sakiTxebSic seriozuli gavlena moipova. yvela Tanxmdeba, rom am pe-riodidan saxelmwifoSi erTis nacvlad ukve faqtobrivad ori su-vereni arsebobs _ xelisuflebisa da eklesiis saxiT22.

1.1.2. saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefcia eklesiasa da saxelmwifos moqmedebis gansxvavebuli sfero da

meqanizmebi aqvT, Tumca, Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenadaa es yovelive erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli. 23 313 wels imperatorma konstantinem saimperatoro ediqtiT qristianuli da sxva religiebi Seiwynara, ne-ba darTo emoqmedaT Tavisuflad, ramac eklesiis Semdgom ganviTare-baze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. 24 am droidan iwyeba qristianuli dogmatikis sistemuri Camoyalibeba, maT Soris, saxelmwifosTan da-kavSirebuli sakiTxebis damuSaveba.

qristianobisTvis saxelmwifo misaRebi institutia, radganac es ukanaskneli amqveyniuri cxovrebisa da adamianTa Soris mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad aRiqmeba, anarqia ki principulad mi-

18 ix., xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 206; Corpus Juris, w.I, samarTalmcod-neobis sakiTxebi, d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2015, 14-23. 19 ix., Loughlin M., Foundations of Public Law, Oxford, 2010, 69-73. 20 ix., gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015, 8-12. 21 Mckinley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of

Law and Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 42. 22 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and

the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 177. 23 xucurauli i., qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-10, 2001, 21. 24 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 29.

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uRebelia.25 aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom, marTalia, saxelmwifo da xelisu-fleba anarqiasTan brZolis meqanizmia, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, igi mainc Zaladobis organoa, romelic erTgvarad Tavisuflebis sulis qristianul gagebasTan winaaRmdegobaSic ki modis. 26 saxelmwifo da xelisufleba RmerTis mier dadgenil mmarTvelobad miiCneva, yovel qristians ki evaleba, daemorCilos mas.27 zogadad, qristianoba ùkve arsebul wesrigsa da kanonebs iRebda rogorc pozitiur mocemu-lobas~28, ufro metic, xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos arseboba, ro-melic socialur da politikur uwesrigobas upirispirdeba, qristi-anuli SexedulebiT, RmerTis mieraa dadgenili. 29 vinaidan yvela mmarTveli uflis gangebiT gamwesebulad moiazreba, adamiani nebismier SemTxvevaSi valdebulia, daicvas saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTali. cudi xelisufleba RvTaebriv sasjeladaa miCneuli, kargi ki _ wyalobad. eklesia ar SeiZleba romelime politikuri sistemis Tu dajgufebis momxred aRiqmebodes, is SeZlebisdagvarad nei-tralur pozicias unda inarCunebdes30.

qristianul moZRvrebaSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba amqveyniur da imqveyniur samyaroebTan kavSiris saxed aRiqmeboda, dawyebuli qristes cnobili postulatidan, netari avgustines `RvTaebrivi qalaqiT~ gagrZelebuli. 31 amgvari mosazreba Tavad qristes mier dawesebuli gamijvnidan modis, romlis ganmartebiTac, RvTaebriv sakiTxebSi uzenaesia eklesia, rogorc uflis nebis gam-omxatveli, xolo saeroSi _ saxelmwifo. 32 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom macxovriseul postulats mravali interpretacia aqvs, vinaidan maszea dafuZnebuli eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa mTeli qristianuli sistema.

saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefciis paralelurad, qristianuli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb moZRvrebac Camoyalibda, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi icvleboda, rasac xSirad Tavad eklesiis SigniT mimdi-nare movlenebi uwyobda xels. 33 qristianuli saxelmwifos idea Sua sakuneebSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo, vinaidan eklesia lamis saxelmwifo xelisufalTa moqmedebebs warmarTavda, Tumca misi

25 xucurauli i., qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-10, 2001, 22. 26 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 76. 27 epistole pavle mociqulisa romaelTa mimarT, 13,1. 28 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 75. 29 iqve. 30 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 188. 31 Eighmy J.L., Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations, “Journal of

Church and State”, #4(2), 1962, 167. 32 `miugo iesu da hrqua maT: `mieciT keisrisaჲ keisarsa da RmrTisaჲ RmerTsa.~,

saxerabaჲ markozisi, 12,17. 33 ix., Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliog-

raphy, London, 2005, 31.

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politikuri Zalaufleba axali epoqis dadgomis Semdeg mniSvnelov-nad Sesustda, rac ZiriTadad erovnuli saxelmwifoebis warmoSobam ganapiroba34.

erovnulma saxelmwifoebma da sxva religiebisadmi Semwynareblur-ma politikam saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefciis gadasxvafereba ganapiroba. aqtualuri gaxda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ideuri gan-calkevebis Tema. uiliamsis fraza eklesiasa (`walkotis~) da danar-Cen samyaros (`sivelures~) Soris gammijnavi kedlis aucileblobas-Tan dakavSirebiT SemdgomSi aqtiurad gamoiyenes da praqtikaSic damkvidrda. 35 saxelmwifos mier religiis Tavisuflebis principis aRiarebam eklesiasa da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebis arsebobis riski gazarda, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi saxelmwifos samarTali SeiZleba saeklesio sjulsa da swavlebas ewinaaRmdegebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs ap-robirebuli gamosavali, Tumca xSirad miuTiTeben wminda werilis debulebaze, romlis mixedviTac, upirvelesad adamianebi unda emor-Cilebodnen RmerTs, Semdgom ki sxva adamianTa dadgenil wesebs. 36 amas ki mniSvnelovani disonansi Semoaqvs, Tumca, rogorc radbruxi ganmartavs, am debulebis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba xSirad adamianis sindiszea damokidebuli, romelsac RmerTi `mxolod iSviaT Sem-TxvevebSi Tu aRviZebs~37.

1.2. eklesia 1.2.1. eklesia, rogorc erToba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi sityva èklesia~ ori mniSvnelobiT gam-

oiyeneba: erTis mixedviT, es aris adgili, sadac mimdinareobs qristianuli RvTismsaxureba 38 , xolo meore mniSvnelobiT, igi qristianTa erToba, organizaciaa39.

eklesia religiuri organizaciaa, romelsac mWidro kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebasTan da eris Tu eTnosis sarwmunoebrivi gaerTianebaa, romlisTvisac saxelmwifos kulturasa da tradiciebTan harmoniuli urTierTobaa damaxasiaTebeli. 40 mas saxelmwifosgan sruliad gan- 34 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 27. 35 “Wall of Separation between the Garden of the Church and the Wildness of the World”, ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisu-fleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 39. 36 `miugo petre da mociqulTa da hrques: morCilebaჲ jer-ars RmrTisaჲ ufroჲs

vidre kacTaჲ.~, saqme wmidaTa mociqulTaჲ (aRwerili luka maxarebelisaჲ), 5.29. 37 radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, d. gegenavas Targmani, sa-marTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012, 240. 38 `Seiwireba msxverpli sadideblad yovladwminda samebisa.~ CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 8. 39 iqve, 8; bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 74. 40 papuaSvili n., msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2002, 16.

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sxvavebuli funqciebi da miznebi aqvs. eklesiis mizania RvTis sityvis, uflis siyvarulisa da samarTlianobis xalxisTvis gacnoba, adamianTa sulis xsnaze zrunva, xolo saxelmwifos arsi sayovelTao keTildReobis, wesrigisa da Tavisuflebis, kanonis winaSe Ta-nasworobis uzrunvelyofaa.41 mrwamsis mixedviT, eklesia aris èrTi, wminda, kaTolike da samociqulo~ 42 , igi mTel dedamiwaze erTia da misi Tavi ieso qristea. 43 qristianuli msoflmxedvelobiT, eklesia aris rogorc erToba, sistema, ise _ erTaderTi saSualeba, rom-liTac misi wevrebi, qristianebi miaRweven saboloo mizans _ cxonebas: extra ecclesiam nulla salus44.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli eklesia seriozul da mravaldonian organizaciad iqca, romelic sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi Tu socialuri formiT gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi. dResdReobiT ramdenime ZiriTadi da mravali wvrili qristianuli mimdinareoba arsebobs, romelTac TavianTi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi mowyoba, struqtura da dogmatika aqvT.

1.2.2. eklesia, rogorc samarTlebrivi instituti mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda erTiani

xelisufleba. saxelmwifos gverdiT yovelTvis moiazreboda eklesia, romelic xelisuflebis realurad SemzRudveli samoqalaqo insti-tuti iyo. 45 saxelmwifosa da eklesiis funqciebi, marTalia, erTma-neTisgan gansxvavebulia, Tumca isini xSirad ikveTeba, 46 radganac arcerTi eklesia Tu religiuri instituti sazogadoebisgan mowy-vetilad ar arsebobs, igi ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva administraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi, Sesabamis kulturul garemosa da soci-umSi.47 marTlmadidebeli eklesia Teologiurad ar ukavSirdeba raime politikur instituts, kulturasa da sazogadoebas, Tumca, imavdroulad, igi valdebulia, yvela SesaZlo Rones mimarTos xalxis, nebismieri adamianis xsnisa da siwmindisaTvis48.

eklesiis Teologiuri da samarTlebrivi aRqma erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba, Tumca mniSvnelovnadac gansxvavdeba. Tuki rwmenis kuTx-

41 National Council of Churches, Separation and Interaction of Church and State, “Journal of Church and

State”, #6, 1964, 147. 42 mrwamsi, me-10 muxli. 43 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 73-74. 44 èklesiis gareSe ar aris cxovneba~ (wm. kvipriane), ix., iqve, 74. 45 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 30. 46 National Council of Churches, Separation and Interaction of Church and State, “Journal of Church and

State”, #6, 1964, 147. 47 Mckinley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of

Law and Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 32. 48 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of

Church and State”, #6, 1964, 185.

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iT, eklesia misi wevrebis gaerTianebaa, romlis mizania sulis xsna, samarTlisaTvis igi sruliad gansxvavebul institutad aRiqmeba. sa-marTlebrivad eklesia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc religiuri organizacia, romelic dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilTan da rogorc wesi, saxelmwifosTanac mWidro kavSirSia, 49 aqvs Sesabamisi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma da moqmedebs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli marTlwesrigis Sesabamisad. eklesiis sta-tusi aranair mniSvnelobas atarebs sulierebis kuTxiT, marTlma-dideblobisTvis mTavaria saRmrTo wesebis aRsruleba, vinaidan RvTis winaSe yvela Tanabaria. 50 praqtikuli saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT ki, misTvis mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mxridan aRi-areba, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo da eklesia didad gansxvavdebian, erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSiric aqvT, 51 amasTan, aRiare-bis gareSe nebismieri yofiTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba warmoudg-enelia.

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, romaulisgan gansxvavebiT, istoriulad biurokratiuli gaerTianeba ar iyo da yovelTvis ufro sulier sa-kiTxebze hqonda orientacia.52 Tumca Tanamedrove samyaros samarTle-brivi ganviTareba bunebrivad moiTxovs eklesiaTa da sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa samarTlebriv doneze uzrunvelyofas, raTa maT sazogadoebaSi normaluri arseboba, samarTalurTierTobebSi monawileoba SeZlon. eklesiis samarTlebriv statusTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli praqtika aqvT. TiTqmis SeuZlebelia iseTi saerTo, zogadi formis moZieba, romelsac yvela samarTlebrivi sistema miiRebs da aRiarebs, vinaidan yovelive es konkretuli qveynis istoriaze, kulturaze, sazogadoebasa da sa-marTlebriv sistemazea damokidebuli.

evrokavSiri saxelmwifoebs uflebas aZlevs, Tavad gadawyviton, Tu ra samarTlebrivi statusi eqnebaT religiur organizaciebs, igi aRiarebs Sesabamisi wesiT dafuZnebul da moqmed religiur gaer-Tianebebs. 53 ra Tqma unda, es yovelive kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis principebs unda efuZnebodes. religiuri gaer-

49 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 24. 50 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of

Church and State”, #6, 1964, 186. 51 Encyclical Letter “Deus Caritas Est” of the Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI to the Bishops, Priests and Dea-

cons, Men and Women Religious and All the Lay Faithful on Christian Love, 25 December 2005, Para.28. 52 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition,

“East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87. 53 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konte-qsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 29; ix. citireba: Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), art. 17.

22

Tianebebis registraciisas saxelmwifos sruli obieqturoba da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principis dacva moeTxoveba.54

eklesia SeiZleba iyos rogorc registrirebuli, ise araregistri-rebuli organizaciuli erToba. 55 saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs religiur gaerTianebaTa mimarT moqmedi erTiani samarTlebrivi standarti: saxelmwifo konkretul religiur jgufs uflebas aZlevs, Tavad airCios, daregistrirdeba Tu ara saerTod. ra Tqma unda, registraciis Taviseburebebi, aseve, araregistrirebul ekle-siaTa samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra saxelmwifos kanon-mdeblobazea damokidebuli.

1.2.2.1. eklesia _ iuridiuli piri registrirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebi ZiriTadad kerZo an

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis saxiT arseboben. 56 evropul saxelmwifoTa im nawilSi, sadac religiur organizaciebTan mimarTebiT mkacrad Camoyalibebuli sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba ar arsebobs, msgavsi organizaciebis registraciisa da aRiarebis pro-cesSi mniSvnelovan rols sasamarTlo asrulebs57.

safrangeTSi religiur jgufad romelime gaerTianebis aRiareba saxelmwifo sabWos prerogativaa, romelic sakmaod mkacrad udgeba sakiTxs da mxolod tradiciul religiaTa warmomadgenlebis mimarT avrcelebs 1905 wlis kanons. 58 fineTSi `religiis Tavisuflebis aq-tTan erTad~, evangelur-luTeranuli da marTlmadidebeli eklesi-ebis samarTlebriv statuss specialuri kanonebi awesrigebs. 59 rogorc wesi, religiuri gaerTianebebisa da eklesiebisaTvis calke reestri ar arsebobs da isini sxva iuridiuli pirebis msgavsad reg-istrirdebian. mag., espaneTSi religiuri gaerTianebebi da eklesiebi iuridiuli piris statusis misaRebad registrirdebian sajaro reestrSi, risTvisac maT unda waradginon 1980 wlis `religiis

54 ix., Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Austria, [ECtHR], App. no. 40825/98, 31 July 2008. 55 mag., italiaSi religiur gaerTianebebs SeuZliaT daregistrirdnen asociaciebis saxiT an iarsebon araregistrirebuli asociaciebis statusiT, samoqalaqo ko-deqsis Sesabamisad. ix., ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 249. 56 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konte-qsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 57 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 30. 58 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 190. 59 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Reli-

gion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C.

Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 335; The Church Act (Kirkkojärjestys

1055/1993), Act on the Orthodox Church (Laki Ortodoksisestakirkosta 985/2006).

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Tavisuflebis aqtiT~ gansazRvruli dokumentacia. 60 gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ukrainaSi, sadac religiuri centrebi, monastrebi, Te-ologiuri skolebi da msgavsi xasiaTis organizaciebi unda dare-gistrirdnen religiur saqmeTa saxelmwifo komitetSi, 61 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom religiuri organizaciebis registracia ukrainaSi sakmaod martivia, registraciisTvis sakmarisia gaerTianebas 10 wevri mainc hyavdes da religiuri miznebi hqondes. 62 msgavs mowesrigebas adgens SvedeTic: religiuri organizaciis registraciisTvis aucilebeli piroba am gaerTianebis religiuri miznebi da misi wevr-Ta raodenobaa63.

saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, registraciisas mniSvnelovania ekle-siaTa klasifikacia. italiaSi moqmedebs samsafexuriani sistema, ro-melic religiur gaerTianebebs ganasxvavebs: pirveli, ra Tqma unda, romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiaa, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli statusi aqvs; meore, is konfesiebi, romlebic italiaSi tradiciulad arsebobdnen da maTi Sexedulebebi italiis kanonmdeblobas sruliad Seesabameba; mesame jgufs mcirericxovani da arc ise popularuli gaerTianebebi ganekuTvnebian. 64 1874 wlis èklesiebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb~ da 1998 wlis `religiuri konfesiuri erTobebis Sesaxeb~ ka-nonebis Tanaxmad, avstriaSi religiuri organizaciebis sami saxe arsebobs: oficialurad aRiarebuli religiuri sazogadoeba, religiur-konfesiuri erToba da asociacia.65 religiur gaerTianebad registraciisaTvis norvegia ganmcxadebels ramdenime moTxovnas uy-enebs: gaerTianebis saxeli da misamarTi, mrwamsi da doqtrina, organ-izaciuli mowyoba, saqmianoba da wevroba, mmarTvelobis organoebi, sulieri da administraciuli xelmZRvanelebis saxelwodeba da

60 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 162. 61 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482. 62 iqve. 63 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 627. 64 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247. 65 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 12;

1960-iani wlebidan avstriam `tradiciul~ religiebTan mimarTebiT mizanmimarTuli politika gaatara, ris Sedegadac protestantuli da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaq-torobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 456.

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pasuxismgeblobis sfero, religiuri gaerTianebis wesebi wevrobis, xmis micemis, momsaxurebis, wesdebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb66.

registracia da iuridiuli piris statusiT arseboba, ra Tqma un-da, savaldebulo araa, Tumca saxelmwifos mxridan oficialuri aRi-areba Zalian dadebiTi faqtoria. igi materialuri TvalsazrisiTac momgebiania. SvedeTSi registrirebul gaerTianebebs mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo SeRavaTebi aqvT. 67 daniaSi religiuri jgufis religiur sazogadoebad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, igi gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufldeba. 68 registraciis Semdeg sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi moqmedebs ukrainaSic69.

sxva qristianuli eklesiebisgan gansxvavdeba wminda saydris sa-marTlebrivi statusi da mdgomareoba, vinaidan vatikani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa, igi xSir SemTxvevaSi konkretul sax-elmwifoSi religiuri gaerTianebis statusis miRebas ar Tanxmdeba. mis wiaRSi moqmedebs eklesiis erTianobis idea, maT Soris sa-marTlebrivi kuTxiTac. Sesabamisad, xSirad problemebi warmoiSoba, Tuki saxelmwifo uars acxadebs wminda saydarTan TanabarmniSvnelo-vani statusiT urTierTobaze (roca vatikans, rogorc saxelmwifos da romis eklesias, rogorc religiur gaerTianebas, ganasxvaveben). mag., romis eklesia espaneTSi gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs da mas moqmedebisTvis iuridiuli piris formiT registracia ar sWirdeba, vinaidan wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia da xelisuflebasTan urTierTobaSi isedac SeuZlia gam-osvla70.

1.2.2.1.1. kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri religiuri gaerTianebebisa da eklesiebis kerZo samarTlis iu-

ridiul pirad registracia yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. umetes SemTxvevaSi eklesiebi aramomgebiani iuridiuli piris formas irCeven, Tumca es ar gamoricxavs maT mogebaze orientirebul iuridiul pirebad Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas. marTalia, rogorc wesi, religiur gaerTianebas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs organizaciul-

66 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in:

Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by

R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 134. 67 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 622. 68 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 71. 69 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482. 70 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 169.

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samarTlebrivi formis arCevisas, Tumca saxelmwifoTa nawilSi sa-kanonmdeblo donezea gansazRvruli registraciis standartebi da winapirobebi, romlebic moicavs, maT Soris, Sesabamisi samarTle-brivi formisadmi gaerTianebis mikuTvnebis safuZvlebs. es mTlianad saxelmwifos politikur-samarTlebriv gemovnebazea damokidebuli da imis mixedviT saxesxvaobs, Tu eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa romel models miekuTvneba konkretuli saxelmwifos marTlwesrigi.

zogierTi saxelmwifo specialuri kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvravs religiur gaerTianebaTa klasifikacias. daniaSi sami tipis religi-uri erTeuli moqmedebs: aRiarebuli sazogadoeba, qorwinebis Catare-bis uflebis mqone sazogadoeba da araRiarebuli religiuri sazogadoeba. 71 avstriaSi SesaZlebelia religiuri mimdinareobebis registracia religiur erTobebad an religiur asociaciebad. 72 ra Tqma unda, yvela maTgani kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piria, Tumca maT mimarT gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da SeRavaTebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) moqmedebs.

aSS-Si religiuri gaerTianebebis sami saxe gamoiyofa: kongregacia, eklesia da korporacia.73 aq religiuri gaerTianebebi wminda kerZosa-marTlebriv organizaciebad, korporaciul warmonaqmnebad moiazre-bian. 74 1837 wels saqmeze, mileri baptisturi eklesiis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom daadgina religiuri organizaciebis klasifikacia, romlis mixedviTac, kongregacia aris religiuri Temi, morwmuneTa gaerTianeba, eklesia _ kanonikur safuZvelze arsebuli erToba, ro-melic eklesiis wevrobazea dafuZnebuli, xolo rac Seexeba korpo-racias, igi samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze moqmedi iuridi-uli piria, romelic, marTalia, ar aris eklesia, magram SeiZleba mis interesebs warmoadgendes75.

inglisur samarTalSi ar arsebobs ssip-is cneba, Sesabamisad, igi religiur organizaciaTa raime gansakuTrebuli statusiT aRWurvas ar iTvaliswinebs. 76 gaerTianebul samefoSi, saxelmwifo eklesiebis garda, nebismieri sxva eklesia TanabarmniSvnelovania. 77 eklesiebis

71 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 70. 72 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 457-460. 73 McGrath J.J., Canon Law and American Church Law: A Comparative Study, “The Jurist”, #18, 1958,

260. 74 Zollman C., Nature of America Religious Corporations, Michigan Law Review, Vol.14, 1915, 38. 75 McGrath J.J., Canon Law and American Church Law: A Comparative Study, “The Jurist”, #18, 1958,

261, ix. citireba: Miller v. Baptist Church, 16 N.J.L. 251 (1837). 76 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 646-647. 77 Nicholson J., The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, “Sri Lanka Journal of Inter-

national Law”, #12, 2000, 182.

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samarTlebrivi statusi moxaliseobrivi gaerTianebebis statuss uTanabrdeba da isini sakmao TavisuflebiT sargebloben, gansxvave-biT inglisis eklesiisgan, romelsac, saxelmwifo eklesiis statusis gamo gacilebiT meti SezRudva aqvs dawesebuli. 78 religiuri gaer-Tianebebi kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebad registrirdebian kviprosSi, xolo, Tuki maT finansur operaciebSi monawileobis miRe-ba surT, maSin damatebiT saxelmwifo registracias saWiroeben. 79 safrangeTSi, 1905 wlis kanonis Tanaxmad, religiur gaerTianebebs SeuZliaT sakulto asociaciebad arseboba80.

saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifosTan istoriul kavSirSi myofi religi-uri mimdinareobebisa da evrosabWos qveynebis kanomdeblobiT aRi-arebuli religiebis garda,81 sxva religiur gaerTianebebsa da ekle-siebs ufleba aqvT, airCion kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris sasurveli saxe (samewarmeo (korporaciuli) an arasamewarmeo (arako-merciuli) iuridiuli piri). logikuria, rom absoluturi umrav-lesoba a(a)ip-is formas arCevs, radganac am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelo-vani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT isargebleben. maTze vrceldeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisi normebi.82 amgvari Sesa-Zlebloba XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan arsebobs, Tumca ramdenime `tradiciulma~ eklesiam uari Tqva msgasi formiT registraciaze da moiTxova gansakuTrebuli statusi, rac, saboloo jamSi, miRweul iqna kidec 2011 wels sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis gziT83.

1.2.2.1.2. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri ssip-is fenomeni kontinenturevropulia da iSviaTadaa an-

gloamerikuli samarTlis ojaxis sistemis qveynebSi. ssip saxelisu-flebo ierarqiis nawilia da sajaro mmarTvelobiTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT iqmneba. Tumca iseT sax-

78 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 647. 79 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 280. 80 registraciis msgavsi forma protestantebma da ebraulma Temma karga xania gam-oiyenes da mniSnelovani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiTac isargebles. romis eklesia ki wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar Tanxmdeboda sakulto asociaciad registracias, amitomac saxelmwifos mouwia erTgvar kompromisze wasvla da eklesiis eparqiebsa da samrevloebs SesTavaza gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi forma. 1924 wels pius XI sa-gangebo nebarTvis safuZvelze frangma episkoposebma Seqmnes saeparqio asociaciebi, romlebic Tavisi arsiT sakulto asociaciebia. ix., basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveyneb-Si, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 186-187. 81 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 15091-e muxlis me-4 nawili. 82 iqve, me-6 nawili. 83 ix., saqarTvelos 2011 wlis 5 ivlisis kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~.

27

elmwifoebSi, sadac eklesias saxelmwifos statusi aqvs an eklesia da saxelmwifo aqtiurad TanamSromloben, igi gamoiyeneba e.w. privi-legirebuli an dominanti, saxelmwifo eklesiis samarTlebrivi formis gansasazRvrad. ssip-is saxiT registrirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebi gansxvavdebian amave statusiT arsebuli sxva iuridi-uli pirebisgan, vinaidan isini sajaro uflebamosilebas ar axor-cieleben da saxelisuflebo ierarqiaSi ar Sedian.84 mag., saberZneTis eklesia ssip-ia da sruli samarTlebrivi subieqtunarianobiT sargeblobs, 85 msgavsi statusi aqvT protestantul da romaul-kaTolikur eklesiebsac da mniSnelovani SeRavaTebiTac sargeblo-ben86.

germaniaSi religiur gaerTianebebs, romelTac sakmarisi raodeno-bis wevrebi hyavT da maTi mizani grZelvadiani saqmianobaa, SeuZliaT ssip-is statusi miiRon 87 , Tumca es saxelisuflebo struqturaSi in-tegracias ar gulisxmobs.88 danarCeni religiuri gaerTianebebi kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris statuss iReben da registrirebul aso-ciaciebad arseboben.89

msgavs praqtikas misdevs saqarTveloc. konstituciuri SeTanxmebisa da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia ssip-ia, Tumca gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs. 90 igi `saqarTveloSi moqmedi sxva religiuri organi-zaciebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli eklesiis nawili ki ar aris, aramed organizaciulad dasrulebuli saxiT swored saqarTveloSia warmodgenili~ 91 . Tavdapirvelad swored es iyo misTvis ssip-is statusis miniWebis ganmsazRvreli mo-tivi. Tumca 2011 wels saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ganxor-cielebuli cvlilebebiT, am statusis miRebis ufleba saqarTve-losTan istoriul kavSirSi myof religiur mimdinareobebsa da ev-

84 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 85 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targ-mani, Tbilisi, 2011, 135. 86 iqve. 87 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 94. mag., ger-maniaSi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statuss atareben romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis

eparqiebi da protestanuli regionuli eklesiebi. ix., Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany,

“The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 905. 88 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 94. 89 iqve. 90 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 13. 91 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 13.

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rosabWos qveynebis kanomdeblobiT aRiarebul religiebsac miecaT. 92 marTalia, kanonmdeblobis Canaweri sakmaod bundovani da zogadab-straqtulia, Tumca sajaro reestris erovnul saagentos, am Sem-TxvevaSi uflebamosil organos, SeuZlia normis Sesabamisi inter-pretacia da ganmcxadeblisaTvis ssip-is statusis miniWeba 93 . am sta-tusis matarebel religiur gaerTianebebze ar vrceldeba sajaro sa-marTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba94 da maTi saqmiano-ba kvlavac kerZo samarTlis farglebSi rCeba95.

1.2.2.2. araregistrirebuli erToba eklesiis araregistrirebul erTobad, kavSirad arsebobisaTvis

ramdenime mizezi arsebobs. amis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori SeiZleba Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba iyos, romelic garkveul standartebs awesebs da konkretuli jgufi maT ver akmayofilebs. Tumca ar unda gamoiricxos principuli poziciis Ses-aZleblobac, rodesac esa Tu is religiuri jgufi kanonmdeblobiT SeTavazebul statuss ar Tanxmdeba, rac arcTu ise iSviaTi movlena iyo uaxlesi istoriis mTeli periodis manZilze96.

unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, registracia eklesiis sruli dis-kreciaa, Tumca araregistrirebuli saqmianoba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli araa, radganac aseT SemTxvevaSi ekle-sia SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad dazaraldes, ver isargeblos sxvadasxva SeRavaTiT 97 , statusis ararsebobis gamo ver iTanamSromlos sax-elmwifosTan da sxv.

92 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 15091-e muxlis me-4 nawili. 93 iqve, me-3 da me-4 nawilebi. 94 iqve, me-5 nawili. 95 iqve, me-6 nawili. 96 mag., msgavsi viTareba iyo meoce saukunis ociani wlebis Suamde safrangeTSi ro-maul-kaTolikuri eklesiis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, saqarTveloSi da a.S. ix., basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 186-187. 97 ix., fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 622; dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamoce-mis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 71; Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era:

The Case of Ukraine (with Special References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University

Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482.

29

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis istoriuli ganviTareba

2.1. eklesiis warmoSoba da did sqizmamdeli urTierTobebi saxelm-wifosTan

2.1.1. qristianobis legitimacia da eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi daqvemdebareba

2.1.1.1. qristianebis devnidan qristianobis Semwynareblobamde hanTingTonis SefasebiT, qristianoba dasavluri civilizaciis

erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebel niSnad iqca. 98 Tumca am statusis miRwevamde eklesiam didi gza ganvlo, romelic dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. romis imperia, ro-melic, rogorc wesi, rjulSemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda, qristiano-bis winaaRmdeg mkacri aRmoCnda, amis mTavari mizezi ki Tavad qristianobis mier nebismieri mbrZaneblis, maT Soris, imperatoris, RvTaebrivi kultis uaryofa, morCilebaze uaris Tqma iyo. 99 qristianoba evropul cnobierebaSi damonebisa da damorCilebis religiad ar Sesula, piriqiT, misi gavrceleba yovelive amis sawinaaRmdegod iyo aRqmuli. igi, erTgvarad, dakarguli WeSmariti Tavisuflebis ganaxleba iyo.100 amis gaTvaliswinebiT imperia mas ara rigiT religiad, aramed faqtobriv winaaRmdegobriv moZraobad ganix-ilavda, romelic 8 saukunis manZilze damkvidrebul romaul poli-tikur-ideologiur sistemas Zirs uTxrida.

periodulad, imperatorebis xasiaTisa da Sexedulebebis gaT-valiswinebiT, qristianobasTan damokidebulebac icvleboda, Tumca cvlilebebi sworxazovani da grZelvadiani politikiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli. 101 IV saukunidan mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. 311 wels romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilis imperatorma galesiusma gaauqma qristianobis amkrZalavi yvela aqti, faqtobrivad, imperator-ma CaTrevas Cayola amjobina, radgan qristianobis devnis miuxedavad, igi mTeli imperiis masStabiT swrafad vrceldeboda da amitomac saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda, am tendenciisTvis fexi aewyo. 102 IV

98 Huntington S.H., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking World Order, New York, 1996, 70. 99 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 74-75. 100 ix., dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n. doborjginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 87. 101 mag., 202 wels imperatorma septimus severusma qristianobaze iZulebiT miqcevis amkrZalavi aqti gamosca, ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 46-47; msgavsi gamonaTebebis mi-uxedavad, neronis, diokletianes, galeriusis, liciniusisa da iulianes periodis romSi qristianobisTvis idevnebodnen ara mxolod ubralo xalxi, aramed didgva-rovnebic, maT Soris, imperatorTa ojaxis wevrebi da saimperatoro karze dawinaurebuli pirebi. McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox

Christian Tradition, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alex-

ander, New York, 2010, 174. 102 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 13.

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saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, imperator konstantines mmarTvelobis xa-naSi qristianebi ukve imperiis mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10-12%-s Seadgendnen. 103 qristianobis devnis Sewyvetidan 2 welSi, 313 wels dasavleT-aRmosavleT romis imperatorebma _ konstantinem da liciniusma milanis ediqti gamosces, romliTac qristianobas sax-elmwifoSi Tavisuflad arsebobisa da ganviTarebis ufleba mieca. liciniusi qristianebisadmi keTilganwyobili ar yofila, man ediqts xeli samarTlianobis elementaruli grZnobis gamo moawera xeli104.

sicocxleSive konstantine mociqulis msgavsi aRiarebiT sargeb-lobda, igi axali religiiT cdilobda romis imperiis gaerTiane-bas. 105 eklesiis mimarT misi politikis Sedegad nikeaSi I msoflio kreba Sedga da rogorc eusebiusi aRwers, imperatori krebas Tavad Tavmjdomareobda, rogorc `RmerTis zeciuri macne~.106 qristianobaze aqcentis gakeTebis miuxedavad, konstantine Semwynareblurad eqceoda warmarTebsac. 107 igi TiTqmis mTeli sicocxle oficialurad inarCu-nebda warmarTobas, rogorc saxelmwifos mosaxleobis umravlesobis aRiarebul da istoriul religias da mxolod 337 wels, sik-vdilamde cota xniT adre moinaTla. 108 imperator konstantines epoqaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesia ganviTarebis axal safexurze gadavida da marTalia, mas devnis TvalsazrisiT araTu problemebi ar Seqmnia, aramed maqsimalurad xels uwyobdnen, eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaSi balansis sakiTxi mudmivad aqtualuri iyo. 109 qristianobis Semdgomi gaZliereba da gavrceleba uSualod saxelmwifos neba-surviliT ganxorcielda, ramac, Tavis mxriv, qristianebSi imperiuli Zalauflebis legitimacia ganapiroba110.

2.1.1.2. eklesia imperator konstantines Semdeg qristianuli romis saxelmwifo koncefciis safuZveli antikur

Teokratiul absolutizms daeufuZna, sadac imperatori kvlavindebu-rad RmerTsa da xalxs Soris Suamavali iyo. 111 romis imperia da qristianuli eklesiac erTianobis ideiT iyo ganpirobebuli: erTi

103 iqve. 104 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,

2007, 207. 105 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64-

65. 106 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 19. 107 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,

2007, 208. 108 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 65. 109 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in:

Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010,

174. 110 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in

the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 253. 111 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 60.

31

RmerTi, erTi imperia, erTi eklesia, erTi episkoposi. 112 axali poli-tikisTvis warmarToba ukve mniSvnelovani winaRmdegoba iyo. 113 romis saxelmwifos mier qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad da ideologi-ad aRiarebis Semdeg, eklesia-saxelmwifos mizanmimarTuli qmedebebiT antiqristianuli mimarTulebebi Seviwrovda da TiTqmis gaqra. war-marToba qristianobasTan dapirispirebisa da saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli azris idead, simbolod iqca, rasac xels uwyobdnen elinuri filosofiis mimdevrebi. 114 Sedegad, platonis legendaruli akademia miwasTan gaaswores, neoplatonistebi da Zveli berZnuli filosofiis mimdevrebi daxoces an saxelmwifodan gaasaxles115.

2.1.2. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis eklesiebi da romis dacema qristianuli eklesiis dasavlur da aRmosavlur nawilebs Soris

formis gansxvaveba tradiciebiT, socialuri da yofiTi sakiTxebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tumca gansxvavebebi gacilebiT TvalSisacemi ro-mis imperiis saboloo gayofis Semdeg gaxda. vinaidan eklesia impe-riis erTian sistemaSi iyo integrirebuli, ori damoukidebeli impe-ratori, ori damoukidebeli saxelmwifo erT religiur gaerTianebas ver daimorCilebda da yovelTvis iarsebebda eklesiaze dominaciis Taobaze dapirispireba.

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebs Soris mTavari dapirispi-reba 330 wels daiwyo, rodesac imperatorma konstantinem dedaqalaqi romidan konstantinopolSi gadaitana, qalaqSi, romelic romisgan gansxvavebiT, èqskluziurad qristesTvis Seiqmna~ 116 . konstantines motivacia dedaqalaqis gadatanisas ekonomikur da politikur faqtorebTan erTad, religiuric iyo: mas ar undoda, warmarTuli qalaqi yofiliyo momavali qristianuli imperiis centri117.

112 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in:


R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 283. 113 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,

2007, 209. 364 wels imperatorma valentinianem gamosca kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, romis imperiis yvela macxovrebels hqonda aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. 380 wels imperatorma Teodosiusma qristianoba romis imperiis saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada, ris Semdegac 391-392 wlebSi warmarToba akrZala da gamosca 15 kanoni eretikosTa winaaRmdeg. ukve 423 wlis aqtSi imperatori Teodosius II mosazrebas gamoTqvams, rom warmarToba imperiaSi TiTqmis aRar iyo darCenili. ix., iqve, 215-216;

Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 107;

Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 60. 114 swored amitom imperatorma iustinianem neoplatonistebs, simplicinusis meTau-robiT, romlebic warmarTebi iyvnen da qristianuli ideologias ar emsaxurebod-nen, brZola gamoucxada, ix., Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание,

Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007, 216. 115 iqve. 116 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64. 117 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 19.

32

I msoflio krebis me-9 kanoniT, saxelmwifos dedaqalaqis episkopo-ss eqvemdebareba am saxelmwifos yvela qalaqis episkoposi.118 imperiis dedaqalaqis cvlilebam konstantinopolisa da romis mRvdelmTavrebs Soris konkurencia gamoiwvia, Tumca sawyis etapze romis upiratesobas yvela eklesia aRiarebda. TandaTan kons-tantinopolma aRmosavleTis eklesiebs Soris dawinaureba daiwyo. 119 saboloo jamSi, kaTolicizmisa da marTlmadideblobis Camoyalibe-ba, ganviTareba, erTiani qristianuli eklesiis didi sqizma romis im-periis dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebSi feodaluri ur-TierTobebis ganviTarebam da pirvelobis Taobaze romi-konstantinopolis dapirispirebam ganapiroba120.

2.1.3. kanonikuri samarTali da saxelmwifo V saukuneSi papma gelasiusma wamoayena moZRvreba eklesiis, ro-

gorc kanonmdeblis, funqciisa da eklesiis mier dadgenili wesebis saerosTan mimarTebiT upiratesobis Taobaze. 121 saeklesio samarTali romis samarTals daefuZna da ufro maRali statusic ki miiRo, radganac ius ecclesiae, romelsac imperatori adgenda, sxva kanonebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavad imperatorisTvisac mboWavi Zalis matarebeli iyo. 122 saeklesio kanonmdeblobis RvTaebrivad aRiarebiT eklesiam Tavisi samarTali nebismier saero kanonze maRla daayena. 123 saekle-sio kanonmdebloba jer kidev 438 wlis Teodosiusis kodeqsSia moce-muli. 124 eklesiis samarTlebriv gagebasa da saeklesio samarTlis, rogorc samarTlis calke mimarTulebis, Camoyalibebas didad Seu-

118 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, uZvelesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 262. 119 konstantinopolis II msoflio krebaze imperatoris survilis Sesabamisad, kon-stantinopoli aleqsandriasa da antioqiaze win daayenes. 476 wels dasavleT romis imperiis dacemam eklesiebs Soris lingvisturi daSorebac gamoiwvia, dasavleTis eklesiaSi laTinuri SenarCunda, aRmosavleTSi ki dominantoba berZnulma enam moi-pova. ix., javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 18-19; Anckar

C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 29. 120 gegeSiZe d., saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis saRvTismetyvelo koncefciis kritika, Tbilisi, 1986, 4. 121 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 263. 122 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in:

Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010,

177; imperatorze kanonTa gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli ganmartebis Taobaze dawvrilebiT ix., elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nano-baSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 43. 123 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in:


R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 284. 124 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-

ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386.

33

wyo xeli imperatorma iustinianem, 125 romelmac Teodosiusis mier dadgenili kanonikuri wesebi gaiTvaliswina da isini ara mxolod as-axa Tavis kodeqsSi, aramed axleburi mowesrigebebi Seqmna mTel rig sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT imperatoris novelebiT, romelTagan 123-e novela, SeiZleba iTqvas, saeklesio samarTlis mcire kodeqsic ki iyo126.

Sua saukuneebSi romis eklesia didi moculobiT iyenebda romis samarTals. 127 romis eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelmac srulad moaxerxa romaul samarTalTan adaptacia da ufro metic, igi saTavi-sod gamoiyena, Semdeg ki misi mibaZviT udidesi mniSvnelobis sjul-deba Seqmna, marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi kanonikuri samarTali srulyofilad ver ganviTarda. marTlmadideblobaSi arasdros yofila gavrcelebuli kanonikuri samarTlis mcodneTa xeloba, am mxriv, arc akademiuri infrastruqturisa da racionalizebuli iu-risprudenciis ganviTarebaze ufiqriaT. 128 amis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom dasavluri qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebloba yovelTvis saxelmwifosTan ufro metad iyo integrirebuli da damoukideblobis gacilebiT naklebis xarisxiT sargeblobda, damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sistemisa Tu marTlmsajulebis aucilebloba ubralod arc arsebobda.

2.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi dasavleTis eklesiebis is-

toriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi evropul saxelmwifoebSi ara TviTmpyro-

beli monarqebi gansazRvravdnen da adgendnen wesebs umniSv-nelovanesi yofiTi sakiTxebisa da institutebisTvis, aramed _ romis papebi. 129 jer kidev V saukuneSi papi gelasiusi miuReblad miiCnevda saeklesio saqmeebSi saerTo xelisuflebis Carevas. 130 dasavleTis eklesiis gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi statusi da aqtiuroba imanac ganapiroba, rom wminda saydari Sua saukuneebidan feodaluri ur-TierTobebis aqtiuri monawile da saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac papi marTavda.

romaulma eklesiam rogorc romis imperatorebi, ise SemdgomSi evropul saxelmwifoTa monarqebi daarwmuna mis mxardaWeraSi, maT Soris sasuliero sakiTxebze dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis ekle-

125 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 61. 126 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-

ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386. 127 Helmholz R.H., Human Rights in the Canon Law, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction,

Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 100. 128 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-

ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 383. 129 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 262. 130 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 24.

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siebs Soris mimdinare diskusiaSic. imperator valentiniane III ediq-tiT, romis episkoposi, papi mTeli dasavleTis eklesiis patriarqad da dasavleTis episkoposebze zemdgomad gamocxadda.131 VI saukunidan romis papebi samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebasac axorcielebdnen, 132 VII saukunidan ki bizantiis imperiis samoxeleo aparatis wevrebad aRar ganixilebodnen. 133 817 wels lui RvTismosavma da papma pasqalus I dades xelSekruleba (Pactum Ludovicanum), romliTac papis saxelmwifo statusi damtkicda, mefem ki papis arCevis procesSi Carevaze uari Tqva.134 urban II mowodebiT daiwyo jvarosnuli omebi135, romlebmac im periodis evropa dapirispirebebsa da samoqalaqo omebs gadaarCina.

romis eklesia saxelmwifoTaTvis ideologiur safuZvels qmnida. mefe da samefo xelisufleba RmerTTan igivdeboda. aqvinelis mosaz-rebiT, rogorc RmerTi marTavda mTel msoflios, ise marTavda mefe mis miwier samflobelos. 136 msgavs azrs aviTarebda araerTi saekle-sio moRvawe. 137 Tumca ideologiuri mxardaWera mmarTvelobisa da politikis sakiTxebSi interesTa srul Tanxvedras sulac ar gu-lisxmobda. feodalizmis epoqaSi regionul da erovnul doneze feodalebi da mefeebi akontrolebdnen maT teritoriaze arsebul saeklesio centrebs da investiturebs 138 sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gascemdnen139.

episkoposTa daniSvnaSi samefo xelisuflebis monawileoba iqca henri II da Tomas beketis dapirispirebis erT-erT mTavar mizezad. 140 hildebrandi, romelic SemdegSi romis papi grigol VII gaxda, eklesiis reformis iniciativiT gamovida, radgan swamda, rom eklesi-is damoukideblobisTvis aucilebeli iyo es ukanaskneli jer Tavad gamarTuliyo: man sasuliero pirTa qorwineba da Svilebis yola akr-

131 iqve, 23. 132 iqve, 29. 133 iqve, 32. 134 iqve, 39. 135 iqve, 58. 136 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in:


R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 289-290. 137 iqve, 284. 138 investitura _ kverTxi da beWedi. beWedi morwmuneebTan kavSirs, xolo kverTxi eparqiis mmarTvelobas niSnavda. ix., javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 50. 139 Zalauflebis mTlianoba (Plenitudo Potestatis), romelze pretenziasac eklesia acxadebda, srulad saxelmwifos gavlenis qveS moeqca, ufro metic, saxelmwifom ara mxolod klasikuri sagamgeblo sferoebi, aramed is mimarTulebebic SemoierTa, romelic adre wminda sasuliero arealad ganixileboda. Van Caenegem R.C., An Histori-

cal Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 67; elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 36-37. 140 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of

Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013,

24.

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Zala. 141 grigol VII reformasa da eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas SeewinaRmdegnen evropuli saxelmwifoebi. Sua saukuneebSi germaniaSi eklesiaze saero batonobam iseTi intensiuri xasiaTi mii-Ro, rom saimperio eklesiis sistema (Reichskirche) Camoyalibda. 142 feodalur germaniaSi episkoposebi mTlianad saero xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen. 143 aman evropis kontinentze eklesiasa da sax-elmwifos Soris pirveli seriozuli konfrontacia ganapiroba, ro-melic episkoposTa daniSvnis Taobaze pap grigol VII da mefe hainrix IV Soris moxda144.

dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa politikurma krizisma mniSvne-lovnad ganapiroba romis eklesiis dawinaureba. 145 XIII saukunis saf-rangeTSi eklesiam sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba moipova, romelsac igi eqskluziurad, an saxelmwifosTan erTad axorcielebda. 146 amis paralelurad, fil-ipe IV lamazi, romis papis sawinaaRmdegod, mizanmimarTulad acxadebda, rom RmerTma mas ori maxvili Caabara _ sasuliero da saero, Sesabamisad, sasuliero xelisufleba srulad unda da-morCileboda mis saero mmarTvelobas. 147 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris dapirispireba safrangeTis istoriis erT-erT sakvanZo elemen-tad iqca. XVII saukuneSic lui XIV aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis saq-meebSi, rac papis gaRizianebas iwvevda. 148 avstriis imperatorma ioseb II eklesias sruliad CamoarTva ufleba, sagareo politika damoukideblad waremarTa, ramac avstriis eklesia wminda saydarsa da paps mniSvnelovnad daaSora149.

romaulma eklesiam saxelmwifoebrioba sakuTari kanonikuri samar-TliTa da biurokratiuli aparatis SeqmniT ganaviTara. 150 samarTlis mkvlevarTa azriT, veberiseuli biurokratiuli aparati pirvelad

141 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 264. 142 Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 67. 143 iqve, 68. 144 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in

the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 266. investi-turebisTvis brZolaSi hainrix IV grigol VII eklesiidan ramdenjerme gankveTa. ix., Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,

265-266. 145 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 263. 146 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t. II, Tbilisi, 1948, 49. 147 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targ-mani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 36. 148 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,

2007, 743. 149 iqve, 745. 150 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 270.

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XV saukunis saeklesio ierarqiaSi Seiqmna. 151 XX saukunis ocianebSi ki wminda saydarma Tanamedrove saxelmwifos statusic moipova. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom laTinuri eklesia xSirad inkviziciasa da in-dulgenciebTan kavSirSi warmoudgeniaT aRmosavleT evropaSi, man Tanamedrove samarTlisa da saxelmwifoebriobis gagebis Camoyal-ibebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa. TanamedroveobaSi, civi-lizebul samyaroSi aRiarebuli bevri principi, Teoria swored ro-mis eklesiis wiaRSi iSva. misma brZolam samarTlebrivi statusis mopovebisa da saero xelisuflebisagan distancirebisTvis, XX saukunis samarTlisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis fuZemdebluri mimarTulebebi gansazRvra.

2.3. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi aRmosavluri eklesiebis

istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi marTlmadideblobis TvalTaxedviT, kaTolicizmi, protestantizmi

da qristianobis nebismieri sxva mimarTuleba, romelic marTlma-dideblobisgan gansxvavdeba, monetis erTi mxarea. 152 asec rom ara, eklesiebs Soris gansxvavebebi yovelTvis arsebobda. 153 saxelmwifo da marTlmadidebeli eklesia ara mxolod TanamSromlobdnen, aramed mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi eklesia ZiriTadad saxelmwifos eqvemdebareboda. 154 bizantiis imperiaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifos sruli gavlenis qveS moeqca da konstantinopolis aRe-bamde arc gaTavisuflebula. 155 ueari eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-TierTobis bizantiur models urTierTdamokidebulebisa da qvemdebareobis sistemad moisxeniebs. 156 rogorc eklesia eqvemdebare-boda saxelmwifos, ise, garkveulwilad, saxelmwifo eqvemdebareboda eklesias, _ es iyo eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis bizantiuri

151 iqve. 152 marTlmadidebluri TeologiiT, marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavdapirveli, WeSmariti, erTaderTi sawyisi qristianuli eklesiaa. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da-savleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebi ise daSordnen erTmaneTs, rom am ukanasknels dasavluri qristianoba àxal da ucnob samyarod~ aRiqvams. Clendenin

D.B., Eastern Orthodox Christianity, A Western Perspective, 2nd Ed., Grand Rapids, 2003, 15-17; Carlton C.,

The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury, 1997, 19. 153 V saukuneSi, 451 wlisTvis konstantinopolis patriarqi romis patriarqs eqvemdebareboda, Tumca aRmosavleTis eklesiebma romis eklesiisgan daSoreba daiwyes. marTlmadidebloba, kaTolicizmisa da protestantizmisgan gansxvavebiT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs yovelTvis simbiozis saxiT ganixilavda da aRmosavluri eklesiis erT-erTi mTavari mizani saxelmwifosTan arsebuli ur-TierTobebis, status kvos SenarCuneba iyo. Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide

Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 29; Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarter-

ly”, Vol.15, 1993, 346. 154 iqve. 155 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 263. 156 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 41.

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modeli. 157 qristianuli imperiis ideam bizantiaSi garkveulwilad eklesiis gaamqveyniureba gamoiwvia158.

1453 wels bizantiis dacemis Semdeg aRmosavluri eklesiis centri ruseTSi gadavida. 159 marTalia, qristianuli religia, sxva msoflio religiebis msgavsad, metad konservatiulia, Tumca amis gamo mas politikuri mowyobis axal formebTan adaptacia ar gasWirvebia. 160 marTlmadideblobam warmatebulad moaxerxa rogorc osmaleTis im-periaSi, ise komunistur reJimSi yofna da fizikurad gadarCena SeZlo. 161 osmaleTis imperiaSi Camoyalibebuli `mileTis~ sistemiT, eklesias sakuTar Sida saqmeebSi administraciuli da samoqalaqo uflebamosilebebi mieca, avtonomia daumkvidrda. 162 bizantiis impe-riis dacemis Semdeg swored konstantinopolis sapatriarqom itvir-Ta osmaleTis imperiaSi macxovrebeli yvela qristianis interesebis warmodgena163.

qristianuli romis imperiis msgavsad, revoluciamdel ruseTSic sazogadoebrivi cxovreba qristianobis garSemo iyo Seqmnili. 164 impe-ratorebi da `carebi~ sakuTar avtonomias flobdnen da eklesiis moralur-eTikur gamgeblobas ar ganekuTvnebodnen.165 rusuli eklesia istoriulad caristuli saxelmwifo aparatis ganuyofeli nawili iyo166.

sabWoTa kavSirma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa da ukan daxia marTlma-didebeli eklesiebi. eklesia dinamikurad ver ganviTarda da axali politikuri wesrigis pirobebSi Tanamedrove gamowvevebis adekvaturi ver gaxda. sabWoTa totalitarizmSi Tanamedroved moazrovne samRvdeloebas ar ecala eklesiis ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan maTi mTavari sazrunavi eklesiaSi saxelmwifos CarevisTvis winaaRmdego-bis gaweva iyo. 167 am da sxva mizezTa gamo marTlmadidebloba

157 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 65. 158 iqve, 61. 159 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 30. 160 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 14. 161 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 44. 162 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 347, ix. citireba: Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson,

1973). 163 barTolomeos I, interreligiuri dialogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, war-moTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdomaze, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 34. 164 Carlton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury, 1997,

265. 165 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 347. 166 Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U.S. 94 (1952). 167 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bo-lo _ XXI saukunis dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 45.

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Tanamedrove samyaroSi sakmaod Zvelmodurad gamoiyureba. 168 misTvis gacilebiT mtkivneulia sekularizmisa da religiis saxelmwifosgan gancalkevebis procesi, radganac istoriuli sinamdvilis gaT-valiswinebiT, process, romelic Sua saukuneebis miwuruls daiwyo centralur da dasavleT evropaSi, kontinentis aRmosavleT nawilSi jer osmalTa okupaciam, Semdeg ruseTis imperiulma zraxvebma da bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris antireligiurma kampaniam SeuSala xeli. aRmosavleTis eklesiebi axali gamowvevis winaSe dganan, vinaidan ma-Ti umravlesoba erovnulobasTan da konkretul eTnosebTan arian gadajaWvulebi, maTTvis Znelia politikaze zemoqmedebis berketebis daTmoba. Tumca ganviTarebisa da Tavad eklesiis keTildReobisTvis, gacilebiT marTebulia saxelmwifosgan sruli damoukideblobisa da gamijvnis mopoveba, raTa momavalSic ar ganmeordes warsulis magaliTebi da eklesia saxelmwifos biurokratiuli aparatis na-wilad, masze daqvemdebarebul subieqtad ar iqces, risi mcdelobac posttotalitarul sazogadoebebSi sakmaod xSiria.

2.4. qristianoba sekularul msoflioSi qristianobam da religiurma samarTalma istoriulad samarTle-

brivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da zogadad, samarTlis institu-cionalizaciasa da racionalizmze mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina. 169 politikurma, istoriulma Tu socialurma sferoebma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada, TiToeulma maTganma Tavisi damoukidebeli niSa daimkvidra, amis paralelurad ki, religia TandaTan kulturis Semadgenel nawilad gadaiqca. 170 rogorc han-TingToni aRniSnavs, `qristianoba dasavluri civilizaciis cen-traluri komponentia~171.

evropaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs Tavisuflad arse-bobisa da damoukideblad organizebis ufleba aqvT.172 saxelmwifoTa mixedviT maTi socialuri roli, kulturuli integracia da sazoga-doebaze gavlena gansxvavdeba. am gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, SeiZleba darwmunebiT aRiniSnos, rom samarTlis uzenaesobisa da samarTle-brivi saxelmwifos idea evropaSi uSualod qristianobasTanaa gada-

168 Ware K., The Orthodox Way, New York, 1999, 9. 169 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 274. 170 barTlomeos I, evropa: sekularizaciis gamowveva, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 37. 171 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secular-

ism and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels,

2013, 38, ix. citireba: Huntington, 1997, 305). 172 The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary As-

sembly of the Council of Europe, Para. 4.

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jaWvuli.173 meoce saukunis Sua wlebSi dawyebul evropis integraci-is procesSi religiis aqtiuri roli bevri mecnierisa da komenta-torisaTvis miRebuli faqtia. 174 kazanovas mtkicebiT, evrokavSiri Tavdapirvelad vatikanis mier sanqcirebuli qristian-demokratiuli proeqti iyo, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgom evropasa da msoflioSi mniSvnelovan geopolotikur rols Seasrulebda175.

qristianobas, Tavisi istoriuli da kulturul-anTropologiuri Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis eqneba sajarodan kerZo, viwro sferoSi gadanacvlebis problema. miuxedavad imisa, saqme da-savleTis eklesias exeba, Tu aRmosavleTisas, qristianobas mudam eqneba pretenzia, aqtiuri roli ikisros saxelmwifosa da sazoga-doebisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqmeebis ganxorcielebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetis procesSi.

3. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis modelebi da samarTle-

brivi mowesrigeba Tanamedrove epoqaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebi

rTuli, metad struqturirebuli sferoa, romelic mravali aspeqtis-gan Sedgeba. am urTierTobaTa klasifikacia ufro samarTlebriv xasiaTs atarebs, vidre politologiursa Tu sociologiurs, vinai-dan maTi urTierTierTmimarTebis done, xarisxi da intensivoba sa-marTlebrivi reJimebiTaa gansazRvruli. swored samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba, eklesiis samarTlebrivi statusi da misi uflebrivi mdgomareoba ganapirobebs konkretuli saxelmwifos eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa romelime modelisadmi mikuTvnebas.

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa Sefasebis mravalgvari meTodi da modeli arsebobs, Tumca maTgan arcerTia optimaluri. 176 xSir SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis myari klasifikacia ar arsebobs, vinaidan, marTalia, saxelmwifo forma-lurad romelime sistemas SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes, magram faqto-brivi mdgomareoba radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyos. 177 amis miuxeda-vad, mainc SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ramdenime gavrcelebuli dayofa, romelic ase Tu ise sinamdviles SedarebiT zustad asaxavs.

173 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 262. 174 Madeley J.T.S., E Unum Pluribus: The Role of Religion in the Project of European Integration, in: Reli-

gion and Politics in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010, 116. 175 iqve, 118. 176 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law

and Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 5. ix. citireba: Kevin Boyle (ed.), Freedom of Religion and Beilief: World Report, London, Uk: Routledge (1997), pp. 9-10. 177 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665.

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evrokavSiris qveynebSi ganasxvaveben saxelmwifosa da eklesiis sa-marTlebrivi urTierTobis sam tips: saxelmwifo eklesia, anu domi-nanti eklesia, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis sruli gamijvna da sistema, romelSic saxelmwifo da eklesia gamijnulebi arian, magram mWidrod TanamSromloben. 178 am sam zogad models gamoarCeven evro-pul doqtrinaSi, 179 Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli midgomaa amerikul konstitutionalizmSi. aq ori ZiriTadi mosazreba arsebobs: erTi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos mkveTrad mijnavs, xolo meoris Tanaxmad, am or institucias Soris TanamSromloba sruliad SesaZlebelia180.

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi modeli arsebobs: `mkacrad gamijnuli eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis modeli~, `dafuZnebuli eklesiis modeli~ da `pluralistuli an struqturirebuli pluralistuli modeli~. 181 saeklesio samarTalSi Semdegi klasifikaciac moqmedebs: `qveSevrdomobis, igive subordinaciuli~, `paralelizmisa~ da `koordinaciuli~ sistemebi~. 182 zogierTi mecnieri àntieklesiis~ modelsac gamohyofs, romelSic saxelmwifo eklesiasTan winaaRmdegobaSia da ufro metic, religias ebrZvis. 183 es ZiriTadad is sistemebia, romlebic adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs mxolod for-malurad aRiareben, msgavs politikas atarebda sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva arademokratiuli reJimi 184 . iseT sistemebSi ki, sadac sax-elmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli araa, gamoiyofa ceza-ropapistuli da Teokratiuli modelebi185.

TiToeuli klasifikacia garkveul problemebur aspeqtebs moicavs, radganac maTi gamoyenebiT eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa yvela sistema srulad ver ifareba, yuradRebis miRma rCeba sagamonakliso marTlwesrigebi. aqedan gamomdinare, umjobesia, Tu klasifikacia amomwuravi iqneba da yvela SesaZlo saxesxvaobas maqsimalurad moi-cavs. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa modelebSi SeiZleba gam-oiyos Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeebi: a) qvemdebareobis, igive subordi-naciis modeli (erastianizmi, Teokratia); b) saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli da g) sekularuli, igive urTierTgamijvnis modeli (sruli gamijvnis, TanamSromlobisa da Sereuli sistemebi).

178 iqve. 179 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 180 efsTini r., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze. qristi-anuli samarTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitu-cio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 3. 181 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimox-ilva~, #5, 2012, 91. 182 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190. 183 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of

Church and State”, #4, 1992, 781. 184 amgvar dayofasTan dakavSirebiT ix., iqve, 780-782. 185 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.21, 2000, 1269.

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3.1. qvemdebareobis modeli 3.1.1. erastianizmi antikur samyaroSi religia saxelmwifos organuli nawili iyo da

mis mTavar mizans xelisuflebis samsaxuri warmoadgenda. 186 zogierTma saxelmwifom msgavsi istoriuli memkidreobisgan gaTa-visufleba TanamedroveobaSic ver moaxerxa da swored am inerciiT gaagrZela qristianul eklesiebTan urTierToba.

erastianizmi 187 saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaTa imgvar models gulisxmobs, romelSic eklesia srulad eqvemdebareba sax-elmwifos, es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs mis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.188 erastianul modelSi saero xelisufleba sasulieroze aRmatebulia, eklesia saxelmwifos emorCileba.189 swored msgavsi damokidebulebis gamo erastianizms politokratiul mmarTvelobas, cezaropapizmsac uwodeben 190 . veberis ganmartebiT, cezaropapizmis SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba eklesias politikuri administraciis erT-erT Stod ganixilavs191.

erastianizmis klasikur magaliTad miiCneoda inglisi (da ara gaerTianebuli samefo) XX saukunis TiTqmis Sua wlebamde, Tumca dResdReobiT mas saxelmwifo eklesiis models miakuTvneben. XVI saukuneSi inglisis mefesa da romis paps Soris ganxeTqileba daiwyo, rasac, saboloo jamSi, anglikanuri eklesiis Seqmna mohyva. 192 in-glisis eklesiis Seqmna romis papis Zalauflebisgan gaTavisuflebis mizans atarebda da Tavdapirvel etapze wminda politikuri xasiaTisa iyo, Tumca eduard VI mefobisas anglikanuri eklesiis dogmatika protestantul gzas daadga da kaTolicizms Sinaarsobrivadac daSorda. 193 msgavsi praqtika evropisTvis ucxo ar iyo, ufro metic,

186 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 4. 187 Tomas erastusi (Thomas Erastus) Sveicariul-germanuli warmoSobis Teologi iyo, romelic eklesiis gankveTis uflebas akritikebda da sekularuli, saero sax-elmwifos mier religiis kontrols emxroboda. ix., Turner B.S., The Religious and the Politi-

cal, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 244. 188 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, Journal of

Church and State, #4, 1992, 780. 189 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 5. 190 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 191. 191 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 91, ix. citireba: Weber, Economy and Society, 1162. 192 1534 wels miiRes Act of Supremacy, romlis mixedviTac, inglisis eklesiis xelmZRvanelad mefe gamocxadda, aqti mRvdelmsaxurebs avaldebulebda mis erT-gulebasa da morCilebaze daedoT fici. Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh

Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 136. 193 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamoce-mis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 640.

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XVII saukunidan Zalian bevrma istoriulma saxelmwifom mibaZa in-gliss, rasac reformaciamac didad Seuwyo xeli. skandinaviis sax-elmwifoebsa da daniaSi Camoyalibda erastianuli modeli, romelmac XX saukunemde iarseba. dResac ki zogierTi mecnieri eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis daniur models kvazierastianulad miiC-nevs.194 XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi bavarieli regentis mier Camoyal-ibebulma eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis axalma sistemam ceza-ropapizmis modeli daamkidra saberZneTSi, 195 swored aman ganapiroba momavalSi iq saxelmwifo eklesiis sistemis Camoyalibeba.

erastianizmis modelebi Tanamedrove istoriaSic mravlad moipove-ba. leninis mier gauqmebuli patriarqati, 1943 wels stalinma aRadgi-na, romelmac faqtobrivi cezaropapizmi daamkvidra sruliad gan-sxvavebuli, sabWouri formiT. igi aqtiurad iyenebda marTlmadide-bel eklesias saerTaSoriso diplomatiuri misiebisaTvis 196 da faqtobrivad ganagebda kidec mas.

3.1.2. Teokratia Teokratiuli modeli erastianizmis sruli sawinaaRmdegoa da

eklesiisa da sasuliero ierarqTa saero xelisuflebaze batonobas gulisxmobs. 197 Teokratiul models ierokratias, igive papocezariz-msac uwodeben da igi netari avgustines ideebis safuZvelze ganvi-Tarda. 198 Teokratia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mmarTvelobis SezRuduli forma, romelSic siqvelis religiuri gagebaa miRebuli, religiuri avtoritetebi uSualod iReben monawileobas saero saq-meTa gadawyvetaSi, umaRlesi suvereni ki RmerTia. 199 TeokratiaSi religiuri da saero mmarTveloba gaerTianebulia, saxelmwifo ki religiuri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTeba, 200 religiuri avtoritetebi politikur xelisufalT niSnaven, politikuri Zalau-fleba ki mTlianad religias eqvemdebareba. 201 zogadad, Teokratiebi moklevadianobiT gamoirCevian202 da xangrZlivi moqmedebis mizniT iS-viaTad mkvidrdeba.

194 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 5. 195 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law

Review”, #4, 1996, 818. 196 Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, “Foreign Affairs”, #39, 1960-1961, 305-306. 197 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009,

6-7. 198 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190-191. 199 ix., Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa

Barbara, 2009, 92. 200 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90. 201 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269. 202 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90.

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Teokratiis arsebobas xeli Seuwyo Sua saukuneebSi eklesiis mdgomareobam, vinaidan istoriis mTeli es periodi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze eklesiis batonobis xanaa, rac eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos urTierTobebis specifikidan gamomdinareobda. 203 am Te-oriis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad monawileobda wminda saydari, rome-lic intensiurad ereoda evropul saxelmwifoTa Sida saqmeebSi, amasTan, romis paps, sasulierosTan erTad, saero Zalauflebac hqon-da papis miwebsa da uSualod qalaq romze, rac jer kidev pipin moklesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebiT daikanona204.

papocerazmis gamovlineba iyo kalvinis mmarTveloba JenevaSi, aiaTola xomeinis iranis islamuri respublika, Tanamedrove saudis arabeTi da sxv. 205 marTalia, romis paps aRar emorCileba warsulSi mis gamgeblobaSi arsebuli teritoriebi, vinaidan italiis gaer-Tianebam logikurad gamoiwvia wminda saydrisTvis papis miwebisa da Tavad qalaq romis CamorTmeva, 206 Tumca dResdReobiT romis papi mainc inarCunebs saero Zalauflebas, igi damoukidebeli sax-elmwifos, vatikanis saxelmwifo meTauria.

3.2. saxelmwifo eklesia 3.2.1. saxelmwifo eklesiis koncefcia saxelmwifo eklesia istoriuli institutia da Tanamedrove

epoqamde sruliad bunebriv movlenad miiCneoda, ufro metic, xSirad igi saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erT ucilobel niSansac warmoadgenda. kolonializmis periodSi imperiebi sakuTar koloniebSi avrceleb-dnen sxvadasxva religias da rogorc wesi, dominant eklesias sax-elmwifo eklesiad acxadebdnen. 207 es iyo dapyrobili teritoriebis kontrolisa da marTvis erT-erTi efeqturi saSualeba. reformaciis periodma, sxvadasxva qristianuli mimdinareobis Camoyalibebam mniS-vnelovnad gaarTula oficialuri, saxelmwifo religiisa da eklesi-is statusis aRiarebis saqme, vinaidan qveynis mosaxleoba religiu-rad mravalferovani iyo. amasTan, saxelmwifo religiisa da eklesiis statusi principul sakiTxTa kategorias ganekuTvneboda, rac xSirad omis mizezic xdeboda. 1555 wlis ausburgis zaviT dasrulda disku-


London, 2005, 26. 204 ix., Kuiper B.K., The Church in History, Grand Rapids, 1988, 71. 205 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009,

6-7; xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis sa-marTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 68-69. 206 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 243. 207 Rossouw G.J., Macamo Eu. jr., Church-State Relationship in Mozambique, “Journal of Church and State”,

#35(3), 1993, 538.

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sia, Tu romeli religia iyo qveyanaSi dominanti da Camoyalibda principi _ cuius region, eius religio, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo religiad saxelmwifos meTauris aRmsarebloba miiCneoda208.

mcdaria azri, rom saxelmwifo religia an saxelmwifo eklesia aucileblad ganviTarebad an arademokratiul qveynebSia. ra Tqma un-da, aseTi magaliTebic aris, magram maT gverdze saxelmwifo eklesia arsebobs gaerTianebul samefoSi (inglisi da Sotlandia), argenti-naSi, saberZneTSi, daniaSi da aS.209 maTi gavrcelebis areali sakmaod farToa. evropaSi saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli klasikuri evropuli demokratiis qveynebSia gavrcelebuli. 210 ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia am sistemis demokratiulobisa da samarTlebriobis uzrunvelyofa, winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi, didia arademokratiulobisa da adamianis Zi-riTad uflebaTa darRvevis safrTxe.

saxelmwifo religiis SemTxvevaSi eklesia saxelmwifos struqtu-ruli nawili, misi erT-erTi instituti xdeba: rogorc saxelmwifo ereva eklesiis saqmeebis nawilSi, afinansebs mas, ise eklesia monawileobs saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi da sargeblobs mniSvnelovani privilegiebiT, sxva religiur gaer-TianebebTan SedarebiT.211 qveynebSi, sadac eklesiebs saxelmwifo sta-tusi aqvT, isini saxelisuflebo organoebad, administraciul er-Teulebad moiazrebian. 212 saxelmwifo eklesia saxelmwifos ùSualo mmarTvelobis sferoSi eqceva~213 . saxelmwifo eklesiis modelis sax-elmwifoTa udides nawilSi dominanti eklesiis samarTlebrivi sta-tusi da masTan urTierTobis ZiriTadi principebi sakonstitucio donezea uzrunvelyofili, rasac, ra Tqma unda, kanonmdeblobaSi im-plementaciac Tan sdevs. 214 msgavs midgomas iTvaliswineben sa-berZneTis, daniis, argentinis da sxv. konstituciebi215.

bizantiuri tradiciiT, marTlmadidebeli eklesia da misi patri-arqi emorCilebodnen imperators, msgavsi wesi gadaiRes balkaneTis mTavrebmac, romlebic Tavs bizantiis sulier da uflebriv


London, 2005, 31. 209 xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis sa-marTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 210 ix., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 43-47. 211 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10. 212 Zollman C., Nature of America Religious Corporations, “Michigan law Review”, Vol.14, 1915, 37-38. 213 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 43. 214 xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis sa-marTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 215 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13(3), Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853,

Art.2, Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.3, Constitutional Act of Denmark, 1953, Sec.4.

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memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen.216 kulturuli da struqturuli transfor-maciis Sedegad, marTlmadidebloba balkaneli xalxebis erovnuli identobisa da maTi saxelmwifoebis mTlianobis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. 217 berZnuli eklesia elinuri erovnulobis ideasa da marTlma-dideblobas erT mTlianobad ganixilavs, ufro metic, mTavarepis-kopos qristodulosis ganmartebiT, berZnuli geni mxolod berZnul marTlmadideblobasTan TanaziarebiT SeiZleba gadarCes. 218 sax-elmwifo eklesiis sistema saberZneTSi regentma morirma daamkvidra 1833 wels da amis mizezi xelisuflebis daubrkolebeli moqmedebis, eklesiis mxridan mxardaWeris survili iyo, rac axlad gaTavisu-flebuli qveynisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas atarebda. 219 sa-berZneTis revoluciuri periodis konstituciebi aRmosavlur marTlmadideblur qristianobas upiratesi, privilegirebuli religiis statuss aniWebdnen220.

saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia sruladaa integrirebuli saxelmwifo sistemaSi, gamonaklisia mxolod aTonis wminda mTa, ro-melic avtonomiiTa da gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs. 221 sa-berZneTis konstitucia gansazRvravs saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis samarTlebriv statuss, mis avtkefaliasa da msoflio eklesiisagan ganuyoflobas. 222 marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis kon-stituciiT miniWebuli statusi, garkveulwilad, mis avtonomias Se-mofarglavs. 223 qveynis prezidenti da parlamentis wevrebi ofi-cialur fics deben wminda samebis saxeliT. 224 marTlmadideblobis upiratesi religiis statusi saberZneTSi gulisxmobs: marTlmadide-blobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo da samarTlebriv statuss, eklesiis ssip-ad aRiarebas. 225 saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifo eklesiis statusis matarebelia da marTlmadidebloba

216 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition,

“East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87. 217 Roudometof V., The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical Globalization, in:

Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited

by V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 24-25. 218 ix., iqve, 32. 219 ix., papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 133. 220 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law

Review”, #4, 1996, 816. 221 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36. 222 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.3. 223 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 384-385. 224 ix., Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.33(2) and Art.59(1). 225 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law

Review”, #4, 1996, 824.

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ùpiratesia~, Tumca protestantuli da romaul-kaTolikuri eklesi-ebic mniSvnelovani statusiT arian aRWurvili226.

marTalia, saberZneTis eklesias garkveuli avtonomia aqvs, magram metwilad igi saxelmwifo organos statusiT moqmedebs, mag., qor-winebis, ganaTlebis da sxv. sferoebSi. 227 religiaze saerTosax-elmwifoebriv zedamxedvelobas saberZneTSi ganaTlebisa da sakulto sakiTxTa saministros generaluri samdivno sakulto sakiTxebSi da sagareo saqmeTa saministro axorcieleben.228 saberZneTis eklesia ad-ministraciul funqciasac asrulebs, Sesabamisad, misi qmedebebi da aqtebi, romlebic administraciul saqmianobas da ara doqtrinas, dogmatikas exeba, saCivrdeba saxelmwifo sabWoSi, romelic umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTloa. 229 saxelmwifo sabWo uflebamosilia, ganixilos da gadawyvitos marTadidebel eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, mas SeuZlia gaauqmos eklesiis mier miRebuli aqtebic230.

inglisis (anglikanuri) da Sotlandiis (presviterianuli) eklesi-ebi saxelmwifo eklesiebis statuss atareben da saxelmwifo kanon-mdeblobis safuZvelze arian Seqmnilni.231 inglisis eklesiis daarse-ba mefis survils ukavSirdeboda, swored misi mowveviT VI saukuneSi inglisSi wm. avgustine Cavida, romelmac kentrberis saydari daaar-sa.232 1534 wlidan inglisis eklesia wminda saydrisgan damoukideblad arsebobs da calke, anglikanuri protestantizmis mqadagebelia. mas xelmZRvanelobs gaerTianebuli samefos monarqi 233 . reformaciis Semdeg eklesia saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawilad, mis ideologiur safuZvlad da politikis ganmaxorcieleblad iqca. 234 gaerTianebuli samefos monarqi, romelic inglisis eklesiis ùmaRles mmarTvelad~

226 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 135. 227 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 385. 228 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 144-145. 229 iqve, 145. 230 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 358. 231 Nicholson J., The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, “Sri Lanka Journal of In-

ternational Law”, #12, 2000, 182. 232 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 12. 233 ix., Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002,

136. 234 mag., matylis warmoebis gasaviTareblad inglisis parlamenti yvela meTods mimarTavda, maT Soris mis kontrols eklesiaze: 1678 wels dadgenilebiT daa-valdebula anglikanuri eklesiis samRvdeloeba, gardacvlilTa dakrZalvaze Tanx-moba mxolod maSin gaecaT, Tuki isini matyliT gakeTebul sudaraSi iqnebodnen gaxveulni. ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 91,

ix. citireba: Pfeffer, Church, State and Freedom, 27.

47

da `rwmenis damcvelad~ iwodeba, 235 kurTxevisas fics debs, daicvas protestantuli reformirebuli tradicia. 236 igi, aseve, debs fics, daicvas Sotlandiis eklesia, Tumca inglisis eklesiisgan gansxvave-biT, ar ereva eposkoposTa daniSvnasa da Tavad eklesiis administri-rebaSi237.

inglisis eklesiis pirveli kanonis mixedviT, inglisis eklesia misi sadedoflo udidebulesobis kanonTa Sesabamisadaa dafuZnebuli da `qristes WeSmariti da samociqulo eklesiis~ nawilia.238 inglisis eklesiis kanonebi da aqtebi unda Seesabamebodes saxelmwifos kanon-mdeblobasa da dedoflis samarTals. 239 saxelmwifo xelisufleba eklesiis Sida saqmeebSic monawileobs. 240 kentrberis mTavarepis-koposi inglisis eklesiis sulieri lideria, igi akurTxebs monarqs da ikavebs sapatio adgils samefo karze, samefo ojaxsa da lord kanclers Soris. 241 Tavis mxriv, inglisis TemTa palatas, Zvel uni-versitetebsa da istoriul saero dawesebulebebs hyavT kapelanebi, romlebic inglisis eklesiis RvTismsaxurebi arian 242 . samefo xelisufleba CarTulia mniSvnelovani saeklesio gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, Tavis mxriv, anglikanuri eklesiis mTavarepis-koposi akurTxebs monarqs, episkoposebi ki lordTa palataSi arian warmodgenilni. 243 1878 wlis saepiskoposo aqtis safuZvelze sasuliero lordebi (Lord Spiritual) aqtiurad monawileoben parlamen-tis zeda palatis saqmianobaSi.244 palataSi ex officio adgili garanti-rebulad aqvs anglikanuri eklesiis 26 episkoposs. 245 maT niSnavs monarqi parlamentis umravlesobis TanxmobiT. 246 aqve aRsaniSnavia, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi ori saxelmwifo ekle-

235 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428. 236 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:

Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von

Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189. 237 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 10. 238 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 11. 239 iqve, 15. 240 mag., anglikanuri eklesiis episkoposebs niSnavs gaerTanebuli samefos monarqi premier-ministris wardginebiT, Tumca 1977 wels miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, monarqi faqtobrivad eklesiis mier SeTanxmebuli kandidatebis wridan akeTebs arCevans. maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 648. 241 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 22. 242 ix., iqve. 243 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428. 244 Edge P.W., Religion and Law, An Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 98. 245 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:


Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189. 246 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 90.

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sia arsebobs, religiis TvalsazrisiT, igi evropis yvelaze mravalferovan saxelmwifodaa aRiarebuli247.

marTalia, skandinaviuri sazogadoeba ZiriTadad homogenuria da luTeranuli eklesia dominantia religiur gaerTianebebs Soris, mo-saxleobis umravlesoba mainc sekularulia.248 sekularuli ganwyobis paralelurad, evangelur-luTeranuli qristianobis aRmsarebloba dRemde savaldebuloa daniis, norvegiisa da SvedeTis monarqebisaTvis. 249 skandinavielTa umravlesoba ise miekuTvneba sax-elmwifo eklesiebs, rom Tavadac ar ician amis Taobaze, radgan es ufro socialuri, kulturuli, erovnuli memkvidreobis nawilia, vidre rwmenis sakiTxi. 250 XVIII saukunemde evangelur-luTeranuli eklesia erTaderTi nebadarTuli eklesia iyo SvedeTSi. 251 2000 wels amoqmedda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa axali sistema, romelmac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli modeli Secvala da marTalia, eklesias mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba mieca, Tumca igi dRemde saxelmwifo statusis matareblad rCeba. 252 SvedeTis samefos 1974 wlis ZiriTadi kanonis Tanaxmad, misi statusi ganisazRvreba specialuri kanoniT. 253 SvedeTis eklesias mxolod XXI saukuneSi mieca SesaZlebloba, daregistrirebuliyo iuridiul pirad da mieRo damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi statusi, radgan manamde saxelmwifos nawilad ganixileboda. 254 marTalia, SvedeTSi formalurad yvela eklesia Tu religiuri organizacia kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, rac am saukunis dasawyisSi dawyebulma sekularizaciis procesmac uz-runvelyo,255 Tumca SvedeTis eklesias samarTlebrivad gansxvavebuli statusi aqvs, faqtobrivad, igi yvelaze Zlieri institutia sax-elmwifoSi256.

2012 wlamde norvegiaSi luTeranuli eklesia maRali statusiT sargeblobda, metic 1814 wlidan mefe da mTavrobis wevrTa ori mesamedi mainc evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis wevrebi unda

247 iqve. 248 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions,

in: in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér,

S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 547. 249 Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


43. 250 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family

Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 380. 251 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 619. 252 iqve, 620. 253 Constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden (The Instrument of Government, 1974), Chapt.8, Art.6. 254 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 626. 255 iqve, 624. 256 iqve, 625.

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yofiliyvnen. 257 2012 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT norvegias oficialuri, formaluri religia ar gaaCnia, Tumca igi aRiarebs `qristianul da humanistur memkvidreobas~. 258 oficialur doneze `saxelmwifo~ statusis ararsebobis miuxedavad, norvegiis sax-elmwifo eklesiis episkoposebs Tanamdebobaze niSnavs samTavrobo administraciis, reformebisa da saeklesio sakiTxTa ministri259.

daniaSi, romlis mosaxleobis umravlesobac protestantia, religia kerZo sferod ganixileba, 260 Tumca qveyanaSi moqmedebs sax-alxo eklesia (Folkekirken).261 saxalxo eklesiis statusi ganisazRvreba daniis konstituciiT, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis dafinansebas, vinaidan igi saxalxo eklesiaa da saxelmwifo valdebulia, masze izrunos. 262 swored sakonstitucio statusis gamo SeuZlebelia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis aqtiuri procesis dawyeba sakonstitucio cvlilebebis gareSe. 263 daniis eklesia Tavisi arsiT saxelmwifo eklesiaa da saxelmwifosTan uSualodaa dakavSirebuli, 264 Tumca, amis miuxedavad, saxalxo eklesia praqtikulad Zalze SezRudulia da eqvemdebareba daniis parlamentsa da saeklesio saqmeTa ministrs, roca sxva religiuri mimdinareobebi kerZo gaerTianebebia. 265 sax-alxo eklesia saxelmwifo sistemis nawilia da mas sajaro samarTa-li awesrigebs. 266 swored msgavsi mowesrigebis gamo saxelmwifo eklesiis daniuri modeli kvazierastianulad miiCneva267.

3.2.2. saxelmwifo eklesiis instituciuri Sesabamisoba adamianis

ZiriTad uflebebTan Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi saxelmwifo eklesiis koncefcia mniS-

vnelovnad Secvlilia da igi avtomaturad saxelmwifos

257 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in: Secu-

lar and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R.

Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 152. 258 iqve. 259 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in:


R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 136. 260 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 298. 261 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 63. 262 ix., Constitutional Act of the Kingdom Denmark, 1953, Art.4. 263 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 264 iqve, 64. 265 iqve, 68. 266 iqve, 69. 267 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 5.

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kontrolqveS arsebul institutad ar moiazreba. dominanti eklesiis mqone qveynebSi TandaTanobiT ufro meti samarTlebrivi berketi gadaecema eklesiebs, rac maTTvis met Tavisuflebasa da sax-elmwifosagan mniSvnelovnad gamocalkevebas uwyobs xels. 268 swored am procesiT imijneba saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli erastianizmisa-gan, romelic eklesiaze totalur kontrols, srul domonirebas gulisxmobs. mag., bulgareTSi `tradiciul~ religiad aRmosavluri marTlmadideblobaa gamocxadebuli, 269 Tumca, imavdroulad, uzrun-velyofilia religiis Tavisuflebis principi, saxelmwifo da ekle-sia srulad emijnebian erTmaneTs, 270 rac eklesiis damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs. monakos saxelmwifo religia romaul-kaTolikuri qristianobaa 271 , Tumca religiis Tavisufleba yvelasTvis uzrun-velyofilia. 272 saxelmwifo eklesiis statusis miuxedavad, uzrun-velyofilia romis eklesiis avtonomiuroba273.

samwuxarod, saxelmwifo religiis instituti xSirad sxva religi-uri Sexedulebebis mqone adamianTa ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudvasa da aRmsareblobis gamo adamianTa devnasTan asocirdeba, rac sa-marTlebrivad mcdari Sexedulebaa. 274 aseve, saxelmwifo eklesiis arseboba nebismier SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs, rom eklesiis avtono-mia dakninebulia. 275 saxalxo eklesiis mxardaWera da dafinansebis sakonstitucio valdebuleba ar gamoricxavs saxelmwifos uflebas, gamouyos finansebi sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac. 276 adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifo religiis arseboba avtomaturad religiis Tavisuflebas ar arRvevs, Tu es araa sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa, aRmsarebelTa Tu aTeistTa diskriminaciis safuZveli.277 erTi eklesiis privilegirebuloba avtomaturad ar niS-navs sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa diskriminacias, maT mimarT Sesa-

268 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 666. 269 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13(3). 270 iqve, Art.13(1)(2). 271 Constitution of the Principality of Monaco, 1962, Art.9. 272 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by

J.C. Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 146. 273 religiuri avtonomiuroba monakoSi mTavar Sarl III da romis pap leon XIII So-ris 1887 wlis SeTanxmebiT iqna uzrunvelyofili, Tumca romis eklesiasa da mona-kos Soris urTierTobebis saboloo ganmsazRvreli 1981 wlis 27 ivnisis SeTanx-mebaa. ix., iqve, 148-151. 274 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 15. 275 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 384. 276 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 277 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.9.

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Zloa mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebi moqmedebebdes da ufro metic, domi-nant eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen.

3.3. sekularizmi 3.3.1. sekularizmis koncefcia 3.3.1.1. sekularizmis idea eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa evoluciis damagvir-

gvinebeli faza maTi urTierTgamijvnaa, romelic Tanamedrove siste-maa, Tumca safuZveli Sua saukuneebSi eyreboda. 278 evropis erTian sistemad aRqma eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis procesSi mizanSe-wonili araa. 279 TiToeul saxelmwifoSi gancalkevebis procesi gan-sxvavebuli tempiT, intensivobiTa da individualuri maxasiaTeblebiT mimdinareobda, zogan ki dRemde mimdinareobs. saboloo jamSi, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis idea dasavluri azrovnebis Sedegi da Tanamedroveobis aRiarebuli principia, Tumca aR-mosavleTis islamur da zogierT qristianuli fundamentalizmis qveyanaSi dRemde araa aRiarebuli280.

gansxvavebuli religiis aRmsarebelTa Soris Tanasworobis kampa-nias didi xnis istoria aqvs. 281 politikurisa da religiuri cxovrebis erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebas jer kidev loki moiTxovda.282 Tumca axali drois sekularizmis mTavar warmomadgenlad mainc makiaveli miiCneva, romelic qristianobis saxelmwifo ideologiza-

278 jer kidev 496 wels papi gelasius I imperator anastasius I swerda ori xelisuflebis _ saxelmwifosa da eklesiis da maTi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb.

TandaTanobiT eklesiis wiaRSi sul ufro aqtualuri xdeboda saxelmwifosagan gacalkevebisa da sruli damoukideblobis idea. eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga grigol VII, romelmac 1075 wels Dictatus Papae (doku-mentSi 27 principi iyo Camoyalibebuli da misi adresati Tavad romis papi gaxldaT) gamoaqveyna, masSi Camoyalibebuli iyo im periodisaTvis TiTqmis `revo-luciuri~ postulatebi. am principebs seriozuli reaqcia mohyva evropaSi. ix., Wood

J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography, London,

2005, 27; Henderson E.F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, London, 1910, 366-367; Mckin-

ley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of Law and

Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 36-37. 279 mag., XII saukuneSi, rodesac germaniis saRvTo romis imperatorma romis eklesias episkoposebisa da abatebis arCevaSi Caurevloba aRuTqva, inglisSi henri II da kentrberis mTavarepiskopos Tomas bekets Soris urTierToba ise iZabeba, rom am ukanasknels saerTod klaven. Berg Th.C., Colby K.W.., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Free-

dom, Church-State Separation, and the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Collo-

quy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 179-180. 280 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by

Seidman B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 71. 281 Christoffersen L., Historical, Cultural and Social Background, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the

European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 30. 282 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secular-


2013, 48.

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cias daupirispirda, ramac yvelaze didi samsaxuri Tavad religias gauwia, romelic saxelmwifos batonobidan gaTavisuflda283.

evropuli sakonstitucio sekularizmi uSualod dakavSirebulia ganmanaTleblobasTan. 284 procesi Sua saukuneebis miwuruls daiwyo, ramac Sedegad axali saxelmwifoebis, erebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ideis Seqmna gamoiwvia. 285 religiisa da saxelmwifos gancalkevebis procesi (Kirchenaustrittsbewegung) germaniaSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi bismarkis mier ganxorcielebuli antikaTolikuri kampaniiT iwyeba. 286 vaimaris respublikis 1919 wlis konstituciam es ori instituti erTmaneTisgan oficialurad gamijna, Tumca igi qveynisaTvis mniSnelovan socialur-kulturul TemebSi TanamSrom-lobas iTvaliswinebda 287 . samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis damkvidrebam da samarTalSemoqmedad eqskluziurad saxelmwifos miCnevam seku-larizmis procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara, radganac saero cxovrebaSi saeklesio samarTlisa Tu sasamarTlos moqmedeba maqsimalurad SeizRuda288.

cneba `sekularizmi~ pirvelad jorj holioukma ganmarta 1846 wels. 289 Tumca misi aRiarebuli, SeTanxmebuli definicia dRemde ar arsebobs. kazanova sekularizms sam mimarTulebad gamohyofs: seku-larizmi, rogorc religiis uaryofa; sekularizmi, rogorc religiis privatizacia da sekularizmi, rogorc sxva sferoebidan religiuri sferos gamoyofa-gansxvaveba. 290 sekularizaciis mTavari idea `sax-elmwifosa da religiis instituciuri da konstituciuri ur-TierTgamijvnaa~ 291 . `sekularizmi~ aris Rirebuleba, romelic iZens mniSvnelobas mxolod im istoriul da kulturul konteqstSi, ro-melSic is aRmocendeba. naTelia, rom is gulisxmobs saxelmwifosa da garkveul religiur jgufebs Soris gansxvavebas, saxelmwifos neitralur damokidebulebas am jgufebis mimarT da religiis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv dacvas. marTalia, msgavsi neitraliteti, rogorc wesi, ar uSvebs saxelmwifos mxridan romelime calke

283 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 77. 284 Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 608. 285 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(38), 2010, 105. 286 Holt N., The Church Withdrawal Movement in Germany, “Journal of Church and State”, Vol.32, 1990,

37. 287 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 90. 288 Turner B.S., Religion and Modern Society, Citizenship, Secularism and the State, New York, 2011, 171. 289 iqve, 128. 290 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law and Justice”,

Vol.162, 2009, 25. 291 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 32.

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aRebuli religiis mxardaWeras, mainc arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rasac uxvad avlens germaniisa da britaneTis magaliTebi.~ 292 sekulariza-cia, misi Tanamedrove gagebiT, sxva araferia, Tu ara Sua saukuneebis mebrZoli eklesiis qmedebebze adekvaturi reaqcia, romelic evropel moazrovneTa da ganmanaTlebelTa mier iqna SemuSavebuli da gardau-val aucileblobad danaxuli293.

sekularizmi, erTgvarad, msoflmxedvelobacaa. 294 masSi jefersoni religiur gaerTianebaTa damoukideblobis, avtonomiisa da Tavisu-flebis garantias xedavda.295 Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom jefer-soniseuli `gamijvna~ ufro eklesiasa da saxelmwifos exeboda, vidre zogadad, religiasa da xelisuflebas. 296 sekularuli, igive saero saxelmwifos amosavali idea sakuTar moqalaqeTa da religiur gaerTianebaTa Soris maqsimaluri Tanasworobis dacvaa.297 swored am-itomac `sekularizmi~ xSirad ukavSirdeba iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `sekularuli~, `neitraluri~, `laicizmi~ da sxv.298

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ramdenime modeli arsebobs: sruli gamijvna, korporaciuli gamijvna; religiuri prioriteti da a.S. 299 ra Tqma unda, es klasifikaciac SedarebiTia da saWiroebis-amebr icvleba, rasac sekularizaciis mimarT mometebuli interesi da gansakuTrebuli saWiroeba ganapirobebs. aSS-Si eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos gamijvnis sakiTxi imdenad mniSvnelovan movlenad aRiqmeba, rom yvela mxare cdilobs damfuZnebeli mamebis mosazrebebs daeyrdnon da xSirad mohyavT maTi gamonaTqvamebi, rac mdgomareobis srul polarizacias axdens.300 eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvna maT So-ris nebismieri kavSiris mospobas ar gulisxmobs. esec saxelmwifoTa gemovnebasa da politikur arCevnazea damokidebuli. maSin, roca amerikul da germanul modelSi, marTalia, saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan sruliad gamijnulni arian, magram aqtiurad

292 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimox-ilva~, #5, 2012, 98. 293 ix., erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 33-35. 294 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law

and Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 4. 295 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and

the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182. 296 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices

in the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 276. 297 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimox-ilva~, #5, 2012, 106. 298 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law

and Religion Symposium, “Brigham Young University”, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1. 299 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 29. 300 Allen J.T., The Separation of Church and State: Myths, Mantras, Mandates, Forum on Public Policy

Online, No.3, 2007, 20.

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TanamSromloben, frangulsa da meqsikurSi saxelmwifo yvelanairad cdilobs, Sors daiWiros Tavi nebismieri religiisgan301.

3.3.1.2. sekularizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi dResdReobiT eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna ara mxolod da-

savluri demokratiis, aramed, zogadad demokratiis erT-erTi um-Tavresi principia.302 eklesia da saxelmwifos gamijvna evropis saer-To Rirebulebaa, romelic konkretuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs cdeba. 303 dasavluri sekularizmi ara mxolod saxelmwifos, aramed sazogadoebas, subieqtebsa da Tavad religiasac ki gardaqmnis.304 da-savlur sekularul sazogadoebebSi religia ganixileba, rogorc kerZo sfero, individis mier gansasazRvri da asarCevi305.

religiuri gaerTianebebis mier sekularizmis normebis ad-ekvaturad miReba da ganxorcieleba yovelTvis mtkivneul pro-cesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. 306 amis gamo religiasa da samarTals So-ris gamudmebuli konfliqtia, romelic wesebis, principebis, fa-seulobebisa da civilizaciebis identobis Taobaze winaaRmdegobebs moicavs.307 konfliqtis mTavari Tema ZiriTadad valdebulebebia.308 am-itomac Tanamedrove samyaroSi aucilebelia religia sxva sazoga-doebrivi institutebisgan gaimijnos, igi ar unda cdilobdes sax-elmwifos, ekonomikis, mecnierebis saqmis keTebas, radgan misi mTavari daniSnuleba religiis mimdevarTa sulierebaze zrunvaa.309 rogorc ki am sferoTa aRreva da garkveulwilad, kompetenciuri urTierTgada-farva xdeba, Cndeba mniSvnelovani problemebi, romelTa daZlevac SemdgomSi ubralod saqmianobis sferoTa gancalkevebiTa da zRvardadebiT ver moxdeba.

religiur institutebs ar unda hqondeT iseTi privilegiebi, rom-lebic sakonstitucio doneze miscemT SesaZleblobas, miuTiTon sax-

301 Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of

Church and State”, #47, 2005, 559. 302 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 61. 303 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.4. 304 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secular-


2013, 38. 305 iqve, 45. 306 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C.

Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 141. 307 iqve, 138. 308 iqve, 139. 309 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyar-oSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82.

55

elmwifo xelisuflebis organoebs, Tu rogor imoqmedon. 310 plural-izmi da pluralisturi sazogadoeba mTlianad gamoricxavs erTi ro-melime religiis srul dominirebas msgavs sazogadoebebSi. 311 demo-kratiulma saxelmwifom yvela religiisaTvis ganviTarebis Tanabari pirobebi unda uzrunvelyos. 312 amasTan, sekularulma saxelmwifom sakuTari moqalaqeebi religiuri valdebulebebiT ar unda datvir-Tos.313 sekularuli saxelmwifos idea emyareba rwmenas imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifo da politika ar daefuZneba, Sesabamisad, arc SeiboWeba romelime religiuri samarTliTa Tu principiT. 314 seku-larulia saxelmwifo, romelic samarTalsa da politikas sazRvravs moqalaqeTa umravlesobis legitimuri dakveTidan gamomdinare da ar elodeba amis Taobaze religiis mxridan raime saxis Tanxmobas an ne-barTvas. 315 sekularuli konstitucionalizmi ar dauSvebs sa-konstitucio normaTa speficikur religiur tradiciebze, dogmebze dafuZnebas da mxolod sajaro mizans an raime sxva sekularul kon-sensuss daeyrdnoba316.

sekularizmis Sedegi saxelmwifos gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sa-kiTxebSi religiuri institutebis ufro racionaluri, samecniero da mtkicebaze dafuZnebuli institutebiT Canacvlebaa, 317 Tumca es sazogadoebis polarizebas ar unda iwvevdes. 318 sekularizmis mniS-vneloba dRemde calsaxa da erTgvarovani araa. 319 mas, rogorc wesi, politikuri da socialuri modernizaciis erT-erT aspeqtad ganixi-laven, romelic ganmanaTleblobis Sedegad Camoyalibda. 320 grin-uolTi sekularizms, erTgvarad, gaugebar, aramdgrad da cvalebad

310 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 61. 311 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyar-oSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 85. 312 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.6. 313 Religion Tolerance in a Democratic World, Recommendation 1202 (1993), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.15. 314 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 111. 315 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”,

Vol.162, 2009, 22. 316 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


15, ix. citireba: J. Rawls, The Law of Peoples: with ‘The Idea of Public Reason Revisited’ (Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1999). 317 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary

Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53. 318 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C.

Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 143. 319 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Es-

tablishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 813. 320 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary

Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53.

56

cnebad miiCnevs. 321 igi piradi Tavisuflebis, demokratiisa da indi-vidualuri uflebebis dapirispirebaa religiuri dogmebisa da am dogmebiT marTuli sazogadoebisadmi. 322 sekularizmis idea mainc religiisa da sxva instituciuri sferoebis, kerZosa da sajaros erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas efuZneba. 323 sekularistebis TvalTaxedviT, religia kerZo, pirad sferos ganekuTvneba da misi adgili sajaro sivrceSi araa324.

sekularizmis koncefciis ganviTareba da daxvewa gamudmebiT mim-dinareobs. es dinamikuri procesia. vinaidan religia adgens bevri adamianisa Tu sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa sistemas, 325 sakmaod rTulia sistemuri da Zireuli cvlilebebis swrafi gatareba. Ti-Toeuli saxelmwifo Tavad wyvets, Tu ra mimarTulebiT waiyvans eklesiasTan urTierTobebs da rogor specifikas SesZens maT. 326 XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi postkomunisturi banakis qveynebma religiuri Tavisuflebis gza airCies da es principi samarTlebrivadac uzrun-velyves, 327 Tumca yvela maTganma sekularizaciis evropuli standartebiT warmarTva ver SeZlo. marTalia, konstituciis donezec bevri aRiarebs urTierTgamijvnis princips, Tumca praqti-kaSi sruliad gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa, rac sekularizaciis process xSir SemTxvevaSi formalobad aqcevs.

3.3.2. sekularizmis modelebi sekularizmi saxelmwifoebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba,

mag., amerikuli sekularizmis frangulisgan gansxvavebulia, orive ki srulebiT ganirCeva indurisgan da a.S. 328 swored am TaviseburebaTa

321 ix., Greenawalt K., Secularism, Religion, and Liberal Democracy in the United States, “Cardozo Law

Review”, Vol.30, 2009, 2383. 322 Ben-Porat G., Religion and Secularism in Israel, Between Politics and Sub-Politics, in: Religion and Poli-

tics in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010, 75. 323 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 306. 324 ix., Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 614. 325 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 2. 326 mag., bolo wlebSi CrdiloeT evropis saxelmwifoebma eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitanes: SvedeTma da norvegiam ofi-cialurad uari Tqves saxelmwifo eklesiis modelze, islandiam mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera erovnuli eklesiis damoukidebloba, fineTma ki episkoposebis daniSvnis ufleba, saxelmwifo meTauris nacvlad, luTeranul eklesias mianiWa. ix., Ferrari S.,

Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Per-

spectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 33. 327 mag., Tu rumineTis 1923 wlis konstituciaSi aRmosavluri marTlmadidebloba ruminul, saxelmwifo religiad iyo aRiarebuli, 1991 wlis konstituciaSi am sa-kiTxs gacilebiT naklebi yuradReba daeTmo. ix., Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patri-

arch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East European Constitutional Review”, #7,

1998, 86. 328 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in

the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 252.

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gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia sekularizmSi eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos urTierTgamijvnis, gancalkevebis modelis ramdenime Zi-riTadi sistema gamoiyos: sruli gamijvna, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sax-elmwifo da liberaluri sekularizmis, laicizmisa da antieklesiis sistemebs aerTianebs; TanamSromlobisa da Sereuli modelebi.

3.3.2.1. sruli gamijvnis modeli sruli gamijvnis models liberalur sekularizmsac uwodeben,

esaa sistema, roca eklesia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTisgan srulad arian gacalkevebulni.329 Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmSi arsebobs kidev ramdenime sistema, romelic srul gamijvnas gulisxmobs, Tumca Tavisebur, sruliad gansxvavebul mimarTulebas aviTareben. amitomac upriani iqneba liberaluri sekularizmi sruli gamijvnis erT-erT saxed iqnes miCneuli. sruli gamijvna, aseve, gulisxmobs laicizmis franguls sistemasa da antieklesiis modelebs, romlebic gamijvnis specialuri saxea da marTalia, sruli gamijvnis mizani aqvT, Tumca liberaluradac ver moixsenieben.

3.3.2.1.1. saxelmwifo sekularizmi saxelmwifo doneze sekularizmis ideis Seqmna da Semdeg praqti-

kaSi danergva amerikul da frangul revoluciur ideologias daefuZna. 330 saxelmwifo sekularizmi gulisxmobs imas, rom sax-elmwifom ar unda gaaigivos Tavi religiasTan, ar unda SeiboWos religiuri principebiT da mis qmedebebs safuZvlad religiuri moti-vacia ar unda daudos. 331 sekularul saxelmwifoSi religia poli-tikuri asparezidan uCinardeba, politikosebsa da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebs ar uwevT TavianTi mosazrebebis, poziciebis gamyareba religiuri principebisa Tu religiuri liderebis mxardaW-eriT. 332 saero saxelmwifom religiasa da xelisuflebas Soris de-markacia unda moaxdinos.333 marTalia, ganviTarebuli da Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ideologias iziarebs, Tumca arseboben mkacrad sekularuli sax-elmwifoebi, romelTac aRniSnuli sakonstitucio doneze aqvT uz-runvelyofili334.

329 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of

Church and State”, #4, 1992, 780. 330 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 112. 331 iqve, 140. 332 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”,

Vol.162, 2009, 20. 333 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92. 334 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 113. eqspliciturad gacxadebuli sekularizmis idea

58

sekularuli sakonstitucio politika TurqeTSi 1922 wlidan moqmedebs. 335 osmalTa imperiis dacemis Semdeg TurqeTma uaryo is-lamuri kulturisa da samarTlis dominantoba da sekularizmi sax-elmwifos oficialur ideologiad aqcia. 336 TurqeTis konstitucia sekularizms respublikis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad acxadebs 337 , rac siaxle araa, Turquli sekularizmi (Laiklik) qema-listuri ideologiis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa, romlis sa-fuZvelzec Tanamedrove TurqeTis saxelmwifo Seiqmna. 338 TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sekularizmis sakonstitucio principis mTavar damcvelad iqca.339 amis gamo sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 1998 wels `keTildRReobis~ (Refah) da 2001 wels `faseulobaTa~ (Fazilet) partiebi arakonstituciurad gamoacxada. 340 evrosasamarTlo did mniSvnelobas aniWebs sekularizmis principis dacvas, gansakuTrebiT

konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobaSi asaxuli aqvT Semdeg saxelmwifoebs: azerbai-jani, angola, benini, burkina faso, burundi, gaboni, gaiana, gambia, gvinea, gvinea-bisau, ekvadori, TurqeTi, TurqmeneTi, indoeTi, kameruni, kongos demokratiuli respublika, kongos respublika, kot divuari, latvia, madagaskari, mali, mozambiki, namibia, nepali, poloneTi, portugalia, ruanda, ruseTi, san tome da prinsipi, saf-rangeTi, senegali, serbeTi, slovakeTi, tajikeTi, togo, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Cadi. ix., Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, 1995, Art.7; Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola,

1992, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990, Art.2; Constitution of Burkina Faso, 1991, Art.31;

Post-Transition Constitution of the Republic of Burundi, 2005, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Gabon,

1991, Art.2; Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution of the Co-

Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia, 1997, Chapter 1; Fun-

damental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991, Art.; Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991,

Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1990, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador,

2008, Art. 1; Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble and Art.2; Constitutional Law of Turk-

menistan, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of India, 1950, Preamble; Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon,

1972, Art.1; Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, Art.1; New Constitution of the Re-

public of the Congo, 2002, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, 2000, Art.30; Law of the

Republic of Latvia on “The Religious Organizations”, 1995, Art.5(1); Constitution of the Republic of Mada-

gascar, 2010, Art. 1; Constitution of Mali, 1992, Art.25; Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990,

Art.12; Constitution of Namibia, 1990, Preamble and Art.1; Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, Art.4; Law

of the Republic Poland on “The Guarantees of Freedom of Religion and Belief”, 1989, Art 12; Constitution of

the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, Art.1; Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993, Art. 14; Constitution of

the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, 1975, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of France,

1958, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Senegal, 2001, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Serbia,

2006, Art.11; Constitution of the Slovak Republic, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan,

1994, Art.1; Constitution of Togo, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1995, Art.1; Con-

stitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Chad, 1996, Art.1. 335 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-

ra, 2009, 53. 336 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424. 337 Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Art.2. 338 Powell R., The Study of Secularism and Religion in the Constitution and Contemporary Politics of Tur-

key: The Rise of Interdisciplinarity and the Descipline of Methodology? “University of St. Thomas Law

Journal”, Vol.7, No.3, 2010, 717; ix., Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble. 339 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424. 340 iqve.

59

iseT saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, romelTac sekularizmi sax-elmwifoebrivi mowyobis erT-erT mTavar principad, safuZvlad aqvT aRiarebuli. evrosasamarTlom adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevad ar scno TurqeTis mier islamisturi partiis daSla, radganac sekularizmi demokratiisaTvis saWiro Tanmdev idead miiC-nia341.

3.3.2.1.2. liberaluri sekularizmi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTgamijvna beketidan,

bleqsTounidan moyolebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan religiur erTobaTa damoukidebel, avtonomiur Tanaarsebobas gulisxmobda. 342 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos sruli gamijvna avtomaturad ar niSnavs maT Soris mtrul, arapartniorul damokidebulebas 343 . sekular-izaciis procesSi bevri dasavluri saxelmwifo milis ideebs daeyrdno, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavisufleba da individi sicocxlis umTavresi elementebia, radgan cxovrebisTvis ganmsazRvreli mniS-vnelobisaa SesaZlebloba, adamianebma Tavad airCion TavianTi savali gzebi344.

mkacri gamijvnis modelis mixedviT, eklesia da saxelmwifo srulad emijnebian erTmaneTs mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis principis dacviT. 345 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos instituciuri gamijvna aSS-Si konsitituciis pirveli Sesworebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda, rom-liTac eklesia samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis gamgeblobis sferos Camo-Sorda. 346 pirvel Sesworebas amgvari daniSnuleba SemdgomSi sasa-marTlo praqtikam SesZina. 347 evropuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, rodesac episkoposma qerolma saxelmwifo mdivan medisons hkiTxa, Tu vin surda daeniSna luizianas teritoriaze eklesiis war-momadgenlad, medisonma uari ganacxada konsultaciaSi monawileo-baze da episkoposs aSS-is konstituciaze miuTiTa, romlis Tanax-madac, saxelmwifos Sida religiur saqmeebSi Careva ekrZaleboda. 348 medisonis mtkicebiT, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan religiis waxa-

341 Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and others v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 41340/98, 41342/98 and

41344/98, 13 of February, 2003. 342 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and

the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 175. 343 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 29. 344 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-

ra, 2009, 70. 345 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 9. 346 Renaud R.J., Weinberger L.D., Spheres of Sovereignty: Church Autonomy Doctrine and the Theological

Heritage of the Separation of Church and State, Northern Kentucky Law Review, Vol.35, 2008, 67. 347 Fischer J.D., Wallace C.J., God and Caesar in the Twenty-First Century: What Recent Cases Say about

Church-State Relations in England and the United States, “Florida International Law Journal”, #18, 2006,

498. 348 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and

the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 181.

60

lisebisa da xelSewyobis winaaRmdegic iyo, 349 `religiuri Sexedulebebi da mrwamsi arc samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis obieqtia da arc misi iurisdiqcia~ 350 . amgvari Sefaseba iyo prezident jefer-sonisa da Semdgomi administraciebis oficialuri poziciac.

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos `kedliT~ gamijvnis metafora uSualod jefersonis damkvidrebulia351 , romelmac es sakiTxi 1802 wlis 1 ian-vars baptisturi asociaciis mimarT werilSi wamoWra. 352 jefersoni aSS-is prezidentebis mier moqalaqeTaTvis samadlobeli locvisaken mowodebasac SeewinaaRmdega. 353 `gammijnavi kedlis~ metafora araer-Txel gamoiyena aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom. 354 1878 wels sasa-marTlom èklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris gammijnavi kedlis~ Taobaze cnebas konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis `farglebisa da efeqtis avtoritetuli (uflebamosili) gancxadebis~ statusi miani-Wa. 355 saqmeze, eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba eklesiasa da sax-elmwifos Soris kedels aRmarTavs, romelic `maRali da miuvali~ unda iyos356.

amerikuli sekularizmi organizebuli saxelmwifosa da or-ganizebuli eklesiis gamijvnis ideas emsaxureboda, Tumca Tavda-pirvelad es koncefcia swored iudeur-qristianuli tradiciebis mixedviT ganxorcielda, romelic `damfuZnebeli mamebis~ dros domi-nanti religiuri mimarTuleba iyo. 357 eklesia da saxelmwifo erTma-neTisgan gamijnulia, magram aSS-is Seqmnis safuZvelSive ido religiuri principebi da sasuliero wesrigi, romelic SemdgomSi saxelmwifos organul Semadgenel nawilad iqca. 358 qristianoba da

349 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 261. 350 Amundson S., Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA Honors

Paper Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008, 1. 351 religiis jefersoniseuli gageba unikaluri iyo, igi srulad Tavisufali iyo saswaulebisgan, romelsac jefersonis racionaluri msoflmxedveloba ver egue-boda. Carlton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury,

1997, 266. 352 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by

Seidman B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 73. 353 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 263. 354 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”, #7,

1965, 190. 355 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by

Seidman B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 73; ix. citireba: Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145

at 164. 356 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”,

#7, 1965, 201, ix. citireba: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1,18 (1947). 357 Wright J.J., Aggressive Secularism in America, “Catholic Lawyer”, Vol.6, 1960, 52. 358 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Es-

tablishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 820, ix. citireba: Orestes Brownson,

The AmeRican Republic 257 (2003).

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Tavisuflebis idea kulturulad, politikurad da inteleqtualurad gadaijaWva saxelmwifos Seqmnis periodidanve. 359 religiisa da seku-larizmis urTierToba amerikis politikuri da samarTlebrivi yo-veldRiurobis ganuyofeli sakiTxia360.

aSS-is sekularul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom saxelmwifoSi Tavidanve Zalze bevri religiuri jgufi arsebobda.361 saqmeze, gonsalesi manilas romaul-kaTolikuri eklesi-is mTavarepiskoposis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom aRniSna, kapelanebisa da saeklesio Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvna aris wminda saeklesio (kanonikuri) aqti, Sesabamisad, saero sasamarTloebi ar arian uflebamosilni, maT kanonierebaze imsjelon. 362 konstituciis sax-eliT, aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom iTava amerikeli xalxisTvis iseTi sajaro sivrcis uzrunvelyofa, sadac xelisufleba religiur sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT neitraluri iqneboda.363 wlebis ganmavlobaSi man religiis Tavisuflebisa da sekularizmis kuTxiT aseulobiT mniSvnelovani zRvari, principi da mimarTuleba daadgina. 364 sasa-marTlom konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba sekularizmis WrilSi XX saukunis ormocian wlebSi ganmarta, Tumca es rodi gulisxmobs, rom manamde am mimarTulebiT gadawyvetilebebi ar miuRia. 365 misi gancxadebiT, federalur da Statebis xelisufalT ekrZalebaT religiuri organizaciebis saqmianobaSi raime formiT Careva, aseve, gadasaxadebis arcerTi saxe ar SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos religiuri aqtivobebis, RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad.366 aSS-is umaRlesma sasa-marTlom 1971 wels e.w. `lemonis testi~ daadgina, romlis mixedviTac, dawesebuli, upiratesi religiis akrZalva moiTxovs iseT kanonmdeblobas, romelsac sekularuli miznebi aqvs, principul da pirvelad efeqts, romelic upiratesobas ar aniWebs an piriqiT, ar zRudavs religias, ar qmnis zedmet dabrkolebebs xelisuflebisa da religiis urTierTobebSi. 367 aSS-is umaRles sasamarTlos xSirad adanaSauleben sajaro azris ugulebelyofasa da sajaro inter-esebidan izolirebaSi, 368 gamonaklisi arc religiisa da sekular-

359 iqve, 819, ix. citireba: Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity 8 (1989). 360 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246. 361 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,

London, 2005, 71. 362 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and

the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol.106, 2011, 185, ix. cit-ireba: Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, 280 U.S. 1,16 (1929). 363 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246. 364 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 425. 365 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 117. 366 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 367 ix., Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). 368 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-

ra, 2009, 66.

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izaciis sakiTxebia. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo dadgenil politi-kas mkacrad miyveba. misi ganmartebiT, samarTalSefardebisas gam-oyenebul unda iqnes saqmis Sesabamisi neitraluri da zogadi sa-kanonmdeblo mowesrigeba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac saqme religiuri jgufebisa da individebis urTierTobas exeba. 369 mosa-marTle renqvisTi religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs aSS-Si orsaxovan ianuss adarebs, romlis erTi saxec ucilobeli istori-uli faqtia, rom religiam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa amerikis sax-elmwifod CamoyalibebaSi, xolo meore saxe saxelmwifos mier nebismieri religiis privilegirebisgan Tavis Sekavebaa370.

saboloo jamSi, amerikulma sekularizmma iseTi forma miiRo, rom nebismieri faqti SeiZleba moiazrebodes eklesia-saxelmwifos gan-calkevebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad. swored amis gamo aSS-is gerbze datanili fraza `RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust) dResdReobiT cxare debatebis sagania da zogierTis azriT, arRvevs eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos Soris gamijvnis princips371.

amerikis paralelurad, gamijvnis procesi daiwyo evropaSic, Tumca TiTqmis saukunis dagvianebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, evropis konserva-tizmiTa da saxelmwifo mowyobis sruliad gansxvavebuli formebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 1914 wlis uelsis eklesiis aqtiT (Welsh Church Act) daiwyo sekularizaciis procesi, saeklesio da saero samarTali gaimijna, kanonikur procesebze parlamentis uzenaesoba gauqmda, episkoposebs SeuwydaT lordTa palatis wevroba. 372 es, rasakvirvel-ia, inglisisa da Sotlandiis eklesiebs ar Sexebia.

sruli gamijvna, marTalia, sakanonmdeblo da sakonstitucio donezec uzrunvelyofilia, Tumca, faqtobrivad, eklesia kvlavac seriozuli moTamaSea socialur-kulturul urTierTobebSi, ris ig-norirebasac saxelmwifo, bunebrivia, ar cdilobs. 373 saxelmwifo iRebs pozitiur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos moqalaqeTa religiuri uflebebis realizaciisaTvis Sesaferisi garemo. avstriaSi sax-elmwifo da eklesia gamijnulia erTmaneTisgan, Tumca saxelmwifo xels uwyobs yvela moqalaqisa da religiuri gaerTianebis uflebas, imoqmedos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis. 374 amasTan, saxelmwifo negatiuradac SeboWilia da valdebulia, daicvas religiuri neitraliteti375.

369 ix., Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). 370 Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005). 371 Amundson S., Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA Honors

Paper Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008, 23. 372 Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 140. 373 ix., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 30-31. 374 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 453. 375 mag., kanadaSi 1980-iani wlebidan damkvidrebuli wesiT, saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis mimniWebeli kanonebis miRebisagan,

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liberaluri sekularizmi airCies tradiciulma marTlmadidebelma qveynebmac. kviprosis marTlmadidebel eklesias samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukavia, radgan igi kon-stituciis amoqmedebamde miRebuli sakuTari wesdebis mixedviT moqmedebs da sxva religiebis msgavsad, konstitucia masac srul Tavisuflebas aniWebs. 376 amasTan, kviprosis umaRlesma sasamarTlom sakmaod mkafiod gansazRvra eklesiis statusi da miuxedavad misi socialuri rolisa, aRniSna, rom kviprosis marTlmadidebeli ekle-sia saxelmwifo organo araa da ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos sax-elisuflebo warmonaqmnad. 377 gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ukrainaSi, romelSic, marTalia, marTlmadidebloba dominantia mosaxleobis raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, Tumca imdenad bevri mimdinareoba arsebobs, rom ukrainam saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTierTobis liber-aluri _ amerikuli modeli airCia da yvela religiur gaerTianebas Tanabari statusi mianiWa, yovelgvari upiratesobis gareSe378.

liberaluri sekularizmis Teoria wlebis ganmalobaSi ganviTarda da bevri ganStoeba gaCnda. TiToeulma saxelmwifom Tavisi kul-turis, istoriisa da tradiciebis Sesabamisi midgoma airCia. ra Tqma unda, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SemuSavebuli amerikuli doqtrina dRemde mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, Tumca mas bunebrivad daemata axali moTxovnebi da standartebi. Tanamedrove midgomiT, urTierTo-baTa mravalmxriobisa da specifikurobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sax-elmwifosa da eklesias Soris ukve ori gammijnavi kedeli unda arsebobdes, romlebiTac erTmaneTisgan gaimijneba eqskluziurad eklesiis, eqskluziurad saxelmwifos da Sereuli _ eklesia-saxelmwifos erToblivi kompetenciuri sferoebi.379 es, ra Tqma unda, eklesiis socialuri roliTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifom srulad mainc ver itvirTa. es ukanaskneli, marTalia, sulier sferosac uzrunvelyofs, Tumca am mimarTulebiT kvlavac religiuri urTierTobebi da organizaciebi dominireben.

3.3.2.1.3. Laïcité

_ msgavsma midgomam sekularizaciis procesze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. ix., loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 95. 376 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 280. 377 iqve, ix. citireba: Autocephalous, Saint, Orthodox and Apostolic Church of Cyprus v. the House of

Representatives, (1990) 3 C.L.R 338. 378 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 481. 379 ix., Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”,

#7, 1965, 203.

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franguli sekularizmi individualuria da igi saerTovropuli midgomisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. 380 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobaTa franguli sistema Laïcité-d moixsenieba da igi wminda franguli movlenaa, 381 romelsac analogi ar moepoveba. 382 Laïcité politikur-samarTlebriv WrilSi sekularizaciis yvelaze mkacr, zustad gansazRvrul formad miiCneva 383 da religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis klasikur tipologiaSi ver Tavsdeba. 384 doqtrina yvela religias Tanasworad aRiqvams, uaryofs saxelmwifo religiis ideas da arcerT maTgans raime gansakuTrebul statuss ar aniWebs.385 mis Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, zogi mas pozitiur, zogierTi ki negatiur sistemad miiCnevs 386 . franguli laïcité moazrebulia religi-uri, rasobrivi, kulturuli da politikuri sazogadoebebis gan-sxvavebuli Rirebulebebis Tanaarsebobis saSualebad387.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis franguli modeli sax-elmwifoze klerikaluri da religiuri gavlenis mospobisa da uni-versaluri, religiisgan Tavisufali moqalaqeobisa da erovnulobis damkvidrebis mcdelobaa. 388 marto barTlomes Ramis xsenebac sakma-risia im viTarebis aRsawerad, romelic Sua saukuneebis bolosken safrangeTSi sufevda. 1598 wels anri IV gamosca nantis ediqti, rom-liTac safrangeTma hugenotebi Seiwynara da neba darTo maT, sax-elmwifoSi Tavisuflad earsebaT. 389 Tumca religiuri konfliqti amiT ar Camqrala. 1795 wels postrevoluciur safrangeTSi daiwyo saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis procesi, Tumca es yovelive eklesiis intensiuri devna ufro iyo, vidre gonivruli sekulariza-cia. 390 sekularizaciis procesi maleve, 1801 wels safrangeTsa da wminda saydars Soris gaformebuli konkordatiT dasrulda, ro-

380 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 506. 381 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden

Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 945. 382 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1267. 383 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law

and Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1. 384 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1268. 385 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 184. 386 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden

Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 951. 387 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27. 388 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423. 389 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 37. 390 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 180.

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melmac napoleons mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina ara mxolod romaul, aramed sxva qristianul eklesiebzec 391 . konkordatiT politikuri xelisufleba niSnavda episkoposebs, romis paps ki mxolod sasuliero investituris gacemis uflebamosileba hqonda392.

safrangeTis saxelmwifo sabWos ganmartebiT, laïcité-s principis faqtobrivi ganxorcieleba jer kidev XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo, 393 ramac, saboloo jamSi, 1958 wlis konstituciaSi saf-rangeTis sekularul (`laikur~) saxelmwifod gamocxadeba gam-oiwvia. 394 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis mkacri procesi, ro-melic XIX saukunis me-2 naxevarSi xelmeored, amjerad ukve srulad daiwyo safrangeTSi, 1905 wlis kanonis miRebiT dagvirgvinda, rome-lic dRemde ZalaSia, ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisi cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT. 1904 wels safrangeTma diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gawyvita wminda saydarTan. 395 1905 wlis kanonma gaauqma konkordati da saxelmwifo xelisufleba nebismieri religiisgan gamijna, Tumca, imavdroulad, franguli laicizmis doqtrinam daavaldebula sax-elmwifo pozitiurad, uzrunveleyo moqalaqeTa religiis Tavisu-flebis realizacia. 396 rasakvirvelia, kanons romis eklesiis mZafri protesti mohyva, papma pius X franguli laicizmi da 1905 wlis ka-noni mkacrad gaakritika, 397 Tumca sinamdvileSi konkordatis gau-qmebiT eklesiam ufro ixeira, radgan daibruna mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebi, maT Soris, episkoposebis daniSvnis ufleba, ro-melic manamde saxelmwifos kompetenciaSi Sedioda398.

sakonstitucio rangSi ayvanili principi iseTi mniSvnelovania sax-elmwifosTvis, rom saxelmwifo sabWos ganmartebiT, piris religiuri mrwamsis SeuTavsebloba saxelmwifos oficialur sekularul poli-tikasTan sakmarisi safuZvelia misTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebaze uaris TqmisTvis. 399 Laïcité iseTi universaluri da abstraqtuli Rirebulebebis erTobliobaa, rogoricaa: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba,

391 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, Foreign Affairs, #7, 1928-1929, 572. 392 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.21, 2000, 1275. 393 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989. 394 Constitution of the French Republic, 1958, Art.2. 395 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 24. 396 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 183. 397 ix., Encyclical “Vehementer Nos” of Pope Pius X to To Our Well-beloved Sons, Francois Marie Rich-

ard, Cardinal Archbishop of Paris; Victor Lucien Lecot, Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux; Pierre Hector

Couillie, Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons; Joseph Guillaume Laboure, Cardinal Archbishop of Rennes; and to

all Our Venerable Brethren, the Archbishops and Bishops, and to all the Clergy and People of France, 11

February, 1906. 398 Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”, #8(1), 1966, 90. 399 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423.

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Semwynarebloba da a.S.400 faqtobrivad, igi moqalaqeebisTvis, saerTo keTildReobisa da Rirebulebebis garSemo gaerTianebuli xalx-isTvis, samoqalaqo `religiad~ iqca401.

swored msgavsi politikis gamo safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi evrosasa-marTlo gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxelmwifos seku-larul bunebasa da am principis sakonstitucio dozeneze uzrun-velyofaze.402 xSir SemTxvevaSi safrangeTTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi religiis Tavisuflebis sferoSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba evrosasamarTlos praqtikisgan, rac SemTxvevis individ-ualizmiTaa ganpirobebuli.

franguli sekularizmi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri maSin iyo, roca misi samarTlebrivi da ideologiuri elementebi unisonSi iyvnen.403 Tumca samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mravalferovnebam, eklesiis sazoga-doebriv-politikuri rolis dakninebam met-naklebad Caacxro religia-saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli mudmivi konfliqtebi da did-wilad gaaneitrala franguli politika. safrangeTi srulad emijne-ba nebismier religiur organizacias da cdilobs mkacrad daicvas eklesia-saxelmwifos `gammijnavi kedeli~, Tumca religiuri politi-ka ar vrceldeba mis ramdenime zRvis gaRma departamentsa da re-gionze. 404 aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTSi arsebuli sekularuli politikis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo afinansebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kaTolikur skolebs405.

3.3.2.1.4. antieklesiis modeli Tanamedrove samarTalSi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi

calke aRiniSneba àntieklesiis~ modeli, romelSic, marTalia, es ori instituti erTmaneTisgan gacalkevebulia, Tumca saxelmwifo araTu religiur neitralitets inarCunebs, aramed, piriqiT, religias

400 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27. 401 Ungureanu C., Europe and Religion: An Ambivalent Nexus, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Eu-

rope, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 315. 402 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 264; ix., Dogru v.

France, [ECtHR], App. no. 27058/05, 4 December, 2008; S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1

July, 2014. 403 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 500. 404 mag., safrangeTis gvineaSi 1828 wlis 27 agvistos samefo brZanebulebis Sesabami-sad, kaTolikuri eklesia finansdeba saxelmwifo fondidan da mxolod 1939 wli-dan sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac miecaT ufleba, dafinanseba mieRoT adgilo-brivi municipaluri erTeulebisgan. ix., basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. rob-ersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 194. 405 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-

ra, 2009, 53.

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ebrZvis. 406 msgavsi sistemis klasikuri warmomadgeneli sabWoTa kavSiri iyo.

sabWoTa kavSiri antireligiur politikas atarebda, nebismier religias devnida. 407 sabWouri antireligiuri kampania religiis marqsiseul gagebas efuZneboda. 408 eklesiebsa da religiebs komunisturi sazogadoeba rogorc aucilebel borotebas, ise ganix-ilavda. 409 sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnidan or aTeulze meti xnis ganmav-lobaSi xelisuflebis politika marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da nebismieri sxva religiis mimarT Seuwynarebeli da agresiuli iyo.410 stalinuri periodis Sua wlebSi eJovma da beriam srulad ganaxor-cieles genocidi religiis msaxurTa da aRmsarebelTa mimarT.411 sab-WoTa kavSirSi marqsizm-leninizmi faqtobriv religiad iqca. 412 len-inisa da komunisturi partiis gacxadebuli mizani iyo RmerTis ideis sruli gandevna sazogadoebidan, rasac yvela meTodis gamoyenebiT axorcielebdnen, sanam meore msoflio omis periodSi, 1941 wlidan, roca stalinma sakuTari saWiroebisTvis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqo aRadgina, eklesiamac Semrigebluri politika airCia da stalinis, rogorc RmerTis mier movlenili zeadamianis, kultis Seqmnas mxari aSkarad dauWira. 413 marTalia, am nabijiT sax-elmwifom neba darTo eklesias earseba mis teritoriaze, Tumca masze zewola, ra Tqma unda, ar Sewyetila414.

samecniero aTeizmi, faqtobrivad, sabWoTa kavSiris oficialuri religia iyo, _ msoflmxedveloba, romelic iswavleboda skolebSi, vrceldeboda mediiT, aqtiurad eweoda propaganda literaturasa da zogadad, xelovnebis yvela dargSi. 415 1929 wlis 8 aprilis kanoni


Church and State”, #4, 1992, 781. 407 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 49. 408 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423. 409 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10,

1996, 129. 410 Bociurkiv B.R., Church and State in the Soviet Union, “International Law Journal”, Vol.14, 1958-1959,

183. 411 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996,

130. 412 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 41. 413 Bociurkiv B.R., Church and State in the Soviet Union, International Law Journal, Vol.14, 1958-1959,

184-185; Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, Foreign Affairs, #39, 1960-1961, 304. 414 iqve, 303-304. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis axali era daiwyo, roca kalininma gaaJRera saxelmwifos axali politika: moskovi msoflios sulie-ri centri unda gamxdariyo. Bennet E.M., The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State, 1946-

1956: A Decade of the New Orthodoxy, Journal of Church and State, Vol.7, No.3, 1963, 425. 415 Froese P., Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed, Journal for the

Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.43, #1, 2004, 35; saxelmwifo aTeizmi, rogorc politika, formalur doneze mainc ZiriTadad warsulSi e.w. `socialisturi dajgufebis~

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krZalavda nebismieri eklesiis dafinansebas, materialur daxmarebas, aseve, religiuri gaerTianebebis mier qonebrivi sakiTxebis uzrun-velyofis mizniT raime fondis, kooperativis an kavSiris dafuZne-bas.416 marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciebiT, formalurad sax-elmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli iyo, saxelmwifo ki religiis Tavisuflebas aRiarebda, Tumca praqtikulad es nebismieri religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas niSnavda. 417 sabWoTa kavSirSi sax-elmwifo akontrolebda eklesiis finansur da ideologiur saqmiano-bas, xolo konkretul periodSi gansazRvravda kidec sasuliero Tanamdebobebze pirTa daniSvnas. 418 sabWoTa kavSiris religiuri politika mTel socialistur banakze vrceldeboda. aRmosavleT ger-maniaSi saeklesio proeqtTa umravlesoba, eklesiis mier stumrebis mowveva, konferenciebze gamgzavreba da a.S. saxelmwifos mkacri zedamxedvelobiTa da misi winaswari Tanxmobis safuZvelze xor-cieldeboda419.

antireligiuri politika Tanamedrove msoflioSic aqtualuria. Tanamedrove CineTi faqtobrivad aTeisturi qveyanaa saxelmwifoebriv doneze, Tumca es konstituciaSi eqspliciturad araa aRniSnuli, ar-amed gamomdinareobs Tavad saxelmwifos politikuri organizaciidan da ideologiidan. 420 saintereso fsevdoaTeisturi modeli moqmedebs Crd. koreaSi, sadac religiuri sakiTxebi komunizmis modificirebu-li ideologiis _ CuCxes, principebis Tanaxmadaa mowesrigebuli.421

SeiZleba iTqvas, antieklesiis modeli arademokratiuli, franguli laicizmis damaxinjebiT miRebuli sistemaa, romelic nebismier religias saxelmwifo mtrad acxadebs. marTalia, formalurad es sekularizmia, magram faqtobrivad igi ewinaaRmdegeba sekularizmis mTavar princips: saxelmwifosa da religis damoukidebel, sruliad avtonomiur, mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas422.

3.3.2.2. TanamSromlobis modeli 3.3.2.2.1. TanamSromlobis modelis koncefcia

qveynebSi arsebobda. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, To-

wards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 141. 416 Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, Foreign Affairs, #39, 1960-1961, 302. 417 iqve. 418 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, Emory International Law Review, Vol.10, 1996,

130. 419 Burgess J.P., Church-State Relations in East Germany: The Church as a “Religious” and “Political” Force,

Journal of Church and State, Vol.32, No.1, 1991, 19. 420 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 141. 421 ix., iqve, 143-144. 422 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and

the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182.

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saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebis Tanamedrove ganviTare-bam axal sivrceebs miaRwia da bevri gansakuTrebuli, Zalze saintereso saxesxvaoba Seqmna. am ori institutis urTierTgamijvna, ra Tqma unda, maT sruliad gaucxoebasa da yovelgvari kavSiris gawyvetas ar gulisxmobs. amis mcdeloba yovlad xelovnuri da ra-cionalur safuZvels moklebuli iqneboda, radgan socialur movlenebs socialurad is faqti aqcevs, rom isini mudmiv sazoga-doebriv urTierTobaSi monawileoben. religiis hegemoniuri roli karga xania Seicvala, Tumca mas kvlavac darCa mniSvnelovani gavlena sazogadoebaze.423 religiis sruli gandevna sajaro sferodan warmoudgenelia, igi mudmivad iqneba mowadinebuli, Seasrulos saja-ro misia. 424 miT umetes qristianuli eklesia, romelsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebis ganmsazRvreli roli ekava, fizikurad ver Seegueba sajarodan kerZo sferoSi gadatanas, mas mudam eqneba pretenzia, iyos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili da aq-tiuri moTamaSe425.

sekularizmis amosavali idea sasuliero da saero saqmeTa gan-calkevebaa, rac, ra Tqma unda, neitralitetsac gulisxmobs, Tumca religiuri neitralitetis farglebTan dakavSirebiT erTiani pozi-cia ar arsebobs 426 . es sruliad bunebrivicaa, radgan bevri eris ganviTarebis istoriaSi saxelmwifo da eklesia imdenad iyo gada-jaWvuli, rom am faqtoris argaTvaliswineba warmoudgenelia. ami-tomac sekularizmis evropuli midgoma (franguli laicizmis gamoklebiT) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikulisgan da sax-elmwifosa da eklesiis mniSvnelovani TanamSromlobis SesaZle-blobas gulisxmobs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom jefersonis dros ekle-siac da saxelmwifoc sakmaod SezRudulebi iyvnen SesaZleblobebis mxriv, Sesabamisad, maT Soris `gammijnavi kedelic~ sxva, dRevande-lisgan sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas atarebda427.

sekularizmis evropuli tradicia, amerikulisgan gansxvavebiT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ideaSi maT Soris e.w. `gammijna-vi kedlis~ aRmarTvas ar gulisxmobs, igi am ori institutis ur-

423 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyar-oSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82. 424 noli r., religiisa da religiis Tavisuflebis roli Tanamedrove konfliqtur situaciebSi, m. pakacoSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1, 2006, 28. 425 ix., dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82. 426 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 31; ix. citireba: Walter Ch., Religions- und Gewissensfreiheit, In: Grote R., Marauhn Th. (Hrsg.), Konkor-

danzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen Grundrechtsschutz, Tübingen, 2006, S.891 ff. 427 Eighmy J.L., Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations, Journal of

Church and State, #4(2), 1962, 169.

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TierTTavsebadobis ideas aviTarebs.428 saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gam-ijvnis evropuli modeli, istoriuli Taviseburebebis gamo, iT-valiswinebs tradiciuli religiuri gaerTianebebis prioritetis princips, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom konkretuli saxelmwifo so-cialur-istoriuli, kulturuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im religiur organizacias garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs. 429 seku-larizmis am formis upiratesoba evropaSi imanac ganapiroba, rom èvropis rwmena saxarebaSi iyo fesvgadgmuli, misi mecniereba da politikuri struqtura ki _ antikurobaSi~ 430 . sekularizmis evropu-li, igive TanamSromlobis _ pluralistur-kooperaciuli modelis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTs emijnebian, magram mniS-vnelovnad TanamSromloben, ZiriTadad sxvadasxva xelSekrulebis, SeTanxmebis dadebisa da sakanonmdeblo SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis gziT.431 msgavs urTierTobas proteqcionizmsac uwodeben, radgan sax-elmwifo konkretul eklesias an eklesiebs gansakuTrebul sa-marTlebriv statuss aniWebs, 432 rac maT gansakuTrebul, privi-legirebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. romaulma eklesiam mniSvnelo-vani roli Seasrula saxelmwifo da eklesiis TanamSromlobis (kooperaciis) sistemis CamoyalibebaSi 433 . eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba urTierTpativiscemas, kvalifikaciasa da kompeten-turobas unda emyarebodes434.

am sistemis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori is garemoebaa, rom saxelmwifo eklesias xSirad iyenebda da dRemde iyenebs sxvadasxva humanitaruli Tu saxelmwifoebrivi mizniT. 435 Tumca es TanamSrom-loba arasdros yofila calmxrivi, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifoc seri-ozul daxmarebas uwevda da uwevs eklesias.436

428 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 62. 429 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 37. 430 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 78. 431 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009,

10-11. 432 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 15. 433 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-

ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 897. 434 iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 94. 435 ix., Rossouw G.J., Macamo Eu. jr., Church-State Relationship in Mozambique, Journal of Church and

State, #35(3), 1993, 544-546. mag., normanebis mier britaneTis dapyrobis Semdeg, monarqebi Zalze mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen kentrberis mTavarepiskoposTan, gan-sakuTrebiT, periferiebisa da dapyrobili teritoriebis eklesiis kontrolis saq-meSi. Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, Law and Justice, #149, 2002, 135. 436 maT Soris normaluri urTierTobebis arsebobisas, saxelmwifo xSirad exmareba eklesias (saeklesio marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebaSic ki). ix., saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 21.

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saxelmwifos mier romelime religiisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba yovelTvis maRali riskis Semcvelia, radgan `politika, romelic gamoarCevs ama Tu im mxares misi mrwamsisa da aRmsareblobis mixedviT, saxifaToa am mxaris individualuri Tu institucionaluri avtonomiisaTvis~ 437 . miuxedavad amisa, tradiciuli evropuli demo-kratiis qveynebi TanamSromlobis models xSirad mimarTaven. religiuri organizaciebis statusis mixedviT diferenciacia arsebobs italiaSi, germaniaSi, espaneTSi, belgiaSi da a.S.438 mag., ro-maul-kaTolikur eklesias Zalian bevr saxelmwifoSi ukavia privi-legirebuli mdgomareoba 439 . adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT yvela religiis Ta-nasworobis principi ar gulisxmobs, rom yvela religiam aucile-blad Tanabari statusiT unda isargeblos: sruliad SesaZlebelia konkretul religiasa Tu religiur jgufs gansakuTrebuli statusi hqondes, mTavaria, am yovelivem sxvaTa religiuri uflebebi ar Se-laxos. 440 sajaro xelisuflebas ar evaleba, yvela religiur gaer-Tianebas identuri samarTlebrivi statusi mianiWos. 441 mas SeuZlia iTanamSromlos calkeul religiur gaerTianebasTan da misi gan-sakuTrebuli pricilegiebi uzrunvelyofs442.

Slaiermaxeri aRniSnavda, rom religia germaniis saxelmwifosa da germaneli eris istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia. 443 albaT, amanac ga-napiroba, rom eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis TvasazrisiT, germaniam proreligiuri, TanamSromlobis modeli daamkvidra. 444 igi sax-elmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaTa modelSi Sualedur pozicias ikavebs: xelisufleba da eklesia erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia, Tumca maT Soris mWidro TanamSromlobaa. 445 meore msoflio omis Semdeg

437 efsTini r., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze. qristi-anuli samarTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitu-cio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 8. 438 ix., saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 16. 439 ix., iqve, 15. 440 noli r., religiisa da religiis Tavisuflebis roli Tanamedrove konfliqtur situaciebSi, m. pakacoSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1, 2006, 28, ix. cit-ireba: religiasa an rwmenaze dafuZnebuli Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis danergva; sagangebo momxseneblis, abdelfatah amoris mier momzadebuli angariSi adamianis uflebebis aRsrulebis komisiasTan SeTanxmebiT 1995/23, UN doc. E.CN.4/1996/95/Add.1, para.82 (1996). 441 Canea Catholic Church v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 143/1996/762/963, 16 December 1997, Para.47. 442 Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90,

11 January 1992. 443 Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, “Journal of Church and

State”, Vol.7, No.2, 1965, 217. 444 Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108. 445 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 92.

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britanelebisa da amerikelebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS moeqca religiis socialuri roli nacizmis periodSi da miuxedavad mravali winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtisa, gadawyda, rom saxelmwifosa da eklesiis `tradiciuli~ urTierTobebis aRdgena sasurveli iyo.446 am-itomac germaniam racionaluri gza airCia, ZalaSi datova konkor-dati wminda saydarTan da federaciis subieqtebs sruli diskrecia mianiWa, Tavad gadawyviton religiuri prioritetisa da eklesiebTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxi. amasTan, saxelmwifom gansazRvra saerTo, zogadi standarti, romelic yvelam unda daicvas religiur gaer-TianebebTan urTierTobaSi. germaniaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromloba sam princips emyareba: neitraliteti (ar arsebobs saxelmwifo eklesia), tolerantoba (saxelmwifo ara mxolod ar un-da Caerios religiur gaerTianebaTa Sida saqmeebSi, aramed gagebiT moekidos maT moTxovnebs, pozitiurad imoqmedos) da pariteti (sax-elmwifo Tanabrad unda moepyras yvela religias, Tumca klas-ificirebuli paritetis principi, amavdroulad, socialuri, kultu-ruli da istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs). 447 germania religiur gaerTianebebTan TanamSromlobs rogorc feder-alur, ise miwebis doneze da es TanamSromloba Seexeba religiur ganaTlebas skolebSi, saRvTismetyvelo fakultetebs universiteteb-Si, saeklesio gadasaxadebs, uZravi qonebis sekularizaciis kompensa-cias, ZeglTa dacvas, religiur uqmeebs, msjavrdebulTa da samxe-droTa sulze zrunvas da a.S.448

espaneTi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis momxrea, Tumca kon-stituciaSi mainc calkea gamoyofili espanelTa umravlesobisTvis mTavari _ kaTolikuri eklesia da sxva denominaciebi, saxelmwifo orive maTganTan saxelmwifo aqtiurad TanamSomlobs. 449 formaluri sekularizmis miuxedavad, irlandia srulad sekularul sax-elmwifod ar miiCneva, samarTlebriv da socialur donezec kaTolikuri eklesia gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs. 450 ro-maul-kaTolikur eklesias gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs miniWebuli poloneTSi SeTanxmebiT, xolo peruSi konstituciis mixedviT. 451 belgiaSi religiaTa nawili saxelmwifos mier oficialuradaa aRi-arebuli, rac religiis socialuri roliT, misi sazogadoebrivi RirebulebiTa da mosaxleobisadmi samsaxuris gaweviTaa

446 Ramet S.P., Religion and Politics in Germany since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic Churches, “Jour-

nal of Church and State”, #42, 2000, 117. 447 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 92-93. 448 ix., Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996,

108. 449 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 101; Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1987, Art.16(3). 450 iqve, 67. 451 iqve, 69.

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gamarTlebuli. 452 rumineTis kanonmdebloba rumineTis marTlmadide-bel eklesias erovnul eklesiad acxadebs da marTalia, eqsplici-turad ar ganmartavs am statusis mniSvnelobas, Tumca mas garkveul privilegiebs aniWebs453.

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis miwuruls eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi SedarebiT gamosworda, gorbaCovis mowveviT ruseTis patriarqi ukve oficialur RonisZiebebs eswreboda. es praqtika SemdgomSi postsabWoTa qveynebSic gavrcelda. 454 amiT faqtobrivad eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis axali etapi daiwyo komunisturi banakisaTvis, ramac Sesabamisi praqtikuli asaxva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg hpova. postkomunisturi banakis qveynebma, marTalia, aRiares eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis demokratiuli, evropul-amerikuli modelebi, Tumca, vinaidan am qveynebis umravlesoba istoriuli, Zlieri eklesiebiT gamoirCeva, sekularizaciis process Tan sdevs seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi.455 am qveynebSi faqtobrivi da formalur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba xSirad gansxvavdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme eklesiasTan urTierTobas exeba.

saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba dadebiTadaa Sefasebuli, Tuki konstitucia: uzrun-velyofs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs, adgens Tanabar midgomas (Tana-bari da araTanabari midgoma proporciulobis TvalsazrisiT gan-isazRvreba), krZalavs demokratiul politikur procesebSi nebismi-eri religiis monawileobas, aRiarebs religiuri arsebobis, yofis gansakuTrebul statuss, uzrunvelyofs qveynis kulturuli tradiciis pativiscemas.456

3.3.2.2.2. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromlobis samarTlebrivi

meqanizmebi religiis sakiTxebi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom evrokavSiric ki

Tavs ikavebs wevri qveynebisTvis raime miTiTebebisa Tu mowesrigebebis dawesebisagan, ufro metic, evrokavSiris sadamfuZ-neblo xelSekrulebiT saxelmwifoebs sruli diskrecia aqvT, Tavad 452 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise on

Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 266. belgiaSi aRiarebuli reli-giebi iReben ufaso tele-radio samauwyeblo dros, niSnaven kapelanebs SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, romelTa anazRaure-basac saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. ix., iqve, 267. 453 Morée P., Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of Archbishop Jo-

van in Its Broader Context, “Helsinki Monitor”, Vol.16, 2005, 292. 454 Peyrouse S., The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Christian-

ity in Central Asia, “Journal of Church and State”, #49, 2007, 101. 455 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 50. 456 ix.., Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Free-

dom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,

2013, 62.

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gansazRvron religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi. 457 amis mizezi naTelia, _ religia saxelmwifos kulturis, identobisa da istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi TiToeulma saxelmwifom am elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moawesrigon.

eklesiasa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba SeiZleba samarTle-brivad sami mimarTulebiT ganviTardes: a) konkordatebi, b) SeTanx-mebebi da g) kanonmdebloba. 458 TanamSromlobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi SeiZleba daiyos sakanonmdeblo da saxelSekrulebo mod-elebad. sakanonmdeblo modeli gulisxmobs TanamSromlobis norma-tiul mowesrigebas eqskluziurad saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi formebiT, rac ZiriTadad or doneze xorcieldeba: mometebuli in-teresisa da gansakuTrebuli statusis SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia konstituciiT, xolo konstituciaSi gan-sazRvruli debulebebis praqtikuli implementaciisaTvis, aseve, Zi-riTadi kanonis mowesrigebis ararsebobisas _ kanonmdeblobiT. sax-elSekrulebo modeli sakanonmdeblos analogiiTaa struqturirebu-li da konkordatsa (maRali saxelmwifoebrivi done) da SeTanxmebebs (konkretul sferoSi saxelmwifoebrivi an uwyebrivi done) gulisx-mobs.

3.3.2.2.2.1. sakanonmdeblo modeli 3.3.2.2.2.1.1. sakonstitucio done saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba religiis Tavisuflebis principebs sa-

konstitucio doneze adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis WrilSi gan-sazRvravs. Tumca mxolod maT garkveul nawils aqvs konstituciaSi konkretuli religiis an eklesiis Taobaze Sesabamisi debulebebi. es ZiriTadad is qveynebia, romlebic saxelmwifo eklesiis an TanamSromlobis sistemebs miekuTvnebian, vinaidan swored es mod-elebi gulisxmobs eklesiis imgvar samarTlebriv statuss, romelic umaRles saxelmwifo doneze unda iyos gansazRvruli.

saxelmwifo eklesiis modelis qveynebis konstituciebi saxelmwifo eklesiisa da religiis Taobaze normas konstituciis Sesaval na-wilSi, zogadad debulebebSi iTvaliswineben. msgavs praqtikas mis-devs mag., argentina, dania. 459 SesaZlebelia saxelmwifo eklesiis an `tradiciuli~ religiis Sesaxeb normebi ZiriTadi uflebebis WrilSi iyos ganxiluli religiur TavisuflebasTan erTad, rogorc es bul-

457 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 28. 458 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 37. 459 Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853, Art.2, Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, 1953,

Sec.4.

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gareTis konstituciis SemTxvevaSia. 460 saberZneTis konstitutia sax-elmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebs calke Tavs uTmobs461.

TanamSromlobis modelis saxelmwifoTa didi nawili, aseve, sa-konstitucio doneze gansazRvravs privilegirebul eklesiasTan da-kavSirebiT zogad debulebas, mag., italia462 , espaneTi463 , saqarTvelo da sxv. saqarTvelos moqmedma konstituciam srulad uaryo saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo religiis arsebobis idea da am sakiTxSi religiis Tavisuflebas mianiWa upiratesoba, 464 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis statusi da masTan urTierToba ki calke muxliT moawesri-ga465.

liberaluri sekularizmis, sruli gamijvnis modelis qveynebi Zi-riTadad mxolod adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis kuTxiT adgenen religiis sakonstitucio standartebs, Tumca gamonaklisebic arsebobs, rac konkretuli saxelmwifos socialuri da politikuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli466.

3.3.2.2.2.1.2. sakanonmdeblo done saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromloba, aseve, maTi ur-

TierTobebis sxvadasxva aspeqti xSirad kanonmdeblobiT gan-isazRvreba. msgavsi normatiuli mowesrigeba sakonstitucio debulebebis an konkordatiT gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifo valdebulebis implementaciis mizniT iqmneba. kanonmdeblobiT gan-isazRvreba eklesiis samarTlebrivi statusi, sakorporaciosa-marTlebrivi, sagadasaxado, SromissamarTlebrivi, kulturuli memkvidreobis, ZeglTa dacvis, sagareo warmomadgenlobis uzrun-velyofis sakiTxebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi Sida struqturis, saeklesio marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mxriv eklesias sruli Tavisu-fleba aqvs miniWebuli. misi miznebi da principebi saeklesio sa-marTliT ganisazRvreba, xolo misi praqtikuli saqmianoba, ka-

460 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13 461 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Section II. 462 Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947, Art.7, Art.8. 463 Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1978, sec.16(3) 464 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10. 465 ix., saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-9 muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi. 466 mag., kviprosSi ar arsebobs saxelmwifo eklesia da marTalia, mosaxleobis um-ravlesoba marTlmadidebelia, magram muslimebic seriozul jgufs Seadgenen, ami-tomac konstituciis donezea gansazRvruli am ori religiuri mimdinareobis war-momadgenelTa uflebebi. ix., emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaq-torobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 271; Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus,

1960, Art. 23(9)(10), Art.87, Art.110.

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nonikurTan erTad, saerosamarTlebriv mowesrigebasTan unda iyos SesabamisobaSi467.

saxelmwifoTa nawilSi saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi specialuri kanonmdeblobiT wesrigdeba. mag., religiuri organizaciebi SvedeTSi mowesrigebulia `kon-fesiebisa~ da `SvedeTis eklesiis~ aqtebiT, 468 Tumca am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo SvedeTis eklesiis Sida mowyobasa da saqmi-anobasac gansazRvravs. msgavsi mdgomareoba saxelmwifo eklesiis modelis qveynebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT, tradiciul evropul sax-elmwifoebSi (mag., inglisi, Sotlandia, dania da sxv.), tipuria. religiasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo politika ukrainaSi `sindisis Tavisuflebisa da religiuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ specialuri ka-noniTaa gansazRvruli. 469 wminda saydris garda, yvela religiuri gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi statusi italiaSi ganisazRvreba 1929 wlis 24 ivnisis #1159 kanonisa da asociaciebis Sesaxeb kanon-mdeblobis Sesabamisad. 470 specialuri kanonebi moqmedebs avstriaSi, safrangeTSi, norvegiaSi, espaneTSi da a.S.

3.3.2.2.2.2. saxelSekrulebo modeli saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobaTa saxelSekrulebo

formiT gansazRvra miRebuli praqtikaa da msgavsi meqanizmi, sakanon-mdeblo mowesrigebasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT myarad miiCneva, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba izRudeba sax-elSekrulebo valdebulebiT da mas calmxrivad ver gaauqmebs. 471 swored esaa imis mizezi, rom avstriasa da wminda saydars Soris dRemde moqmedebs avstriis mier dadebuli konkordati. marTalia, 1950-ian wlebSi kanclerma mimarTa romis pap pius XII konkordatis gauqmebis TxovniT, magram papisgan uari miiRo, ris gamoc xelSekruleba dRemde ZalaSia, Tumca masSi Semdgomi SeTanxmebiT garkveuli cvlilebebi ganxorcielda472.

467 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 13. 468 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 622. 469 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special

References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 480. 470 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247. 471 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 11. 472 avstriis saxelmwifosa da wminda saydars Soris urTierToba 1933 wlis konkordatiTa da 1996 wlis CaTvliT ramdenime damatebiTi oqmisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelzea mowesrigebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi,

77

germaniaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobebi feder-alur da federaciis subieqtebis doneze gaformebuli konkordatiTa da SeTanxmebebiT wesrigdeba. 473 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris TanamSromloba, xelSekrulebebis dadeba da dafinanseba ZiriTadad federaciis subieqtebis donezea mowesrigebuli, federalur miwebs sruli Tavisufleba aqvT, TavianTi urTierToba ama Tu im religiur organizaciasTan samarTlebrivad gaaformon, rasac aqtiurad iyeneben kidec praqtikaSi474.

saxelSekrulebo modelSi ori mTavari samarTlebrivi meqanizmi gamoirCeva. upirveles yovlisa, es aris wminda saydris mier kargad aprobirebuli konkordati (konstituciuri SeTanxmeba), romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamocdili da gamoyenebadi saSualebaa da sxva qristianulma eklesiebmac gadaiRes. konkordatis garda, Sesa-Zlebelia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromloba gan-isazRvrebodes Cveulebrivi xelSekrulebebiT, memorandumebiT, SeTanxmebebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad urTierTobaTa konkretul sfer-os exeba.

3.3.2.2.2.2.1. konkordati konkordati, Tavisi arsiT, SeTanxmebaa, romelic religiur sa-

kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ideba da igi ZiriTadad wminda saydarTan asocirdeba, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifosTan ur-TierTobebisTvis msgavs samarTlebriv meqanizms gamoiyenebda. zoga-dad, konkordati ormxrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelsac saxelmwifo da wminda saydari deben da romelic qveyanaSi romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis statuss, mis safinanso, religiur, sakuTrebasTan da religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs awesrigebs 475 . misi Sinaarsi mravalferovania, maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia religiis Tavisuflebis gansxvavebuli gageba iyos SeTavazebuli, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis romelime gavrcelebuli modelis damkvidrebis gareSec476.

Tavdapirveli konkordatebi sasuliero da saero xelisuflebaTa Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureboda, Tum-ca SemdgomSi maT romis papebis saero ZalauflebiT aRWurvac gaiT-

wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaq-torobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 455. 473 Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany, “The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 907. 474 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 91. 475 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011,

844. 476 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats

(1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40.

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valiswines.477 eklesiis mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis gamo xSirad iZa-beboda urTierToba evropaSi. 478 damoukidebeli religiuri gaer-Tianebebis arsebobam mmarTvelebs daanaxa, rom isini samarTlis upirobo wyaros ar warmoadgendnen. 479 eklesiasTan dapirispirebis mTavari mizezi ara sasuliero sakiTxebi, aramed batonobis stabi-lurobisa da simyaris survili iyo, romelic ukve mxolod saero xelisuflebaze aRar iyo damokidebuli. saero da sasuliero Zalau-flebis gamijvnisa da dabalansebis mcdeloba iyo inglisis mefe henri I da anselm kenterberiels Soris dadebuli 1107 wlis konkor-dati.480 1122 wels daido vormsis konkordati imperator hainrix V da pap kaliqstus II Soris. 481 Tumca vormsis konkordati maleve daarRvies hofenStaufenis dinastiis imperatorebma _ fridrix I bar-barosam da fridrix II482.

marTalia, sityva `konkordatiT~ xsenebuli SeTanxmebebi moixsenie-boda da Sua saukuneebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo, Tumca klasikuri konkordatis instituti, rogoradac igi Tanamedrove saeklesio samarTalsa da konstitucionalizmSi aRiqmeba, napoleonis saxels ukavSirdeba. 483 bonapartesa da romis eklesias Soris konkordati 1801 wels daido da man napoleons eklesiaze seriozuli politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina484.

arsebobda mosazreba, rom konkordati samarTlebrivad aranair Rirebulebas ar warmoadgenda, Tumca Tanamedrove samarTalSi aRi-arebulia, rom igi Tanabari statusis mqone mxareebis mier dadebul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa, vinaidan wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia. 485 ra Tqma unda, igive ar iTqmis im konkor-datebze, romlebsac saxelmwifoebi sxva qristianul eklesiebTan

477 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-

ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 893. 478 hainrix IV da grigol VII Soris imdenad rTuli damokidebuleba iyo, rom mas ramdenjerme omic ki mohyva, rac, sabolood saRvTo romis imperiasa da romis paps Soris 1122 wlis vormsis konkordatiT dasrulda. safrangeTis mefe francisk I da romis pap leo X Soris dadebuli boloniis konkordatiT mefem miiRo eparqiebSi Tanamdebobis pirebis pirdapir, kanonikuri wesebis gverdis avliT daniSvnis ufleba _ es yovelive eklesiis mimarT Suasaukuneobrivi saxelmwifo politikis Sedegi iyo. ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 31; spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 82; Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”, #8(1), 1966, 88-89. 479 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,

2012, 273. 480 Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 70. 481 iqve. 482 iqve. 483 gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqva-nia T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 45. 484 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 572. 485 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011,

844.

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deben. Tanamedrove konkordatebma Zalze gaafarToves religiuri Tavisuflebis cnebis farglebi, rac sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisa da zogadad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis sasar-gebloa. 486 Tumca XX saukuneSi konkordatebis roli sakmaod ora-zrovnad aRiqmeba diqtatorul reJimebTan vatikanis urTierTobis gamo487.

romis papsa da italias Soris daZabuloba da mudmivi konfliqti lateranis xelSekrulebiT dasrulda, romlis safuZvelzec italiam aRiara wminda saydari, misi suvereniteti da eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena samarTlebrivad gaaforma. 488 lateranis xelSekrulebamde arcerTi konkordatis Sinaarsi ase Sors ar wasula: italiam xelSekrulebiT ara marto wminda saydris suvereniteti scno, aramed kaTolicizmi mTel saxelmwifoSi erTaderT saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada. 489 1984 wels italiis saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris gaformda vila madamas xelSekruleba, romelmac sruliad gan-sxvavebuli mowesrigeba daadgina da lateranis xelSekrulebis prin-cipebi Secvala. 490 konkordatis cvlilebebTan erTad, ganqorwinebis SemoRebam da abortebis dakanonebam radikalurad Secvala wminda saydris poziciebi da mTlianad italiuri sazogadoeba.491 Tuki wmin-da saydarsa da italias Soris laterantis xelSekrulebis dadeba, italiis gaerTianebis periodidan moyolebuli, gafuWebuli ur-

486 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-

ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 894. 487 mag., wminda saydari kritikis qarcecxlSi gaexva hitlerTan dadebuli konkor-datis gamo, mas nacizmTan Semrigeblur damokidebulebaSi adanaSaulebdnen. amis pasuxad, vatikans xSirad moaqvs pap pius XII 1939 wlis enciklikuri werili, ro-melSic wminda saydari mosalodneli safrTxeebis Sesaxeb iuwyeba. da adamianTa rasebis erTianobis ideis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Teoriebs gmobs. amasTan, 1930-31 wlebSi romis eklesiis episkoposebi nacional-socialistur midgomebs Riad upir-spirdebodnen. wminda saydars konkordatebi gaformebuli aqvs frankosTan da sal-azarTanac, rac dRemde, nacistebTan urTierTobis faqtTan erTad, vatikanis mowinaaRmdegeTa erT-erTi mTavari argumentia. ix., Ramet S.P., Religion and Politics in Ger-

many since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic Churches, “Journal of Church and State”, #42, 2000, 119;

Encyclical “Summi Pontificatus” of His Holiness Pope Pius XII to Our Venerable Brethren: The Patriarchs,

Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See on

the Unity of Human Society, 20 October, 1939, Para.71; Gurian W., Hitler’s Undeclared War on the Catholic

Church, “Foreign Affairs”, #16, 1937-1938, 260. 488 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 243. xelSekrulebis Taobaze musolinisa da pius XI Soris mo-laparakebebi 1926 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo da TiTqmis or weliwad-naxevari gastana. O’brien A.C., Benito Mussolini, Catholic Youth, and the Origins of the Lateran Treaties, “Journal of Church

and State”, #23, 1981, 117. 489 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 578. 490 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246. 491 iqve, 244.

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TierTobebis aRdgenis pirveli mcdeloba iyos, vila madamas SeTanx-meba ukve Tanamedroveobis gamoZaxils warmoadgenda492.

wminda saydarsa da espaneTs Soris konkordati 1953 wels daido, Tumca imdenad cudi formiT, rom 1976 wels igi axali SeTanxmebiT Caanacvles, romliTac espaneTSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobis sruliad axali sistema Camoyalibda. 493 amas mohyva 1978 wlis demokratiuli konstituciis miReba da Sedegad, eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis `naklebad agresiuli sistema~ damkvidrda, Tumca kaTolicizmi dRemde espanuri TviTmyofadobis, kulturisa da sazogadoebis ganuyofel nawilad rCeba494. demokrati-uli procesebis Sedegad Tanamedrove espaneTi TanamSromlobs sxva qristianul eklesiebTanac (da aramarto) Sesabamisi SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze495.

romaul eklesiasTan TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi germani-aSi dRemde 1933 wlis konkordatiT ganisazRvreba, Tumca federaciis subieqtebs damatebiT wminda saydarTan da sxva qristianul eklesi-ebTan sxva xelSekrulebebic aqvT dadebuli. romis eklesiasa da germanias Soris konkordatebiTaa mowesrigebuli ara mxolod TanamSromloba, aramed episkoposebis daniSvna da mTeli rigi pro-ceduruli sakiTxebi. 496 1933 wlis konkordati, marTalia, nacional-socialistebis mmarTvelobis periodSi daido, Tumca misi realuri aRsruleba mxolod meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg daiwyo, radgan konkordatis dadebis Semdegac ki, SeTanxmebis arsebobis mi-uxedavad, nacistur germaniaSi miRebuli kanonebi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeboda wminda saydris oficialur poziciebs, maT Soris, qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, 497 romlebic pius XI enci-klikaSi iyo mocemuli498. vatikanis mier konkordatebis dadeba Tavda-pirvelad tradiciuli kaTolikuri qveynebiT daiwyo, Tumca Semdeg


Church and State”, #4, 1992,785. 493 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 167. 494 Morán G.M., The Spanish System of Church and State, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2,

1995, 537. 495 iqve, 538. ix., ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 168-169. 496 Reichskonkordat (gaformebuli germaniis raixTan) da Preußishes Konkordat (gaformebuli prusiis imperiasTan). ix., Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany, “The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 908. 497 Gurian W., Hitler’s Undeclared War on the Catholic Church, “Foreign Affairs”, #16, 1937-1938, 261. 498 gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba warmoSva `sterilizaciis Sesaxeb~ kanonma da germaniis mTavrobis damokidebulebam. wminda saydris pozicia ix., Encyclical “Casti

Connubi” of Pope Pius XI to the Venerable Brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and

Other Ordinaries Enjoying Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See on Christian Marriage, 31 Decem-

ber, 1930.

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gagrZelda postkomunisturi, aseve, araqristianuli sax-elmwifoebiT499.

3.3.2.2.2.2.2. SeTanxmebebi konkordatis garda, saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris TanamSrom-

loba xSirad Cveulebrivi SeTanxmebebiTa da memorandumebiTac formdeba. SeTanxmeba ufro moqnili da efeqturi samarTlebrivi meqanizmia, romelic, ZiriTadad, eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ukve arsebul konkordats efuZneba.500 Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli da sruliad SesaZlebelia SeTanxmebebi konkordatis ararsebobis pirobebSic gaformdes. msgavs samarTlebriv praqtikas Zalian bevri saxelmwifo mimarTavs.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba Tavisufalia eklesiasTan SeTanxmebis dadebis sakiTxSi, Tu specialuri kanonmdeblobiT sxva ram araa gan-sazRvruli. SesaZlebelia sakonstitucio doneze saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebdes, iTanamSromlos eklesiasTan. mag., italiis saxelmwifos sruli diskrecia aqvs, Tavad gadawyvitos, dadebs Tu ara raime saxis xelSekrulebas romelime religiur gaerTianebas-Tan.501 es, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi movlenaa, radgan saxelmwifos lavi-rebis saSualebas aZlevs socialuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, airCios, visTan gaaformos SeTanxmeba, Tumca, meore mxriv, Zalian didia religiur gaerTianebaTa diskriminaciis safrTxe.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom erT eklesiasTan dadebuli SeTanxmeba an Tundac, konkordati, ar zRudavs saxelmwifos, gaaformos SeTanx-mebebi sxva eklesiebTan Tu religiur gaerTianebebTan. mag., wlebis ganmavlobaSi espaneTis xelisuflebam sxvadasxva religiur gaer-TianebasTan sxvadasxva Sinaarsis xelSekruleba dado, Sesabamisad, Zalze bevri religiuri organizacia sxvadasxva privilegiiTa da SeRavaTiT sargeblobs502.

3.3.2.3. Sereuli (hibriduli) modeli Tanamedrove msoflioSi ukve arsebobs e.w. Sereuli sistemebi,

romlebic, marTalia, formalurad eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gam-ijvnis princips adgenen, Tumca faqtobrivi mdgomareoba sruliad

499 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats

(1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 39. 500 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-

ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 897. 501 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 248. 502 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 168-169.

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gansxvavebulia. 503 religiisa da saxelmwifos de facto urTierTobebi SesaZloa srulebiT ar Seesabamebodes religia-saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebis de jure mowesrigebas. 504 mag., irlandia sruli ur-TierTgamijvnis models warmoadgens da kaTolicizmis Taobaze debulebebi konstituciidan 1973 wels amoiRes, 505 Tumca romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena xelisuflebaze gacilebiT didia, vidre, mag,, saberZneTSi, sadac saxelmwifo eklesia arsebobs. 506 `Sveduri paradoqsis~ saxeliTaa cnobili SemTxveva, rodesac mosaxleobis didi nawili morwmune araa, Tumca dominanti eklesiis wevria507 da maT cxovrebaSi es ukanaskneli mniSvnelovnadaa integrirebuli. 508 miuxedavad msgavsi mdgomareobisa, SvedeTi erT-erTi yvelaze sekularuli saxelmwifoa da eklesia mis politikaze faqtobriv zegavlenas ver axdens. saxelmwifo politikiT, religiis adgili piradi cxovrebis sferoSi ganisazRvreba509.

Sereul models miekuTvnebian iseTi qveynebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, SeTanxmebebis donezec ki ara aqvT TanamSromloba eklesiasTan Tu religiur organizaciebTan. Sereuli sistemis warmomadgenelia ruseTi, sadac marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da xelisuflebas Soris Zalian `Txeli gammijnavi kedelia~, maTi qmedebebi xSirad erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba. 510 Tanamedrove rusuli eklesia faqtobrivi upiratesi eklesiis statusiTaa da dResdReobiT gacilebiT metad eqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da xelisuflebas, vidre adrindel epoqaSi, igi `putinis reJimisa~ da antidasavluri ganwyobis seriozul mxardaW-erad aRiqmeba.511 marTlmadidebeli qristianebi ganapirobeben ruseTis politikas kulturuli, religiuri, samoqalaqo da sxva mimar-

503 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009,

14. 504 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 88. 505 ix., Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, 1937, Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act of the Re-

public of Ireland, 1972. 506 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665. 507 1996 wlamde SvedeTi yoveli axaldabadebuli moqalaqe SvedeTis eklesiis wevri avtomaturad xdeboda. Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters -

The Paradoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search,

Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 78. 508 iqve, 77. 509 iqve, 76. 510 ix., Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of

Church and State”, #47, 2005, 558-559. 511 Blitt R.C., One New President, One New Patriarch, and a Generous Disregard for the Constitution: A Rec-

ipe for the Constinuing Decline of Secular Russia, “Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law”, Vol.43, 2010,

1340.

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TulebebiT, Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar SeiZleba erT-erT rigiT religiur organizaciad iqnes miCneuli512.

Sereuli modeli avtomaturad arademokratiuls ar gulisxmobs, Tumca sinamdvilisa da samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis araTanxvedra, maT Soris mniSvnelovani cdomilebiT, namdvilad arcerTi sax-elmwifosTvis araa sasurveli. Tuki qveyana tradiciuli demokratiis sistemis maxasiaTeblebiT araa aRWurvili, sxva religiuri organi-zaciebis mimarT erTi eklesiisaTvis aSkara de facto upiratesobebis miniWebis gziT faqtobrivad diskriminaciul garemos qmnis.

3.3.3. sekularizmis problemebi klasikur sekularul saxelmwifoebSi, romelTac eklesia-

saxelmwifos urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis mraval-wliani gamocdileba aqvT, religiisa da saxelmwifos distancireba arc iseTi martivia, rogorc es normatiuladaa dadgenili. sekular-izaciis paralelurad, Tanamedrove msoflio e.w. `desekularizaciis~ procesis mowmea, romelic aqtiurad mimdinareobs: religia axal sax-elmwifoTa konstituciebSi adgilebs poulobs.513 konstituciaTa did nawilSi moxseniebulia RmerTi, 514 maT nawilSi ki pirdapir xazgas-mulia RmerTis uzenaesobis Taobaze. 515 romaul-kaTolikuri eklesia ki yvelaze xSirad moxseniebuli eklesiaa msoflio konstitucieb-Si. 516 heberles ganmartebiT, konstitucia xalxis `kulturuli avto-portretia, misi kulturuli memkvidreobis sarke da misi imedebis safuZveli~ 517 . konstituciis msgavsi statusi imas mowmobs, rom mo-saxleobis ganwyoba maqsimalurad unda aisaxos ZiriTad kanonSi, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiis am doziT warmodgena konstituciaSi sekularizmis aSkara winaaRmdegobasa da faqtobriv-fiqtiuris dapirispirebas usvams xazs.

axali zelandiis umaRlesma sasamarTlom jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi mkafiod ganmarta, rom axal zelandiaSi saxelmwifo

512 Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of

Church and State”, #47, 2005, 560. 513 Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


57. 514 Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


37. 515 iqve, 38. 516 ix., Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom

of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,

2013, 41. 517 Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


59, ix. citireba: M. Kotzur and L. Michael (eds.), Peter Häberle, Vefassungsvergleichung in Europa- und

weltbürgerlicher Absicht: Späte Schriften (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2009), Vorwort at vii.

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eklesia ar arsebobs. 518 msgavsi praqtika damkvidrda mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi. sasamarTlos azriT, inglisisa da Sotlandiisgan gan-sxvavebiT, romelTac axali zelandia politikuri warsuliT mniS-vnelovnad hgavs, axal zelandiaSi erovnuli, saxelmwifo statusiT arcerTi religiuri gaerTianeba ar sargeblobs. 519 saxelmwifos sekularuli statusis miuxedavad, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dakavebis win sazeimo fics Zvel an axal aRTqmaze deben, ufro metic, 1854 wlidan (oficialurad damtkicda 1962 wlis dadgenilebiT) warmomadgenelTa palatis sesia `yovlisSemZle uf-lis~ mimarT palatis spikeris warmoTqmuli locviT iwyeba. 520 misi saxelmwifos meTauri _ elisabed II ki oficialurad iwodeba, rogorc `RmerTis wyalobiT axali zelandiisa da sxva samefoTa da teritoriebis dedofali, xelmZRvaneli Tanamegobrobisa da rwmenis damcveli~521.

aSS-is konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas xSirad religiisgan sruli distancirebis ideiT ganmartaven, rac mcdari mimarTulebaa, radgan konstituciis arcerTi debuleba ar adgens, rom `religiis Tavisufleba unda iyos religiisgan Tavisufleba~ 522 . bergeris Se-fasebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis poli-tika aSS-Si saxelmwifos Seqmnis dRidan moqmedebs, Tanamedrove an-gloamerikul samyaroSi religiis gavlena garkveul sferoebze ara-Tu Semcirda, aramed piriqiT _ mniSvnelovnad gaizarda kidec.523 aSS-is sami udidesi _ monobis, `mSrali kanonisa~ da samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobebi religiuri perspeqtiviTa da organizaciaTa aqtiuri religiuri SexedulebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 524 bevri amerikeli eyrdnoba biblias da iTvaliswinebs religiuri avtoritetebis Sexedulebebs moraluri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas525.

religiisadmi saxelisuflebo favoritizmi aSS-is Seqmnis da-sawyisSi sakmaod aqtualuri iyo, rac ramdenime StatSi dRes-dReobiTac SemorCa. 526 miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana liberaluri sekularizmis samSoblod miiCneva, Statebis mixedviT konkretuli religiuri mimdinareobebi gamorCeuli sazogadoebrivi statusiT sargebloben, rasac Statis mmarTvelTa mxridan aSkara, daufaravi

518 Carrigan v. Renwood, 1910, 30 N.Z.L.R. 244, 252. 519 Mabon v. Conference of the Methodist Church of New Zealand, 1998, 3 N.Z.L.R. 513,523. 520 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 106. 521 “...by the Grace of God Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of Common-

wealth, Defneder of the Faith.” Art. 2 of the Royal Titles Act of New Zealand, 1974. 522 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,

Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 177. 523 cxadaia g., religiisa da politikis urTierTobis axali formebi, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #1(34), 2010, 77. 524 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 123. 525 iqve, 153. 526 Hoff T., Religion’s Accommodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious

Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 62.

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proteqcionizmic Tan sdevs. 1954 wels kongresma erTgulebis fics (Pledge of Allegiance) daumata sityvebi `RmerTis winaSe~, romelic war-momadgenlobiTi sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebriv saq-meebSi RmerTis Semweobas usvams xazs. 527 1956 wels aSS-is ofi-cialuri devizi gaxda `RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust, romelic 1865 wlidan aSS-is monetebze gamoisaxeboda), rac maleve iqca ganxilvis sagnad, Tumca saolqo federalurma sasamarTloebma ar daadgines konstituciis pirveli muxliT uzrunvelyofili religiis Tavisu-flebis Selaxva528 da aRiniSna, rom devizis sityvebi ufro ceremoni-uli da patriotuli xasiaTisaa, Sesabamisad, konstituciuria. 529 sim-boluria 11 seqtembris teraqtis adgilze (Ground Zero Memorial) aRmar-Tuli jvari da sasamarTlo SenobaTa kedlebze gamosaxuli aTi mcneba.530 es yovelive sekularuli aSS-Tvis ubralo simbolika araa, miT umetes, mxolod saero datvirTvas ar atarebs.

marTalia, nebismieri prezidenti an prezidentobis kandidati maqsimalurad gaurbis eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis principze aq-tiur saubars da mas oficialurad aRiarebs, Tumca gavleniani ekle-siebi yovelTvis cdiloben favoriti kandidatis mxardaWeras. 531 par-adoqsia, magram faqtia, rom aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlo, romelic sekularizmis standarts adgens da am mimarTulebiT Tavad qmnis precedentul samarTals, marSalis droidan dRemde yoveldRiur sxdomebs iwyebs sityvebiT: `RmerTo, daifare SeerTebuli Statebi da Rirseuli sasamarTlo~532.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi religiisa da erovnulobis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna moxda, dRemde sakmaodaa margin-alizebuli sazogadoebebi, sadac oficialurad an faqtobrivad, konkretuli dominanti religia gadajaWvulia erovnul cnobierebas-Tan. 533 miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoebi sekularizmis princips aRiareben, saxelmwifosa da religias maqsimalurad mijnaven erTma-

527 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,

Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 180. 528 Hoff T., Religion’s Accomodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious Prac-

tices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 65. 529 ix., Aranow v. United States, 432 F.2d 242,243 (9th Cir. 1970); O’Hair v. Blumenthal, 588 F.2d 1144 (5th

Cir. 1979). 530 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in

the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012. 259. 531 mag., romis kaTolikuri eklesia da kenedis SemTxveva. Baker R.A., The Presidency and

the Roman Catholic Church, Journal of Church and State, Vol.2, No.2, 1960, 114. religiuri uflebebis aqtualizaciam da am mxriv, konservatiuli politikis gatarebam mniS-vnelovanwilad ganapirobes reiganisa da buSis prezidentebad arCeva. ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisu-fleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 271. 532 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,

Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 180. 533 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-

ra, 2009, 69.

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neTisgan, xSirad gauazreblad, sakonstitucio Tu zogadsamarTle-brivi Cveulebebis saxiT religia saxelmwifos gamgeblobas mi-kuTvnebul sferoSi mainc iWreba. religiisgan sruli abstrahireba da misi sajaro sivrcidan gandevna araTu liberaluri sekulariz-mis, aramed franguli Laïcité-s pirobebSic ki utopiur amocanad rCeba. qrislovis ganmartebiT, èklesiisa da saxelmwifos `gamijvna~ xe-lovnuri koncefciaa, romelic advilad ganxorcielebadi an logikurad miRwevadi araa~ 534 . sazogadoebis religiuri motivacia, ganwyoba da damokidebuleba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki mosaxleo-baSi dominanti religia moculobiTadaa warmodgenili, yovelTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki erTaderTi faqtori iqneba mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gad-awyvetisas. nebismier xelisuflebas mouwevs, angariSi gauwios domi-nanti religiuri umravlesobis azrs, rac eklesia-saxelmwifos gam-ijvnis samarTlebriv meqanizmSi seriozuli disonansis gamomwvevia.

III. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi 1.1. I-V saukuneebi aRmosavleT evropaSi marTlmadidebloba kulturis Camoyalibebis

TiTqmis erTaderTi faqtori iyo. 535 amitomac gasakviri arcaa, rom marTmadideblobam mravalsaukunovani qarTuli kulturisa da erov-nuli identobis CamoyalibebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula. 536 bolo ori aTasi wlis manZilze arcerT sazogadoebriv instituts saqarTveloze imxela gavlena ar mouxdenia, rogorc eklesias, miT ufro, rom saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia instituciurad sakmaod Zlieri da organizebuli iyo. istoriuli wyaroebiT dasabuTebulia iberiasa da egrisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki am ukanasknelSi, qristianobis mociqulTa droidan gavrcelebis faqti. 537 biWvinTis episkoposi ni-keis I msoflio krebaSic ki monawileobda.538 saqarTvelo msoflioSi qronologiurad meore saxelmwifoa, romelmac qristianoba sax-elmwifo religiad gamoacxada.539 Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos marTlma-didebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba jer kidev iberiis, qarTlis samefos droidan arsebobs540.

534 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92, ix. citireba: Benson, ‘Notes Towards a (Re)Definition of the ‘Secular’ (2000) 33 UBCL Rev. 519. 535 Clendenin D.B., Eastern Orthodox Christianity, A Western Perspective, 2nd Ed., Grand Rapids, 2003, 20. 536 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 6. 537 ix., iqve, 108-127. 538 iqve, 188. 539 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 74. 540 iqve.

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zogadad, miRebulia, rom qarTlis samefoSi qristianoba sax-elmwifo religiad IV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gamocxadda, Tumca TariRis garSemo erTiani azri ar arsebobs. 541 qarTlis gaqristiane-bis zeda TariRad 337 welia miCneuli. 542 qarTuli eklesia ki,

eyrdnoba ra misTvis misaReb `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~ cnobebs, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis TariRad 326 wels aRiqvams. 543 rogorc janaSia aRniSnavs, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba qarTlSi ara mxolod saSinao politikur-socialuri faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, aramed sagareo, geo-politikuri kuTxiTac mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, gansakuTrebiT iran-bizantiis dapirispirebis fonze. 544 qarTlis mier qristianobis aRiareba, faqtobrivad, bizantiis mxaris arCevasa da iranis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas niSnavda. 545 qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebiT eklesia saxelmwifos organizaciuli meqanizmis umniSvnelovanes institutad gadaiqca. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris sruli urTierTgageba _ simfonia546 , sufevda, rasac, zogadad aRmosavleTis qristianTa dogmatikac amyarebda. sxvaTa msgavsad, qarTlis eklesiac qristian xelmwifes, rogorc saxelmwifos me-Taurs, gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT aRWuravda: mas, rogorc orgzis mironcxebuls, sakurTxevelSi Sesvlis uflebac ki hqonda. 547 mefis gansakuTrebuli statusis maniSnebelia is garemoebac, rom igi aq-tiurad ereoda eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi. jer kidev mirianis mefobi-dan episkoposebi irCevdnen eklesiis meTaurs, Tumca misi legitima-ciisTvis mefis mier damtkiceba, `dasma~ iyo aucilebeli548.

1.2. avtokefalia da gorgaslis saeklesio reforma qarTuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebisTvis

gardamtexi etapi V saukuneSi, vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis periodSi dadga. pirvelad qarTlis istoriaSi eklesia da samefo xelisu-fleba erTmaneTs seriozulad daupirispirdnen. 549 dapirispireba am

541 lomouri n., narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1975, 45. 542 iqve, 80. 543 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, me-2 gamoce-ma, Tbilisi, 2009, 17. 544 istoriul wyaroTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad, es movlena imperator konstantines zeobisas moxda, es ukanaskneli ki 337 wels gardaicvala. ix., lomouri n., narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1975, 84. 545 iqve, 87. 546 Ferrari S., Proselytism and Human Rights, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by

J. Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 257. 547 papuaSvili n., wm. episkoposi gabrieli sarwmunoebisa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, anu: iwyoda Tu ara igi uars ekumenizmze?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(36), 2010, 30. 548 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZvelesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 255. 549 vaxtang gorgaslis sparseTSi yofnisas Wori gavrcelda, TiTqos man sarwmunoe-ba Seicvala, ramac mTavarepiskopos miqaelis mxridan mefis sawinaaRmdego

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ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis mop-ovebiTa da umaRles sasuliero ierarqTa cvlilebiT dasrulda. ra Tqma unda, dapirispirebis mizezebi gacilebiT Rrma da pragmatulia. gorgaslis mier samociqulo eklesiis mcxeTaSi Seqmna da misi an-tioqiis iurisdiqciidan gamoyofa, ramac sabolood mcxeTis saydars avtokefalia moutana, 550 upirveles yovlisa, politikuri nabiji iyo, naklebad ganpirobebuli religiur-dogmaturi mizezebiT.

saeklesio reformis Sedegad qarTlis sarwmunoebrivi cxovreba, savaraudod, radikalurad Secvala. 480-490-ian wlebSi vaxtang gor-gasalma imperator zenonsa da konstantinopolis patriarq akakis mimarTa, raTa mcxeTisaTvis kaTalikosi moevlinaT.551 gorgaslis ini-ciativiT, mcxeTis eklesiis episkoposTa ricxvi gaizarda. 552 mefem 14 axali, misdami loialurad ganwyobili mRvdelmTavari553 , maT Soris, kaTalikosi da qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia miiRo. 554 dagegmili da mizanmimarTuli kampaniis Sedegad, qarTlis eklesiam TviTmwyem-sobis pativi moipova, saxelmwifo kidev ufro dauaxlovda bizantias, eklesiaSi ki gadawyvetilebis mimReb mRvdelmTavrebad samefo xelisuflebis mier mowonebuli da misi interesebis gamtarebeli pirebi dainiSnen, amasTan es yvelaferi mefem ara uSualod Tavad, aramed konstantinopolis patriarqis saSualebiT ganaxorciela.

1.3. VI-XI saukuneebi 1.3.1. VI-X saukuneebi VI saukuneSi saero cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da

tendenciebi saeklesio cxovrebaSic aisaxa, kaTalikosobis pativi Zi-riTadad or dawinaurebul mcxeTelTa gvars hqonda da faqtobrivad, mwyemsmTavrobis memkvidreobiT gadasvlis mcdelobac iyo, Tumca

qmedebebi gamoiwvia. mTavarepiskoposma SeaCvena mefe, xolo roca es ukanaskneli mosananieblad da garemoebaTa gasamartad mivida, daCoqil monarqs mTavarepis-koposma saxeSi wixli uTavaza da mefes kbilebi Caumtvria. vaxtang gorgasalma miqaelis saqcieli mis winaaRmdeg gamoiyena da eklesiis reformirebis miseuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad gza gaexsna. man mowinaaRmdege mRvdelmTavari konstan-tinopols gagzavna gasasamarTleblad, amiT rogorc gaaTavisufla eklesiis me-Tauris adgili, ise misi momxre pirebi akurTxebina konstantinopolis patriarqs kaTalikosad da episkoposebad. ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 291, 307, 312, 315. 550 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday,

Routledge, 2012, 60. 551 iqve, 61. 552 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZvelesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 256. 553 miqaeli qalkedonistebis mTavari dasayrdeli da moTave iyo kavkasiaSi, Sesabami-sad, misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva mefisTvisac ki rTuli saqme iyo, amitomac, logikuria, rom vaxtangma mTavarepiskoposis momxre mRvdelmTavrebis mTlianad Secvla moindoma. ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 315. 554 iqve, 312

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praqtikaSi es ver ganxorcielda. 555 qveyanaSi arsebuli daZabuli vi-Tareba qarTlis samefoSi eklesiazec aisaxeboda, romelic sparselTa mxridan gamZafrebul devnas ganicdida. qristianobisa da qarTuli saxelmwifos urTierToba axal fazaSi bagrationTa samefo dinastiis aRzevebis Semdeg gadavida. axla ukve eklesia uSualod samefo xelisuflebis ideologiur safuZvlebs qmnida da bagrato-vanTa RvTiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas legitimacias aZlevda. 556 qristianoba saboloo damkvidrebis Sedegad qarTuli sa-marTlis safuZvladac iqca557.

rac Seexeba, dasavleT saqarTvelos, egrisi IX saukunemde kon-stantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda.558 masze didi iyo bizantiis gavlena, Tumca saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesis paralelurad, igi bizantiuri gavlenisgan TandaTan Tavisufldeba. saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde qarTul samefo-samTavroebs faqto-brivad qarTuli eklesia aerTianebda. 559 amitomac, logikuria, saqarTvelos srulad gaerTianebasa da axali, Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmnas qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianeba uZRoda win. antioqiisgan sruli gamoyofa da saSinao Tu sagareo urTierTobebSi sruli damoukideblobis mopoveba melqisedek I dros moxerxda, romelmac `kaTalikosTan~ erTad ukve `patriarqis~ titulic miiRo. 560 es qarTuli eklesiisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos diplomatiis gamarjveba iyo, romelic pirdapir saqarTvelo-bizantiis ur-TierTobebzec zemoqmedebda. tituli `kaTalikos-patriarqi~ saqarTvelos gaerTianebis aRmniSvnelic unda iyos: mcxeTis kaTali-kosi afxazeTis mwyemsmTavaric gaxda561.

X-XI saukuneebSi qarTul eklesias gansakuTrebiT maRali avtoriteti hqonda da saero saqmeebSic aqtiurad ereoda. 562 qarTul eklesias hyavda jari, hqonda droSa, qoneba, mkacri ierarqiuli struqtura. 563 saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde kaxeTis samTavros saer-Tod qorepiskoposebi marTavdnen, isini laSqris mTavarsardlebadac miiCneodnen. 564 mTis Temebis mmarTveli xevisberebi da dekanozebic

555 iqve, 274. 556 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 190-191. 557 iqve, 192. 558 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, me-2 gamo-cema, Tbilisi, 2009, 34. 559 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 170. 560 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday,

Routledge, 2012, 61. 561 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, meore gamo-cema, Tbilisi, 2009, 46. 562 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 120. 563 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21. 564 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 169.

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saeklesio pirebi iyvnen. 565 eklesiis gaZlierebis paralelurad, feodalebma miznad daisaxes mis instituciaSi integracia, radganac eklesiis saSualebiT gacilebiT stabiluri, gavleniani da rac mTa-varia, uzrunvelyofili statusi eqnebodaT. Sedegad, XI saukunis saero cxovreba eklesiaSi Zalze SeiWra, saxelmwifosac da eklesi-asac didi feodalebi ganagebdnen. 566 amas xels uwyobda bagrat IV, romelic aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxebSi, ufro metic, igi Tavad uwyobda xels simonias da episkoposTa Tanamdebobebs yidda, ris Sedegadac qarTuli eklesia mTlianad Tavad-aznaurTa garkveuli kategoriis gavlenis qveS moeqca567.

1.3.2. aToneli berebi da giorgi mTawmindlis saeklesio reforma saqarTvelos gaerTianebis paralelurad, farTovdeba qarTuli

eklesiis gavlenac. saxelmwifo kargad xvdeboda eklesiis, rogorc saxelmwifos damxmare institutis, socialur rols, Sesabamisad, maqsimalurad cdilobda, igi saerTaSoriso asparezzec gamoeyenebina. amis naTeli dadasturebaa aTonis mTaze iverTa samonastro kom-pleqsis daarseba, romelic saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, qarTul eklesias daqvemdebarebuli da imavdroulad, bizantiis imperiis gavlenis qveS mdebare teritoriaze arsebuli, mniSvnelovani religiur-kulturuli da politikuri aqtivobebis kera iyo.568 aTonis monastris daarsebiT daviT kurapalati dasavluri politikis mimar-Tulebis gaZlierebas isaxavda miznad, rac, TavisTavad, trapizonze sazRvao interessac gulisxmobda569.

aTonelma mamebma gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.570 isini Zalian aqtiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos, bizantiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis politikur cxovrebaSi. 571 saberZneTSi moyvawe qarTvelTa wyalobiT ara mxolod qarTuli saeklesio cxovreba ganviTarda da saeklesio wesebi daixvewa, aramed yovelive aman seri-ozuli daxmareba gauwia qarTuli saxelmwifos poziciebis gaZlierebas, erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da TviTmyofadobis winsvlas.572

565 iqve. 566 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 72. 567 ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 184. 568 Gabashvili M., Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval Centuries, in:

Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 91. 569 iqve, 92. 570 ix., badriZe S., saqarTvelos urTierTobebi bizantiasa da dasavleT evropasTan (X-XIII ss.), Tbilisi, 1984, 18. 571 Gabashvili M., Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval Centuries, in:

Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 92. 572 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 180.

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qarTuli eklesiis, maT Soris eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobis erT-erTi pirveli reformac aTonis mTas ukavSirdeba. aTonis mTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma giorgi mTawmindelma saqarTveloSi aRmoaCina qristianuli eklesia, romelic sruliad moSorebuli iyo im ideals, rasac qristianoba qadagebs. 573 man saeklesio reforma wamoiwyo da Seecada eklesia ukeTurebisgan gaew-mina, igi Riad mouwodebda sasuliero pirebs eklesiaTa Semkoba-gamSvenierebaze fuli daezogaT da gaWirvebulTaTvis miecaT, ro-melTac daxmareba gacilebiT metad sWirdebodaT. 574 mTawmindeli Seecada, qarTuli eklesia gaewminda saero elementebisgan, Seem-cirebina samefo xelisuflebis gavlena saeklesio sakiTxebze da eklesiisTvis, SeZlebisdagvarad, ufro demokratiuli mimarTuleba mieca. 575 saeklesio reformam da RonisZiebebma, romlebic man ganax-orciela, eklesiis institucionalizaciaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana, Tumca mis Zalisxmevas gansakuTrebuli efeqti ar mohyo-lia. 576 amis mizezi imdroindeli socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri yofa iyo, romelSic mniSvnelovani da Zireuli re-formebis gatareba faqtobrivad warmoudgenelic ki iyo577.

1.4. saeklesio reforma da aRmaSeneblis epoqa 1.4.1. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba daviT aRmaSeneblis gegmis gansaxorcieleblad, romlis saboloo

mizanic saqarTvelos gaerTianeba da Zlieri saxelmwifos Camoyal-ibeba iyo, mefis mowinaaRmdege pirebisgan eklesiis gawmenda da misi saimedo kadrebiT Canacvleba aucileblobas wamoadgenda. 578 marTa-lia, saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da Zlieri mefis Zalauflebas feodalebi ebrZodnen, Tumca eklesiasTan mimarTebiT maTi damokidebuleba sruliad loialuri iyo (mag., baRvaSebi).579 amitomac eklesia, garkveulwilad, antisaxelmwifoebriv ganwyobas amJRavnebda da feodalebs uWerda mxars. igi saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli subieqti iyo da marTalia, saxelmwifo cdilobda saeklesio saq-meebSi Carevas, Tumca es yovelTvis mniSvnelovani garTulebebiT sruldeboda.580 sasuliero sakiTxebi da saeklesio dogmatika yovel-

573 Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder,

in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 86. 574 ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 185. 575 ix., iqve, 186-187. 576 Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder,

in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 87. 577 iqve. 578 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 191. 579 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 169. 580 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 167.

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Tvis kaTalikosisa da saeklesio krebis eqskluzivs warmoadgenda da masSi Carevas vercerTi xelisufali bedavda581.

daviT IV saeklesio reformis gatareba ganizraxa. misi ganzraxva XI saukunis bagrat IV da giorgi mTawmindlis mcdelobis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo. 582 mefes formalurad ar SeeZlo eklesiis saqmiano-baSi Careva, sasuliero sakiTxebis gadawyveta. 583 amitomac XII sauku-nis dasawyisSi ruis-urbnisis teritoriaze saeklesio kreba moiwvia. aRniSnuli faqti eklesiaze mefis gavlenas mianiSnebs, Tumca aRmaSe-neblisTvis ubralod gavlena sakmarisi ar iyo, mas eklesiis sax-elmwifos samsaxurSi Cayeneba da damorCileba surda. 584 ruis-urbnisis krebis mizani ara sarwmunoebriv-aRmsareblobiTi sa-kiTxebis, aramed èklesiaTa da samRvdeloTa~ saqmeebis gadawyveta iyo. 585 marTalia, saeklesio krebam araerTi sasuliero sakiTxi gad-awyvita da moawesriga, Tumca, imavdroulad, swored krebis saxeliT mefem samefo taxtis siZlieris mowinaaRmdegeebi gaanadgura,586 ekle-sias ZirZveli da Zlevamosili feodalebi CamoaSora.587 javaxiSvilis azriT, saqarTvelos socialuri warmatebis erT-erTi sakvanZo ele-menti aRmaSeneblis mier saeklesio reformis gatareba da eklesiis uRirs pirTagan gawmenda iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo ara gvariT, aramed pirovnulad gamorCeuli adamianebis dawinaurebasa da saeklesio ier-arqiaSi daniSvnas588.

saeklesio krebis mier miRebuli aqti, romelic ruis-urbnisis Ze-glisweris saxeliTaa cnobili, saqarTvelos eklesiis uZvelesi sjuldebaa, romelic Tavisi epoqis udidesma qarTvelma moazrov-neebma Seadgines. 589 Zeglisweram daakanona da daadgina is, risi mcdelobac krebamde naxevari saukuniT adre giorgi mTawmindels hqonda.590 eklesiis reformirebam mefes moqmedebis Tavisufleba misca da gza gauxsna, analogiuri cvlilebebi sajaro xelisuflebis sistemaSic ganexorcielebina591.

eklesia ruis-urbnisis krebas ara eklesiis damorCilebis, aramed eklesia-saxelmwifos Soris mmarTvelobiTi kavSiris faqtad miiC-nevs. 592 sinamdvileSi, es ar yofila Semrigebluri an TanamSromlo-biTi aqti, krebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT aRmaSenebelma

581 iqve. 582 ix., iqve, 52. 583 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278. 584 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 66; metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 24. 585 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 117. 586 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 273. 587 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21. 588 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 206-207. 589 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 271. 590 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 208. 591 iqve, 209 592 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 149.

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saxelmwifo da eklesia ara mxolod daukavSira erTmaneTs, aramed eklesia saxelmwifos dauqvemdebara, 593 mRvdelmTavrebad sakuTari momxre pirebis gamwesebiT ki, taxtis mowinaaRmdege didgvarovnebs eklesiis mxridan arsebuli seriozuli materialuri Tu moraluri mxardaWera mouspo, ramac sabolood xelisuflebis gaZliereba ga-napiroba. daviT IV mcdelobis Sedegad saxelmwifo da Tavad mefis institutma gansxvavebul masStabebs miaRwia: xalxis TvalSi monarqia da samefo xelisufleba RviT kurTxeulad miiCneoda594.

1.4.2. mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis saxelo da eklesiis sax-

elmwifosTvis daqvemdebareba daviT aRmaSenebelma seriozuli dartyma miayena eklesiis avtono-

mias Wyondidlisa da mwignobarTuxucesis saxeloebis gaerTianebiT. mefis gadawyvetilebam saero xelisuflebas sasulieroze sruli hegemonia daumkvidra, miT umetes Wyondideli mRvdelmTavris iu-risdiqcia xSirad sxva eparqiasac moicavda, rac sasuliero ier-arqebze mefis srul batonobas ganapirobebda.595

mwignobarTuxucesi saxelos reformirebamdec monawileobda saeklesio saqmeebSi, Tumca mniSvnelovani gavleniT ar sargeblob-da. 596 igi saxelmwifo politikis mTavari aRmasrulebeli, sazoga-doebrivi keTildReobisa da saxelmwifos erTianobis uzrun-velyofaze zedamxedveli iyo.597 ivaraudeba, rom mwignobarTuxucesebi Wyondidlis saxelosTan SeerTebamdec saeklesio pirebi iyvnen. 598 mwignobarTuxucesisa da Wyondidlis saxeloebis gaerTianebis Semdeg, mas rogorc saero, ise saeklesio saqmeebze miuwvdeboda xeli, saxelmwifosa da eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebze uzarmazari gavlena hqonda da faqtobrivad, mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirad miiCneoda. 599 Wyondideli ukve ara mxolod eklesiis Tanamdebobis piri, aramed saxelmwifo moRvawe da mefis `vaziri~ iyo600 da mas erTdroulad ramdenime eparqiac emorCileboda601.

593 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 282. 594 avaliSvili z., jvarosanTa droidan, Tbilisi, 1989, 27. 595 ix., Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the

Builder, in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 88. 596 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 66. 597 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 129. 598 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 101. 599 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 67. 600 mesxia S., Zlevaჲ sakvirveli, Tbilisi, 1972, 33. 601 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 113.

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`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, Wyondideli `mama ars mefisa~.602 igi `qristes sworad~ moixsenieboda.603. miuxedavad vazirTa Soris upirvelesis maRali statusisa da uflebamosilebebisa, mTeli misi Zalaufleba mefisgan iyo delegirebuli. 604 mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels farTo uflebamosilebebi hqonda da igi samxedro, safinanso, administraciuli da saeklesio sferoebs moicavda. 605 mas, rogorc mefis Semdeg upirveless, ara romelime konkretuli, aramed yvela dargi erTad ebara. 606 mis gareSe arcerTi mniSvnelovani sa-kiTxi ar wydeboda.607 uSualod mwignobarTuxucesis gamgeblobis qveS iyvnen samefo monastrebi, romlebic kaTalikosis zogad iu-risdiqcias ar emorCilebodnen. 608 igi saTaveSi edga saajo kars, 609 romelic, javaxiSvilis azriT, umaRlesi sasamarTlos funqciebs asrulebda610.

axalma saxelom mefis molodini srulad gaamarTla. 611 mwigno-barTuxuces-Wyondidlis Tanamdeboba Zlieri saqarTvelos arsebobis periods emTxveva, roca samefo xelisuflebas eklesiasa da sazoga-doebaSi saxelmwifos erTianobisTvis Zlieri dasayrdeni sWirdeboda. 612 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis gadaxedvam da saeklesio reformam mniSvnelovanilad ganapiroba daviT IV politikis warmateba. swored gamarTuli ideologiuri safuZvlisa da udidesi gavlenis mqone socialuri institutis mentaluri mxardaWeris gamo saxelmwifos aRmaSenebliseulma gageba da koncefcia monRolTa batonobamde moqmedebda613.

1.5. XII-XVII saukuneebi 1.5.1. XII-XIV saukuneebi feodalur saqarTveloSi eklesia ara mxolod Zlieri sazoga-

doebrivi instituti, aramed mniSvnelovani politikuri, finansuri da ideologiuri meqanizmi iyo. 614 mas swiravdnen qonebas, udgendnen

602 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 59. 603 Tumca mefis aRmatebis xazgasasmelad, am ukanasknels `RvTisswors~ uwodebdnen ix., anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 112-113. 604 iqve, 116. 605 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 200-201. 606 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 246. 607 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 24. 608 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 117. 609 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 164. 610 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.I, tfilisi, 1929, 24 611 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 247. 612 iqve, 57. 613 avaliSvili z., jvarosanTa droidan, Tbilisi, 1989, 27. 614 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 49.

95

sagadasaxado da sxvagvar saxelmwifo SeRavaTebs. 615 eklesias, rogorc safeodalos, sakuTari ymebis gasamarTlebis uflebac hqon-da. 616 mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlebi mniSvnelovan Zalauflebas flobdnen giorgi III da Tamaris mefobis xanaSic. 617 am periodis eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebisa da eklesiis saero aqtiurobis magaliTad erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtis moxmoba SeiZleba: XII saukunis bolos miqael kaTalikoss ekava mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis Tanamdeboba618.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi gamorCeulia monRolTa batonobis periodi. miuxedavad imisa, rom xalxsa da qveyanas mZime begara hqondaT monRolTa sasargeblod gadasaxdeli, qarTuli ekle-sia sakmaod karg pirobebSi agrZelebda arsebobas. monRolTa poli-tikiT, eklesia da nebismieri sxva religiuri gaerTianeba mniSvnelo-vani SeRavaTiT sargeblobda, igi Tavisufldeboda yalanis moxdis-ganac.619 monRoluri SeRavaTebis paralelurad, eklesia saqarTvelos mTavrobisganac SeuvalobiT sargeblobda da sxva religiur organi-zaciebTan SedarebiT, upiratesi iyo620.

eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba daiwyo daviT VII mwigno-barTuxucesma basili ujarmel-Wyondidelma, romelmac miwis reforma ganaxorciela. reforma gaWirvebulTaTvis im miwebis darigebas isaxavda miznad, romlebic eklesias saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi wina mefeebisgan hqonda naboZebi. 621 ujarmel-Wyondidlis gadawyvetilebam eklesiis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da mas mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba gauwia, xolo rodesac Cveulebrivma winaaRmdegobam ar gaWra, ukanasknel gzas mimarTa da qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi umaRlesi ierarqi SeaCvena. 622 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris dapirispireba iqamde mivida, rom kaTalikos-patriarqma 1263 wels saeklesio kreba moiwvia, romelmac mefes ultimatumi wauyena: Tuki saeklesio miwebis CamorTmeva ar SeCerdeboda, yvela eklesia daiketeboda da saeklesio ritualebis aRsruleba SeCerdeboda. 623 rodesac ujarmel-Wyondidels samarTlebrivi gzebiTa da muqariT veraferi daakles,

615 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 60. 616 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21. 617 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 109. 618 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 168. miqael kaTalikosis mier damatebiTi saxelos `mitaceba~ mis poli-tikur interesebTan da moRvaweobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. ix., anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbi-lisi, 1983, 111. 619 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.III, Tbilisi, 2012, 99. 620 iqve. 621 iqve, 100. 622 Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio samarTliT, eklesiis mier dakrulvili saxelmwifos mxridanac unda dasjiliyo, Serisxuliyo, rac mis samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcrobasa da pativis ayras gulisxmobda. ix., iqve, 100-101. 623 iqve, 102.

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misma mowinaaRmdegeebma daviT VII ulus sisustiT isargebles da mwignobarTuxucess dedofalTan sqesobrivi kavSiris daswames, ris gamoc ganrisxebulma mefem vazirTuxucesi gausamarTleblad sik-vdiliT dasaja _ `brZana Zelsa damokideba~624.

monRolTa batonobis xanaSi, samcxe-saaTabagos avtonomiis piro-bebSi, mawyvereli episkoposi gansakuTrebul statusis matarebeli iyo da igi faqtobrivad, saero xelisuflebasac iTavsebda. 625 beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wignSi CamoTvlilia mis mier gadasawyvet sa-kiTxTa wre. 626 karstis azriT, samcxe-saaTabagoSi mawyvereli epis-koposi ara mxolod sasuliero, aramed saero Tanamdebobasac flob-da da aTabagTan erTad sasamarTlo funqciebs inawilebda.627

marTalia, monRolTa batonobis periodSi eklesia ekonomikuri da finansuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTulad funqcionirebda da mniSvnelo-van Zalauflebasac flobda, Tumca, socialur procesebze gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, misi avtoriteti sakmaod dakninda, sazogadoebriv procesebsa da saxelmwifoze igi ukve aqtiurad veRar zemoqmedeb-da. 628 demetre II TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebda eklesiis miTiTebebs, gansakuTrebiT uyuradRebod tovebda eklesiis gaRizianebas mraval-colianobis gamo629.

giorgi V mmarTvelobis xanaSi, monRolebisgan gaTavisuflebul saqarTveloSi eklesia absoluturi samefo xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS moeqca. `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, XIV saukuneSi mefe eklesiis meTauria da igi saeklesio ritualebSic gan-sakuTrebuli pativiT sargeblobs. 630 qristianoba saero xelisu-flebis centralizaciasa da mis mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofda, rasac saqarTvelos mTianeTSi klasikuri sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis momxreTa mxridan mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba xvde-boda631.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli eklesiis mowyoba da saeklesio samarTa-li ufro dasavleTis eklesiasa da Corpus Juris Canonici-s hgavda, vidre aRmosavlur, berZnuls an slavurs. 632 saeklesio samarTalma faqto-brivad saero samarTlis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi gansazRvra. 633 saeklesio samarTlis Zeglebi saqarTveloSi samarTlis wyaro iyo. mag., `didi sjuliskanoni~ saqarTveloSi uSualod moqmedebda, misi

624 iqve, 104. 625 ix., doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 116-117. 626 ix., vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 54-55. 627 iqve, 54. 628 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.III, Tbilisi, 2012, 133. 629 amis gamo kaTalikosi nikolozi Tanamdebobidan gadadga da Tavisive xeliT pa-triarqad mefis jvarismtvirTveli abraami akurTxa im imediT, rom mefesTan daaxloebuli piri iyo da misgan rCevebi demetres yuradeRo. ix., iqve. 630 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 54. 631 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 62. 632 iqve, 115. 633 iqve, 114.

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gamoyenebiT samoqalaqo, saojaxo, memkvidreobiTi da sisxlissa-marTlebrivi sakiTxebi wydeboda.634 vinaidan qristianoba saxelmwifo religiis statusiT sargeblobda, religiuri wesebi yvelasTvis savaldebulo iyo, Tumca, imavdroulad, saxelmwifo rjulSemwynare-blobis politikas atarebda, ramac aRmaSeneblis xanaSi im epoqisTvis saocar masStabebs miaRwia.

1.5.2. erTiani saqarTvelos daSla da qarTuli eklesia XV saukunis qarTuli eklesia, faqtobrivad, aRmosavleT evropis

ukiduresi qristianuli bastioni iyo, romelsac seriozuli avtoriteti da gavlena dasavleT evropaSic hqonda. am periodis kon-stantinopolis eklesiis eklesiarxi qarTlis kaTalikoss sruliad aRmosavleTis patriarqs uwodebs. 635 saqarTvelos eklesia ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebazec iyo warmodgenili da da papis pro-tonotariusis mier qarTuli eklesia diptiqSi me-5 adgilzea day-enebuli636.

1453 wels konstantinepolis dacemam aRmosavleTis qristianobis centralizacias wertili dausva, _ centris mospobam erovnuli eklesiebis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.637 bizantiis imperiis politikuri sivrcidan gaqrobis Semdeg adgilobrivma samefoebma da imperiebma aqtiurad daiwyes bibliis mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba, rac sazoga-doebis damoukideblobasa da qristianobis nacionalizacias, eklesi-is erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi saqmis samsaxurSi Cadgomas iwvevda. 638 aRniSnuli etapi qarTul eklesias gacilebiT adre, TiTqmis 10 saukunis win hqonda gavlili da bizantiuri eklesiis gavlenisgan srulad Tavisufali iyo, Tumca hqonda sxva, bevrad seriozuli problema, radgan saqarTvelos erTiani samefo, sadac marTlma-didebeli eklesia srulad iyo integrirebuli da saxelmwifo apara-tis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda, iSleboda. XV saukuneSi er-Tiani saqarTvelos samefos daSlis procesSi samcxis aTabagebi mawyvereli da sxva samcxeli episkoposebis gadabirebas cdilobdnen, rasac kaTalikos-patriarq daviTis swrafma reaqciam SeuSala xeli: saqarTvelos erTianobis mowinaaRmdege da urCi episkoposebi SeaCvena ise, rom ùjuaro da Seundobelni iyunes safarisa Tavzeda~. 639 qarTuli eklesia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis SesanarCuneblad ibrZoda da samcxis yvela mRvdelmTavari da sasuliero piri kaTal-

634 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 22. 635 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.2, VI-XI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 314. 636 iqve, 315. 637 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-

ra, 2009, 23. 638 iqve. 639 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.IV, Tbilisi, 2012, 44.

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ikosisa da saqarTvelos mefis morCilebaze savaldebulo wesiT 640 daafica.641 sabolood, aRniSnuli meqanizmi grZelvadiani moqmedebisa ar aRmoCnda, mzeWabuk aTabagma antioqiis patriarq dosiTeoss saeklesio kanonebis sruli darRveviT mawyvereli episkoposi mTeli samcxis eklesiebis ufrosad gamoacxadebina, riTac faqtobrivad, samcxe qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcias CamoaSora. 642 mesxeTis eklesiebisaTvis ukanono damoukideblobis miniWebiT mesxeTis mTa-varma saboloo damoukideblobas miaRwia, mefe konstantines mcdelobis miuxedavad, samcxe qarTlis samefos Camoscilda643.

imereTis mefe bagrat VI saero damoukideblobis mopovebis par-alelurad, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia erTian saqarTvelos Ca-moaSora da antioqiis patriarq mixeils, yovelgvari kanonikis darRveviT afxazTa kaTalikosad ioane akurTxebina, riTac ramdenime saukuniT daasamara erTiani qarTuli eklesiis idea, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da erTianobis erT-erTi winapiroba da ideologiuri sayrdeni iyo. 644 saqarTvelos daSlas qarTuli eklesiis dayofac mohyva, rac sruliad bunebrivia, radgan eklesia yovelTvis cdilobda erTianobis SenarCunebas, amitomac separatis-tulad ganwyobili mefe-mTavrebisTvis misi dasusteba upirvelesi am-ocana iyo. ramdenime eklesiis warmoqmnis Semdeg ki TiToeulma mTa-varma Tavisi samTavros eklesia daimorCila da saxelmwifo nebas srulad dauqvemdebara.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo da eklesia erTiani aRar iyo, es ukanaskneli kvlavac aqtiurad cdilobda, saxelmwifo funqciebi eTava da sadac xelisufleba problemebs ver wyvetda, Tavad Seesrulebina aqtiuri roli. sasuliero da saero problemebis gadasawyvetad XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi saeklesio kreba iqna mowveuli. 645 kreba qarTlis kaTalikos malaqiasa da afxazeTis kaTalikos evdemonis iniciativiT Sedga da man mniSvnelovani sa-marTlebrivi dokumenti miiRo, romelic `kaTalikozTa samarTlis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. 646 dokumenti saero da sasuliero cxovrebis problemur da aqtualur sakiTxebs awesrigebda. masSi kvlavac Senar-Cunebulia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis statusobrivi Tanasworobisa

640 javaxiSvilis SefasebiT, rogorc romis papebi iyenebdnen episkoposebis kandi-datebisTvis Juramentum Oboedientiae-s meqanizms, ise saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebs gamouyenebiaT morCilebis fici da `TavianTi sjuliskanonze da-myarebuli ufleba ficsa da xelSekrulebaze damyarebuli uflebiT gaumyarebiaT~. ix., iqve, 162-163. 641 iqve, 49. 642 iqve, 226. 643 iqve, 227. 644 iqve, 103. 645 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 217. 646 ix., iqve, 214-215.

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da eklesiis mniSvnelovan rolze xazgasmis tradicia. 647 marTalia, dokumenti saero sakiTxebsac awesrigebda, Tumca xelisufalTa sisustisa da mobilizebis arqonis gamo man mainc ufro sasuliero funqcia Seasrula, saero cxovrebaze ki mxolod sazogadoebrivi zegavleniT Semoifargla.

1.5.3. vaxtangis samarTali istoriulad, saqarTveloSi mefesa da kaTalikoss Soris Ta-

nasworuflebiani damokidebuleba iyo, maTi kompetenciuri sfero ki _ gamijnuli. 648 saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo politikis war-marTvaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi isini marTva-gamgeobis mniSvnelovan sa-kiTxebsac wyvetdnen. 649 kaTalikosi sasuliero wodebis sxva war-momadgenlebTan erTad mniSvnelovan avtonomias flobda, faqto-brivad, eklesia warmoadgenda `calke samefos saxelmwifoSi~. 650 vax-tangis samarTliT mefe da kaTalikosi Tanabari samarTlebrivi sta-tusiT sargeblobdnen. 651 igi kaTalikosis iurisdiqcias gankuTvnil sakiTxebs ansazRvravda 652.

romis samarTali qristianobis daTmobas danaSaulis kategoriad ganixilavda, 653 rac srulebiT araa gasakviri, radganac qristianul romSi eklesia da religia did rols asrulebda, SeiZleba iTqvas saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar dasayrdens warmoadgenda.654 analogiuri midgoma iyo saqarTveloSic, vaxtangis samarTalic qveynisa da rju-lis orgulobas erT kategoriaSi aqcevs.655 igi eklesiis mmarTvelo-

647 mag., `kaTalikozTa samarTali~ episkoposisa da qorepiskoposis saqmianobisTvis xelis SeSlas krZalavs da msgavs qmedebas mefis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul ur-Cobad da danaSaulad adgens. ix., iqve, 246. 648 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278. 649 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 138. 650 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278. 651 doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, 222-e muxli, Tbilisi, 1963, 932; `mefe da kaTalikozis saqme... orive swori aris, imi-tom rom erTi xorcis xelmwife aris da meore sulisa, kurTxeva da pativic RvTisgan da kacTaganac swore aqvsT.~ ix., xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iu-ridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278, ix. citireba: vaxtangis samarTali, muxli `ke~. 652 saeklesio sasamarTlosa da kaTalikosis (rogorc damoukideblad, ise sax-elmwifosTan erTad) gansaxilvel SemTxvevebs exeboda vaxtangis samarTlis 24-e, 61-e, 62-e, 64-e, 65-e, 66-e, 78-e, 79-e, 81-e, 82-e, 95-e, 96-e, 97-e, 155-e da 262-e muxlebi. ix., va-CeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 52. 653 ivaniZe m., religiisa da sisxlis samarTlis urTierTobis zogierTi istoriuli aspeqti, Jurn. `samarTali~, #2-3, 1998, 60, ix. citireba: Codex Teodosianes, Helnel,

8,8,5,819. 654 ix., iqve, 61. 655 doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, 222-e muxli, Tbilisi, 1963, 539.

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bis winaaRmdeg danaSauls saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul umarTlobas uTanabrebda656.

samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom iran-osmaleTis gamudmebulma Semotevebma da maTma kulturulma eqspansiam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina qarTul eklesiaze. es ukanaskneli Tavis istoriul wiaRs, evropul kulturasa da qristianobas mowyda, bizantiis dacemam ki ukasanaskneli damakavSirebeli sivrciTi zRvaric moSala. am da sxva praqtikul mizezTa gamo XVIII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis sasuliero pirTa ganaTlebis done imdenad dabali iyo, rom es mniS-vnelovnad aferxebda vaxtan VI mier wamowyebul reformebs, _ aman kidev ufro daaCqara TbilisSi stambis gaxsna. 657 Tbilisis stambaSi pirvelad swored saeklesio wignebi daibeWda, raTa rac SeiZleba male gaevrcelebinaT isini sasuliero pirebSi658.

1.5.4. XVIII saukune XVIII saukuneSi eklesiis reformirebas anton kaTalikosi See-

cada.659 24 wlis asakSi ukve patriarqad xeldasmuli antoni qarTlis bagrationTa memkvidre iyo, rac Teimuraz II SiSis safuZvels aZlevda, miT ufro qarTlis samefos taxtze misi susti uflebebis fonze. 660 swored amis gamo mefe maqsimalurad cdilobda antonis politikuri, saero da sasuliero cxovrebidan CamoSorebas. sabo-lood, mefis iniciativiT, qarTlis eklesiam `gakaTolikebis~ braldebiT, kaTalikosi gankveTa. saeklesio krebis ganaCenze Tei-muraz meorem ereklec daafica, Tumca mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem antoni ruseTidan daabruna da sapatriarqo taxtzec aRadgi-na. 661 mamisgan gansxvavebiT, erekle antons endoboda, igi misi Tana-moazre da megobari iyo, 662 romelic samefos reformirebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi didad waadgeboda.

anton I erekle II vaxtangiseuli stamba aRadgenina, romelic am ukanasknelis emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdeg ar muSaobda, aseve, kaTali-kosis mxardaWeriT TbilisSi filosofiuri seminaria Seiqmna. 663 kaTalikosi aqtiurad monawileobda politikur movlenebSic, igi georgievskis traqtatis dadebis erT-erTi iniciatori iyo664.

656 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 31. 657 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 291. 658 iqve, 292. 659 qiqoZe g., erekle meore, Tbilisi, 1958, 91. 660 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 135. 661 iqve, 140. 662 qiqoZe g., erekle meore, Tbilisi, 1958, 95. 663 iqve, 92. 664 iqve, 96.

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1.6. qarTuli eklesia rusuli aneqsiis periodSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg, 1802 wlidan daiwyo

qarTlis kaTalikosis, anton II uflebebis Selaxva da ruseTis impe-riis warmomadgenlebis mier eklesiis sakiTxebSi aqtiuri Careva. 665 jer kidev georgievskis traqtatSi gamJRavnda ruseTis interesebi qarTul eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT, roca qarTlis kaTalikosi ruseTis sinodis rigiT wevrs gauTanabrda. 666 qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mTeli caristuli manqana CaerTo, radganac eklesia qarTuli identobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSani iyo, rac ruseTis saxelmwifo interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. 667 mizanmimarTuli da agresiuli kampaniis Sedegad 1811-1814 wlebSi mcxeTisa da afxazeTis sapatriarqoebi, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia gauqmda, es ukanaskneli ki ruseTis ùwmidesi sinodis~ rigiT saegzarqosod iqca668.

XIX saukuneSi ruseTis imperiis mecadineobiT ramdenime aseuli eklesia daixura da qarTuli istoriuli saepiskoposoebi gaauqmes.669 ruseTis imperiam qarTul eklesias qoneba CamoarTva da sasuliero pirebs saxazino jamagiri dauniSna. 670 qarTuli eklesia imperiisTvis mxolod Semosavlis wyarod ganixileboda. 671 eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebis Sedegad, 1818 wels ajanyda samegrelo da imereTi, ajanyeba TiTqmis 2 welze meti xani sxvadasxva intensivobiT mimdinareobda da igi ruseTis armiam sisxlSi CaaxSo672.

mTeli XIX saukune ruseTi qarTuli eklesiis materialur Tu ar-amaterialur sikeTes anadgurebda da Zarcvavda. 673 dampyrobluri da mavnebluri qmedebebis Sedegad udidesi ziani miadga qarTul kul-turasa da eklesias, rogorc instituts, Seirya da dakninda eklesia-

665 ix., tyeSelaSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014, 230-231. 666 iqve, 226. 667 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bo-lo _ XXI saukunis dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 16. 668 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 17. 669 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bo-lo _ XXI saukunis dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 17. 670 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 18. 671 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 190. 672 1820 wels gaenaTeli episkoposebis, eqvTimesa da dosiTeozis dapatimrebam mniS-vnelovani winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia: imave wlis 21 maiss gelaTis monasters daqvemdebarebuli ajanyebuli sofel futieTSi saimperio jarebma ori aTasi qarTveli daxoces. ix., iqve, 191-192. 673 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 184; tyeSelaSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sa-kiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014, 249.

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saxelmwifos urTierTobebis qarTuli gageba, ris gamoc eklesiam avtoriteti da sazogadoebaze gavlena TiTqmis dakarga.

1.7. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika qarTvel avtokefalistTa gamosvlebi TviTmwyemsobis gauqmebis

dRidanve daiwyo, Tumca gansakuTebul intensivobas XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi miaRwia. 674 avtokefalistebis azriT, qarTul eklesias avtokefalia ar daukargavs, radgan es de ju-

re ar ganxorcielebula, ubralod mas avtokefaliis faqtobrivi aRsrulebis SesaZlebloba SeezRuda. 675 ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg es procesi kidev ufro gaaqtiurda, radganac qarTuli eklesiisTvis TviTmwyemsobis aRdgena saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-blobisTvis aucilebel RonisZiebad iyo miCneuli. 676 Sedegad, 1917 wlis 12(25) marts saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam avtoke-falia aRidgina, rac sasuliero da saero pirebis erToblivi mecadineobiT moxerxda677.

patriarqma kirionma oficialurad gaacxada eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis axali mimarTuleba, eklesiam qarTuli sax-elmwifoebriobis xelmSewyobisa da daxmarebis funqcia itvirTa. 678 sasuliero pirebi monawileobdnen 1918 wlis 26 maiss gamarTul sxdomaSi,679 aseve, damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevasa da sxva mniSvnelo-van saero RonisZiebebSi. 680 damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan or dReSi, 28 maiss sakaTalikoso sabWom damoukideblobis dRe `sazeimo movlenad~ gamoacxada 681 da SemuSavda `damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

674 ix., tyeSelaSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014, 250-302. 675 iqve, 225. 676 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbili-si, 2000, 145. 677 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 7. 678 `ganmtkiceba axlad aRdgenili eklesiisa mis istoriul uflebebSi _ ai, pirveli sazrunavi. dRes valad aZevs eklesias emsaxuros imave ideas da medgrad gaaxsenos kacobriobas saxeli qarTveli erisa. man xeli unda Seuwyos Cvens ganmtkiceba gaerTianebas, raTa kacobriobis ferxulSi Cvenc vpovoT Sesafari da damsaxurebuli adgili. ai, meore sazrunavi Cveni.~ ix., Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #1, 1987, 10. 679 vardosaniZe s., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2001, 30. 680 `saqarTvelos respublikisaTvis didmniSvnelovania es dRe, rogorc dRe dam-fuZnebeli krebis mowvevis da am gziT Cveni Tavisuflebis gamagrebisa da ka-nonierebis gzaze dadgomisa. didi bednierebaa, udidesi monapovaria xalxis keTil-dReobisTvis.~ ix., cxum-afxazeTis mitropolit ambrosis sityva damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT (1920 28/02), sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi 1917-1927 ww.Si, werilebi, Tbilisi, 2010, 34. 681 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbili-si, 2000, 146.

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saxelmwifos mimarT morwmune moqalaqeTa ficis furceli~, romelic mTeli samRvdeloebisaTvis savaldebulo iyo682.

eklesiis mxridan saxelmwifosadmi mxardaWerasa da loialobas xelisuflebis mxridan sruliad sapirispiro ganwyoba xvdeboda. so-cial-demokratiuli mTavroba ara mxolod ar endoboda eklesias, aramed yvela formiT cdilobda Seeviwroebina nebismieri religia. aman, saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas seriozuli dartyma miayena da upirveles yovlisa, Tavad saxelmwifo daazarala. 683 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba arafrad agdebda eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis klasikur qarTul sistemas, misTvis uintereso iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis momavali, am ukanasknelis problemebi ki saerTod ugulebelyofili iyo.684 saqarTvelos mTavrobis religiuri politi-kis Sedegad daixura saswavleblebi, usaxsrod darCa aTasobiT ada-miani685 . eklesias CamoerTva qoneba, miwebi da saeklesio saganZuri686 , sasuliero saswavleblebi ganaTlebis saministros gadaeca 687 , gau-qmda saRvTo sjulis swavleba 688 , eklesias CamoerTva samoqalaqo registraciis ufleba689, saeklesio dResaswaulebis xarjze Semcirda uqme dReebi 690 da a.S. saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi da arc malavda Tavis interess, misTvis mniSvnelovan sa-kiTxebze eklesiis saxeliTac Tavad mieRo gadawyvetileba. 691 saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1920 wlis seqtember-noemberSi SeimuSava eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis kanonproeqti, 692 marTalia, misi

682 ix., iqve, 147-148. 683 ix., iqve, 165. 684 kakabaZe s., qarTveli xalxis istoria, Tbilisi, 1997, 249. 685 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbili-si, 2000, 180. 686 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010, 593. 687 ix., saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 13 seqtembris kanoni `samaswavleblo institutis da seminariebis gaerovnebisa~; mi-tropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010, 593. 688 ix., saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 26 noembris kanoni `saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gauqmebisa~, pirveli punqti. 689 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010, 593. 690 ix., saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos respublikis 1919 wlis 17 ivnisis kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~. 691 `magaliTad, Sinagan saqmeTa komisaris brZanebulebis safuZvelze, afxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis mmarTvelad SerCeul iqna xelisuflebisaTvis sasur-veli kandidatura da ara qarTuli eklesiis mier daniSnuli sasuliero piri.~ ix., pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000, 171. 692 iqve, 171.

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miReba ver moeswro, Tumca kanonis ZiriTadi principebi 1921 wlis konstituciaSi aisaxa693.

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis Sesaxeb Tavi sakonstitucio komisiam jer kidev 1919 wlis 24 Tebervals ganixila.694 komisias saxelmwifosa da eklesiis Sesaxeb ori proeqti warudgines giorgi naneiSvilma da raJden arseniZem, Tumca sabolood mainc naneiSvilis proeqti gavi-da.695 saqarTvelos pirvelma konstituciam franguli laïcité-s modeli airCia da religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebi calke TaviT moawesriga. 696 konstituciam urTierTCaurevlobisa da damoukide-blobis principi daadgina697, yvela religias Tanabari statusi mieni-Wa 698 , aikrZala religiis dafinanseba mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze699.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gauazrebel-ma sekularulma politikam qarTul eklesiasa da sxva religiur or-ganizaciebs gamousworebeli dartyma miayena. sabWoTa aneqsiis Semdeg okupaciur Zalebs faqtobrivad miwasTan gasworebuli religiuri garemo daxvdaT, romelTanac ukve ara samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri, aramed ideologiuri brZola da xorcieli ganadgurebaRa iyo saWiro.

1.8. qarTuli eklesia da sabWoTa kavSiri saxelmwifoSi Zalauflebis mqone jgufis religiuri mrwamsi

zogjer mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiuri Sexedulebebisgan gansxvavdeba. 700 es yovelive arsad iseTi doziT ar gacxadebula, rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac mmarTveli partia da partiuli elita antieklesiis models aviTarebdnen, idevneboda nebismieri religia. sabWoTa kavSiris gavleniT, aRmosavleT evropaSi eklesieb-ma totalitaruli reJimebisgan mZime represiebi gadaitanes701.

stalinuri konstituciebi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis Sesaxeb formalur debulebebs moicavda, Tumca saxelmwifo politi-

693 gegenava d., eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi (1917-1921) da saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia, wignSi: saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da 1921 wlis konstitucia, d. gegenavasa da p. javaxiS-vilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 179-189. 694 macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba, qarTuli konstitucionalizmis saTaveebTan – saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi, baTumi, 2011, 21. 695 macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia: SemuSaveba da miReba, Tbili-si, 2008, 78. 696 ix., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciis XVI Tavi. 697 iqve, 142-e muxli. 698 iqve, 143-e muxli. 699 iqve, 144-e muxli. 700 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 166. 701 Gautier M.L., Church Elites and the Restoration of Civil Society in the Communist Societies of Central

Europe, “Journal of Church and State”, Vol.40, No.2, 1998, 293.

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ka demokratiuli sekularizmisgan Sors idga. 702 marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da nebismier religiur gaerTianebas sabWoTa kavSirSi ekr-Zaleboda sakuTrebis qona da isini iuridiuli piris statusiT ar sargeblobdnen. 703 komunistebis periodSi eklesia idevneboda da es yovelive ara mxolod faqtobrivad, aramed formalurad iyo da-sabuTebuli da sabWouri samarTlis safuZvelze, samarTlebrivi aq-tebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda704.

sabWouri okupaciis xana eklesiis SeviwroebiT, taZrebisa da sasuliero pirTa ganadgurebiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca 40-iani wlebis bolodan eklesiis mimarT aqtiurma agresiulma politikam mniSvne-lovnad icvala saxe da gacilebiT Semwynarebluri gaxda, ra Tqma unda, sabWouri standartiT. marTlmadideblobam SeZlo rogorc dampyroblebTan, ise avtoritarul da totalitarul reJimebTan Ta-naarseboba. 705 am periodSi erTaderTi dadebiTad dasamaxsovrebeli faqti qarTuli eklesiisTvis is iyo, rom meoce saukunis 40-ian wlebSi aRdgenilma ruseTi sapatriarqom scno saqarTvelos samo-ciqulo eklesiis avtokefalia, xolo 1990 wels msoflio patriarqma da konstantinopolis wmida sinodma aRiares qarTuli eklesiis uZ-velesi statusi da avtokefalia706.

1.9. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgomi periodi eklesia xSirad yofila politikuri bataliebisa Tu mniSvnelovani

saxelmwifoebrivi gardaqmnebis monawile. mag., 1990-ian wlebSi xorvatiis saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis paralelurad, mniSvnelovani gardaqmnebi moxda xorvatiis eklesiaSic.707 msgavsi procesebi daiwyo posttotalitarul saqarTveloSic. saxelmwifom 1990-iani wlebis da-sawyisSi gaauqma qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis ucxo dResaswaulebi da aRadgina istoriuli da sauflo dResaswaulebi. 708 liberalizacia ganicada 1978 wlis sabWoTa konstituciam, romliTac damoukide-

702 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 70. 703 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 8, ix. citireba: dekreti 21 saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetisa `saxelmwifosagan eklesiisa da eklesiisagan skolis gamoyofis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), Semdgeneli gr. ermakovi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1983 w., gv. 31-33. 704 iqve, 16. 705 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 349. 706 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday,

Routledge, 2012, 61. 707 Bartulin N., The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia (Origins and Theory), Leiden-Boston,

2014, 215. 708 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 12.

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blobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi imarTeboda qveyana. 709 1995 wlis konstituciam ki religiis Tavisufleba da religia-saxelmwifos gam-ijvnis Tanamedrove principi aRiara, 710 romelic SemdegSi TanamSromlobis sekularul modelad Camoyalibda.

zogadad, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba xSirad problemu-ria.711 amas uamravi faqtori ganapirobebs. upirveles yovlisa, es aris marTlmadideblobis dogmatika saxelmwifosTan Semguebluri poli-tikis Taobaze, aseve, aRsaniSnavia, am saxelmwifoTa sabWour-socialisturi gamocdileba, gardamavali periodi, romelSic maTi sazogadoebebi imyofebian da a.S. msgavsi problemebi saqarTve-losTvisac damaxasiaTebelia.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis nawili erovnul identobas pirdapir daukavSirda da erovnuli cnobierebis ganuyofel nawilad Camoyal-ibda. 712 marTlmadideblobam gansakuTrebuli statusi itvirTa saqarTveloSi, igi ara mxolod adamianTa religiuri mrwamsis gam-omxatvelad, aramed erovnuli identobis nawilad iqca. aqve aRsaniS-navia isic, rom istoriulad qarTuli marTlmadideblobis sa-fuZvelze raime sxva seqtis an konfesiis warmoSobas adgili ar hqonia. 713 xSirad eklesiisa da erovnuli cnobierebis elementebi im-denadaa aRreuli, rom Tavad eklesiis sulieri misiis cvlilebac xdeba, igi konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis miznebamde dadis. 714 mag., iveriis gabrwyinebis idea, romelmac qarTuli eklesia da qarTveli eri gadaajaWva erTmaneTs. erovnuli ideologis rolis aRebiT ekle-sia yvelaze didi safrTxis _ gaamqveyniurebis winaSe dgeba,715 riTac igi kargavs yvelaze mTavars _ aramiwier saburvels, romelic misi, rogorc instituciis, umTavresi niSania.

saqarTveloSi monarqia Teologiur sawyisebze arsebobda 716 da sekularizacias srulebiT ar icnobda. sekularizmis qarTuli Canasaxi WavWavaZiseul triadaSic SeiniSneba, sadac `mamulma~,

709 gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqva-nia T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbili-si, 2015, 43. 710 saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucis me-9 muxli (Tavdapirveli redaqcia), me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti (2001 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Semdgomi redaqcia). 711 Morée P., Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of Archbishop Jovan

in Its Broader Context, “Helsinki Monitor”, Vol.16, 2005, 292. 712 Flood G., Orthodox Christianity and World Religions, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A.

Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 573. 713 ix., saginaSvili q., saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri mimarTulebebi da maTi regulirebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, Jurn. `sa-marTali~, #11-12, 1997, 70. 714 kurtaniZe k., esqatologiuri politologia, arsebobs Tu ara eklesiuri ideo-logia?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(35), 2010, 80. 715 iqve. 716 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(38), 2010, 106.

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rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifos ideam, romelic swored sekulariz-misgan Caisaxa, `sarwmunoebaze~ win daikava adgili. 717 marTlmadide-belma eklesiam moaxerxa da tradiciul marTlmadideblur qveynebSi eTnosi (eri) da marTlmadidebloba erT mTlianobad aqcia.718 swored amis gamo marTlmadidebloba religiis privatizacias _ misi sajaro sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi moqcevas _ seriozulad ewinaaRmdeg-eba da amas eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi negatiur movlenad afasebs. 719 Tumca eklesiam fexi unda auwyos Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebs da ganviTardes, es waadgeba rogor Tavad eklesias, ise saxelmwifosac. msoflio patriarq barTolomeosis azriT, marTlma-dideblobas ganviTarebisTvis esaWiroeba Tanamedrove filosofiur azrovnebasTan, sazogadoebriv dinamizmTan, xelovnebisa da kul-turis sxvadasxva formasTan urTierToba.720 am gamowvevis winaSe sxva tradiciuli marTlmadidebeli eTnosebis saxelmwifoebTan erTad, saqarTveloc dgas.

`marTlmadideblebi Tanamedroveobas xSirad SiSiT SevyurebT da èretikuli~ dasavleTis mier uxeSad Tavsmoxveul sinamdviled miviCnevT xolme. uimedoba gveufleba, roca Cveni sarwmunoebiT metnaklebad gamsWvaluli kultura da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi ir-Rveva, rasac SeuzRudavi teqnicizmi, tradiciuli sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli individualizmi, daudgromeli da uxeSi hedonizmi iwvevs da vfiqrobT, rom es adamians Tavis maradiul daniSnulebas aviwyebs.~ 721 uaxlesi kvlevebi imis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva, rom marTlmadideblobas SeuZlia sruli an nawilobrivi demokratiis pirobebSi warmatebas miaRwios, ufro metic, Tavad gaxdes demokra-tiuli procesebis sulis Camdgmeli da seriozuli mxardamWeric. 722 am mxriv, gamonaklisi arc qarTuli samociqulo eklesiaa, romelsac SeuZlia gacilebiT metad iTamaSos gadamwyveti roli sax-elmwifoebriv Tu sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaSi, vidre nebismier sax-elisuflebo institucias. amis mizezi ki kvlavac posttotalita-ruli, transformaciis procesSi myofi qarTuli sazogadoebaa, ro-melsac SeuZlia rogorc ganviTarebuli, civilizebuli, evropuli sazogadoeba, ise fundamentalizmiT gajerebul, araSemwynareblur, Tvisobrivad araqarTul erTobad gardaiqmnas. swored am viTarebaSia saWiro im simfoniis xorcSesxma, romlis ideasac marTlmadidebeli

717 iqve, 108. 718 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 348. 719 ix., Roudometof V., The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical Globalization,

in: Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Ed-

ited by V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 31. 720 Sharp A., Orthodox Christians and Islam in the Postmodern Age, Leiden-Boston, 2012, 227 721 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 29. 722 prodmou e., ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 74.

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eklesia aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebTan samarTlebrivi ur-TierTobebis aspeqtSi aviTarebda.

2. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli modeli 2.1. religiis Tavisufleba pluralizmi demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia. 723

swored amitom nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis umniSvnelovanesia, uz-runvelyos mravalferovani sazogadoeba da sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimaluri Tavisufleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmwifo `pluralizmis ZiriTadi garantoria~. 724 saqarTvelom demokratiuli saxelmwifos principi erT-erT mTavar prioritetad daisaxa da amiT dasavluri Rirebulebebisadmi sakuTari arCevani Ri-ad daafiqsira. 725 saqarTvelos konstitucia gansakuTrebul mniS-vnelobas aniWebs religiis (rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis) Tavisu-flebas. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio doneze acxadebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas da am Sinaarsis normas konstituciis pirvel TavSi aqcevs, 726 Tumca, garda amisa, xsenebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi mocemulia me-2 TavSic 727 , riTac ZiriTad uflebaTa ufro maRali reglamentaciisTvis damatebiTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmia Se-qmnili.

religiis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs saxelmwifos valdebulebas, iyos neitraluri da miukerZoebeli. 728 religiis Tavisufleba ori elementisgan Sedgeba _ rwmena da aRmsarebloba. rwmena adamianis Si-nagani mrwamsia, Sexedulebebi raimes WeSmariteba-mcdarobis Sesaxeb, romelic Sesabamisi argumentaciiTaa gamyarebuli.729 rac Seexeba aRm-sareblobas, igi rwmenis gacxadebasTan, gamoxatvasTanaa da-kavSirebuli, romelic sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba. 730 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxli icavs rogor Teizmis, ise aTeizmis gam-ovlinebas: adamianis uflebas, hqondes da gaacxados sakuTari religia, mrwamsi qadagebiT, ritualebis SesrulebiT, aseve, uflebas _ ar aRiarebdes arcerT religiur Sexedulebas, iyos aTeisti da a.S. 731 amasTan, konstitucia uzrunvelyofs religiis Tavisuflebas

723 Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 14307/88, 25 May 1993, Para.31. 724 Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February 2010, Para.45. 725 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula. 726 ix., iqve, me-9 muxlis pirveli punqtis pirveli winadadeba. 727 ix., iqve, me-19 muxli. 728 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.78. 729 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbili-si, 2013, 157. 730 ix., iqve. 731 izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 110; vardosaniZe m., religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT, wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

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rogorc individualur, ise koleqtiur doneze. 732 ra Tqma unda, igi religiur gaerTianebaTa uflebebsac moicavs733.

medisonis TqmiT, `religiis sakiTxebSi, arcerTi adamianis ufleba ar izRudeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebis mier da... religia srulebiT ar eqceva maTi gansjadobis qveS.~ 734 es imdenad piradi da intimuri sferoa, rom masSi nebismieri saxis Careva udides borotebas uTanabrdeba. saqarTvelos konstitucia krZalavs rwmenis an aRmsareblobis gamo vinmes devnas an iZulebas, gamoTqvas, gaam-JRavnos sakuTari Sexeduleba am sakiTxTa gamo. 735 saxelmwifom, ro-melsac samarTlis uzenaesobaze aqvs pretenzia, aseve, unda uzrun-velyofs religiur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacva, gansakuTrebiT iseT pirobebSi, rodesac saxelmwifoSi erTi religiuri mimdi-nareobis aRmsareblebi dominant jgufs warmoadgenen736. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba ar gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, gamoxatos religia nebismier drosa da nebismier adgilas, miT umetes imas, rom gamoxatva avtomaturad srulad Seesabameba sxvaTa rwmenas. 737 konstitucia uSvebs religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis SesaZleblobas, Tumca erTi mTavari pirobiT, misi real-izacia, am SemTxvevaSi aRmsareblobis ZiriTadi uflebis gamovlineba, sxvaTa uflebebs unda laxavdes.738 mxolod sxvebis uflebebis dacva SeiZleba iyos is erTaderTi legitimuri sajaro mizani, romelic religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas gaamarTlebs, Tumca am SemTxveva-Sic ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferoSi Careva unda iyos Sesabamisi da Tanazomieri.

qristianuli eklesia religiis Tavisuflebas didi xnis ganmav-lobaSi sifrTxiliT ekideboda. 739 marTlmadidebeli eklesia mxars

standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. kor-kelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 131. 732 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112. 733 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbili-si, 2013, 161. 734 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in

the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 274, ix. citireba: Madison, “A Memorial and Remonstrance”, 309. 735 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-2 punqti. 736 ix., vardosaniZe m., religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanon-mdeblobiT da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT, wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. korkelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 136. 737 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by

T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 430. 738 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-3 punqti. 739 bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 31.

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uWers rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas. 740 amis motivi umartivesia: adamianis Tavisufleba qristianobis amosavali ideaa. 741 amasTan, igi uaryofs religiur Seuwynareblobas da gmobs fanatizms, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ukavSirdeba Tu ara is religias. 742 dauSvebe-lia eklesiis gancxadebebSi, qadagebebsa da ex cathedra gamosvlebSi Zaladoba Caidos an politikur Tu ekonomikur miznebs emsax-urebodes743.

2.2. sakonstitucio privilegia saqarTvelo aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas,

Tumca, imavdroulad, sakontitucio doneze marTlmadidebel eklesi-as privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. 744 zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos konstitucia proreligiur konstituciad miiCneva. marTalia, mis normatiul-teqstobriv qsovilSi bevrjer araa gamoyenebuli religiuri Sinaarsis mqone sityvebi an ideologia, Tumca konkretuli eklesiisTvis dadgenili privilegirebuli sta-tusi, aseve, saxelmwifos meTauris _ prezidentis oficialur ficSi `RmerTis~ moxsenieba 745 misi amgvari daxasiaTebisTvis sruliad sakmarisia. yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im garemoebaze, rom pre-zidentis uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba arCevnebSi gamarjvebu-li piris mier mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba, rac igi fics dadebs, amasTan, am moments ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos meTauris uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis standartuli garemoebac. 746 rac mTavar-ia, konstitucia ar adgens gamonakliss im pirisTvis, visac msgavsi religiuri ficis dadeba ar surs. faqtobrivad, prezidentad ar-Ceuli piri valdebulia zustad gaimeoros ZiriTadi kanoniT dadge-nili religiuri ficis formula747. 740 `radgan nacionaluri cnobiereba adamianisa da eris gansakuTrebulobisa da individualurobis Seucvleli elementia, adamianebi samarTlianad icaven uflebas, Tavad gansazRvron TavianTi religia.~ ix., barTolomeos I, interreligiuri di-alogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, warmoTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdomaze, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 36. 741 saxerabaჲ ioanesi, 15,15. 742 mTavarepiskoposi anastasiosi, marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva reli-giebTan, z. juRelis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #7’06, 2006, 42. 743 iqve, 43. 744 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli. 745 iqve, 71-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 746 iqve, 71-e muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship

and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 317. 747 bevr saxelmwifoSi dRemde SemorCenilia saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa mier religiuri ficis dadeba, rogorc savaldebulo wesiT, ise arCevanis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobiT. Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Re-

ligiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 317. Tumca amasTan dakavSirebiT ara-erTgvarovani midgomaa. mag., Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis win ficis dadebas amarTlebs evrokomisia. ix., Knudsen v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 11045/84, 8 March 1985; evrosasamarTlo ki ganmartavs, rom parlamentis wevris saxelmwifo fici, romelic mxolod saxare-

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saqarTvelo, italiasa da perusTan erTad, SeiZleba iseT sax-elmwifoTa kategoriaSi moeqces, romlebic, marTalia, aRiareben eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnas, Tumca erT konkretul eklesias gan-sakuTrebul statuss aniWeben. 748 saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-faluri marTlmadidebeli eklesia sakonstitucio privilegiiT sargeblobs. 749 konstitucia saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi mowesrigebisTvis konstitu-ciuri SeTanxmebis instituts gansazRvravs. 750 amasTan, igi gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs Tavad konstituciur SeTanxmebas, romlis statussac konstituciis Semdeg upirvelesad acxadebs da danarCen kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebiT mis aRmatebas adgens751.

2.3. TanamSromlobis sistema 2.3.1. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebani evrosabWos wevr saxelmwifoebSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gam-

ijvnis sxvadasxva modeli moqmedebs,752 Sesabamisad, am or instituts Soris urTierToeba saxelmwifoebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, rac evrokonvenciis standartebTan srul SesabamisobaSia. 753 religiur sazogadoebebSi saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis mniSvnelovan rols, ufro metic, mas uwevs am ukanasknelis gamocdilebisa da codnis ga-ziareba sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis. 754 saxelmwifoTa nawili religiuri gaerTianebebis warmomadgenelTa politikaSi monawileo-bas imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rom saxelmwifo organoebis doneze uzrunvelyofs warmomadgenlobis kvotirebas755.

saxelmwifos neitraluroba religiur sferoSi saxelmwifosa da religiis srul izolacias, 756 miT ufro religiuri faseulobebisa-

baze an bibliaze ideba, religiis Tavisuflebas zRudavs. Buscarini and Others v. San Ma-

rino, [ECtHR], App. no. 24645/94, 18 February 1999, Para.39. 748 ix., Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom

of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,

2013, 52-53. 749 romelime konkretuli religiis gansakuTrebuli statusi avtomaturad sxva religiaTa dakninebas ar gulisxmobs. ix., saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis sax-elmwifo religiad gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 17. 750 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti. 751 ix., iqve, me-6 muxli. 752 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 357. 753 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.6. 754 iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 90-91. 755 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neu-

tral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 94-95. 756 ix., Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 247.

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gan mis srul distancirebas ar gulisxmobs. 757 upiratesi religiis (TanamSromlobis) sistemaSi saxelmwifo aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsa-reblobis Tavisuflebas, ar gaaCnia saxelmwifo religia, Tumca erT konkretul religiur gaerTianebas gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs is-toriul-kulturuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT758.

TanamSromlobis modeli airCia saqarTvelomac, romelmac 1995 wlis konstituciaSi gamoarCia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri samociqulo eklesia, qveynisaTvis misi istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare. 759 SemdgomSi ki sa-konstitucio cvlilebebis saSualebiT dazustda is samarTlebrivi garemoeba, romelmac saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia privi-legirebuli statusis matareblad aqcia. upirvelesad, es mdgomareobs eqskluziur uflebamosilebaSi, saqarTvelos sax-elmwifosa da mas Soris daidos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. es Sesa-Zlebloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias, sxva konfesiebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani privilegiiT aRWuravs. 760 aRniSnuli debulebis implementacia maleve ganxorcielda da konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels daido. mecnierTa nawilis mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis upiratesobis mini-WebisaTvis aucilebeli araa sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis darRvevis xarjze gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis gaformeba, amisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba sxvadasxva samoqalaqo xelSekrulebis dadebac. 761 Tumca aRniSnuli mosazreba sruliad dausabuTebelia, radganac erTi romelime religiuri organizaciis privilegirebuli mdgomareoba avtomaturad sxva gaerTianebaTa dis-kriminacias ar niSnavs, miT umetes, rom evropul saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa msgavsi sistema moqmedebs.

saqarTvelos eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba sakanon-mdeblo doneze naklebadaa implementirebuli, mxolod ramdenime sa-marTlebrivi aqti awesrigebs eklesiis statusTan, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi da a.S. TanamSromlobis garkveuli sfero uzrunvelyofilia kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebiTac.

757 ix., bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 35. 758 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 43. 759 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti. 760 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 156. 761 iqve, 161.

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2.3.2. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis problemebi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa samarTlebriv models

saqarTveloSi bevri socialuri Tu samarTlebrivi problema Tans-devs, romlebic ara mxolod kerZo, viwro, aramed zogadsistemur xasiaTs atarebs. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi dRemde ar arsebobs er-Tiani sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic sxvadasxva religiuri mimdi-nareobisa da religiur gaerTianebaTa samarTlebriv statuss daadgenda, maT ufleba-movaleobebsa da rac mTavaria, saxelmwifos-Tan urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs moawesrigebda. wlebis ganmav-lobaSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da religiur organizaciebs Soris urTierTobis momwesrigebeli kanonis ramdenime proeqti arsebobda, Tumca sxvadasxva mizezis gamo saparlamento mosmenebamde vercerTma miaRwia.762 kanonis ararsebobisa da konstituciuri SeTanx-mebis pirobebSi didia diskriminaciuli mowesrigebisa da religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT uTanasworo samarTlebrivi reJimis Se-qmnis albaToba.

qarTuli sistema, marTalia, TanamSromlobis models amkvidrebs, magram aRniSnuli TanamSromloba, ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, mxolod er-Ti religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT vlindeba. ukeTesi samarTlebrivi sivrcis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebelia TanamSromlobis meqaniz-mebis daxvewa da ganviTareba sxva tradiciuli religiuri gaerTiane-bebis mimarT. amasTan, TanamSromlobis arsebuli meqanizmi, kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebis saxiT, aranakleb problemuria.

aRsaniSnavia, rom religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi samarTle-brivze metad socialur-politikuri problemebi Warbobs, miT umetes, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis kvalificiuri umravlesoba erTi religiis aRmsarebelia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ofi-cialurad mainc). zogadad, religia da religiuri gaerTianebebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebia, romlebic sazogadoebis eTikur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakiTxTa gansazRvras emsax-urebian.763 amitom gasakviri arcaa, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesia aq-tiurad monawileobs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi. igi yovelTvis amaxvilebs yuradRebas sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis iseT sa-kiTxebze, rogoricaa: sagareo politika, erovnuli identoba, demo-grafiuli problemebi da a.S.764 ra Tqma unda, eklesiis monawileoba sajaro sferoSi avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs mis Zalauflebasac sa-kiTxebis gadawyvetis mxriv. 765 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mar-

762 abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sol-idaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 14. 763 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.2. 764 Fokas E., Religion and Welfare in Greece: A New, or Renewed, Role for the Church? in: Orthodox Chris-

tianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by V.

Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 189. 765 iqve.

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ginaluri jgufebis samoqalaqo aqtivoba, samwuxarod, xSirad Tavad eklesiis avtoritets ayenebs Crdils, rac, saboloo jamSi, sazoga-doebrivi azris polarizebasa da socialur jgufebs Soris daZabu-lobas iwvevs. problema is araa, rom eklesiebi sajaro sferoebsa da mimarTulebebze TavianT mosazrebebs Riad da saqveynod gamoTqvamen, mTavaria, maTi mixedviT moqmedeba nebayoflobiTi iyos da am yovelivem konfliqtebis eskalacia ar gamoiwvios766.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli modeli prioritetul, privilegirebul religiad marTlmadidebel qristianobas asaxelebs, Tumca samarTlebrivad religiis Tavisuflebas aRiarebs. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxva religiuri organizaciebis roli, ara marto socialuri, aramed samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiTac sakmaod dakninebulia. saxelmwifo mowadinebuli unda iyos, Seqmnas religiuri saqmianobisaTvis jansaRi da pluralistuli garemo, ro-melSic TiToeuli adamiani Tu religiuri jgufi SeZlebs uflebaTa srulyofil, jerovan ganxorcielebas. am mizniT, aucilebelia praqtikiT gansazRvris an sruli ignorirebis nacvlad, Seiqmnas spe-cialuri kanoni, romelic SemTxvevaTa absolutur umravlesobaSi religiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis obieqtur da efeqtur Sefasebas SeZlebs. amasTan, saxelmwifom unda aiRos pozitiuri valdebuleba, erTi gaerTianebisaTvis dadgenili SeRa-vaTebi, SesaZlebblobis farglebSi, daudginos Sinaarsobrivad da Tvisobrivad msgavs gaerTianebebsac, raTa saxelmwifoSi pluralis-tulTan erTad naklebad diskriminaciuli samarTlebrivi reJimi arsebobdes.

IV. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis motivacia da winare periodi XX saukunis miwuruls, damoukideblobaaRdgenili saxelmwifos

mSeneblobisaTvis religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa da marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan urTierTobis samarTlebrivi gan-sazRvra, erT-erT mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo. 767 Tumca saqarTvelos konstituciis Tavdapirveli redaqciiT, romelic 1995 wlis 24 agvis-tos iqna miRebuli, ZiriTadi kanoni konstituciuri SeTanxmebis in-stituts saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda da konstituciis me-9 muxli mxolod religiis Tavisuflebis sakonstitucio uzrunvelyofas adgenda. 768 konstituciuri SeTanxmebis instituti ZiriTad kanonSi 2001 wels ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegad aisaxa, ramac mniSvnelovnad Secvala me-9 muxlis normatiuli

766 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C.

Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 151. 767 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 5. 768 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli (1995-2000 wlebis redaqcia).

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mowesrigeba da religiis TavisuflebasTan erTad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis SesaZleblobac gaiTvaliswina. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi preziden-tis mier iyo inicirebuli. 769 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstitu-ciuri SeTanxmebis Taobaze 2001 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebs seriozuli da mZafri polemika uZRoda win770.

religia da samarTali erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, miT umetes iseT saxelmwifoebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, amitomac gasakviri araa, rom religiisa da samarTlis urTierTmimarTebaze msjeloba, misi normatiuli mowesrigebis SemuSaveba damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg maleve daiwyo.771 saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris SeTanxmebis dadebis idea 1990-iani wlebis da-sawyisSi gaCnda wminda saydris mier konkordatebis dadebis praqti-kis mibaZviT. 772 qristianulma religiam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba qarTuli saero samarTlis ganviTareba, 773 misi Tanadrouloba gare samyarosTan, gansakuTrebiT ki, evropul samarTlebriv sivrcesTan. am mxriv, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba istoriuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad logikuri da gamarTlebulia. 774 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis mosa-wesrigeblad konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi marTmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi aRmoCnda. 775 sa-kuTriv SeTanxmebis proeqtze muSaoba 2 weli gagrZelda. 776 mas xel-moweramde samarTlebrivi eqspertiza Cautarda evrosabWosa 777 da ve-neciis komisiaSi778 . konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Tavdapirveli teqsti mniSvelovnad gansxvavdeboda saboloo variantisgan, igi Zalze bevr samarTlebrivad gaumarTav, gaumarTlebel da sxva religiaTa mimarT

769 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 9. 770 iqve. 771 ix., saginaSvili q., saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri mimarTulebebi da maTi regulirebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, Jurn. `sa-marTali~, #11-12, 1997, 72. 772 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young

University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764. 773 ix., saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitu-cia~, #3, 2002, 19-20. 774 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 90. 775 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 16, ix. citireba: sapatriarqos uwyebani, 2002 w., 18-24 oqtomberi, gv. 4. 776 cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t.I, Tbilisi, 2005, 202. 777korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 88; Legal Expertise of the Draft Constitutional Agreement between State of Georgia and

the Apostolic, Autonomous Orthodox Church of Georgia. Council of Europe, HRCAD (2001) 778 Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle Auto-

cephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)65, European Commission for Democracy Through Law

(Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001

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diskriminaciul normebs Seicavda.779 evrosabWosa da veneciis komisi-is daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad, bevri norma daixvewa da teqsti sagrZnoblad Semcirda.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba daido 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers, svet-icxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi.780 mas xeli saqarTvelos prezidentma eduard SevardnaZem da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II moaweres. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida si-nodma konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers, xolo saqarTvelos parlamentma 22 oqtombers daamtkica781.

2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi 2.1. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna konstituciuri SeTanxmebis preambulaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesi-

is gansakuTrebul istoriul rolze saubari da xazgasma SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc SeTavazeba marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis, kvlavac gaagrZelos istoriuli mniSvnelobis rolis TamaSi sax-elmwifosTvis. 782 amis xazgasasmelad Tavad konstituciuri SeTanx-mebis dadebis faqtic gamodgeba. qarTuli saxelmwifo marTlmadide-bel eklesias ganixilavs istoriulad Camoyalibebul ssip-ad, cnobs mis avtonomiurobas Sida saqmeebSi da misi saqmianobis damoukide-blobas. 783 konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifo gamoTqvams ekle-siasTan TanamSromlobis surils, amasTan, aRiarebs ur-TierTdamoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis princips784.

zogadad, religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebi SeiZleba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT daiyos: 1. saxelmwifo da religia erTi mTlianobaa da 2. saxelmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan gamijnu-lia. 785 am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelom marTebulad airCia Tanamedrove demokratiuli mimarTuleba da saukunovani tradiciis miuxedavad, uari Tqva eklesiisa da saxelmwifos erT mTlianobad qcevaze, radgan, religia, marTalia, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi dartvir-

779 ix., Vogel H.H., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the

Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)63, European Commission for Democracy

Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001. 780 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. 781 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 20. 782 Korkelia K., Mchedlidze N., Nalbandov A., Compatibility of Georgian Legislation with the Standards of

the European Convention on Human Rights and Its Protocols, Tbilisi, 2004, 202. 783 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti. 784 iqve, pirveli muxlis pirveli punqti. 785 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269.

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Tvis matarebelia, Tumca igi saxelmwifo, xelisuflebis an sa-marTlis kompetenciuri sferoa araa786.

eklesiis avtonomiisaTvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli elementia eklesiis ufleba, damoukideblad moawyos Sidaorganizaciuli struqtura da Tavad gadawyvitos Sida saqmeebi. 787 avtonomiurobisa da damoukideblobis koncefcia feodalur saxelmwifoebs yovelTvis problemebs uqmnida. Tumca XVIII saukunis bolodan konstitucional-izmis revoluciurma movlenebma eklesiis instituciuri TviTmyofadobis damkvidrebas didad Seuwyo xeli. eklesiis Tavisu-flebis idea (Libertas Ecclesiae), romelmac religiuri avtonomiurobis TvalsazrisiT, gardamtexi roli iTamaSa, XI saukunesa da pap grigol VII ukavSirdeba, 788 romlis aqtiurma moRvaweobam, saboloo jamSi, eklesia mniSvnelovnad ganaviTara789.

marTlmadidebluri Teologiis mixedviT, eklesia da saxelmwifo mSvidobianad unda Tanaarsebobdnen adamianTa keTildReobisaTvis, maTi urTierToba `saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis simfoniad~ aRiqmeba. 790 kanonikuri samarTali eklesiisa da saxelmwifos warmo-Sobas RvTaebriv nebas ukavSirebs, Tumca maTi saqmianobis sferoebs ganarCevs: eklesias adamianis sulze, xolo saxelmwifos xorcze zrunvas akisrebs791.

miuxedavad imisa, rom doqtrinul-ideologiur doneze sax-elmwifosa da eklesias damoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis principze SeTanxmeba miRweuli aqvT, misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTulia. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos formaluri gamijvna gacilebiT martivia, vidre Sinaarsobrivi792 da rac mTavaria, es gam-ijvna verasdros iqneba yovlismomcveli,793 miT umetes iseTi istori-uli gamocdilebis mqone saxelmwifoSi, rogoric saqarTveloa. sekularizmis praqtikuli aRsrulebis procesi mniSvnelovnad gan-sxvavebulia misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa da uzrunvelyofisgan, rac uamrav sistemur problemas warmoSobs.

2.2. eklesiisa da sasuliero pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wammarTvel da dominant rols saqarTveloSi ara konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, aramed araoficialuri,

786 Sulaiman v. Juffali, [2002], FCR 427; Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative

Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü,

Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 376-377. 787 ix., Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696, 724-25 (1976). 788 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


16. 789 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 17. 790 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 348. 791 iqve, 347. 792 ix., Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1276. 793 iqve.

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eklesiasa da `morwmuned wodebul umravlesobas~ Soris arsebuli sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba ganapirobebs. 794 Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs, gansazRvravs eklesiis warmomadgenelTa da sasuliero pirTa maRal samarTlebriv statuss.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, sasuliero pirebi Tavisufldebian samxedro valdebulebisgan. 795 sasuliero pirad miiCneva marTlma-didebel eklesiaSi kanonikuri wesiT xeldasmuli (nakurTxi pirovne-ba (monozoni, diakoni, mRvdeli, episkoposi), romelic am madls inar-Cunebs da araa gankveTili episkoposis an wminda sinodis gad-awyvetilebiT. 796 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTanxmebis arsebobis mi-uxedavad, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika aRi-arebs sindisis Tavisuflebis gamo samxedro valdebulebisgan gaTa-visuflebas,797 xolo `samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ kanoni samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris moxdisgan aTavisuflebs zogadad sasuliero pirebs 798 , dakonkretebis gareSe, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTSi nebismieri religiis sasuliero piri moiazreba.

saxelmwifo qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlad, specialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe, cnobs saeklesio krebas, kaTolikos patriarqs, wminda sinods, qorepiskopossa da mdivans, aseve, kaTolikos-patriarqi uflebamosilia, konkretul pirs Sesa-bamis samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi mianiWos warmomadgenlobis uflebamosileba. 799 qorepiskoposi kaTolikos-patriarqis moadgile sasuliero piria, romelic saeklesio cxovrebis garkveul sferos ganagebs. qorepiskoposs niSnavs da maT raodenobas gansazRvravs kaTolikos-patriarqi. 800 mdivani ki kaTolikos-patriarqis TanaSemwea, romelic kaTolikos-patriarqis uSualo davalebebs asrulebs. mdi-vanTa raodenobas Tavad kaTolikos-patriarqi gansazRvravs801.

794 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 49. 795 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis pirveli punqti. 796 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-15 punqti. 797 ix., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris #1/1/477 gadawyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 9 Tebervlis #bs-1599-1575(k-11) ganCineba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 seqtembris #bs-477-471(2k-12) gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 30 maisis #bs-722-707(2k-12) ganCineba. 798 `samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxlis pirveli punqtis `l~ qvepunqti. 799 iqve, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-4 punqti. 800 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-7 punqti. 801 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-8 punqti.

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konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv statuss adgens kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarT da mis xelSeuvalobas uzrun-velyofs. 802 kaTolikos-patriarqi wmida sinodis (saqarTvelos eklesiis mmarTveli da sakanonmdeblo organos) Tavmjdomare da sapatriarqos xelmZRvanelia. 803 xelSeuvalobis msgavsi formiT aR-Wurvilia mxolod saqarTvelos prezidenti Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi,804 rac mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.

2.3. safinanso-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba 2.3.1. kompensacia da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv

praqtikaSi, am or instituts Soris yvelaze aqtiurad TanamSrom-loba sagadasaxado da saganmanaTleblo sferoebSi mimdinareobs. 805 am mxriv, gamonaklisi arc qarTuli sinamdvilea. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas da eklesiis mier war-moebuli saRvTismsaxuro produqciis damzadebas, Semotanas, miwodebasa da Semowirulobas, aseve, araekonomikuri mizniT arsebul qonebasa da miwas gadasaxadebisgan aTavisuflebs. 806 saRvismsaxuro (saeklesio) produqciad miCneulia eklesia-monastrebi da saeklesio daniSnulebis nagebobani (kaTolikos-patriarqis an mRvdelmTavris rezidenciebi, sasuliero saswavleblebi), _ maTi proeqtireba, arqe-ologia, mSenebloba, restavracia-konservacia; saeklesio mxatvroba; saeklesio-samRvdelmsaxuro nivTebi (barZim-feSxumi, laxvari, sana-wile, odiki, gardamoxsna, embazi, analoRia, Sandali, takuki, varskvlavi, sacecxluri, sasakmevle, kioti, saeklesio naxSiri, skvnili, kverxi, panaRia, sudara, sanaRlavi, kvarTi, sartyeli, saeklesio samSvenisi, nakurTxi wylis, Rvinis, miwis, zeTisa da miro-nis WurWeli); xati, jvari, saeklesio sanTeli, saRvTismsaxuro (saritualo) Rvino, sakmeveli, sakandele zeTi, wmida wyali, sefiskveri (saritualo puri); sasuliero piris Sesamoseli; mom-locveloba; saRvTismetyvelo-saRvTismsaxuro da sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo literatura, aseve, am daniSnulebis tele-kino-video-audio da radio produqcia807.

mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis paralelurad, qarTulma

saxelmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sabWoTa okupaciis xanaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis pe-

802 iqve, pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti. 803 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-6 punqti. 804 saqarTvelos konstituciis 75-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 805 Cranmer F., National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, “Law & Justice – Christian Law Review”,

Vol.149, 2002, 161. 806 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 pun-qti. 807 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 25-e punqti.

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riodSi, eklesiisaTvis materialuri da moraluri zianis miyenebis faqti da rogorc CamorTmeuli qonebis nawilis mflobelma, aiRo valdebuleba materialuri zianis nawilobriv kompensaciaze. 808 kompensaciis dadgenasTan da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebis mosamzadeblad saxelmwifom, aseve, iTava specialuri komisiis Seqmna, paritetis principis gaTvaliswinebiT809.

2.3.2. qoneba da saeklesio saganZuri konstituciuri SeTanxmebis normaTa umravlesoba qonebriv sa-

kiTxebsa da saeklesio saganZuris, kulturuli memkvidreobebis obieqtebs Seexeba. vinaidan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli obieqtebisa da qonebis didi nawili saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi Rirebulebis matarebelicaa, maT Taobaze debule-baTa SeTanxmebaSi asaxva, sruliad logikuri da samarTlebrivad gamarTlebulia.

saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis sakuTrebasa da qonebriv uflebebs. 810 amasTan, xazgasmulia arasaRvTismsaxuro daniSnulebis qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT saero kanonmdeblobisa da sax-elmwifoSi arsebuli mowesrigebis primati. 811 eklesiis dafinansebis wyaroebia: nebayoflobiTi Semowiruloba, samewarmeo Semosavlebi, in-vesticiebi, grantebi, daxmarebebi, kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad miRebuli sxva Semosavlebi812.

eklesiis sakuTrebad aris miCneuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli moqmedi da aramoqmedi marTlmadidebluri taZrebi da mo-nastrebi, aseve, maTi nangrevebi da miwis nakveTebi, romlebzec isinia ganlagebuli. 813 msgavs nagebobaTa dacvis zonebi, maTi movla-patronobisa da sargeblobis wesebi ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi kanon-mdeblobiT, eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT. 814 saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs, eklesiasTan erTad izrunos istoriul-kulturuli da arqe-ologiur-arqiteqturuli faseulobebis mqone saeklesio nagebobebisa da saeklesio saganZuris saTanado dacvasa da movla-patronobaze. 815 amasTan, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, molaparakeba awarmoos Sesabamis saxelwifoebTan sazRvargareT, maT teritoriaze arsebuli yvela qarTuli marTlmadidebluri taZris, monastris, maTi nan-grevis, sxva saeklesio nagebobisa da saeklesio nivTebis dacvis, movla-patronobisa da sakuTrebis uflebis Taobaze816.

808 iqve, me-11 pirveli punqti. 809 iqve, me-2 punqti. 810 iqve, me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti. 811 iqve, me-2 punqti. 812 iqve, me-4. 813 iqve, me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 814 iqve, me-2 punqti. 815 iqve, me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti. 816 iqve, me-10 muxli.

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gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba saxelmwifo dacvaSi arsebul saeklesio saganZurs, romlis mesakuTredac saqarTvelo eklesiaa aRiarebuli, 817 amasTan, saeklesio saganZuri, garda wmida na-wilebisa 818 da wmida relikviebisa 819 , rogorc erovnuli saganZuris nawili, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia. 820 am saeklesio saganZuris sargeblobis damatebiT wesebs, aseve, kultu-rul-istoriuli Rirebulebebis mqone taZrebis aRdgenis, restav-racia-konservaciis an moxatvis proeqtebs amtkicebs saxelmwifo eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT821.

2.4. religia da sajaro sivrce evropul saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas religiis sajaro sferoSi

mowesrigebasTan dakavSirebiT ara identuri, magram msgavsi problemebi Seqmnia.822 problemebi ki ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia imas-Tan, Tu ra doziTaa religia sajaro sferoSi warmodgenili da rac mTavaria, rogor SeuZlia imoqmedos am mimarTulebiT gadawvetilebis miRebis procesSi. sajaro sivrceSi religiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc simboluri, ise uSualod qmediTi.

saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobas sajaro sivrceSi ramdenime mimarTulebiT warmo-aCens. saxelmwifo aRiarebs did saeklesio dResaswaulebsa da kviras, Sesabamisad, rogorc wesi, maT dasvenebis dReebad acxadebs.823 saxelmwifo cnobs eklesiis mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras kanon-mdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, 824 aseve, mxars uWers saeklesio da aR-sarebis saidumlos dacvas, sasuliero pirs ki avaldebulebs, ar gasces informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis cnobili gaxda. 825 marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan SeTanx-mebiT samxedro-sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa da Tavisu-flebis aRkveTis adgilebSi saxelmwifo marTlmadidebeli moZRvris instituts qmnis da uzrunvelyofs Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi aqtebis miRebas. 826 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs eklesiisa da

817 iqve, me-8 muxlis pirveli punqti. 818 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Wmidanad Seracxil mowameTa da moRvaweTa sxeulis nawilebi. iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 21-e punqti. 819 macxovris, RmrTismSoblisa da wmidanTa cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sagnebi da nivTebi. iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 22-e punqti. 820 iqve, me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti. 821 iqve, me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti. 822 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 495. 823 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxli. 824 iqve, me-3 muxli. 825 iqve, me-2 muxli. 826 iqve, me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti.

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saxelmwifos miers mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis erToblivi pro-gramebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas827.

eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uka-via ganaTlebis sferos. istoriulad, ganaTleba yovelTvis eklesiis instituciuri iurisdiqciis qveS iyo moqceuli, amitomac am mimar-Tulebis sekularizacia, rogorc wesi, misi mxridan yvelaze mtkivneulad aRiqmeba. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, eklesia da sax-elmwifo aRiareben Sesabamisi saswavlo dawesebulebebis mier gacemul ganaTlebis damadasturebel dokumentebs, samecniero xarisxebsa da wodebebs, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.828 amasTan, religiisa da ganaTlebis TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelsayofad, sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis sagnis swavleba nebayoflobiTia. 829 saswavlo programebis dadgena, Secvla, pedagogTa daniSvna da gaTavisufleba xdeba eklesiis wardginebiT. 830 saxelmwifo da eklesia uflebamosilni arian, ganax-orcielon erToblivi saganmanaTleblo programebi,831 saxelmwifo ki valdebulebas iRebs, xeli Seuwyos eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis funqcionirebas832.

3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis adgili qarTul samarTalSi 3.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi statusi saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebuli statusis

mqone samarTlebrivi aqtia, romelic stabilurobis Zalze maRal garantiebs moicavs, mis mimarT specialuri samarTlebrivi reJimi moqmedebs. 833 saqarTvelos konstitucia konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis eqskluziur uflebamosilebas saxelmwifos aniWebs, Tumca gansazRvrulia meore mxare: saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesia.834 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganuyofeli nawilia da normatiul aqtebs ganekuTvneba, 835 Tumca sxva normatiuli aqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, mis misaRebad sakmaod rTuli meqanizmia dadgenili, rac dokumentis sa-marTlebrivi Zalis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli da ganmsazRvreli

827 iqve, me-4 muxlis me-3 punqti. 828 iqve, me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti. 829 iqve, me-5 muxlis pirveli punqti. 830 iqve. 831 iqve, me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti. 832 iqve. 833 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti, me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti, 66-e muxlis 11-li punqti, 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis à1~ qvepunqti; `normatiuli aq-tebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxli, me-10 muxlis me-3 punqti. 834 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli; loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 155. 835 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti.

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faqtoria.836 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ès aris unikaluri xasiaTis doku-menti rogorc Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT, ise Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtebiT~837.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi formis, upi-ratesoba kanonTan SedarebiT, isaa, rom SeTanxmeba ormxrivi doku-mentia da saxelmwifos misi calmxrivad Secvla an Sewyveta ar Seu-Zlia. 838 konstituciuri SeTanxmebis amoqmedeba SeTanxmebaze xel-mowerasa da damtkicebas ukavSirdeba. SeTanxmebas xels awers saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saxeliT saqarTvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaswari TanxmobiT 839 , xolo saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saxeliT, _ kaTolikos-patriarqi840.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis xelmoweris Semdeg aucilebelia misi damtkiceba orive mxaris umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis mier. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmebis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi vatikanis konkordatebis mibaZviT gakeT-da. 841 saqarTvelos mxridan SeTanxmebas amtkicebs saqarTvelos par-lamenti sruli Semadgenlobis 3/5-is umravlesobiT, 842 xolo eklesi-is mxridan _ wminda sinodi. 843 am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi kvorumi dadgenili araa, Sesabamisad, ivaraudeba, rom samarTlebrivi SedegisTvis ubralo umravlesobiT mxardaWerac sakmarisi iqneba.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSic. konstituciis Tanax-mad, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi konstituciasTan erTad, konstituciur SeTanxmebasac unda Seesabame-bodes.844 kanonmdebloba kidev ufro akonkretebs normatiuli aqtebis urTierTmimarTebas: saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan da aq-tebTanerTad, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba iuridiuli ZaliT aRemateba organul da mimdinare kanonebs, prezidentis dekrets, parlamentis reglaments, nebismier kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqts845.

836 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 12. 837 cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t.I, Tbilisi, 2005, 202. 838 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10. 839 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10 muxlis me-3 punqti. 840 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-12 muxlis me-3 pun-qti. 841 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 85. 842 saqarTvelos konstituciis 66-e muxlis 11-li punqti. 843 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-12 muxlis me-4 pun-qti. 844 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti. 845 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti.

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3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro samarTlis wyaro, yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT, samarTlis gamox-

atvis formas, saSualebas ewodeba. 846 Tanamedrove samyaroSi sa-marTlis wyaroebi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, miT umetes konkretuli samarTlebrivi dargisa Tu sistemis mixedviT, isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. religiuri da samarTlebrivi sistemebi xSirad erTmaneTisgan gansaxvavebul, urTierTsawinaaRmdego wesebs Seicaven, Tumca orive maTgani ukve aTaswleulebia Tanaarsebobs. 847 gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, samarTali da religia bevri saerTo niSniTac xasiaTdeba.848 orive maTgani erTmaneTTan meTodologiurad, instituciurad da profesiulad dakavSirebuli sistemebia849.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze gabedul moazrovneebsac ki ar uocnebiaT saeklesio samarTalTan mimarTebiT saero samarTlis upi-ratesobis aRiareba. 850 Tumca Tanamedrove samarTalSi es miRebuli faqtia da ra Tqma unda, upiratesoba kanonmdeblobas eniWeba. aR-niSnuli ar gamoricxavs saeklesio samarTlisa da kanonikis moqmedebas, mxolod im farglebSi, Tuki igi kanonmdeblobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba. durkhaimis azriT, nebismieri ram SeiZleba wmindas, sakraluris materialuri gansxeuleba iyos da Sesabamisad, logiku-ria, Tuki desakralizaciis Sedegad, igi saero xasiaTs daibrunebs.851 desakralizaciis procesis Sedegad saero kanonmdeblobaSi Zalian bevri religiuri xasiaTis debuleba aisaxa da dRes Znelad Tu war-moudgenia vinmes maT gareSe samarTlis arseboba. xSirad religiur sazogadoebebSi religiuri Sinaarsis Zeglebi saero samarTlis wy-aros funqciasac asruleben. amas gansakuTrebiT xels uwyobs erTi religiis dominireba an monoeTnikuroba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom gamonaklisebic arsebobs852. am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria is, Tu Tavad sax-elmwifo ramdenad sekularul xasiaTs atarebs.

saqarTveloSi kanonmdebloba mTlianad saero xasiaTisaa, saekle-sio da nebismieri religiuri samarTali moqmedebs konkretul so-cialur jgufSi, Tuki ar ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos mier dadgenil wesebs. saero kanonmdebloba vrceldeba mTeli saxelmwifos masSta-

846 ix., gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015, 5. 847 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 3. 848 ix., iqve, 5-6. 849 ix., iqve, 6-7. 850 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targ-mani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 35. 851 Coleman J.A., The Secular: A Sociological View, “The Way”, Vol.30(1), 1990, 17. 852 mag., israeli monoeTnikuri saxelmwifoa, Tumca ebrauli samarTali (halaxa) israelis saxelmwifosTvis mxolod meoreuli, fakultaturi samarTlis wyaros funqcias asrulebs, saxelmwifo ar iboWeba arcerTi religiis wesebiT. Lerner N., Re-

ligion and the Basic Legislation in Israel, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treat-

ment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 231.

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biT, saeklesio samarTali ki _ eklesiis farglebSi, amasTan, misi SesrulebiT ar unda irRveodes saxelmwifo mier dadgenili sa-marTali.853 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc normatiuli aqti, ka-nonmdeblobis nawilia da mas saxelmwifo ara mxolod savaldebulo Zalas aniWebs, aramed konstituciisa da konstituciuri kanonis Semdeg, samarTlebrivi moqmedebis mixedviT, umaRles adgils usazRvravs. 854 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, imavdroulad, saeklesio samarTlis wyaroa, vinaidan igi patriarqis mier xelmowerili da wmida sinodis mier damtkicebuli dokumentia, romelsac eklesiis wiaRSi Sesasruleblad savaldebulo Zala aqvs. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba eklesiis samarTlis wyaroTa ierarqiaSi erT-erT dabal adgils ikavebs wminda werilis, wminda gardamocemis, msoflio da adgilobrivi krebebis dadgenilebaTa Semdeg, 855 radgac misi statusi mxolod sinoduri ganCinebis tolfasia. saeklesio aq-tTa ierarqiuloba saukuneebiT dadgenili savaldebulo wesia, Sesa-bamisad, misi Secvla konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobis doku-mentis gamoc ki SeuZlebelia. kanonikuri samarTlis kuTxiT, marTa-lia, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba samarTlis wyarod ganixileba, Tumca mas saero kanonmdeblobaSi aRiarebul statusTan SedarebiT, dabali moqmedebis Zala aqvs, rac sruliad bunebrivia, radgan SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifos mxridan valdebulebebis aRiareba da saxelmwifosTan urTierTobebis mowesrigeba xdeba da ara eklesiis Sida saqmeebsa da wesebSi Careva, romelTa avtonomiurobac, imave konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT uzrunvelyofilia856.

4. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi problemebi 4.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxelwodebis terminologiuri uz-

ustoba samarTlisa da enis urTierTmimarTeba erT-erTi maradiuli prob-

lemaa samarTlis mecnierebaSi da aqtualobas arasdros kargavs, miT umetes iseTi samarTlebrivi sivrcisTvis, romelic Camoyalibebis procesSia. 857 enobrivi da cnebebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ver iqneba meorexarisxovani, radgan samarTali, rogorc aseTi, enaSi,

853 Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey,

Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 80. 854 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti. 855 ix., CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 64. 856 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti. 857 gegenava d., zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitu-cio samarTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80, Tbilisi, 2013, 181.

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enobrivi formebiT gamJRavnebuli qcevis wesebis sistemaa.858 amitomac gamarTuli terminologia ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistemis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia, ufro metic Tavad am sistemaTa ganviTarebis erT-erTi sawindaria.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi dokumentis, saxelwodeba gamorCeulia. erTi mxriv, misi saxelSekrulebo buneba, xolo, meore mxriv `konstituciuri~ statusi mas etimologiuradac gamorCeul dokumentad aqcevs. `konstituciuris~ gamoyenebiT kanon-mdebelma xazi gausva SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, mis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv xasiaTsa da statuss saxelmwifo siste-maSi. 859 rogorc prof. xecuriani ganmartavs, SeTanxmebisTvis `kon-stituciuris~ darqmeva imiTaa gamarTlebuli, rom misi `dadebis Ses-aZlebloba da subieqtTa wre mxolod saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoniT iqneba gansazRvruli~860.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis konstituciasTan dakavSirebuli sta-tusi sruliad marTebuli da mizanSewonilia. samarTlebrivi aqtis statussa da mniSvnelobas imaze metad araferi usvams xazs, vidre konstituciasTan Tundac terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT mibma, miT umetes, am SemTxvevaSi, igi Sinaarsobrivadac ZiriTad kanons efuZne-ba. `konstituciursa~ da `sakonstitucios~ qarTul samarTlebriv enaSi xSirad TanabarmniSvnelovnad iyeneben, rac bevr problemas warmoSobs. 861 marTalia, fonetikurad es ori cneba erTmaneTTan Zalian axlosaa, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad, qarTuli enis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. `sakonstitucio~ kon-stituciis Sesaferiss, konstituciisaTvis gankuTvnils, konstituci-iT gaTvaliswinebuls, xolo `konstituciuri~ konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aRniSnavs. 862 Sinaarsobrivad es cnebebi uerTierTgadamfa-rav mniSvnelobasac moicaven. es yvelaferi kidev ufro absurdul elfers konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT iZens. `kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba~, misi saliteraturo da gramatikuli Sinaar-sidan gamomdinare, niSnavs SeTanxmebas, romelic konstitucias Seesabameba. am kuTxiT, nebismieri SeTanxmeba, romelic konstitucias

858 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 121. 859 Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the


Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001, 2. 860 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 11. 861 ix., kaxiani g., sakonstitucio kontrolis zogierTi Teoriuli aspeqti, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005; melqaZe o., `sakonstitucio kontroli~ - ter-minis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 1998; gegenava d., zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitucio samarTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80, Tbilisi, 2013; gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015. 862 ix., qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni _ <http://ena.ge/explanatoryonline>

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ar ewinaaRmdegeba, konstituciuria. garda amisa, imis dadgena, kon-stituciuria Tu ara raime, maT Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos prerogativaa, anu igi (mTlianad an na-wilobriv) potenciurad arakonstituciuric SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rac safuZvelSive gamoricxavs mis `konstituciur~ statuss.

`sakonstitucio xelSekruleba~ WeSmaritad asaxavs im Sinaarso-briv da terminologiur datvirTvas, romelic am instituts aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi igi sruliad moicavs im azrs, rac mis Semqmnelebs hqondaT _ konstituciidan gamomdinare, konstituciisken mimarTuli, sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi statusisa da Sinaarsis mqone. SeTanx-mebisTvis `sakonstitucios~ darqmeva ara mxolod teqnikurad, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac gamarTavs institutis samarTlebriv formas da Se-qmnis adekvatur aRqmas mis samarTlebriv bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi dokumenti ideuri TvalsazrisiTac Cajdeba saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis erTian sistemaSi. amis Semdeg `sakonstitucio SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobis sakiTxi logikuric iqneba da adekva-turic, gansxvavebiT `konstituciuri SeTanxmebis~ konstituciuro-bisgan.

4.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi konstituciuri SeTanxmebis normatiuli moqmedebis Zalis Taobaze

debulebebs rogorc konstitucia, ise `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni Seicavs. samwuxarod, am debulebaTa nawili urTierTgamom-ricxavi da bundovania, rac normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebis adgilis Taobaze calsaxa daskvnis gamota-nis saSualebas ar iZleva.

saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanoni konstituciaa da yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti mas unda Seesabame-bodes.863 ra Tqma unda, am mxriv, aqtebSi konstituciuri SeTanxmebac moiazreba, romelic, nebismieri sxva aqtis msgavsad, konstituciis qvemdgomi dokumentia. amasTan, konstitucia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs, romlebsac Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebTan mimarTebiT, upirates iuridiul Zalas aniWebs, saqarTvelos konstituciisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis qvemdgo-mad ganixilavs. 864 msgavs mowesrigebas adgens `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romelic ZiriTadi kanonis debulebebs sityvasityviT imeorebs865.

gaugebrobas iwvevs konstituciis norma, romlis Tanaxmadac, kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba srulad unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs, kerZod,

863 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti. 864 ix., iqve, pirveli punqtis me-2 winadadeba. 865 ix., `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti.

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adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa sferoSi. 866 normis daniSnuleba martivi dasadgenia. misi mizani konstituciuri SeTanx-mebiT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis, sxva pirTa religi-uri uflebebis Selaxvisa da diskriminaciis Tavidan acilebaa, rom-lis uzrunvelyofac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis uflebebTan Sesa-bamisobis daTqmiT miiRweva.867 Tumca warmoudgenelia saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi da principebi calke, ganyenebulad arsebobdes, isini romelime saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtSi unda iyos mocemuli, xolo es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, konstituciur SeTanxmebaze dabali samarTlebrivi Zalisaa, alogikuri gamodis, rogor unda Seesabamebodes konstituciuri SeTanxmeba am principebsa da uflebebs868.

gaugebaria, romel saxelmwifo organos SeuZlia daadginos kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebis adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavisu-flebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebTan Sesabamisoba. logikurad, upirvelesi sax-elmwifo organo, romelic, am mxriv, aluzias iwvevs, ra Tqma unda saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloa. samwuxarod, konstituci-iTa da kanonmdeblobiT mas msgavsi uflebamosileba ar gaaCnia. 869 mTavari aqti, romelic misTvis amosavali da pirveladi wyaroa, kon-stituciaa, Sesabamisad, Tavad normatiuli aqtebis erTamenTTan Sesa-bamisobaze dava mis kompetencias scdeba. prof. korkelia gamosavals imaSi xedavs, rom konstituciur SeTanxmebasa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas Soris Sesabamisobis sakiTxi saerTo sasamarTloebma ganixilon da gadawyviton.870 es msjeloba logikuria da aqtebis ier-arqiuli Sesabamisoba administraciuli sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi isedac Sedis, Tumca situaciis delikaturoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad dava adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da ara Tavad aqtis materialur Tu formalur kanonierebas Seexeba.

konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba sruliad zedmetia da ar jdeba konstituciis normatiuli qsovilisa Tu Zi-riTadi kanonis deonturi logikis erTian struqturaSi. sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos SeuZlia nebismieri normatiuli aqtis konstituci-urobis sakiTxi ganixilos, amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi nebismier pirs SeuZlia mimarTos mas normatiuli aqtis an misi nawilis konstitu-ciis me-2 TaviT aRiarebul ZiriTad uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan mimarTebiT Sesabamisobis dadgenis mizniT 871 . Tuki kanonmdeblis mi-

866 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba. 867 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 86. 868 ix., iqve, 87. 869 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis pirveli punqti, `saqarTvelos sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-19 muxli. 870 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 87. 871 saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `v~ qvepunqti.

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zani konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevis pre-venciaa, maSin es yovelive zedmeti normis gareSec miiRweva. me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki nebismier pirs SeuZlia mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis debulebaTa konstituciurobis Taobaze idavos. amasTan, konstituciis me-7 da 39-e muxlebis sistemuri ana-lizi cxadyofs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli, konkretul saerTaSoriso aqtSi mocemuli ZiriTadi uflebebi araTu ubralod kanonmdeblobis, aramed konstituciis nawiladac SeiZleba iqnes moazrebuli, rac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SesaZleblobas miscems, Seasrulos me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadebiT nagu-lisxmevi normatiuli mizani da konstituciaSi konkretuli normis ararsebobis miuxedavadac ki, daicvas adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da uzrunvelyos uflebaTa praqtikuli ganxorcieleba. aqedan gam-omdinare, ZiriTadi kanonis xsenebuli debuleba sruliad zedmetia da adamianis uflebaTa dacvas ar uzrunvelyofs, piriqiT, qmnis nor-matiul kazuss, romlis gadawyvetaze uflebamosili organo ubralod ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli winadadeba konstitu-ciidan amoRebuli unda iqnes.

4.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis hibriduli buneba marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Soris

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis idea XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gaCnda vatikanis konkordatebis gavleniT. 872 konkordati wminda saydarsa da sxva saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa. 873 igi saxelmwifoTa Soris dadebul SeTanxmebad miiCneva, radgan vatikani, romelic Tanamedrove formiT 1929 wels Seiqmna, saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebel yvela kriteriums akmayofilebs. 874 miuxedavad am garemoebisa, konkordatebis saerTaSo-risosamarTlebriv konteqstSi ganxilva sakmaod rTulia, radgan, marTalia, vatikani saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia da xelSekrulebac saxelmwifosTan ideba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi sax-elmwifos SigniT religiasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs exeba875.

qarTuli konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unikaluri xelSekrulebaa, romelic, saxelmwifosa da iuridiul pirs Sorisaa dadebuli, Tumca saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebze maRali statusisaa. 876 amgvari

872 ix., abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 14. 873 iqve. 874 ix., Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 26 December, 1933; Ryngaert C., The Legal

Status of the Holy See, “Göttingen Journal of International Law”, Vol.3, 2011, 833. 875 ix., Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concor-

dats (1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40-41. 876 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young

University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764.

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hibriduli statusi misi arsebobis erTgvari samarTlebrivi gar-antiac kia. mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis msgavsi samarTlebrivi forma yvelaze optimaluri da mizanSewonili normatiuli meqanizmia.877 tem-permani saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas gamijvnis principis gaumjobesebis meqanizmad aRiqvams878.

qarTul konstituciur SeTanxmebas hibriduli buneba aqvs, igi araa saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, dadebulia qveyanaSi moqmed eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris, Tumca, imavdroulad, mas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebic aqvs. 879 konstitu-ciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivma formam Tavidanve bevri kiTxva dabada, maT Soris mTavari problema ki is iyo, rom SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi da statusi wminda saydris konkordatebis mibaZviT iyo Se-qmnili, Tumca vatikanisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebel eklesias saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi statusi ar gaaCnia. 880 swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli isic, rom mas ara `ratifikacia~, aramed `damtkiceba~ esaWiroeba.881 terminTa aRrevisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasTan aluziis Tavidan asacileblad miRebis formebi terminologiurad gaimijna. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc SeTanxmeba, igi Sida kanon-mdeblobis nawilad rCeba, Tumca saerTaSoriso aqts miagavs, amis gamo misi klasikur normatiul aqtad aRqma sakmaod rTulia. sava-raudod, amanac ganapiroba kanonmdeblis specialuri daTqma, rom-liTac konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiul aqtad moiazreba da saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilia882.

4.4. sekularizmis principis darRveva da eklesiis SezRudva modernizaciis aqtiuri procesi ar niSnavs sazogadoebaSi eklesi-

is daniSnulebis gaqrobas. 883 marTalia, marTlmadidebeli eklesia yovelTvis sifrTxiliT da SeiZleba iTqvas, garkveulwilad, SiSiTac 877 ix., xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis sa-marTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 81. 878 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neu-

tral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 74. 879 abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sol-idaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 15. 880 Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the


Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001, 2. 881 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 85. 882 ix., `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 883 Fokas E., Religion and Welfare in Greece: A New, or Renewed, Role for the Church? in:Orthodox Chris-

tianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by V.

Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 175.

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ekideba globalur siaxleebsa da wamowyebebs, rasac misi (ul-tra)konservatiuli xasiaTic ganapirobebs, 884 Tumca es ar unda iyos imis mizezi, rom saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaSi, upi-ratesobebisa da SeRavaTebis sanacvlod, saxelmwifom eklesiis avtonomiuroba SezRudos. istoriulad, nebismieri saxelmwifo, ro-melic eklesias sakonstitucio privilegiebsa da gansakuTrebul oficialur statuss aniWebda, yovelTvis moiTxovda Sesabamisi eklesiis mxridan samsaxursa da mxardaWeras. 885 aRniSnuli karga xania warsuls Cabarda da dResdReobiT eklesiis mxridan mxardaWera ZiriTadad socialur sferoSi gamoixateba, saxelmwifos mTlianobis, erTianobisa da sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis propagandiT, waxalisebiT.

Tanamedrove eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa specifikis gaT-valiswinebiT, eqskluziurad eklesiis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sa-kiTxebia: sasuliero pirTa ganaTleba da momzadeba, RvTismsaxureba da sasuliero pirebTan SromiTi urTierTobebi, saeklesio qonebis marTva, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba da sxv.886

4.4.1. saidumloebis dacva samarTali advokatebis, eqimebisa da sasuliero pirTaTvis sai-

dumloebis dacvis privilegias uzrunvelyofs.887 ara aqvs mniSvnelo-ba, Tu romeli samarTlis ojaxs miekuTvneba saxelmwifo da ra sa-marTlebrivi azrovnebaa qveyanaSi, saidumloebis dacvis privilegia am sami kategoriis pirTaTvis garantirebulia. saqarTveloc gamona-klisi araa. qarTuli kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs msgavsi saidum-loebis daculobas. 888 amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am sami kategoriis saidumloebas Soris garkveuli diferenciacia arsebobs. sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, sasuliero pirTaTvis saidumloebis dacvis principi absoluturia da aRsarebis saidumlos gacemas maT saxelmwifo arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar avaldebulebs. 889 roca, eqimi da advokati gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, valdebulni arian, mimarTon Sesabis sax-elmwifo organoebs, sasuliero pirebi absoluturi sakanonmdeblo privilegiiT sargebloben. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sasuliero pirad nebismieri aRmsareblobis Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis piri moiazre-ba da am mxriv, kanonmdebloba raime diferenciacias ar adgens. 884 ix., iqve, 180. 885 Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, “Journal of Church and

State”, Vol.7, No.2, 1965, 219. 886 ix., Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative

Survey, Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 81-82. 887 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.

Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243. 888 ix., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, èqimis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi, àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. 889 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.

Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243.

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konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel sasuliero pirebs saidumloebis dacvis privilegiiT aRWuravs ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: 1. aRsarebis saidumloeba da 2. saeklesio saidumloeba. 890 aRsarebis saidumlo ganimarteba, rogorc sinanulis saidumlo, dawesebuli TviT ieso qristes mier, sulieri ganwmendis mizniT uflis winaSe moZRvarTan (marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasuliero piri, romelic ama Tu im adamianisagan ibarebs aRsarebas da warmarTavs mis sulier cxovrebas 891 ) nebayoflobiTi aRiareba codvisa, romlis sxvasTan Tqmis ufleba sasuliero pirs ara aqvs.892 saeklesio saidumloebad ki miiCneva eklesiis konfidencialuri in-formacia.893 aRsarebisas miRebuli informacia saidumloa da eklesia misi gamJRavnebis SesaZleblobas ar icnobs, piriqiT, akrZalulia misi raime formiT gacema da vinmesTvis Tqma. 894 ufro metic, amis ganmaxorcielebeli sasuliero piri saeklesio kanonebiT daisjeba895.

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos saxelmwifo aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidumloebas ara privilegiad, aramed valdebulebad adgens da sasuliero pirs avaldebulebs, ar gasces informacia, ro-melic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili. 896 msgavsi valdebulebis dadgena warmoudgenelia sakonstitucio sekularizmis pirobebSi. saxelmwifo ar aris uflebamosili Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi, miT umetes daudginos eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS myof pirs raime valdebuleba, garda im samoqalaqo, saero valdebulebebisa, rome-lic, rogorc wesi, nebismier moqalaqes isedac aqvs. msgavsi formu-lirebiT Camoyalibebuli debuleba eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis princips ewinaaRmdegeba da eklesiis avtonomiurobis sakonstituci-osamarTlebriv ideas arRvevs. aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidum-loebis dacvis valdebuleba sasuliero pirs mxolod eklesiam da kanonikurma samarTalma SeuZlia daudginos. saxelmwifo sruliad neitraluri unda iyos am viTarebaSi da ara valdebulebiT, aramed uflebamosilebis aRWurvis meqanizmiT uzrunvelyos saidumloebis privilegirebuli statusi.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadeba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirvel da me-19 muxlis pirvel punqtebs. aucilebelia misi formulirebis Secvla

890 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba. 891 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-16 punqti. 892 iqve, me-13 punqti. 893 iqve, me-14 punqti. 894 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 91. 895 iqve. 896 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadeba.

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da absurduli valdebulebidan samarTlebriv privilegiad trans-formireba. am mizniT, logikuri iqneba, Tuki winadadeba Camoyalibde-ba Semdegi saxiT: àravis aqvs ufleba, sasuliero pirs mosTxovos informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili.~

4.4.2. licenzia da nebarTvebi saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi statusidan da organizaciuli Sesa-

Zleblobebidan gamomdinare, xSiria, rodesac igi konkretuli an gan-sazRvruli religiuri gaerTianebebis sasargeblod raime Ro-nisZiebis ganxorcielebas kisrulobs. yvelaze xSirad saxelmwifo eklesiis wevrebisgan gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblis Segroveba-administrirebas uzrunvelyofs. 897 am sakiTxSi TanamSromloba sruliad bunebrivia, radganac gadasaxadebi eqskluziurad sax-elmwifos prerogativaa da mas gacilebiT daxvewili, gamarTuli da martivi sistema aqvs, raTa religiuri gaerTianebebis wevrTagan gadasaxadebis amoReba efeqturad moaxdinos. Tumca nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo unda moeridos eklesiis saxeliT raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, miT umetes, roca es uSualod eklesiis, rogorc organizaciul-samarTlebrivi subieqtis, kompetenciaSi Sedis da rac mTavaria, misi ganxorcielebac sruliad SesaZlebelia sax-elmwifos aqtiuri Carevis gareSe.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT gasces licenzia an nebarTva eklesiis ofi-cialuri terminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyenebaze, agreTve, saRvTismsaxuro produqciis damzadebaze, Semotanasa da miwodeba-ze. 898 eklesiis oficialur terminologiad miiCneva `saqarTvelos samociqulo~, àvtokefaluri~, `marTlmadidebeli~, `kaTolikos-patriarqi~, `wmida sinodi~.899 simbolikis ganmartebas konstituciuri SeTanxmeba èklesiis marTva-gamgeobis wesdebas~ uTmobs.900 aRsaniSna-via, rom es ukanaskneli bunebaSi ar arsebobs. 1995 wlis 18-19 seqtem-bers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gafarToebul adgilobriv krebaze miRebul eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxebis momwesrigebel dokuments `debuleba~ da ara `wesdeba~ hqvia. garda amisa, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, aRniSnuli dokumenti saerTod ar

897 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October

1990. 898 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-6 pun-qti. 899 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 28-e punqti. 900 iqve, 27-e punqti.

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awesrigebs simbolikasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. 901 Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom simbolikis sakiTxi mowesrigebis gareSea da-tovebuli.

saxelmwifos mxridan licenzia/nebarTvis gacemis valdebulebis aReba imiTaa gamarTlebuli, rom moxdes erTiani, centralizebuli midgomis Camoyalibeba, raTa marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli ar moeqces iseTi mimdinareobebis gavlenis qveS, romlebic Tavs marTlmadideblebad asaReben sxvadasxva mizniT.902 Tumca es argumen-ti naklebad gamosadegia, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi msgavsi valdebulebis aRebiT saxelmwifo araTu exmareba eklesias, aramed zedmetad iWreba religiis Tavisuflebasa da eklesiis, rogorc religiuri gaerTianebis, saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli subieqtis, avtonomiaSi. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna, upirvelesad, Tavad eklesias aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos mxridan mis saqmeebSi Carevis-gan, aZlevs mas srul samoqmedo Tavisuflebas. 903 amasTan, religiis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs kanonier molodins, rom religiur gaerTianebas SeeZleba ifunqcioniros saxelmwifos uxeSi Carevisa da xelis SeSlis gareSe904.

eklesias, romelic ssip-ia da aRWurvilia sruli subieqtunariano-biT, aqvs sakmarisi SesaZlebloba, samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gam-oyenebiT, sasamarTlos meSveobiT daicvas sakuTari uflebebi, maT Soris, moiTxovos misi oficialuri terminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyenebis akrZalva da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi es dava ara religiuri, aramed samoqalaqo xasiaTisa iqneba, romlis gadawyvetac samoqalaqo sasamarTlos kompetenciaa. 905 Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo Tavidan ai-cilebs konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT aSkara favori-tizmsa da saxelmwifoebrivi resursebis, iqneba es adamianuri Tu fi-nansuri, xarjvas. man maqsimalurad Sors unda daiWiros Tavi msgavsi Sinaarsis davisgan, miT umetes iseT sferoSi, rogoric licenziisa da nebarTvebis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo samarTalia. praqtikaSi asec xdeba: saxelmwifom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis xsenebuli debuleba ar asaxa Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi, 906 Sesabamisad, es Canaweri mkvdari normaa da formalur farglebs ar gascdenia. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi am formiT arseboba da ierarqiiT saxelmwifos meore aqtSi ganTavseba, sekularizmis principis darRvevaa da TanamSromlobis modelis pirobebSic ki, aSkara favor-

901 ix., saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, 1995 wlis 18-19 seqtemberi, mcxeTa, sceticxoveli. 902 ix., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 29. 903 Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108. 904 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62. 905 Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 709 (1976). 906 `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi.

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itizmia, rac eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis normalur farglebs cdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, xsenebuli norma arakonstituciuria da konstituciuri SeTanxmebidan amosaRebia.

4.4.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva konstituciuri SeTanxmeba Seicavs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad,

eklesia uSualod ar axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas. 907 normis daniSnuleba eklesiis mier sasuliero funqciebis ganxorcielebis primatis xazgasma da misi maRali daniSnulebis wina planze wamoweva unda iyos. Tumca, gaugebaria, msgavsi normatiuli Sinaarsis kon-stituciur SeTanxmebaSi moTavsebis motivacia, miT umetes, norma deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa da ufro gancxadebas Seicavs, vidre raime samarTlebriv valdebulebas. miuxedavad amisa, alogikuria eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis modeluri qcevis wesebis gansazRvrisas, ra saWiroa eklesiisTvis samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SezRudva an msgavsi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobisgan distancireba.

religiuri gaerTianebisTvis avtonomiurobis uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili da evrokonvenciis me-9 muxlis dacvis ucilobeli pirobaa. 908 evropuli saxelmwifo ar unda ereodes da arc unda ainteresebdes eklesiis Sida saqmeebi, misi mTavari daniSnuleba demokratiuli Rirebulebebis popularizacia da aqtualizacia unda iyos. 909 religiuri avtonomiurobis principi gulisxmobs religiuri gaer-Tianebis uflebas, damoukideblad gadawyvitos masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da sakuTari Tavi xelisuflebis Caurevlad marTos910.

religiur gaerTianebas ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad, Tavad gad-awyvitos Sidaorganizaciuli sakiTxebi, airCios sulieri liderebi, Camoayalibos da ganaviTaros religiuri sakiTxebi, daadginos wevrTa miRebisa da garicxvis wesebi da a.S.911 Tavad eklesiis gadasawyvetia, saidan miiRebs damatebiT Semosavals, ra finansebi eqneba da rogor gankargavs maT. ra Tqma unda, yovelive es samarTliT dadgenil Car-CoebSi unda ganxorcieldes, magram am SemTxvevaSi kerZo samarTali imoqmedebs da eklesias, rogorc damoukidebel iuridiul pirs, ekonomikuri Tu piradi Tavisufleba, avtonomia eqneba. mis samarTle-

907 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 pun-qti. 908 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62. 909 kurtaniZe k., evrosabaWos saparlamento asambleas rekomendacia: saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba daadamianis uflebebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010, 99. 910 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


6. 911 Svyato-Mykhayliyska Parafiya v. Ukraine, [ECtHR], App. no. 77703/01, 14 June 2007, Para.150.

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briv formas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan klasikuri saja-ro samarTlis iuridiuli piri araa da masze Sesabamisi kanon-mdeblobac ar vrceldeba. 912 garda amisa, eklesias Tavad SeuZlia daafuZnos Sesabamisi iuridiuli piri, romelic samewarmeo saqmiano-bas ganaxorcielebs da amas mas veravin aukrZalavs. amis fonze kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebis debuleba kidev ufro komikur elfers iZens da araTu deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa, aramed sruliad uSedego da unayofo Sinaarss moicavs.

religiis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani religiuri gaer-Tianebis avtonomiurobisa da damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofaa. 913 sasamarTlosac ki ekrZaleba saqmis warmoebis procesSi Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebsa Tu sasuliero sferoSi. 914 am pirobebSi msgavsi normis arseboba samarTlebrivi sistemis erTiani logikuri konteqstidan sruliad amovardnilia. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, ro-melic yovelTvis konservatiuli poziciiT gamoirCeoda, iZulebulia Tanamedrove gamowvevebis, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis paralelurad sakuTar poziciebs gadaxedos. 915 swored am motiviT mas uwevs dafinansebis sxvadasxva, kanonier meqanizms mimarTos da SesaZlebe-lia, samewarmeo saqmianobac ganaxorcielos. sruliad sxva sakiTxia, praqtikaSi ramdenad gamoiyenebs am SesaZleblobas, magram, Tuki sxva religiur gaerTianebebs msgavsi SezRudva ar gaaCnia, aseve, alogikuria igi daudgindes eklesias, romelic privilegirebuli statusiT sargeblobs da piriqiT, meti SeRavaTi SeiZleba hqondes.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti, Tundac deklaraciuli normatiuli Sinaarsis statusiT, ewinaaRmdegeba Ta-nasworobis, religiis Tavisuflebis, religiuri gaerTianebis avtonomiurobisa da saqmianobis Tavisuflebis principebs, ris gamoc SeTanxmebidan amosaRebia.

4.4.4. patriarqis xelSeuvaloba Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifo eklesiisa da sasuliero pirebis

mimarT sasamarTlo xelSeuvalobas adgenda. 916 eklesiis msaxurebs maT mimarT wayenebuli braldebebisgan imuniteti icavdaT.917 es prin-cipi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebda da misi ganmapirobebeli faqtori Tavad mRvdelmsaxurTa sakraluri statusi iyo. Tumca TandaTan imuniteti da xelSeuvaloba Sesustda, bolos ki sruliad

912 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 15091-e muxlis me-5 nawili. 913 ix., Sirico L.J. Jr., Church Property Disputes: Churches as Secular and Alien Institutions, “Fordham Law

Review”, Vol.55, 1986, 335. 914 ix., Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 444 n.3 (1969). 915 gegeSiZe d., saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis saRvTismetyvelo koncefciis kritika, Tbilisi, 1986, 5. 916 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 60. 917 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 50.

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gaqra, rac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis wina planze wamowevam da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principma ganapiroba.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia. 918 `xelSeuvalobis~ legaluri definicia qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi ar moipoveba, Sesabamisad, igi misi yofiTi, saliteraturo mniSvnelobiT unda ganimartos. Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi xelSeu-valoba gulisxmobs piris mimarT samarTlebrivi, ZiriTadad sisxlissamarTlebrivi, pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis SeuZleblobas. xelSeuvali piris dakaveba, dapatimreba, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT dasja SeuZlebelia. msgavs statuss saqarTvelos konstitucia erTaderT pirs, saxelmwifos meTaurs _ prezidents aniWebs, isic Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi. 919 sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, radganac prezidents uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba daubrkole-blad, yovelgvari SesaZlo zewolisa da zemoqmedebis gareSe unda SeeZlos. Tumca misi xelSeuvaloba limitirebulia da saprezidento vadis amowurvasTan erTad ixsneba. sxvagvarad, dairRveva kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis umTavresi principi.

eklesiis, rogorc universaluri organizaciis, idea warmatebuli ver gamodga da sabolood, igi saxelmwifoebriv doneze erovnuli eklesiebis saxiT damkvidrda. 920 msgavsadve moxda qarTul sinamdvileSi, Sesabamisad, eklesiis meTauri _ kaTolikos-patriarqi, gansakuTrebuli socialuri statusiT sargeblobs. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sedegad mas gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi statusic daumkvidrda, Tumca prezidentisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic arCeviTi Tanamdebobaa da mTeli rigi SezRudvebi ukavSirdeba, rogorc wesi, patriarqoba sicocxlis vadiT miniWebuli titulia. Sesabamisad, xelSeuvaloba patriarqs gacilebiT meti xniT aqvs garantirebuli. amasTan, gaugebaria, ra mizniT unda iyos xelSeuvaloba adamianis mimarT, romelic eklesiis meTauria da ratom uSvebs kanonmdebeli imis albaTobas, rom man SeiZleba danaSauli Caidinos, romlis Sem-TxvevaSic mis mimarT samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba dadgeba. SeTanxmebis teqstSi msgavsi Canaweris gakeTebis mizani kaTolikos-patriarqis pativisTvis xazgasma da win wamoweva iyo, Tumca sinamdvileSi ukuSedegi dadga: mis mimarT saxelmwifos sruli iu-risdiqcia ver ganxorcieldeba, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis princi-pi irRveva da sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, zeaRmatebul statuss iZens, rac arc saxelmwifos da arc eklesias xels ar unda aZlevdes.

patriarqis xelSeuvalobis Sesaxeb norma konstituciuri SeTanx-mebidan amoRebuli unda iqnes. kaTolikosis gansakuTrebuli statusi

918 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti. 919 saqarTvelos konstituciis 75-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 920 Cranmer F., National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, “Law & Justice – Christian Law Review”,

Vol.149, 2002, 157, ix. citireba: “The Idea of an National Church”, in The Church and Nation: Charges

and Addresses (London, 1901) 214.

138

sazogadoebrivi da ara samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis sferoa, Sesabam-isad, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi diskriminaciuli mowesrigebis damkvidrebisgan, romelmac sazogadoebis konkretul jgufebze SesaZloa gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos.

5. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis aqtualizacia da sekularuli sax-

elmwifos idea evropuli absolutizmis dasrulebas, franguli da amerikuli revoluciebis gamarjvebas ukavSirdeba. 921 qristianoba pa-tivs scems adamianis uflebebs, vinaidan misTvis Tavad am uflebaTa matarebeli subieqti _ adamiania, mTavari, igia sinaTlis wyaro. 922 adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi mxolod saxelmwifos prerogativa araa, ufro metic, saxelmwifom mxolod ori saukunis winRa aRiara maTi arseboba da mboWavi Zala. eklesia ZiriTad uflebebs aRiarebs da maT uSualod RmerTisgan momdinared miiCnevs923.

adamianis uflebebis istoriuli sawyisebi bunebiT samarTalSia, romelic zogadad qristianobisTvis organulia, Tumca marTlmadide-blobisTvis sakmaod ucxoa. 924 misticizmis centraluroba, ganWvretadi cxovreba da individualizaciis TiTqmis ararseboba marTlmadideblobaSi adamianis uflebebisaTvis myar Teologiur sa-fuZvlebs ar iZleva. 925 Tumca is faqti, rom xandaxan eklesia in-diferentulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis mimarT, ar niSnavs, rom Tavad qristianobas, wminda werilsac msgavsi damokidebuleba aqvs.926 qristianoba ar moiTxovs morwmunisgan avtoritetis Camoyalibebasa da aRiarebas, RmerTi ar aris avtoriteti, igi religiuri TvalsazrisiT, WeSmaritebaa. 927 swored amitom adamianSi RvTaebrivi avtoriteti ar unda arsebobdes, igi Tavisufalia928.

kanonmdeblebi da religiuri reformatorebi yovelTvis gan-sakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen individebis pirad sivrceSi moralTan da codvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebis mowesrigebas. 929 swored amitom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eniWeba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiTa Tu kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili privilegiebis Sesabam-

921 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 346. 922 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 32. 923 ix., spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 83. 924 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 343. 925 iqve, 344. 926 TinikaSvili d., magaliTi saepiskoposo msaxurebisa, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 72. 927 dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n. doborjginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 87. 928 iqve, 86. 929 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013,

251.

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isobas adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan. romelime religiuri gaer-Tianebisadmi privilegiis miniWeba, Tavisi arsiT, SeiZleba Zalze dadebiTad iyos aRqmuli sazogadoebis mxridan, Tumca yovelTvis dgas riski da safrTxe imisa, rom sazogadoebis sxva nawilis, umciresobis, interesebi Seilaxeba.

5.1. eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromloba religiisa da demokratis

Tavsebadobis konteqstSi religiis Tavisufleba an saxelmwifos mier religiasTan ar-

gaigivebis survili eklesia-saxelmwifos Soris TanamSromlobis Ses-aZleblobas ar gamoricxavs.930 adamianis uflebebi da religia kaco-briobis manifestia raRac ukeTesze, romelsac imedic SeiZleba ewodos. 931 xSir SemTxvevaSi swored religias SeuZlia absolutiz-misa da avtoritarizmisgan daicvas adamianebi, ZiriTadi uflebebi da raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, demokratiuli sazogadoebis funda-menturi principebic ki.932 marTlmadideblobasa da demokratias erT-maneTSi konfliqti ar unda hqondeT, radgan maT Zalian bevri saer-To principi aqvT, romliTac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da sazogadoebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba. 933 tokvilis azriT, qristianobam, gansakuTrebiT ki misma moralurma standartma, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa demokratiis procesSi934.

adamianis uflebebis dacva araa mxolod romelime konkretuli saxelmwifosa da Tu misi organos movaleoba, es valdebuleba nebismier sazogadoebriv jgufze, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, eklesi-azec vrceldeba. 935 socialuri pasuxismgebloba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT-erTi principia. 936 `demokratia mxolod adamianur sazogadoebaSia warmoqmnili, cxoveluri samyarosTvis is ucnobia. igi gamomdinareobs pirovnebis, rogorc uzenaesi faseulobis Se-gnebidan, romelic amozrdilia religiuri personalizmis niadagi-dan, miswrafebidan, romlis mizania sazogadoebisTvis racionaluri struqturis micema.~937

930 bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 335. 931 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,

2013, 181. 932 ix., dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 83. 933 ix., Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 44. 934 iqve, 35. 935 arqiepiskoposi anastasiosi (ianulatosi), adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis maTlmadidebluri xedva, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #4(37), 2010, 81. 936 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 369. 937 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 78.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesias xSirad akritikeben adamianis uflebebisadmi damokidebulebis gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTad uflebebs marTlmadidebeli eklesia kacobriobisa da adamianis ga-nuyofel faseulobad acxadebs, gansakuTrebiT socialur uflebebs, romlebic xSirad eklesiis warmomadgenelTa da saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirTa urTierTobis mTavari Tema xdeba. 938 religia mniSvnelovans rols TamaSobs ara mxolod konstituciis SemuSave-bisa da miRebis, aramed misi cvlilebis drosac, _ aSS-is monobis winaaRmdeg kampaniasa da XX saukunis samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZ-raobis periodSi religiur mosazrebebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWaT939.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba konkretulad erT religiur gaerTianebasTan saxelmwifos mxridan uflebamosilebis mikerZoebu-lad ganxorcielebas ar gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo uflebamosilia dados iseTi SeTanxmebebi, romlebic erT religiur gaerTianebas sxvebTan mimarTebiT upirates mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs. 940 Tumca es unda iyos sxvadasxva obieqturi faqtoriT ganpirobebuli, rogori-caa: istoriuli gamocdileba, kulturuli integracia, sazoga-doebrivi damokidebuleba da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos sax-elmwifos hqonda uflebamosileba, rogorc sakonstituciosamarTle-brivi, ise sazogadoebriv-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, daedo kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesi-isTvis garkveuli privilegiebi mieniWebina. amis safuZveli ki sa-konstitucio donezea xazgasmuli da uzrunvelyofili: saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gan-sakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi;941 misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis, erovnuli msoflmxedvelobisa da faseulobebis Camoyal-ibebaSi;942 mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis mier marTlmadideblobis aRmsarebloba. 943 saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli religiuri da mo-raluri Sexedulebebis socialuri jgufebia, rac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli da miRebuli sinamdvilea, Sesabamisad, miuxedavad mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiuri kuTvnilebisa, kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba ganxiluli unda iyos religiur-eTikuri pluralizmis WrilSi, romelic religiur-moraluri standartebis

938 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Chris-

tianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 186. 939 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of


15. 940 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.

17522/90, 11 January 1992. 941 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti. 942 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis preambula, me-3 ab-zaci. 943 iqve, me-4 abzaci.

141

mravalgvarobas gulisxmobs 944 . konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc samarTlebrivi aqti, Tavisi arsiTa da formalursamarTlebrivi kuTxiT (dadebis SesaZleblobiT) srulad Seesabameba adamianis Zi-riTadi uflebebis evropul gagebasa da doqtrinas.

5.2. Tanasworoba pluralistur demokratiasa da qristianobas gacilebiT meti

saerTo aqvT, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans: sxvaTa pativiscema da Tavisufleba, romelic demokratiis qvakuTxedia, jer kidev qristeseuli RmerTisa da keisris urTierTmimarTebidan modis. 945 qristianuli mrwamsi iZleva SesaZleblobas, gansakuTrebuli yur-adReba gamaxvildes Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze, rac marTlma-dideblobasa da demokratias sruliad Tavsebads xdis. 946 yvela ada-mians Tanabari uflebebi aqvs da saxelmwifom adamianTa uflebebis ganxorcielebas xeli unda Seuwyos. 947 Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyos TiToeuli adamianisaTvis SesaZle-blobaTa Tanabroba da amasTan, Tavi Seikavos diskriminaciuli mowesrigebis dadgenisgan. saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas religiur gaerTianebebs Soris diskriminacia da arc Tavad Seuwyos xeli iseT RonisZiebas, romliTac romelime religiis diskriminacia moxdeba. 948 amasTan, man araTu xeli unda SeuSalos religiur gaerTianebebs, ar-amed maTi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad Sesabamisi garemo unda uzrunvelyos 949.

adamianis uflebaTa samarTali gmobs religiuri niSniT diskrimi-nacias, konkretuli religiis warmomadgenelTaTvis politikuri privilegiebisa da saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi eqskluzivis mini-Webas. 950 Tumca, imavdroulad, ar aris marTebuli azri, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis dadgenili SeRavaTebi evrokonvenci-is me-14 muxlis darRvevaa da sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT avtomaturad diskriminaciulia.951 Tanasworoba yvelas erT kategori-aSi moqcevas ar gulisxmobs, ufro metic, Tanasworobis praqtikuli damkvidrebisas saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansxvavebuli garemoebebisa da viTarebebis Sesabamisad imoqmedos, konkretul SemTxvevaze 944 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Reli-

gion in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 21. 945 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 29-30. 946 prodmou e., ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 74. 947 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 368. 948 Sentence 24/1982 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 13 May 1982. 949 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 66. 950 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 313. 951 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 89.

142

konkretuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba daadginos. 952 religiuri sa-kiTxebi specifikurobiT gamoirCeva, ris gamoc bevr saxelmwifoSi maTTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba da mowesrigebaa953.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Sesulia religiuri gaerTianebebis sarCeli, romelic marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenil sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs exe-ba. 954 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili privilegiebi da upiratesobebi sxvebTan mimarTebiT, ar arRvevs Ta-nasworobis ZiriTad uflebas. am SemTxvevaSi esaa SeTanxmebiT na-kisri valdebulebebi, romelTa dacva da ganxorcielebac sax-elmwifos evaleba. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi asaxuli debulebebi pir-dapir gamomdinareobs da efuZneba masze zemdgom aqts _ konstituci-ur SeTanxmebas, Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi davis sagani ara mxolod sagadasaxado kodeqsis normebi, aramed Tavad am ukanasknelTa sa-fuZveli debulebebi unda iyos. sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis msgavsi SeRavaTebis daweseba saxelmwifos mxridan diskreciaa da ar SeiZleba vinmem an raimem, maT Soris sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daavaldebulos igi, ganaxorcielos msgavsi Sinaarsis RonisZiebebi. saxelmwifos mxridan nebismieri SeRavaTis dadgena unda moxdes im sistemis mixedviT, romelsac igi religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebis mxriv aRiarebs. ra Tqma unda, sasurvelia, saxelmwifom nebismier religiur gaerTianebas daudginos sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da amiT pozitiuri valdebuleba ikisros, Tumca es ar unda moxdes sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, negatiuri kanonmdeblis funqciis ganxorcielebis gziT.

5.3. religiis Tavisufleba adamianis uflebaTa hermenevtika naTlad warmoaCens qristianobasa

da adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs Soris kavSirs. 955 demokratia da religia araTu SeuTavseblebi, aramed erTmaneTis Semavseblebi arian: demokratia qmnis religiis TavisuflebisaTvis yvelaze xelsayrel garemos religiuri pluralizmis uzrulvelyofis saSualebiT, 956

952 Sentence 34/1981 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 10 November 1981. 953 mag., norvegiaSi religiur gaerTianebebze ar vrceldeba genderuli Ta-nasworobisa da antidiskriminaciuli aqtebi. amis mizezi isaa, rom konkretuli religia SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebul idealebs iziarebdes, maT Soris gen-derul sakiTxebSi. ix., Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International

and Norwegian Law, in: Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law

and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,

2014, 136. 954 <http://constcourt.ge/ge/news/2015-wlis-9-oqtombers-saqartvelos-sakonstitucio-sasamartloshi-shemovida-

sarcheli.page> [10.11.2015] 955 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 16. 956 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.5.

143

mTavaria mmarTveloba da religia erTmaneTSi ar airios, ar moxdes urTierTgadafarva. 957 moralur-eTikuri valdebulebebiTa da movlenebis mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebiT religia demokratiis mniSvnelovani damxmare SeiZleba iyos958.

adamianis Tavisufal nebasa da religiis Tavisuflebaze jer kidev eklesiis mamebi _ tertuliane, aTanasiusi da laqtanciusi saubrob-dnen. 959 ufro metic, marTlmadideblur TeologiaSi aRiarebulia, rom morwmunis moralur valdebulebaTa umravlesoba swored adami-anis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs. 960 eklesiaTa msof-lio sabWom jer 1948 da Semdeg 1961 wels daadgina, rom adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18 muxli qristianul Tavisu-flebasTan srul SesabamisobaSi iyo961.

religiis Tavisuflebis principebma didwilad ganapirobes Sua saukuneobrivi Sexedulebebis daZleva da Tanamedrove ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gageba. 962 rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi safuZvelia.963 am ukanasknelisTvis ki pluralizmia ganuyofeli nawili, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda.964 religiis Tavisufleba uSu-alod efuZneba pirovnebis Rirsebas, Rirsebis ZiriTad uflebas965.

evrokonvenciis me-9 muxliT uzrunvelyofili rwmenisa da aRmsare-blobis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi sa-fuZvelia, romelic, imavdroulad, mowrmuneTa identobisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli gagebis sasicocxlo elementia. 966 religiis Tavisu-fleba ar arsebobs, Tu moqalaqes ara aqvs Tavisufleba, ar miekuTvnebodes romelime religias. 967 religiis Tavisufleba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTaa daviwroebuli da ganviTarebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi misi Sinaarsi imdenad emyareba nebis avtonomias, rom

957 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.10. 958 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.5. 959 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 47; Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human

Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 25, ix. citireba: Migne, Patrologia latina, 6:516.54. 960 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 26. 961 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 382. 962 Radan P., International Law and Religion, Article 18 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political

Rights, in: Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyerson and R.

F. Croucher, Abingdon, 2005, 11. 963 ix., Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova, [ECtHR], App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001,

Para. 114. 964 ix., Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 14307/88, 25 May 1993, Para.31. 965 kokaia l., religiis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba unda daCqardes, Jurn. `samarTali~, #10-12, 2004, 7. 966 The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary As-

sembly of the Council of Europe, Para.3. 967 Segev v. Rabbinical Court, High Court of Justice of Israel, 130/66.

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adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis gagebis sajarosamarTlebriv mxares scdeba.968

saxelmwifom aqtiuri roli unda iTamaSos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu religiuri principebis ganxorcieleba iwvevs an SesaZloa gamoiwvios adamianis uflebebis darRveva. 969 aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb informacia piris Zalze pirad sferos ganekuTvneba da saxelmwifom maqsimalu-rad unda Seikavos Tavi masSi Carevisgan970.

saxelmwifos mier konkretuli religiisadmi oficialurad gan-sakuTrebuli statusis miniWeba, Tu aRniSnuli sxvaTa diskriminaciis xarjze ar xdeba, religiis Tavisuflebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.971 domi-nanti an privilegirebuli religiis statusi ar unda gulisxmobdes imas, rom sxva religiaTa praqtika, religiis Tavisufleba izRude-bodes mis xarjze an ufro metic, damokidebuli iyos mis Tanxmobaze (nebarTvaze)972.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, saqarTve-los marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba ar gamoricxavs sxva religiuri organizaciebis arsebobas, maTi saqmianobis raime formiT SezRudvas an akrZalvas. 973 saqarTve-los konstituciuri SeTanxmeba miznad ar isaxavs vinmes religiuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, an rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisu-flebis realizebisaTvis raime standartebis Seqmnas. misi mizania, moawesrigos konkretul religiur organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli

968 mag., evrosasamarTlo aRiarebs religiur gaerTianebebis Tavisuflebas Tavadve gansazRvron maTi dasaqmebulebisTvis damatebiTi religiuri pirobebi. ix., Seiben-

haar v. Germany, [ECtHR], App. No. 18136/02, 3 February 2011. qalbatoni zaibenhaari (Ms.

Seibenhaar) muSaobda protestantul sabavSvo baRSi. igi iyo kaTolike. SromiTi xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mas ekrZaleboda iseTi gaerTianebis wevroba, romlis Sexedulebebic an saqmianobac ewinaaRmdegeboda eklesiis msoflmxedvelobas. zai-benhaaris kaTolikoba problemas ar qmnida, Tumca man Seicvala aRmsarebloba da gaxda ùniversaluri eklesiis~ (`kacobriobis saZmos~) wevri da aswavlisa am gaerTianebaSi. am faqtis gamo igi protenstantuli baRidan daiTxoves. evrosasa-marTlom ar cno religiis Tavisuflebis (evrokonvenciis me-9 muxlis) darRveva; aseve, darRvevad ar ganixilavs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac dasaqmebuli Tanxmdeba samuSaos damsaqmeblis specialuri pirobiT rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Taobaze. ix., Sir Bratza N., The “Precious Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human

Rights, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 14. 969 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.17. 970 ix., Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February, 2010; Sir Bratza N., The “Precious

Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Discrimina-

tion Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 13. 971 Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990, Para. 37; Edge P.W., Religion and Law,

An Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 96. skalias azriT, religiis Tavisufleba sulac ar gu-lisxmobs saxelmwifos mimarT akrZalvas, rom mas SeezRudos Tavisufleba _ religiuroba amjobinos arareligiurobas. McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Un-

ion, 545 U.S. 893 (2005) (Scalia, J., dissenting). 972 ix., Manoussakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 18748/91, 26 September 1996. 973 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 22 noembris #2/18/206 ganCineba saqmeze, `moqalaqe zurab aroSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~.

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samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. ufro metic, konstituciuri SeTanxme-ba Tavad kontrahentis, saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis, moqmedebis Tavisuflebas, garkveulwilad, zRudavs kidec.

V. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba saqarTveloSi 1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis mdgomareoba konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels daido da bevr iseT normas

moicavs, romelic TviTaRsrulebadi araa, mas Sesabamisi aqtebis miReba da praqtikuli ganxorcieleba sWirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis aRsrulebis mizniT mTeli rigi normatiuli aqtebis miReba ivaraudeboda, raime Sinaar-sobrivi da praqtikuli RonisZieba ar gatarebula. 974 jer kidev 2003 wels prezidentma 5 specialuri komisia Seqmna: 1. jvrisweris sax-elmwifo aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis momzadebis komisia; 2. samxedro-sajariso formirebebSi, sapatim-roebsa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi moZRvris (kapelanis) institutis Seqmnis komisia; 3. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis Sesaxebs sagnis swavlebis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia; 4. kulturuli memkvidreobis sferoSi samarTle-brivi da qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis RonisZiebaTa sam-Tavrobo komisia; 5. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi eklesiisaTvis materialuri zianis nawilobrivi kompen-saciis sakiTxebis Semswavleli samTavrobo komisia. 975 komisiebs dae-valaT 2 Tvis vadaSi samuSao debulebebis SemuSaveba da dasamtkice-blad prezidentisTvis wardgena.976 samwuxarod, araTu debulebebi ar damtkicebuleba da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebisTvis konkretuli nabijebi ar gadadgmula, aramed komisiebi oficialurad arc Sekrebilan977.

2012 wels saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba gauqmda da spe-cialuri samTavrobo komisiis Seqmna saqarTvelos mTavrobas dae-vala. 978 imave dRes mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba, romliTac spe-

974 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 54-55. 975 saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesi-as Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrun-velmyof komisiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb~, pirveli, me-2, me-3, me-4 da me-5 punqtebi. 976 iqve, me-6 punqti. 977 saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #8289. 978 ix., saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #125 brZanebuleba „saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul Ro-nisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebulebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis Taobaze~.

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cialuri samTavrobo komisia Seqmna. 979 dadgenilebiT, aseve, gauqmda saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Soris qone-brivi sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisia da misi kompe-tenciis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba axal samTavrobo komisias gadaeca. 980 saboloo jamSi, komisiis farglebSi dadginda ramdenime samuSao jgufi: 1. qonebrivi sakiTxebis ganmxilveli da eklesiis ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis Semqm-neli samuSao jgufi; 2. XIX da XX ss-Si (saqarTvelos damoukide-blobis dakargvis periodSi) eklesiisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis damdgeni samuSao jgufi; 3. saxelmwifo muzeumebSi daculi saekle-sio saganZuris da istoriuli mniSvnelobis taZrebis movla-patronobis reJimis damdgeni samuSao jgufi; 4. kanoniT dadgenili wesiT jvrisweris aRiarebis ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 5. samxe-dro-sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi moZRvris institutis ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 6. ganaTlebis sferoSi urTierTTanamSromlobis gan-sazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 7. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos samarTlebrivi statusis da iq arsebuli qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis movla-patronobisa da sakuTrebis ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 8. religiuri daniSnulebis nage-bobaTa warmomavlobis damdgeni samuSao jgufi. 981 samwuxarod, sam-Tavrobo komisiisa da misi samuSao jgufebis muSaobis damadas-turebeli arcerTi oficialuri dokumenti saqarTvelos mTavrobis administraciaSi ar moipoveba982.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze dRemde sami SeTanxmebaa gaformebuli, romlebic ufro damxmare miznebisTvisaa Seqmnili, vidre uSualod konstituciuri SeTanxmebis implementaciisaTvis. esenia: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erToblivi komisiis urTierTgagebis memorandumi; saqarTvelos ius-ticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xelSekruleba, SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTve-

979 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #63 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesi-as Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~. 980 iqve. 981 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 18 aprilis #82 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesi-as Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Te-bervlis 63 dadgenilebaSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~. 982 saqarTvelos mTavrobis administraciis 2015 wlis 7 agvistos werili #599983.

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los iusticiis saministros Soris probacionerTa da arapatimar msjavrdebulTa resocializaciis sferoSi.983

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Zalian bevria debuleba, romelsac amoqmedeba esaWiroeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver aRsruldeba. marTalia, ramdenime mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mier gadadgmuli nabijebi marTebuli gamodga, Tumca saerTo suraTi ar Secvlila: konstituciuri SeTanxmeba ufro survilebis krebulad rCeba, vidre praqtikaSi moqmed, samarTlebrivi ZaliT ki erT-erT umaRles aqtad. misi aRsrulebis mizniT mniSvnelovani sakanon-mdeblo cvlilebebia aucilebeli, rasac aRmasrulebelTa kvalif-ikacia da dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad evoluciuri ganviTareba unda sdevdes Tan.

2. jvrisweris aRiareba qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi 2.1. saojaxo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da

religia samarTlis ganviTarebis mraval aTaswlovan istoriaSi ramdenime

iseTi instituti gamoirCeva, romelic droisa Tu epoqis miuxedavad, yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS iyo, rasac Tavad am in-stitutis yofiTi mniSvneloba ganapirobebda. yvelaze aprobirebuli da gamoyenebadi samarTlebrivi warmonaqmnebi adamianTa Ta-naarsebobis, cxovrebis gaumjobesebuli pirobebis uzrunvelyofisa da pirovnebis sulieri wyurvilis dasaurveblad iqmneba.

kacobriobis Segnebuli arsebobis istoriidan erT-erTi uZvelesi da umTavresi sazogadoebrivi instituti ojaxia, sadac adamianis aRzrda da pirovnebad Camoyalibeba xdeba, ojaxi sazogadoebriv, ekonomikur, fsiqologiur, biologiur Tu zneobriv urTierTobebs aerTianebs.984 rogorc wesi, ojaxisa da zogadad, saojaxo samarTlis ganviTarebis done Sesabamisi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis donis pir-dapirpoporciulia. 985 swored ojaxi da saojaxo urTierTobebi agrZnobinebs Tanamedrove adamians, rom igi Homo Sapiens-Tan erTad Homo Moralis-is kategoriasac miekuTvneba. nebismieri ojaxis Seqmni-saTvis sakvanZo momenti qorwinebaa, romelic yovelTvis gan-

983 ix., saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da saqarTvelos sam-ociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erToblivi komisiis ur-TierTgagebis memorandumi, 2005 wlis 22 ianvari; saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xelSekruleba, 2001 wlis 20 aprili; SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Soris probacionerTa da arapatimar msjavrdebulTa resocializaciis sferoSi, 2006 wlis 1 marti. 984 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 150. 985 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturis zogierTi sakiTxi XI-XII ss. saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1959, 40.

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sakuTrebul adgils ikavebda saRvTismetyvelo, samarTlebriv Tu sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi. qorwinebiT iwyeba ojaxi da igia misi gafarToebis, ojaxebis Serwymis, naTesaobis axali xazebis Camoyal-ibebis safuZveli. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom TiTqmis yvela religia ojaxisa da qorwinebis Rirebulebebs sakralurad miiCnevs.986 gansakuTrebuli interesebis gamo religiam saojaxo samarTlis Se-qmnasa da CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.987 Tuki sxva religiebi mas siwminded miiCnevdnen, qristianobam sruliad gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa, kanonikuri samarTlis amosaval institutad aRiara, ris gamoc dResdReobiT igi erT-erTi yvelaze metad damuSavebuli da ganxiluli movlenaa religiur dogmatikasa Tu samarTalSi. faqtobrivad, qristianobam da zogadad, religiam qorwinebisa da ojaxis Tanamedrove saxe gansazRvra988.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qorwinebis saero da sasuliero gageba sa-marTalSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, warmoudgenelia saojaxo ur-TierTobebidan religiis gamoricxva, radgan saojaxo samarTlisTvis is iseve aucilebeli elementia, rogorc mravali sxva kulturuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtori, romlebmac, saboloo jamSi, saojaxo samarTlis Tanamedrove saxe ganapirobes. 989 Zalze seku-larul saxelmwifoebsa da sazogadoebebSic ki eklesia saqorwino urTierTobebSi paradoqsulad didi socialuri da samarTlebrivi statusis matarebelia990.

ojaxisa da qorwinebis qarTuli gageba gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, romelSic Serwymulia rogorc qristianuli, ise uZvelesi warmar-Tuli warmodgenebi da Cveulebebi. saqarTvelos gaqristianebam qor-winebis axleburi gageba daamkvidra, romelic saukuneTa ganmav-lobaSi qarTulma sazogadoebam gaiTavisa da religiuri normebidan sazogadoebriv, yofiT qcevis wesebSi asaxa. amitomac sruliad bunebrivad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebisas religiuri qorwinebis Taobaze norma kon-stituciur SeTanxmebaSi Caiwera. debulebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. 991 miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifom deklara-ciulad gamoxata neba da jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Sedegis aRiare-

986 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 322. 987 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family

Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 363. 988 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 102. 989 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family

Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 373. 990 iqve, 375. 991 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samo-ciqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris, me-3 muxlis pirveli winadadeba.

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bis specialuri, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erToblivi komisiac Seiqmna, am mimarTulebiT qmediTi nabiji ar gadadgmula. konstitu-ciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan didi xani gavida, Tumca „kanonmdeblo-biT dadgenili wesi“ jerac ar arsebobs, jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiareba ki kvlavac deklaraciaa da ara normativi. amas amyarebs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos poziciac, romlis ganmartebiT, kanonmdeblobaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebamde marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweriT axlad Seqmnili ojaxi mxolod qristianuli TvalsazrisiT xdeba kanonieri da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, masTan dakavSirebiT ara-nairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi ar dgeba992.

2.2. qorwinebis samarTlebrivi gageba 2.2.1. qorwinebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gageba saojaxo samarTali Lex Mercatoria araa da miuxedavad kulturaTa

sxvaobisa, TiTqmis arc arasdros yofila. igi dRemde erT-erTi mravalferovani da sistemaTa mixedviT gansxvavebuli samarTlis dargia, rac sazogadoebaTa kulturuli, mentaluri da istoriuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli. 993 marTalia, saero da kanonikuri saojaxo samarTali Zalze daSorda erTmaneTs, Tumca es ukanaskneli dRemde inarCunebs aqtualobas da Tanamedrove saqorwino samarTlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaroa. 994 swored qristianulma xedvam Camo-ayaliba Tanamedrove ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi miRebuli da aRi-arebuli qorwinebis idea, misi arsi da Semadgeneli elementebi.

qorwineba individebisa da ojaxis moraluri cxovrebisa da erT-gulebis simboloa.995 mis erT-erT kvalificiur definicias modesti-nusi iZleva, romlis Tanaxmadac, qorwineba qalisa da mamakacis kavSiria, „mTeli cxovrebis erTianoba, RvTiuri da adamianuri sa-marTlis erToba“ 996 . msgavsadvea gagebuli Semdomi periodis romis samarTalSic. iustinianes instituciebis mixedviT, qorwineba mamakacisa da qalis kavSiria, romlis arsic TanacxovrebaSia. 997 sxvadasxva periodis romaulsamarTlebrivi midgoma imisTvisaa mniS-vnelovani, rom naTeli warmodgena Seiqmnas qorwinebis Tanamedrove samarTlebriv gagebaze, vinaidan Tanamedrove saojaxo samarTali

992 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saq-meTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba. 993 Tsoukala Ph., Marrying Family Law to the Nation, “The American Journal of Comparative Law”, Vol.58,

2010, 905. 994 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 23. 995 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 321. 996 “Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communica-

tio.”, Digesta Iustiniani, 23.2.1. 997 “Nuptiae autem sive matrimonium est viri et mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae con-

tinens”, Institutiones Iustiniani, 1.9.1.

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Zvelromauli, gansakuTrebiT, Corpus Juris Civilis-is recefciis Sedegia da institutTa umravlesobis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi dRemde ucvlelia.

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobiT, qorwineba samarTlebrivi urTierTobaa, romelic mis monawileTa Tanxmobas efuZneba da sa-marTlebriv qveteqsts, uflebebsa da movaleobebs moiazrebs. 998 sa-marTali tradiciulad uzrunvelyofda avtonomias saojaxo ur-TierTobebis sferoSi. 999 Tumca saxelmwifos funqciebidan gamomdi-nare, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis, sa-marTlis erovnuli sazRvrebis gafarToebisa da samarTlis sistema-Ta mudmivi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, qorwinebisaTvis savaldebulo elementad misi saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis or-ganoebSi registracia iqca. qorwinebas uamravi ufleba-movaleoba ukavSirdeba, romelzec samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani na-wilia damyarebuli da romelTa moSla Tu arastabiluroba mTlianad samarTlebrivi sistemis, maT Soris, samoqalaqo brunvis rRvevasa da aramdgradobas gamoiwvevs. asec rom ar iyos, qorwineba saxelmwifosa da eris keTildReobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelo-bis matarebeli institutia, 1000 amitomac saqorwino sakiTxebSi mo-metebuli interesi gasagebicaa.

qarTuli samarTali qorwinebas swored Tanamedrove samarTlis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebisa da aspeqtebis WrilSi ganixilavs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ojaxis Se-qmnis mizniT qalisa da mamakacis nebayoflobiTi kavSiria, romelic registrirebulia saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Sesabamis or-ganoSi.1001 daqorwinebisaTvis mTavaria dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki1002, romelic saqarTveloSi 18 welia 1003 , xolo gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi _ 16 1004 da am pirTa Tanxmoba 1005 . piris Tanxmobas, nebas gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qorwinebisas, saqorwino Tanxmoba unda gaices damoukideblad, visime zewolis gareSe, ise, rom piri acnobierebdes qorwinebisa da ojaxuri Tanacxovrebis yvela upi-ratesobasa da uaryofiT mxares1006.

998 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,

371. 999 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 201. 1000 TF v. Ireland, [1995], 1 Ir 321, [1995] 2ILRM 321 (IESC). 1001 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1106-e muxli. 1002 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti. 1003 iqve, 1108-e muxlis pirveli nawili. 1004 iqve, me-2 nawili 1005 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „b“ qvepunqti. 1006 Bernard J., The Evolution of Matrimonial Jurisprudence: The Opinion of a French Canonist, The Jurist,

#41, 1981, 107-108.

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saxelmwifos gadmosaxedidan, qorwinebaSi qalsa da mamakacTan er-Tad saxelmwifoc moiazreba. 1007 amitomac xsenebuli ori savaldebulo elementis garda, arsebobs mesame kumulaciuri piro-bac _ qorwinebis registracia. pirveli oris Sesrulebis miuxedavad, qorwineba saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli ar iqneba (ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT) registraciis gareSe, radganac kanonmdeblobiT, qorwinebis warmoSobisaTvis swored samoqalaqo aq-tebis registraciis organos mier misi registraciaa aucilebeli1008.

samoqalaqo qorwinebas ukavSirdeba meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobebis, maTi sanivTo uflebebisa da saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSoba rogorc erTmaneTis, ise ojaxis sxva wev-rebis mimarT. qorwinebas misi saxelmwifo registracia aqcevs sa-marTlebriv institutad, uflebebisa da movaleobebis warmoSobis safuZvlad da iuridiul faqtad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, pirTa Tanacxovreba ubralo kohabitaciad miiCneva, rasac romaelebi konku-binatad moixseniebdnen1009.

2.2.2. qorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi gageba religiaTa umravlesoba, maT Soris ki gansakuTrebiT qristianoba,

STamomavlobis Seqmnasa da gamravlebas, ojaxis gansxvavebulad maRali statusis gamo, kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs.1010 qor-wineba RvTaebrivi samarTlis erT-erTi uZvelesi institutia 1011 , misi qristianuli arsi da idea bibliur saTaveebSia. eklesia saojaxo sa-marTlis sakiTxebs saojaxo urTierTobebis gansakuTrebuli mniS-vnelobis gamo did yuradRebas uTmobda. 1012 qalisa da mamakacis Tanacxovrebis safuZvlad RmerTis mier qalis Seqmnaa moazrebuli,1013 romelic mamakacis ganuyofeli nawili unda yofiliyo. 1014 Sesabami-sad, adamianis sruli Semecneba da gaazreba mxolod qorwinebaSia SesaZlebeli1015.

1007 Gori-Montanelli R., Botwinik D.A., Mexican Divorces: Italy, “International Lawyer”, #1, 1966-1967,

210. 1008 „samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 48-e muxli. 1009 ix., metreveli v., romis samarTali, safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 101. 1010 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013,

102. 1011 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 185. 1012 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 19. 1013 „da Seqmna RmerTman kaci saxed Tჳsad da xatad RmrTisa Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad qmna igini.“ dabadeba, 1, 27; „da akurTxna igini RmerTman metyuelman:

aRorZndiT da ganmravldiT. da aRavseT queyanaჲ daeufleniT mas. da mTavrobdiT

TevzTa zRჳsaTa, da mfrinvelTa cisaTa, da yovelTa pirutyuTa, da yovelsa qvey-anasa da yovelTa quewarmavalTa, mavalTa qveyanasa zeda.“ dabadeba, 1, 28. 1014 mama paisi mTawmindeli, sityvebi, w.IV, ojaxuri cxovreba, Tbilisi, 2006, 33. 1015 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,

291.

152

wm. grigol RvTismetyvelis ganmartebiT, qorwineba, romelic colqmrobasa da STamomavlobis gagrZelebas efuZneba, RmerTis mosa-wonia. 1016 Tumca, ra Tqma unda, qorwinebis mizani, rogorc Tavda-pirveli, ise Semdgomi, ara mxolod STamomavlobis Seqmna, aramed colisa da qmris ukeTesi da bednieri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofaa. 1017 qorwinebis safuZveli siyvaruli unda iyos, romelsac RmerTi adami-ans unergavs da aiZulebs col-qmars „Cvevaze Zlieri kavSiriT miems-Wvalon erTmaneTs“. 1018 klimenti aleqsandrielis ganmartebiT, Tavad RmerTi aerTebs adamianebs, akavSirebs maT da maTTan sufevs1019.

saqorwino kanonikuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba Tavad qorwinebis sakralurobam da misma gansakuTrebulma religiurma mniSvnelobam ganapiroba, rasac safuZvlad saeklesio saidumloebaTa Sesaxeb qristes swavleba daedo. 1020 wminda werilis Tanaxmad, qorwineba saRmrTo saidumloa, 1021 romelic zneobrivi srulyofilebis misaRwevad, qalsa da mamakacs ara mxolod xorcielad, aramed sulieradac aerTebs. 1022 qorwinebas, rogorc qristianul saidumlos, sami umTavresi mizani aqvs: kacobriobis gamravleba da STamomav-lobis Seqmna; meuRleTa urTierTdaxmareba, megobroba da Semweoba; xorciel vnebaTa dacxroma, 1023 xorcieli codvisken midrekilebis daZleva1024.

tertulianem erT-erTma pirvelma Seadara qorwineba wminda ziare-bas, 1025 rac mis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams, vinaidan evqaristia zoga-dad qristianuli eklesiis safuZvladaa miCneuli da qristes eklesi-is amosavali ideaa. swored amitomac gasakviri araa, rom axali aRTqmis mniSvnelovani nawili, wm. pavle mociqulis epistoleTa um-ravlesoba, qorwinebis arss, mis daniSnulebas, saojaxo ur-TierTobebsa da col-qmris urTierTmimarTebas exeba. 1026 RvTaebrivi pozitiuri samarTali, romelic saxarebaSia mocemuli, awesrigebs

1016 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 33. 1017 Encyclical Letter “Arcanum” of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage to the Patriarchs, Primates, Arch-

bishops, and Bishops of the Catholic World in Grace and Communion with the Apostolic See, 1880, 26. 1018 wm. ioane oqropiri, swavlani, n. belTaZis Targmani, wignSi: bWe siwmindisa, Tbilisi, 2008, 244-245. 1019 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,

293. 1020 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 24. 1021 epistole pavle mociqulisa efeselTa mimarT, 5, 32. 1022 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 186. 1023 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 34. 1024nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 151. 1025 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 187. 1026 ix., episoteleni pavle mociqulisa korinTelTa mimarT I, 7, 7-10; efeselTa mimarT, 5, 22-33; ebraelTa mimarT, 13,4.

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saojaxo sakiTxebs, igi pirdapir krZalavs bigamias, poligamiasa da ganqorwinebas1027.

qristianul samarTalSi, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis eklesiaSi, qorwinebis qristianuli koncefcia romis samarTalSi aRiarebuli tradiciuli samarTlebrivi institutisa da ojaxis Sesaxeb sarwmu-noebrivi Sexedulebis sinTezis Sedegad Seiqmna. klasikurma monoga-miurma romaulma qorwinebam qristianuli koncefciisTvis damaxasi-aTebeli mudmivobisa da erTgulebis ideebi gaiTavisa, ris sa-fuZvelzec kanonikuri mowesrigeba Camoyalibda. 1028 qorwineba, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc wminda saidumloeba, ise SeTanxmeba, xelSekrulebaa. 1029 qorwinebis qristianuli gagebisa da samarTlis Serwyma pirvelad iustinianes dros ganxorcielda. 1030 Semdeg ki Sua saukuneebis kanonikuri samarTlis mcodneebma aqtiu-rad gamoiyenes iustinianes mier Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi modeli da qorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi koncefciisTvis, saqorwino SeTanxmebisTvis romis samarTlis klasikuri kons-esualuri xelSekrulebis idea aiRes. 1031 Sedegad, qorwineba ori pi-ris xelSekrulebad miiCneva, romelsac pirTa Tanxmoba sWirdeba da uSualod RmerTis mieraa dafuZnebuli, 1032 misi moSla an Sewyveta SeuZlebelia, garda sagamonakliso SemTxvevebisa. 1033 aqve unda aRin-iSnos, rom eklesiisTvis qorwinebis kanonikuri da samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba meorexarisxovania, Tavad qorwinebis siwmindesTan da mis saidumloebasTan SedarebiT. 1034 rac Seexeba aRmosavleTis eklesias, igi qorwinebas ubralo garigebad an xelSekrulebad naklebad ganix-ilavda, jvriswera yovelTvis kurTxeul, gansakuTrebul sazoga-doebriv institutad moiazreboda, 1035 Tumca romauli samarTlis gavlenas verc is gaeqca da sruliad bunebrivad, jvrisweris miseuli kanonikuri gageba bizantiuri samarTlebrivi sistemis ganviTarebas kvaldakval mihyva.

1027 Hayes P.J., Impediments to Marriage in the Catholic Church, “The North American Review”, Vol.180,

1905, 766. 1028 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 28. 1029 Olshewsky Th.M., A Christian Understanding of Divorce, “Journal of Religious Ethics”, Vol.7, No.1,

1979, 122. 1030 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188. 1031 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 11. 1032 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 478. 1033 Meyendorff J., Christian Marriage in Byzantium: The Canonical and Liturgical Tradition, “Dumbarton

Oaks Papers”, #44, 1990, 101. 1034 McManus F.R., Marriage in the Canons of the Eastern Catholic Churches, “Jurist”, Vol.54, 1994, 56-57. 1035 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 10.

154

2.3. jvrisweris aRiareba 2.3.1. jvriswera, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqti da misi aRiareba religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTeba, aseve, saero da

sasuliero institutTa mowesrigeba qveynebisa da konfesia-denominaciebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. 1036 Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba sekularizmis momxrea, Tumca demokratiuli qveynebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi dRemde moqmedebs saxelmwifo an privi-legirebuli religiis sistema. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra doziTa da intensivobiT xdeboda saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis ganviTareba, istoriulad, eklesiis mowesrigebis sfero, romelSic saxelmwifo yvelaze aqtiurad ereoda, saojaxo samarTali iyo1037.

saeklesio samarTalma qorwinebis religiuri da samarTlebrivi gageba SeaerTa, ramac jvrisweras ormagi, saRvTo saidumlosa da iu-ridiuli faqtis buneba daumkvidra. 1038 msgavsi statusis gamo ka-nonikurma samarTalma SeimuSava jvriswerasa da ganqorwinebasTan, zogadad saqorwino samarTalTan dakavSirebul normaTa mTeli sistema, romelic dRemde aqtiurad gamoiyeneba. saeklesio wesiT qorwinebis sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gamoiyo: a) specialuri rit-uali, ceremonia; b) qorwinebis momwesrigebeli Sida samarTali, normebi; g) qorwinebis ganxorcielebaze uflebamosili piri, rome-lic pasuxismgebelia am normaTa aRsrulebaze. 1039 samive Semadgeneli elementis arseboba aucilebelia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, jvrisweris, rogorc iuridiuli faqtis, Sesaxeb msjeloba araserio-zulia.

TeoriaSi saxelmwifos mier religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis ram-denime modeli arsebobs da maT Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad sax-elmwifoSi gavrcelebuli, aRiarebuli msoflmxedvelobiTaa ganpirobebuli. 1040 SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqor-wino sakiTxebis gadawyvetaze uflebamosili subieqti Tavad sax-elmwifoa; 2. saqorwino sakiTxebi samoqalaqo samarTlisTvisaa min-dobili; 3. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqorwino samarTali sekularul da religiur polusebs Sorisaa. 1041 yvelaze zogadi klasifikaciiT, jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis mixedviT, ori ZiriTadi modeli arsebobs: 1. sistema, romelSic samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs da 2. sistema, romelic samoqalaqo da

1036 Schanda B., Religion and State in the Candidate Countries to the European Union – Issues Concerning

Religoon and State in Hungary, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.64, No.3, 2003, 335. 1037 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,

367. 1038 CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 115. 1039 Sapir G.,Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6,

2009, 2857. 1040 ix., iqve, 2855-2856. 1041 ix., Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law So-

lutions, “Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 324-325.

155

religiuri qorwinebis formebs Soris arCevanis SesaZleblobas iZleva im pirobiT, rom orives Tanabari samarTlebrivi Sedegi eqne-ba. 1042 am ukanasknels xSirad alternatiulsac uwodeben. 1043 Tavis mxriv, pirvel sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori qvesistema, roca: a) saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs religiur qorwinebas da ar ukavSirebs mas samarTlebriv Sedegebs, Tumca jvrisweris Catareba ar ikrZaleba da es dasaqorwinebel pirTa survilzea damokidebuli; b) saxelmwifo krZalavs religiur qorwinebas da mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebaa nebadarTuli; meoreSi ki _ a) sistema, roca saxelmwifo aRiarebs jvrisweras, magram ara yvela religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT; da b) sistema, romelSic saxelmwifo aRiarebs yvela religiuri gaerTiane-bis mier ganxorcielebuli qorwinebis samarTlebriv Sedegs1044.

samoqalaqo qorwinebis modeli safrangeTis revoluciis dros aR-mocenda, rodesac eklesiisa da saeklesio institutebis mimarT se-riozuli brZola gaCaRda.1045 dResdReobiT es modeli moqmedebs cen-tralur evropaSi, samxreT amerikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi, aziisa da afrikis ramdenime qveyanaSi, romlebSic samarTlebrivi Zala mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs1046.

xSir SemTxvevaSi, roca kanonikuri qorwineba saero samarTlis normebiTaa aRiarebuli, misi samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba swored ka-nonikuri samarTlisTvisaa mindobili, Tumca saojaxo samarTlis sxva sakiTxebSi (mag., Svilad ayvana, meurveoba da mzrunveloba, mSo-belsa da Svilebs Soris urTierToba) mTlianad saxelmwifo kanon-mdeblobis monopoliaa.1047

alternatiuli sistema, aseve, moqmedebs saberZneTSi, romelmac XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saojaxo samarTlis sekularizacia da Sualeduri poziciis dakaveba imiT moaxerxa, rom, marTalia, jvrisweras samarTlebrivi aRiareba SeunarCuna, Tumca igi mxolod iuridiul faqtad ganixila da ara saRmrTo saidumloebad. 1048 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia mkacrad

1042 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 189. 1043 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,

369. 1044 ix., Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6,

2009, 2855-2856. 1045 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 189. 1046 iqve. 1047 msgavsi alternatiuli sistema moqmedebs israelSi, sadac saojaxo samarTlis mowesrigeba, marTalia, saero doneze arsebobs, Tumca saxelmwifo aRiarebs Ti-Toeuli religiuri gaerTianebis uflebas, gaerTianebis wevrebisTvis Tavad daadginos saojaxo samarTali, romlis farglebSic momavalSi imoqmedeben. aR-niSnuli exeba rogorc sakuTriv ebraelebs, ise muslimebs, qristianebs da sxv. ix., Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Systems,

“Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 415; Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Lib-

eral State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6, 2009, 2868. 1048 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,

371.

156

gaimijnos jvrisweris religiur-dogmaturi da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tavad religiuri gaerTianeba ar iqneba aRiarebis momxre, vinaidan nebismieri religiisaTvis gac-ilebiT mniSvnelovania sakuTari wesebis dacva, vidre saxelmwifos mxridan qorwinebisaTvis samarTlebrivi Zalis miniWeba. eklesi-isaTvis saeklesio samarTali RvTaebrivi kategoriaa, romelic misTvis, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe, adamianur samarTalze gacilebiT aRmatebulia1049.

2.3.2. jvrisweris aRiarebis samarTlebrivi praqtika paradoqsia, magram istoriuli faqti, rom arcTu ise didi xnis win

papi pius IX wyevlida nebismier moZRvrebas, romelic gamarTlebulad miiCnevda saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis arsebobas iseT sferoebSi, ra-sac eklesia saTavisod ganixilavda. 1050 maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, saojaxo urTierTobebic moiazreboda. dReisaTvis mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala da es ara mxolod romaul-kaTolikur, ara-med marTlmadidebel eklesiasac exeba. rac Seexeba protestantul eklesias, igi marTlmadidebeli da romis eklesiebisgan gansxvavebiT, yovelTvis ufro „samoqalaqo“, saero xasiaTs atarebda da sax-elmwifos kanonmdeblobasTanac metad harmonizebuli iyo.

dResdReobiT religiuri qorwineba, jvriswera aRiarebulia msof-lios bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris, italiaSi, fineTSi, norvegiaSi, dani-aSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, saberZneTSi, avstraliaSi, aSS-is StatTa umravlesobaSi da a.S.1051

2.3.2.1. jvrisweris araRiareba da samoqalaqo qorwinebis erTa-

derToba evropul saxelmwifoTa nawili, romelsac rTuli da winaaRmdego-

bebiT savse religiuri istoria aqvs, erideba eklesiasTan da zoga-dad, religiur gaerTianebebTan mWidro urTierTobas, gansakuTrebiT, saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi. evropul saxelmwifoTagan jvrisweris samarTlebriv Sedegebs ar aRiarebs da mxolod samoqalaqo qorwine-bis formas adgens germania, safrangeTi, avstria, rumineTi da a.S.1052

qorwineba da saqorwino samarTali germaniaSi mTlianad samoqalaqosamarTlebriv sferoSi eqceva da am mimarTulebiT arcerT

1049 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targ-mani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 37. 1050 ix., Encyclical Letter “Syllabus Errorum” of Pope Pius IX to the Venerable Brethren, all Patriarchs,

Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops having favor and Communion of the Holy See, 8 December of 1864. 1051 <http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014] 1052 ix., Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law So-

lutions, “Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 326.

157

eklesias kompetencia ar gaaCnia.1053 religiur qorwinebas aranairi sa-marTlebrivi Sedegi ar ukavSirdeba, radgan qorwineba mTlianad saero institutad ganixileba da saxelmwifo saregistracio orga-noSi sruldeba. 1054 Tumca aRniSnuli eklesiebis mier jvrisweris Catarebas ar krZalavs. germania nebas rTavs nebismier religiur gaerTianebas, Caataros religiuri qorwinebis rituali, Tumca im daTqmiT, rom mas samoqalaqo qorwineba win unda uswrebdes (am debulebis darRvevisaTvis sanqcia araa gaTvaliswinebuli)1055.

safrangeTi, rogorc eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis laici-turi modelis mimdevari, saeklesio da saero qorwinebas srulad ga-nasxvavebs.1056 1975 wlis 11 ivlisis kanonis Tanaxmad, religiuri qor-wineba da religiuri saqorwino samarTali srulad ignorirebulia, qorwineba miCneulia mxolod samoqalaqosamarTlebriv institutad.1057 avstriaSi saeklesio jvriswera samoqalaqo qorwinebis statuss ar atarebs, mas xSirad ekonomikuri miznebidan gamomdinare mimarTaven, radganac saxelmwifosTvis religiuri qorwinebis farglebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi martoxela dedis Svilebad ganixilebian, rom-lebic saxelmwifos mxridan sakmaod maRali socialuri dacviT sargebloben. 1058 ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, avstriaSi nebadarTulia mRvdlis mier morigebis proceduris warmoeba da qorwinebis SesanarCuneblad Sesabamisi konsultaciebi, Tumca es nebayoflo-biTia1059.

rumineTSi religiuri qorwineba nebadarTulia, Tumca mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebis Semdeg. aRniSnuli mowesrigebulia rumineTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 259-e muxliT.1060 religiuri qorwinebis ceremo-niis Casatareblad aucilebelia mRvdels an ceremoniis ganxor-cielebaze uflebamosil RvTismsaxurs waredginos samoqalaqo qor-winebis damadasturebeli mowmoba. 1061 msgavsadaa belgiaSic, sadac samoqalaqo qorwineba aucileblad unda uswrebdes religiur qor-

1053 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 106. 1054 iqve. 1055 iqve. 1056 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 209. 1057 iqve, 210. 1058 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 453. 1059 iqve. 1060 Catean-Voiculescu L., Hurbean A., Legal Marriage Versus Religious Marriage Act in Light of the New

Regulations of the Civil Code, “Agora International Journal of Juridical Studies”, #2, 2011, 2. 1061 iqve.

158

winebas, garda kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gamonaklisi Sem-Txvevebisa1062.

2.3.2.2. jvrisweris aRiareba _ alternatiuli modeli 2.3.2.2.1. eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiarebis sa-

marTlebrivi geografia saqorwino urTierTobebSi bevr saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi plu-

ralizmia: erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobs samoqalaqo, CveulebiTi da religiuri qorwinebebi. 1063 evropul saxelmwifoTa nawili qor-winebasTan mimarTebiT dualistur sistemas aRiarebs da religiur qorwinebas samoqalaqo analogis Tanabar samarTlebriv Zalas ani-Webs.1064 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis sakiTxi yvelaze aqtualuri iseT saxelmwifoebSia, sadac saxelmwifo an dominanti eklesia arsebobs. am SemTxvevaSi jvrisweris ganxorcielebac ki, misi religiuri xasiaTis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiTaa mowesrigebuli. Tumca alternatiuli modeli gavrcelebulia liber-aluri sekularizmis pirobebSi. saboloo jamSi, religiuri qorwine-bis aRiarebas saxelmwifo sakuTari ideologiuri, religiuri da politikuri warsulis gaTvaliswinebiT axorcielebs.

daniaSi religiuri qorwineba nebadarTulia da igi mowesrigebu-lia „qorwinebis Sesaxeb“ da „ucxoelTa Sesaxeb“ aqtebiT.1065 religi-uri qorwineba SeiZleba Catardes rogorc daniis saxalxo eklesiaSi, ise sxva aRiarebuli religiuri gaerTianebis mier, risTvisac aucilebelia erT-erTi mxare mainc iyos am gaerTianebis wevri da Tavad religiur erTobas hyavdes saqorwino ritualis ganxor-cielebaze uflebamosili sasuliero piri. 1066 SvedeTSi religiuri gaerTianebis mier Sesrulebul qorwinebas samarTlebrivi Zala aqvs, Tuki igi SvedeTis samarTlebrivi, safinanso da administraciuli momsaxurebis saagentos (Kammarkollegiet) mier gacemuli uflebamosilebis safuZvelze sruldeba. 1067 Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis gareSe Sesrulebul religiur qorwinebas sax-elmwifo ar aRiarebs1068.

1062 Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, 1831, Art. 16. 1063 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 325. 1064 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Fami-

ly Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 375. 1065 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 82. 1066 iqve. 1067 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the

Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E.

Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 85. 1068 iqve, 87.

159

gaerTianebul samefoSi aRiarebulia religiuri qorwinebis sa-marTlebrivi Sedegi, samefo nebas rTavs religiebs TavianTi wesebis Sesabamisad Caataron saqorwino ceremonia, Tumca avaldebulebs, daicvan samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili winapirobebi da Zi-riTad SemTxvevebSi kanoniT gansazRvrul procedurebTan erTad, ceremoniis Catarebaze uflebamosili sasuliero pirisaTvis moqalaqeTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb cnobis wardgenis aucileblobas awesebs. 1069 israelis saqorwino samarTlis Tanaxmad, israelis moqalaqe an mis teritoriaze macxovrebeli ebraelebis qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis sakiTxebi rabinTa sasamarTloebis eqskluziuri iurisdiqciis qveS eqceva 1070 da Toris mixedviT unda iqnes gad-awyvetili 1071 . israelis saxelmwifo nebas rTavs nebismier religiur gaerTianebas, saqorwino urTierTobebi TavianTi religiuri sa-marTlisa da normebis Sesabamisad moawesrigos1072.

aSS-Si religiuri qorwineba aRiarebulia da am qorwinebis sa-marTlebrivi Sedegebis warmoSobisaTvis araviTari damatebiTi samoqalaqo RonisZieba saWiro araa. 1073 religiuri qorwinebis sa-marTlebrivi aRiarebisTvis aucilebelia ritualis ganmaxorciele-bel religiur organizacias Tu pirs Sesabamisi licenzia hqondes, romelic kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT gaicema. 1074 msgavsi siste-ma moqmedebs avstraliaSic.1075

2.3.2.2.2. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris

aRiareba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiare-

bas xangrZlivi praqtika aqvs, rasac xeli bizantiis imperiam da misma samarTalma Seuwyo. 893 wlidan, imperator leon VI brZenis 89-e noveliT bizantiaSi qorwinebis erTaderT oficialur da samarTle-brivad aRiarebul saxed marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Catarebuli jvriswera gamocxadda. 1076 msgavsi mowesrigeba moqmedebda yvela, is-toriulad marTlmadidebel saxelmwifoSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi, serbeTSi da a.S.

1069 ix., maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 656-657. 1070 Marriage and Divorce Law of Israel, 1953, Section 1. 1071 iqve, Section 2. 1072 Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6,

2009, 2868. 1073 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,

“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327. 1074 iqve. 1075 iqve. 1076 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188;

Gallagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”,

Vol.157, 2006, 9.

160

1982 wlamde saberZneTSi saeklesio qorwineba qorwinebis erTa-derTi nebadarTuli saxe iyo.1077 1982 wels miRebul iqna specialuri kanoni samoqalaqo qorwinebis Taobaze, romelmac aramarTlma-didebeli eklesiebis qorwinebis aqtic aRiara da samoqalaqo qor-wineba SemoiRo.1078 saberZneTSi erTi da imave urTierTobisaTvis Sesa-Zlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc samoqalaqo, ise saeklesio qor-winebis samarTlebrivi forma. amis SesaZleblobas berZnuli kanon-mdebloba iZleva. 1079 saberZneTis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, qor-winebisaTvis aucilebelia meris an Temis xelmZRvanelis Tanxmoba,1080 Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom saeklesio wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwineba, romelic msgavsi nebarTvis gareSea Catarebuli, baTilad miiCneva, 1081 radganac saberZneTis eklesiis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba jvrisweraze episkoposis mier winaswar Tanxmobis gacemis aucileblobas iT-valiswinebs.1082 eklesia mRvdels mxolod aseTi Tanxmobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi rTavs qorwinebis ceremoniis Catarebis uflebas. 1083 samoqalaqo qorwineba, romelic saxelmwifo organoebSi registri-rebulia da ar gauqmebula kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, eklesiisTvisac moqmed qorwinebad miiCneva da jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebas warmoadgens.1084

religiuri qorwinebis paralelurad, kviprosSi moqmedebs samoqalaqo qorwinebac, romlis arCevac konkretul pirTa diskreci-aa.1085 kviprosis konstituciis 111-e muxlis Zveli redaqcia saqorwino da saojaxosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa mowesrigebas, aseve, maTi in-stitutebis samarTlebriv statuss Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTiane-bebis samarTals ukavSirebda, religiuri davebis SemTxvevaSi ki _ Sesabamisi saeklesio sasamarTlo iyo uflebamosili, ganexila da gadaewyvita qorwineba-ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. 1086 1989 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad qorwineba da ganqor-wineba saero, saojaxo sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi gadavida da samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi dawvrilebiT aisaxa. 1087 marTlmadide-blebis SemTxvevaSi, ganqorwinebis sakiTxs specialuri saojaxo sasa-

1077 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 152. 1078 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law

Review”, #4, 1996, 825. 1079 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1367. 1080 iqve, Art.1370. 1081 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 193. 1082 Law 590/77 of Greece “Concerning the Charter of the Church of Greece”, art. 49. 1083 Encyclical 2329/20-10-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. 1084 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1354. 1085 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 286. 1086 iqve, 285. 1087 iqve.

161

marTlo ganixilavs, erTi sasuliero da ori saero piris SemadgenlobiT, romlebic mosamarTlis funqciebiT arian aRWur-vilni. 1088 msgavsi saojaxo sasamarTloebi kviprosSi 1990 wlidan moqmedebs. 1994 wlidan ki saojaxo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcia sxva ZiriTadi religiebis warmomadgenelTa ganqorwinebis saqmeebzec gavrcelda. dReisaTvis qristianobis yvela ZiriTadi mimarTulebis religiur gaerTianebas sakuTari saeklesio sasamarTlo aqvs, 1089 rac kviprosis konstituciiTaa uzrunvelyofili1090.

2.3.2.2.3. romaul-kaTolikuri da sxva eklesiebis mier Sesrulebuli

jvrisweris aRiareba romaul eklesiaSi qorwinebis formaluri mxarisa da moTxovnebis

Sesaxeb doqtrinis Tanamedrove saxiT Camoyalibeba Tametsi-s aqtidan daiwyo da etapobrivad, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi dasrulda. 1091 mxolod 1563 wlidan, trentis krebis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze qorwinebis namdvilobisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda jvrisweris uflebamosili mRvdlis mier Sesruleba. 1092 trentis krebis gad-awyvetileba 1908 wlis Ne Temere-s aqtamde adgenda qorwinebis forma-lur standartebs. 1093 wminda saydris praqtikiT, mis mier dadebuli konkordatebisa da xelSekrulebebis Tanaxmad, meuRleebi qorwine-bisaTvis, kanonikurTan erTad, saerosamarTlebriv kriteriumebsac unda akmayofilebdnen. 1094 amiT romis eklesia cdilobs jvrisweris kanonikuri da saerosamarTlebrivi winapirobebi maqsimalurad daaaxlovos.

lateranis xelSekrulebiT romis eklesiis mier Catarebulma jvrisweram italiaSi sruli saero aRiareba moipova da ufro metic, praqtikulad, igi qorwinebis erTaderT moqmed samarTlebriv meqaniz-mad iqca.1095 saojaxo samarTlis reformamde italiaSi romis eklesi-is wesiT Catarebuli jvriswerisa da qorwinebis gauqmeba dauSvebeli iyo, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo kanonmdebloba kanonikuri qorwinebis gauqmebis uflebamosilebas eqskluziurad saeklesio sasamarTlos miakuTvnebda. 1096 italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 149-e muxlis (Zveli redaqcia) Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyvetis erTaderTi safuZveli erT- 1088 iqve, 286. 1089 iqve, 284. 1090 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, 1960, Art.111. 1091 Brown B.F., The Relation of Theology and Philosophy to the Forms of Marriage, “Journal of Family

Law”, Vol.1, Iss.1, 1961, 128. 1092 Gallagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”,

Vol.157, 2006, 9. 1093 Brown B.F., The Relation of Theology and Philosophy to the Forms of Marriage, “Journal of Family

Law”, Vol.1, Iss.1, 1961, 129. 1094 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 38. 1095 Gori-Montanelli R., Botwinik D.A., Mexican Divorces: Italy, “International Lawyer”, #1, 1966-1967,

211. 1096 iqve, 216.

162

erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba iyo.1097 1984 wels italiis saxelmwifosa da romis eklesias Soris daido vila madamas xelSekruleba, ro-melmac sruliad gansxvavebuli mowesrigeba daadgina da lateranis xelSekrulebis principebi Secvala. 1098 konkordatis cvlilebebTan erTad, ganqorwinebis SemoRebam da abortebis dakanonebam wminda saydris poziciebi da mTlianad italiis sazogadoeba radikalurad Secvala1099.

espaneTSi religiuri wesiT Sesrulebul qorwineba samarTlebrivi efeqtis matarebelia. 1100 romis eklesiis mier Catarebul jvrisweras samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi Sedegi aqvs da igi saxelmwifos mier aRi-arebulia. 1101 aRniSnuli uzrunvelyofilia espaneTis samoqalaqo ko-deqsiT.1102 maltam vatikanTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT srulad aRi-ara ara marto kanonikurad Sesrulebuli jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Zala, aramed qorwineba-ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT saeklesio sasamarTloebisa da tribunalebis iurisdiqcia1103.

2.3.3. kanonikuri qorwinebis aRiarebis qarTuli gamocdileba qarTuli ojaxi saojaxo samarTlis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze

gamorCeuli da TviTmyofadi fenomenia.1104 istoriulad saqarTveloSi saojaxo urTierTobebi da samarTali qristianobis mniSvnelovani zegavlenis qveS iyo, Tumca inarCunebda individualurad misTvis damaxasiaTebel, aseve, romis samarTlidan recefcirebul maxasi-aTeblebs.1105 saojaxo samarTlis sakiTxebi, maT Soris, niSnoba, qor-wineba, ganqorwineba, meuRleTa urTierTdamokidebuleba 1106 da a.S. eklesiis iurisdiqcias ganekuTvneboda. 1107 qarTuli eklesia srulad icavda saxarebiseul debulebas1108 da raime samarTlebriv SezRudvas socialuri mdgomareobis mxriv gansxvavebul pirTa qorwinebaze ar

1097 Dwyer C., Divorce in Italy, “Quis Custodiet”, Vol. 36, 1972, 93. 1098 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246. 1099 iqve, 244. 1100 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172. 1101 Morán G.M., The Spanish System of Church and State, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2,

1995, 543. 1102 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Spain, Art.60. 1103 Farrugia R., The Influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Maltese Family Law and Policy, in: The

Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland,

2011, 200. 1104 ix.,zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2000, 31. 1105 iqve. 1106 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 19. 1107 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 50. 1108 epistole pavle mociqulisa galatelTa mimarT, 3,28.

163

awesebda. 1109 gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kanonmdebloba qorwine-bis ormag _ religiur da samarTlebriv datvirTvas aRiarebda. 1110 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi qorwinebisa da sxva mravali iuridiuli faqtis registracias marTlmadidebeli eklesia axdenda. msgavsadve xdeboda ruseTis imperiasa da sxva qristianul sax-elmwifoebSi1111.

qarTuli eklesiis roli da funqcia, maT Soris, samoqalaqo aq-tebis registraciis mimarTulebiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi Zalze dakninda. saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sabWos davalebiT, dekanoz korneli kekeliZis mier Seqmnili debuleba „saeklesio qorwineba-ganqorwinebisa“ 1918 wels waredgina saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobas. 1112 1920 wels saqarTve-los saeklesio krebam proeqtSi cvlilebebi Seitana da or gan-calkevebul debulebad miiRo. 1113 social-demokratiuli mTavrobis agresiuli qmedebebis Sedegad qarTul samociqulo eklesias mniS-vnelovani ziani miadga, 1114 myife sekularizaciis procesis parale-lurad, eklesias CamoerTva qorwinebis registraciis ufleba, mis mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras ki, 1920 wlis 3 dekembris „moqalaqeo-brivi mdgomareobis aqtebis registraciis kanoniT“, samarTlebrivi aRiarebis SesaZlebloba moespo1115.

saqarTvelos iZulebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma RonisZiebebma kidev ufro agresiuli xasiaTi miiRo. ra Tqma unda, religiuri qorwinebis sakiTxi sabWoTa kavSirSi naklebad aqtualuri iyo, vinaidan Tavad religia saxelmwifo problemad iyo miiCneoda jer kidev leninis periodidan moyolebuli.1116

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRi-arebis sakiTxisaTvis aravis ecala, Sesabamisad, 1997 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma teqstSi mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebis mom-wesrigebeli normebi asaxa. 1117 rom ara konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT erTiani midgoma iarsebebda,

1109 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.VII, Tbilisi, 1984, 267. 1110 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 154. 1111 CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 116. 1112 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbili-si, 2013, 439. 1113 iqve. 1114 ix., gegenava d., eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTle-brivi aspeqtebi (1917-1921) da saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia, wignSi: saqarTve-los demokratiuli respublika da 1921 wlis konstitucia, d. gegenavas da p. javax-iSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 179-181. 1115 ix., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komen-tarebi, komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 18. 1116 Curtiss J.Sh., Religion as a Soviet Social Problem, “Social Problems”, #7, 1959-1960, 328. 1117 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-5 wignis pirveli kari.

164

Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Sesabam-isi debulebis miuxedavad, dReisaTvis sakmaod rTulia, dadgindes saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis sistemuri kuTvnileba. samoqalaqo ka-nonmdebloba ki, romelic am SemTxvevaSi specialuria, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jvrisweris iuridiul Sedegebs ar aRiarebs.

2.4. jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi 2.4.1. qorwinebis aRiarebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba 2.4.1.1. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba religiuri da samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi saojaxo da saqor-

wino urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iyos erTmaneTis Sem-avsebeli, paraleluri an xSir SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdegoc ki. 1118 am mxriv, erTiani midgoma, rasakvirvelia, ar arsebobs, radganac tradiciuli qristianuli dogmatika da faseulobaTa sistema xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove liberaluri saxelmwifos koncefciisgan gansxvavdeba. cxadia, qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT marTlmadidebel eklesias gacilebiT konservatiuli midgoma aqvs, vidre _ sax-elmwifos.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels daido da jvrisweris aRiare-bis Taobaze samarTlebrivi debuleba amave periodidan arsebobs. mi-uxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi araferia naxsenebi saeklesio qorwinebis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1119 am mxriv, kanon-mdebloba srul vakuumSia. samoqalaqo kodeqsis mdumarebas Tan erTvis „samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis „siCumec“. mcdaria Sexeduleba, rom dResdReobiT saqarTvelo aRiarebs jvrisweris iuridiul Sedegebs, Tu igi registrirebulia samoqalaqo reestris erovnul saagentoSi, 1120 vinaidan qorwinebis registraciaze uflebamosili organo ver daaregistrirebs qorwinebas jvrisweris aqtis safuZvelze. amis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs: upirvelesad, ar arsebobs raime wesi msgavsi proceduris ganxorcielebis Taobaze, saeklesio da samoqalaqo samarTlis normebis koliziis gamo Sesa-Zlebelia jvrisweris aqti pirdapir ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos moqmed kanonmdeblobas da a.S.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi saxelmwifos mxridan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiareba mxolod deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebs da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba-movaleobebisaTvis aucilebeli samarTlebrivi safuZveli ver

1118 Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Sys-

tems, “Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 411. 1119 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Aspects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham

Young University Law Review”, #3, 2007, 766. 1120 Sead., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 72.

165

gaxdeba. 1121 jvrisweris aRiarebis wesis arqonis gamo, jvriswera ar-aregistrirebul qorwinebasTanaa gaTanabrebuli. 1122 saqarTvelos ka-nonmdebloba ar iZleva jvrisweris samarTlebriv definicias, ar gansazRvravs misi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebsa da uflebamosilebas, jvrisweris registraciis pirobebs, misi gauqmebis safuZvlebs da a.S. sakanonmdeblo reformis gareSe, arsebuli mowesrigebis pirobebSi, moqmedi kanonmdebloba jvrisweris sa-marTlebrivi Sedegebis aRiarebisaTvis sruliad araadekvaturia.

2.4.1.2. qarTuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba droTa ganmavlobaSi eklesiis mier Camoyalibebuli yvelaze mkacri

mowesrigebac ki icvleba. Tu saqme Zalze zust da umkacres dogmat-ikas ar exeba, rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove eklesia ikonomiis wesiT bevri faqtobrivi garemoebisa Tu institutis mimarT Semwynarebelia. saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli „samoqalaqo qorwineba“ romis eklesi-isaTvis ubralo Tanacxovreba, konkubinatia da ara qorwineba. 1123 msgavsadvea marTlmadidebeli eklesiis SemTxvevaSi, romelic, marTalia, ar aRiarebs samoqalaqo qorwinebas, Tumca praqtikaSi mas gverds ver uvlis1124.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi normis implementaciaze saubrisas SeuZlebelia sakiTxis calmxrivad aRqma da ganxilva. jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli normis arsebobis miuxedavad, roca misi praqtikaSi gatareba da Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi asaxva ar xdeba, es mxolod saxelmwifos problema araa. am mimarTulebiT eklesiac mniSvnelo-vani problemebis wyaroa.

saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi saeklesio samarTali yvelaze mocu-lobiTia, vinaidan igi moicavs rogorc praqtikul, ise Teoriul-dogmatur sakiTxebs, romlebzec yuradRebis argamaxvileba dauSvebelia. marTalia, qarTul samociqulo eklesiaSi liturgiuli da wminda religiuri kuTxiT jvriswerasTan dakavSirebiT sakiTxi garkveulia, Tumca saeklesio qorwinebis, rogorc iuridiuli faqtis, eklesiis mier aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegobebi arsebobs.

samwuxarod, qarTul eklesias ar gaaCnia sistematizebuli doku-menti, romelic qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis sakiTxebs, maTTan da-kavSirebul samarTlebriv Sedegebsa da saqorwino samarTlis sfer-oSi pirTa uflebebs moawesrigebda. marTalia, 1920 wels eklesiam

1121 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saq-meTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba. 1122 iqve. 1123 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 480. 1124 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,

297.

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miiRo ori debuleba „qorwinebisa“ da „ganqorwinebisa“, 1125 Tumca isini dRes praqtikulad aRar gamoiyeneba, vinaidan maTi safuZveli _ saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis 1920 wlis debuleba, gauqmebulia. eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis moqmedi debuleba ki sruliad gaumarTavi da arasistematizebulia, misi normebis um-ravlesoba ki _ qaosurad Secvlili da arakodificirebuli. aR-niSnul debulebaSi qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis Tematikaze mxo-lod organaa saubari. pirveli normis Tanaxmad, eparqiis mRvdelmTa-vari, episkoposi uflebamosilia gadawyvitos qorwinebisa da ganqor-winebis sakiTxebi, 1126 Tumca aRniSnuli srulad mis diskreciazea damokidebuli. meore SemTxvevaSi, debuleba saeparqio sabWos, romlis xelmZRvanelic Tavad episkoposia, aRWuravs uflebamosilebiT, ganix-ilos qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi1127.

samwuxarod, qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis aqtebidan irkveva, rom saeklesio saqorwino samarTali qarTul eklesiaSi ZiriTadad zepir, gadmocemiT xasiaTs atarebs da praqtikiT wesrigdeba, mas raime ofi-cialuri dokumentis saxe an samarTlebrivi aqtiT gamoxatuli sa-fuZveli ar gaaCnia. am mxriv, saeklesio kanonmdeblobaSi sruli uwonadobaa, kerZod, ar aris mkacrad dadgenili da detalizebuli: dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki da daqorwinebisaTvis aucilebeli wina-pirobebi, qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi, jvrisweris Catarebaze uflebamosili piris statusi da saeklesio qorwinebis ganxorcielebis samarTlebrivi procedura, ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi da procesi, saqorwino xasiaTis samarTlebrivi davis ganxilvis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis kanonikursa-marTlebrivi Sedegebi, meore da mesame qorwinebis samarTlebrivi statusi, saeklesio da samoqalaqo qorwinebaTa urTierTmimarTeba da a.S.

qarTuli eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod detaluri mowesrigeba aqvs saberZneTis eklesias, romelic rogorc sakuTari saeklesio ka-nonmdeblobiT, ise samoqalaqo samarTlis normebiT detalurad adgens qorwineba-ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. igi iT-valiswinebs, rom jvrisweris ganmaxorcielebeli sasulieri piri un-da iyos uflebamosili, „moqmedi“, radganac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qorwineba baTilad miiCneva. 1128 rusul eklesiaSic sasuliero piri valdebulia jvrisweris ceremoniamde gamoikvlios, xom ar arsebobs qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi. 1129 msgavsi danawesebi

1125 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 439. 1126 saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, 1995, VII Tavis me-4 paragrafi. 1127 iqve, VIII Tavis me-12 paragrafis me-3 punqti. 1128 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art.1371. 1129 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,

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qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis oficialur dokumentebSi ver moiZeb-neba, rac sruliad warmoudgenels xdis jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis implementacias saero kanonmdeblobis doneze.

sabWourma warsulma mZime daRi daasva marTlmadidebel eklesias, romelsac, upirvelesad, swored saeklesio samarTlis kuTxiT aqvs mniSvnelovani reformebi gansaxorcielebeli: aucilebelia marTva-gamgeobis axali, gamarTuli debulebis SemuSaveba, aseve, unda dadgindes qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis umniSvnelovanesi pirobebi da standartebi, damuSavdes maTi kanonikursamarTlebrivi mxare, rac mTavaria, moxdes saeklesio kanonmdeblobis nawilobrivi, SeZlebis-dagvarad, maqsimaluri harmonizacia saero kanonmdeblobasTan qor-wineba-ganqorwinebis mimarT wayenebuli minimaluri pirobebisa Tu safuZvlebis kuTxiT.

2.4.2. saero da saeklesio normaTa kolizia 2.4.2.1. asaki dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki nebismier saojaxo samarTalSi qor-

winebis centraluri Temaa. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobac qorwinebis erT-erT kumulaciur pirobad pirTa minimalur asaks asaxelebs, romelic ZiriTadad 18 welia.1130 16 wlamdelTa qorwinebas saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs, ufro metic, 16 wels miuRwevel pirTan sqesobrivi kavSiri kriminalizebulia da sisxlis samarTlis wesiT isjeba1131.

qristianul dogmatikaSi minimaluri saqorwino asaki qalebisTvis ZiriTadad 14, xolo mamakacebisTvis 16 wels ukavSirdeba, rac qor-winebis konsumaciisaTvis aucilebeli fiziologiuri mzaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.1132 aRniSnuli minimaluri saqorwilo asaki eklesiebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. ivaraudeba, rom igi saxelmwifos samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul minimums unda emTxveodes.

„sacolqmroTa uhasakoba“ Zvel qarTul samarTalSic qorwinebis damabrkolebel garemoebad miiCneoda. 1133 ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweriT qalTaTvis qorwinebis minimalur asakad 12 weli, xolo zogadad srulwlovaneba ganisazRvra. 1134 Tanamedrove epoqaSi ki saqarTvelos eklesiis 1920 wlis „qorwinebis“ debuleba qorwinebis nebas rTavda 17-dan 70 wlamde mamakacebsa da 15-dan 60 wlamde qalebs. 1135 sam-wuxarod, qarTul eklesias ar gaaCnia sistematizebuli da erTiani

1130 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1108-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1131 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 141-e muxli. 1132 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 13. 1133 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, IV naw., m. kekelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1993, 147. 1134 ruis-urbnisis Zegliswera, me-10 kanoni. 1135 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbili-si, 2013, 439.

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midgoma saqorwino asakTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli arc romelime samarTlebrivi aqtiT ganisazRvreba. sasuliero pirebs zepirad evalebaT gamoikvlion saqorwino garemoebebi, Tumca bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime aseuli SemTxveva SeiZleba moinaxos, rodesac sasuliero pirebma jvari 16 wels miuRwevel pirebs dasweres, rac samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis darRvevaa. am Sem-TxvevaSi ismis kiTxva, Tu rogor unda aRiaros saxelmwifom jvrisweris iuridiuli Sedegi, roca igi didi albaTobiT moqmed ka-nonmdeblobas SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes.

aucilebelia eklesiis wiaRSi, kanonikursamarTlebriv doneze, oficialurad dadgindes minimaluri saqorwino asaki samoqalaqo ka-nonmdeblobis mowesrigebis gaTvaliswinebiT da jvrisweris ganmax-orcielebel sasuliero pirebs daevaloT asakisa da sxva gare-moebaTa gamokvleva. Tuki ar moxda am yovelives samarTlebrivi re-glamentacia, warmoudgenelia saxelmwifom jvrisweris raime formiT aRiareba iTavos.

2.4.2.2. qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi eklesiam SeimuSava da daadgina

jvrisweris damabrkolebeli garemoebebi. 1136 igi met-naklebad saero qorwinebis damabrkolebel garemoebebs emTxveva, Tumca gansxvavebeb-ic SeimCneva, rasac jvrisweris religiuri xasiaTi ganapirobebs. sakmaod mkacri SezRudvebi da qorwinebis xelisSemSleli pirobebi iyo dadgenili qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTliTac, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi sasuliero kanonmdeblobaze gacilebiT maRal standarts awesebda. fSauri masalebis mixedviT, qorwinebis damabrkolebel garemoebad erTi gvarisadmi kuTvnilebac iyo.1137 akr-Zalvis praqtikul moqmedebas mkacri sasjelebi uzrunvelyofda. 1138 fSav-xevsureTSi ara mxolod erTi gvaris warmomadgenlebs, aramed maTac, vinc teritoriulad axlos cxovrobdnen, erTmaneTze daqor-wineba ekrZalebodaT. 1139 Zvel qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi qor-winebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebis argaTvaliswineba umkacresad isjeboda, riTac xalxi xazs usvamda msgavs qmedebaTa mZime dana-Saulebriv xasiaTs1140.

dResdReobiT, roca urTierTobaTa areali Zalze didia da Seu-Zlebelia TiToeuli qorwinebis Sesaxeb informacia yvelas miewodos, raTa adamianuri mankiereba da tyuili maqsimalurad gamoiricxos, mniSvnelovania, arsebobdes qmediTi meqanizmi, romliTac uflebamo-

1136 ix., CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 115-116. 1137 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, IV naw., m. kekelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1993, 145. 1138 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, III naw., s. xanjalaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1991, 23. 1139 iqve, 24. 1140 iqve, 26.

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sili piri detalurad Seiswavlis daqorwinebis msurvelTa ga-nacxads, maT urTierTmimarTebas naTesaobis mxriv, gamoikvlevs qor-winebis damabrkolebel garemoebaTa arsebobas da mxolod amis Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli, wyvilma iqorwinos. am mxriv, misabaZia sa-berZneTis eklesia, romelic dRemde wm. egnate RmerTSemosilis cno-bili mosazrebiT moqmedebs: „qorwinebis msurvelT, mamakacebsac da dedakacebsac, marTebT erToba episkoposis azris Tanaxmad, raTa uflismier da ara wadierebisamebr, iqmnas qorwineba“ 1141 . samoqalaqo Tu saeklesio qorwinebisaTvis qristianuli eklesiis wevrTaTvis aucilebelia Sesabamisi eparqiis mRvdelmTavris, episkoposis Tanx-moba1142.

mniSvnelovania, dadgindes Sesabamisi mRvdelmTavrisadmi mimarTvis valdebuleba, rac jvrisweris Catarebis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, mcxeTa-Tbilisis, aseve, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosili mRvdelmTavari, patriarqis gar-da, misi qorepiskoposic iqneba. episkopossa da saeparqio sabWos unda daevalos, TiToeul gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT detalurad gamoarkvios saqmis garemoebani, Seiswavlos qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi, Seafasos, ramdenad daculia samoqalaqo da saeklesio kanonmdeblobiT qorwinebisaTvis dadge-nili minimaluri standarti. mxolod am moqmedebaTa ganxorcielebis Semdeg unda gaices daqorwinebaze nebarTva.

ganmcxadebels unda daevalos saWiro dokumentaciasTan erTad daqorwinebis Taobaze gancxadebas Tan daurTos cnoba samoqalaqo registraciis organodan, rom ar imyofeba registrirebul qorwine-baSi. swored saeklesio qorwinebis samarTlebrivi efeqtidan gam-omdinare, aucilebelia, eklesiam registrirebuli samoqalaqo qor-wineba jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebad cnos. msgavsi praqtika moqmedebs saberZneTis eklesiaSi, sadac wminda sinodis ganCinebiT, aRniSnuli saeklesio qorwinebis xelisSemSlel faqtada miCneuli1143.

2.4.2.3. ganqorwineba qorwinebis msgavsad, sruliad mouwesrigebelia ganqorwinebis sa-

marTlebrivi statusi, procedura da samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. ganqowinebas, rogorc iuridiul faqts, aranaklebi frTxili da sapasuxismgeblo midgoma sWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, umTavresia, erTma-neTisgan gaimijnos ganqorwinebis Teologiuri da samarTlebrivi mxare.

1141 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 101. 1142 iqve, 103. 1143 Encyclical 2320/19-5-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece.

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romis samarTali qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas kerZo, pirad sa-kiTxad ganixilavda. 1144 iustinianem 117-e noveliT akrZala meuRleTa SeTanxmebiT ganqorwineba. 1145 noveliT ganqorwineba mxolod gan-sazRvrul SemTxvevebSi daiSveboda da es garemoebebi srulad efuZ-neboda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamocdilebasa da praqtikas. 1146 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesia Seuwynarebeli iyo ganqorwinebis mimarT da moqmedebda ra, saxarebiseuli

debulebiT „viTarmed arRara arian or, aramed erT ჴorc. awukue ro-melni-igi RmerTman SeauRlna, kaci nu ganaSorebs“ 1147 , qorwinebis Sewyvetis erTaderT safuZvlad sikvdils ganixilavda1148.

aRmosavleTis eklesia yovelTvis mkacrad udgeboda qorwinebis siwmindis sakiTxs, ganqorwinebis safuZvlad mruSobis, sqesobrivi-uvargisobis, uSvilobisa da sodomuri codvis paralelurad, qal-wulobis dakargvasac miiCnevda. 1149 javaxiSvilis azriT, sqesobrivi zneoba droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda, „cxovrebam da qristianobam qal-vaJis yovelgvari sqesobrivi kavSiri danaSaulad gamoacxada. amgvaradve, colisa da qmris Ralatic miutevebel codvad iyo miC-neuli“ 1150 . droTa ganmavlobaSi ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT qristianuli eklesiis pozicia Serbilda, XX saukuneSi eklesia ganqorwinebis mimarT gacilebiT Semwynarebeli gaxda,1151 rac ganqor-winebis safuZvlad ramdenime yofiTi, aucilebeli safuZvlis dawesebaSi gamoixateba. eklesia maleve mixvda, rom zogierTi adami-anuri sisustis daZleva da gadalaxva yvelas ar xelewifeba, Sesabam-isad, garkveul SemTxvevebSi qorwinebis Sewyveta dauSva. 1152 mag., eklesiam meuRleTa xasiaTebis ukiduresi sxvaoba ganqorwinebisaTvis sapatio mizezad miiCnia. 1153 Tanamedrove epoqaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesia uSvebs ganqorwinebas meuRleTa SeTanxmebiTac1154.

italiaSi ganqorwineba 1970 wlamde akrZaluli iyo, Tumca seku-larizaciis procesis gaaqtiureba saojaxo urTierTobebzec aisaxa, ramac SemdgomSi ukve abortis dekriminalizacia da sxva mniSvnelo-

1144 Gallagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”,

Vol.157, 2006, 12. 1145 iqve. 1146 iqve. 1147 saxerabaჲ maTesi, 19,6. 1148 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 193. 1149 ix., nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 160. 1150 ix., qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, III naw., s. xanjalaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbi-lisi, 1991, 82. 1151 Rodes R.E.jr., Natural Law and the Marriage of Christians, “The Jurist”, #35, 1975, 414. 1152 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 200. 1153 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 160. 1154 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 119.

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vani Zvrebi gamoiwvia.1155 espaneTSi religiuri wesiT Catarebuli qor-winebis gauqmebis ufleba saeklesio sasamarTlos, paps an samoqalaqo registraciis organoebs aqvT. 1156 ganqorwinebis Taobaze saeklesio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetileba ZalaSia, Tu mas espaneTis sax-elmwifo, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, aRiarebs. 1157 miuxedavad imisa, rom irlandiam 1972 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT saxelmwifo religia gaauqma saxelmwifoSi, ganqorwine-ba 1986 wlis sakonstitucio reformis ganxorcielebamde oficialu-rad nebadarTuli ar iyo1158.

kviprosSi berZnuli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris mimarT saeklesio samarTali moqmedebs da ganqorwinebac misi wesebis Sesabamisad unda moxdes. 1159 saberZneTSi religiuri qorwinebis gau-qmebaze uflebamosilia samoqalaqo sasamarTlo, _ eklesia, marTa-lia, monawileobs konsultaciebsa da gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg Tavad axorcielebs gvirgvinis axdis rituals, Tumca ver ereva samoqalaqo sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi1160.

marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi saeklesio qorwinebis gauqmebis uflebamosileba mxolod mRvdelmTavars aqvs,1161 romelic saeklesio sasamarTlos funqcias iTavsebs. SesaZlebelia jvriswera, rogorc iuridiuli faqti, samoqalaqo registraciis organomac gaauqmos. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saeklesio qorwineba gauqmdeba sax-elmwifosTvis, eklesiisaTvis ki igi arsebobas gaagrZelebs iqamde, sanam qorwinebas uflebamosili mRvdelmTavari ar cnobs dasrulebulad.

qarTulma eklesiam ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT unda SeimuSaos sakmaod detaluri da vrceli mowesrigeba. msgavsi debulebebis ar-arseboba mniSvnelovnad aferxebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, SeuZlebelsac ki xdis jvrisweris samarTlebriv aRiarebas. ganqorwineba, Tavis mxriv, momavali, axali qorwinebisa da sxva samarTalurTierTobeb-isaTvis mniSvnelovan damabrkolebel garemoebad SeiZleba iqces. 1155 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 244. 1156 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172-173. 1157 Civil Code of Spain, Art.80. 1158 Harding M., Religion and Family Law in Ireland: From A Catholic Protection of Marriage to A “Catho-

lic” Approach to Nullity, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair

and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 177. 1159 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 286. 1160 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 153. 1161 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,

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aucilebelia numerus clausus principiT ganisazRvros ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi, procedura, ganqorwinebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebaze uflebamosili piri an organo, aseve, samarTlebrivi Sedeg-ebi, romelic mis, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqtis, gauqmebas ukavSirdeba.

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom im saxelmwifoebSic ki, romlebic religi-uri qorwinebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs aRiareben, ZiriTad SemTxveva-Si religiuri gaerTianebebi ar arian uflebamosili, Sewyviton maT mier Sesrulebuli qorwineba saxelmwifos winaSe.1162 religiuri qor-winebis aRiarebis miuxedavad, ganqorwineba srulad saxelmwifos iu-risdiqciis qveSaa da religiuri gaerTianebis gadawyvetilebas am sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT araviTari gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia. 1163 saqarTveloSi, riskebis Tavidan acilebisa da samoqalaqo ur-TierTobaTa stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia qorwinebis Sewyvetaze gavrceldes saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesi, romelic eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metad Semwynarebelia da mxareebs met Tavisuflebasac aniWebs. ramdenad mimarTaven ganqor-winebis msurvelni eklesiasa da kanonikurad gaauqmeben Tu ara damatebiT maT qorwinebas, es srulad maTi nebis Tavisuflebas unda iyos mindobili.

2.4.3. saeklesio faqtebi da maTi registracia jvrisweris aRiarebis procesSi mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba saekle-

sio, kanonikursamarTlebrivi faqtebis erTiani registraciis ar-arsebobacaa. es yovelive ki ara mxolod saxelmwifos mxridan jvrisweris aRiarebis, aramed Zalian bevri sxva mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemis wyaroa.

qarTuli samociqulo eklesia ar awarmoebs saeklesio faqtTa er-Tian reestrs da es yovelive taZrebisTvisaa mindobilia. konkretuli eklesia Tavad axorcielebs naTlobis, jvriswerisa da sxva iuridi-uli mniSvnelobis faqtebis aRricxvas, Tumca es araa sistema-tizebuli da mkacrad kontrolirebadi. saqarTvelos marTlma-didebeli eklesia gascems jvrisweris damadasturebel mowmobas, ro-melzec aRibeWdeba taZris beWedi da im uflebamosili sasuliero piris xelmowera, romelmac qorwinebis ritualuri aRasrula. 1164

1162 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the

Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E.

Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93. 1163 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solu-

tions, “Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327; mag., SvedeTSi nebismieri wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwinebis Sewyveta ganqorwinebis gziT mxolod sasamarTlos gad-awyvetilebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. ix., Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Reli-

gious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Fam-

ily Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93. 1164 <http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014]

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qarTul sinamdvileSi yofila da axlac xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca erTi da igive piri imyofeba registrirebul qorwinebaSi da imavdroulad, sxva pirzea jvardawerili. 1165 gacilebiT uaresi da amoraluria SemTxveva, rodesac piri erTsa da imave dros or saeklesio qorwinebaSi imyofeba, rac saeklesio samarTliTa da dog-matikiT akrZalulia. Tavisuflad SeiZleba eklesiis wevrma erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime qalaqSi ise daiweros jvari, rom amis Sesaxeb arc saeklesio qorwinebis ganmaxorcielebelma sasuliero pirma da arc sxva adamianebma icodnen. samwuxarod, eklesia srulad mindobilia konkretuli individis sindissa da patiosnebaze, rac XXI saukuneSi samarTlebriv argumentad ver miiCneva. jvrisweris ceremo-niis Catareba umravles SemTxvevaSi ise xdeba, rom ganmaxorciel-ebeli piri saerTod ar interesdeba dasaqorwinebeli pirebi arian Tu ara eklesiis wevrebi. praqtikaSi Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia, jva-ri mounaTlavmac ki daiweros, rac kanonikis uxeSi da yovlad gau-marTlebeli darRvevaa. am yvelafris gamomwvevi mizezi ki ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiT warmoCindeba: 1. erTiani sistematizaciis, reestris ararseboba da 2. faqtebis gadamowmebis SeuZlebloba da arasavaldebulooba.

saberZneTis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, marTlmadidebel eklesi-aSi jvriswerisaTvis aucilebelia mitropolitis licenzia, rac qorwinebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi nebarTvis tolfasia, romelic bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs. 1166 aRniSnuli meqanizmiT ram-denime garTulebis prevencia erTdroulad xorcieldeba. mRvdelmTa-vari da saeparqio dawesebulebebi jvrisweris nebarTvis, licenziis gacemisas amowmeben ganmcxadebelTa eklesiis wevrobas, qorwine-bisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis arsebobasa da xelisSemSleli gare-moebebis ararsebobas.

qarTul eklesiaSi unda Seiqmnas saeklesio faqtebis erTiani reestri, romelic SesaZleblobas miscems eklesias, Tvalyuri adevnos kanonikuri wesebis Sesrulebas da Tavidan aicilos adamian-Ta mankierebiT gamowveuli problemebi, paraleluri qorwinebebi da a.S.

3. religiuri dResaswaulebi 3.1. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis istoriis gaTvaliswine-

biT, saxelmwifos oficialuri dResaswaulebi da uqme dReebi, xSirad swored qveynis mTavari religiuri gaerTianebis dResaswaulebs emTxveoda. ra Tqma unda, sekularizaciis aqtiuri

1165 ix., iqve. 1166 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 152-153.

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procesis Sedegad religiuri dResaswaulebis saero aRniSvna TandaTan Sewyda, ramac uqme dReebis Semcireba gamoiwvia.

eklesia ver iqneba ganyenebuli da ver gaemijneba saxelmwifoSi mimdinare movlenebs, ufro metic, igi erovnul interesebs unda em-saxurebodes, xandaxan ki politikur-ekonomikur tendenciebsac ki SeiZleba asaxavdes. 1167 Sesabamisad, eklesias mouwia saxelmwifo politikis gaTvaliswineba da ra Tqma unda, iTvaliswinebs gare-moebas, rom yvela religiur dResaswaulze uqmobis SemTxvevaSi, sax-elmwifo saero ki ara sasuliero wyobaze iqneba damyarebuli, rac qveyanaSi elementarul sawarmoo, SromiT da ekonomikur ur-TierTobebs gaanadgurebs.

dominanti religiuri jgufis dResaswaulebis oficialur uqmeebad gamocxadeba sruliad bunebrivia, mTavaria, saxelmwifos Seqmnas iseTi samarTlebrivi garemo, sadac dasaqmebulebs SeeZlebaT Tavi-anTi religiis didi dResaswaulebze uqmoba Sesabamisi wesiTa da alternativis SesaZleblobiT. 1168 aseve, miCneulia, rom saxelmwifos dResaswaulTa da uqme dReTa umravlesoba mosaxleobis umravleso-bis religiur dResaswaulebs emTxveva. 1169 amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom evrosasamarTlo aRiarebs religiur dReebze uqmobis SesaZleblobas Sesabamisi pirobebisa da samsaxuris specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, alternativis SeTavazebiT, 1170 rac imas gulisxmobs, rom ara aqvs mniSvneloba konkretuli religiuri dResaswauli uqme dRea Tu ara saxelmwifoSi, damsaqmebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos dasaqmebulis Txovna da samsaxurebrivi valdebulebebisgan droebiT gaa-Tavisuflos, gacdenili saaTebis sxva, alternatiul dRes anaz-Raurebis pirobiT.

3.2. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba saqarTveloSi saqarTveloSi religiuri dResaswaulebis uqme dReebis ricxvidan

masStaburad amoReba pirvelad saqarTvelos demokratiuli respu-blikis periodSi moxda. damoukideblobis aRdgenamde uqme dReebs samrewvelo Sromis wesdebis 198-e muxli da amierkavkasiis komisari-atis 1917 wlis 29 noembris dekretis me-20 muxli adgenda. 1171 1919 wlis 17 ivniss damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~ da uqme dReebis CamonaTvalidan amoiRo: mirqma

1167 kurtaniZe k., esqatologiuri politologia, arsebobs Tu ara eklesiuri ideo-logia?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(35), 2010, 74. 1168 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of

a Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,

2012, 298. 1169 ix., X v. the United Kingdom, [ECHR], App. no. 8231/78, 6 March 1982, D.R.28. 1170 ix., Kosteski v. the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, [ECtHR], App. no. 55170/00, 13 April

2006, Para.37. 1171 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1918-1921, Tbilisi, 1990, 273.

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uflisa (15 Tebervali); didi paraskevi, aRdgomis mesame dRe _ samSa-baTi, sulTmofenobis meore dRe, feriscvaleba uflisa (19 agvisto), miZineba RvTismSoblisa (28 agvisto), jvarTamaRleba (27 seqtemberi) da taZrad miyvaneba RvTismSoblisa (4 dekemberi)1172.

sabWoTa okupaciis periodSi danarCeni religiuri dResaswaulebis aRniSvna araTu gauqmda, saerTod aikrZala. maT nacvlad ki dawesda qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis ucxo dResaswaulebi, romlebic sab-WoeTTan, komunistur partiasTan da mis ideologiasTan iyo da-kavSirebuli. damoukideblobis aRdgenisTanave yvela msgavsi dResaswauli gauqmda, erovnulma mTavroba aRadgina istoriuli da religiuri dResaswaulebi1173.

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove saqarTvelosa da moqmed kanonmdeblobas, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi jamSi 17 uqme dRes adgens, maTgan 10 ki marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dResaswaulia. 1174 marTlmadidebeli qristianebis raodenobis procentuli maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi imx-elaa, sulac araa gasakviri, rom saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi dResaswaulebis umravlesoba saeklesio xasiaTis matarebelia. 1175 uqmeebad gamocxadebuli dResaswaulebia: 1. 7 ianvari – uflisa Cveni-sa ieso qristes Sobis dRe; 2.19 ianvari – naTlisReba – uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes gacxadebis dRe; 3. didi paraskevi (garda-mavalia); 4. didi SabaTi (gardamavalia); 5. uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes brwyinvale aRdgomis dRe (gardamavalia); 6. micvalebulTa moxseniebis dRe – aRdgomis meore dRe, orSabaTi (gardamavalia); 7. 12 maisi – saqarTvelos eklesiis, rogorc samociqulo saydris, da-maarseblis – wminda andria mociqulis xsenebis dRe; 8. 28 agvisto – yovladwminda RvTismSoblis miZinebis dRe (mariamoba); 9. 14 oqtomberi – mcxeTobis (sveticxovlobis, kvarTis dResaswaulis) dRe; 10. 23 noemberi – giorgobis dRe.1176 Sromis kodeqsi nebas rTavs dasaqmebuls, damsaqmebelTan SeTanxmebiT, kodeqsis me-20 muxliT gan-sazRvruli uqme dReebis nacvlad, sxva dasvenebis dReebi moiTxo-vos1177.

3.3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri `valdebuleba~ religiur dResaswaulebs konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli

muxls exeba. debulebis Tanaxmad, didi saeklesio dResaswaulebi da

1172 ix., saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos respublikis 1919 wlis 17 ivnisis kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~. 1173 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 12. 1174 ix., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1175 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-

ra, 2009, 177. 1176 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis `b~, `g~, `z~, ì~, `l~, `m~ da `n~ qvepunqtebi. 1177 iqve, me-2 punqti.

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kvira dasvenebis dReebad cxaddeba. 1178 ra Tqma unda, kvira saukunovani praqtikiT, qristianobis damsaxurebiT, isedac dasvenebis dRedaa miCneuli, igi aRdgomis `saxed~ miiCneva, 1179 Tumca konstitu-ciur SeTanxmebaSi misi moxsenieba, erTgvarad, am faqtis xazgasmaa.

did saeklesio dResaswaulebad, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis momentisTvis ukve dasvenebis dRed gamocxadebulebis garda, SeTanxmebis terminTa ganmarteba moiazrebs Semdeg dResaswaulebs: amaRleba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi (gardamavalia, aRiniSneba aRdgomidan me-40 dRes); uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes Sobis swori, basili didis xsenebis dRe (14 ianvari); mirqma macxovrisa Cvenisa ie-so qristesi (15 Tebervali); xareba yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa (7 aprili); feriscvaleba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi (19 agvisto); Soba yovladwmidisa RmrTismSoblisa (21 seqtemberi); msoflio am-aRleba patiosnisa da cxovelmyofelisa jvrisa (27 seqtemberi); taZ-rad miyvaneba yovladwmida RmrTismSoblisa (4 dekemberi); saqarTve-los eklesiis, rogorc samociqulo saydris, damaarseblis _ wmida andria mociqulis xsenebis dRe (12 maisi); wmida ninos xsenebis dRe (27 ianvari); saaRdgomo dReebi - didi paraskevi, didi SabaTi, aRdgo-mis kviradRe (gardamavalia). 1180 konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg saaRdgomo dReebi da saqarTvelos samociqulo saydris da-maarseblis, wmida andria pirvelwodebulebis xsenebis dRe _ 12 mai-si, saxelmwifom uqmed gamoacxada.

konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi mocemuli debuleba vercerT Sem-TxvevaSi valdebulebad ver ganixileba. `rogorc wesi~ _ msgavsi konstruqciis SemTxvevaSi, ara valdebuleba, aramed SesaZleblobaa mocemuli. es ki saxelmwifos keTil nebazea damokidebuli da igi mxolod survilis SemTxvevaSi gamocxadebs sxva did saeklesio dResaswaulebs dasvenebad. mcdaria mosazreba, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifo 12 sauflo da ganmartebaSi mocemuli sxva dResaswaulebis dasvenebis dReebad gamocxadebis valdebuleba it-virTa. 1181 marTalia, SeTanxmebis teqstis TandarTul ganmartebebSi `didi dResaswaulebis~ ganmartebisas gamoyenebulia fraza _ `rom-lebic ukve dasvenebis dReebad gamocxadebul zeimebs unda daema-tos~, Tumca aRniSnulis ganyenebulad interpretacia dauSvebelia. am SemTxvevaSi orive debuleba erToblivad, sistemurad unda ganimar-

1178 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-6 punqti. 1179 CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 15. 1180 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis terminTa ganmarteba, 24-e punqti. 1181 Sead., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komen-tarebi, komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 15.

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tos, rac saxelmwifosTvis raime movaleobis dakisrebis SesaZle-blobas gamoricxavs. SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-6 punqti deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa da aranairad atarebs normatiuli valdebulebis saxes, Sesabamisad, misi arseboba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis teqstSi kvlavac faqtisa da keTili nebis konstantaciaa da ara samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis Semcveli normativi.

4. safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebi 4.1. kompensacia politikuri reJimebis cvlileba da gardamavali periodi yovel-

Tvis iwvevs kompensaciis Temis wina planze wamowevas. es gan-sakuTrebiT aqtualuria totalitaruli reJimidan demokratiulze gadasvlis procesSi, Tumca, imavdroulad, Zalian safrTxiloa, radgan arasworma politikam da gaumarTlebelma orientirebma, Sesa-Zloa tranformaciis procesSi myof saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas mniSvnelovani dartyma miayenos.

ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa okupaciis periodSi qarTuli sax-elmwifoebriobis, xalxis, kulturisa da religiis mimarT gaugonari sisastikis Zaladoba ganxorcielda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis imperia èrTmorwmunis~ statusiT sargeblobda, sabWoTa kavSiri ki mebrZol aTeizms propagandirebda, saqarTvelos eklesias orivem gaugonari, warmoudgenlad didi ziani miayena sxvadasxva motiviT: pirvelma masSi erovnulobis kera da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ideologiuri safuZveli dainaxa, meorem ki mtrad dasaxuli religi-is warmomadgenlis saburvelic SesZina. Sesabamisad, orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli eklesiis materialur Tu aramaterialur sim-didres udidesi ziani miadga.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi (gansakuTrebiT 1921-90 wlebSi) saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi eklesiisTvis materialuri da moraluri zianis miyenebis faqti da aiRo valdebuleba materialuri zianis nawilobriv kompensaciaze. 1182 ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifos mier sakuTari wili pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba da gaziareba yovelTvis dadebiTad aRiqmeba, Tumca, sakiTxavia, ramdenad evaleboda saqarTvelos msgavsi valdebulebis tvirTis aReba (aq saubari araa uSualod CamorTmeul qonebaze). udavoa, rom ziani arsebobs da misi miyenebis periodi ZiriTadad XIX-XX saukuneebia. mTeli XIX saukune 1918 wlamde saqarTvelo ar iyo damoukidebeli, Sedioda ruseTis im-periis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc dapyrobili teritoria, Sesabamisad, nebismieri xelisufali da mmarTveli ruseTis saimperatoro taxts warmoadgenda. rac Seexeba sabWoTa periods, 1921 wels moxda

1182 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis pirveli punqti.

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saqarTvelos iZulebiTi gasabWoeba, okupaciis Sedegad qveyanam da-karga saxelmwifoebrivi statusi. saqarTvelos okupaciis faqts 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtmac gausva xazi, romelmac damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze gamocxadda, riTac qarTuli sax-elmwifoebriobis 70 wliani wyveta aRiara.1183 saqarTvelo veranairad iqneba ruseTis imperiis an sabWoTa kavSiris samarTlebrivi memkvidre, vinaidan dapyrobili teritoria ar SeiZleba iziarebdes dampyroblis wil pasuxismgeblobas. am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli gare-moeba sruliad gansxvavdeba postotalitaruli germaniis an msgavsi SemTxvevebisgan, radgan totalitaruli germania demokratiuli arCevnebiT mosuli nacional-socializmis Sedegia, romlis poli-tikuri liderebic damoukidebeli saxelmwifos kanonieri gziT mo-suli mmarTvelebi iyvnen. saqarTvelo, rogorc saxelmwifo, XIX-XX saukuneebSi Tavad dazaralda, Sesabamisad, alogikuria dazara-lebulma aanazRauros ziani, romelic misma mimyenebelma, aseve, sxvas miayena. erTaderTi, razec valdebulebis aReba SeiZleba, es 1918-1921 wlebis damoukideblobis periodia, rodesac eklesia materialuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze Seviwrovda da saxelmwifos mxridan Cagvras ganicdida.

1990 wels jer kidev saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadge-nilebiT marTlmadidebel eklesias daubrunda CamorTmeuli qoneba da am TvalsazrisiT, materialuri kompensacia nawilobriv ganxor-cielda. 1184 amitomac am ukanasknelis Taobaze msgavsi Canaweri kon-stituciur SeTanxmebaSi absurdulia. igi, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavs normaSive mocemul sityvaTSeTanxmebas _ `saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi~. msgavsi debuleba konstitu-ciur SeTanxmebaSi ar unda eweros, igi Tavisi arsiT sax-elmwifoebriv politikasa da warsulis obieqtur xedvas ewinaaRmdeg-eba, amitomac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis pirveli punqti Sesacvlelia da saxelmwifom eklesias mxolod 1918-1921 wlebSi miyenebuli ziani unda aunazRauros.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifom gaiTvaliswina paritetul sawyisebze dafuZnebuli komisiis Seqmna, romelic kompen-saciis sakiTxs Seiswavlida da mis formebs, odenobas, gadaxdis vadebsa da sxva sakiTxebs daadgenda.1185 komisiis mier Sesabamisi nor-matiuli aqtebis proeqtebi ar SemuSavebula 1186 da am mimarTulebiT karga xani raime qmediTi nabiji ar gadadgmula.

1183 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti. 1184 sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenileba `religiis saq-meTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~. 1185 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis me-2 pun-qti. 1186 saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #8289.

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marTalia, oficialurad kompensaciis saxeliT ara, Tumca saqarTvelos saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel eklesias 2002 wlidan se-riozul finansur resurs aZlevs saxelmwifo biujetidan. 2002-2013 wlebSi saxelmwifo biujetis pirdapirma dafinansebam eklesiisTvis 160 672 200 lari Seadgina. 1187 sxvadasxva miznobrivi dafinansebiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqom 2013 wels 24,996.1 mln., 2014 wels ki 25,630.9 mln. lari miiRo, xolo 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetidan misTvis 25,000. mln. lari iyo gamoyofili. 1188 arc saxelmwifo da arc sapa-triarqo amas oficialurad kompensacias ar arqmevs, Tumca konklud-enturad orive Tanxmdeba, rom aRniSnuli Tanxa swored nawilobrivi kompensaciis moculobaa. amas is garemoebac adasturebs, rom mTav-robam miiRo dadgenileba, romliTac sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac daudgindaT yovelwliurad gasacemi kompensacia, 1189 Tumca marTlma-didebeli eklesiisTvis kompensaciis gacemis sakiTxi, sxva kon-fesiebisgan gansxvavebiT, dadgenilebiT ar wesrigdeba. 1190 aRsaniSna-via, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesia municipalur donezec mniSvnelo-van dafinansebas iRebs1191.

marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan erTad, saxelmwifo biujetidan kompensacias ssip-is samarTlebrivi formiT registrirebuli is-lamuri, iudeuri, romaul-kaTolikuri da somxuri samociqulo aRm-sareblobis mqone religiur gaerTianebebi iReben. 1192 am oTxi subieqtisaTvis yovelwliurad gasacemi Tanxis odenobaze gad-awyvetilebas religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento iRebs, 1193 ro-melic mTavrobis dadgenilebiT Seqmnili ssip-ia da religiur sa-

1187 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity

Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 25, ix. citireba: Transparency International – Georgia, An Overview of the Pub-

lic Funding Provided to the Georgian Patriarchate, 4 july, 2013. 1188 ix., `saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. 1189 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenileba `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi Ro-nisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ damtkicebis Taobaze~. 1190 ix., saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan da-kavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ me-2 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1191 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity

Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 25, ix. citireba: Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI), State Funding to

Strengthen the Orthodox Faith, 18 February, 2014. 1192 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti. 1193 iqve, me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti.

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kiTxebSi mTavrobis mTavari mrCevlis funqciebsac iTavsebs. 1194 2014 wels kompensaciis pirveli etapisTvis mTavrobis sarezervo fondi-dan 3.500 mln. lari gamoiyo. 1195 2015 wels sakompensacio Tanxa ukve saxelmwifo biujetSi saxelmwifo saagentos Sesabamisi muxliT gan-isazRvra1196.

mTavrobis pozicia kompensaciis Taobaze misasalmebelia, Tumca araadekvaturi. marTalia, saxelmwifo ar unda gaeqces warsulis movlenebze pasuxismgeblobas, Tumca alogikuria, rodesac sax-elmwifo valdebulebas iRebs, aanazRauros ziani, romelic mas Tavad ar miuyenebia, ufro metic, am procesSi igi Tavadac dazaralebuli mxarea. Tuki saxelmwifos surda marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da sxva subieqtebisTvis zianis anazRaureba, Tundac nawilobriv, mas ziani 1918-1921 wlebis periodiT unda gamoeTvala. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tuki misi mizania, religiur gaerTianebebs pirdapiri dafinanseba daudg-inos, amas asec unda daerqvas da TanamSromlobis modelisTvis msgavsi gadawyvetileba qmedebaTa logikur sqemaSi srulad Tavseba-dia. amasTan, Tuki mainc kompensaciaze SeCerdeba arCevani, aucilebe-lia marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis yovelwliurad gamoyofil Tanxebs asec daerqvas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mxolod kanon-mdeblobis normaTa sistemuri analiziTaa SesaZlebeli, rom biuje-tis am asignebebis sakompensacio xasiaTi dadgindes.

4.2. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi 4.2.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis

dadgena 4.2.1.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis

dadgena da adamianis ZiriTad uflebebi eklesia jer kidev konstantines periodidan gaTavisuflebuli iyo

gadasaxadebisgan. 1197 313 wlis 21 oqtombris kanoniT imperatorma qristian sasuliero pirebs mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo SeRavaTebi da privilegiebi mianiWa.1198 321 wlidan ki, imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT, RvTismsaxurebs saxelmwifo xazinidan jamagiri eZleodaT. 1199 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi religiuri gaerTianebebi da saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs avsebdnen da eklesiebi araTu sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT

1194 ix., saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 19 Tebervlis #177 dadgenileba `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ religiis sakiTxa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. 1195 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 2014 wlis 13 martis #437 gankarguleba `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb~. 1196 ix., `saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. 1197 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 14. 1198 iqve. 1199 iqve.

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sargeblobdnen, aramed saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapir dafinansebasac iRebdnen. sekularizaciis procesma, ra Tqma unda, am urTierTobeb-zec iqonia gavlena da mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiT aqtiuroba aRiniSneba: erTi mxriv, dem-okratiuli saxelmwifoebi cdiloben, maqsimalurad Seamciron sax-elmwifo zedamxedveloba religiaze, xolo, meore mxriv, saxelmwifo aqtiurad monawileobs taZrebis aRdgenisa da aRiarebul denomina-ciaTa sagadasaxado SeRavaTebisa Tu sagadasaxado sistemis saSu-alebiT maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebis dadgenaSi.1200

saxelmwifos mier eklesiisTvis daxmarebis gaweva eklesiis wev-rTagan gadasaxadebis akrefis saqmeSi mraval saxelmwifoSi damkvidrebuli praqtikaa. 1201 eklesia, rogorc damoukidebeli iu-ridiuli piri, kerZo subieqti, uflebamosilia, sakuTar wevrebs mosTxovos gadasaxadis, sawevros gadaxda, misi amoRebis uzrun-velyofis mizniT ki mimarTos saxelmwifos.

zogadad, saxelmwifos ekrZaleba, dauwesos saeklesio an raime saxis religiuri gadasaxadi pirs, romelic Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianebis wevri araa.1202 Tumca gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, evrokomi-sia dasaSvebad miiCnevs saxelmwifos mxridan saxelmwifo eklesiis sasargeblod, proporciulobis principis dacviT, eklesiis arawevr-sac mosTxovos gadaxda im RonisZiebebisTvis, romlebic saxelmwifo eklesiis samoqalaqo funqciebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba (mag., qorwineba, gardacvalebis, dabadebisa da sxv. registracia)1203.

saxelmwifo uflebamosilia konkretul an yvela religiur gaer-Tianebas sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi daudginos, ra Tqma unda, es sxvadasxva moculobiTa da sxvadasxva gadasaxadis mimarT SeiZleba ganisazRvros. amasTan, aucilebelia es yovelive aradiskriminaciul safuZvlebze ganxorcieldes. evrokomisiam diskriminaciad ar cno konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebisaTvis SeRavaTebis miniWebis faqti, radganac igi saxelmwifos mier samarTlebrivad aRebuli valdebulebebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.1204 aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom religiur gaerTianebebisTvis konkretuli sagadasaxado SeRa-vaTebi yvela gadasaxadisgan avtomatur gaTavisuflebas ar gulisx-mobs, SeRavaTebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, religiuri gaerTianeba

1200 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Reli-

gion in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 17. 1201 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October

1990. 1202 ix., iqve, Paras 34-35. 1203 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113. 1204 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.

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valdebulia nebismieri sxva subieqtis msgavsad gadaixados gadasaxadebi1205.


dadgenis praqtika 4.1.1.2.1. aSS-is sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba da praqtika medisoni ewinaaRmdegeboda gadamxdelebis Tanxis, nebismieri

gadasaxadis eklesiis sasargeblod warmarTvas. 1206 Tumca aSS-ma religiur gaerTianebebTan urTierTobis dinamikuri modeli airCia. marTalia, igi uSualod gadamxdelebis Tanxebs religiuri gaer-Tianebebis dasafinanseblad ar mimarTavs, Tumca maTTvis mniSvnelo-van sagadasaxado SeTavaTebs adgens. rogorc wesi, aSS-Si sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi udgindebaT organizaciebs, romelTac saqvelmoqmedo, religiuri, saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da a.S. miznebi aqvT1207.

eklesiebi dRemde gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargebloben, maTTvis dadgenilia saeklesio qonebis begarisgan gaTavisufleba, aseve, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da specialuri sagadasaxado privilegiebi sasuliero pirebisa da eklesiis saqmianobisaTvis. 1208 Tumca, aRsaniS-navia, rom SeRavaTebi religiur saqmianobas exeba, romladac uSu-alod religiuri miznebiT ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba miiCneva da ara raime momijnave. mag., aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom religiuri saavadmyofo gamoricxa eklesiis saqmeebidan da aRniSna, rom igi ara-konfesiuri da sajaro miznis mqone dawesebuleba iyo. 1209 feder-aluri kanonmdebloba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis mqone organizaciis statusis misaRebad mTel rig moTxovnebs adgens, maT Soris, sajaro miznebis qona, arakomerciuli, arapolitikuri saqmianobis ganxor-cieleba da a.S.1210 saSinao Semosavlebis samsaxurma (IRS) 14 principi, kriteriumi SeimuSava, romelTa dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi organi-zacia religiur gaerTianebad miiCneva. 1211 aRniSnuli kriteriumebi sasamarTlo praqtikamac gaiziara da maT damxmare mniSvneloba miani-Wa. 1212 aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesia araa valdebuli, moiTxovos sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, is mas avtomaturad iRebs, eklesia, agreTve, gaTavisuflebulia yovelwliuri sagadasaxado deklaraciis

1205 ix., Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990). 1206 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 352-

353. 1207 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 58. 1208 ix., Hoff T., Religion’s Accomodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious

Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 62;

Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278. 1209 Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 298 (1899). 1210 ix., Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 52-53. 1211 iqve, 58. 1212 ix., Spiritual Outreach Society v. Commisssioner, 972 F.2d335 (8th Cir. 1991).

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Sevsebisgan da ar eqvemdebareba Semosavlebis samsaxuris audits, garda gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa1213.

Statisa da federalur doneze ikrZaleba erTi an yvela religiis dafinanseba, raime kanonis miReba, romelic religiuri gaerTianebeb-isTvis raime finansur daxmarebas daadgens.1214 aseve, ikrZaleba raime specialuri gadasaxadis dadgena romelime religiuri organizaciis sasargeblod. 1215 pirdapiri akrZalva kvlavac moqmedebs, Tumca ara-pirdapir religiur gaerTianebebs mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebi da dax-mareba aqvT sajaro xelisuflebis mxridan, 1216 ardaxmarebis politi-kis miuxedavad, kanonmdebloba savsea sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT. 1217 amasTan, kanonTa umravlesoba, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebsa da gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebul organizaciebs exeba, federalur doneze moqmedebs. 1218 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da saeklesio qonebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba araerTxel yofila davis sagani, Tumca umaRlesma sasamarTlom konstituciurad cno msgavsi SeRa-vaTebi da maTi arseboba `qveli neitralurobiT~ (qvelmoqmedebiT, gulisxmierebiT) daasabuTa. 1219 xelisufleba neitraluri da miuker-Zoebeli unda iyos religiuri Teoriis, doqtrinisa da praqtikis sa-kiTxebSi1220.

aSS-Si religiuri da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebisTvis gaRebuli Semowirulobebi dasabegr Semosavlad ar ganixileba _ isini gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufalia. 1221 eklesia da religiuri gaerTiane-bebi gaTavisuflebulebi arian adgilobrivi qonebis gadasaxadisgan, maT ar evalebaT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxda, aseve, gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulia nebismieri Semowiruloba, rome-lic raRac formiT mainc ukavSirdeba religiuri funqciebis ganx-orcielebas. 1222 religiuri gaerTianebebi ar ixdian umuSevrobisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadebs. 1223 umaRlesma sasamarTlom sasuliero literaturis kardakar gayidva, misi wina praqtikisgan gansxvavebiT 1224 , Semowirulobis Segrovebas gauTanabra da gadasaxadebisgan gaaTavisufla1225.

1213 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 66. 1214 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 1215 ix., iqve, 15-16. 1216 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 57. 1217 iqve. 1218 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 37. 1219 ix., Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970). 1220 Epperson v. Arkansas, 193 U.S. 97, 103-4 (1968). 1221 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationships, Santa Bar-

bara, 2009, 86. 1222 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278. 1223 iqve. 1224 Jones v. Opelika, 316 U.S. 584 (1942). 1225 ix., Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943); sasamarTlom msgavsi pozicia Semdeg saqmeSic ganaviTara: Follet v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944).

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aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo religiuri organizaciebs ara-religiuri saqmianobisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki saqvelmoqmedo miznebisTvis seriozul asignebebs uyofs. mag., kaTolikuri saqvel-moqmedo arakomerciuli subsidiarebi aSS-isgan sakmaod didi raode-nobiT iReben federalur finansur daxmarebas. 1226 religiuri da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba xSirad sxva saxelmwifoebSic TanabarmniS-vnelovnadaa aRqmuli1227.

4.1.1.2.2. evropuli midgoma espaneTi konkordatiT romaul-kaTolikur eklesias mniSvnelovan

sagadasaxado da finansur SeRavaTebs uwesebs, gansxvavebiT sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisgan. 1228 aq religiuri gaerTianebebis dafinansebis ori modeli arsebobs: 1. saxelmwifo pirdapir af-inansebs romis eklesias, da 2. igi arapirdapiri TanamSromlobiT, xels uwyobs sxva denominaciebs, 1229 maT Soris, yvela religiuri gaerTianebisTvis mniSvnelovan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs adgens. 1230 garda imisa, rom saxelmwifo romaul-kaTolikur eklesias sax-elmwifo biujetidan pirdapiri wesiT afinansebs, 1231 igi individu-aluri gadamxdelis survilis SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofs piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mcire wilis (0,7%) romis eklesiisaTvis gadaricxvas. 1232 romaul-kaTolikuri eklesia gaTavisuflebulia uZ-ravi qonebis gadasaxadisganac. 1233 evrokomisiam daadgina, rom es-paneTis sagadasaxado sistema, romelic romaul-kaTolikur eklesias SeRavaTebs uwesebs, ar arRvevs sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis uflebebs, arc religiis Tavisuflebas da arc Tanasworobis Zi-riTad uflebas, vinaidan espaneTs romaul-kaTolikur eklesiasTan konkordati hqonda dadebuli, riTac igi samarTlebriv valdebulebas iRebda1234.

1226 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 361. 1227 mag., qvelmoqmedebis aqtis miznebisTvis avstraliaSi `religia~ yovelTvis garTod ganimarteba, raTa religiur organizaciebze maqsimalurad gavrceldes SeRavaTebis damdgeni Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba. Dal Pont G.E., Charity Law and Religion, in:

Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyersen and R.F.

Croucher, London, 2005, 221. 1228 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 70. 1229 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution

(Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D.

Thayer, 2013, 311. 1230 iqve, 313. 1231 iqve, 311. 1232 iqve, 312. 1233 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 114. 1234 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.

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germaniis ZiriTadma kanonma saxelmwifosa da religias Soris ur-TierTobebis mudmivi da myari forma SearCia: saxelmwifo, religiuri gaerTianebis saxeliTa da misi xelSewyobis mizniT, uzrunvelyofs ssip-ad registrirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebis wevrebidan e.w. `saeklesio gadasaxadis~ amoRebasa da administrirebas.1235 am formiT registrirebul religiur gaerTianebas Tavad SeuZlia mosTxovos saxelmwifos, misi wevrebis saeklesio gadasaxadis Segroveba da ad-ministrireba uzrunvelyos. 1236 marTalia, germaniaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs registracia ar moeTxovebaT, 1237 Tumca reg-istraciis SemTxvevaSi eklesiebi sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs iReben. 1238 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miReba ki sakmaod rTuli procesia, Tumca qristianul da ebraul religiur gaerTianebaTa umravlesoba msgavsi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs. 1239 germanuli modelis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli isicaa, rom saxelmwifoSi saeklesio gadasaxadi yvela moqalaqisaTvis savaldebuloa, Tumca misgan gaTavisufleba konkretuli eklesiis wevrobis datovebiT an sindisis Tavisuflebi-dan gamomdinare, masze uaris TqmiT aris SesaZlebeli1240.

aRmosavlur qristianobaSi saeklesio kanonmdeblobas, rogorc we-si, saero xelisufleba qmnida: jer kidev IV saukunidan moyolebuli bizantiis imperatorebi gamoscemdnen specialur konstituciebs eklesiisa da mRvdelmsaxurTa statusis, maTTvis privilegiebis mini-Webisa da eklesiis finansebis administrirebis Taobaze. 1241 vinaidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, ZiriTadad, nacionalur eklesiebia, maTi roli xSirad erovnul identobasTanac aris gaigivebuli, amitomac aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi eklesiis saxelmwifosgan dafinanseba gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa. 1242 mag., saberZneTSi araa dawesebuli calke saeklesio gadasaxadi da amis saWiroebac ar arsebobs, radgan saxelmwifo mTlianad sakuTar Tavze iRebs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dafinansebas1243.

1235 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 97. 1236 ix., McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 94-95. 1237 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-

bara, 2009, 178. 1238 iqve. 1239 iqve. 1240 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.

Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 392. 1241 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-

ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386. 1242 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 64. 1243 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36.

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belgiaSi yvela religia Tavisufldeba religiuri qonebis miwis gadasaxadisgan.1244 amasTan, rogorc religiur, ise arareligiur (ara-religiuri filosofiuri Semecnebis) organizaciebis 1245 liderebs eniSnebaT pensia da sxvadasxva saxelmwifo daxmareba. 1246 norvegiaSi saxelmwifo afinansebs yvela registrirebul religiur gaerTianebas, masSi oficialurad aRricxuli wevrebis raodenobis propor-ciulad. 1247 monakos biujetSi calke Tavi eTmoba romis eklesiis dafinansebasa da sxva religiaTa gamarTuli funqcionirebis uzrun-velyofas.1248 avstria, marTalia, sekularuli saxelmwifoa, Tumca igi seriozul sagadasaxado da ekonomikur SeRavaTebs udgens ssip-ad registrirebul religiur organizaciebs1249.

4.2.2. religiuri gaerTianebebi da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

sistema marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan da sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan

dakavSirebul sagadasaxado mowesrigebas saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi adgens. Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmeba marTlmadidebel eklesias damatebiT sakanonmdeblo berketebs aZlevs da mis mier warmoebul saRvTismsaxuro produqcias (damzadeba, Semotana, miwode-ba), Semowirulobas, araekonomikuri mizniT arsebul qonebasa da mi-was gadasaxadebisgan aTavisuflebs1250.

sagadasaxado kodeqsi religiur saqmianobas ekonomikur saqmiano-bad ar miiCnevs da mis mimarT sruliad gansxvavebul samarTlebriv reJims adgens. 1251 religiur saqmianobad ki aRiarebulia dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli religiuri organizaciis saqmianoba, romlis mizania aRmsareblobisa da sarwmunoebis gavrceleba. 1252 religiur saqmianobas uTanabrdeba am organizaciebis sawarmoTa saqmianoba, Tuki isini gamoscemen religiur literaturas an awarmoeben religi-uri daniSnulebis sagnebs; saqmianoba, romelic religiuri litera-

1244 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise

on Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 266. 1245 amJamad, saxelmwifo doneze aRiarebuli religiur-aRmsarelobiTi gaerTiane-bebia: anglikanizmi, islami, marTlmadidebluri qristianoba, romaluri kaToli-cizmi, iudaizmi da sekularuli humanizmi. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and

Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 98. 1246 iqve. 1247 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91. 1248 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by

J.C. Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 153. 1249 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 97. 1250 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris kontstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqti. 1251 saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis me-9 muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqti. 1252 iqve, me-11 muxlis pirveli nawili.

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turisa da sagnebis realizacia-gavrcelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, aseve, aseTi saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis gamoyeneba religiuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad1253.

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT, religiuri gaerTianebebi organi-zaciebis statusiT sargebloben 1254 da isini gansxvavdebian sawarmoe-bisgan 1255 , romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mogebis gadasaxadiT ibegrebian 1256 . sagadasaxado kodeqsis 21-e, 30-e da 96-e muxlebis sistemuri analizis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiuri gaerTianebebi mogebis gadasaxadisgan Tavisufldebian. Tumca gamonaklisi mainc arsebobs. kerZod, eqskluziurad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier religiuri daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli jvrebis, sanTlebis, xatebis, wignebisa da kalendrebis realizaciiT miRebuli qoneba gaTavisuflebulia mogebis gadasaxadisgan.1257 sxva religiuri organizaciebis SemTxveva-Si msgavsi gzebiT miRebuli qoneba mogebis gadasaxadiT ibegreba.

dRg-isgan gaTavisuflebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier jvris, sanTlis, xatis, wignis, kalendrisa da sxva saRvTismsaxuro sagnebis miwodeba (importi an droebiTi Semotana), romlebic mxolod religiuri mizniT gamoiyeneba. 1258 aRniSnuli SeRavaTiT sxva religi-uri organizaciebi ar sargebloben. amasTan, saqarTvelos sapatri-arqo Sedis e.w. òqros siaSi~ 1259 da mas ufleba aqvs, kuTvnili saqonlis saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze Semotana-gatanisas isargeblos gamartivebuli procedurebiTa da kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili sxva SeRavaTebiT. 1260 dRg-isgan gaTavisuflebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos dakveTiT taZrebisa da eklesiebis mSenebloba, restravracia da moxatvac, 1261 rac, aseve, marTlma-didebeli eklesiis privilegiaa, konstituciuri SeTanxmebidan gam-omdinare.

religiuri organizaciebis qoneba, aseve, maTze lizingiT gacemuli qoneba, garda miwisa da organizaciis mier ekonomikuri saqmiano-bisaTvis gamoyenebuli qonebisa, qonebis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisu-flebulia. 1262 am SemTxvevaSi, sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqti marTlmadidebeli eklesiis miwas qonebis gadasaxadisgan ar aTavisuflebs, riTac winaaRmdegobaSi modis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqtTan, rome-lic eklesiisTvis dadgenil sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs miwazec

1253 iqve, muxlis me-2 nawili. 1254 iqve, 30-e muxlis pirveli nawilis à~ qvepunqti. 1255 ix., iqve, 21-e muxli. 1256 iqve, 96-e muxli. 1257 iqve, 99-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ qvepunqti. 1258 iqve, 168-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v~ qvepunqti. 1259 saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2012 wlis 26 ivlisis #290 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da ga-formebis Sesaxeb instruqciis~ 90-e muxlis me-2 punqtis `z~ qvepunqti. 1260 iqve, 89-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1261 saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 168-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `b~ qvepunqti. 1262 iqve, 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqti.

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avrcelebs. ra Tqma unda, normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiidan gamomdi-nare, calsaxa upiratesoba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenil mowesrigebas eniWeba da eklesia miwaze qonebis gadasaxadisgan mainc gaTavisuflebulia. Tumca aucilebelia ganxorcieldes sakanon-mdeblo cvlileba da sagadasaxado kodeqsis norma konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan SesabamisobaSi movides. amisaTvis ki sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqtis normatiuli Sinaarsidan amoRebul unda iqnes sityvebi _ `garda miwisa~.

4.3. eklesiisTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema eklesiisTvis qonebis gadacemisa da didZali Sewirulobis praqti-

ka IV saukunidan modis. jer kidev milanis ediqtiT, qristianuli samlocveloebi, eklesiebi da wminda adgilebi qristianebs usasyid-lod gadaecaT. 1263 321 wlidan SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiisTvis qone-bis memkvidreobiT datoveba an saCuqrad gadacema. 1264 V saukunis da-sawyisSi eklesia ukve didZali qonebis mesakuTre iyo da romis ka-nonebis mixedviT, beiTalmani qoneba da umemkvidreo sakuTreba ekle-sias gadaecemoda1265.

marTalia, eklesiis arsi sulierebis samsaxuria da misi saqmiano-bac am mimarTulebiT unda viTardebodes, Tumca materialuri sa-kiTxebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sakuTreba, aranakleb mniSvnelovania. 1266 eklesia sargeblobs sruli TavisuflebiTa da avtonomiiT sakuTari finansebis gankargvis saqmeSi, ganurCevlad konfesiebisa Tu religi-uri mimdinareobisa. 1267 saero sasamarTloebi uflebamosilni arian, ganixilon eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo davebi, maT Soris qonebrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, Tumca es yovelive am Tematikas ar unda gacdes.1268 msgavs davebSi eklesia samoqalaqo urTierTobebis erT-erT rigiT monawiled gamodis da mis mimarT, sxvebis msgavsad, kerZo samarTliT dadgenili wesrigi moqmedebs.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri principia, rom mas aqvs ufleba, flobdes da gankargavdes sakuTrebas, rogorc nebismieri sxva piri, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. 1269 marTlma-didebluri tradiciiT, saeklesio sikeTesa da wminda nivTebs ganekuTvneba eklesiebi, taZrebi, saeklesio siwmindeebi, maT Soris, xatebi, liturgiuli wignebi, sagnebi da a.S. 1270 XIX-XX saukuneSi, rogorc pirveli respublikis, ise okupaciis periodSi marTlmadide-

1263 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 14. 1264 iqve. 1265 iqve, 19. 1266 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 310. 1267 ix., iqve, 326-327. 1268 Fennelly J.E., Property Disputes and Religious Schisms: Who Is the Church?, “Saint Thomas Law Re-

view”, Vol.9, 1997, 327. 1269 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 311-312. 1270 iqve, 320.

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bel eklesias qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili CamoarTves. maTi dabru-nebis procesi ki mxolod XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo. 1990 wlis 12 aprils saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWom mniSvnelovani dadgenileba miiRo, romliTac eklesias qoneba gadas-ca. 1271 dadgenilebiT, respublikis teritoriaze arsebuli marTlma-didebeli eklesiis yvela sakulto nageboba (Tavisi uZrav-moZravi qonebiT) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad iqna aRiarebuli. 1272 Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebs daevalaT qonebis sapatriarqosTvis gadacema, am ukanasknels ki mieniWa ufleba, damoukideblad aRewera eklesiebi da maTi qoneba, eklesiaSi arsebuli wesebisa da tradiciebis Sesabamisad. 1273 konstituciurma SeTanxmebam kidev erTxel marTlmadidebluri taZrebi, nangrevebi, monastrebi da miwebi, romlebzec isini mdebareobs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad aRiara. 1274 samwuxarod, am procesma, erTgvarad, umarTavi xasiaTic ki miiRo da seriozuli problemebi gamoiwvia. problemebi Seexeba rogorc sakulto nagebobebis, ise miwebisa da sxva materialuri qonebis gadacemas. dReis mdgomareobiT marTlma-didebeli eklesiisTvis simbolur fasad (1 larad) an sruliad usasyidlod didi raodenobiT uZravi qoneba da aTasobiT heqtari sa-soflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTia gadacemuli. 1275 sax-elmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos informaciiT, mxolod 2012 wlis 17 seqtembridan 2015 wlis 19 agvistomde marTlmadidebel eklesias 64 erTeuli sxvadasxva saxis qoneba gadaeca1276.

samwuxarod, mniSvnelovani problemebia sakulto nagebobebTan da-kavSirebiTac. qarTuli eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebul ramdenime Se-nobaze, romelic Tavis droze saxelmwifom marTlmadidebel eklesi-as miakuTvna, somxuri da romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiebi dRemde pre-tenziebs acxadeben. 1277 somxuri eklesia iTxovs noraSenis, surb nSanis, muRnewow surb gevorqis, Samxorewow surb astwawinisa da

1271 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 14. 1272 `religiis saqmeTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~ sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenilebis me-3 punqti. 1273 iqve, me-4 punqti. 1274 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1275 ix., Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversi-

ty Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 30-31. 1276 saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos 2015 wlis 10 agvistos werili #14/50253. 1277 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity

Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 19; ix., Isakhanyan L., Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in

Georgia, in: Freedom of Religion in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the Freedom of Religion

or Belief, Conference Report, July 2013, Tbilisi, 21.

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surb minasis eklesiebis gadacemas.1278 es pretenzia arsebobs rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, ise saxelmwifos misamarTiT, romelmac eklesi-ebis sakiTxi Seswavlis gareSe gadawyvita. ra Tqma unda, aq saubari araa imaze, romelia am pretenziaTagan dasabuTebuli da romeli ara. miuxedavad imisa, rom Seqmnilia religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saa-gento, msgavsi davebi kvlavac aqtualuria. saagento aRiWurva spe-cialuri uflebamosilebiT, gasces rekomendaciebi sxvadasxva Senoba-nagebobis religiur-sakulto daniSnulebis Senobad gardaqmnis Taobaze, 1279 aseve, saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxeliT, Seasrulos Suamavlis funqcia da monawileoba miiRos im davebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, romelic SeiZleba saqarTveloSi moqmed religiur gaerTianebebs Soris gaCndes1280.

saxelmwifo valdebulia aqtiurad CaerTos problemuri qonebis istoriuli mesakuTris dadgenis procesSi, aucilebelia saagentom samuSao reJimSi Seajeros mxareTa poziciebi da qmediTi rekomenda-cia SeimuSavos. samwuxarod, Zalze rTulia ukve gadacemul qonebaze dava. gacilebiT ioli iqneboda, saxelmwifos windaxeduleba gamoe-Cina da gulmodgine gamokvlevis Sedegad mieRo gadawyvetileba. nebismieri myife Careva davis gadawyvetaSi dainteresebul mxareebs gacilebiT uaryofiT Sedegamde miiyvans. amasTan, aucilebelia kontroli dawesdes saxelmwifo qonebis ukidegano gadacemasTan da-kavSirebiT da daiSvas eklesiisTvis mxolod im qonebis gadacema, romelic istoriulad misi iyo, an misi istoriuli sakuTreba Canacvldes gadasacemi alternatiuli qonebiT. am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ki aucilebelia Seicvalos `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, raTa momavalSi saxelmwifo qonebis marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis usasyidlo gadacemis SesaZlebloba gamoricxos.

4.4. kulturuli memkvidreobis movla da saeklesio saganZuri konstituciuri SeTanxmebis normaTa meoTxedi saeklesio saganZur-

sa da kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs Seexeba. 1281 saeklesio sa-ganZurad miCneulia saRvTismsaxuro da sulieri daniSnulebis siwmideebi (ferweruli, Weduri, minanqris xati da jvari; sanawile, panaRia, barZim-feSxumi, gardamoxsna), romelTac istoriuli mniS-

1278 Isakhanyan L., Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in Georgia, in: Freedom of

Religion in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the Freedom of Religion or Belief, Conference

Report, July 2013, Tbilisi, 21. 1279 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 19 Tebervlis #177 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ religiis sakiTxTa sax-elmwifo saagentos debulebis~ me-2 muxlis pirveli punqtis ì~ qvepunqti. 1280 iqve, `k~ qvepunqti. 1281 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8, me-9 da me-10 muxlebi.

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vneloba da maRalmxatvruli Rirseba aqvT. 1282 samwuxarod, sulieri daniSnulebis siwmindeebSi zedmiwevniTi sizustiTaa CamoTvlili, Tu ra eqceva am kategoriaSi da sruliad amovardnilia olarebi, naqargi xatebi da msgavsi nakeTobebi, romelTa raodenobac saqarTvelos muzeumebSi sakmaod didia. am SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul unda iqnas normis gafarToebuli miznobrivi interpretacia da saganZuris yvela is nivTi, romelic eklesiasTanaa dakavSirebuli, am ganmartebaSi mo-Tavsdes.

marTalia, saxelmwifo saeklesio saganZurze eklesiis sakuTrebis uflebas aRiarebs, Tumca yovelive es saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul muzeumebSi inaxeba. samwuxarod, im nivTebis gancalkevebuli aRniSvna da katalogizeba, romlis mesakuTrec eklesiaa, dRemde ar momxda-ra. 1283 aucilebelia aRiweros TiToeuli nivTi da dadgindes misi zusti mesakuTre. garda amisa, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saeklesio saganZuri (wmida relikviebisa da wmida nawilebis garda), rogorc erovnuli saganZuris nawili, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia. 1284 aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi nonsensia, radgan samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, aRniSnuli SemTxveva mflobelobis SinaarsSi veranairad Cajdeba. 1285 saeklesio saganZuri saxelmwifos faqtobriv mflobelobaSia _ ganTavsebulia muzeumebSi. marTalia, eklesia mesakuTrea da gankargvis uflebiTaa aRWurvili (am Sem-TxvevaSi am uflebis klasikuri ganxorcielebac SezRudulia), Tumca mflobelobas saxelmwifo axorcielebs. aRniSnuli Tanamflobelo-bis konteqstSic ver ganixileba. 1286 ra Tqma unda, saeklesio sa-ganZuris dacvisa da movlis miznidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi ganaxorcielos da maT mouaros saxelmwifom. amisTvis gamarTlebulia saeklesio saganZuris am ukanasknelis mflobelobaSi datoveba.1287 amitomac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti unda Seicvalos da samarTlebrivad gamarTulad Camoyalibdes: `zemoaRniSnuli saeklesio saganZuri (wmida nawilebisa da wmida relikviebis garda), rogorc saerTo erovnuli saganZuris nawili, kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, aris saxelmwifos mflobelo-baSi.~ am SemTxvevaSi, norma rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise samarTle-brivi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT gaimarTeba. mesakuTre kvlavac eklesia iqneba, mflobeli ki _ saxelmwifo.

1282 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-20 punqti. 1283 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05. 1284 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis me-2 pun-qti. 1285 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 155-e muxli. 1286 ix., iqve, 155-e muxlis me-4 nawili. 1287 ix., xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 14.

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praqtikaSi saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro da Sesabamisi muzeumis administracia saeklesio saganZurTan da-kavSirebul sakiTxebs eklesiasTan aTanxmebs, Tumca amis samarTle-brivi mowesrigeba ar arsebobs. 1288 samwuxarod, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli `damatebiTi wesi~, romelic sa-ganZuris sargeblobis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos unda mieRo, ar arsebobs. am kuTxiT konstituciuri SeTanxmeba ar Sesrulebula da myari sa-marTlebrivi safuZvlis nacvlad, mdgomareoba mTlianad mxareTa Soris arsebul urTierTobaTa avkargianobasa da keTil nebazea min-dobili. aucilebelia, eklesiasTan TanamSromlobiT SemuSavdes spe-cialuri wesi, normatiuli aqtis formiT, romelic am SemTxvevebSi moqmedebis erTian standarts daadgens.

specialuri wesi samarTlebrivi aqtis formiT ar arsebobs kul-turul-istoriuli Rirebulebebis mqone taZrebis aRdgena, restav-racia-konservaciasa da moxatvasTan dakavSirebiT. 1289 am SemTxvevasac praqtika awesrigebs, kerZod, pirvel etapze kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro mimarTavs saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, romlis xuroTmoZRvrebis, xelovnebisa da restavraciis centrSi arsebuli sabWo ganixilavs kulturuli memkvidreobis statusis mqone eklesia-monastrebis reabilitaciis sakiTxs da Sesabamis samuSaoebze nebarT-va mxolod sabWosTan SeTanxmebiT gaicema.1290 aucilebelia, am mimar-TulebiTac dadgindes normatiuli mowesrigeba, romelic dacvis damatebiT garantiebs uzrunvelyofs, radganac istoriuli marTlma-didebluri eklesiebi da taZrebi, ara erTi konkretuli konfesiis, aramed mTeli saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis, xalxis Rirebuli obieqtebia.

saxelmwifo pirnaTlad asrulebs konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT na-kisr valdebulebas da aqtiur molaparakebebs awarmoebs sxva sax-elmwifoebis teritoriaze arsebuli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri taZris, monastris, maTi nangrevis, sxva saeklesio nagebobis, saekle-sio nivTebis dacvis, movla-patronobisa da sakuTrebis Taobaze.1291 am mimarTulebiT, aqtiuri molaparakebebi midis TurqeTTan, somxeTTan, azerbaijanTan da kviprosTan, daiwyo ramdenime qarTuli taZris restavracia, reabilitacia, konservacia da a.S.1292

1288 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05. 1289 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-9 muxlis me-2 pun-qti. 1290 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05. 1291 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-10 muxli. 1292 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #13/13-47/05.

193

5. religiis swavleba da religiuri ganaTleba 5.1. religiis swavlebis roli da mniSvneloba religiasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri sakiTxi azrTa

sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. ufro metic, sakuTriv, religiis cnebac ki araerTgvarovania, TiToeuli mecnieri Tu iuristi mis gansxvavebul gansazRvrebas adgens. 1293 tempermanis SefasebiT, religias Svidi sxvadasxva mimarTuleba aqvs 1294 , logikuria, TiToeul maTganSi ram-denime aTeuli variaciiT SeiZleba cnebis ganmartebis dadgena. mi-uxedavad amisa, religia yoveldRiurobis ganuyofeli nawilia. igi dRemde rCeba evropuli identobis mniSvnelovan komponentad. 1295 mi-uxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi igi gadamwyvet rols xSirad veRar TamaSobs, es ar niSnavs msgavsi poziciisadmi religi-uri gaerTianebebis mxridan Semguebluri politikis arCevasa da ga-tarebas.

qristianuli eklesia evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi institutia da dResac aqvs pretenzia, rom qmediTi iyos, igi verasdros dakmayofildeba `samuzeumo sivrceSi gadanacvlebiT~ 1296 . eklesia, sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis msgavsad, cdilobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoebi, romlebic tradiciulad misi gavlenis qveS arsebobda da misi karnaxiTve warimarTeboda, kvlavac mas darCes. erT-erTi aseTi sfero ki, udavod, ganaTlebaa. ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi religiuri institutebisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobas mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. Tumca rac ufro viTardeboda sax-elmwifos, rogorc organizaciuli da instituciuri warmonaqmnis, misiisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi, miT ufro ganaTleba saxelmwifos gamgeblobis qveS eqceoda. Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac codnis miRebis uamravi alternatiuli saSualeba arsebobs, eklesiam ganaTlebis sistemaze monopolia dakarga. 1297 XXI saukuneSic ki, sadac ganaTleba ZiriTad uflebaTa Sorisaa moqceu-li da am sferos sruli privatizacia mometebuli sajaro interesis gamo ver ganxorcielda, religiuri gaerTianebebi Zalze xSirad ari-an ganaTlebis sferoSi aqtiuri subieqtebi.

1293 ix., aladaSvili g., religiis cnebis samarTlebriv-Teoriuli gansazRvra (upi-ratesad aSS-is samarTlis magaliTze), Jurn. `Tanamedrove samarTlis mimoxilva~, #1(2), 2014, 39-49. 1294 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 139. 1295 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,

2013, 175. 1296 barTolomeos I, interreligiuri dialogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, warmoTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdomaze, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 34. 1297 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013,

228.

194

pluralistul sazogadoebaSi mSvidobisa da erTianobis propagan-da saxelisuflebo politikis amosavali ideaa. 1298 saxelmwifos religiuri neitraliteti ganaTlebaSi ki sazogadoebrivi plural-izmis erT-erTi mTavari pirobaa. 1299 religiisa da eTikis Sesaxeb swavleba skolebSi mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels indiferentulobis, fanatizmis, dogmaturobis, Seuwynareblobisa da Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. 1300 man SesaZloa mniSvnelovani daxmareba gaswios imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor ayalibebs religiuri rwmena, Rirebulebebi da aRmsarebloba sazogadoebebs da individTa qcevis mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs1301.

religiuri ganaTlebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani moqalaqeobisTvis momzadeba unda iyos, radgan religia Tanamedrove kulturisa da sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. 1302 skolebSi religiis gakveTilebis dadebiT socialur, sa-ganmanaTleblo da politikur mxareebs aTeistebisa da sekular-istebis nawilic aRiarebs. 1303 swored amitomac, Tuki religiis Sesaxeb swavlebis programa kargadaa dagegmili da miznad calkeuli religiuri Tu arareligiuri gagebis, msoflmxedvelobis mxardaW-eras ar isaxavs, msgavsi gakveTilebisgan gaTavisuflebis SesaZle-bloba Zalze minimaluri unda iyos an saerTod ar arsebobdes. 1304 nebismier adamians, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nawilad aRiqvams Tavs, sWirdeba codna religiis, rogorc movlenis, misi is-toriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. am codnis miRebis uamravi saSualeba da aprobirebuli modeli arsebobs, rac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis doqtrinasTan srul TanxvedraSia.

5.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos instituciuri urTierTobebi da ga-

naTleba 5.2.1. ganaTlebis sistemaSi religiis integrirebis modelebi ganaTlebis sferoSi religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT evropu-

li saxelmwifoebis praqtika xuT models gamoarCevs: 1. qristianuli

1298 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 179. 1299 Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011, Para. 17. 1300 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 181. 1301 iqve, 178. 1302 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Pub-

lic Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,

2012, 197. 1303 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:


Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 197. 1304 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European

Public Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cam-

bridge, 2012, 201; Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools,

Prepared by the ODIHR Advisory Council of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, OSCE, Warsaw,

2007, 70, 72.

195

religiis swavleba saganmanaTleblo programis savaldebulo na-wilia, romelsac afinansebs, adgens da organizaciul mxares sax-elmwifo uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, moswavleebsa da mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, msgavs mecadineobebSi monawileoba ar miiRon; 2. saxelmwifo afinansebs religiur ganaTlebas, romelic savaldebuloa, Tumca swavlebas gegmavs da axorcielebs Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianeba, saxelmwifo ki finansur mxares uzrunvelyofs, mSoblebsa da mos-wavleebs arCevanis Tavisufleba aqvT; 3. arCeviTi religiuri swavleba, romelsac Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianebebi adgenen da gansazRvraven saxelmwifosTan erTad, es ukanaskneli ki afinansebs; 4. arCeviTi aradenominaciuri swavleba religiis Sesaxeb, romelsac mTlianad saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs da afinansebs; 5. religiis Sesaxeb swavlebis akrZalva sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebeb-Si.1305

SesaZlebelia religiuri ganaTlebis sistemebis Semdegi klas-ifikaciac: `religiuri ganaTleba~ _ denominaciuri an iseTi ga-naTleba, romelic calkeuli religiis swavlebas emsaxureba; `swavleba religiis Sesaxeb~ _ sxvadasxva religiis mecnierebisa da maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb swavleba; `swavla religiidan~ _ religi-uri gamocdilebi, religiuri cxovrebis, pirovnebisa da individis CamoyalibebaSi religiis rolis Sesaxeb swavleba.1306

religiuri ganaTleba evropis masStabiT sakmaod mravalferovani da saxelmwifoTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia, TiToeuli maTgani sa-kuTar erovnul models qmnis.1307 rogorc wesi, religiuri ganaTleba evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi savaldebuloa, amasTan, umciresobebisTvis dadgenilia gamonaklisebi, alternativa ki zoga-dad araa gavrcelebuli. 1308 evrosabWos wevri saxelmwifoebidan yvelaSi, samis garda (safrangeTi, albaneTi, iugoslaviis yofili respublika makedonia; slovenia sajaro skolebis moswavleebs arCeviT sagnad mainc sTavazobs religiis istoriis Sesaxeb sagans), arsebobs savaldebulo an arCeviTi sagnebi religiis Sesaxeb1309.

1305 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 379-380. SesaZloa religiuri ganaTlebis oTx modelis gamorCeva: 1. religiuri ganaTlebis uaryofa (safrangeTi, albanebiT); 2. ganaTlebis denominaciuri modeli (avstria, belgia, es-paneTi); 3. religiuri ganaTleba religiuri gaerTianebebTan saxelmwifos TanamSromlobiT (ungreTi, fineTi, germania); 4. religiuri ganaTlebas eqsk-luziurad saxelmwifo iRebs sakuTar Tavze (dania, gaerTianebuli samefo). ix., Lozano R.P., Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Reli-

gious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edit-

ed by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 370-371. 1306 iqve, 371. 1307 iqve, 370. 1308 ix., Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013,

189. 1309 iqve, 188.

196

5.2.2. religiis swavleba da saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebebi ganaTlebis sistema adamianis uflebebs Seesabameba da gamarTulia,

Tu saxelmwifo sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi uzrun-velyofs neitraluri, arareligiuri garemos arsebobas, saWiroebisas ki uSvebs religiis Sesaxeb sagnebs kurikulumSi da moswavleebs uflebas aZlevs, survilis mixedviT, ar gaiaron isini. 1310 adamianis uflebaTa komiteti erTmaneTisgan mijnavs religiur moZRvrebaTaAswavlebasa da religiur praqtikas, amasTan, ganmartavs, rom religiis swavlebisas daculi unda iyos neitralitetisa da obieqturobis moTxovnebi1311.

sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri ganaTleba, sasurvelia, moicavdes religiis istoriisa da eTikis Sesaxeb swavlebas. 1312 religiebis istoriisa da filosofiis zomieri da obieqturi swavleba fanatizmTan brZolis erT-erT yvelaze efeqtur meqanizmadaa miCneuli. 1313 evrosabWos rekomendaciiT, im sax-elmwifoebSic ki, sadac erTi konkretuli religiaa dominanti, aucilebelia sxva religiebis safuZvlebic aswavlon1314.

evrosasamarTlos praqtikiT, religiuri ganaTlebis aucilebeli ori elementi gamoiyofa: 1. saxelmwifos mier mowodebuli informa-cia unda iyos obieqturi, kritikuli da pluralistuli; 2. sax-elmwifom ar unda dauSvas indoqtrinizacia. 1315 saxelmwifos mier sajaro skolebSi religiis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba legiti-muria, mTavaria, swavlebisas daculi iyos informaciis obieqturoba da neitralurad miwodebis principi. 1316 Tuki saxelmwifos religiis Sesaxeb swavlebisas mkacrad obieqtur, kritikul da pluralistul garemos ar uzrunvelyofs, moswavleebs TavianTi mrwamsis Sesabami-sad, ufleba aqvT, msgavs swavlebaSi monawileoba ar miiRon.1317 adami-anis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifos SeuZlia damoukideblad gadawyvitos religiis swavlebis meTodebi, Tavadve

1310 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 278. 1311 Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23 November

2004, Para.14.3;14.6. 1312 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.6. 1313 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of

Council of Europe, Para.13. 1314 iqve, Para.14. 1315 Lozano R.P., Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Re-

ligious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Ed-

ited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 378. 1316 ix., Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December 1986 1317 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of

a Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,

2012, 290; ix., Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007.

197

SearCios am sagnis maswavleblebi da a.S. 1318 rac mTavaria, konkretuli religiis moZRvrebis swavleba unda ganxorcieldes ar-adiskriminaciul safuZvelze. 1319 marTalia, religiis neitraluri swavleba Tanamedrove midgomaa, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom araTu humanitarul sagnebSi, aramed tenqikur disciplinebSic ki obieqturi da neitraluri swavleba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia1320.

ìndoqtrinizacia~ 1321 konkretuli doqtrinis gavlenis qveS raimes an vinmes moqcevas gulisxmobs 1322 da igi religiuri ganaTlebis mTavar safrTxedaa miCneuli. 1323 XXI saukuneSi bavSvi saskolo ga-naTlebis mTavari subieqtia. 1324 samoqalaqo liberalizmis mixedviT, ganaTlebis mizani unda iyos bavSvis, rogorc liberaluri sazoga-doebis momavali moqalaqis, avtonomiurad arCevanis gakeTebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris ganviTareba. 1325 Sesabamisad, sax-elmwifom unda uzrunvelyos iseTi saganmanaTleblo sistemis arseboba, sadac bavSvs romelime konkretul religiasa Tu mrwamss Tavs ar moaxveven. 1326 bavSvma skolaSi unda miiRos informacia religiis Sesaxeb da ar unda gaxdes religiuri ganaTlebis na-wili.1327 sajaro skolebSi religiuri pluralizmis principis dacva imas gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebisgan da pativi sces araqristiani moswavleebis uflebebs1328.

saxelmwifo valdebulia pativi sces mSobelTa religiur Sexedulebebs ganaTlebis nebismier safexursa da doneze, 1329 ga-naTlebis politikis dagegmvisa da rac mTavaria, ganxorcielebis

1318 ix., William Eduardo Delgado Páez v. Colombia, UNHRC, Comm. No. 195/1985,

CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985 (1990), 12 July 1990. 1319 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.6. 1320 kurtaniZe k., evrosabaWos saparlamento asambleas rekomendacia: saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba daadamianis uflebebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010, 98. 1321 indoqtrinizaciis elementebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix., Lozano R.P., Religion and

Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Religious Teaching? in: Law, Reli-

gion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C.

Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 381. 1322 ix., iqve, 378-379. 1323 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:


Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 197. 1324 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(10)’07, 2007, 32. 1325 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Pub-

lic Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,

2012, 195. 1326 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(10)’07, 2007, 32. 1327 ix., Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December 1986. 1328 ix., Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 3 November 2009. 1329 ix., Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], Application no. 5095/71; 5920/72;

5926/72, 7 December 1976.

198

procesSi, 1330 aseve, maqsimalurad gaiTvaliswinos isini sa-ganmanaTleblo programebSi. 1331 mSoblebs ara mxolod gansakuTrebu-li statusi aqvT, aramed mniSvnelovani uflebebic eniWebaT bavSvebTan mimarTebiT, maT Soris, maT momavlis dagegmvisa da cxovrebis warmarTvis mxrivac. 1332 mSoblebma TavianTi Sexedulebis-amebr unda gadawyviton, Tu ra tipis skolaSi Seiyvanen Svilebs, sax-elmwifo ki mxolod aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, isic minimalurad unda Caerios am gadawyvetilebaSi1333.

sajaro xelisuflebas ar moeTxoveba, rom sajaro skolebSi swavleba romelime religiuri doqtrinis principebTan iyos Sesabam-isi. 1334 saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos iseTi sajaro skolebis arseboba, romlebSic religiur moZRvrebaTa Sesaxeb gakveTilebi ne-bayoflobiTi iqneba, imavdroulad, saxelmwifos movaleobaa iseTi garemo Seqmnas, sadac kerZo skolebSi nebadarTuli iqneba konkretuli religiuri Tu moraluri Sexedulebebis swavleba, raTa aRmsarebel mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebic iyos daculi. 1335 Tuki saxelmwifoSi religiis denominaciuri swavlebaa, maTTvis, vi-sac masSi monawileobis miReba ar surs, saxelmwifo religiis Sesaxeb aradenominaciuri sagnebis an eTikis swavlebis SeTavazebas uzrunvelyofs1336.

5.2.3. religiuri ganaTlebis dafinanseba saxelmwifo valdebuli araa daafinansos religiuri skolebi, ma-

gram, Tuki amas gadawyvets, es aradiskriminaciulad unda ganaxor-cielos. mxolod konkretuli religiuri mimarTulebis skolebis dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi ki misi pozicia Zalze dasabuTebuli da gamarTlebuli unda iyos. 1337 romelime religiisadmi upiratesobis miniWebisas yofelTvis didia Tanasworobis ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevis safrTxe.

saxelmwifoTa mixedviT gansxvavdeba rogorc religiuri ga-naTlebis, ise samrevlo, religiuri skolebis dafinansebis sakiTxi. jefersoni xelisuflebis mier romelime religiis mimarT daxmarebis winaaRmdegi iyo, Tumca ganaTlebaSi religiuri formebis arsebobas

1330 ix., iqve. 1331 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para.84. 1332 Nielsen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], App. no. 10929/84, 28 November 1988. 1333 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 251. 1334 Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 106 (1968). 1335 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neu-

tral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 280-281. 1336 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 190. 1337 Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999, Pa-

ra.10.6.

199

ar ewinaaRmdegeboda.1338 dResdReobiT aSS-Si Stati TiToeuli bavSvis ganaTlebas afinansebs, Sesabamisad, mSoblis gadasawyvetia mos-wavlisTvis gamoyofil vauCers sad gamoiyenebs _ kerZo (maT Soris, religiur) Tu sajaro skolaSi1339.

belgiaSi dafinansebulia rogorc religiuri, ise arareligiuri ganaTleba. 1340 niderlandebis samefo afinansebs rogorc sajaro, ise specialur, religiur dawyebiT skolebs da maT mimarT saerTosax-elmwifoebriv standarts adgens. 1341 miuxedavad imisa, rom safrang-eTSi laicituri midgomaa, 1958 wlidan dRemde safrangeTi kaTolikur dawyebiT skolebs afinansebs. 1342 ra Tqma unda, ofi-cialurad es ganaTlebis xelSewyobis mizniT keTdeba, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, am skolebSi romis eklesiis dogmatika iswavleba saeklesio tradiciebis Sesabamisad. religiuri skolebis did nawils saxelmwifo afinansebs gaerTianebul samefoSic1343.

5.2.4. religiis swavlebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba saberZneTSi erovnuli ganaTleba da sakulto sakiTxebi erTi

saministros saqmianobis sferoSia moqceuli, Sesabamisad, saministros erT-erTi samsaxuris movaleobaa religiur ga-naTlebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis uzrunvelyofa. 1344 amasTan, sasuliero saswavleblebis maswavleblebi sajaro moxeleebTan gaTanabrebuli statusiT sargebloben. 1345 monakoSi romis eklesiis mTavarepiskoposi erovnuli ganaTlebis komitetis wevria, xolo ro-mauli qristianoba iswavleba skolebSi, Tumca araqristianTa religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofiT1346.

germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ZiriTadad sajaro sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSia, romlebSic religiis swavlebasa da Teologias eklesiebsa da sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan

1338 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,

Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 181. 1339 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-

bara, 2005, 1340 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 98. 1341 iqve, 98-99; Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherland, 1983, Art.23; Title II of the Law of the

Kingdom of the Netherlands on “public Schools and Special Schools Financed by the State”, 1981. 1342 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 62. 1343 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91. 1344 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 35. 1345 iqve, 36. 1346 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by

J.C. Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 153.

200

TanamSromlobiT axorcieleben. 1347 germaniis SemTxvevaSi rogorc zogadad religiuri, ise konkretuli religiis swavleba xdeba `garedan~ da ara Tavad saganmanaTleblo instituciis mier `Signi-dan~1348.

5.2.5. religiuri simboloebi da ganaTleba religiisa da ganaTlebis urTierTkavSiris kuTxiT Zalze mniSvne-

lovani da aqtualuria sajaro sivrceSi, kerZod, sajaro sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri simbolikis ganTavsebisa da gamofenis sakiTxi. am mxriv, rogorc evropuli, ise, zogadad, er-Tiani, ZiriTadi uflebebiseuli standarti ar arsebobs. Tematika im-denad mgrZnobiarea, rom bevri saxelmwifo ubralod Tvals xuWavs am sakiTxze, Tumca es gacilebiT ufro did usamarTlobasa da uflebebis darRvevas ganapirobebs.

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom sajaro skolebSi religiur sim-boloTa gamofena araaRmsarebel mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebs arRvevs, adekvaturi ganaTlebis miRebis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. 1349 religiuri simboloebis tarebasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis uflebaTa komitetsa da evrosasamarTlos gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT. 1350 Tuki pirveli maTgani maT tarebaze dawesebul SezRudvebsa da akrZalvebs xSirad adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevad ganix-ilavs 1351 , meore amas amarTlebs 1352 . azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa sajaro da erToblivi locvebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebiTac1353.

safrangeTSi akrZalulia nebismieri saxis religiuri simboloebi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, msgavsi akrZalva religiur skolebzec vrceldeba. 1354 rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetma safrangeTSi dawesebuli akrZalva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri tansacmlis tarebaze, diskriminaciad da 1347 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and

Germany, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Wal-

ter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 210. 1348 ix., iqve, 219. 1349 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 282. 1350 iqve, 283. 1351 UN Religious Tolerance Declaration (1981), Art.6(c), UNHRC, General Comment No.22., Para.4. 1352 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005. 1353 aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad da sekularizmis principis darRvevad cno skolis politika, romelic kursdamamTavrebulTa ceremoniaze locvas iTvaliswinebda. ix., Lee v. Weismann, 505 U.S. 577 (1992); msgavsadme Seafasa safexburTo matCebis win saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis politika àrase-qtanturi, araprozelituri~ locvis Taobaze. ix., Santa Fe Independent School District v.

Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000). 1354 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-

bara, 2009, 53;Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the

21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen,

2010, 28.

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ganaTlebis uflebis sayovelTaobis darRvevad miiCnia. 1355 Tumca ev-rosasamarTlom safrangeTis msgavsi damokidebuleba da politika gaamarTla.1356 aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifoebSi, maT Soris, safrang-eTSic, sadac sekularizmi sakonstitucio doneze aRiarebuli prin-cipia, religiuri niSnebi da simboloebi ara mxolod religiuri kuTxiT ganixileba, aramed politikur datvirTvasac iZens1357.

italiurma sasamarTloebma ganmartes, rom saklaso oTaxebSi gan-Tavsebuli jvarcma ara imdenad religiuri, ramdenadac italiuri identobis simbolo da gamovlineba iyo. 1358 gansxvavebuli iyo ev-rosasamarTlos azri, romliTac sajaro sivrceSi religiuri sim-bolikis gamofena adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs arRvevda. 1359 aRsaniS-navia, rom saklaso oTaxebis, sasamarTloebis, saavadmyofoebisa da sxva sajaro dawesebulebaTa kedlebidan jvarcmis Camoxsnasa da ev-rosasamarTlos Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas italiaSi mosaxleobis didi nawilis seriozuli protesti mohyva1360.

germaniaSi religiur simboloebTan damokidebuleba Semwynarebluria da maTi sajarod tareba an gamofena, kanonis far-glebSi, saxelmwifosaTvis misaRebia. 1361 Tumca saklaso oTaxebSi religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba germaniis sakosntitutio sasa-marTlom arakonstituciurad da ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevad cno1362.

adamianis uflebaTa komiteti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri samosis akrZalvis gasamarTleblad aucilebelia saTanado dasabuTeba, amas-Tan, es xels unda uSlides saqmianobis ganxorcielebas, an xelyofdes sxvaTa uflebebs. 1363 msgavsi pozicia gaiziara gaer-Tianebuli samefos lordTa palatam, romelmac religiuri samosis tarebaze akrZalva gaauqma. 1364 evrosasamarTlos rekomendaciiT, maswavleblebma Tavi unda Seikavon religiuri simboloebis an

1355 Report of the Committee on the UN Elimination of Racial Discrimination A/60/18 (2005)26, Para.112;

Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-

ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 285. 1356 S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1 July 2014. 1357 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005; Sir Bratza N., The “Pre-

cious Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Dis-

crimination Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 20. 1358 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 29. 1359 Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011. 1360 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 25. 1361 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 307. 1362 ix., Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gad-awyvetilebebi, e. CaCaniZis Targmani, k. kublaSvilis, T. niniZis, b. lolaZisa da q. eremaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2011, 69-77. 1363 ix., Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, UNHRC, Comm. no.931/2000, CCPR/C/82/D/921/2000, 8

December 2004, Para.6.2. 1364 ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 261-262.

http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#

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tansacmlis tarebisgan da maqsimalurad xeli Seuwyon moswavleebSi Tavisufali nebisa da pluralizmis damkvidrebas1365.

5.3. religia saswavlo kurikulumebSi 5.3.1. religiis gakveTilebis savaldebulooba saswavlo pro-

gramebSi TiTqmis mTel evropaSi religiis Sesaxeb swavleba da in-

struqtireba saganmanaTleblo kurikulumis nawilia. 1366 evrosabWo wevr-saxelmwifoebs mouwodebs mniSvnelovani religiebisa da moZRvrebebis istoriisa da filosofiis Sesaxeb informacia kuriku-lumebSi Seitanon. 1367 miuxedavad amisa, am azrs yvela saxelmwifo erTnairad ar iziarebs. religiuri ganaTleba safrangeTSi jer kidev 1882 wlis Semdeg saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs mos-cilda, akademiuri programebidan srulad iqna amoRebuli religiuri ganaTlebis nebismieri elementi. 1368 am politikas safrangeTi dRemde agrZelebs. 1369 evrosabWos 25 saxelmwifoSi religiuri ganaTleba skolebSi savaldebuloa.1370 italiis sajaro skolebSi kaTolicizmis Sesaxeb swavleba programis savaldebulo nawilia, Tumca mSoblebs aqvT arCevanis Tavisufleba, daaswron Tu ara Svilebi kaTolicizmis gakveTilebs. 1371 moswavleTa moTxovniT, aseve, SesaZlebelia sxva religiaTa Sesaxeb gakveTilebis daweseba, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi Sesa-bamis maswavlebelTa anazRaurebas saxelmwifo ar uzrunvelyofs, gansxvavebiT savaldebulo, kaTolicizmis gakveTilebisagan. 1372 gaer-Tianebul samefoSi religiuri ganaTleba 1988 wlis ganaTlebis re-formis aqtiT erovnul kurikulumSi savaldebulo sagani gaxda 1373 . gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebobs saero skolebi, romlebSic religia iswavleba formalurad gakveTilebze, aseve, arsebobs, specialuri

1365 ix., Dahlab v. Switzerland, [ECtHR], App. No. 42393/98, 15 February 2001. 1366 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28. 1367 Illegal Activities of Sects, Recommendation 1412 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.10.2. 1368 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989;

McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 103. 1369 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28. 1370 Hasen and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App.no. 1448/04, 9 January 2008, Para.31; Cumper P.,

The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transformation of

Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-

Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 195. 1371 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century

– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 30. 1372 iqve. 1373 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011,

91;Sandberg R., Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 155.

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religiuri skolebi 1374 , sadac konkretuli religia upiratesia da religiis swavlac am mimarTulebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. 1375 gaer-Tianebul samefosa da germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ar ganix-ileba mxolod kerZo, pirad sferod, igi mniSvnelovnadaa integri-rebuli sajaro da saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.1376 CexeTSi, estoneTSi, ungreTi, litvaSi, latviaSi, moldaveTSi, slo-vakeTsa da ukrainaSi konfesiuri religiuri ganaTleba im SemTxveva-Sia SemoTavazebuli, Tuki moswavleebi amas Tavad moiTxoven1377.

religiis savaldebulo swavleba ar gulisxmobs moswavleTa valdebulebas, aucileblad erTi konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb mecadineobebSi miiRon monawileoba.√religiuri swavleba, sasurvel-ia, iyos arCeviTi da im mSoblebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom religi-uri ideebi maTTvis mniSvnelovani araa, hqondeT ufleba, Svilebi msgavs mecadineobebs ar daaswron.1378 religiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda iqnas dadgenili aradiskriminaciuli gamonaklisi an alternativa, romlebic mSoblebis survilsa da interesebs daakmayofilebs. 1379 Tu mSobeli uars acxadebs, Svili religiis gakveTils daeswros, saxelmwifom da skolam unda uzrunvelyon aseTi moswavlis alternatiul mecadineobebze datvirTva. 1380 sax-elmwifo srulad asrulebs sakuTar valdebulebebs ganaTlebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis sferoSi, Tuki arsebobs sajaro skolebi, amasTan, igi uSvebs alternatiul skolebs, maT Soris, religiur sa-

1374 gaerTianebul samefoSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba religiuri skolis statuss iZens saxelmwifo mdivnis mier registraciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki skola da-fuZnebulia religiuri gaerTianebis mier an religiuri motiviT. ix., Sandberg R., Law

and Religion, New York, 2011, 161. 1375 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:


Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 191. 1376 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and


ter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 209. 1377 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 193. 1378 Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23 November

2004, Para.14.7. 1379 ix., UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993). 1380 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91.mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi, sadac religiuri ganaTleba skolebSi savaldebuloa, mSoblebs aqvT ufleba, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, moiTxovon Svilebis religiis gakveTilebisgan gaTavisufleba; xolo fineTSi, sadac sajaro skolebSi evange-lur-luTeranuli religiis gakveTilebi tardeba, sxva religiis warmomadgenlebs alternativis ufleba aqvT. ix., Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public

Life – The British Experience, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germa-

ny, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 195; Slotte P., Freedom of Reli-

gion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of

Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer,

Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 351.

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ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs, sadac religiis swavleba Sesabamisi aRmsareblobis mixedviT xdeba1381.

zogadad, istoriuli warsuliT qristianul saxelmwifoSi, Tuki qristianobis Sesaxeb informacia religiis swavlebis nawilSi ku-rikulumis umetesobas Seadgens, Tavis TavSi diskriminaciasa da pluralizmis principis darRvevas an moswavleTa indoqtrinizacias ar gulisxmobs. 1382 Tumca adamianis uflebaTa komiteti erTi rome-lime religiis swavlebas uflebis darRvevad miiCnevs da rekomenda-cias gascems skolebSi religiis istoriisa da eTikis swavlebis Taobaze, romelic maqsimalurad neitralurad da miukerZoeblad un-da ganxorcieldes. 1383 sauniversiteto da saskolo kurikulumebma unda uzrunvelyon msmenelTaTvis sxvadasxva religiis Sesaxeb in-formaciis miwodeba, kacobriobis istoriis, kulturisa da filoso-fiis ganuyofel nawilad religiis aRqma. 1384 amasTan, religiis swavlebisas an instruqtirebisas aucilebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnas mecadineobebze ardaswrebis aradiskriminaciuli SesaZlebloba. 1385 adamianis uflebaTa komitetma dagmo saberZneTis politika, rom-liTac moswavles marTlmadideblobis gakveTilebisgan gaTavisu-flebis SesaZlebloba mxolod imis Semdeg eZleodaT, roca TavianTi religiis Taobaze ganacxadebdnen1386.

5.3.2. `religiis swavleba~ da `religiis Sesaxeb swavleba~ Sua saukuneebis eklesias dogmaturi swavleba hqonda Seqmnili

imis Taobaze, Tu risi Semecneba ekrZaleboda adamians. 1387 Tumca mas Semdeg bevrma welma ganvlo da ganviTarebam daamkvidra gansxvavebu-li disciplinebi, mTeli rigi im sagnebisa, romlebic yvela adamians evaleba safuZvlebis doneze mainc icodes.

saswavlo kurikulumebSi religiis Sesaxeb codnis miwodeba sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da mimarTulebis sagnebiT aris uzrun-velyofili. religiuri ganaTleba (Religious Education), religiuri in-struqtirebisgan (Religious Instruction) gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi dRemde savaldebuloa. 1388 religiuri instruqtireba

1381 ix., Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999,

Para. 10. 6. 1382 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para. 86. 1383 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 61. 1384 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.10. 1385 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral

Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288. 1386 Report of The UNHRC, A/60/40 Vol. I (2005)60, Para.90(14). Temperman J., State-Religion Relation-

ship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288. 1387 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 39. 1388 Sandberg R., Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 154.

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konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb codnis miwodebas gulisxmobs am religiis Rirseuli da mcodne warmomadgenlis aRzrdisa da ganvi-Tarebis mizniT. es ki religiuri ganaTlebis Tanamedrove koncefciisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. amasTan, aRniSnuli konkretuli religiis swavlebis avtomatur diskriminaciul xasiaTs ar gulisxmobs. mag., italiasa da espaneTSi, konkordatiT aRebuli valdebulebebis gamo, kaTolicizmi yvela skolaSia SeTavazebuli, Tumca saxelmwifo alternatiul gakveTilebsac sTavazobs maT, visac kaTolicizmis gakveTilebze daswreba sakuTari rwmenisa da mrwamis gamo ar surT. 1389 konkretuli religiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesa-bamisma eklesiam an religiurma gaerTianebam SesaZloa daamtkicos an piriqiT, uaryos universitetis leqtoris Tanamdebobaze daniSvna religiuri safuZvliT, misi swavlebis an piradi cxovrebis gamo1390.

religiis swavleba da religiis Sesaxeb swavleba erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba da isini erTmaneTis alternatiuli formebi araa. 1391 religiis Sesaxeb swavleba mravalgvaradaa Sesa-Zlebeli, aucilebelia igi mxolod calkeul religiur Sexedulebebs ar moicavdes. 1392 religiis Sesaxeb swavlebisas saswav-lo masala da maswavleblebic zogadabstraqtul, agnostikur mimar-Tulebebs unda aviTarebdnen. 1393 mas SesaZloa uzrunvelyofdes religiuri gaerTianeba, saxelmwifo an orive erToblivad1394.

religiis Sesaxeb sagnebis Sinaarsi da swavlebis meTodika sax-elmwifoTa mixedviT gansxvavdeba. XX saukuneSi religiuri ga-naTlebis kuTxiT mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda, meore msoflio omamde marTlmadideblur Teologiur skolebSi sxva religiebis Seswavlac daiwyes da axali disciplina SemoiRes _ `religiis is-toria~.1395 religiis istoria civilizaciebis ganviTarebaSi religiis rolisa da gavlenis Sesaxeb informacias unda Seicavdes. 1396 fineTma jer kidev 1922 wlis `religiis Tavisuflebis aqtiT~ daadgina religiuri ganaTlebis alternativa da moswavleTaTvis, romlebsac religiis gakveTilebze daswreba ar surdaT, skolebSi axali sagani

1389 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 192-

193. 1390 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and


ter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 220. 1391 Education and Religion, Reccomendation 1720 (2005), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,

Para.9. 1392 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 122. 1393 iqve, 127. 1394 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 185. 1395 mTavarepiskoposi anastasiosi, marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva reli-giebTan, z. juRelis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #7’06, 2006, 39. 1396 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 124.

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_ `religiisa da eTikis istoria~ SemoiRo. 1397 1997 wlidan norvegiam qristianuli religiis Sesaxeb swavleba Caanacvla savaldebulo sagniT _ `qristianuli codna da religiuri da eTikuri ga-naTleba~. 1398 aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT ki, kon-stituciis pirveli Sesworeba uSvebs mxolod `SedarebiTi religiis an religiis istoriisa~ da bibliis, rogorc werilobiTi da isto-riuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone dokumentis, swavlebas1399.

5.4. religiis swavleba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg

saswavleblebma saRvTo sjulis swavleba Tavisi iniciativiT aRadgines skolebSi. 1400 qarTuli ganaTlebis aramdgradi sistemis cvlilebaTa paralelurad, icvleboda da viTardeboda damokidebuleba religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmwifom TandaTan Camoayaliba adekvaturi, marTebuli midgoma am sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT. religiis swavleba imdenad mgrZnobiare Temaa, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi da ar aiRos sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgebloba, aswavlos konkretuli religia. amasTan, mas ekrZaleba prozelitizmi da romelime moZRvrebis privilegirebuli qadageba saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, maT Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, aRiarebs, rom religiis swavleba nebayoflobiTia. avtorizaciis standartebis Tanaxmad, skola unda axorcielebdes erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamis saganamanaTleblo programas. es ukanaskneli ki religiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas aqcevs erTi didi, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis sagnobrivi jgufis programis far-glebSi da moswavleebs religiis istoriis, eTikisa da Teologiis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb informacias awvdis.1401 aRsaniSnavia, rom skolas ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaT-valiswinebuli an gauTvaliswinebeli damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo da saaRmzrdelo momsaxureba, 1402 moiwvios Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone piri am kursis gasaZRolad. mTavaria, skolas hqondes damatebiTi sagnis saswavlo gegma, romelic sagnis miznebs, Sefasebis 1397 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Re-

ligion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C.

Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 338. 1398 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions,

in: in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér,

S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 552. 1399 Abidgton School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 225 (1963). 1400 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 12. 1401 erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016, Tavi XXXV, sagnobrivi programebi sazoga-doebriv mecnierebebSi. 1402 `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 33-e muxlis me-4 punqti.

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principebs, saWiro saganmanaTleblo resursebis CamonaTvals moi-cavs. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb swavlebasac gulisxmobs, Tumca es nebayoflobiT, moswavleTa religiiis Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis principis dacviT unda ganxorcieldes. 1403 kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sajaro skolis mos-wavleebs ufleba aqvT saskolo droisgan Tavisufal dros ne-bayoflobiT Seiswavlon religia an Caataron religiuri rituali, Tu igi religiuri ganaTlebis miRebas emsaxureba1404.

rac Seexeba umaRles saganmanaTlebo da profesiul dawesebulebebs, TiToeuli maTganis saganmanaTleblo programa damoukideblad gadis akreditaciis process, Sesabamisad, dawesebuleba programas misaniWebeli kvalifikaciis miznebis gaT-valiswinebiT qmnis da mas SeuZlia, programis arsidan gamomdinare, gaiTvaliswinos religiis Sesaxeb savaldebulo an arCeviTi kursebi, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

5.5. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli saswavleblebi saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia aqtiurad eweva saganmanaTleblo

saqmianobas da es rogorc zogad, ise profesiul da umaRles ga-naTlebas exeba. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos eqvemdebareba 37 zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba mTeli qveynis masStabiT. 1405 sapatriarqos dafuZnebulia sami profesiuli saswavlebeli: a(a)ip profesiuli koleji ,,saqarTvelos sapatriarqos feri-scvalebis dedaTa monasterTan arsebuli mowyalebis centri~; a(a)ip profesiuli koleji ,,wminda eqvTime RvTiskacis saxelobis profesiuli saganmanaTleblo koleji~; a(a)ip sazogadoebrivi koleji ,,saqarTvelos sapatriarqos dekoratiuli mebaReobis sazogadoebrivi koleji~.1406

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias jamSi 9 umaRlesi sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba ekuTvnis, maTgan 2 universitetia 1407 (a(a)ip - saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti; a(a)ip - saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria), 4 _ saswavlo universiteti 1408 (a(a)ip

1403 iqve, me-5 muxlis me-6 punqti, me-13 muxlis pirveli da me-6 punqtebi. 1404 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-4 punqti. 1405 saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros 2015 wlis 18 agvistos werili #MES 11500792828. 1406 iqve. 1407 usd, romelic axorcielebs samive safexuris umaRles saganamanaTleblo pro-gramasa da samecniero kvlevas. ix., ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis `h18~ qvepunqti. 1408 usd, romelic axorcielebs umaRles, maT Soris magistraturis, sa-ganmanaTleblo programas/programebs (garda doqtoranturisa). ix., iqve, `h33~ qve-punqti.

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saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda tbel abuserisZis saxelobis saswavlo universiteti; a(a)ip _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida Tamar mefis saxelobis saswavlo universiteti; a(a)ip _ marTlma-didebluri saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba _ giorgi mTawmindelis saxelobis saeklesio galobis umaRlesi saswavlebeli; a(a)ip _ marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba _ saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gelaTis sasuliero akademia da seminaria), xolo 3 _ koleji 1409 (a(a)ip _ wmida maqsime aRmsareblis saxelobis cageris sasuliero seminaria; saqarTvelos sapatriarqo gremis sasuliero seminaria; a(a)ip _ saqarTvelos sapa-triarqos wmida ioane RvTismetyvelis saxelobis baTumis sasuliero seminaria).1410

5.6. sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebul saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-

baTa da maT mier gacemuli diplomebis aRiareba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saxelmwifom da eklesiam

aRiares Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis mier gacemuli ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebi, samecniero xarixebi da wodebebi. 1411 Tumca am normis aRsasruleblad aucilebeli `kanon-mdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesi~ karga xani ver SemuSavda. 2005 wlis 22 ianvars eklesiasa da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros So-ris daido memorandumi, romlis mTavari mizani konstituciiT na-kisri valdebulebebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba iyo, unda Se-qmniliyo muSa jgufebi, romlebic amasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sakiTxs moagvarebdnen.1412

samwuxarod, 2012 wlis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebamde saqarTvelos eklesiis mier gacemuli ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis, samecniero xarisxebisa da wodebebis aRiarebis erTiani sakanon-mdeblo standarti ar arsebobda. amasTan, eklesias daqvemdebarebuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi saxelmwifos mxridan raime saxis legitimacias ar saWiroebdnen.

2012 wlis 28 dekembris sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT, ganaTlebisa da mecnirebis saministrosa da sapatriarqos daevalaT 2005-2012 wlebSi gacemuli/gasacemi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis

1409 usd, romelic axorcielebs akademiuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxolod pirveli safexuris saganmanaTleblo programas. ix., iqve, `R1~ qvepunqti. 1410 saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros 2015 wlis 18 agvistos werili #MES 11500792828 da werilis danarTi. 1411 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-5 muxlis me-2 pun-qti. 1412 ix., saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da saqarTvelos sam-ociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erToblivi komisiis 2005 wlis 22 ianvris urTierTgagebis memorandumi.

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aRiarebis sakiTxis Seswavla, xolo maTi aRiarebis wesis ga-naTlebisa da mecnierebis mier damtkiceba, 1413 rac warmatebiT ganx-orcielda.1414 eklesiis mier dafuZnebuli saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi 2015 wlis 1 ianvridan daeqvemdebara avtorizacias saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. 1415 2013 wlis 22 martis cvlilebebiT ki marTlmadideblur saRvTismetyvelo umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi 2013 wlis erTian gamo-cdebamde Caricxuli studentebi CaiTvalnen kanonmdeblobis Sesabam-isad Caricxul studentebad.1416

samwuxarod, kanonmdebelma uSualod kaTolikos-patriarqs mianiWa ufleba 2015 wlis 1 ianvramde daedgina marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi akademiuri xarisxis miniWebis wesi da Tavadve mieniWebina xarisxi, 1417 romlis damadas-turebeli diplomi saxelmwifos mier aRiarebul dokumentad miiC-nia1418 . am SemTxvevaSi, hipoTeturad saxelmwifom SesaZlebloba misca uflebamosil pirs Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr, mis mier dadgenili wesiT gaeca diplomi da mieniWebina akademiuri xarisxi, amasTan es avtomatur reJimSi, gadamowmebisa da detaluri Semowmebis gareSe, Zalmosilad aRiara. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2015 wlis 27 noembris sakanon-mdeblo cvlilebebiT marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo dawesebulebebis statusTan dakavSirebiT axleburi mowesrigeba damkvidrda da mas kidev ufro didi Tavisufleba mieca, rac sistem-uri TvalsazrisiT, gamarTlebuli araa1419.

saboloo jamSi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebuleba dagvianebiT, magram saxelmwifom mainc ganaxorciela da daadgina sa-ganamanaTleblo saswavleblebis, dokumentaciisa da akademiuri xarisxis aRiarebis erTiani standarti. sapatriarqos mier dafuZ-nebul da marTlmadidebel eklesias daqvemdebarebul sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebze igive wesebi gavrcelda, rac saero dawesebulebebTan mimarTebiT moqmedebda. ramdenime mimarTulebiT samuSao kidev arsebobs, aucilebelia sawyisi status qvos SenarCune-ba da Semdgom ganviTarebaze muSaoba, raTa ganaTlebis sistema evro-pul sivrcesTan am kuTxiTac maqsimalurad iyos harmonizebuli.

1413 ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 893-e muxlis pirveli pun-qti. 1414 saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2013 wlis 23 agvistos 115/n brZaneba `saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis mier 2005 wlidan 2013 wlis pirvel ianvramde gacemuli/gasacemi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis aRiarebis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. 1415 ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 894-e muxli, `ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 321-e muxli. 1416 ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 896-e muxli. 1417 iqve, 895-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 1418 iqve, me-2 punqti. 1419 ix., ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~ saqarTvelos 2015 wlis 27 noembris kanoni.

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5.7. religia da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sivrcis problemebi saxelmwifos mier konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri

valdebulebebi ganaTlebis sferoSi bolo ramdenime welia war-matebiT sruldeba. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia 2012-2013 wlebis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, romliTac didwilad gadawyda problem-uri sakiTxebi da eklesiis saRvTismetyvelo dawesebulebaTa mier gacemuli xarisxebis, diplomebisa da dokumentebis aRiareba sa-marTlebriv CarCoebSi moTavsda. ra Tqma unda, eklesias daqvemdebarebuli sxva saswavleblebi isedac samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis qveS eqcevian da maTze saerTo saganmanaTleblo standarti moqmedebs.

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, skolebSi religiuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT sakmaod moculobiTi sakanonmdeblo baza arsebobs. zogad ganaTlebaSi saxelmwifos oficialuri politikis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrun-velyos sajaro skolis damoukidebloba religiuri gaerTianebebis-gan. 1420 am SemTxvevaSi kerZo skolebisTvis damoukidebloba garanti-rebulia, radganac SesaZloa skola Tavad atarebdes religiur xasi-aTs. kanonmdeblobiT, moswavles, mSobelsa da maswavlebels ar SeiZleba daekisros iseTi valdebulebebi, romlebic maT rwmenasa da religias ewinaaRmdegeba.1421 skola valdebulia daicvas da xeli Seu-wyos moswavleebs, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs Soris Semwynare-blobisa da urTierTpativiscemis damkvidrebas, ganurCevlad maTi religiuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi kuTvnilebisa. 1422 Tumca kanon-mdebloba iTvaliswinebs skolis mier moswavlis, mSoblisa da maswavleblis, agreTve gaerTianebebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aradiskriminaciuli da neitraluri SezRudvis wesebis dadgenas, Tuki arsebobs religiuri SuRlis gaRvivebis safuZvliani da gar-dauvali safrTxe1423.

miuxedavad yovelive amisa, ganaTlebis sistemaSi rwmenisa da aRm-sareblobis uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis mxriv sakmaod bevri problemaa, romlebic ZiriTad ganaTlebis sferoSi marTlmadide-blobis integrirebas ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es problemebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro socialuri xasiaTisaa, vidre wminda sa-marTlebrivi. sajaro skolis teritoriaze religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba araakademiur miznebs ar unda emsaxurebodes. 1424 miuxeda-vad msgavsi debulebisa, skolebis umravlesobaSi religiuri sim-boloebi ganTavsebulia, ufro metic, xSirad xdeba koleqtiuri

1420 `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-2 punqtis `g~ qvepunqti. 1421 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-2 punqti. 1422 iqve, me-13 muxlis me-6 punqti. 1423 iqve, me-8 muxlis me-3 punqtis `g~ qvepunqti.~ 1424 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-3 punqti.

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locva da a.S. samwuxarod, ganaTlebis saministro saxelmwifos masStabiT ver uzrunvelyofs am mimarTulebiT kontrols. es skole-bisa da maswavleblebis donezea gadasawyveti da pirdapir marTlSegnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

samwuxarod, sajaro skolebSi didia indoqtrinizaciis safrTxe. xSirad maswavleblebi TavianTi iniciativiT ewevian irib pro-zelitizms. mag., simon sxirtlaZis saxelobis onis sajaro skolaSi biologiis maswavlebelma 13 wlis bavSvi marTlmadideblad mSoblebis Tanmobis gareSe monaTla. 1425 aRniSnulma faqtma didi re-zonansi gamoiwvia, Tumca es erTi konkretuli SemTxvevaa, romelic gacilebiT ufro globalur problemas warmoadgens. ver xerxdeba konkretul faqtebze adekvaturi reagireba, rac, saboloo jamSi, situaciis qaosurobas ganapirobebs. aseve, ar xorcieldeba kontro-li religiur skolebze, romlebic, rogorc kerZo skolebi, mniSvne-lovani avtonomiiT sargebloben.

aucilebelia, sajaro skolebSi religiis Tavisuflebis Taobaze informaciis permanentuli miwodeba da muSaoba pedagogebTan, aseve, mkacri monitoringisa da zedamxedvelobis daweseba, romelic mos-wavleebisa da maTi mSoblebis kanonier interesebsa da ZiriTad uflebebs realurad daicavs. kanonmdebelma unda Seqmnas iseTi sa-marTlebrivi sivrce, romelSic aradiskriminaciuli garemo Seiqmneba. amasTan, praqtikaSi seriozulad gadasaxedia sapatriarqos mier da-fuZnebul an mis kontrols daqvemdebarebul saswavlebelTa avtor-izaciisa da maT mier gansaxorcielebeli akademiuri programebis akreditaciis politika.

6. religia, sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis sistemebi 6.1. sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis dawesebulebebSi religiis

integrirebis praqtika religiis roli iseT sistemebSi, rogoricaa sasjelaRsrulebisa

da Tavdacvis sferoebi, uaRresad mniSvnelovania. erTi mxriv, patim-rebis, meore mxriv ki, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meomrebis, jariskacTa sulieri mdgomareoba msgavsi sistemebis mdgradobisa da brZolisu-narianobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia. saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba aRi-arebs msgavs mowyvlad jgufebSi religiuri Tematikis aqtualobas da cdilobs, maqsimalurad Seuwyos xeli samxedro mosamsaxureTa da patimarTaTvis religiuri Tavisuflebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas.

norvegiis penitenciur dawesebulebebSi 1851 wlidan moqmedebs moZRvris (kapelanis) instituti, ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, norvegiis eklesiis mRvdlebi maqsimalurad arian integrirebuli sasjelaRsrulebis procesSi, mis ganuyofel nawilsac war-

1425 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity

Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 29.

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moadgenen. 1426 aqve aRsaniSnavia, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela msjavrdebuls Tanabari ufleba aqvs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis TvalsazrisiT, praqtikaSi araluTeranTa da araqristianTa uflebebis realizacia mkveTrad SezRudulia.1427 danias, garda domi-nanti religiis msaxurebisa, oficialurad hyavs ramdenime daqiravebuli imami, raTa muslim msjavrdebulTa religiuri Tavisu-fleba maqsimalurad iyos uzrunvelyofili1428.

saberZneTSi SeiaraRebul da sapolicio ZalebSi momsaxure mRvdlebs oficris Cini eniWebaT, Sesabamisad, sargebloben Cinis Tanmxlebi yvela SeRavaTiT, xelfasiTa da pensiiT. 1429 espaneTSi ko-Tolike samxedroTa religiuri mxardaWera 1979 wlis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze miRebuli #1145/1990 samefo dekretiT xorcieldeba, ro-melmac SeiaraRebul ZalebSi specialuri struqtura _ religiuri mxardaWeris samsaxuri Seqmna. 1430 belgiaSi oficialurad aRiarebuli religiebi niSnaven kapelanebs SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da sasje-laRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, romelTa anazRaurebasac saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs1431.

TiToeuli saxelmwifos praqtika gansxvavebulia, Tumca, ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi yvela qveyana dominanti religiis warmomadgenlebs maqsimalurad aZlevs saSualebas, sakuTari religiuri uflebebi praqtikaSi ganaxorcielon. ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia, amis parale-lurad, sxva religiis aRmsarebelTa da aTeistTa uflebebi iyos daculi da yovelive es aradiskriminaciul safuZvelze ganxor-cieldes.

6.2. religia da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sistema 6.2.1. samxedroTa rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samxedro mosamsaxureTa

religiur Tavisufleba kanonmdeblobaSi Zalze zogadadaa mowesrigebuli. rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis uflebis realizaciis sa-kiTxs `samxedro mosamsaxuris statusis Sesaxeb~ kanoni gansazRvravs, romlis mixedviTac, samxedro mosamsaxures ufleba aqvs, aRiaros nebismieri religia, aRasrulos religiuri wes-Cveulebebi, mTavari pirobaa, rom am yovelivem xeli ar SeuSalos samsaxurebrivi mo- 1426 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in:


R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 156. 1427 iqve, 161. 1428 iqve, 154. 1429 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36. 1430 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution

(Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D.

Thayer, 2013, 309. 1431 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise

on Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 267.

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valeobis SesrulebaSi. 1432 amasTan, aucilebelia, religiuri wes-Cveulebebis aRsruleba aradiskriminaciulad ganxorcieldes da aman damatebiTi SeRavaTebisTvis pirobebi ar Seqmnas1433.

SeiaraRebul ZalebSi rogorc marTlmadidebeli, ise aramarTlma-didebeli samxedro mosamsaxureebi sargebloben SesaZleblobiT, sadResaswaulo dReebSi monawileoba miiRon sazeimo RonisZiebebSi maTi aRmsareblobis sulier centrebsa da sakulto dawesebulebeb-Si.1434

6.2.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba konstituciurma SeTanxmebam samxedro moZRvris (kapelanis) insti-

tuti daamkvidra da saxelmwifom aiRo valdebuleba, masTan da-kavSirebiT Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi aqti mieRo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom valdebuleba nawilobriv ganxorcielda.

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samxedro moZRvrebTan (kapelanebTan) aqtiur TanamSromlobasa da urTierTobas generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi Semadgenlobis departamenti uzrunvelyofs. 1435 samxedro moZRvari (kapelani) specialuri Tanamdebobaa, romelzec daniSnul pirTan samsaxurebrivi urTierTobebi Tanamdebobis specif-ikidan gamomdinare ganisazRvreba. 1436 dReisaTvis saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi 31 samxedro moZRvari (kapelani) moRvaweobs1437.

samwuxarod, samxedro moZRvarTa institutis detaluri mowesrige-ba qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, araa miRebuli erTiani wesi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sa-marTlebrivi aqti, romelic samarTlebriv doneze daadgenda erTian midgomasa da standarts. faqtobrivad, marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris amasTan dakavSirebiT raime problema ar iqmneba. kapelanebad marTlmadidebeli moZRvrebi msaxuroben da garda amisa, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi moqmedebs 11 marTlmadidebeluri eklesia da 11 samlocvelo, 10 eklesia Sendeba,1438 rac mxareebs Soris arsebul konstruqciul da samuSao urTierTobebze miuTiTebs. mi-

1432 `samxedro mosamsaxuris statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli winadadeba. 1433 iqve, me-7 muxlis me-2 winadadeba. 1434 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros 2015 wlis 13 agvistos werili #MOD

01500656805. 1435 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2009 wlis 19 ivnisis #448 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi Semadgenlobis departamentis debulebis~ me-6 muxlis `C~ qvepunqti. 1436 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2011 wlis 21 ivlisis #583 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis da sax-meleTo jarebis TanamSromelTa/mosamsaxureTa samsaxuris gavlis wesis~ me-6 mux-lis me-3 punqti. 1437 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros 2015 wlis 13 agvistos werili #MOD

01500656805. 1438 iqve.

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uxedavad amisa, samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba aucilebelia da sakanon-mdeblo sivrce aucileblad unda Seivsos, raTa am institutis moqmedeba da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba konkretuli min-istris keTil nebaze an mmarTveli politikuri Zalis interesebze ar iyos damokidebuli. erTiani midgoma, romelic samarTlebriv donezea uzrunvelyofili, gacilebiT mdgrad da stabilur urTierTobebs ga-napirobebs.

6.3. religia da saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis sistema 6.3.1. braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis

Tavisufleba braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis uflebebis dacva Tanamedrove

demokratiebSi erT-erTi yvelaze problemuri sakiTxia. nebismieri ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiTa da sifrTx-iliT ekideba am mowyvladi jgufis uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnis sakiTxs. miT umetes Zalian mniSvnelo-vania penitenciur dawesebulebebSi moTavsebul pirTa religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, radgan izolaciis pirobebSi adamianis sulieri mdgomareoba gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSia. am dros ki piris rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis realizacia sasicocxlod aucilebelia.

saqarTvelos konstituciidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsi aRiarebs braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis uflebas, monawileoba miiRos religiur RonisZiebebSi, 1439 mas aqvs ufleba, monawileoba miiRos religiur ritualebSi, Sexvdes sasuliero pirebs, 1440 Tan iqonios da isargeblos religiuri literaturiTa da sakulto sagnebiT, 1441 individualuri religiuri kultis sagnebiT, garda mCxvletavi, basri, Zvirfasi liTonebis da qvis nakeTobebisa an im sagnisa, romelic warmoadgens kulturul da istoriul faseulo-bas. 1442 religiur ritualebs braldebuli/msjavrdebuli asrulebs sakanSi, xolo SesaZleblobis arsebobisas, am mizniT mowyobil Se-nobebSi, im religiuri konfesiebis Sesabamisad, romlebsac isini miekuTvnebian. 1443 patimrobis kodeqsiT uzrunvelyofilia piris

1439 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~ qvepunqti. 1440 braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris wesi ganisazRvreba specialuri normatiuli aqtiT. iqve, me-4 nawili; ix., saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba `braldebul-Ta/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~. 1441 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-14 muxlis me-3 nawili. 1442 `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZanebis me-6 muxli. 1443 iqve, me-4 muxli.

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ufleba, sakuTari saxsrebiT, gonivruli odenobiT, gamoiweros religiuri literatura1444.

penitenciur dawesebulebebSi nebadarTulia Sesabamisi religiuri sasuliero piris momsaxureba nebismieri aRmsareblobis pirTan mimarTebiT.1445 saxelmwifo nebismier braldebulsa da msjavrdebuls, ganurCevlad maTi religiuri mrwamsisa, Tanabari uflebebiT aR-Wuravs da erTnairad uzrunvelyofs religiis Tavisuflebis praqtikul realizacias, ra Tqma unda, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiTa da sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis specifikis gaT-valiswinebiT.

6.3.2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba konstituciurma SeTanxmebam sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi

moZRvris institutis Seqmnas da amasTan dakavSirebiT Sesabamisi sa-marTlebrivi aqtis miReba gaiTvaliswina. 1446 konstituciuri SeTanx-mebiT nakisri valdebuleba, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, penitenciur sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebulia, amasTan, es yovelive aradiskrimi-naciulad, Tanasworobis dacviT ganxorcielda. aRsaniSnavia, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebamde eklesia da saxelmwifo aqtiu-rad TanamSromlobdnen sasjelaRsrulebis sferoSi, ufro metic, patimarTa da msjavrdebulTa sulieri amaRlebisa da sasje-laRsrulebis sistemaSi eklesiis keTilismyofeli rolis gaZlierebisa da adamianis religiuri uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT 2001 wels specialuri xelSekrulebac daido. 1447 xelSekrulebiT saxelmwifom aiRo valdebuleba, gamoeyo penitenciur dawesebulebebSi specialuri farTi samlocveloebis mosawyobad. 1448 Tavis mxriv, eklesiam iTava moZRvrebis mivlineba dawesebulebebSi saRmrTo liturgiisa da sxva saeklesio wesebis aRsrulebis miz-niT. 1449 am xelSekrulebisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis sa-fuZvelze, amJamad 5 penitenciuri dawesebulebis teritoriaze mdebareobs marTlmadidebluri eklesia, xolo 14-Si mowyobilia marTlmadidebluri samlocvelo1450.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da sxva registrirebuli religiuri organizaciebisa Tu tradiciuli konfesiebis warmomadgenlebi daiS-

1444 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-20 muxlis me-4 nawili. 1445 saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros 2015 wlis 19 agvistos werili #MCLA 91500682903. 1446 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxli. 1447 ix., saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-faluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis 2001 wlis 20 aprilis xelSekruleba. 1448 iqve, pirveli punqti. 1449 iqve, me-2 punqti. 1450 saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros 2015 wlis 19 agvistos werili #MCLA 91500682903.

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vebian pentenciur dawesebulebebSi Sesabamisi religiuri organi-zaciisa da dawesebulebis winaswari SeTanxmebiT.1451 Tanxmoba gaicema Sesabamisi religiuri organizaciis werilobis mimarTvis sa-fuZvelze, romelSic aRniSnuli unda iyos organizaciis dasaxeleba, warmomadgenlis vinaoba, vizitis mizani da xangrZlivoba1452.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi aq-tic miRebulia. `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualeb-Si monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganx-orcielebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba gansazRvravs rogorc marTlmadidebeli moZRvris, ise sxva religiuri gaerTianebis sasuliero pirisa da braldebulis/msjavrdebulis urTierTobebs, aseve, penitenciur dawesebulebebSi religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis principebs. garda amisa, 2006 wels daido specialuri SeTanxmeba, romelmac pro-bacionerTa da arapatimar msjavrdebulTa realizaciis sferoSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi principebi daadgina. 1453 SeTanxmebiT mxareebma TanamSromlobis konkretuli formebi gansazRvres,1454 saxelmwifom ikisra vadebuleba, Seeqmna pro-baciis biuroebsa da arasapatimro sasjelTa aRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi RvTismsaxurebisTvis saWiro pirobebi, 1455 xolo eklesiam _ pirTa religiuri uflebebis realizaciis xelSewyoba 1456 da rac mTavaria, arapatimar msjavrdebulTa da probacionerTa sxvadasxva formiT CarTva SromiT saqmianobaSi, maT Soris, saekle-sio-samonastro meurneobebSi, eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobaSi da sxv. 1457 am formiT eklesiam da saxelmwifom konstituciuri SeTanx-mebiT gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri dacvis erToblivi programis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba1458, faqtobrivad praqtikaSi ganaxorcieles.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasjelaRsrulebis sferoSi saxelmwifos mier konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebuleba da Sesabami-sad, am kuTxiT konstituciuri SeTanxmeba sruldeba, amasTan,

1451 `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZanebis me-2 muxli. 1452 iqve, me-3 muxli. 1453 2006 wlis 1 martis SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Soris pro-bacionerTa da arapatimar msjavrdebulTa resocializaciis sferoSi. 1454 iqve, me-2 muxli. 1455 iqve, me-3 muxli. 1456 iqve, me-4 muxli. 1457 iqve, me-5 muxli. 1458 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis me-3 pun-qti.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom es sxva pirTa Tu religiur organizaciaTa uflebebis SezRudvisa Tu darRvevis gareSe ganxorcielda.

daskvna saukuneebis manZilze gamocdil da kargad aprobirebul ur-

TierTobebs XXI saukune uamrav axal gamowvevas usaxavs. erTi SexedviT martivi institutebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebriv sistemasa da samarTlebriv sivrceSi aprobirebulia, SesaZloa uamrav prob-lemas warmoSobdes. am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi yvelaze mgrZnobiare sfero saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTobaa. Tanamedrove samyar-oSi miRebuli sekularizmi, samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi uaryofiTad aRiqmeba da es ara imdenad misi Sinaarsis, ramdenadac Tavad ter-minisa da zogierTi marginalizebuli jgufis mier am cnebis inter-pretaciisadmi damokidebulebaa, rac ufro metad Seucnoblis SiSs hgavs, vidre argumentirebul, sinamdvilis obieqtur aRqmaze dafuZ-nebul grZnobas.

kvlevis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sekularizmi mravaldoniani movlenaa da misi erTi mimarTulebiT warmoCena arasworia. religiis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos neitraluri da miukerZoebeli pozicia ar unda iqnes imgvarad gagebuli, TiTqos amiT saxelmwifo istoriulad aRiarebul da damkvidrebul, mosaxleobis umravlesobis eklesiis rolis an rwmenis daknineba xdeba. 1459 amasTan, neitraliteti ar ir-Rveva, Tuki upiratesoba TanamSromlobis models eniWeba. mTavaria, sxva pirTa religiuri uflebebi da Tanasworobis principi ar dairRves.

saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas srulyofilebamde bevri uklia, ufro metic, igi terminologiurad, Sinaarsobrivad da sa-marTlebrivad uamrav problemas moicavs da warmoSobs kidec. aucilebelia maTi gamosworeba da ukeTesi mowesrigebis dadgena, ra-Ta konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili wesrigi srulad Seerwyas erTian qarTul saxelmwifoebriv organizmsa da samarTlebriv sivrces, amasTan, am procesSi sxvaTa uflebebi maqsimalurad iyos daculi.

1. upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc samarTlebriv aqts, unda Seecvalos aqtis formaluri sax-elwodeba. `konstituciuri~ unda Caanacvlos `sakonstituciom~, riTac sabolood dadgindeba SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi buneba da idea, _ igi konstituciaze dafuZnebuli, konstituciiisken mimarTuli gaxdeba, nacvlad imisa, rom ubralod konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aRniSnavdes. miT umetes, rom `konstituciuri SeTanxmeba~ SeiZleba ewodos nebismier SeTanxmebas, romelic Tavisi arsiT konstitucias

1459 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR]

App.no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007, Paras. 131-132.

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Seesabameba, rac Tavad konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobasa da statuss mniSvnelovnad akninebs.

2. saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili normatiuli aqtebis sistema kon-stituciur SeTanxmebas ierarqiaSi meore adgils aniWebs, riTac xa-zgasmulia misi upiratesoba rogorc Sidaerovnul kanonmdeblobas-Tan, ise saerTaSoriso aqtebTan. amasTan, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT sayovelTaod aRi-arebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rac ier-arqiul urTierTobebs sruliad bundovansa da absurduls xdis. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTao normebi da principebi adamian-is ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sferoSi aucileblad iqneba pozitiursamarTlebrivi formiT, saerTaSoriso aqtebSi moce-muli. imavdroulad, es ukanaskneli Tavad eqvemdebareba SeTanxmas.

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos kon-stitucias, rac avtomaturad gulisxmobs imis aucileblobasac, rom igi unda iyos konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebul adamianis Zi-riTad uflebebTan TanxvedraSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konstituciur SeTanxmebasa da konstituciiT aRiarebul ZiriTad uflebebs Soris winaaRmdegoba iqneba, dainteresebuli piris sarCelis/wardginebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis saSualebiT gadawyvets davas. aqedan gamomdi-nare,aucilebelia cvlileba Sevides saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtSi da amoRebul iqnes me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba, romlis arseboba, sakanomdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, arc valdebulebas da arc uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmis qmediTobas ar ukavSirdeba. sakonstitucio cvlileba unda aisaxos `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-4 punqtSi, rom-lis pirveli winadadeba, aseve, amoRebuli unda iqnes.

3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis ramdenime debuleba pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli pun-qtiT aRiarebul eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTdamoukideblobisa da gamijvnis princips. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadebiT saxelmwifo aRsarebis saidumlos dacvis valdebulebas adgens, rac sruliad alogikuria, radgan mas ar SeuZlia Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi, miT umetes, mRvdelmsaxurs religiuri xasi-aTis valdebuleba akidos. normatiulad dadgenili piris valdebuleba mesame pirTa mimarT negatoruli valdebulebiT unda Canacvldes. unda Sevides cvlileba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlSi da misi meore winadadeba Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: àravis aqvs ufleba, sasuliero pirs mosTxovos informacia, rome-lic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili.~

4. sruliad gaumarTlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT eklesiis oficialuri teminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyeneba, saRvTismsaxuro produqciis damzadeba, Semotanasa da

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miwodebaze licenzia/nebarTvis gacemis valdebulebis aReba. qarTu-li eklesia sruli subieqtunarianobiT sargeblobs, mas aqvs sakuTa-ri uflebebis dacvis samarTlebrivi da praqtikuli SesaZlebloba. amasTan, aRniSnuli valdebuleba ara ubralod keTili nebis gam-ovlena, aramed saxelmwifosTvis religiuri funqciebis mikuTvnebaa, radgan am yovelives administrireba da praqtikuli realizacia eklesias, rogorc ssip-s, isedac ZaluZs. aqedan gamomdinare, kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqti unda gauqmdes.

5. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, eklesia uSualod ar axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas, rac orgvarad SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli. erTi mxriv, konstruqcia deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa, Sesabamisad, igi araviTar valdebulebas warmoSobs. meore mxriv, msgavsi formuli-reba calsaxa araa da interpretaciisas, sxvagvarad ganmartebis Sesa-Zleblobasac iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi, eklesiis mimarT valdebulebaa dadgenili, romliTac mas samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebas ukrZalavs (pozitiuri akrZalva). nebismieri interpretaciisas, debuleba sekularizmis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. vinaidan sxva religi-uri gaerTianebebis mimarT araa msgavsi SezRudva dadgenili, gaugebari da logikurad gaumarTlebelia misi eqskluziurad marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT gavrceleba. es ukanaskneli Tavisufalia, Tavad gadawyvitos saqmianobis romel formas ganaxor-cielebs. amasTan, Tuki igi ara ùSualod~, aramed mis mier dafuZ-nebuli sxva pirebis meSveobiT ganaxorcielebs samewarmeo saqmiano-bas, debuleba mainc umoqmedo iqneba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti unda gauqmdes.

6. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia da gan-sakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs. mas, erTaderTs, aqvs msgavsi statusi Tanamdebobaze yofnis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi da gan-sxvavebiT prezidentisgan, romelic, aseve, xelSeuvalobiT sargeblobs, misi Tanamdeboba ar aris periodulobiT arCeviT gan-sazRvruli da miT umetes, saxelmwifos organizaciul struqturaSi Semavali. xelSeuvalobis miniWebiT, marTalia, gamoixateba kaToli-kos-patriarqis, rogorc qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mwyems-mTavris, mimarT gansakuTrebuli pativiscema da damokidebuleba, Tumca, imavdroulad, aRniSnuli, erTgvarad, damakninebelicaa. Zneli warmosadgenia praqtikuli SemTxveva, patriarqs sisxlissamarTle-brivi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuleba dasWirdes. xolo, Tu Te-oriulad msgavsi SemTxveva dadga, sakiTxavia, ratom unda gaTa-visufldes saqarTvelos romelime moqalaqe pasuxismgeblobisgan. amiT diskriminaciuli da arademokratiuli precedenti SeiZleba damkvidrdes. yvela adamiani kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, Sesabamisad, yvelas sakuTari qmedebis wili pasuxismgebloba unda miezRos. kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti amoRebul unda iqnas da rogorc konstituciis me-14 muxlTan Seusabamo, gauqmdes.

7. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan aTwleulze metis gasvlis miuxedavad, im normebis umravlesoba, romlebic TviTaRsrulebad

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xasiaTs ar atarebs, kvlavac formalur debulebad rCeba. marTalia, jer prezidentis, Semdeg ki mTavrobis mier ramdenime samarTlebrivi aqti iqna miRebuli da aRsrulebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ram-denime komisiac Seiqmna, Tumca qmediTi nabijebi ar gadadgmula.

sakanonmdeblo teqnikisa da politikur-samarTlebrivi kulturis uaRresad dabali donis maCvenebelia is garemoeba, rom normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi me-2 donis aqti TiTqmis formaluria. misi qmedi-TobisaTvis aucilebelia Seiqmnas ara formaluri, Tanamdebobis pirebisgan, aramed Sesabamisi sferos profesionalebisa da SeTanx-mebis mxareTa oficialuri warmomadgenlebisgan dakompleqtebuli muSa jgufebi, romlebic realur rekomendaciebs gaweren da praqtikul rCevebs miscemen rogorc saxelmwifos, ise qarTul ekle-sias. amasTan, aucilebelia dadgindes zusti da myari vadebi, Sesa-bamisi pasuxismgeblobiT, rac aRsrulebis procesis realur dawyebas ganapirobebs.

8. jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis am nawilis aRsrulebisaTvis aucilebelia SemuSavdes iseTi sistema, romelic uSualod adamianze iqneba morgebuli. Tanamedrove samyaroSi nebismieri saxelmwifo momsaxureba, maT So-ris, qorwinebis registracia, maqsimalurad gamartivebuli da dainteresebul pirze orientirebuli unda iyos. amitomac jvrisweris aRiarebisas saqarTvelom unda airCios efeqturi da gamarTuli modeli, romelic am procesSi piris minimalur CarTvas moiTxovs.

aucilebelia, ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqssa~ da `samoqalaqo aq-tebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi, romliTac jvrisweris aRiare-bisTvis samarTlebriv pirobebad samoqalaqo qorwinebis namdvilobis safuZvlebi iqneba miCneuli. amasTan, arsebuli registrirebuli samoqalaqo qorwineba jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebad unda iqnes aRiarebuli sakanonmdeblo doneze. aucilebelia, Seiqmnas eklesiis reestri, romelze wvdomac saxelmwifos Sesabamis saregis-tracio organoebs eqnebaT, rac faqtebis dublirebasa da Secdomis daSvebis albaTobas minimumamde Seamcirebs. amasTan, eklesiam unda Seqmnas gamarTuli sistema, romlis meSveobiTac yoveli saqorwino ritualis win samoqalaqo reestris bazebidan miiRebs utyuar da gadamowmebul informacias dasaqorwinebel pirTa ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. iusticiis ministris aqtiT detalurad unda mowesrigdes eklesiasa da saxelmwifo organoebs Soris informaciis gacvlisa da miwodebis sakiTxi. jvrisweris Sesaxeb monacemebi da dokumentacia eklesiam avtomatur reJimSi, dauyovnebliv unda mi-awodos Sesabamis saregistracio organoebs, romlebic maT erTian bazaSi moaqceven.

ganqorwinebis sakiTxi msoflioSi gavrcelebuli praqtikiT unda mowesrigdes da am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba saxelmwifos organoebis mxridan Sesabamisi wesiT daregistrirebul ganqorwinebas mieniWos.

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marTalia, aRniSnuli eklesiisTvis mboWavi Zalis ar iqneba da mas mxolod saxelmwifo aRiarebs, Tumca msgavsi modeli samoqalaqo urTierTobebis stabilurobisTvis gacilebiT xelsayrelia.

informaciis gamWvirvaleoba, saeklesio da saxelmwifo organoTa Soris efeqturi komunikacia, monacemTa da dokumentaciis gacvlis uzrunvelyofa da rac mTavaria, dauyovnebliv aRsruleba, saboloo jamSi, rogorc konstituciuri SeTanxmebis debulebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, ise misi debulebis deklaraciuli xasiaTis norma-tiulad transformacias ganapirobebs. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan am sakiTxSi TanamSromlobisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis Semdeg, Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia sxva `tradiciuli~ religiuri gaerTianebebis mier Sesrulebuli religi-uri qorwinebis samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebac, rac gacilebiT dem-okratiul, pluralistul da Tavisufal marTlwesrigs uzrun-velyofs.

9. religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmobis uzrunvelyofasTan da-kavSirebiT saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi srulad Tavsdeba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis procesis dadebiT konteqstSi, miT umetes, rom SeTanmebis pirveli muxlis me-6 punqtis debuleba mxolod deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa da raime valdebulebas ar Seicavs. igi saxelmwifos keTil nebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da misi mxridan religiuri dResaswaulebis uqme dReebad gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas da ara valdebulebas adgens. Sesabamisad, mcdaria saxelmwifosgan damatebiT religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmeebad gam-ocxadebis moTxovna konstituciur SeTanxmebaze miTiTebiT, miT umetes, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sadResaswaulo dasvenebis dReebi Sromis kodeqsSi isedac dasaSvebze gacilebiT metia.

10. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi eklesi-isTvis miyenebuli ziani da itvirTa am zianis anazRaureba. ziani, romelic marTlmadidebel eklesias miadga, jer ruseTis imperiis, Semdeg saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis, xolo bolos sabWoTa kavSiris mier iyo ganxorcielebuli. am sami subieqtidan, meoris garda, yvela saqarTvelos dampyrobelia da maTi samarTalmemkvidre vercerT SemTxvevaSi iqneba damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. Sesabamisad, erTaderTi periodi, romlis drosac miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebac saqarTvelos unda ekisra, 1918-1921 wlebia. pirveli respublikis mier religiuri gaer-Tianebebis mimarT sakmaod agresiuli kampania ganxorcielda, ris Sedegadac qarTuli eklesia, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, mniSvne-lovnad dazaralda. danarCen periodSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eklesiis Tanazomierad, Tavad iyo msxverpli, ris gamoc, alogikuria dazaralebulma sxva dazaralebulis mimarT kompensaciis movaleoba aiRos.

11. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtis debuleba, romliTac kompensaciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT specialur komi-sias normatiuli aqtebi unda moemzadebina, praqtikaSi ar ganxor-

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cielebula. mniSvnelovania kompensaciis raodenobisa da asanaz-Raurebeli moculobis dadgena ganxorcieldes saxelmwifosa da eklesiis SeTanxmebiT, aRniSnulis safuZvelze ki moxdes kompensaci-is saboloo odenobisa da misi gadaxdis periodis gansazRvra. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis miyenebuli zi-anic am konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli da ara ganyenebulad, ziani ki anazRaurdes proporciulad.

12. saxelmwifo biujetidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasar-geblod yovelwliurad aTeulobiT milioni lari ixarjeba. mxareTa SeTanxmebiTa da normaTa sistemuri analiziT, SeiZleba mas kompensa-ciac ewodos. Tumca misi zusti odenobisa da periodis ar-gansazRvris gamo, SeuZlebelia imis varaudi, Tu ra xnis manZilze SenarCundeba msgavsi praqtika. aucilebelia, eklesiis sasargeblod gamoyofil Tanxas oficialurad daerqvas kompensacia da sakanon-mdeblo doneze aikrZalos biujetidan eklesiis an romelime religiuri gaerTianebisaTvis uSualod religiuri saqmianobis ganx-orcielebisaTvis raime finansuri saxsrebis gamoyofa.

finansebTan dakavSirebiT, erTaderTi, razec SeiZleba eklesia da saxelmwifo SesaZloa SeTanxmdnen, es raime formiT saeklesio gadasaxadis an misi msgavsi institutis SemoRebaa. am SemTxvevaSi es-panuri modelis recefcia yvelaze adekvaturi iqneba. nacvlad pir-dapiri dafinansebisa, moqalaqeebis religiuri kuTvnilebis Sesabami-sad, winaswari Tanxmobis safuZvelze, maT mier saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod gadaxdili gadasaxadidan (rogorc wesi, saSemosavlo) gansazRvruli procenti Caericxeba Sesabamis religiur gaerTianebas. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubaria maqsimum 0,1-dan 0,5%-ze. amasTan, aucilebelia, daculi iyos im adamianTa uflebebi, visac gadasaxadis gadaxda ar surs, an ar miakuTvnebs Tavs romelime religiur gaer-Tianebas. maTi gadaxdili saSemosavlo srulad Cairicxeba sax-elmwifo biujetSi. am modelis pirobebSi saxelmwifo mxolod gadasaxadebis administrirebaSi daexmareba religiur gaerTianebebs da Suamavlis rols Seasrulebs, rogorc es gavrcelebulia civi-lizebul samyaroSi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom es Soreuli perspeqtivaa da amisaTvis ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, aramed sazogadoebis mentaluri mzaobac aucilebelia.

13. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT eklesiisTvis bevri SeRavaTia dadgenili, gadasaxadebis nawilisgan gaTavisuflebulia ara mxolod uSualod eklesia, aramed isic, vinc am ukanasknelis sasargeblod asrulebs restavracia-aRdgenis, moxatvis da msg. samuSaoebs. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis kuTxiT saxelmwifom nakisri valdebulebebis umravlesoba sagadasaxado kodeqssa da Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi aisaxa. qonebis gadasaxadSi, konkretulad miwasTan dakavSirebiT, eklesia araa gaTavisuflebuli gadasaxadis-gan, Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqtiT dadgenil SeRavaTebSi `miwa~ moqceulia. amitomac aucilebelia cvlileba Sevides sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli na-

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wilis è~ qvepunqtSi da sityvebi _ `garda miwisa~, amoRebul iqnes. am konstruqciis amoRebiT kanonmdebloba konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan SesabamisobaSic mova da axali mowesrigeba sxva religiur gaer-Tianebebsac mniSvnelovan SeRavaTs miscems.

14. Zalze mniSvnelovania, saxelwifom aradiskriminaciuli garemo da religiuri gaerTianebebis moqmedebisaTvis Tavisufali sivrce Se-qmnas. marTalia, zogadad, religiuri organizaciebi sxvadasxva SeRa-vaTiT sargebloben, Tumca maTsa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris uflebrivad seriozuli gansxvavebaa, rac sagadasaxado SeRavaTebSi vlindeba. saxelmwifos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis sagadasaxado privilegiebi SeTanxmebiT aqvs nakisri, rasac evrokomisiisa da ekle-sia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis zogadevropuli, TanamSromlobis modeli amarTlebs, Tumca meti pluralizmisa da gamWvir-valeobisaTvis, sasurvelia, saxelmwifom ramdenime eqskluziuri SeRavaTi sxvebzec gaavrcelos. aRniSnuli biujetSi seriozul cvlilebebs ar gamoiwvevs da arc ekonomikaze imoqmedebs uaryofiT-ad, radgan saxelmwifos gadmosaxedidan am ramdenime sferodan miRebuli Semosavali mizerulia, gansxvavebiT religiuri organi-zaciebisgan, romelTaTvis gadasaxadebSi daxarjuli Tanxa uzarmazar odenobas SeiZleba Seadgendes. am mizniT, umjobesi iqneba, saxelmwifom aiRos pozitiuri valdebuleba da sagadasaxado ko-deqsis 99-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ qvepunqtidan, 168-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v~ da meore nawilis `b~ qvepunqtebidan amoiRos sityvebi `saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier~. aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebac Sesruldeba da sxva religiuri organizaciebic Tanabari privilegiebiT isargebleb-en.

15. eklesiisaTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema metad aqtualuria saqarTveloSi. samwuxarod, es procesi sruliad gauazreblad da xSirad qaosurad mimdinareobs, rac uamrav problemas warmoSobs. garda imisa, rom ar ganxorcielebula gadacemuli da gadasacemi qonebis aRricxva, detalizeba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi marTlmadidebe-li eklesiisTvis mikuTvnebuli sakuTreba sxva religiur gaerTiane-baTa mxridan davis sagania. aucilebelia religiis sakiTxTa sax-elmwifo saagentom TiToeul maTganTan dakavSirebiT moamzados Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi da modave mxareTa Soris Suamavlis fun-qciaSeasrulos.

sacicocxlod mniSvnelovania, sabolood dadgindes, ra qoneba darCa saxelmwifos eklesiisTvis gadasacemi. amasTan, Sefasdes sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis gadasacemi qoneba da isini daubrun-des istoriul mesakuTreebs, an gadaeceT alternatiuli sakuTreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu restituciis pirveli varianti ver xerxdeba. pro-cesis dasrulebis Semdeg ki cvlilebebi unda Sevides `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi, raTa saxelmwifos aRar hqondes ufleba usasyidlod gadasces saxelmwifo qoneba eklesias da xeli Seuwyos mis zedmetad privilegirebul mdgomareobas.

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16. saxelmwifo muzeumebSi arsebuli saeklesio saganZuris mesakuTred eklesiis aRiarebis miuxedavad, dRemde ar arsebobs er-Tiani katalogi da saganZurs mikuTvnebuli nivTebis sruli aRwera ar ganxorcielebula. es garkveulwilad adasturebs konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis pirveli punqtis simbolur xasiaTs. normis realurad asamoqmedeblad, unda moxdes eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli, muzeumebis sacavebSi ganTavsebuli nivTebis dawvrilebiTi aRwera. garda amisa, unda Seicvalos amave muxlis me-2 punqtiT dadgenili samarTlebrivi nonsensi, romliTac xsenebuli nivTebi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia. norma unda Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: `zemoaRniSnuli saeklesio sa-ganZuri (wmida nawilebisa da wmida relikviebis garda), rogorc saerTo erovnuli saganZuris nawili, kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, aris saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi.~

17. saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtiT nakisri valdebuleba da SeimuSavos specialuri wesebi, normatiuli aqtis samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT, rogorc (a) saeklesio saganZuris dacvisa da sargeblobis, ise (b) kulturul-istoriuli Rirebulebebis mqone taZrebis aRdgenis, restavracia-konservaciisa da moxatvis proeqtebis damtkicebis Taobaze. marTalia, kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro eklesi-asTan aTanxmebs proeqtebs, Tumca am yovelives samarTlebrivi valdebulebis konkretuli saxe da procedura unda hqondes, raTa gansaxilvel sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT gacilebiT ukeTesi da sta-biluri reJimi damkvidrdes.

18. ganaTlebis sferoSi nakisri valdebulebebi saxelmwifom kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan 10 wlis Tavze ganaxorciela. sa-kanonmdeblo cvlilebebma uzrunvelyo SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba. am mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi dadebiTad unda Sefasdes. imavdroulad, aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaTlebis sistemaSi religiis in-tegrirebasTan dakavSirebiT socialuri problemebi kvlavac arsebobs, romelze reagirebac samarTlebrivad aucilebelia. Sesa-bamisad, rekomendaciac sasurvel-SesaZleblobis xasiaTs atarebs. sasurvelia, mkacri kontroli dawesdes sajaro skolebSi religiuri simboloebis, erToblivi locvebisa da religiuri niSniT diskrimi-naciis faqtebze. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, TiToeul darRvevaze ad-ekvaturi da proporciuli RonisZiebebi gatardes, rac momaval darRvevaTa prevenciasac uzrunvelyofs. aucilebelia, aseve, gamkacrdes saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier dafuZnebuli an mas daqvemdebarebuli saswavleblebis avtorizaciisa da maT mier gan-saxorcielebel programaTa akreditaciis procesi.

19. dadebiTad unda Sefasdes sasjelaRsrulebis sferoSi kon-stituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebis aRsruleba. peni-tenciur sistemasTan marTlmadidebeli eklesia aqtiurad TanamSromlobs. specialuri brZanebiTaa dadgenili marTlmadidebel

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da sxva aRmsarebel braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiuri uflebebis ganxorcieleba. misasalmebelia is garemoeba, rom yvela religiuri gaerTianebisa da religiis mimarT samarTlebrivad Tana-bari midgomebi moqmedebs. urTierTobaTa specifika ki zogadad aRi-arebul, civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi arsebul sistemebTanaa TanxvedraSi.

20. sasjelaRsrulebis sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavdacvis sferoSi specialuri mowesrigeba ar arsebobs, Tumca, sxva mxriv, mdgomareoba damakmayofilebelia. sasurvelia, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi moqmedi samx-edro moZRvris (kapelanis) statusi, misi daniSvnis wesi da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi sakanonmdeblo doneze (an minimum ministris normatiuli aqtiT) ganisazRvros, rac mas gacilebiT met stabilu-robas SesZens da konkretuli ministris keTil nebasa Tu mmarTveli Zalis ganwyobaze ar iqneba damokidebuli.

saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT damkvidrebuli marTlwesrigi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis evropuli modelisTvis ucxo ar aris. mis mimarT bevri kiTxva da problema arsebobs, Tumca maTi gadawyveta oficialuri politikis arCeviT, samarTlebriv doneze aqtebis daxvewiTa da aradiskrimi-naciuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT sruliad SesaZlebelia. amasTan, aucilebelia, sistemurad Seicvalos religiis sferoSi saxelmwifo politika da igi erTian samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moeqces. SeTavazebuli rekomendaciebisa da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis (ix. danarTi 1, 2, 3) gaTvaliswinebis SemTxevaSi, saxelmwifo SeZlebs ara marto qarTul eklesiasTan, aramed sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT adekvaturi, demokratiuli da Tanamedrove marTlwesrigi Seqmnas, erTdroulad, mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiur inter-esebsac daakmayofilebs da religiuri umciresobebis rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis daubrkoleblad ganxorcielebasac uzrunvelyofs.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces imasac, rom konstituciu-ri SeTanxmeba ubralod gamorCeul da ierarqiulad maRal sa-marTlebriv dokumentad ar darCes, romelsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba ar gaaCnia. misi debulebebi unda aRsruldes da dainergos. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod konstituciuri SeTanxmebis arseboba sakmarisi araa. aucilebelia religiur organizaciebTan mimarTebiT saxelmwifos erTiani midgoma da politika samarTlebriv doneze ad-ekvaturad gamoixatos. amisTvis ki mniSvnelovania religiuri organ-izaciebis Taobaze specialuri kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, romelic ada-mianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacviT maqsimalurad demokratiul, Tana-bari SesaZleblobebis damfuZnebel religiur garemos daudebs sa-Taves. saxelmwifom unda SeZlos da sazogadoebas miawodos sruli informacia saxelmwifo-religiuri organizaciebis urTierTobebis specifikis Taobaze, raTa marginalizebulma jgufebma ar SeZlon sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris ganxeTqilebisa da areulobis Setana. rogorc `sekularuli~ araa saSiSi sityva, ise eklesia-saxelmwifos

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`TanamSromloba~ araa konstituciis principebis darRveva. aucilebelia yovelive es samarTlebrivi standartebis dacviT ganx-orcieldes.

da bolos, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba srulad iqneba aRsrulebu-li, rodesac ara mxolod politikuri neba iarsebebs amis Taobaze, aramed obieqtur sinamdvileSi eklesiis zomieri privilegirebuli statusi sxva religiur jgufTa mxridan diskriminaciis gancdas ar gamoiwvevs. aucilebelia jer Tavad dokumentis mniSvnelovani xarvezebi aRmoifxvras, Semdeg ki zogadad religiuri organi-zaciebis uflebebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswineba dadges dRis wesrigSi, radganac msgavs gaerTianebaTa maRali statusi da stabi-lurobis gancda, saxelmwifosTan erTad, Tavad saqarTvelos samo-ciqulo eklesiis upirvelesi interesi unda iyos. mxolod msgavs qmedebaTa ganxorcielebiTaa SesaZlebeli, saqarTvelom Tanamedrove samyaros miRwevebTan da civilizaciis gamowvevebTan mimarTebiT ad-ekvaturi pozicia daiWiros da ganviTardes.

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danarTi 1

konstituciuri kanoni `saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~

muxli 1. saqarTvelos konstituciaSi (saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, 1995, 31-33, mux. 668) Setanil iqnes cvlileba: 1. me-6 muxlis me-2 punti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`2. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. saqarTve-los saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, sakonstitucio SeTanx-mebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi norma-tiuli aqtebis mimarT.~

2. me-9 muxlis me-2 punti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis urTierToba ganisazRvreba sakonstitucio SeTanxmebiT.~ muxli 2. konstituciuri kanoni amoqmeddes gamoqveynebisTanave. saqarTvelos prezidenti giorgi margvelaSvili

228

danarTi 2

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel

eklesias Soris konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi~ cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb

muxli 1. Sevides cvlilebebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da

saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias

Soris konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi~ (SemdegSi `konstituciuri

SeTanxmeba~):

1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxelwodeba Camoyalibdes Semdegi

redaqciiT:

`saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-

falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba~.

2. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis 1-li muxlis me-5 punqti amoRebul

iqnas.

3. konstituciuriSeTanxmebis me-2 muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegi

redaqciiT:

`muxli 2.

saxelmwifo mxars uWers aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidumlos dacvas.

aravis aqvs ufleba, sasuliero pirs mosTxovos informacia, rome-

lic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc

sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili.~

4. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 da me-5 punqtebi

amoRebul iqnas.

5. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti Camoyalibdes

Semdegi redaqciiT:

`2. zemoaRniSnuli saeklesio saganZuri (wmida nawilebisa da wmida

relikviebis garda), rogorc saerTo erovnuli saganZuris nawili,

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, aris saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi.~

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muxli 2. cvlilebebi amoqmeddes saqarTvelos parlamentisa da

saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

wmida sinodis mier damtkicebisTanave.

saqarTvelos prezidenti

giorgi margvelaSvili saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II

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danarTi 3

saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos zogierT sakanonmdeblo aqtSi

cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb~ muxli 1. „normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis (saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 33, 09.11.2009, mux. 200) me-7 mux-lis me-4 punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`4. saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdeg-eba saqarTvelos konstitucias da konstituciur kanons, aqvs upi-ratesi iuridiuli Zala yvela sxva normatiuli aqtis mimarT.~

muxli 2. `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi (saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 48, 09.08.2010, mux. 312) Setanil iqnes Semdegi cvlileba: 1. me-3 muxlis: a) 1-li punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`1. saxelmwifo qonebis SemZeni (garda saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTis privat-izebis SemTxvevisa) SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos an ucxo qveynis moqalaqe an kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri an pirTa gaerTianeba, romlis qonebaSic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos monawileobis wili 25%-ze naklebia, agreTve saxelmwifos, sxva subieqtis an saxelmwifosa da sxva subieqtis mier erToblivad dafuZnebuli arasamewarmeo (arako-merciuli) iuridiuli piri, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki.~

b) me-2 punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`2. saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo dan-iSnulebis miwis nakveTis privatizeba SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos moqalaqisaTvis an saqarTveloSi registrirebuli kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirisaTvis sasyidliT, xolo usaxlkarod darCenili saqarTvelos im moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebic cxovrobdnen an cxovroben okupirebul teritoriebze – usasyidlod.~

g) me-5 punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`5. qonebis mmarTveli saqarTvelos mTavrobis TanxmobiT fizikur pirebs an/da kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs, saqarTvelos erov-

231

nul banks sakuTrebaSi gadascems saxelmwifo qonebas misi tolfasi qonebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadmocemis sanacvlod. am qonebis gadacemis wesi da pirobebi ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis ministris brZanebiT.~

2. me-63 muxlis 1-li punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`1. saxelmwifo qonebis usasyidlod sakuTrebaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs saqarTvelos mTavroba. saqarTvelos mTav-robis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze saxelmwifo qoneba usasyidlod sakuTrebaSi SeiZleba gadaeceT saqarTvelos okupirebuli terito-riebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs _ devnilebs.~

3. me-11 muxli amoRebul iqnas. 4. 35-e muxlis me-8 punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`8. am muxlis pirveli–me-6 punqtebis moqmedeba agreTve vrceldeba sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze, garda moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebisa da SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebisa. saxelmwifo kontrols daqvemdebarebul sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirsTavis sargeblobaSi arsebuli saxelmwifo qonebis gadacemis ufleba aqvs mxolod saxelmwifo kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli organos Tanx-mobiT.~

muxli 3. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi (saqarTvelos sakanon-mdeblo macne, 54, 12.10.2010, mux. 343) Setanil iqnes Semdegi cvlile-ba: 1. 99-e muxlis 1-li nawilis `d~ qvepunqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: `d) religiuri daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli jvrebis, sanTlebis, xatebis, wignebisa da kalendrebis realizaciiT miRebuli mogeba;~ 2. 168-e muxlis: a) 1-li nawilis `v~ qvepunqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: `v) religiuri organizaciis mier jvris, sanTlis, xatis, wignis, ka-lendrisa da sxva saRvTismsaxuro sagnebis miwodeba, romlebic gam-oiyeneba mxolod religiuri mizniT;~ b) me-2 nawilis `b~ qvepunqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

232

`b) religiuri organizaciis dakveTiT taZrebisa da eklesiebis mSenebloba, restavracia da moxatva;~ 3. 206-e muxlis 1-li nawilis è~ qvepunqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: è) organizaciis qoneba, agreTve organizaciaze lizingiT gacemuli qoneba, garda organizaciis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis gam-oyenebuli qonebisa;~ muxli 4.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqss (parlamentis uwyebani, 31, 24 ivlisi, 1997, gv. 1) daematos Semdegi Sinaarsis 11061-e muxli:

`muxli 11061. jvriswera

1. jvriswera aris saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebamosili sasuliero piris mier ka-

nonikuri samarTlisa da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadge-

nili wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwineba.

2. jvrisweraze vrceldeba qorwinebisaTvis saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgenili wesi. kanonikuri miznebidan gamomdi-

nare, saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli

eklesia uflebamosilia daawesos damatebiTi pirobebi.~

muxli 5. `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi

(saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne (www.matsne.gov.ge), 28.12.2011, sare-

gistracio kodi: 040200010.05.001.016538) Setanil iqnes Semdegi cvlile-

ba:

1. 48-e muxlis Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciT:

`muxli 48. qorwinebis warmoSoba 1. qorwinebis warmoSobisaTvis savaldebuloa misi registracia

samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos mier. 2. jvriswera mxolod samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos

mier registraciis Sedegad iZens samarTlebriv Zalas.~

2. daematos Semdegi Sinaarsis 521-e muxli:

`muxli 52. jvrisweris registracia

233

1. jvrisweris registraciis mimarT vrceldeba am kanonis 52-e mux-liT dadgenili winapirobebi.

2. jvrisweris Sesrulebis Semdeg jvrisweris ganmaxorcielebeli eklesia monacemebsa da jvrisweris Sesrulebis damadasturebel mowmobas dauyovnebliv miawvdis samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos, romelic Semowmebis Semdeg aregistrirebs mas.

3. jvrisweris registraciis procedurasa da saqarTvelos samo-ciqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan monacemTa gacvlis wess, eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT, amtkicebs iusticiis minis-tri.~

muxli 6. es kanoni amoqmeddes gamoqveynebisTanave. saqarTvelos prezidenti giorgi margvelaSvili

234

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saqarTvelos 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstitucia saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi

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saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsi saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi `samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni „samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni ùmaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~ saqarTvelos 2015 wlis 27 noembris kanoni `samxedro mosamsaxuris statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni èqimis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos 2011 wlis 5 ivlisis kanoni `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~ sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenileba `religiis saqmeTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstitucia saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 13 seqtembris kanoni `samaswavleblo institutis da seminar-iebis gaerovnebisa~ saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 26 noembris kanoni `saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gauqmebisa~ saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos respublikis 1919 wlis 17 ivnisis kanoni ùqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #125 brZanebuleba „saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebulebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis Taobaze~ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 19 Tebervlis #177 dadgenileba `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ religiis sakiTxa sax-elmwifo saagentos Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenileba `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa

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totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anaz-RaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ damtkicebis Taobaze~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 18 aprilis #82 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisiis Se-qmnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis 63 dadgenilebaSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #63 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanx-mebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisi-is Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 2014 wlis 13 martis #437 gankarguleba `saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebeb-isTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis na-wilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2013 wlis 23 agvistos 115/n brZaneba `saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis mier 2005 wlidan 2013 wlis pirvel ianvramde gacemuli/gasacemi ga-naTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis aRiarebis wesis damtkice-bis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2011 wlis 11 mar-tis #36/n brZaneba èrovnuli saswavlo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2009 wlis 19 ivnisis #448 brZaneba `saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi Semadgenlobis departamentis debulebis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2011 wlis 21 ivlisis #583 brZaneba `saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis da sax-meleTo jarebis TanamSromelTa/mosamsaxureTa samsaxuris gavlis wesis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmare-bis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2012 wlis 26 ivlisis #290 brZaneba `saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da ga-formebis Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze~ advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi UN Religious Tolerance Declaration (1981) Constitution of Burkina Faso, 1991

Constitution of Mali, 1992

252

Constitution of Namibia, 1990

Constitution of Rwanda, 2003

Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, 1995

Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980

Constitution of the French Republic, 1958

Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975

Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947

Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853

Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, 1975

Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006

Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, 1831

Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway, 1814

Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1978,

Constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden (The Instrument of Government, 1974)

Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherland, 1983

Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993

Constitution of the Principality of Monaco, 1962 Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990

Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991

Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, 1972

Constitution of the Republic of Chad, 1996

Constitution of the Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, 2000

Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, 1960

Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, 2008

Constitution of the Republic of Gabon, 1991

Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia, 1997

Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1990

Constitution of the Republic of India, 1950

Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, 1937

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1995

Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar, 2010

Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990

Constitution of the Republic of Senegal, 2001

Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, 2006

Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, 1994

Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982

Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993

Constitution of the Slovak Republic, 1992

Constitution of Togo, 1992

Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, 1953

Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola, 1992

Constitutional Law of Turkmenistan, 1992

Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007

Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act of Ireland, 1972

Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991

New Constitution of the Republic of the Congo, 2002

Post-Transition Constitution of the Republic of Burundi, 2005

253

Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 26 December, 1933

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1989

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by the State”, 1981

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Royal Titles Act of New Zealand, 1974

The Church Act (Kirkkojärjestys 1055/1993)

Act on the Orthodox Church (Laki Ortodoksisestakirkosta 985/2006)

SeTanxmebebi saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur

marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebs Soris

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da

saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erToblivi komisiis urTierTgagebis memorandumi, 2005 wlis 22 ian-vari

saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xelSekruleba, 2001 wlis 20 aprili

SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-bel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Soris pro-bacionerTa da arapatimar msjavrdebulTa resocializaciis sfer-oSi, 2006 wlis 1 marti.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris #1/1/477 gadawyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~ saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 22 noembris #2/18/206 ganCineba saqmeze `moqalaqe zurab aroSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 30 maisis #bs-722-707(2k-12) ganCineba. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 seqtembris #bs-477-471(2k-12) gadawyvetileba

254

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 9 Tebervlis #bs-1599-1575(k-11) ganCineba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gako-trebis saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gad-awyvetileba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo

S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1 July, 2014 Seibenhaar v. Germany, [ECtHR], App. No. 18136/02, 3 February 2011

Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011

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Dogru v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 27058/05, 4 December, 2008

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40825/98, 31 july 2008

Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Austria, [ECtHR], App. no. 40825/98, 31 July 2008

Hasen and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App.no. 1448/04, 9 January 2008

Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007

Svyato-Mykhayliyska Parafiya v. Ukraine, [ECtHR], App. no. 77703/01, 14 June 2007

97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia,

[ECtHR], App. no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007

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Nielsen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], App. no. 10929/84, 28 November 1988

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5920/72; 5926/72, 7 December 1976

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia

Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December, 1986

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Knudsen v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 11045/84, 8 of March, 1985

X v. the United Kingdom, [ECHR], App. no. 8231/78, 6 March 1982, D.R.28.

axali zelandiis umaRlesi sasamarTlo

Carrigan v. Renwood, 1910, 30 N.Z.L.R. 244, 252.

Mabon v. Conference of the Methodist Church of New Zealand, 1998, 3 N.Z.L.R. 513,523.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri da umaRlesi sasamarTloebi

McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union, 545 U.S. 893 (2005)

Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005)

Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000)

Lee v. Weismann, 505 U.S. 577 (1992)

Spiritual Outreach Society v. Commisssioner, 972 F.2d335 (8th Cir. 1991)

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Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)

Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970)

Aranow v. United States, 432 F.2d 242,243 (9th Cir. 1970)

Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 444 n.3 (1969)

Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 106 (1968)

Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 224 (1963)

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Follet v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944)

Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943)

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saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros 2015 wlis 19 agvistos werili #MCLA 91500682903

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<http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014]

<http://constcourt.ge/ge/news/2015-wlis-9-oqtombers-saqartvelos-sakonstitucio-

sasamartloshi-shemovida-sarcheli.page> [10.11.2015]

<http://ena.ge/explanatoryonline> [05.11.2015]