romis samarTlis safuZvlebi leqciebis kursi - · PDF fileromis samarTali, romlis gareSec sruliad warmoaudgenelia Tanamedrove civilizaciebis kerZo samarTlis arseboba. swored romis samarTlis

marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia

romis samarTlis safuZvlebi

leqciebis kursi

Tbilisi

2007

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Sinaarsi

teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi ..................................................................................................................... 7

Sesavali........................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli sistemebi ............................................................................................ 9

I. civiluri samarTali (ius civile) ...................................................................................................................... 9

II. pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium) ........................................................................................................ 9

III. xalxis samarTali (ius gentium) .................................................................................................................... 9

IV. bunebiTi samarTali (ius naturale) ............................................................................................................... 11

Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi ................................................................................................................... 12

I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr. Sobamde 753-367ww.) ........................................ 12

$1. CveulebiTi samarTali ............................................................................................................................. 13

$2. Lex (leges) (kanoni) da plebiscita (plebiscitebi)................................................................................. 15

a) Lex (leges) - kanoni ..................................................................................................................................... 15

b) Plebiscita - plebiscitebi ......................................................................................................................... 17

$3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro .................................................................................................. 17

$4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro ................................................................... 18

$5. Iurisprudencia (romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba) ................................................................ 20

$6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi ........................................................................................................................ 25

a) Iudicatum (sasamarTlo precedenti)................................................................................................... 25

b) Senatusconsultum (senatuskonsulti) ................................................................................................... 25

g) Edicta magistratuum (magistratebis ediqtebi) ................................................................................... 26

d) Constitutiones principum (imperatorebis konstituciebi) .............................................................. 27

II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 367-17 ww.) ................................................................................. 28

III. klasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 w.) ............................................................ 31

IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.) .......................................................................................................... 33

V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.)............................................................................................................... 35

VI. romis samarTali da misi recefcia evropaSi................................................................................... 36

$1. glosatorTa saqmianoba ........................................................................................................................... 36

$2. kanonistebi .................................................................................................................................................... 37

$3. `VII muxli~ .................................................................................................................................................... 37

VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali .................................................................... 37

$1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores .................................................................................................................... 38

$2. humanistebi ..................................................................................................................................................... 38

$3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria .................................................................................................................. 38

$4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli) .................................................................................... 39

$5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi ................................................................................................................... 39

VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi ................................................... 39

$1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi ............................................................................................................................... 40

$2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common law

and equity) ................................................................................................................................................................ 40

Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi da

Taviseburebani ............................................................................................................................................................ 41

I. Civitas warmoSoba. Rex-ebis periodi ............................................................................................................ 42

$1. Rex (reqsi) ...................................................................................................................................................... 43

$2. senati ............................................................................................................................................................... 43

$3. xalxi da saxalxo krebebi ..................................................................................................................... 44

II. patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika ....................................................................................... 45

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$1. magistratura ................................................................................................................................................ 46

$2. senati ............................................................................................................................................................... 47

$3. saxalxo krebebi .......................................................................................................................................... 48

III. msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.) ....................................................................................................... 49

$1. principati ...................................................................................................................................................... 49

$2. dominati (Dominatus) ................................................................................................................................... 51

Tavi IV. uflebaTa dacva ....................................................................................................................................... 53

I. sasamarTlo organizacia Zvel romSi ..................................................................................................... 53

II. procesis cneba, saxeebi da stadiebi Zvel romSi ............................................................................. 54

III. Lege agere (kanonismieri procesi) ............................................................................................................... 56

IV. Per formulas agere (formularuli procesi) ............................................................................................ 58

V. procesualuri warmomadgenloba ............................................................................................................. 64

VI. Indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma) ................................................................................................................... 65

VII. Litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena) ..................................................................................................... 66

VIII. sarCelebis konkurencia ........................................................................................................................... 66

IX. Iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba) ................................................................................................. 67

X. interdiqtuli warmoeba ............................................................................................................................... 68

XI. saaRsrulebo warmoeba ................................................................................................................................ 69

XII. Extra ordinem cognitio (eqstraordinaluri procesi) ............................................................................ 70

XIII. postklasikuri procesi ........................................................................................................................... 72

Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi .................................................................................................... 73

I. Servi (monebi) .......................................................................................................................................................... 73

II. Liberti (ucxoelebi)............................................................................................................................................. 77

III. Peregrini (ucxoelebi)........................................................................................................................................ 78

IV. Personae alieni iuris (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi) ................................................................... 80

V. Capitis deminutio (uflebaunarianobis damcroba) .................................................................................... 82

VI. Persona (piri) ....................................................................................................................................................... 83

VII. moyvroba ............................................................................................................................................................ 86

VIII. Colonus (koloni) ............................................................................................................................................ 87

IX. Universitates (iuridiuli pirebi).................................................................................................................. 87

X. warmomadgenloba ............................................................................................................................................. 89

Tavi VI. Zveli romis saojaxo samarTali ..................................................................................................... 91

I. Familia et gentilitas (ojaxi da naTesaoba) ...................................................................................................... 91

II. Sponsalia et nuptiae (niSnoba da qorwineba) ................................................................................................. 92

III. Concubinatus (konkubinati) .............................................................................................................................. 95

IV. Dos (mziTevi) ...................................................................................................................................................... 95

V. Adoptio (Svileba) ............................................................................................................................................... 100

VI. Divortium (qorwinebis Sewyveta) ............................................................................................................... 100

VII. Paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi) ..................................................................................................................... 102

VIII. Tutela et cura (mzrunveloba da meurveoba) ......................................................................................... 106

Tavi VII. Zveli romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali .................................................................................... 110

I. Ab intestato, successio legitima (kanoniT memkvidreoba) .............................................................................. 110

II. Successio testamentaria (anderZiT memkvidreoba) ....................................................................................... 113

Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali ............................................................................................................... 116

I. qoneba .................................................................................................................................................................... 116

II. Res (nivTebi) .................................................................................................................................................... 116

$1. Res extra commercium (brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi) ..................................................................... 118

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$2. Familia et pecunia ............................................................................................................................................ 118

$3. Res manicipi et res nec manicipi (mancipirebadi da aramancipirebadi nivTebi) .......................... 118

$4. Genus et species (gvarobiTi da individualuri nivTebi) .............................................................. 119

$5. Res mobiles et res immobiles (moZravi da uZravi nivTebi) .................................................................. 121

$6. Res corporales et res incorporales ..................................................................................................................... 121

$7. gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi ........................................................................................................ 121

$8. gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebadi nivTebi ........................................................................................... 122

$9. martivi da rTuli nivTebi .................................................................................................................. 122

$10. ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi ...................................................................................................... 122

$11. sakuTvnebeli ............................................................................................................................................. 122

$12. Fructus (nayofi) .......................................................................................................................................... 122

III. sakuTreba ......................................................................................................................................................... 123

$1. sakuTrebis ufleba .................................................................................................................................. 123

$2. sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi ............................................................................................................ 123

$3. Communio (condominium _ TanasakuTreba) ........................................................................................... 124

$4. sakuTrebis SeZenis saSualebebi ........................................................................................................ 124

a) Occupatio (okupacia) ................................................................................................................................. 125

b) ganZi ............................................................................................................................................................ 125

g) Specificatio (gadamuSaveba) ...................................................................................................................... 125

$5. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT ............................................................................... 126

a) Mancipatio (mancipacia) ............................................................................................................................ 126

b) in iure cessio ................................................................................................................................................. 127

g) Traditio (gadacema) ................................................................................................................................... 127

$6. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi ............................................................................................................... 127

a) Dominium ex iure Quiritium (kvirituli sakuTreba) ........................................................................ 127

b) peregrinebis sakuTreba ...................................................................................................................... 127

g) provinciuli sakuTreba ..................................................................................................................... 127

d) Res sua in bonis (bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba) ....................................................... 128

e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTliT ................................................................................................ 128

$7. Usucapio (SeZena xandazmulobiT) ........................................................................................................ 128

$8. sakuTrebis uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudva .......................................................................... 129

$9. sakuTrebis uflebis dacva .................................................................................................................. 129

IV. Possessio (mflobeloba) ............................................................................................................................... 131

V. Servitutem (servituti) ..................................................................................................................................... 132

$1. servitutis cneba ...................................................................................................................................... 132

$2. servitutebis warmoSoba ....................................................................................................................... 133

$3. servitutis saxeebi .................................................................................................................................. 133

$4. sasoflo (saadgilmamulo) servituti ........................................................................................... 133

$5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi.......................................................................................................... 134

$6. saqalaqo (saadgilmamulo) servitutebi ........................................................................................ 134

$7. piradi servitutebi ................................................................................................................................. 134

$8. servitutis Sewyveta................................................................................................................................ 135

$9. servitutis dacva ..................................................................................................................................... 135

$10. dacvis sxva saSualebebi ..................................................................................................................... 135

VI. Surepficies et emphyteusis (superficiumi da emfiTevzisi) .................................................................. 135

$1. superficiumi .............................................................................................................................................. 135

$2. emfiTevzisi ................................................................................................................................................. 136

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$3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi ........................................................................................................................ 137

$4. emfiTevzisis warmoSoba ........................................................................................................................ 137

$5. emfiTevzisis gadatana ............................................................................................................................ 138

$6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta ............................................................................................................................ 138

Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali .................................................................................... 138

I. valdebulebis cneba ...................................................................................................................................... 140

II. valdebulebaTa klasifikacia .................................................................................................................. 141

III. valdebulebis Sinaarsi ............................................................................................................................. 142

IV. valdebulebis wyaro .................................................................................................................................. 142

$1. verbaluri kontraqti ............................................................................................................................. 143

a) stipulatio et obligatio verbis-is klasikuri struqtura ..................................................................... 144

b) stipulaciis Sinaarsi da misi saxeebi ........................................................................................ 145

g) Acceptilatio (valis gadaxdis aRiareba) ........................................................................................... 145

d) stipulaciis dasasruli ................................................................................................................... 146

e) Transacriptio nominum (sakredito valdebulebebis gadawera) ................................................ 146

v) Chyrographa (subieqturi) da Synographa (obieqturi sakredito dokumentebi) ............... 147

z) baTili da arara stipulaciebi..................................................................................................... 147

$2. stipulaciis baTiloba .......................................................................................................................... 148

a) ganusazRvreli obieqtis stipulacia .......................................................................................... 148

$3. Novatio (novacia) .......................................................................................................................................... 148

$4. rwmunebuleba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa. ..................................................................................... 149

$5. Intercessio (intercesia) .............................................................................................................................. 150

$6. piradi rwmunebuloba iustinianes samarTalSi. ......................................................................... 151

$7. Dotis dictio ....................................................................................................................................................... 151

$8. Operarum iurata promissio ................................................................................................................................ 151

$9. Nomen transcripticium (literaluri kontraqti) ............................................................................... 151

$10. Re (realuri kontraqtebi) .................................................................................................................. 151

$11. Consensu (konsensualuri kontraqtebi)........................................................................................... 152

V. Re (realuri kontraqtebi) ......................................................................................................................... 152

$1. Mutuum, mutui datio – (sesxi) ...................................................................................................................... 153

$2. Foenus nauticum, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi) .............................................................................. 153

$3. Commodatum (sesxi) .................................................................................................................................... 154

$4. Depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba). ................................................................................................... 155

$5. Fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba) ............................................................................................. 155

$6. Pignus datum (giravnoba) ............................................................................................................................ 156

$7. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi da xelSekrulebebi ...................................................................... 156

VI. brali xelSekrulebaSi ............................................................................................................................. 156

VII. Consensu (konsensualuri xelSekruleba) ......................................................................................... 157

$1. Emptio-venditio (yidva-gayidva) ................................................................................................................. 158

$2. Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba) ................................................................................................ 162

$3. Societas (amxanagobis xelSekruleba) .................................................................................................. 164

$4. Locatio - conductio (qiravnoba, ijara). .................................................................................................... 165

VIII. Quasi ex contractu (kvazi kontraqtebi) ................................................................................................... 167

$1. Negotiorium gestio (sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba). .................................................. 167

$2. Solutio indebiti (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili fsevdo xelSekruleba) ......... 167

IX. Pacta (paqtebi) .................................................................................................................................................. 168

X. Delictum (deliqti) .......................................................................................................................................... 171

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$1. Delictum cneba da pirobebi .................................................................................................................... 171

$2. Furtum (qurdoba) ........................................................................................................................................ 173

$3. Rapina (Zarcva) ............................................................................................................................................. 174

$4. Damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba) ..................................................... 174

$5. Iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa) ......................................................................................................... 175

XI. Quasi ex delicto (kvazideliqtebi) ............................................................................................................... 176

Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali ..................................................................................................... 177

I. sisxlis samarTlis principebi ................................................................................................................ 182

$1. kanonierebis principi ............................................................................................................................. 182

$2. moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi .................................................................. 182

$3. braleulobis principi .......................................................................................................................... 183

$4. samarTlianobis principi ...................................................................................................................... 183

$5. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi ................................................................................................... 183

$6. dasjadobis gardauvalobis principi ............................................................................................. 184

II. danaSauli romis samarTalSi .................................................................................................................. 184

III. brali ................................................................................................................................................................. 185

$1. Seracxaoba ................................................................................................................................................... 186

$2. danaSaulis obieqturi mxare .............................................................................................................. 186

$3. danaSaulis Cadenis stadiebi .............................................................................................................. 186

$4. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba ............................................................................................................. 187

$5. danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani ................................................................. 187

IV. sasjeli ............................................................................................................................................................ 189

$1. sasjelis cneba da misi miznebi ........................................................................................................ 189

$2. sasjelis daniSvna. danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis problema ....................... 189

$3. sasjelidan gaTavisuflebis wesi, Sewyaleba ............................................................................. 190

$4. arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani .................. 191

bibliografia ............................................................................................................................................................ 192

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teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi

Ins. Iust. _ iustinianes instituciebi

D. _ iustinianes digestebi

CI _ iustinianes kodeqsi

SC _ senatuskonsulta

Gai., I. _ gaiusis instituciebi

Ulp., _ ulpiane

Mod., _ modestinusiL

Pomp., _ pomponiusi

Pap., _ papiniane

Paul., _ pavlusi

Flor., _florentinusi

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Sesavali

`yvela gza romSi midis~ _ ambobs erTi xatovani gamonaTqvami. romSi mimaval mravalricxovan gzaTa

Soris yvelaze cnobili iyo uZvelesi via Latina – laTinuri gza, romelic qalaqSi Sedioda samxreT-

aRmosavleTidan, laTinuri karibWis mxridan, da, karakalas Termebis maxloblad, uerTdeboda via

Appia-s (apiusis gzas). orive magistrals ki saxelganTqmuli palatinisaken mivyavarT – Septimontium-s

(SvidborcvianTa) Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovani romauli borvcisaken. palatinis borcvis ukan,

Tvalwin iSleba mudmivi qalaqis guli – romauli forumi, aq Tavmoyrilia romaul RvTaebaTa

taZrebis umravlesoba, maT Soris dioskuriebis, konkordiis, saturninusis (romelSic ganTavsebuli

iyo saxelmwifo xazina da arqivi, agreTve tabulariumi – romis saxelmwifos oficialuri dokumen-

taciis – gasanTluli xis dafebis, papirusis gragnilebisa da pergamentis sacavi) salocavebi da

romaelTaTvis yvelaze sayvareli da saTayvanebeli qalRmerTis – vestas taZari. forumi iyo sabazro

da savaWro rigebis moedanic, sadac asrulebda sakuTar mogzaurobas mTeli samyarodan _ britane-

Tidan-indoeTamde da evropis CrdiloeTidan-CrdiloeT afrikamde _ wamosuli saqoneli. amavdrou-

lad, forumi iyo temperamentiT aRsavse, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centri: swored am moedanze

xdeboda is movlenebi, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes msoflio istoriis Semdgom ganviTa-

rebaSi. aqve aRimarTa rostrebi – oratorTa tribuna, romelsac amSvenebda, nadavlis saxiT xelSi

Cagdebuli, mtris xomaldebis cxvirebi (rostra). forumis am nawilidan mimarTavdnen xalxs saxel-

ganTqmuli oratorebi – apius klavdiusi usinaTlo, katoni ufrosi, gaius iulius keisari,

hortenzius hortalusi; aqedan ismenda romaeli xalxi didi ciceronis mgznebare gamosvlebs da aqve

gamofines misma jalaTebma, markus antoniusis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT dasjili mWermetyvelis

mokveTili Tavi da xelebi.

forumis suliskveTebiT ganimsWvala civilizaciis Semdgomi istoria. man Tanabrad SeiTvisa, samya-

rosaTvis Cveuli, sikeTe da boroteba, movlenaTa logika da mistiuroba, adamianTa sidiade da fuWi

gancdebi. am moedanze iyo ganTavsebuli kuria – sabWos Senoba, romelSic sxdomebs marTavda romau-

li senati. aqve iyo komiciebic – saxalxo krebebis Catarebis adgili, sadac irCevdnen umaRles Tanam-

debobis pirebsa da xalxi xmas aZlevda umniSvnelovanes kanonebs. forumi iqca tribunis adgiladac.

swored aqedan mimarTavdnen plebs tribuni plebis (xalxis tribuni), momavalSi ki – kurulis savarZelSi

msxdomi, konsulebi, pretorebi da kurulis edilebi. forumma saxeli imiTac gaiTqva, rom maszed

iqna gamofenili uZvelesi Leges duodecem tabularum (xis firfitebze amotvifruli kanonTa teqsti, rom-

lis originali ganadgurda, galebis mier romis darbevisas.).

romis saxelwmifoebriobis istoriis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, Zveli samyaros udidesi monapovari –

romis samarTali, romlis gareSec sruliad warmoaudgenelia Tanamedrove civilizaciebis kerZo

samarTlis arseboba. swored romis samarTlis gavrcelebiT moxda, romaelTa mxridan, samyaros

meoregzis dapyroba. amitomac, damkvidrda mosazreba, rom romma samgzis daipyro msoflio – pirve-

lad legionebis meSveobiT, meored – sakuTari samarTalganviTarebiT, mesamed ki – msoflio reli-

giis – qristianobis SemoReba-gavrcelebiT. romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum) ganuyofel nawils

warmoadgenda romauli Temis – civitas Romani samarTali – ius civile da romis imperiaSi Semavali

mravalricxovani xalxis samarTali – ius gentium. maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ki swored romis

forumze iqna dadgenili, xolo comitia-ze arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi – praetor (pretori), censor

(cenzori), aediles (edili), quaestor (qvestori) uzrunvelyofdnen romis samarTlis moTxovnaTa upirobo

aRsrulebasa da samarTaldamrRvevTa mkacr dasjas.

romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursis mizani da daniSnulbaa Seaswavlos, iuridiuli

fakultetis studentebs, romis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi da, TiToeuli etapi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saxelmwifo meqanizmis Taviseburebani, agreTve romis sajaro (ius publicum) da

kerZo samarTlis (ius privata) ZiriTadi institutebis Camoyalibebisa da evoluciis procesi; ganu-

martos maT, Tu ratom moxda romis samarTlis recefcia – dasavleT evropis qveynebSi misi ZiriTadi

debulebebis damkvidreba da, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebrivi urTier-

Tobebis mowesrigeba. ganaTlebuli iuristisaTvis savaldebuloa specialuri terminologiis Rrma

da safuZvliani codna: iuridiul terminTa umravlesoba ki laTinuri warmoSobisaa: iustitia, iurispru-

dentia, servitutes, ususfructus, occupatio, obligatio, contractus, testamentum, consensu, conventio, advocatus, respublica,

consul, censor, delicta da sxva.

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Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli sistemebi

romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursi Seiswavlis Zveli romis samarTlebriv sistemas,

romlis safuZvelzec Zvel romaelebsa da romSi mcxovreb ucxoelebs Soris samarTlebrivi urTier-

Tobebi regulirdeboda. romis saxelmwifos farglebSi samarTlis Tanamedrove sistemisagan gansxva-

vebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, kerZo da sajaro samarTali mkveTradaa erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, Zveli

romaelebi samarTlis sistemas erT mTlianobad ganixilavdnen da iuridiuli institutebis sxva-

dasxva aspeqts mxolod im socialuri rolis mixedviT adgendnen, Tu romelSic samarTlis subieq-

tebi gamodiodnen da romel sazogadoebriv avtoritets uzrunvelyofda adamianTa Soris tipur

kavSirTa normatiuli xasiaTi. Tu saqme exeboda calkeul pirTa _ privates _ (sityvidan privus gancal-

kevebuli, raimes uqoneli) individualur Tu saojaxo interesebs, maSin saxeze iyo kerZo urTier-

Tobebi, xolo subieqtebis formalizebuli neba, romelic maT kavSirebs gansazRvravda, kerZo kano-

nad (lex privata) iTvleboda. rodesac sakiTxi romaeli xalxis, kviritebis, saerTo interesebs (Populus

Romanus Quiritium) exeboda, maSin am urTierToebebis, anu sajaro interesebis, normatiul safuZvels

mTeli xalxis formalizebuli neba _ sajaro kanoni (lex publica) warmoadgenda.

urTierTobis monawileTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, romauli samoqalaqo Temis (civitas) samarTali (ius

civile), romaelTaTvis mkacrad erovnuli, kvirituli samarTali iyo, xolo zogadsavaldebulo da

sajarod mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebsa

da farglebs gansazRvravda. normaSemoqmedebiTi wesebi aRniSnuli normatiuli sistemis safuZvelze

regulirdeboda, romelic moicavda: religiur ritualebs, mmarTvelobis sayovelTao-saxalxo orga-

noebis (senati da magistratura) saqmianobas, marTlzomieri moTxovnebis sasamarTlo dacvis formebs,

ucxoelebTan urTierTobis principebs, piris statusis Secvlis wesebs, romauli moqalaqeobisa da

qorwinebis gansazRvris normebs, moqalaqeTa Soris (rogorc sicocxleSi, ise maTi gardacvalebis

Semdeg) qonebrivi urTierTobis (sanivTo, valdebulebiTi, memkvidreobiTi samarTali) myar formebs.

I. civiluri samarTali (ius civile)

uZveles romaul samarTals, erT-erTi mkvidri tomis kviritebis (Quiritium) saxelwodebis mixedviT,

kvirituli samarTali ewodeboda. es saxelwodeba uZveles garigebebSi terminad damkvidrda da

gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda, rodesac saqme nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas (sakuTreba

kvirituli samarTlis mixedviT dominium ex iure Quiritium) exeboda. mogvianebiT, samarTlis am sistemas

civiluri samarTali (ius civile) ewoda, riTac xazi gaesva romis moqalaqeTa samarTlis mkacrad erov-

nul xasiaTs (samarTlis viwro gagebiT). sakanonmdeblo doneze civiluri samarTliT kerZo samarT-

lis viwro erovnuli sistema regulirdeboda; farTo gagebiT ki, civiluri samarTali yvela komen-

tars moicavda, romelic romaelma iuristebma, XII dafis kanonTa sistemasTan erTad, Seqmes.

II. pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium)

samarTlis civiluri sistemis Tanadroulad, TandaTanobiT samarTlis axali sistema _ pretoruli

samarTali (ius praetorium), anu Tanamdebobis pirTa samarTali (ius honorarium) _ Camoyalibda. drois

kvalobaze, monaTmflobeluri sistemisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gabatonebuli socia-

luri fenis xelSi Tavi moiyara vaWrobiTa da mevaxSeobiT miRebulma kapitalma, msxvilma saadgil-

mamulo sakuTrebam, ris safuZvelzec socialuri dapirispireba gamwvavda. Zveli civiluri samarT-

lis dadgenilebebi, rogorc raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT, axal socialur-ekonomi-

kur pirobebs veRar pasuxobda. aRniSnuli xarvezebi saswrafo aRmofxvras saWiroebda, romlis gamos-

worebac sasamarTlo magistratebma _ pretorebma _ iTaves.

pretoruli samarTali Tanminmdevrulad iqmneboda, rasac Sedegad mohyva, ZiriTadad, pretoruli

ediqtebis safuZvleze Seqmnili, mTeli rigi axali institutebisa, romlebic samarTlebrivi dacvis

axali saSualebebiT aRiWurva. civiluri samarTali pretoruli samarTlis sistemas arc cvlida da

arc auqmebda, piriqiT, mis paralelurad iqmneboda da masTan erTad arsebobda.

III. xalxis samarTali (ius gentium)

civiluri samarTali gamoiyeneboda mxolod romis moqalaqeebis mimarT. is pirebi, romlebic romaul

Tems ar ganekuTvnebodnen, mtrebad (hostes) iTvlebodnen da samarTlebriv dacvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen.

warmoebisa da sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, ucxoelebis ZiriTadi kerZo

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uflebebis (sakuTrebis ufleba, xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba, memkvidreobis miReba da sxva) aRia-

reba da dacva savaldebelo gaxda, ris safuZvelze samarTlis axali sistema, xalxis samarTali (ius

gentium) Seiqmna.

Civiluri samarTali ara marto pretorul samarTals, aramed samarTlis kidev erT saxes _ xalxis

samarTals _ upirispirdeboda. Romis samarTlis istoriaSi es sistema yvelaze originaluri movlena

gaxldaT.

Istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad am sistemaSi sxvadasxva elementi gaerTianda. Tavdapirvelad,

xalxis samarTlis cnebaSi moiazreboda is uZvelesi samarTali, romlis mixedviTac ucxo TemebTan

romaelTa urTierTobebi wesrigdeboda. kerZod, qorwinebis sakiTxi (ius conubium) da vaWrobis ufleba

(ius commercium). mogvianebiT, samarTlis am sistemam SeiTvisa is CveulebiTi samarTali, romelic

praqtikulad gamoiyeneboda savaWro urTierTobebisas. es iyo zogadi xasiaTis, kerZod, yovelgvari

formalurobisagan Tavisufali sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis garigebebi, laTinTa kavSiris wevrTa

tomobrivi msgavseba da mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirebi. sabolood, romaelTa msoflio batonobam,

xalxis samarTlis meSveobiT, imperiis sxvadasxva nawilSi moqmedi savaWro institutebi erTian

samarTlebriv sistemaSi moaqcia.

Ius gentium gaxda universaluri samarTlis sinonimi, romelic, erTi mxriv, ius civile-s, xolo, meore

mxriv, romis imperiis saqonelbrunvaSi monawile xalxis erovnuli samarTlis sistemebs daupiris-

pirda. vinaidan ius gentium-is normebs romaeli pretori mxolod romSi iyenebda, es sistema, kvlav,

romSi moqmed samarTlad rCeboda.

Tu pretori miiCnevda, rom modave mxaris interesebi samarTliani iyo, magram misi dacva civiluri

samarTlis normebiT ver ganxorcieldeboda, maSin pretori gascemda faqtebze damyarebul (in factum

conceptae) sasarCelo formulas, romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saqonelbrunvis Cveulebis

princips efuZneboda. amgvarad Camoyalibda samarTlis axali sistema, romelic srulad Seesaba-

meboda yofiT pirobebs. is SemuSavebeli iqna, sasamarTlo magistratebis praqtikuli saqmianobis

Sedegad, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze da xSirad savaWro Cveulebebs efuZneboda.

mkacrad formaluri da naklebad mobiluri civiluri samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxis samarTali

ukeT da swrafad Seewyo mzard socialur moTxovnebs. ZirZveli tradiciebisagan Tavisufali ius

gentium-iT ganviTarebuli savaWro urTierTobebi regulirdeboda, romlis monawile mxareebi romae-

lebi da sxva eris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. amrigad, ius gentium-i universalur samarTlad iqca im

TvalsazrisiT, rom komerciuli urTierTobis dasaregulireblad, savaWro brunvis nemismieri mona-

wile mxaris mimarT (maTi moqalaqeobis miuxedavad) gamoyeneba.

civiluri samarTlisa da xalxis samarTlis urTierTsapirispiro dualizmi maT Serwymas ver ganapi-

robebda. samarTlis unificirebis procesiT dainteresebuli iyo romauli sazogadoeba, romelic

dapyrobili qveynebis yvela olqSi samoqalaqo da savaWro brunvis gafarToebas eswrafoda. aRniS-

nuli procesis warmatebiT ganviTarebas, uSualod uwyobda xels peregrinebisaTvis romis moqala-

qeobis miniWeba. sabolood, pretoruli samarTlis, CveulebiTi samarTalisa da, zogadad, iuris-

prudenciis aqtiurma Zalisxmevam, ius civile-sa da ius gentium-is Serwyma ganapiroba.

ganviTarebuli ius civile-s mxardaWeriTa da TanadgomiT, pretoruli samarTali sazogadoebriv yofaSi,

faqtiurad, ius gentium-is principebs amkivrebda.

sasaqonlo-savaWro urTierTobis wiaRSi, amave mimarTebiT moqmedi, axali CveulebiTi samarTali

gansakuTrebiT uwyobda xels ius gentium-is ganviTarebas. qr. Sobamde 50 wliT adre xsenebuli samarT-

lis axalma axsna-ganmartebam _ nova interpretatio iuris-ma wina planze iuridiuli garigebis yvelaze

arsebiTi elementis _ nebis _ mniSvneloba wamoswia. Ius gentium-is ganviTarebis meore arsebiTi faq-

tori e.w eqstraordinaluri kognicia (davebis gadawyvetis Tavisufali forma) aRmoCnda (amaze

saubari qvemoT gveqneba).

gansakuTrebuli simkacriTa da formalizmiT ius civile saojaxo-memkvidreobiT urTierTobebze zemo-

qmedebda, rasac ver vityviT ius gentium-ze. samagierod, moZravi qonebis brunvis farTo sfero ius

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gentium-is gavleniT viTardeboda. Ius gentium-is swrafi ganviTarebis maCvenelad, romaelma iuristebma

misi regulirebis sferoSi, monobis institutis Setana miiCnies. Ius gentium-i gansakuTrebul zegav-

lenas saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze axdenda, ris Sedegadac, civiluri samarTlisagan gansxva-

vebuli, axali tipis xelSekrulebebi Seiqmna, romlebic, yovelgvari sazeimo ritualebisa da forma-

lobebis gareSe, sada, martiv SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. xalxis samarTlis zegavlena ius civile-ze or-

mxrivi iyo: 1. dadgenili institutebi ius civile-m wrafad STanTqa, 2. amavdroulad, Zveli civiluri

samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi xalxis samarTalSi aisaxa. romauli ekonomikis ganviTarebis

kvalobaze, aRniSnuli procesi sul ufro viTardeboda; amis gamo Tavad romaelebi ius gentium-sa da

ius civile-s Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. Ius gentium-is Sesaxeb Teoriuli Sexedulebebis SemuSa-

vebaze didi gavlena moaxdena berZnuli filosofiis doqtrinam, kerZod, aristoteles moZRvrebam,

romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavda bunebiT da kanonier (ius naturale, ius legitimum) samarTals. romaelma

iuristebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes aRniSnuli doqtrinis srulyofa-ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

Tumca, maTTvis ius gentium-i yovelTvis wminda romaul da ara ucxo samarTlis sistemad miiCneoda.

Teoriulad, romaeli iuristebi samarTals or sfeord _ civilur da xalxis samarTlad _ yofdnen.

am dayofas ciceronic iziarebda. samarTlis dayofis TvalsazrisiT, axali safuZvlebi Semoitana

gaiusma, romelsac civiluri samarTali kanonmdeblobis nayofad miaCnda da igi mas bunebiTi gonis

(ratio naturalis) mier Seqmnil ius gentium-s upirispirebda.

romael iuristTa mier Semqnili axali Teoriis Tanaxmad, xalxis samarTali ara civilur samarTals

upirispirdeboda, aramed bunebiT samarTals (stoelTa filosofiis mixedviT), romlis Tanaxmadac,

bunebiTi samarTliT yvela adamiani Tanasworia _ iure naturae omnes homines aequales sunt. principatis

xanaSi aequitas (samarTlianoba) _ civlur samarTalTan erTad, xalxis samarTals daupirispirda. Ius

aequum-iT (samarTliani samarTali anu aequitas) mkacri samarTali (ius strictum) xorcieldeboda.

iuristTa praqtikul saqmianobaSi samarTlianobis principi damkvidrda. marTalia, iuristebi Tvals

xuWavdnen iseT siboroteze, rogoric monoba da mepatroneebis mier Tavisufali glexobis eqsplua-

tacia iyo, mainc aqtiurad amkvidrebdnen samarTlianobis princips, romelic samarTlis sferoSi,

kanonis winaSi yvelas udavo TanasworobiT, civiluri samarTlis moTxovnaTa simkacres amsubuqebda.

didi xnis manZilze kerZo samarTlis sferoSi samarTlianobis principi iuristebis mier, wminda

empiriuli (SemecnebiTi) da praqtikuli mosazrebebiT, gonebisa da samarTlianobis mzard moTxov-

nilebebisadmi ltolvad aRiqmeboda. respublikis bolo periodSi ki, sakuTrebis ufleba bunebiTi

samarTlianobis princips efuZneboda. amis Taobaze xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli digestebSi (D.40,1,9,3): bune-

biT samarTlianobas ise araferi Seesabameba, rogorc samarTliT dadgenili mesakuTris neba.

samarTlianobis principTan absolutur Seusabamobad ganixileboda raime sargeblis motyuebiT

(dolus) miReba, romlis sapirispirodac keTilsindisiereba bona fides miiCneoda. aseTi principiT moqme-

debdnen pretoris ediqtis miRebisas, riTac aixsneba, ediqtsa da pretoruli samarTlis mraval debu-

lebaSi ius aequum-is arsebobis sixSire. pretoruli samarTlis mraval debulebas ediqtis komenta-

torebi swored samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze ganmartavdnen.

IV. bunebiTi samarTali (ius naturale)

Ius gentium-is zemoaRniSnuli gageba romaelma iuristebma imdenad ganavrces, rom respublikis xanis

bolo periodSi, arsobrivad, igi ius naturale-s dauaxloves. ciceroni iyo pirveli, vinc bunebiTi

samarTali zneobis moTxovnad gansazRvra; misi mtkicebiT, samarTali bunebis mier dadgenil ucvlel

zneobasa da kanons emyareboda.

ulpianes azriT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebac bunebiT samarTals efuZneboda.

bunebiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb misi Sexeduleba yvelaze srulyofili iyo da farTo gagebiT aRiqme-

boda. ulpianes Tanaxmad, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovna, zogadad, sicocxleze vrceldeboda, xolo

xalxis samarTlis moqmedebis areali mxolod adamianebiT ifargleboda. digestebSi vkiTxulobT:

xalxis samarTali vrceldeba mTel kacobriobaze. amdenad, ioli gasagebia, rom igi gansxvavdeba

bunebiTi samarTlisagan, romelic yvela sulierze vrceldeba, xalxis samarTali ki mxoldo ada-

mianTa urTierTobebs moicavs. (D.1.1.1.4)

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Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi

Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis wyaro gulisxmobs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier sakuTari nebis

gamoxatvis formas. Sesabamisad, samarTlis wyaroebSi asaxulia qveynis politikuri organizaciis

oficialuri, saxelmwifoebrivi neba, romelic erTnairad misaRebi da savaldebuloa rogorc sazoga-

doebis yvela fenis, ise saxelmwifoebrivi institutebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis Ziri-

Tadi wyaroebia: Cveuleba da CveulebiTi samarTli, normatiuli aqtebi, sasamarTlo da iuridiuli

precedentebi, doqtrina, samarTalSegneba da samarTlebrivi ideologia. Tumca, sxvadasxva istoriul

periodSi samarTlis wyaros mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gamo, zemoCamoTvlili, samarT-

lis ZiriTad wyaroebad yovelTvis rodi ganixileboda. Zvel romSi civilizaciis ganviTarebis sxva-

dasxva etapze samarTlis wyaroTa didi mravalferovnebis gamo, maTi rolisa da savaldebulo Zalis

mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba arsebobda. Zveli romis civilizaciis istoriis Seswavlam,

samarTlis istorikosebs SesaZlebloba misca samarTalganviTarebis Semdegi periodebi gamoeyoT:

1. arqauli xana – qr. Sobamde 753 _ 367w. 2. wina klasikuri periodi – qr. Sobamde 367w.-dan qr. Sobis 17w. 3. klasikuri iurisprudenciis epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 an 305w.w. 4. postklasikuri periodi IV–Vss. VI saukunis bizantiis imperatoris iustiniane didis saxelsa da moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli

e.w. iustinianes samarTalSemoqmedeba calke ganxilvis sagania. es periodi moicavs iustinianes

mmarTvelobis xanas _ 529-535 wlebsa da Semdeg, TiTqmis 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi e.w. iustinianes

krebulSi Setanili cvlilebebisa da damatebebis, anu samarTlebrivi (sakanonmdeblo) novaciaTa

epoqas, romlis Sedegad iustinianes sakanonmdeblo krebulis kidev erTi, meoTxe nawili, e.w.

novelebi Seiqmna. amrigad, Zveli romis samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavla mizanSewonilia swored

aRniSnuli periodebis mixedviT, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani, momdevno epoqasTan SedarebiT, mniSvne-

lovani TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba.

I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr. Sobamde 753-367ww.)

Ius civile (civluri samarTali); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); ius sacrum (religiuri samarTali); ius

commercium (savaWTo samarTali); pontifices (qurumi); interpretatio pontificium (qurumis ganmarteba); familia

(ojaxi); fides (erTguleba); legisactiones (kanonieri sarCeli); aequum (samarTliani); fas (religiuri

wesrigi); ius dicere, iuris dictio (sasamarTlo xelisufleba); curia (kuria); comitia curiata (kuriis saxalxo

kreba); leges regiae (reqsebis kanonebi); populus (xalxi); comitia centuriata (centuriis saxalxo kreba); res

publica (saxalxo krebebis suvereniteti, respublika); lex publica, lex rogata (sakaro kanoni); lex privata

(kerZo kanoni); consul (konsuli); imperium (uzenaesi Zalaufleba); patricii (patricebi); plebs (plebeebi);

civitas (Temi); hostes (mteri).

qr. Somabde 753-367 ww. ori simboluri TariRia, romlebic Zvel romaelTa sazogadoebis samarT-

lebrivi organizaciis tradiciebs asaxavs. aRniSnuli tradiciebi jer kidev im periodidan iRebs

saTaves, roca apeninis naxevarkunZuli italikebis tomebiT dasaxlebuli ar iyo da mdinare tibrosis

sanapiroebze, laciumis patara olqSi, mokrZalebuli kolonia arsebobda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom

Zvel romaelTa msoflmxedveloba da maTi samarTlebrivi institutebi erTbaSad ver Seicvleboda.

aRniSnul epoqaSi, zogadad, retrospeqtiuli da esqotoligiuri msoflmxedvelobis wiaRSi, sagnob-

rivi interesebi dgindeboda da samyaros individualurad aRmqmeli calkeuli adamianis Rirebuleba

fexs ikidebda. amave epoqis dasawyisSi Tu romaelebi jer kidev did patriarqalur ojaxebad (familia)

cxovrobdnen da winaparTa kults (adgnatus proximus) aRmerTebdnen, qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi sazo-

gadoeba mcire ojaxebad daiyo. gvari calkeul individs aRar STanTqavda, piriqiT, xels uwyobda

misi STamomavlobis gamravlebas mcire ojaxuri koleqtivis saxiT. Zveli romauli erTobis ganvi-

Tareba im stadias asaxavda, rodesac adamians sakuTari Tavi ver warmoedgina im saojaxo organi-

zaciis gareSe, romelsac, drois mixedviT, didi winapari, mamamTavari gansazRvravda, xolo sivrciT

_ ojaxis samkvidro teritoria. am ukanasknelis sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli wminda adgilebic, anu

maTi saTayvanebeli winaprebis saflavebi. ojaxis samflobelos sazRvrebs miRma mTeli garesamyaro

romaelebs uwmindur Zalad warmoedginaT. sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvla ara ekonomokuri, aramed mxo-

lod sakomunikacio mniSvnelobisa iyo, ama Tu im ojaxis wevrebTan piradi kontaqtebs damyarebis

13

mizniT, ucxo gvaris wevrebs mtrebad (hostes) aRar miiCnevdnen da Sinaurebad Rebulobdnen. amrigad,

ucxosTan kontaqtiT, piri, samarTlebriv aspeqtSi, sakuTar Tavs iZenda. aseTi kavSirebis erTgulebis

(fides) garanti magiuri da religiuri saSualebebi (fici, totemis gacvla, misnoba) iyo. yovelive amiT

dasabami mieca garkveul ritualebs, romlebmac, sxvadasxva ekonomikuri urTierToba ganapiroba.

sagnobrivi interesebis ganviTarebas ritualebis specializaciac moyva. marTalia, saritualo cere-

moeniebSi monawileobis ufleba hqondaT mxolod romaelebs da, nawilobriv, im laTinur Temebs,

romelTac romaelebTan garkveuli saxis garigebebis dadebis ufleba miecaT. Zveli romauli sazoga-

doebidan ucxoelebis, anu mtrebis (hostes) gandevnam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra uZvelesi romauli

samarTlebrivi sistemis karCaketiloba. saritualo ceremoniebis siwmindesa da tradiciiT dadgenili

wesebs qurumebis sagangebo kolegia pontifices (pontifikosebi) icavda. Zveli romis religiur (ius

sacrum) da saero cxovrebis wesebsac, axali viTarebis Sesabamisad, isini gankargavdnen, anu ama Tu im

normisa Tu institutis saxes es kolegia erToblivad adgenda.

amrigad, yofiTi pirobebis Secvlam samarTlis normatiul stabilurobasa da monacvleobaze gavlena

ver moaxdina. qurumTa kolegia 15 pontifikosis _ flaminebi (uzenaesi RmerTebis umaRlesi qurumebi),

qalRmerT vestas qalwuli qurumebis _ vestalebisa da rex sacrorum-isagan Sedgeboda. yovelwliurad

pontifikosebi TavianTi kolegiis erT-erT wevrs kerZo samarTlis Seswavlas avalebdnen. aRniSnul

epoqaSi, religiuri normebis Sesamabisad, kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi savaldebulo da misa-

Rebi iyo (aequum, ius). Tumca, es garemoeba samarTlisa da religiis zust analogias rodi niSnavda.

jer kidev romulusis dros, romis samarTlis istoriulad adreul etapzeve, Camoyalibda gansakuT-

rebuli sasamarTlo xelisufleba (iuridictio), romliTac aRiWurven rex-ebi. kerZo davaTa da

konfliqtTa ganxilvisas, reqsi xelmZRvanelobda samarTliT ius (ius dicere) da samarTal-

damrRvevisaTvis sanqcias awesebda. qcevis zogadi wesebis dadgenisas, rex-i (SesaZloa pontifi-

kosebTan erTad) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasac axorcielebda. Semdeg is axal normebs waradgenda

kuriis saxalxo krebaze (comitia curiata), romelic am wesebs (lex curiata) mxolod iwonebda. Rex-is

kanonebis (leges regiae) Sesaxeb cnobebs gviandeli periodis avtorebi gvawvdian. qr. Sobamde 509 wels

reqsebis gandevnis Semdeg axali periodi iwyeba; sasamarTlo xelisufleba da sakanonmdeblo inicia-

tivis ufleba or umaRles magistrats _ konsulsa da senats (aristokratiul sabWos) _ mieniWa.

kanonebis miReba mxolod senatis mier maTi mowonebisa da komiciebis mier votirebis proceduris

gavlis Semdeg (auctoritas patrum) xdeboda. respublikis (res publica) damyareba xalxis suverenitetis

gamarjvebasa (`populus” aqedan `publicum”) da romis samoqalaqo Temad civitas (moqalaqeTa erTobliobad)

gadaqcevas mowmobda. tradiciulad, am procesis dasabamad miCneulia etruskuli reqsebis epoqa, rom-

lebic romSi qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi zeobdnen. servius tuliusis mier gatarebuli reformebis

Sedegad, mosaxleoba qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT axal samxedro-administraciul _ centuriebad _

dayofas daeqvemdebara da axali saxis saxalxo krebebi - comitia centuriata dawesda. gadmocemis Tanax-

mad, etruski reqsebi qveyanas tiranulad marTavdnen, maT sagvareulo aristokratia daimorCiles,

riTac didwilad amaRlda komiciebis politikuri mniSvneloba. reformis Semdeg, reqsebis gandevna

kanonzomieri movlena, da sagvareulo aristokratiis erTgvari revanSi iyo. saxelmwifoSi umaRles

Tanamdebobebze arCevis uleba mxolod senatorebs (patres) da maTi STamomavlebs (patricii) hqondaT;

arapatriciebs aseTi ufleba ar gaaCndaT. amrigad, qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi romis sazogadoeba or

fenad _ patriciebad (patricii) da plebeebad (plebs) gaiyo. ori saukunis manZilze maT Soris Seuri-

gebeli politikuri dapirispireba plebeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: maT miaRwies sakuTari

magistratis, plebsis tribunis (tribuni plebs), arCevas. Tumca, konsulebis Tanabari umaRlesi Zala-

ufleba (imperium), ar gaaCndaT. magram sxva nebismieri magistratis gankargulebasa da maT Soris

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze, veto-s ufleba moipoves, aseve saerTo saxalxo krebebze sakanonmdeblo

iniciativis ufleba mieniWaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom plebsis tribunis Zalaulfleba mxolod q. romiT

ifargleboda. axla cal-calke ganvixiloT samarTlis TiToeuli wyaro.

$1. CveulebiTi samarTali

Mos romanum (romauli Cveuleba); mores maiorum (winaparTa daanderZevi); consuetudo (CveulebiTi

samarTali); mos regionis (adgilobrivi Cveuleba, samarTlis normis analogiiT gamoyeneba).

samoqalaqo brunvaSi mudmivad gamoyenebul samarTlis normas, romelic xalxis rwmenas efuZneba

CveulebiTi samarTali ewodeba. CveulebiTi samarTali samarTlis is saxea, romelsac adamianebis

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gonivruli qcevis wesad miiCneven. cnebidan gamomdinare, CveulebiTi samarTlis wyaro, saxelmwifo

wyobilebisagan damoukidebeli, saxalxo gonia. amitom, CveulebiTi samarTali SeiZleba ganviTardes

winareistoriel xanaSi. imisaTvis rom, CveulebiT samarTals samarTlis wyaros funqcia mieniWos da

moqmedebdes rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema, igi sam pirobas unda akmayofilebdes: 1. garkveuli wesis

xangrZlivad, uwyvetad moqmedeba da misi dacva; 2. xalxis samarTlebrivi mrwamsi; 3. imperator

konstantines konstituciis mixedviT, arsebul (moqmed) kanons unda avsebdes, ar unda ewinaaRm-

degebodes da mxolod sakanonmdeblo xarvezs aRmofxvravdes.

wesisamebr, aseTi moTxovniT igulisxmeboda Semdegi: CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi dasaSvebi iyo

praeter legem-is da ara contra legem-is pirobebSi, anu CveulebiTi samarTlis normas unda hqonoda

supletoruli (xarvezis aRmofxvris SesaZlebloba) da ara derogaciuli Zala.

Zvel romSi Cveulebas, Cvevas mos Romanum ewodeboda. winaparTa anderZs, danabarebs _ mores maiorum,

xolo CveulebiT samarTals _ consuetudo, samarTlis normis anologiiT, erT romelime mxareSi dadge-

nili CveulebiT (mos regionis) calkeuli pirebis TviTneburi qcevis SesaZleblobas, qcevis zogad-

savaldebulo standartiT zRudavda da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa SemTxveviTi

garemoebebisagan dacvas uzrunvelyofda. kerZod, partniori mxaris ususurebisa, Tu misi mxridan

fizikuri Zalis uxeSi gamoyenebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, erTi konkretuli samarTlebrivi sivrcis

pirebi Tanabar pirobebSi imyofebodnen.Aam wesisadmi morCileba, `Tavisiani~-is ùcxosgan~ (hostes) da

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa aramonawileTagan, anu subieqtebis arasubieqtebisagan

gamijvnis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. amgvari damokidebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda Sexeduleba

abstraqtuli partnioris, anu adamianTa im erTobliobis Sesaxeb, romelic yoveldRiuri urTier-

TobaSi qcevis msgavsi wesebiT xelmZRvanelobda. sakuTar wreSi ama Tu im Cveul qcevaze adekvaturi

reaqciis molodini da imedi, qcevis aseTi wesebis dadgenas ganapirobebda da Taobidan TaobaSi

gadacemis aucileblobas gansazRvravda, rac romaelTa sazogadoebaSi jerovani qcevis Sesaxeb

SexedulebaTa _ mos Romanum _ samarTlis axali sistemis Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels. es sistema

moqmedebda ara marto yoveldRiur (Cveulebriv) qcevebSi, aramed enobriv formaSic (zepirsityvaobasa

an werilobiTi dokumentebSi) aisaxa da pozitiuri samarTlis formas warmoadgenda. kodifikaciamde,

normad qceuli tradiciis memkvidreobiTobas uzrunvelyofdnen pontifikosebi (pontifices), romelTac

winaparTa naanderZevis (mores maiorum) dacva-gafrTxileba daevalaT. kerZod, urTierTobis dadgenili

wesebis zustad gadacema sazogadoebisaTvis, misi moTxovnebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, zogad-

savaldebuli wesebis mudmivad, adekvaturad dadgena-ganaxleba, mzard sazogadoebriv moTxovnebTan

maTi Sesabamisobis uzrunvelsayofa. garda amisa, maTve evalebodaT qcevis dadgenili wesebis saTa-

nado formiT axsna-ganmarteba ganviTarebuli saxogadoebisaTvis. dawerili kanonebis Seqmnis Sem-

degac am teqnikam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Cveulebebis avtoritetiT SeinarCuna. maTi avtoriteti

imdenad didi iyo, rom pontifikosebi da gviandeli periodis saero iuristebi swored maT iyenebdnen

im gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad, romelTa gamotana kanonis safuZvelze SeuZlebeli iyo.

Mores maiorum-iT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi XII dafis kanonebSi ar asaxula. es faqti samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis uZvelesi formebis simtkiceze miuTiTebs (ritualebi da institutebi). XII dafis kano-

nebis interpretaciiT am normaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli cvlilebebiT, ius civile-s Semadgenel nawi-

lad aRiqmeboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom mores-is didi nawili XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT

mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da amis Semdeg isini ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad ganixileboda.

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania termini Cveuleba (consuetudo). qr. Sobamde

I saukuneSi moRvawe pretorebi mas CveulebiTi samarTlis _ axali normatiuli elementis _ aRsa-

niSnavad iyenebdnen. Ius civile-s gagebiT, mores maiorum-s funqcia ufro konservatiuli xasiaTisaa,

consuetudo ki siaxlis wyarod, ius civile-s erTgvar saxeobad warmoCindeba. ciceronis Tanaxmad, Cveu-

lebiTi samarTali aris dauwereli kanoni, romelic efuZneba Cveulebas an adamianTa Soris SeTanxme-

bas da, TiTqmis, sayovelTao mowonebiT sargeblobs, uwinaresad mas vicavT, rogorc winaparTa

naanderZevsa da, erTgvarad, bunebiTi samarTliT nakarnaxev kanonebs.

amrigad, CveulebiTi samarTlis erTaderTi specifikuri niSani misi dawerili formiT ararseboba

gaxlavT.

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$2. Lex (leges) (kanoni) da plebiscita (plebiscitebi)

a) Lex (leges) - kanoni

Populus (xalxi), lex publica (sajaro kanoni), lex rogata (komiciebSi votirebuli _ xmis micemiT miRebuli

_ kanoni), privilegium (gansakuTrebuli norma), provocatio ad populo (komiciebSi apelacia-provokacia), leges

perfecta (kanonierebis principi, srulyofili saxis kanoni), leges minus quam perfecta (naklebad

srulyofili saxis kanoni), leges imperfecta (arasrulyofili saxis naklovani kanoni).

Tanamedrove samarTlis Teoriis Tanaxmad, kanonis cneba Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: kanoni aris

xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier, gansakuTrebuli wesiT miRebuli, umaR-

lesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone normatiuli aqti, romelic awesrigebs (aregulirebs) sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobis umniSvnelovanes mxareebs (sferoebs).

Zvel romSi samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyaros dawerili formis kanoni warmoadgenda. gaiusis

instituciebis 1.3. Tanaxmad, lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit _ kanoni aris is, rac xalxma brZana da

daadgina.

Zveli romaelebi kanonis (lex) _ pozitiuri samarTlis uzenaesi da yvelaze srulyofili formis _

kriteriumad saxalxo krebis mier mis miRebas miiCnevdnen; politikuri TvalsazrisiT, am aspeqtiT

xalxi (populus) ganixileboda civitas-ad (suverenuli koleqtivi). praqtikulad, kanoni damtkicebuli da

dadgenili unda yofiliyo mTeli romaeli xalxis (cives romani) warmomdgeni saxalxo krebis (comitia)

mier: `...populi appellatione universi cives significatur _ saxeldebiT xalxi yvela moqalaqe igulisxmeboda

(Gai.,1.3).

sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, kanonis mimRebi suverenuli uflebebiT aRWurvili xalxis neba,

kanons romis samarTlis oficialurad dadgenil (pozitivaciis) ZiriTad formad gardaqmnida,

vinaidan moqalaqeTagan (cives) momdinare samarTalad _ ius civile-d aRiqmeboda.

xalxisa (populus) _ samarTlis normis Semoqmedisa da Temis (cives) _ misi adresatis sayovelTaoba gan-

sazRvravda aseTi normis universalurad gatolebad xasiaTs, imis miuxedavad, rom kanonis teqstis

Camoyalibeba specialistebis mier unda momxdariyo. kanoni aris zogadi moTxovna, gamocdil kacTa

gadawyvetileba, im danaSaulis daTrgunva, romelic Cadenili iqneba an TviTnebobiT, an ucodin-

robiT, anu respublikis zogadi fici (D.1.3.1.). amgvarad, teqstSi saxalxo kanonis (lex populi) ganmasxva-

vebeli niSnebia aRniSnuli: 1. profesionalTa (samarTalmcodneebi - iuris prudentes) monawileoba

cxadyofs, rom maT hqondaT saTanado codna da gamocdileba; 2. lex-i, rogorc samarTlis forma, zo-

gad xasiaTs Seesabameboda; 3. kanonebi dgindeboda mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa (communis sponsio)

da yvela moqalaqisTvis (commune praeceptum), iTvaliswinebda yovelgvari urTierTobis (sponsio) Se-

degs, moqalaqeTa Soris. amdenad, gamoricxavda qcevis gauazreblobasa da umecrobas, rogorc normis

SesaZlo darRvevis an ugulebelyofis mizezs.

kanonebi uzrunvelyofdnen samarTlis sizustesa da sicxades. maTive daniSnuleba iyo moqalaqeTa da

mmarTvelTa TviTnebobis gamoricxva.

romis samarTlis istoriis aRwerisas pomponiusi erTmaneTs upirispirebs pozitiuri samarTlis

Tavdapirvel ararsebobasa da romulusis mier saxalxo krebebze (comitia curiata) kanonTa gamocema-dad-

genis praqtikas (leges curiata), damtkicebis saxiT. misi azriT: Cveni samoqalaqo Temis sawyis periodSi

xalxma sakuTari cxovreba warmarTa gansazRvruli kanonis, gansazRvruli samarTlis gareSe, da

yvelaferi reqsebis mier gacemuli saxelisuflo gankargulebebiT imarTeboda. reqsebis kanonebi

gamoicemoda etruskuli dinastiis zeobis periodSi. maTi gamocema didi pontifikosis _ papiriusis

mier ganxorcielda da sruliad kanonzomierad iwoda ius civile Papirianum. kanonTa gamocema ki reqsTa

sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis dasrulebas daukavSirda, ris gamoc, tradiciulad, es movlena respub-

likis periodis dasawyisad iTvleba. am periods pomponiusi samarTlis gaurkvevlobis axal mdgoma-

reobad axasiaTebs. XII dafis kanonebis SeqmniTa da gamoqveynebiT viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala.

plebsis daJinebuli moTxovniT, qr. Sobamde 451 wels Seiqmna sakanonmdeblo komisia, romlis Semad-

genlobaSi Sevida aTi yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani romaeli (decim viri), apius klavdiusis

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xelmZRvanelobiT. komisiis mizani iyo samarTlis normebis mowesrigeba da maTSi sicxadis Setana.

daaxloebiT orwliani muSaobis Semdeg, komisiam Seqmna Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi),

romelTa votireba moxda centurialur komiciebSi, qr. Sobamde 449 wels. Leges duodecim tabularum iqc-

nen, Semdgomi periodis, romauli samarTalganviTarebis ZiriTad safuZvlad, «mTeli sajaro da kerZo

samarTlis wyarod» (fons omnis publici privatique … iuris » _ Livius, 3,24,6). uamravi Cveuleba (mores) da kuria-

tuli kanoni (leges regiae) iqna sistematizirebuli da werilobiTi formiT dafiqsirda, sayovelTao

mniSvnelobis, erTgvarovan sajaro kanonSi (lex publica). yvela norma, romelic ar Sevida kodeqsSi,

CaiTvala Zaladakargulad da gauqmda.

Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi) sistematizirebulia Tematuri principiT:

I-II-III dafebi awesrigeben samoqalaqo process, pirTa statusebs, ufleba da qmedunarianobis

safuZvlebs;

IV-V dafebi ixilaven saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis sakiTxebs, mamis xelisuflebis

safuZvlebs;

VI-VII dafebi Seicaven sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebs;

VIII-IX dafebi awesrigeben sisxlis samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, danaSaulsa da sasjelis dadgenis

safuZvlebs;

X dafa exeboda sakraluri ritualebis mowesrigebas. Tumca, maleve gairkva, rom kanonmdeblebma ver

gaiTvaliswines, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, momxdari cvlilebani da saWiro gaxda

kidev ori dafis damateba. ase Seiqmna XI da XII dafebi, romlebSic Sevida pirveli aTi dafisaTvis

gaTvaliswinebuli cvlileba-damatebebi.

komisiis mier Sedgenili kanonebi, komiciebSi votirebis Semdeg, amotvifres spilenZis dafebze (fir-

fitebze) da gamofines forumze, sayovelTao gacnobis mizniT. am aqtiT xazi gaesva normatiuli sis-

temis erTianobasa da pozitiur samarTalSi daZleul gaurkvevlobas.

Cvenamde moRweulia rogorc amonaridebi XII dafis kanonebidan, ise maT safuZvelze Sedgenili sarCe-

lebis formulebi. qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebis mijnaze kanonTa teqsti da legis actiones gamoaqveyna

seqstus eliusma, romlis naSromi safuZvlad daedo Semdgomi periodis filologiur da iuridiul

komentarebs. Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi)-is Sesaxeb Cveni codna ganmtkicebulia Zveli

drois mecnierTa da iuristTa naSromebiT, kerZod: markus tulius ciceronis (Cicero), plinius ufro-

sis (Plinius), titus liviusis (Livius), dionise halikarnaselis (Dionysius) da sxvebis TxzulebebiT.

Tu sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani yvela wesi kanonis saxes miiRebda, samarTlis garkveulobis

idea ganuxorcielebeli darCeboda. XII dafis kanonebiT ikrZaleboda, samomavlod, iseTi saxis saka-

nonmdeblo iniciativa (rogatio), romelic iqneboda mimarTuli kanonis gverdis avlisa da, calkeul

pirTa sasargeblod, gansakuTrebuli normebis (privilegium) misaRebad.

XII dafis kanonebi pozitiuri samarTlis Secvlis sakanonmdeblo procedurasac iTvaliswinebda.

titus liviusis redaqciiT, Cvenamde moRweul XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, `rac ar unda daadginos

xalxma sabolood, es iqneba dadgenili samarTali.~ am dadgenilebiT naTelia, rom yoveli axali

kanoni Zvels ki ar auqmebda, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, icavda arsebul (moqmed) kanons, romlis gauq-

mebasac iseTive procedura esaWiroeboda, rogoric misi miRebisaTvis iyo dadgenili. romis samar-

TalSi XII dafis kanonebi ZiriTad sakanonmdeblo aqtad rCeboda, amitom mas, sagangebo dazustebis

gareSe, xSir SemTxvevaSi ubralod `leges~-ad ixseniebdnen; mogvianebiT, swored XII dafis kanonTa

interpretaciis safuZvelze daixvewa da ganviTarda ius civile, ris gamoc, romauli saTemo-samarT-

lebrivi sistema formalurad mTlianad am kodeqss daefuZna.

momdevno anu respublikis periodSi kanonebisaTvis xmis micema komicebSi xdeboda. Ius civile-sagan

gansxvavebiT, maT leges rogatae ewoda da isini 1. an reagirebas axdendnen farTod gavrcelebul

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socialur cvlilebebze da amis gamo politikur mniSvnelobas iZendnen (maTi mTavari Sedegi iyo is

socialuri kompromisi, romlis Sedegadac XII dafis kanonebi Seiqmna), 2. an XII dafis kanonebSi Cade-

buli principebi axal urTierTobebze vrceldeboda, riTac arsebuli xarvezebis koreqtireba xde-

boda. pirveli jgufs ganekuTvneboda: 1. lex Canulea, romlis safuZvelzec qr. Sobamde 443 w., XII dafis

kanonebis miRebisTanave, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; 2. lex Poetelia

Papiria, romlis ZaliTac qr. Sobamde 326 w. kreditors aekrZala, TviTneburad, piradad gasworeboda

valauval movales; 3. mevaxSeobis SemzRudavi kanonebi; 4. qr. Sobamde II saukunis agraruli kanonebi,

romlebic miwaTmflobelobisa da miwaTsargeblobis axal wess adgendnen; 5. qorwinebis Taobaze

avgustusis kanonebi, romlebic saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis mraval instituts Seexo.

aRniSnul kanonTa mizani samarTlis sistemis logikis ganviTareba iyo, da ara misi reformireba.

kanonTa meore jgufs ganekuTvneboda kanonebi, romlebmac marginaluri cvlilebebi daamkvidres. maT-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo normaTa SezRuduli qmediToba. kanonSi miTiTebuli sanqciis mixedviT,

romaeli iuristi ulpiane erTmaneTisagan kanonTa sam saxes ganasxvavebda: 1. leges perfectae (srul-

yofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic akrZaluli aqtis baTilobas gulisxmobda; 2. leges minus quam

perfectae (naklebad srulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic samarTaldarRvevisaTvis sasjels (Ziri-

Tadad, jarimas) adgenen, Tumca, akrZaluli aqts Zaladakargulad ar miiCnevdnen; 3. leges imperfectae

(arasrulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic saerTod ar iTvaliswinebdnen sanqcias: arc aqtis baTi-

lad cnobis, arc misi gamoyenebis gamo sasjelis dawesebis saxiT.

b) Plebiscita - plebiscitebi

Tavdapirvelad, plebsis saxalxo krebis (consilium plebis) mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi _ plebis-

citebi (plebiscita) savaldebulo mxolod plebsisaTvis iyo (òlim patricii dicebant plebiscitis se non teneri, quia

sine auctoritate eorum facta essent _ odesRac, patriciebis mtkicebiT, maT plebiscitebiT valdebulebebi ar

ekisrebodaT, raki isini gamoicema maTi mowonebisa da mxardaWeris gareSe” (Gai.,1.3); Tumca, qr. Sobamde

287 w., hortenziusis kanoniT, leges populi-s msgavsad, isini mTeli romaeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulod

Seiqna; hortenziusis kanonis Tanaxmad, plebiscitebi kanonebs gauTanabres. Plebiscita gansxvavdeboda

leges populi-gan mxolod misi miRebis formiT, Tumca, Seesabameboda leges yvela arsebiTi maxasiaTebliT.

$3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro

Legis actiones (kanonismieri sarCelebi); legis actio (kanonismieri sarCeli); pars iuris (samarTlis nawili);

formae agendi (sasarCelo formis normatiuli mniSvneloba).

Tu kanonebi sayovelTao TviTnebobis mniSvnelobis SezRudvebs adgenen da amiT socialuri Tavisuf-

lebis garkveuli donis dacvis garantias iZlevian, kerZo pirTa Soris warmoqmnili davis SemTxve-

vaSi, subieqtis samarTlebrivad dacva, gansakuTrebuli sajaro xelisuflebis _ sasamarTlos _ meS-

veobiT xorcieldeba. samarTlis erTi subieqti, meore subieqtis mimarT, kanonze dafuZnebul sakuTar

pretenzias amtkicebda da sasamarTlos winaSe Tavad pretenziis marTebulobas asabuTebda. misi miza-

ni kanonTa debulebis safuZvelze, sakuTari uflebamosilebis aRiarebis miRweva iyo. kanonis normebi

qmediTobas, raelurad arsebuli, dacvis saSualebebiT iZendnen. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo devnis muqa-

rac xels uwyobda piris uflebebis ganxorcielebas, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe.

termini `legis actio~ ara imdenad lex populi _ sarCelis formalur wyaroze uTiTebda, ramdenadac TviT

sarCelis fiqsirebul xasiaTze: `lege agere~ niSnavda `certis verbis agere~ _ fiqsirebuli gancxadebiT ve-

ZioT dacva sasamarTloSi, garkveuli sityvebis warmoTqmiT (lex privata _ kerZo kanoni), romlis teqs-

ti, rogorc kanonis sityvebi, ucvlelad rCeboda.

pontifikosebi mkacrad icavdnen kanonis formalur mxares, Tumca drois Sesabamisi axali mniSvne-

lobis miniWebiT, normis qmedebas kanoniT gauTvaliswinebel urTierTobebzec avrcelebdnen.

Zveli sasamarTlo procesis monawileni iZulebulni iyvnen zustad daecvaT sarCeliT fiqsirebuli

sityvebi _ sasarCelo formalizmi, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebda imis rwmenas, rom sasamarTlo

dadebiT gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda, radgan, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTloc SeboWili iyo amave kanoniT

(is sanqcias adgenda misi moTxovnis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi). samarTlis formis materialuri da

procesualuri aspeqtebis Tanxvedra, uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrulobas uzrunvelyofda,

18

rac yvela msgavsi urTierTobis Tanabari dacvis garanti iyo. sasarCelo formalizmi samarTlis

Rrma codnas gulisxmobda. sasamarTloSi saqmis wageba arasworad Sedgenili sarCelis gamo, TiTqmis

warmoudgeneli iyo, vinaidan aseT sarCels, rogorc ararsebuls (baTils), gansaxilvelad, ubralod,

arc iRebdnen. sasamarTlo procesis or nawilad dayofiT, mosamarTlesTan saqme mxolod im SemTxve-

vaSi xvdeboda, Tu miiCnevdnen, rom dava Rirda sasamarTlo magistrats ganexila. gaiusis droindel

sasamarTlo procesSi per formulas sarCels pretori iZleoda da saqmes mosamarTlesTan gzavnida.

samagierod, legis actiones dros saqmis saTanado gaformeba da maSasadame, sarCelis Sinaarsis gafor-

meba, sasamarTlo procesis pirvel fazas uswrebda win.

qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi dadgenili, legis actions-ebi kanonis tolfasad aRiqmeboda, rogorc ius civile-s

Semadgeneli nawili. swored aman ganapiroba, kanonis darad, sarCelis formulaTa gamoqveyneba. Tum-

ca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, legis actiones, rogorc pozitiuri sarCelis forma, arsebiTad gansxvav-

deboda kanonisgan: kanoni zogadsavaldebulo da sayovelTao iyo, sarCeli mxolod maSin iZens mniSv-

nelobas, roca mas iyeneben (forma agendi). am formis damoukidebeli mniSvneloba, garda misi gamoye-

nebiTi daniSnulebisa, pontifikosebis axsna-ganmartebiTi saqmianobiT, anu pozitiuri samarTlis sxva

wyaros _ iuristTa avtoritetiT izRudeboda.

$4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro

Responsa prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi;) auctoritas prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa avtoriteti),

cavere (garigebebisa da sarCelebis formis Sedgena); agere (sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba); respondere

(konsultaciebze pasuxis gacema); exemplum (analogiuri kazusi); controversia (dava, uTanxmoeba); ius

controversum (samarTali, iuristebs Soris davis obieqti); auctoritas principis (princefsis avtoriteti); ius

respodendi ex auctoritate principis (pasuxebis micemis ufleba princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze); ius publice

respodendi (pasuxebis micemis ufleba sajaroobis safuZvelze); iuris consultus (iuriskonsulti); iura

(iuridiuli literatura); leges (imperatoris konstituciebi).

gaiusis Tanaxmad, Responsa prudentium sunt sententia et opiniones eorum quibus permissum est iura condere _ samarTal-

mcodneTa pasuxebi aris mosazrebani da Sexedulebebi im pirebisa, vinc uflebamosilia Seqmnas samar-

Tali (Gai., 1.7.). iuridiuli codnis mqone profesionali pirebisaTvis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi funq-

ciebis miniWeba pozitiuri samarTlis arsebobis praqtikul moTxovnaTa bunebrivi Sedegi iyo.

pomponiusis azriT, Constare non potest ius, nisi sit aliquis iuris peritus, per quem possit cottidie in melius produci _ samarT-

lis mcodne pirebis gareSe samarTali ver iarsebebs, maTi meSveobiT samarTali mudmivi srulyofis

sagani iqneba (D.1.2.2.13.) Ius-is mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi, srulyofisa da adekvaturobis Tval-

sazrisiT, samarTlis normis pozitiur formasTan mudmivi SesabamisobiT unda ganviTarebuliyo.

aseTi srulyofis garanti ki iyo im pirTa profesiuli saqmianoba, romelTac specialuri iuridiuli

codna hqondaT (ius periti, iuris prudentes) da samarTlis sistemis funqciis uzrunvelsayofad, samarTal-

Segnebis erTgvar samecniero organos qmnidnen. samarTlis sistemis srulyofis procesi samarTal-

Semoqmedebis yvela elements moicavda; iurisprudenciis Taviseburebas warmoadgenda sistemis Sina-

gani mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa da normis zogadi da formaluri debulebebis konkretuli azriTa

da qmediTobiT Sevseba.

romauli sasamarTlo procesis SejibrebiToba, mosamarTleTa da advokatTa (romlebic kerZo pirebi

iyvnen) mwiri iuridiuli ganaTleba samarTalmcodneTa avtoritets (auctoritas prudentium) uaRresad

ganadidebda; es ki imas mowmobda, rom swored iuristebis mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis safuZ-

velze SemuSavebuli samarTali da sasamarTlo procesebze warmoTqmuli maTi sityvebi samarTlis

yvela dargis zogad nawilad (pars iuris) iqca da mas samoqalaqo samarTali _ ius civile ewoda.

samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) profesiuli saqmianoba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT xorcieldeboda:

cavere (axali sarCelebisa da garigebebis Sedgena), agere (sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba), respondere

(pasuxebis gacema).

Cavere anu sarCelebis, garigebebisa da anderZis Sedgena. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) cavere

funqcia iyo magistratebisa da mosamarTleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva. gamonaklisi iyo is viTareba,

roca axali sarCelis avtori Tavad magistrati iyo. respublikis periodSi samarTalmcodneebi

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(prudentes) xSirad monawileobdnen mosamarTleTa consilium-ebze; TviTon mosamarTleobdnen; pretoris

sabWos wevrebi iyvnen da TviTon xdebodnen pretorebi. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) wyalobiT

mravali sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, momavali sasamarTlo procesebisaTvis samagaliTo iyo, xolo

axali sarCeli ki ediqtTa nawilad iqca. magram, aRniSnul organoebSi iuristebis samarTal-

SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba ar unda gavaigivoT sakuTriv iurisprudenciasTan, rogorc pozitiuri

samarTlis gansakuTrebul formasTan. magaliTad, actio Rutiliana, romelic gamoCenili iuristis

publius rutilius rufusis (qr. Sobamde 105 w. konsuli) saxeliTaa cnobili; aRniSnuli sarCeli

publiusis pretorobis dros iqna SemoRebuli (qr. Sobamde 118 w.) da iuriskonsultis profesiul

cavere-d ar miiCneva. igive iTqmis actio Publiciana-ze, actio Serviana-sa da a.S.

Agere iyo sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba, roca iuristi mxaris dacvis funqciebs sakuTar Tavze

iRebda da advokatad gamodioda. dialogSi `brutusi~, cicerons publius rufuss rutiliusi (poli-

tikuri moRvawe), kvintus muciusi (pontifikosi) oratorebad hyavs warmodgenili. mogvianebiT,

samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) agere saqmianoba advokatebisa da profesionali oratorebisTvis pasu-

xis gacemiT ifargleboda.

iuriskonsultisTvis yvelaze tipuri funqcia kerZo pirebisa da maTi warmomadgenlebis mier dasmul

SekiTxvebze azris gamoTqma da pasuxebis gacema, anu `respondere~ _ gaxldaT. sasamarTlo kamaTSi

mopovebuli avtoritetiT, zogjer samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) azri mosamarTlis nebaze uSualo

zemoqmedebas axdenda da mas zRudavda; yvelaze mTavari mainc isaa, rom sasamarTlo sxdomebze

samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) uSualo monawileoba savaldebulo ar iyo. avtoris auTenturobis

garanti sagangebo beWedi, mosamarTlisadmi gagzavnili iuristis piradi werili, an konsultaciis

dros damswre pirTa mowmeoba iyo. yvelaze xSirad samarTalmcodneebs (prudentes) konsultaciisaTvis

orator-advokatebi mimarTavdnen; aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTalmcodneTa funqcia iyo maTTvis `hastas

ministrant~ _ `Subis miwodeba~, sityvieri paeqrobis gasamarTad. argumentaciis samarTlebriv safuZv-

lad mores, leges, exempla (analogiuri SemTxvevebi praqtikidan) gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, sasamarTlosTvis

Tavad iuriskonsultis azric savaldebulo Zalis mqoned miiCneobda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

miRebis safuZvels ara marto arsebuli pasuxi (responsa), aramed adre gamoTqmuli is mosazrebac

warmoadgenda, romelic aramxolod aRiarebuli, aramed iuridiuli viTarebisTvis nimuSad miCneuli

iyo.

pontifikosebis mier kolegiurad gacemuli pasuxisagan (responsa) gansxvavebiT (rac uTanxmoebis

daZlevis saSualebas iZleoda da samarTlis garkveulobas uzrunvelyofda), samarTalmcodneebis

(prudentes), rogorc kerZo pirTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi, azrTa SesaZlo sxvaobis _ controversia-s

SemTxvevaSi, uxerxulobas qmnida. azrTa mudmivi Widili sarCelis samarTlianobasa da gadawyve-

tilebis aqtualobas uzrunvelyofda. garkveul sakiTxTa Taobaze azrTa erTianoba yvelasTvis

savaldebulo wess adgenda, xolo azrTa sxvaobis (ius controversum) SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles rome-

lime iuristis mosazrebis arCeva SeeZlo.

romelime iuristis mosazrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, sabolood, iurisprudenciis avtoritets

ganamtkicebda.

principatis reJimma praqtikosi iuristebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba garkveulwilad Sez-

Ruda. imperatori avgustusi pirveli iyo, vinc pomponiusis miTiTebiT daadgina, rom Ìus respodendi ex

auctoritate principis _ TviT princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze” (D.1.2.2.49), iuristebs pasuxebis gacema

SeeZloT. es iyo gansakuTrebuli privilegia, romelsac mravali iuristi gagebiT moekida. Tumca, am

wesSi negatiuri xasiaTis garkveuli cvlilebebi imperatorma tiberiusma Seitana; man iurist

mazurius sabinuss pasuxebis sajarod gacemis ufleba _ ius publice respodendi mianiWa. cvlilebaTa

logikuroba ase warmogvidgeba: uwin, avgustusis dros, sajarod konsultaciis micemis uflebas

princefsi ar aniWebda, Tumca, sakuTar codnaSi darwmunebuli pricepsi yvela SekiTxvaze pasuxs iZ-

leoda, magram beWdiT ar amowmebda. amis Semdeg, imperatoris Tanxmoba sajaro movaleoba iyo; xolo,

mogvianebiT, am movaleobam privilegiis saxe miiRo (“postea hoc coepit beneficium dari _ Semdeg es ufleba

privilegiis saxiT eniWeboda~) (D.1.2.2.49).

adrianes imperatorobis dros iuristebi aucileblad Sediodnen consilium principis-Si da imperatori

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diokletianes (306 w.) taxtidan gadadgomamde, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen imperatoris kance-

lariis muSaobis stilsa da teqnikaze. Tumca, es faqti pozitiuri samarTlis wyarod auctoritas

prudentium-ad ar ganixileboda.

dominatis epoqaSi (roca ganaTlebuli iuristebi praqtikul saqmianobas aRar eweodnen da mxolod

swavlebiT iyvnen dakavebulni) responsa prudentium-i, mxolod dawerili samarTlis saxiT, klasikuri

periodis Txzulebebsa da gviandeli periodis gadamuSavebuli naSromebis kompilaciebSi e.w. ìura~-Si

(imperatorTa konstituciebisgan gansxvavebiT, leges-is saxiT,) arsebobda.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, maTze kvlav uTiTebdnen; Tumca, samecniero azris

mkveTrad dacemis Semdeg, `Zveli~ iuristebis mosazrebebTan Sepirispireba did gaugebrobas iwvevda.

klasikosTa mosazrebebis savaldebulo Zala upirobo kriteriumad miiCneoda, dasavleT imperiis

mmarTvelis valentiniane III-is mier, 426 w. 7 noembers miRebuli kanoniT `citirebis Sesaxeb~, rom-

liTac dadginda im xuTi yvelaze cnobili da, drois kvalobaze, yvelaze Tanamedrove iuristis vina-

oba, romelTa mosazrebebsac, sxvebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba mieniWaT. es iuristebi iyvnen: papiniane,

paulusi, ulpiane, modestinusi da gaiusi. maT mosazrebaTa Soris winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, saqmis

gadawyveta mosamarTlis mier xmaTa umravlesobiT xdeboda; Tanabari `xmebis~ SemTxvevaSi _ gada-

mwyveti papinianes azri iyo. aRniSnuli viTarebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki, mosamarTles, saqmis

sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, gadawyvetis ufleba eniWeboda. aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi kanoni

`citirebis Sesaxeb~ Teodosius II-is mier 438 w. gamocemuli kodeqsiT damkvidrda, mogvianebiT ki, 529

wels, iustiniane didis Novus Codex-Si Seitanes.

$5. Iurisprudencia (romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba)

1. avgustusi oqtaviane (gaius iuliusi oqtaviane avgustusi) (qr. Sobamde 63 wlis 23 seqtemberi – qr.

Sobis. 14 wlis 19 agvisto) _ romis imperatori qr. Sobamde 27 wlidan. gaius iulius keisris Zmis

SviliSvili, keisris mier Svilad ayvanili. principatis saxelwodebiT cnobili politikuri reJimis

fuZemdebeli. gaiusi yovelmxriv uwyobda xels iurisprudenciis ganviTarebas. misi iniciativiT samo-

qalaqo (kerZo) samarTlis ramdenime kanoni miiRes. avgustusis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis mizani

saxelmwifo da samarTlis sistemis daxvewa, romis samarTlis institutebisa da sazogadoebis zneo-

bis srulyofa iyo. avgustusis mmarTvelobis periodi esaa xelovnebis ayvavebis Jami; am dros moRva-

weobdnen: poetebi – vergiliusi, horaciusi, properciusi, istorikosi – titus liviusi; avgustusis

dros romSi aSenda mSvidobis sakurTxeveli, avgustusis forumi, mavzoleumi marsis velze da sxva.

2. avlus geliusi (daibada daaxloebiT 130 wels) _ romaeli mwerali. mis kalams ekuTvnis vrceli

naSromi “antikuri Rameebi” (romelTaganc Cvenamde, 20 wignad, naxevarze metma moaRwia); naSromSi

mocemulia mravali cnoba istoriis, literaturis, miTologiis, samarTlisa da filosofiis sfe-

rodan. moZRvrebisa da saTavgadasavlo moTxrobebis saxiT Sedgenili naSromi dialogis formiTaa

dawerili. masSi uxvadaa citata romaeli iuristebis im Txzulebebidan, romlebic sxva wyaroebSi

naxsenebi araa.

3. gaiusi – (daaxloebiT qr. Sobis 117/138-180/192 w.w) _ biografiuli cnobebi gaiusis Sesaxeb iseve

ucnobia, rogorc misi namdvili saxeli. mis kalams ekuTvnis: kerZo samarTlis klasikuri saxel-

mZRvanelo “Institutiones,” provinciale (32 wignad antonius piusis mmarTvelobis dros) da gamokvleva Ad Q.

Mucium, romlebic citirebulia iustinianes digestebSi. saintereso da simboluria gaiusis ìnsti-

tuciebis” _ “Institutionum iuris civilis commentarii” bedic: Sua saukuneebSi maTi didi nawili daikarga; X1X

saukunemde am naSromTa mxolod fragmentebma moaRwia; sxva naSromebSi ki instituciebis Sesaxeb

Semonaxulia cnobebi an maTi gadamuSavebuli varianti. kerZod, gaiusis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis

boeciusi, xolo gaiusis Eepistole alarixis breviariaSia Sesuli. 1816 wels veronis biblioTekaSi

germanelma istorikosma bertold georg niburma wm. ieronimes werilebTan erTad palimfsestSi

gaiusis sruli xelnaweri aRmoaCina. Semdeg manuskriptis atributi cnobilma germanelma civilistma,

samarTlis istoriuli skolis fuZemdebelma fridrih karl fon savinim iTava. restavraciis pro-

cesSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentis Catarebis Sedegad, instituciebis xelnaweri mniSvnelovnad dazianda,

ramac SeuSala xeli instituciebis gamocemas, 1934 wels, DZvelegviptur papirusebSi aRmoCenili

instituciebis axali nawyvetebis meSveobiT, teqstSi arsebul xarvezTa aRmofxvra moxerxda.

21

4. iavolenusi priskus oqtavius tidius tosiane (qr. Sobis I s.) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi da

saxelmwifo moRvawe. Consul (86w.), imperatorebis _ traianesa da adrianes mrCeveli, samarTlis maswav-

lebeli. iavolenusma brwyinvale politikuri kariera Seiqmna (oTxi provinciis nacvali iyo). rogorc

iuristi, iavolenusi originaluri, SemoqmedebiT niWiT gamoirCeoda. Mmis kalams ekuTvnis: Epistulae,

Libri ex Cassio, Libri ex Plautio, Libri ex posterioribus Labeonis (labeonis teqstebis krebuli). iavolenusis mos-

wavle gaxldaT iuliane, xolo celsus sabinusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, igi sabinianelTa skolas

Caudga saTaveSi.

5. iuliane lucius oqtavius kornelius emiliane (daax. II s.) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi da

saxelmwifo moRvawe. igi daibada q. gadrumetSi (Crdilo afrika) daaxloebiT 100 w. misi maswav-

lebeli iyo cnobili iuristi, traianesa da adrianes mrCeveli iavolenus priskusi, romelic

xelmZRvanelobda sabinianelTa skolas. iuliane iyo germaniis, espaneTisa da afrikis mefeTa nacvali.

148 wlidan _ konsuli da mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxldaT imperatorebis – adrianes, antoninus

piusis, markus avreliusisa da lucius verusis mrCeveli. iavolenusis Semdeg, sabinianelTa skolas

iuliane Caudga saTaveSi. samarTlisa da saxelmwifos winaSe iulianes yvelaze didi damsaxureba iyo

Edictum perpetuum (mudmivi ediqtis) damuSaveba da redaqtireba, romelSic sistematizirebuli da

unificirebulia wina epoqebis pretoruli samarTlis debulebani.

6. iustiniane I didi – (482-565 ww. ) _ aRmosavleT romis imperiis imperatori – 527-565 ww. uzomod

didia misi damsaxureba samarTlis istoriis sferoSi. dResdReobiT Cven xelT arsebul utyuar da

mravalferovan cnobebs romis kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, swored mas unda vumadlodeT. iustiniane I-

is samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis krebuli _ `Corpus Iuris Civilis~ marTlacda saimedo xomaldi, aTas-

wleulze metia, rac samarTlisa da TviT istoriis boboqar talRebs miapobs. iustinianes cxovrebisa

da pirovnebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ramdenadac mravalricxovania, imdenadve araerTgvarovania. iustinianes

mmarTvelobis dros romis imperiis orive nawilis xelaxali gaerTianebiT, qveynis politikuri siZ-

liere ganmtkicda. misi zeobis dros, bizantiis imperatori italiaSi _ ostguTebs, vestguTebs _

espaneTSi, Crdilo afrikaSi _ vandalebs ebrZoda.

Tumca ki, rogorc ìustinianes instituciebis~ SesavalSia naTqvami, ìmperatoris dideba ara marto

iaraRis ZaliT unda damSvendes, aramed kanonis ZaliTac, raTa qveyanas rogorc omis, ise mSvido-

bianobis Jams samarTlianad marTavdes~. swored am mizniT, imperator iustinianes brZanebiT, mecnier-

iuristTa jgufma tribonianes xelmZRvanelobiT, jer imperatoris mier gamocemuli kanonebi

(klasificirebuli da sistematizirebuli), 529 wels, iustinianes kodeqsis saxiT gamoaqveyna, Semdeg

iustinianes digestebi (fragmentebi 39 romaeli iuristis Txzulebebidan 50 wignad) da iustinianes

instituciebi (samarTlis oficialuri elementaruli saxelmZRvanelo) gamosca. krebulis sami nawi-

lis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, 529 wlidan moyolebuli imperatoris mier gamocemuli brZanebebi da

gankargulebebi erT krebulad gaaerTianes da mas novelebi ewodes.

imperatori iustiniane didi organizatoruli niWiTa da, intrigebis gziT, sakuTari Zalauflebis

ganmtkicebis uzado unariT gamoirCeoda. mis moRvaweobas wiTel zolad gasdevs xelovnebisa da

mecnierebisadmi siyvaruli (misi zeobisas konstantinopolSi wm. sofias didebuli taZari aages) da

Seurigebeli dogmatizmi, rac naTlad gamovlinda eretikosebis umowyalo devnasa, aTenis neopla-

tonuri akademiis akrZalvasa da gauqmebaSi. imperator iustinianesa da misi saxelmwifoebrivi poli-

tikis dedaazri iyo: àxali, iseTive didi da Zlevamosili romis aRorZineba, rogoric Zveli romi

iyo, magram ara warmarTuli, aramed qristianuli romisa.~

7. klavdiusi apius kekus (qr. Sobamde 450w.) _ cnobili romaeli saxelmwifo moRvawe da iuristi.

klavdiusi patriciebisa da decimvirebis meTauri iyo. man gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Sei-

tana decimvirTa komisiis muSaobaSi; misi rCevebis Sedegad mravali debuleba Sevida XII dafis kano-

nebSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, klavdiusma sakuTari xelisufleba borotad gamoiyena da pativi ayara

virginias; es faqti decimvirTa Zalauflebis dacemis sababi Seiqmna.

8. labeoni markus antistius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 45 w. - qr. Sobis 10/21 ww.) _ avgustusis

droindeli yvelaze gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, romelic gamoirCeoda codnismoyvareobiT, origi-

naluri azrovnebiTa da novatorobiT aramarto samarTlis, aramed monaTesave mecnierebaTa sfe-

roebSic. trebacius testas mowafe. labeoni Tavisi mrwamsiT respublikeli gaxldaT. Tavis

22

siZulvils principatis mimarT igi ar malavda. Tumca, labeonis piradi da samecniero avtoritetis

gamo, avgustusi mainc didi pativiscemiT epyroboda mas. momdevno periodis yvela gamoCenili iuristi

labeonis Sromebis citirebas axdenda. labeonma miaRwia pretorobas, Tumca, uari Tqva konsulobaze

da mTlianad samarTalmcodneobis srulyofa-ganviTarebaze muSaobda: 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi romSi

samarTals aswavlida, 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ki sakuTar mamulSi naSromebs qmnida. Llabeonma dawera

40-mde naSromi (Cvenamde mxolod umniSvnelo nawyvetebma moaRwia), maT Soris: Ad Legem XII tabularum, Ad

edictum, (pretoruli ediqtis pirveli klasikuri komentarebi), De iure pontificio, Epistulae, Responsa, Pithana.

labeonis sicocxleSi gamouqveynebeli naSromebi ucnobma avtorma gamosca (libri posteriores).

9. modestinusi herenius (qr. Sobis 226-244 ww.) _ `klasikuri periodis~ erT-erTi ukanaskneli iuristi,

ulpianes moswavle, avtori samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis naSromebisa, romlebsac, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

damxmare saxelmZRvanelos an praqtikuli komentaris mniSvneloba hqondaT. modestinusi romSi

praefectus vigilimus movaleobas asrulebda. Vigilis iyo Zveli romis xanZarsawinaaRmdego razmi, romelic

Ramis saaTebSi sapolicio samsaxuris funqciebsac asrulebda. amrigad, saxanZro razmisa da sapo-

licio samsaxuris ufrosis movaleoba praefectus praetoria-s Semdeg, faqtobrivad, meore Tanamdeboba iyo;

masve evaleboda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqciac. garda amisa, cnobilia, rom

modestinusi samarTals aswavlida maqsiminus umcross (imperator maqsiminus Trakielis vaJs, rome-

lic, 238 wels, jariskacTa amboxis dros, mamasTan erTad akvileusis alyis dros mokles).

239 wels imperatorma markus antoninus gordianus mesamem mas ius respodendi-s, anu iuridiul sa-

kiTxebze daskvnebis micemis ufleba uboZa. modestinusma Seqmna naSromebi samarTlis yvela dargSi,

igi werda rogorc laTinur, ise berZnul enebze. misi Txzulebebi mosamarTle da samarTlis Semswav-

lelTaTvis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloebi ufro iyo, vidre Teoriul-kvleviTi xasiaTis Sromebi.

modestinusis kalams ekuTvnis Semdegi Sromebi: Regulae, Responsa, Pandectae, De praescriptionibus.

modestinusis naSromebma (papinianusis, pavlusis, gaiusisa da ulpianes naSromebTan erTad), `citi-

rebis Sesaxeb~ 426 wlis kanoniT, citirebis ufleba moipoves da saqmeebis ganxilvis dros sasa-

marTloSi uapelacio upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen.

10. marcelusi lucius ulpius (qr. Sobis II s.) – cnobili romaeli iuristi. marcelusi

imperatorebis antoninus piusisa da markus avreliusis mrCeveli gaxldaT. TanamedroveTa Soris igi,

sruliad damsaxurebulad, iTvleboda SorsmWvretel da gonier analitikosad. marcelusma

kritikulad gadaamuSava iulianes mravali debuleba da uaryo zogierTi maTgani. marcelusis

Txzulebebi, kerZod, misi `digestebi~ 31 wignad, Zalze popularul naSromad iTvleboda; pavlusi,

ulpiane, modestinusi, marciane, trifoninusi maT xSirad iyenebdnen, xolo kvintus cervidius

scevolam am TxzulebaTa komentarebi Seadgina.

11. pavlusi iulius (II saukunis bolo _ III saukunisis dasawyisi) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi,

scevolas mowafe. digestebis mTeli moculobis TiTqmis erT meeqvseds pavlusis TxzulebaTa nawyve-

tebi Seadgens. 426 wels imperatorebma Teodosius II-m da valentiniane III-m gamosces kanoni, romlis

Tanaxmadac, sasamarTloebs pavlusis naSromTa citirebis ufleba da am naSromebis safuZvelze sasa-

marTlo davebis ganxilvis uflebamosileba eZleodaT. pavlusi iyo advokati, mogvianebiT _ preto-

rianelTa gvardiis prefeqtis asesori (Tanamdebobis piris TanaSemwe). am dros prefeqtis Tanamdeboba

papinianes ekava. Semdeg pavlusma magister memoriae-s maRali Tanamdeboba daikava (ganagebda princefsis

dRiurs, iwerda mis moxsenebebs da gankargavda mis korespondencias) da papinianesTan erTad saimpe-

ratoro sabWos wevri gaxda; imperator aleqsandre severusis mmarTvelobis dros, Tavis kolega

ulpianesTan erTad, igi praefectus praetoriae gaxda. pavlusis kalams ekuTvnis 86 Txzuleba 319 wignad,

romelTa Sorisacaa neraciusis, iulianes, papinianes, scevolas Sromebisadmi miZRvnili SeniSvnebi

(Notae), Ad Plautium, Ad Sabinum-is komentarebi.

pavlusis mTavari naSromi Ad edictum erTdroulad pretoruli samarTlis normaTa komentaricaa da

maTi uzogadesi formulirebac. pavlusiseuli fragmentebis im nawilebis garda, romlebic iusti-

nianes digestebSia, nawilobriv SemorCenilia misi naSromi sententiae ad filium (Svilebisadmi micemuli

rCeva-darigebani), romelic didi popularobiT sargeblobda modevno saukuneebSi; pavlusis rCeva-

darigebebma aseve, kanonis Zala SeiZina. aRniSnul naSromSi pavlusi samarTlis zogad sistemasa da

mis calkeul debulebebs mokled da gasagebad ayalibebs.

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12. papiniane emilius (daaxloebiT 146-212 ww. daibada siriis q. hemezaSi) _ erT-erTi yvelaze

avtoritetuli mecnier_iuristi, romlis siRrmiseulma azrovnebam da cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam,

igi II-III saukuneebis gamoCenil samarTalmcodneTa liderad aqcia. `citirebis Sesaxeb” 426 wlis kano-

nis safuZvelze, nebismier samarTlebriv sakiTxze, yvela sxva avtoris mosazrebasTan SedarebiT,

papinianes mosazreba upiratesobiT sargeblobda. savaraudod, papiniane enaTesaveboda imperator

septimius severuss, romelsac colad misi da hyavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, kvintus cervidius scevolas

skolaSi septimius severusi da papiniane erTad swavlobdnen.Mseverusis mmarTvelobis dros papinianem

praefectus praetoriae-s Tanamdeboba miiRo. septimiusis memkvidris - imperator karakalas dros, papinianem

uari ganacxada karakalas mier umcrosi Zmis _ getasa da misi momxreebis mklvelobis gamarTlebaze,

riTac imperatori gadaimtera; 212 wels karakalas brZanebiT papiniane daqiravebulma mkvlelma

mokla.

papinianes mTavari naSromebia Quaestiones 19 wignad da Responsa, romlebic stilisturad imdenad rTuli

iyo, kazuisturi masaliT ki _ imdenad mdidari, rom samarTlis skolaSi mesame wels iswavleboda (am

skolis msmenelebs `papinianelebsac~ uwodebdnen).

13. pomponiusi seqstus (qr. Sobis IIs.) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi, iulianes Tanamedrove. samarTlis

sferoSi pomponiusi, ZiriTadad, pedagogiur da literaturul saqmianobas eweoda. igi aRniSnuli

periodis erT-erTi nayofieri SemoqmedTagania. mis kalams ekuTvnis: Cvenamde moRweuli pretoruli

ediqtis yvelaze vrceli komentari (daaxloebi, 150 wignad). pomponiusis ediqti romis samarTlis

istoriis yvelaze vrcel da popularul naSromad iTvleba. formalurad sabinianelTa skolis

mimdevari, prokulianelTa skolis Sexedulebebs ar uaryofda.

14. rufusi servius sulfius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi da

saxelmwifo moRvawe, akviliusisa da luciusis mowafe, konsuli (51 w.), prokonsuli aqeaSi (46-45 ww.).

kvintus mucius scevolasTan erTad, servius rufusi respublikuri samarTalmcodneobis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenlad iTvleboda; samarTlis Tanmimdevruli meTodisti, imavdroulad, kargi praktikosi,

SesaniSnavi oratori, pedagogi (10-ze meti moswavle gamozarda) da Zalze nayofieri avtori, ro-

melmac STamomavlobas dautova: daaxloebiT 180 wigni, mravalricxovani gamosvlebi sasamarTlo

sxdomaze, pretoruli ediqtis pirveli, Zalze mokle komentari da sxva naSromebi, kerZod: De dotibus,

De sacris detestands, Reprehensa Scaevolae, Responsa, romlebic misma mowafeebma avfidius namusam, alfenus

varusma da sxvebma gamosces.

15. rufusi rutilius publius (qr. Sobamde 158 w. ?) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, publius

muciusis mowafe, konsuli (105 w.). 92 wels qveynidan gaZeveba mas usamarTlod miusajes. rufusi

saxelganTqmuli respodenti gaxldaT. mis kalams ekuTvnis: actio formula Rutiliana da (SesaZloa) constitutio

Rutiliana. garda amisa, rufusis Sesaxeb cnobilia, rom igi gatacebuli iyo oratoruli xelovnebiTa

da istoriis kvleviT.

16. sabinus mazurius (qr. Sobis I s.) _ romis samarTlis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli

moRvawe, romlis saxelsac, postklasikuri tradiciiT, sabinianelTa skolis – samarTlis mecnierebis

axali mimdinareobis _ daarseba ukavSirdeba. ateius kapitonis mowafe. sabinusis erTguli Tana-

moazre iyo misi mowafe kasius longinusi. sabinusi warmoSobiT ubralo ojaxidan iyo, Tavs irCenda

im honorarebiT, romlebsac mowafeebi uxdidnen. 50 wlis asakSi mxedris cenzis miRebas igi impe-

rator tiberiuss umadloda, romelmac, mxedrebis wodebis warmomadgenelTagan, pirvelad sabinuss

darTo neba gaeca kvalificiuri pasuxebi, anu profesiul doneze gadaewyvita is samarTlebrivi prob-

lemebi, romlebic arsebul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, saTanadod, asaxuli ar iyo. sabinusis Sexedu-

lebebze garkveuli gavlena moaxdina mucius scevola pontifikosis ideebma, rasac mowmobs Tavad

mazurius sabinusis mTavari naSromis Ius civile-s saxelwodebac, romelic scevolas Txzulebis saxel-

wodebis identuria.

17. scevola publius mucius (qr. Sobamde 133 w.) _ didi qurumi da konsuli; misi gonierebis,

samarTlis Rrma codnisa da sasamarTlo davebis ganxilvis dros miukerZoeblobis gamo, scevola-

mama ciceronma did da WeSmarit iuristad aRiara. pomponiusma publius mucius scevolas (markus

iunius brutussa da markus maniliusTan erTad) civiluri samarTlis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli uwoda.

scevola-mamam samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos 10 wigni miuZRvna; didi qurumi, qurumebis kolegiis

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privilegirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze metad, iuridiul kompetenturobaze zrunavda, riTac

samarTlis sekularizacias Seuwyo xeli.

18. scevola kvintus mucius konsuli (qr. Sobamde 95 w.) da didi qurumi (qr. Sobamde 84 w.). umwikvlo

reputaciiT scevola-Svilis saxelma da avtoritetma mamis dideba daCrdila. man brwyinvale filo-

sofiuri ganaTleba miiRo. kvintus mucius scevolam samarTlis sferoSi Rrma codniTa da orato-

ruli xelovnebiT didi popularoba moipova. sasamarTloSi mis gamosvlebs axalgazrda ciceroni

usmenda. scevola-Svilma monawileoba miiRo lucinius-muciusis kanonebis SedgenaSi. samarTlis

istoriis TvalsazrisiT, misi udidesi damsaxureba gaxlavT is, rom man pirvelma samarTlebrivi aq-

tebi ara qronologiurad, aramed sistemurad Camoayaliba, razec misi Txzulebis De iure civili-is 18

wignSi mocemuli samoqalaqo samarTlis ZiriTadi cnebebi metyvelebs.

19. trifoninusi klavdius (qr. Sobis II-III ss.) – romaeli iuristi. papinianusisa da paulusis

Tanamedrove, maTTan erTad swavlobda kvintus cervidius scevolas samarTlis skolaSi.

trifoninusi septimius severusis saimperatoro sabWos wevri iyo. sabWos sxdomebze ganxilul

sakiTxebze saboloo daskvnebi, quaestor sacri patatii-im, Camoayaliba naSromSi Disputationes.

20. triboniane (?- 542/546 ww.) – gamoCenili bizantieli iuristi, iustinianes droindeli saxelmwifo

moRvawe, ekava umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi (magister officium). triboniane gaxldaT iustinianes

samoqalaqo samarTlis krebulis Seqmnis iniciatori da koordinatori. Codex-ze muSaobisas, igi mxo-

lod komisiis wevrobas dasjerda, 530 wlidan ki, faqtobrivad, yvela samuSaos igi xelmZRvanelobda

da TanamSromlebsac sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr arCevda. tribonianem komisias gadasca sakuTari

unikaluri biblioTeka, romelic im droisaTvis xelmiuwvdomel, iSviaT gamocemebs Seicavda.

samarTlis winaSe tribonianes Rvawlze termini èmblemaTa triboniane~ aSkarad metyvelebs.

21. trebacius gaius testa (gardaicvala qr. Sobis I saukunis dasawyiSi) _ labeonis maswavlebeli,

gviandeli respublikis erT-erTi cnobili romaeli iuristi, romlis naSromma Cvenamde moaRwia, misi

calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi ki sxva avtorebis Txzulebebma Semogvinaxa. testa mxedarTa wodebis warmo-

madgeneli iyo, megobrobda ciceronTan (romelmac igi keisars gaacno), horaciusTan, iyo avgustusis

mrCeveli, romlis mmarTvelobis drosac trebacius testas avtoriteti Zalze amaRlda, rac misma

samarTlis siRrmiseulma codnam da cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam ganapiroba.

22. ulpiane domicius (daax. II saukunis II naxevari) gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, warmoSobiT

sirieli. pavlusis msgavsad, ulpianes pretorianelTa gvardiis prefeqt papinianesTan asesoris Tanam-

deboba ekava. mogvianebiT, saimperatoro kancelariis ufrosi (magister serinius), xolo aleqsander

severusis mmarTvelobis dros praefectus preatoriae iyo. ulpiane axalgazrda imperatoris, aleqsander

severusisa da misi dedis – mameas ndobiT aRWurvili piri gaxldaT. mas Tavad imperatoric did

pativs scemda. samxedro valdebulebisa da imperatoris erTgulebis momxere, ulpiane ver egueboda

yovlisSemZle pretorianel jariskacTa da oficerTa Tavgasulobas; am umarTavi Zalisadmi misi

principuli damokidebuleba, sabolood, tragikulad dasrulda – 228 wels, igi imperator

aleqsander severusis Tvalwin mokles pretorianelebma.

ulpianes kalams ekuTvnis grandiozuli naSromi Àd edictum~_ pretoruli samarTlis komentari 83

wignad, Txzulebebi: Ad Sabinum de appellationibus, De fideicommissus, agreTve calkeul kanonTa komentarebi.

Cvenamde moaRwia ulpianes Sromebma Iber singularis regularum-is 29 Tavma (samarTalmcodneobis Sesas-

wavlad). mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, ulpianes TxzulebebSi stoelTa ideebis zegavlena igrZnoba, rasac,

kanonTan SedarebiT, zneobrivi normebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba mowmobs.

23.Fflorentinusi (qr. Sobis II s.) _ romaeli iuristi, romlis Sesaxebac cnobilia, rom man vrceli

naSromi _ Institutiones _ dawera. frolentinusis Sesaxeb Cvenamde Zalze mcire cnobebma moaRwia.

iustinianes digestebSi mocemuli fragmentebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom Rrma

filosofiuri azrovnebiTa da oratoruli niWiT gamorCeul iurists, samarTlis rTuli cnebebisa

da debulebebis martivad axsnis unaric Seswevda. kerZod, frolentinuss genialurad aqvs ganmar-

tebuli Tavisuflebisa da monobis arsi, romelic mocemulia De status hominum-Si.

24. ciceroni markus tulius (qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) – udidesi romaeli filosofosi, oratori,

25

politikuri moRvawe, mwerali, iuristi. respublikuri wyobis momxre da respublikelTa erT-erTi

ukanaskneli gamoCenili ideologi. politikuri uiRblobis gamo, igi araerTxel ganidevna romidan;

cicerons bedi ar swyalobda; erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis ideuri mowinaaRmdege, markus antoninusma

proskripciul siebSi Seitana.

ciceroni iyo ganumeorebeli oratori, sazogadoebis winaSe warmoTqmuli misi sityvebi dRemde ora-

toruli xelovnebis nimuSad rCeba. filosofiaSi ekleqturi Sexedulebebis momxres _ stoicizmis,

akademizmisa da epikureizmis simbiozi, imavdroulad sajaro da kerZo samarTlis sferoSi samarT-

lis mTeli rigi fuZemdebluri principebis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevda.

ciceronis yvelaze cnobili naSromebia: òratorisadmi~, `saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~, `kanonebis Sesaxeb~,

`keTilisa da borotis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~, `movaleobaTa Sesaxeb~ da sxva. rogorc respublikuri

wyobilebis ideologi, ciceroni (romelsac im droisaTvis axleburi azrovnebis gamo homo novus-s

uwodebdnen), romis siZlieresa da mis uZveles kanons (De respublica, De legibus) ganadidebda. ciceronis

saxelganTqmul trilogiaSi (`De oratore~, Òrator~, `Brutus~) sasamarTlo da politikuri oratoris –

perfectus orator – srulyofili saxea aRwerili.

$6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi

a) Iudicatum (sasamarTlo precedenti)

Auctoritas res iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis avtoriteti); exemplum (precedenti).

romis samarTlis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, iuriskonsultebis (iuris prudentes) intensiurma samar-

TalSemoqmedebiTma saqmianobam, faqtiurad, sasamarTlo praqtikis roli da mniSvneloba dasca. diges-

tebSi (D.1.3.38) moyvanilia kalistratusis (qr. Sobis II-III ss. romaeli iuristi) azri, rom imperator

septimius severusis moTxoviT, kanonSi raime saeWvos an sxvaobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kanonis Zala

miniWeboda im Cveulebas an avtoritetul saqmes, romelTa safuZvelzec sasamarTloSi saqme

wydeboda. es aris romaul iuridiul literaturaSi arsebuli erTaderTi teqsti, romelic sasa-

marTlo precedentisTvis savaldebulo Zalis miniWebasa da kanonTan mis gaTanabrebis auci-

leblobaze (rogorc avtoritetul sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze) metyvelebs. am teqstidan irkveva,

rom, analogiuri SemTxvevebis regulirebis mizniT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa magaliTad miRebis

praqtika (ad exempla), Zvel romSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo da imperatoris nebas ar eqvem-

debareboda.

respublikis periodis ritorikul TxzulebebSi, iudicatum-i samarTlis im sxva wyaroebisa da mtki-

cebulebaTa saSualebebTan erTad ixsenieba, romlebsac sasamarTlo sxdomebze advokatebi iyenebdnen.

Tumca, rogorc gairkva, digestebSi kalistratusis teqsti pavlusis xsenebul teqstTan erTadaa

mocemuli (D.1.3.37); pavlusis teqstSi saubaria provinciuli samarTlis Sesaxeb; pavlusi wers, inter-

pretaciis dros, eWvis arsebobisas, msgavsi Sinaarsis SemTxvevis gadawyveta, sasamarTlom provin-

ciuli Temis Cveulebis (adgilobrivi samarTali) siRrmiseulad Seswavlis Sedegad unda moaxdinos.

amrigad, kalistratusis fragmentSi moxseniebuli septimiuss severusis reskripti, eZRvneba provin-

ciul sasamarTlo praqtikas, sadac ganviTarebuli iuridiuli azrovneba ar arsebobda da mraval-

saukunovani tradiciis kompensireba adgilobrivi CveulebiTi samarTlisa da precedentis interpretatio-

s xarjze xdeboda.

b) Senatusconsultum (senatuskonsulti)

Senatusconsultum - SC; Quaestiones extraordinariae et quaestiones perpetuae (sagangebo da mudmivmoqmedi sisxlis

samarTlis sasamarTlo); oratio principis (princefsis sityva sasamarTloSi).

Senatusconsultum (SC) xalxis (populus) monawileobis gareSe miiReboda; aqedan gamomdinare, qmediTobis

TvalsazrisiT, leges-Tan misi gaTanabreba, udavod gamoiwvevda im konceptualur sirTules, romelic

asaxulia gaiusis teqstSi: Senatusconsultum est, quod senatus iubet atque constituit: idque legis vicem optinet quamvis

fuerit quaesitum _ senatis dadgenileba aris is, rac senatma brZana da daadgina; mas aqvs kanonis Zala,

Tumca, amis Sesaxeb bevrs daobdnen (Gai., 1,4). qr. Sobis II saukunemde SC-s kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda da

26

amitom ius civile-s SeqmnaSi uSualo monawileobas ver iRebda.

senats hqonda ori SesaZlebloba: normatiul viTarebaze SualobiTi gavlenis mosaxdenad, sasurveli

kanonis miReba daevalebina magistratisTvis, an pretorisagan _ ediqtSi cvlilebebis Setana. zogjer

senati magistratisagan sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlos - quaestiones extra ordinariae _

Seqmnas iTxovda. amgvari dawesebuleba ver iqneboda mudmivmoqmedi, misi Seqmna kanonis (lex) miRebas

saWiroebda, xolo senatuskonsults kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda. amdenad, moqalaqes yovelTvis hqonda

ufleba apelaciiT miemarTa xalxisaTvis. qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi Zvel romSi seriozuli poli-

tikuri da samarTlebrivi krizisi warmoiSva, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom senatma msgavsi sagan-

gebo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis SezRudvis Tavidan acileba moisurva.

principatis periodSi, komiciebis rolis dacemis Sedegad, senatis normaSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo imperatoris xelSi senatuskonsulti pretoris ediqtze zemoqmedebis

mZlavri iaraRi Seiqna. marTalia, qr. Sobis I saukuneSi senatuskonsults, ius civile-Tan mimarTebiT,

kanonis Zala jer kidev ar gaaCnda da mxolod pretorul samarTlis (ius honorarium) Camoyalibebaze

axdenda gavlenas, qr. Sobis II saukunidan misi roli imdenad gaizrda, rom civiluri samarTlis

tolfasi Sedegi miiRo, rac kanonTan mis gaTanabrebaze metyvelebda.

g) Edicta magistratuum (magistratebis ediqtebi)

Ius edicendi (normis dadgenisa da gamoqveynebis ufleba); edictum (magistratis ediqti), iurisdictio

(sasamarTlo uflebamosileba); officium (Tanamdebobrivi movaleobani); interdictum (interdiqti); edictum

perpetuum (mudmivi ediqti); edicta repentina (erTjeradi ediqti); decretum (dekreti); denegatio actionis

(sasarCelo dacvaze uaris Tqma); edictum provinciale (provinciuli ediqti); aediles curules (kurulis

edilebi); praefecti (prefeqti); praesides provinciale (provinciis gubernatorebi).

umaRlesi samxedro da sajaro xelisuflebis (imperium) mqone romael magistratebs ius edicendi

ganxorcieleba (Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, zogadsavaldebulo

qcevis wesebis dadgena da gamocema), ediqtis (edictum) saxiT, SeeZloT. marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio)

ganxorcielebis ufleba qr. Sobamde 242 w. q. romis mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgebel pretorsa (praetor

urbanus) da peregrinebis pretors (praetor peregrinus) mieniWaT. Ìus dicere” iyo samoqalaqo sasamarTlo

ganxilvis (in iure) pirveli stadia, romlis drosac saqmis arsi dgindeboda da Sesabamisi proce-

sualuri saSualebebi ganisazRvreboda. sakuTari uflebis (ius, iuris dicendi) safuZvelze, pretori mosa-

marTles uTiTebda im safuZvels, romlis Tanaxmadac am ukanasknels gadawyvetileba unda gamoetana.

pretoris gadawyvetileba ganisazRvreboda ius civile-s im normebiT, romlebic ama Tu im urTierTobis

dasadgenad gamoiyeneboda. sakuTari imperium-is safuZvelze, pretors dacvis specifikuri saSua-

lebebis gaTvaliswineba da saqmis damoukidebeli ganxilvac SeeZlo. aseTi eqstraordinaluri pro-

cesebi xels uwyobda samarTlis sistemis ganviTarebas da ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTi-

erTobebis oficialur doneze dacvisa da aRiarebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. garda pretorebisa,

romlebic zogadi iurisdictio-Ti sargeblobdnen, specialuri iurisdiqcia mieniWaT kurulis edilebsac

_ magistratebs, romlebic q. romSi wesrigis dacvaze iyvnen pasuxismgebelni, gansakuTrebiT bazrebSi

(cura urbis). sakuTari officium-is farglebSi ius edicendi hqonda edilsac; igi gamoscemda ediqtebs (edicta),

romlebic ara marto marTlmsajulebis, aramed kerZo samarTlis, da gansakuTrebiT _ edicta

iurisdictionis exeboda.

magistratebis ediqtebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi, lex Aebutia-s gamocemiT

SeiZina. damkvidrda axali saxis procesi _ per formulas, romelic legis actiones procesTan Tanadroulad

moqmedebda. aRniSnulis Sedegad, ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis dacva pretorsac

SeeZlo. amisTvisac igi ara eqstraordinalur, aramed Cveulebriv samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv saSua-

lebebs iyenebda.

qr. Sobamde 17 w. legis actiones procesis gauqmebiT, samoqalaqo procesualuri saSualebebis Seqmnis

TvalsazrisiT, magistratebis ediqtma TiTqmis monopoluri mdgomareoba moipova. Camoyalibda axali,

gansakuTrebuli normatiuli sistema _ ius honorarium anu praetorium (magistratebis anu pretoruli

samarTali), romelsac ius civile-Tvis praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda: pretoruli dacvis gansa-

kuTrebul saSualebebs moqalaqe Tu ar gamoiyenebda, igi civiluri samarTlis normis anabara

27

rCeboda, xolo pretorulma samarTalma ius civile-s institutebis modifikacias xeli materialuradac

Seuwyo. Tavdapirvelad, pretorTa mier ediqtebis Sesruleba Rirsebis (fides) sakiTxad iqca da

`dignitas~-ze (tradiciul warmodgenaze) iyo damokidebuli. pretors SeeZlo uari eTqva misive ediqtiT

gamocxadebul sarCelze (denegare actionem); aseve, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoeca axali ediqti,

romelic, Tanamdebobaze misi daniSvnis dros, gamocemuli ediqtis sapirispiro iqneboda;

e.w. erTjeradi saxis naCqarevi ediqtisagan (edicta repentina) gansxvavebiT, wlis dasawyisSi gamocemuli

ediqti, pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi Zalas inarTunebda da mudmiv ediqtad (edictum

perpetuum) iwodeboda. qr. Sobamde 67 w. plebsis tribunis korneliusis mier gamocemuli kanoniT,

pretors, edictum perpetuum-is garda, sxva aqtebiT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba aekrZala.

marTlmsajulebis sferoSi edicta repentina-s gauqmebam, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, pretoris mier

araordinaluri gadawyvetilebebis (decretum) miRebaze gavlena ver moaxdina. amasTanave, ediqtis (an

kanonis) winaaRmdeg wasvla pretors ar SeeZlo, mas evaleboda mxolod dadgenili samarTlis

farglebSi moqmedeba da axal urTierTobebze bonum et aequum-is ZiriTadi principebis gavrceleba.

qr. Sobis II saukuneSi, roca senatusconsultum-s kanonis Zala mieca, imperatoris kancelaria sagrZ-

noblad gaaqtiurda, kerZo samarTali ius civile-s farglebSi ganviTarda, ediqti ki arsebiTad Seiz-

Ruda da misi ganviTarebis procesic SeCerda. aseTi viTarebis logikuri Sedegi ki iyo, imperator

adrianes iniciativiT, pretoruli samarTlis saboloo sistematizacia. 131 w. imperatorma kvestorebs

salvius iulianesa da servius korneliuss pretoruli ediqtebis saerTo redaqtireba daavala. am

amocanis Sesasruleblad saTanado codna mxolod iulianes hqonda, amdenad, TiTqmis mTeli samu-

Saoc man Seasrula. iulianes redaqciiT gamocemul ediqts Èdictum perpetuum-i~ ewoda (Tumca, sru-

liad axali mniSvnelobiT). amieridan kodificirebul teqstSi magistratebs mxolod aucilebeli

xasiaTis damatebebis Setana SeeZloT.

amrigad, papinianes Tanaxmad, pretoruli samarTali aris is, rac civiluri samarTlis gaumjobesebis,

masSi damatebebisa Tu cvlilebebis Setanis mizniT, civiluri samarTlis sajaro sargeblianobis

asamaRleblad, pretorebma brZanes (D.1.1.7).

d) Constitutiones principum (imperatorebis konstituciebi)

Lex generalis (zogadi moqmedebis norma); decretum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba); rescriptum (calkeuli

kazusis gadawyveta); subscriptio (kerZo piris moTxovniT (sapasuxod) gamotanili gadawyvetileba); epistula

(Tanamdebobis piris moTxovnaze sapasuxo gadawyvetileba); translatio imperii (Zalauflebis gadatana).

ulpianes azriT, princefsis gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala aqvs, radgan xalxi imperators mTel

xelisuflebas, princefsis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli kanoniT, gadascems. (D.1.4.1).

am teqstSi, faqtiurad, principatis, rogorc politikuri reJimis, arsia Camoyalibebuli. princefsi,

rogorc kanonmdebeli, xalxis sinonimia da magistratis msgavsad (romelsac xalxma garkveuli vadiT

imperium-i gadasca) ki ar axorcielebs Tanamdebobriv funqciebs, aramed saxalxo nebas samisdReSiod

gamoxatavs. III saukuneSi Camoyalibebul principatis reJimis gamamarTlebel konceptualur tradi-

cias naTlad asaxavs Zalauflebis gadatanis (translatio imperii) idea. pomponiusi princefss populus-is

sadar suverenad axasiaTebs (D.1.2.2.11). misi azriT, princefsis mdgomareoba pozitiuri samarTlis

pirveladi wyaros tolfasia; sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebs igi sakuTari saxelisuflo statusis

mixedviT, qmnida. pomponusis Tanaxmad, aseTi cvlileba romis saxelmwifos bunebrivi ganviTarebis

Sedegi iyo, romelic, TavisTavad, iTxovda samarTlis dadgenis saSualebaTa Semcirebasa da am

uflebamosilebis erTi piris xelSi Tavmoyras. Constitutio principis-iT gamoxatuli axali suverenis

neba, kanonzomierad icavs kanons, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis formas. pomponiusis azriT, is, rac

Tavad princefsma daadgina, kanonis magivrad Sesruldeba _ quod ipse prinseps constituit pro lege servetur

(D.1.2.2.12).

ulpianes Tanaxmad, princefsis neba da xelisufleba xalxisas uTanabrdeba, imperatoris konstitucia

Tavad kanonia (legem esse constat). (D.1.4.1.1)

princefsis konstituciasa da kanons Soris gansxvaveba-Tanafardoba marcianusis teqstSia mocemuli:

`werilobiTi formiT dadgenili pirobebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba imperatoris ediqts, an kanons, an

kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebs... dauwerlad iTvleba _ condiciones contra edicta imperatorum aut contra leges aut quae

28

legis vicem optinent scriptae… pro non scriptis habentur. . . (D.28.7.14). aseTi damokidebuleba imperatoris konsti-

tucias ganaxsvavebda pozitiuri samarTlis im sxva formebisgan, romelTac SeiZleba kanonis (lex)

masStabebi mivusadagoT da vivaraudoT, rom konstitucia sakuTari Tavis kriteriumi iyo. am logikis

gamoxatulebaa cnobili maqsima _ princefsi kanonisgan Tavisufalia _ princeps legibus solutus est (D.1.3.31).

formis mixedviT, imperatoris konstituciebi iyofa: 1. Edicta _ zogadi moqmedebis norma; 2. Decreta _

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, Cveulebriv, qveda instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze apelaciis

pasuxad; 3. Rescripta _ calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta, romelic, Tavis mxriv, subscriptiones-ad da epistulae-

d iyofoda imis mixedviT, kerZo Tu Tanamdebobis piris SekiTxvis sapasuxod iyo gacemuli.

III saukunis bolomde saimperatoro samarTalSemoqmedebis sxva formebs Soris rescripta dominirebda.

romis pozitiuri samarTlis struqturaSi rescripta xSirad responsa prudentium-Tan erTad ixsenieboda.

kerZo samarTlis calkeul problemaTa gadaWriT ius controversum-Si Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda. post-

klasikur epoqaSi (konstantines gamefebasTan erTad) rescripta-m adrindeli mniSvneloba dakarga.

samagierod, konstantines periodidan kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis regulirebis sferoSi

mniSvnelovani roli SeiZina edicta-m da is leges generales-i gaxda. am periodSi sasamarTlo gadawyve-

tilebis miRebis safuZveli swored imperatoris konstituciebi (leges) iyo. klasikuri periodis iuris-

tebis mosazrebas _ iura-s maSin mimarTavdnen, roca sakanonmdeblo moTxovna ar gaaCndaT.

imperatoris konstituciebis kerZo krebulebis Sesaqmnelad mzardma interesma iseTi mniSvnelovani

aqtebis Seqmna ganapiroba, rogoricaa diokletianes dros Sedgenili Codex Gregorianus da Codex

Hermogenianus. 428 w. aRmosavleT romis imperiis mmarTvelma Teodosius II-m samarTlis wyaroebis zo-

gadi sistematizacia ganizraxa. 438 w. ZalaSi Sevida Codex Theodosianus-i, romelSic konstantines Sem-

deg gamocemuli konstituciebi gaaerTianes. 528 w. aprilSi aRmosavleT romis imperatorma iusti-

nianem brZana SeeqmnaT axali kodeqsi Novus Codex, romelic 529 wlis aprilSi ZalaSi Sevida.

iustinianem Tavi mouyara Zvel kodeqsebs; 439 wlis Semdgom miRebuli axali konstituciebic daurTo

da maT novellae constitutiones uwoda. aRniSnulma kodeqsma Cvenamde ver moaRwia.

II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 367-17 ww.)

Praetor urbanus (qalaqis pretori); praetor peregrinus (peregrinebis pretori); per formulas agere

(formularuli procesi); edictum praetorium (pretoruli ediqti); edictum tralaticium (ediqtis monacvleoba

_ memkvidreobiToba); ius praetorium (pretoruli samarTali); ius honorarium (magistratebis samarTali);

iuris prudentes (iurisprudencia); responsa (iuristebis pasuxebi); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); divisio-

definitio (sarCelis sistematizacia); pars iuris (samarTlis mecniereba); aequitas (samarTlianoba).

qr. Sobamde 367 wels tribun licinius stolonusisa da misi kolega seqstius lateranusis

iniciativiT miRebuli kanoniT (lex Liciniae Sextiae) dadginda: erT-erT konsulad aucileblad plebsis

warmomadgeneli unda arCeuliyo. am monopoliuri uflebis dakargvas patriciebi ver Seeguen da imave

kanoniT, kompensaciis saxiT, q. romis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi umaRlesi magistratis axali Tanam-

debobis _ qalaqis pretoris (preator urbanus) SemoReba moiTxoves. qalaqis pretori konsulis umcrosi

TanaSemwe da Sesabamisi impirium-iT aRWurvili piri unda yofiliyo. pretori marTlmsajulebas (iuris

dictio) ganaxorcielebda. aRniSnuli magistraturis SemoReba, faqtiurad, mmarTvelobis sistemidan

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis instituciur gamoyofas niSnavda. aseTma cvlilebam sasamarTlo pro-

cesis axali formis Camoyalibeba da mTeli romauli samarTlis sistemis TandaTanobiTi gardaqmna

gamoiwvia. amrigad, es cvlilebebi SeiZleba Sevafasod ara konstituciuri samarTlis, aramed samo-

qalaqo samarTlis istoriis umniSvnelovanes movlenad. swored aRniSnuli movlenaa miCneuli romis

samarTlis arqauli periodis dasasrulad da e.w. winaklasikuri periodis dasawyisad.

tradiciis Tanaxmad, romSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis wodebrivi gaTanabreba qr. Sobamde 287 wels miRe-

bul hortenziusis kanons (lex Hortensia) ukavSirdeba. am kanoniT plebsis saxalxo krebebis gadawyve-

tilebebs (plebiscita) kanonis (lex) Zala mieniWaT da yvela moqalaqisTvis savaldebulo gaxda. for-

malur-konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT, aseTi cvlileba plebsisaTvis privilegiis miniWeba iyo,

vinaidan, iZulebis wesiT, mTeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulod mxolod erTi wodebis neba iqca; maSin,

roca patriciebs aseTi ufleba ar gaaCndaT. msgavsi disproporcia magistraturebis mimarTac

29

SeiniSneboda. amieridan, romis respublikaSi Tu plebeebs nebismieri Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeeZloT,

sakuTriv plebeebis magistraturis (maT Soris ki umTavresi tribuni iyo) dakavebis ufleba mxolod

plebeebs eniWebodaT, anu, am TvalsazrisiT, isini wodebriv upiratesobas inarCunebdnen. arsebiTad,

patriciati saxelmwifos erTaderTi umaRlesi wodeba aRar iyo. plebeebis elitam patriciatTan

aRreva moaxerxa, patriciebisa da plebeebis zeda fenam ki sazogadoebis axali umaRlesi wodeba _

nobiliteti (nobilis) Seqmna.

saxelmwifo wyobilebis oligarqiuli xasiaTi mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels gabatonebuli social-

luri jgufebis politikur aqtivobas da interesTa memkvidreobiTobis harmoniul Tanxvedras

iwvevda, rasac Sedegad romis respublikis ayvaveba mohyva. mogvianebiT, aRniSnulma viTarebam gana-

piroba amave reJimis swrafi rRveva da dacema.

respublikis periodSi evropis, afrikis da aziis uzarmazar teritoriebze romis gabatonebam

konstituciuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. qr. Sobamde VI saukunis bolos laciumze dakarguli batonoba

romma kvlav daibruna; qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi centraluri italia daipyro da xmelTaSua zRvis

sanapiroebisaken aiRo gezi, sadac 264 wlidan mis uSualo metoqes _ karTagens _ daupirispirda.

e.w. `punikur omebSi~ miRweuli warmatebebiT Caeyara safuZveli romis batonobasa da Zalauflebas

axal dapyrobil teritoriebze, romlebzec romis provinciebi (provinciae) Seiqmna. provinciaTa

mmarTvelebad pretoris msgavsi sasamarTlo funqciebiT aRWurvili prokonsulebi da propretorebi

(proconsul et propraetore) dainiSnen. qr. Sobamde II saukunis Sua periodisaTvis roms Tanaswori

mowinaaRmdege ukve aRar hyavda.

winaklasikuri periodi es aris axali formis garigebebisa da samarTlis axali mecnierebis

Camoyalibebis xana. mkacrad dacul saritualo formaTa gareSe dadebuli xelSekrulebebi mxolod

mxareTa nebis gamovlenas efuZneboda da pretoris dacvas eqvemdebareboda. Tu garigeba mxolod

romael moqalaqeTa Soris ideboda, maSin isini qalaqis pretors mimarTavdnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 242

wlidan Tu garigebis erT-erTi mxare ucxoeli iyo, saqmes peregrinebis specialuri pretori (preator

peregrinus) ganixilavda. pretori saqmis arss adgenda, ris Sesabamisadac, Tu mosarCelis mier moy-

vanili faqtebi sarwmuno iyo, brZanebas gascemda mosamarTlisadmi (anu im kerZo pirisadmi, romelic,

modave mxareebis mier SeirCeoda), raTa mas saqmeze gadawyvetileba gamoetana. pretoris mxridan, ker-

Zo mosamarTlisaTvis sasamarTlo funqciebis delegireba, gansakuTrebuli brZanebis (formula) saxiT

xdeboda; aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis axal, pretorul saxes, formularuli procesi

(per formulas) ewoda.

Tanamdebobis dakavebis Semdeg, yoveli axali pretori gamoscemda ediqts (edictum), romliTac

gacxadebuli iyo, misi magistratobis periodSi, ra saxis samarTlebrivi urTierToba moipovebda dac-

vis uflebas. Amgvarad, ediqtis zogadi debulebebi da masSi moyvanili sasarCelo formulebi, cal-

keul saqmeze gamotanili dekretebisagan (decretum) gansxvavebiT, droSi gansazRvruli simtkiciT

gamoirCeodnen (edictum perpetuum). yovel axal magistrats momdevno wels, winamorbedis ediqtSi cvli-

leba Sehqonda. Tumca, ediqtis Sinaarsis memkvidreobiToba (edictum tralaticium), zogadad, Senar-

Cunebuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom pretori flobda imperium-s da SeeZlo, iZulebis wesiT, uzrun-

veleyo misi iurisdiqciis safuZvelze gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, mas

lex publicae-s (igulisxmeba XII dafisa da sxva kanonebi) sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis ufleba mainc ar

gaaCnda.

samoqalaqo procesis organizeba da pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisTvis sakanonmdeblo

bazis Seqmna, kardinalur cvlilebebs iTxovda, rac qr. Sobamde II saukunis meore naxevarSi ebu-

ciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) ganxorcielda. faqtiurad, amiT safuZveli Caeyara sasamarTlo magist-

ratis reformatorul iniciativas. momdevno asi wlis ganmavlobaSi romauli samarTlis sistema

mniSvnelovnad garTulda. garda ius civile-s institutebisa, Seiqmna pretoruli sarCelebis sistema,

romelTa meSveobiTac mkacri samoqalaqo samarTliT (ius strictum) gauTvaliwinebeli da misi debu-

lebebis sawinaaRmdego urTierTobebis dacvac gaxda SesaZlebeli. mxareTa mier procesis erT-erTi

saxeobis arCevis Semdeg, gadawyvetilebis Secvla maT im SemTxvevaSic ekrZalebodaT, roca para-

leluri sistema ufro sasurveli Sedegis imeds iZleoda.

amrigad, procesualuri saSualebebiT pretorma gadalaxa ius civile-s SeuTavsebloba, romelic

30

socialuri urTierTobebis Secvla-garTulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. pretoruli dacvis saSua-

lebebisTvis mimarTva kerZo pirebs exmareboda axal, pretoruli ediqtis debulebebze dafuZnebul,

samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa agebaSi. pretorulma (ius praetorium) anu magistratebis samarTalma (ius

honorarium) romis samarTlis sistema ara mxolod procesualuri, aramed materialuri Tval-

sazrisiTac mTlianad Secvala.

qr. Sobamde 17 w. gamocemulma avgustusis kanonma gaauqma marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba (leges Iuliae

de iurisdictione) per legis actiones proceduris safuZvelze.

pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebis srulyofa romis samarTlis mecnierebis Camoyalibebis periods

daemTxva. respublikis periodSi termini samarTlis specialisti-mcodne romael samarTalmcodnes

(iuris prudentes), `pontifices”-gan ara imdenad saero TanamdebobiT, ramdenadac aristokratiuli mdgoma-

reobiT ganasxvavebda, vinaidan am drois iuristebi _ ZiriTadad pontifikosebi _ eqs-magistratebi

iyvnen, xolo samarTalmcodneobis permanentuloba uSualod pontifikosebis saqmianobas ukavSir-

deboda. am faqtze, konsulis Tanamdebobaze myofi pirveli plebei pontifikosis _ tiberius

korunkaniusis saqmianobac mowmobs, romelic damswreebs samarTlis sakiTxebze konsultaciebs

individualurad aZlevda. swored iurisprudenciis ayvavebis periodSi, daZlia romma mkacrad erov-

nuli samarTlis saritualo formebi da peregrinebisTvis xelmisawvdomi axali formis kontraqtebi

SeimuSava. am samarTlebrivi konstruqciebis sayovelTao xasiaTi aisaxa im SexedulebaSi, romlis

Tanaxmadac, es normebi yvela xalxisaTvis, erovnuli da moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad,

sayovelTao mniSvnelobis iyo. ase mieca dasabami xalxis samarTals (ius gentium). Ius gentium-iT dad-

genili garigebebi sxvadasxvagvari komerciuli urTierTobisas gamoiyeneboda da maT orive pretoris

sasamarTlo dacviT sargeblobis ufleba moipoves. am Taobis iuristebis saqmianobam mniSvnelovnad

ganapiroba samarTlebrivi azris progresi. isini gaecnen aristoteles dialeqtikas, romelic Sesa-

swavli sagnis analizisa (safuZvlebis mixedviT dayofa) da sinTezis (SemecnebiT kategoriebSi

rekonstruqcia) meTodebs efuZneboda; aman xeli Seuwyo samarTlebrivi institutebis, gvarobiT

niSniT (genera), relevantur dayofas (divisiones), rac romauli iurisprudenciis ZiriTad meTo-

dologiad iqca.

romaeli filosofosebi da samarTalmcodneebi pozitiuri samarTlisa da samarTlianobis urTierT-

dapirispirebis ideas aristoteles daesesxnen. oficialurad dadgenili samarTlisagan gansxvavebul,

samarTlianobas maT aequitas uwodes. Tavdapirvelad, Tu samarTali (ius) da samarTlianoba (aequum)

sinonimebad iTvleboda da misaRebis, marTebulis ideas Seesabameboda (axal droSi ius-i ganixi-

leboda im dadgenil da umkacres raimed, romelic movlenaTa bunebriv wesrigs saerTod ar pasu-

xobda), aequum-ma ufro eTikuri (zneobrivi) mniSvneloba SeiZina da sityvebiT bonum et aequum (keTili

da samarTliani) aRiniSneboda.

samarTalmcodneebis _ prudentes mTavari saqmianobis mizani kanonis arsisa da movlenaTa bunebrivi

wesrigis (naturalis ratio) moTxovnaTa urTierTSesatyvisobis uzrunvelyofa gaxldaT. konkretul

sakiTxebze iuriskonsultebis gadawyvetilebebi sasamarTlosTvis savaldebulo Zalas, samarTlia-

nobis principTan, Sesabamisobis SeTxvevaSi iZendnen. amrigad, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, samarTlianobis

dadgena an qcevis wesebiT misi gamoxatva maTTvis ius civile-s tolfasi iyo. maT mier iuris gentium-iT

SemuSavebuli xelSekrulebebi, romlebic ex bono et aequi sarCelebis dacviT sargeblobda, ganax-

lebuli ius civile-s ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. ciceronis azriT, samoqalaqo samarTali aris erTi

samoqalaqo Temis wevrTaTvis dadgenili samarTlianoba, nivTis kuTvnilebis gansazRvris uzrun-

velsayofad _ ius civile est aequitas constituta eis qui eiusdem civitatis sunt, ad res obtinendas….

winaklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qvaze an brinjaos firfitebze dawerilma sakanonmdeblo

normebma. esaa senatis dadgenilebebi, romauli (leges rogatae) da municipaluri (leges datae) kanonebi.

maTi umravlesoba administraciuli da sisxlis samarTlis normebs Seicavs. romis samarTlis Seswav-

lis TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba brinjaos dafis 9 natexs, romlebic, erTi mxriv, qr.

Sobamde 121 wels miRebul lex Cecilia repetundarum-s, xolo meore mxriv, qr. Sobamde 111 wels miRebul

lex agrarian-s Seicaven.

Lex Cecilia repetundarum meqrTameobisTvis adgens sasamarTlo devnis axal wess, romlis ZaliTac,

31

provinciis mkvidrs, piradad an sakuTari patronis, romis moqalaqis, SuamdgomlobiT romaeli

magistratis meqrTameobaSi dadanaSauleba SeeZlo, xolo lex agraria sazogadoebriv mindvrebze (ager

publicus) miwaTsargeblobis axal wesebs adgenda. am kanonis Tanaxmad, yvela saxis kerZo mflobeloba

(possessiones) kerZo sakuTrebad (ager privatus) iqca, xolo sxvadasxva kategriis miwaze renta (vectigal)

dawesda.

III. klasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 w.)

Princeps (princefsi); consilium principis (princefsis sabWo); praefectus praetoria (pretorianelTa prefeqti);

praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqti); provinciae Caesaris (saimperatoro provinciebi); provinciae populi Romani

(senatis provinciebi); schola, secta (samarTlis (mecnieruli) skola); Sabiniani (sabinianelebi) da

Proculiani (prokulianelebi); institutiones (institutebi); nota _ (lema, SeniSvna); problemata _ (problemuri

literatura); responsa, digesta, epistulae.

qronologiurad, romis samarTlis klasikuri periodi samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebul oqtaviane

avgustusis mier damkvidrebuli axali politikuri reJimis _ principatis periods _ ukavSirdeba,

xolo principatis dacema da dasasruli _ imperator aleqsander severusis gardacvalebas (235 w.).

am dros mTeli qveyana xangrZlivma politikurma krizisma _ e.w. `jariskacTa imperatorebis epoqam~ _

moicva. qr. Sobamde 27 w. oqtavianem eqstraordinaluri (sagangebo) uflebamosilebani moixsna da

senats ganucxada, rom respublikuri wyobis aRdgena surda. saxelmwifoSi pirveli piris _ prin-

cefsis (princeps) gansakuTrebuli statusiT igulisxmeboda meamboxe provinciebisa da iq ganlagebuli

jarebis marTva da àvgustusis~ titulis is sagangebo imperium-i, romliTac oqtaviane, misi moR-

vaweobiT, kmayofilma senatma daajildova. am viTarebas avgustusi aRwers Tavis politikur anderZSi

_ `Res gestae ~(qmedebani). igi wers: amis Semdeg me yvelaze didi avtoriteti gamaCnda, Tumca, magist-

raturaSi Cemi Zalaufleba, Cemive kolegebis statuss sulac ar aRemateboda~.

qr. Sobamde 27 wels avgustusma Seqmna consilium principis _ sakonsultacio sabWo, romelic aRniSnuli

saqmeebis ganxorcielebaSi senats cvlida. qr. Sobamde 23 wels avgustusma uari ganacxada kon-

sulatze da imperium proconsulare _ provinciebis erTi jgufisa da iq ganlagebul jarebis marTvis

uzenaesi xelisufleba miiTvisa, rac, faqtiurad, yvela danarCeni prokonsulis (maius) xelisuflebas

aRemateboda da funqcionaluri SeuzRudaobiT (infinitum) gamoirCeoda. pozitiuri saxis am xeli-

suflebas man plebeebis tribunis mudmivi xelisufleba (tribunicia potestas) SeuTavsa da oficialurad

es movaleobac moixsna.

amis Semdeg, marTalia, avgustusi tribunad aRar iTvleboda, magram mas nebismieri magistratis

gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadeba SeeZlo. am periodidan moyolebuli axali politikuri reJimi sabo-

lood Camoyalibda.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aseTma struqturam, senatTan, yvelaze efeqtur politikur Tana-

mSromlobas xeli Seuwyo da imperiis mmarTvelobis axali sistemis organizeba uzrunvelyo.

qr. Sobamde 16 wels Seiqmna axali administraciuli struqtura _ praefectura urbi (saqalaqo pre-

feqtura), mis saTaveSi mdgom pirs _ praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqts) _ Tavad imperatori niSnavda.

qalaqis pretori (praetor urbi) q. romSi arsebul wesrigze agebda pasuxs. missave sapolicio funqciebs

samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze sasamarTlo funqciebi daemata. qr. Sobamde 2 w.

avgustusma Seqmna praefectus praetoriae _ pretorianelTa prefeqtis Tanamdeboba, romelic sagangebo

jaris, pretorianelTa kohortis (cohors praetoriae) meTauri iyo. es jari ganlegabuli iyo q. romSi.

pretorianelTa prefeqti sardlobda italiis mTel teritoriaze ganlagebul jarebs, igi impera-

toris marjvena xeli iyo q. romSi, riTac man ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba igdo xelT, kerZod, romis

farglebs gareT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba. pretorianelTa prefeqti yvela provinciisaTvis

uzenaesi sasamarTlo instancia iyo samoqalaqo saqmeebze, xolo imperatoris qveyanaSi aryofnis

SemTxvevaSi (vice sacra), misi iurisdiqcia sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebzec vrceldeboda. septimius

severusis dros misi Zalaufleba, garda q. romisa, mTels italiaze gavrcelda. 235 w. aleqsander

severusis konstitucia, pretorianelTa prefeqtis brZanebulebaTa normatiul mniSvnelobas (formae),

im pirobiT aRiarebda, Tu kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeboda. mogvianebiT, biurokratiuli sawyisebi ufro

ganmtkicda. severusebis mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze eqstraordinaluri

32

sasamarTlo proceduris damyarebiT, senatma dakarga sasamarTlo funqciebi. principatis epoqaSi

romma axali, mniSvnelovani teritoriebi daipyro.

qr. Sobamde 29 w. avgustusma SemoierTa egvipte, riTac safuZveli Caeyara axali kategoriis saimpe-

ratoro provinciebs _ provinciae Caesaris, romlebic gansxvavdeboda senatis _ romaeli xalxis

(provinciae populi Romani) _ provinciebisgan.

imperiaSi mSvidobis simyare centraluri xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis efeq-

turma Serwymam, ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebam ganapiroba. imperiis Sida komunikaciebis

intensiurma ganviTarebam saxelmwifo sul ufro homogenuri gaxada. am procesis apogead iTvleba

imperator karakalas mier qr. Sobamde 212 wels gamocemuli ediqti (Constitutio Antoniniana), romlis

Tanaxmadac, imperiis mravalmilioniani mosaxleoba romis moqalaqeTa uflebebs iZenda. am droidan

moyolebuli, sxvaoba ius civile-sa da ius gentium-s Soris, mxolod akademiuri mniSvnelobisaRa iyo.

qr. Sobamde 17 w. avgustusis kanonma `kerZo pirTa Soris davebis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilvis

Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum), gaauqma per legis actionem procesi. amieridan, materialuri

TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo procesis _ per formulas _ formis erToblioba, samarTlis institutebis

Sesabamis unifikacias iTxovda. qr. Sobis I saukuneSi dadebuli garigebebis umravlesoba, marTalia,

ius gentium-s efuZneboda, magram mainc ius civile-s doneze iqna aRiarebuli. mkacr civilur (ius strictum)

samarTalSi imperatoris moTxovnebs arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi Sehqonda; gansakuTrebiT es exeba

piris uflebebis, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis, saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis

sferoebs. imperatorebi xels uwyobdnen iuristiebs politikur karieras; sabolood, am Tana-

mSromlobas Sedegad mohyva iuristebis monawileoba consilium principis-s saqmianobaSi, aseve maT moi-

poves pretorianelTa prefeqtis Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba.

sasamarTlos sistemis progresi uSualod ukavSirdeboda damoukidebel samarTalmcodneTa (prudentes)

moRvaweobas. avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, maTi avtoritetis (auctoritas principis) amaRlebaze TviT

imperatorebi zrunavdnen. respublikis bolos ori iuristi dawinaurda: ateius kapitoni da markus

anTistius labeoni. kapitoni tradiciul Sexedulebebs emxroboda; misi Txzulebebi sajaro samarT-

lis sferos ganekuTvneboda. labeoni kerZo samarTlis problemebisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomiT

gamoirCeoda: mas q. romis pretoris mier Sedgenili ediqtis komentarebi ekuTvnis. am ori cnobili

pirovnebis politikuri antagonizmi SesaZleblobas iZleva avxsnaT, Tu, mainc da mainc, maT saxelTan

ratomaa dakavSirebuli klasikuri periodis ori samarTlis skolis Seqmnis tradicia: igulisxmeba

prokulianelTa da sabinianelTa skolebi. arc erT skolas miekuTvneboda II saukuneSi mcxovrebi

cnobili iuristi florentinusi (Florentinus). man Seqmna Ìnstitutiones~ Tormet wignad. termini ìnstitutio~

(`ganaTleba~) miuTiTebs dawyebiTi codnis safuZvlebis (elementa) Camoyalibebasa da amisaTvis elemen-

taruli xasiaTis samuSaoebis Sesrulebaze. imavdroulad, moRvaweoba daiwyo romaelma iuristma

gaiusma. misi naSromi Institutiones (oTx wignad) Cvenamde srulyofilad moRweuli erTaderTi klasi-

kuri Txzulebaa. gaiusis naSromi daiwera antoninus piusis mmarTvelobis dros da misi gardacva-

lebis Semdeg gamoica. ìnstituciebis~ zogadi struqtura aseTia: pirebi, nivTebi, valdebulebebi,

sarCelebi; gaiusiseuli modeli misaRebi gaxda iustinianes instituciebisa da napoleonis kodeq-

sisTvis (1804 w.), aseve maT safuZvelze Seqmnil Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsebisTvis.

klasikuri periodis iuristebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen winamorbedTa naSromebis komentarebs,

maT Soris, ius civile-s zogad Sromebsa, Tu calkeuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb fundamenturi monografiebis

avtorTa Txzulebebs.

komentarebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT SeniSvnebi (notae). am Janris Tavisebureba isaa, rom Canaweri uSua-

lod sxva iuristis naSromis teqstSi keTdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom SeniSvnebs akeTebdnen aramxolod

piradi qmnilebebis mindvrebze, aramed yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromebis saarqivo aslebzec.

pretoruli ediqtis komentarebi (Ad edictum) samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) literaturuli memkvid-

reobis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Cveulebriv, komentirebas qalaqis pretoris ediqti eqvemdebareboda.

yvelaze vrceli komentarebi (150 wignamde) ekuTvnis pomponiuss, romlis citirebasac sxva avtorebi,

magram ara kompilatorebi axdendnen. paulusma dawera ediqtis komentarebi 78 wignad.

33

iuriskonsultTa praqtikuli, profesiuli saqmianobis amsaxveli Janri iyo responsa (konsultaciebi,

pasuxebi), romelSic, uSualod, klasikuri epoqis samarTlebrivi azris ayvavebaa asaxuli.

Digesta _ esaa calkeul gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli da responsa-s Janris yvelaze ganzogadebuli saxe.

Epistulae (werilebi) iuridiuli konsultaciis saxeoba iyo, romelic axlobeli adamianis SekiTxvis

pasuxad gaicemoda.

Quaestiones (SekiTxvebi) gansxvavdeboda sakuTriv responsa-sagan gansaxilvel sakiTxTa xelovnurobiT.

aseT viTarebas, calkeuli institutis an principis detalurad Sewsavlis mizniT, Tavad iuristi an

misi mowafe warmoidgenda.

IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.)

Dominatus(dominati); tetrarqia; coloni (kolonati); decuriones (dekurionebi); pars imperii (imperiis nawili);

constitutio (imperatoris brZaneba); vulgarizmi; iuridiuli (saswavlo) skola; praeceptores (profesori).

qronologiurad, postklasikuri periodi klasikuri periodis dasasruliTa da iustinianes

mmarTvelobis periodis dasawyisiT ganisazRvreboda. tradiciulad, aseTi periodizacia am epoqisadmi

uaryofiT damokidebulebas asaxavs da im mkveTr gansxvavebas gulisxmobs, romelic romis samarTlis

klasikur periodsa da mis Semdgom _ dacema-gadagvarebis _ etapze arsebobda. III saukunis meore naxe-

varSi dawyebuli naxevarsaukunovani zogadi krizisi, romelmac mTeli romauli sazogadoeba moicva,

romis samarTlis istoriazec aisaxa. gviandeli romis epoqisaTvis niSandoblivia didi politikuri

(dominatis Camoyalibeba), kulturuli (qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba) da samarT-

lebrivi Zvrebi, ramac mravali saukunis manZilze gansazRvres evropis saxe.

284 wels iliriulma legionebma taxtze dasves imperatori diokletiane, romelic ar dakmayofilda

erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis damkvidrebiT. man moaxdina mTeli imperiis mmarTvelobis sistemis

reorganizacia da dasavleT provinciebis mmarTvelad yvelaze erTguli sardali _ maqsimiane

daniSna. SemdgomSi, provinciebis mmarTvelTa TanaSemweebad kidev ori piri (galeriusi, romelic mis

pirad moadgiled iTvleboda da konstancius qlorusi, romelic maqsimianes TanaSemwe iyo)

gamocxadda. diokletiane da maqsimiane avgustusebad iwodebodnen, maT mier Svilad ayvanili Tana-

Semweebi ki _ keisrebad. dadginda, rom avgustusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxtis memkvidred cxad-

deboda misi uSualo TanaSemwe keisari, romelic, Tavadac axal keisars iyvanda Svilad. Lex de imperio

gauqmda da monarqiam sabolood CamoiSora respublikuri safarveli. oTxTa mmarTvelobis aRniSnul

sistemas tetrarqia ewoda. es sistema imperiis dayofas ar gulisxmobda (uzenaesi xelisufleba

diokletianem SeinarCuna), magram man mmarTvelobis decentralizacia gamoiwvia.

ganxorcielda administraciuli reforma, romlis Sedegadac Seiqmna Semcirebuli moculobis

provinciebi _ diocezebi, romelTa saTaveSic pretorianelTa prefeqtisadmi daqvemdebarebuli

vikariusebi idgnen. Tavis mxriv, diocezebi daiyo ufro mcire teritoriul erTeulebad _

provinciebad, romlebsac reqtorebi marTavdnen. Camoyalibda axali biurokratiuli institutebi,

konsulatma da preturam uwindeli mniSvneloba dakarges. diokletianem SemoiRo axali sagadasaxado

sistema da imperiis mTel teritoriaze gadamxdelTa, zedmiwevniT zusti, aRwera Caatara. man safuZ-

veli Cauyara profesiuli kastebis Seqmnas da daadgina: samxedro mosamsaxureTa vaJiSvilebi mamis

saqmes unda gahyolodnen. moxda memkvidreobiTi moijareebis _ kolonebis (coloni) miwaze samarT-

lebrivi mimagreba, ris Sedegadac imperator Teodosius I-is mmarTvelobis dros mosaxleobis es

kategoria, faqtiurad, yma-glexebad iqca. garda amisa, municipaluri sabWoebis _ kuriebis _ wevroba

memkvidreobiTi gaxda. kuriebis wevrebi anu dekurionebi (decuriones), maT mier gankargul olqebSi

gadasaxadebis akrefaze sakuTari qonebiT agebdnen pasuxs. safinanso politika uSedegod dasrulda,

warumatebeli aRmoCnda qristianebis devnac, romelic, garkveuli periodis sjulSemwynareblobis

Semdeg, 303 wels kvlav ganaxlda.

305 w. taxtidan gadadga diokletiane. man imperiis dasavleT nawilis mmarTveli maqsimianec aiZula,

gadamdgariyo. 306 wels keisar konstanciusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, jariskacebma avgustusad misi

vaJi, konstantine gamoacxades. 312 wels, maqsimianes vaJiSvil maqsenciusze, samxedro gamarjvebis

moipovebis Semdeg, imperiis dasavleT nawilzec konstantines Zalaufleba gavrcelda.

34

313 w. konstantinem gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romlis Tanaxmadac, qristianoba sxva

religiebs gautolda, qristianul eklesiebs ki CamorTmeuli qoneba daubrunda. 324 w., aRmosavleTis

avgustus-maqsenciusze gamarjvebis Semdeg, konstantines qristianulfiluri xelisufleba mTeli

imperiis teritoriaze gavrcelda. 325 wels, imperatoris iniciativiTa da aqtiuri monawileobiT,

Catarda nikeis msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelmac samebis erTmorwmuneobis Sesaxeb

marTlmadidebluri dogmati gamoacxada da eretikosobas brZola gamoucxada. am RonisZiebiT

qristianuli eklesia ideologiuradac imperatoris xelisuflebas daemorCila. 380 wels Teodosius

didma gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romelic, nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebis dogmatebis

safuZvelze, moqalaqeebisgan qristianobis miRebas iTxovda. 391 wels man yvela warmarTuli taZari

daxura da gandegilTa devna iwyo.

konstantinem warmatebuli safinanso reforma gaatara, mosaxleobis dabegvris sistema gaaumjobesa,

samxedro da administraciuli xelisufleba erTmaneTisgan gamijna, xolo pretorianelTa prefeq-

tisaTvis Zalauflebis CamorTmeviT, kidev ufro gaaZliera armia, dedaqalaqi gadaitana bizantionSi,

romelsac SemdgomSi konstantinopoli ewoda.

395 wlidan, imperator Teodosius didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, sul ufro mkveTr xasiaTs iZenda

imperiis or nawils (partes imperii) Soris dava, ori diocezis _ dakiisa da makedoniis gamo, riTac

isargebles, Teodosiusis mier mowveuli, alarihis vesTguTebma; 410 wels maT romi aiRes da

gaZarcves. 425 w. taxtze avida imperatori valentiniane III-e, romlis drosac droebiTma politikurma

stabilurobam daisadgura. Tumca, verc aman ixsna pars Occidentis genzerihis vandalebisa da atilas

hunebis (451-452 ww.) Semosevisgan, romlebmac daarbies da daipyres afrika, galia da CrdiloeT

italia. 455 w. vandalebma daikaves kunZuli sardinia da iqidan romze veraguli Tavdasxma ganaxor-

cieles. barbarosebTan kavSiris damyarebis praqtikam da maTma mowvevam romaelTa samsaxurSi, romis

dasavleTi nawilis politikuri simtkice mkveTrad Seasusta, rac 476 wlis politikuri gadatria-

lebiT dasrulda. barbarosTa beladma odoakrma taxtidan norCi uzurpatori romulus

konstantinusi Camoagdo da, konstantinopolSi, imperator zenonTan gagzavna. sanacvlod, odoakrma

italiis mmarTveloba iTxova. 480 w. gardaicvala imperator zenonis mier kanonier mmarTvelad

aRiarebuli _ iulius nepoti. male dasavleT imperiisgan gadarCenili nawili _ italia Teodorixis

osTguTebis xeliT gaaTavisufles. odoakri Caiketa ravenaSi, sadac igi 493 w. mokles. am xnis ganmav-

lobaSi konsulTa arCevnebi kvlav grZeldeboda romSi, administraciul Zalauflebas ki praefectus

urbi axorcielebda; Teodorihma miiRo uzenaesi mxedarTmTavris Tanamdeboba da rex-is wodeba Seinar-

Cuna. V saukunis bolos galiis samxreT-dasavleT nawili da espaneTi vesTguTebis samefos Semad-

genlobaSi Sevida, samxreT-aRmosavleTi galia _ burgundebis samefoSi, xolo galia md. luaras

CrdiloeTiT _ xlodvigis frankTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca.

postklasikuri epoqis samarTalganviTareba biurokratizmis ganmtkicebas, saxelmwifos feoda-

lizaciasa da pirovnebis damoukideblobis dacemas asaxavda. konstantines droidan moyolebuli,

roca pozitiuri samarTlis ZiriTadi forma _ imperatoris konstitucia (constitutio _ dadgena, dawe-

seba) ediqtad (zogadi moqmedebis normebi _ generalis) iqca, mkveTrad gauaresda kancelariis muSaobis

xarisxi; kanonebis iuridiuli da enobrivi forma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri periodis

nimuSebisgan. samarTlis samecniero ganviTarebisa da praqtikos-moxeleTa momzadebis donis dacemis

gamo, postklasikuri epoqa vulgarizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am epoqis iuristebi inteleqtualuri

damoukideblobiT ver daikvexnidnen: Zalze didi iyo maT winamorbedTa samecniero memkvidreobis

avtoriteti. am epoqis samarTalmcodneebi, maTi Tanamedrove periodis pozitiuri samarTlis stabi-

lizaciisa da unifikaciis mizniT, zogadi debulebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. zogjer xdeboda klasi-

kuri periodis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebs moculobiTi Semcireba, zogjer ki _ kompilaciebis

gadamuSaveba.

IV saukunis dasasrulidan iuridiul skolebSi samarTlis sferoSi e.w. klasikuri tendencia ganvi-

Tarda. xsenebul skolaTa warmomadgenlebi klasikuri periodis avtoritetul mecnierTa naSromebs

iyenebdnen. Tumca, am tendenciisaTvis ucxoa klasikuri memkvidreobisadmi istoriuli midgoma. piri-

qiT, iuridiuli skolis profesorebi (praeceptores) beriTSi (beiruTi), konstantinopolSi,

aleqsandriasa da romSi cdilobdnen daedginaT iseTi kanoni, romelic samarTlis mecnierebis

uzenaes gamovlenad aRiqmeboda. praqtikuli mosazreba aiZulebda profesorebs yuradReba gaemaxvi-

lebinaT severusTa epoqis iuristTa naSromebsa da gaiusis ìnstitutebze~.

35

wesisamebr, imperatoris konstituciisaTvis mimarTva iurists mxolod klasikuri memkvidreobis SeT-

visebis Semdeg SeeZlo. momzadeba elementaruli naSromebis (gaiusis Sromebi) SeswavliT iwyeboda;

swavlebis meore wels msmeneli (savaraudod, ulpianes komentarebis safuZvelze) _ ediqts, xolo

mesame wels papinianes naSromebs swavlobda. praqtikuli sakiTxebis gacnoba mxolod swavlebis

meoTxe wels iyo SesaZlebeli. aRniSnul naSromTa Seswavla damoukideblad xdeboda da ZiriTadi

saswavlo masala pavlusis naSromebi iyo. swavlebis mexuTe wels, individualuri damrigeblebis

xelmZRvanelobiT, konstituciebis Seswavla iwyeboda. konstituciebisa da moqmedi samarTlis komen-

tirebas profesorebi Tavs aridebdnen; maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo studentebisTvis is klasi-

kuri normebi aexsnaT da ganemartaT, romlebic aRar gamoiyeneboda da TanamedroveobasTan mxolod

nawilobriv iyo adaptirebuli.

postklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qristian imperatorTa konstituciebis krebulis mniSvne-

lovanma fragmentebma (alarihis 506 w. kodeqsis didi nawili), romlebic 429-438 ww., imperator

Teodosius II-is iniciativiT (Codex Theodosianus) momzadda. am epoqis kerZo samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaro

Teodosiusis kodeqsia.

V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.)

Corpus Iuris Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis krebuli); Digesta seu Pandectae (digestebi anu pandeqtebi); Codex

(kodeqsi); Novellae constitutiones (novelebi); kodifikacia; interpolaciebi.

imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobis dros iuridiuli kulturisa da iuridiuli ganaTlebis

aRorZineba, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis doneze, imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi SeiniSneboda. gansakuT-

rebuli zrunvis sagnad, iustinianes droindeli, klasicizmi iqca. imperatori da misi kancelaria

normatiuli stabilurobis damkvidrebas cdilobdnen da maT am mizniT, iuridiuli samecniero tra-

diciis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRadgines mravali klasikuri instituti, romelTa safuZvelzec Zveli

kontraverzebi da winaaRmdegobebi iqna daZleuli. mTel rig garigebebSi (mancipatio, emancipatio, cretio)

Zveli ritualebis gauqmeba imaze miuTiTebs, rom es garigebebi moqmed institutebad aRiqmeboda da

klasikur memkvidreobas kanonmdebeli erT mTlian sistemad ganixilavda.

iustinianes samarTlebrivi politikisa da misi iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli samarTlis kodi-

fikaciis meSveobiT, evropulma kulturam klasikuri periodis romaeli iuristebis teqstebi da

imperatorebis konstituciebi SeinarCuna. mogvianebiT, kodifikaciis teqstebs _ Corpus Iuris Civilis

(samoqalaqo samarTlis krebuli) _ dasavleT evropaSi swavlobdnen. is oficialur saxelmZRvanelos

_ institutiones warmoadgenda; igi 532 wels gaiusis, florentinusis, marcianusis, ulpianesa da sxvaTa

Ìnstitutiones~ safuZvelze iqna Sedgenili; klasikosTa Txzulebebis anTologia _ Digesta (krebuli) 530-

533 wlebSi sagangebod Seqmnilma komisiam moamzada; 534 wels imperatorTa konstituciebis krebuli _

Codex ZalaSi Sevida.

Cvenamde iustinianes instituciebma IX da X saukuneebis xelnawerTa saxiT moaRwia.

pretoruli ediqtis wesis mixedviT, iustinianes kodeqsSi mocemulia adreanes droidan moyolebuli,

iustinianes mmarTvelobamde (534 w. CaTvliT) arsebuli imperatorebis konstituciebi.

konstituciebis teqsti xSir SemTxvevaSi Semcirebuli saxiTaa mocemuli, adreuli epoqis konsti-

tuciebis teqsti gadamuSavebuli da redaqtirebulia, amoRebulia moZvelebuli an gauqmebuli ter-

minebi da debulebebi. teqsts erTvis SemdgenelTa mier Camatebuli SeniSvnebi _ interpolaciebi.

kodeqsTan uSualo kavSirSia iustinianes mier, kodifikaciis Semdeg, Seqmnili axali konstituciebi _

Novellae Constitutiones, romelTTaganac zogierTis mizani kerZo samarTlis institutebis gardaqmnaa:

magaliTad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis piradi garantia; anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba.

iustinianes kodifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia Digesta. swored am gamocemam Semogvinaxa

klasikuri iuridiuli teqstebi, ris safuZvelzec italiaSi, XI saukunidan moyolebuli, romis

samarTali evropel iuristTa mudmivi mecnieruli Seswavlis obieqtad iqca. 530 wlis bolos,

imperatorma iustinianem gamosca konstitucia _ `Deo Auctore~, romlis Tanaxmadac, sagangebo sako-

difikacio komisia Seiqmna. mas saTaveSi im drois saukeTeso iuristi _ triboniane Caudga. komisiis

36

wevrebi iyvnen: beriTidan, profesori doroTeusi (Dorotheus) da konstantinopolidan, profesorebi

anatoliusi (Anatolius), Teofilusi (Theophilus) da kratinusi (Cratinus). TanaSemweebad maT 11 iuristi

daeniSnaT. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi komisiam waikiTxa da Seiswavla 1535 wigni, iuridiul TxzulebaTa

teqstebiT, romelTa safuZvelzec Seadgina 50 wignis anTologia, romelic 432 Tematur Tavad daiyo.

digestebSi mocemulia amonaridebi 38 iuristis 275 Txzulebidan, romelTaganac, TiToeul

amonaridSi, miTiTebulia Txzulebebis avtorTa saxelebi.

VI. romis samarTali da misi recefcia evropaSi

ramdenime saukunis manZilze evropa gansakuTrebul geografiul da politikur realobad yalib-

deboda. mTlianobaSi, esaa romauli, qristianuli da germanuli kulturis elementebis erTianoba,

rac qmnis im fenomens, romelic evropad iwodeba. cnebis TvalsazrisiT, esaa istoriisa da kultu-

rul-politikur ideaTa erTiani qmnileba, romelic Sua saukuneebSi Caisaxa. 800 wels romis papma

leon III-m, Sobis dResaswaulze, frankTa mefe Sarl didi imperatorad akurTxa. erTgvarad, poli-

tikuri da iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, es faqti evropis imperiuli ideebis realizebas niSnavda.

Sua saukuneebis axali politikuri wyobis mkvidri sayrdeni Zala iyo imperatoris (monarqis) xeli-

sufleba (regalis potestas) da romis papis saRvTo Zalaufleba (sacrata auctoritas). dasavleT imperiis

aRdgenis Semdeg, msoflioSi Tanaarsebobda sami civilizacia: dasavlur-qristianuli, bizantiuri da

islamuri. berZnul filosofiasa da qristianul sarwmunoebasTan erTad, erT-erTi faqtori romis

samarTali iyo, romelic evropis kulturis erTian ideas qmnida. evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi roma-

nistuli tradiciis aRdgena ukavSirdeboda imperator iustinianes Corpus luris Civilis-s. XII saukunidan,

kodeqsis gavrcelebiT, ase vTqvaT, romis samarTali meored daibada. evropis dasavleTSi romis

samarTlis SenarCuneba vesTguTebis samarTalma (Lex Romana Wisigothorum) anu alarixis kodeqsma

(Breviarum Alaricanum) (506 w.) da vesTgoTurma kanonmdeblobam ganapiroba. evropaSi, XII saukuneSi,

romis samarTlis recefcia mniSvnelovanwilad boloniel glosatorTa saqmianobam da maT mier

samarTlis, rogorc imperiuli samarTlis, gaidealebam ganapiroba. maTi azriT, saRvTo romis imperia

romis uSualo memkvidre da uflebamonacvle iyo. evropisaTvis romis samarTlis gacnobisa da re-

gionSi misi gavrcelebis mizniT, garkveuli saqmianoba kanonistebma (kanonikuri samarTlis avto-

rebma) ganaxorcieles, komentatorebma ki _ zogad-evropuli samarTli SeimuSaves.

$1. glosatorTa saqmianoba

glosatorebi iyvnen Tavisufali xelovnebis skolis maswavleblebi, sadac gramatikasa da ritori-

kasTan erTad, isini iurisprudenciasac aswavlidnen. am saxeldebas dasabami mieca terminidan

`glosa~, rac iustinianes Corpus Iuris Civilis teqstTa velebze gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da axsna-ganmar-

tebebs niSnavda.

iuridiuli codnis Seswavlas safuZveli `xelovnebis magistrma~ (magister artium) irneriusma (daax.

1055-1130 ww.) Cauyara. digestebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, samarTlis Seswavla man codnis damoukidebel sfe-

rod aqcia, xolo sqolastikuri logikisa da gramatikis wesebis gamoyenebiT, mas samecniero xasiaTi

SesZina. ubralo xelovnebis skolaSi dasabami mieca cnobil kerZo saswavlebels _ boloniis univer-

sitets, sadac evropis sxvadasxva qveynis studentebi iuridiul ganaTlebas iRebdnen. boloniis

universitetSi romauli kulturis idea da romis samarTlis imperiuli koncefcia aRorZinda. romis

imperiis uSualo memkvidresa da uflebamonacvles _ dasavleTis imperias _ unda exelmZRvanela

ideiT: samarTali erTia, radgan erTia imperia _ unum esse ius, cum unum sit imperium.

irneriusis memkvidreebad oTxi doqtoria miCneuli: bulgarusi, martinusi, hugo da iakobi. Glossa

Magna/Ordinaria anu `didi (Cveulebrivi) glosa~ ki akursiusma Seadgena.

rogorc Zvel romSi, ise Sua saukuneebSi iuristi rigiTi moqalaqe, kerZo piri, iyo. Tumca, am ori

periodis iuristebi erTmaneTisgan socialuri warmomavlobiTa da maT mier gamoyenebuli meTodebiT

gansxvavdebodnen. mcodne romaeli iuristi rCevebs aZlevda romael moqalaqeebs, konsultacias

uwevda pretorebsa da sxva magistratebs da ase qmnida samarTals; amis Semdeg, mas iwvevdnen prin-

cefsis samsaxurSi, riTac igi oficialuri piri xdeboda. glosatori iyo maswavlebeli, romelic

ganviTarebuli iuridiuli sistemis ararsebobisa da adgilobrivi statusebis usistemo gamoyenebis

37

gamo, universaluri samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas, digestebSi mocemuli iurisprudenciis prin-

cipebis safuZvelze eweoda. glosatorTa azriT, iuridiuli codnis sawyisad, uSecdomo wignad da

yovelive WeSmaritis wyarod irneriusisa da glosatorebis teqsti miiCneva, romelic srul-

yofilebiT gamoirCeoda da winaaRmdegobriv mosazrebebs ar Seicavda. am viTarebam ganapiroba iuris-

prudenciaSi filologiuri da logikur-dialeqtikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba, riTac manamde mxolod

literaturaTmcodneebi da Teologebi sargeblobdnen.

aqedan gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebis iuristebi mxolod teqstis ganmmarteblebi rodi iyvnen; isini

akeTebdnen romaeli iuristebis pasuxTa komentars, Tematurad mwyobri Txzulebis saxiT, sistemuri

xasiaTis naSromebs qmnidnen, rogorcaa, magaliTad, e.w. summae, romelSic Tavmoyril problemaTa

(quaestiones) dadebiTi da uaryofiTi pasuxebi _ `Tanaxma var~ da `winaaRmdegi var~ _ ganixileboda.

amrigad, klasikosebis drois àrs~-idan (xelovneba), samarTali iqca `scientia~-ad (mecniereba), romlis

ganviTareba-srulyofa universitetebSi xdeboda da, amdenad, axali Sexedulebebisa da midgo-

mebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo.

$2. kanonistebi

romauli kanonis (lex Romana) winaSe, `RvTis kanonis~ (lex Dei) upiratesoba, Tanasworobisa (honestas) da

qristianuli samarTlianobis (aequitas cristiana) principebi, swored kanonistebis meSveobiT, gadamwyvet

gavlenas axdendnen axal samarTalze. meore mxriv, antikuri samyaros kulturuli tradiciebis

damcveli da gamavrcelebeli swored eklesia gaxldaT. Tavisufali xelovnebisa da samarTlis

orive dargis (samoqalaqo da kanonikuri) Seswavlisa da swavlebis centrebi eklesia-monastrebsa da

samefo saydrebSi ganTavsda. kanonistebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi saero iurisdiqciasac exeboda; maT

mier SemuSavebuli axali doqtrinebi da gadawyvetilebebi, marTalia romauli samarTlisagan gan-

sxvavdeboda, magram mainc uzomo gavlenas axdenda axal samarTalze. kerZod, is moqmedebda stipu-

laciebis, xelSekrulebebisa da araformaluri SeTanxmebebis (paqtebi), Cuqebis, dapirebis, mflobe-

lobisa da memkvidreobis, sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da gamoZiebis mimarT.

$3. `VII muxli~

Sua saukuneebSi, romis samarTlis recefciis TvalsazriT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda alfons X-e

brZenis dros Sedgenil kodeqss, romlis SemuSaveba mamamisis _ ferdinand III-is dros daiwyo da

1263 an 1265 wels dasrulda. kodeqsis redaqciaze didi zegavlena glosatorebma _ akursiusma, agaim,

da gansakuTrebiT, iakobma (romlis gavlena zedmiwevniT aisaxa me-3 muxlze), dekretalistebma da

kanonistebma, aseve kastiliis iuridiulma dokumentebma moaxdines. kodeqsi cnobilia `kanonTa

wignis~ an `kanonTa krebulis~ saxelwodebiT. saxeldeba gansazRvra misi Semadgeneli wignebisa Tu

muxlebis raodenobam; gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia me-7 muxli. pirvel muxlSi saubaria samarTlis wya-

roebsa da saeklesio sakiTxebze; me-2 muxlSi _ sajaro samarTalze; me-3 muxlSi _ sasamarTlo orga-

nizaciasa da samarTalwarmoebaze; me-4 da me-6 muxlebSi Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo samarTlis

normebi, xolo me-7 muxlSi _ sisxlis samarTali. aRniSnulma kodeqsma didi gavlena moaxdina kasti-

liuri da espanur-amerikuli samarTlis romanizaciaze; magram evropaSi romis samarTlis recefciis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod swored es krebuli unda ganixilebodes, radgan mis safuZvelze

Camoyalibda evropel da amerikel iuristTa samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi.

VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali

evropuli saerTo samarTlis fuZemdeblebad miiCnevian komentatorebi (consiliatores), romelTa axsna-

ganmartebiTma krebulebma Sua saukuneebis periodis samarTlis ganviTareba ganapiroba da Tana-

medrove samarTals Cauyara safuZveli. praqtikuli miznebis mqone axali iurisprudenciis Camoya-

libebisas isini, glosatorebis msgavsad, romis samarTlis ZiriTadi principebis Tanamedrove samarT-

lisTvis morgebas cdilobdnen. aseT tradicias italiuri meTodi (mos italicus) ewoda da miznad sar-

geblis motanas da misi praqtikuli daniSnulebis ganxorcielebas isaxavda, riTac gansxvavdeboda

frangi iuristebis mier SemuSavebuli galuri (mos gallicus) meTodebis kulturuli anu humanisturi

38

tendenciebisgan.

$1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores

evropuli iurisprudenciis realuri fuZemdeblebi komentatorebi anu praqtikosebi arian. maT

iustinianes samarTali saerToevropul samarTlad aqcies. komentatorTa Soris gamoirCeoda bolo-

niasa da perujaSi moRvawe profesori bartolo, romlis Sesaxebac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ambobdnen:

àravinaa iuristi, Tu ara bartolos mimdevari _ nemo iurista nisi Bartolista~.

komentatorebma sistemuri iuridiuli doqtrina Seqmnes; maT glosatorTa meTodologia _ sqolas-

tikuri dialeqtikisa da logikis meSveobiT _ iuristis profesiul iaraRad aqcies. iuridiuli

sistemis SemuSavebisas, maT warmatebiT daZlies kanonikur da romaul samarTals, aseve saerTo

samarTalsa da adgilobriv (regionalur) samarTalSemoqmedebas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi.

maTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saero saqmeebisTvis saerTo samarTali (ius commune) gamoiyeneboda, xolo

kanonikuri samarTali mxolod sasuliero saqmeebis mogvarebisas moqmedebda. moqmedi specialuri

samarTlis normebi, adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis saxiT, saerTo samarTals eqvemdebareboda da iuri-

diuli Zala mxolod sakuTari kompetenciis farglebSi gaaCndaT.

$2. humanistebi

XVI saukuneSi saero azrovneba, Tavisi axali formiT, aRorZinebis xanis deda-azriT _ humanizmiT

gamovlinda. humanizmis msoflgagebis centrSi dgas adamiani _ rogorc pirovneba da rogorc Tavi-

sufali. evropis qveynebSi TiToeuli saxelmwifosaTvis niSandoblivi _ ekonomikuri Tu socialur-

politikuri _ pirobebis miuxedavad, aRorZineba da humanisturi moZraoba, ZiriTadad, erTi xaziT

mimdinareobda. es iyo brZola Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis, rogorc

uZlieresi feodalis, ideologiis winaaRmdeg.

aRorZinebis epoqa xasiaTdeba antikuri kulturis, samarTlis, filosofiisa da literaturisadmi

didi interesiT. komentatorebisaTvis (mos italicus) niSandoblivi praqtikuli tendenciebisgan gansxva-

vebiT, safrangeTSi humanistebis kulturuli mimdinareoba (mos gallicus), istorias saero meTodebiT

swavlobda da ZiriTadi istoriuli movlenebis religiur-utilitaruli Sexedulebebisagan gaTavi-

suflebas cdilobda. humanistebi didad afasebdnen klasikur iurisprudencias da cdilobdnen

samarTlis wyaroebis gaTavisuflebas yvela im modifikaciisgan, romelsac uxvad iyenebdnen iusti-

nianeseuli kanonmdeblobis kompilatorebi (interpolaciebi) da Sua saukuneebis periodis glo-

satorebi (glosa da komentarebi). am mizniT, TavianT gamokvlevebSi maT gamoiyenes ara marto

iustinianes kodeqsis winamorbedi samarTlis wyaroebi, aramed saliteraturo tradiciac. marTalia,

humanistebma ver Seqmnes `samarTlis istoria~, magram maT mier gamokvleulma antikuri periodis

samarTlis wyaroebma, romis samarTlis Seswavlas mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina. maT SeimuSaves e.w.

profesorTa samarTali, romelic, iuristTa didi masidan calke mdgomi, mcirericxovani mecnier-

iuristTa jgufis prerogativad iqca.

$3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi moqmedi bunebiTi samarTlis skola, adamianis

bunebisa da gonebis Sesabamisi da yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo, universaluri samarTlis sulis-

kveTebaze dafuZnebul, socialur eTikas aRiarebda. adamianis saqmianobaTa sferoSi bekonis,

dekartis, niutonis sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebis praqtikulma gamoyenebma, bunebiTi kanonebi sazoga-

doebriv cxovrebazec ganavrco. Teologiisa da Sua saukuneebis istoriuli mrwamsis postulatebis

uaryofis Semdeg, maT axali, zogadi cnebebisa da principebis, samarTlis sistemis SemuSaveba

daiwyes. reformaciisa da kontrreformaciis ideebiT, aseve safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebiT STa-

gonebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis ideologebi, uzenaess Rirebulebad adamianTa Soris Tanas-

worobasa da samarTlianobas miiCnevdnen. iuristTa am skolis yvelaze did warmomadgenlebad aRiare-

bulni arian hugo grociusi (saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da gonis samarTlis meTodologiis

fuZemdebeli), samuel pufendorfi, qristian Tomaziusi da qristian volfi. enciklopedistebi akri-

tikebdnen, iuristebisTvis Cveul, kazuistikis meTods, romelic analogiiT msjelobisas da prece-

dentis safuZvelze gamoiyeneboda, rac, maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi gaugebrobebisa da gaurkvevlobis

wyaro iyo, moqalaqeTa Soris ki uimedobas aRvivebda.

39

bunebiTi samarTlis skola romis samarTals ratio scripta-d (dawerili goni) ganixilavda. iuristebi

kvlav romanistikis cnebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, xolo samarTlamcodneobiT naSromebs _ usis-

temobis gamo akritikebdnen. romauli samarTlebrivi doqtrinisadmi amgvari damokidebulebiT, gansa-

kuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen frangi mecnierebi doma da potie, romelTac mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonies

napoleonis 1804 wlis kodifikaciaze.

$4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli)

samarTlis axali mecnierebisa da `moqmedi~ romis samarTlis mimarT, axleburi damokidebuleba

kvlav naTlad gamoikveTa XIX saukunis dasawyisSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs germaniis samarTlis isto-

riuli skola da am skolis damaarseblis fon savinis moRvaweoba. savinis naSromiT _ `romis samarT-

lis moqmedi sistema~ _ romis samarTali evropuli kulturis safuZvlad da mis ganuyofel nawi-

ladaa aRiarebuli.

savini samarTals ori gansxvavebuli _ istoriuli da sistemuri _ kuTxiT ganixilavs. pirvel

SemTxvevaSi, samarTali xalxis suliskveTebis bunebriv da spontanur gamovlinebad, xelovnebis,

enisa da folkloris msgavs, avTentur fenomenad aRiqmeba. Tumca, xalxis neba da misi suliskveTeba

ara Tavad xalxis, aramed ganaTlebuli iuristebis, mecnierebisa da mosamarTleebis mieraa gamo-

xatuli. iuristis ucilobeli movaleobaa sakuTari eris istoriis Seswavla, raTa saTanadod gan-

sazRvros iuridiuli memkvidreoba, da amiT xeli Seuwyos erovnuli suliskveTebis ganaxleba-Senar-

Cunebas.

sistemis TvalsazrisiT, samarTali mecnieruli racionalizmisadmi daqvemdebarebuli cnebebisa da

principebis erTobliobaa, induqciisa da deduqciis meTodebis gamoyeneba ki _ iuridiuli dogmatikis

sistemurobis garanti.

samarTlis sferoSi kantis mier SemuSavebuli axali samecniero koncefciis gamoyenebam da univer-

sitetis _ samecniero-kvleviT centrad _ qcevis ideam, profesorTa samarTlis (iuristebis samarT-

lisagan gansxvavebiT) Seqmna ganapiroba. sakiTxi exeba 1810 wels gaxsnil berlinis universitets,

sadac prof. humboldtma, sxva cnobil mecnierebTan erTad, savinic miiwvia. glosatorTa Semoqmedebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, savinim upiratesoba humanistebs mianiWa, vinaidan miaCnda, rom komentatorebi da

maTi mimdevrebi, usus modernus meTodiT, WeSmariti samarTlis keTilSobilur principebs arRvevdnen.

savinis imis gamoc akritikebdnen, rom realurad, mis mier Seqmnili romis samarTlis moqmedi sistema,

sxvadasxva epoqis elementebisagan Sedgeboda da, faqtiurad, arc erT epoqaSi moqmedebda. arqaul da

klasikur samarTals xelovnurad mieniWa moqmedi samarTlis statusi, ramac igi zogadi Teoriis

dogmad aqcia.

$5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi

pandeqturi samarTlis (pandeqtebis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba _ usus modernum pandectarum) fuZemdeblebma,

interpretaciis meSveobiT, mecniereba da iuridiuli dogmatika _ Corpus iuris - SeimuSaves. es iyo e.w.

`cnebebis iurisprudencia~, anu pandeqtistika (saxelwodeba pandeqtebis sistemuri Seswavlidan

momdinareobs). pandeqtistikas safuZveli Cauyares r. puxtam da iseTma cnobilma romanistebma,

rogorebic iyvnen vagnerovi, dernburgi da vindSaidi. pandeqtistebi iuridiuli mecnierebis

pozitivistur mimdinareobas mfarvelobdnen. maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi wesrigi iuridiuli princi-

pebisa da normebis sruli da Caketili sistemaa. amis gamo maT miuReblad miaCndaT kazusebis arse-

boba, cnebebisa da dogmebis sistemaSi, radgan maTi gadawyvetis xerxebi iurists (mis xelT arsebuli

saSualebebiT), samarTlis normiT gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevaSic (formalur-logikuri proce-

durebis gamoyenebis gareSe), SeeZlo Seevso da gamoeZia.

VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi

samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, romis samarTlis aqtualizaciis praq-

tikuli tendencia, anu italiuri meTodi (mos italicus) ganxorcielebulad miiCnies. Tumca, imis mtki-

ceba, rom iuristebs romis samarTlis mimarT interesi gauneldaT usafuZvloa, vinaidan dRemde

arsebuli mravali istoriuli da dogmaturi mizezi, romis samarTlis sicocxlisunarianobas

cxadyofs. samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi dRemde SenarCunebulia romis samarTlis cnebebi da principebi.

erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis Sefasebis myar safuZvlad da amosaval wertilad maTi saerTo

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romanistikuli wyaroebi unda gamoviyenoT, iseve, rogorc es axali saerToevropuli samarTlis

Seqmnisas xdeba. Tanamedrove samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze

Seqmnili romauli iurisprudencia, konsultaciebis formiT ganxorcielebul Tavisufal saqmianobas

warmoadgenda; igive iTqmis saerTo samarTlis ganmmartebelTa da komentatorTa (consiliatores) naSro-

mebzec. samarTalmcodneobis SemoqmedebiTi Tu sainterpretacio bunebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben

Tanamedrove iuridiul sistemaTa daxurul da Ria formebs, anu erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos erTi

ram: ra principiTaa Seqmnili samarTali _ cocxali (precedentuli), Tu werilobiTi formiT (erT

krebulSi sistemurad Camoyalibebul normaTa wesiT). samarTlis Ria tipis nimuSia anglo-saqsonuri

precendentuli samarTlis sistema, xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi asaxuli samarTali _ daxurul

models ganekuTvneba. aRniSnuli gansxvaveba am ori sistemis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gasamijnad ar

gamodgeba, vinaidan, dResdReobiT, sakanonmdeblo samarTali orive sistemas iyenebs; garda amisa, es

ori sistema yovelTvis verc warsulis mkacrad istoriul kriteriumebs daeyrdnoba.

romauli iurisprudencia gamudmebiT uwyobda xels samarTlis SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas da

sxvadasxva iuridiul sistemaze udavo gavlenas axdenda. Sesabamisad, ufro mizanSewonilia samoqa-

laqo kodeqsebisa da anglo-saqsonuri `saerTo samarTlis~ mimarTeba romis samarTalTan, cal-calke

ganvixiloT.

$1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi

kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis mimdevarTa doqtrina

da maTi postulatebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnasa da gamocemas uwyobda xels. 1804 wels napo-

leonis samoqalaqo kodeqsis SeqmniT sakodifikacio saqmianobam safrangeTSi umaRles dones miaRwia

(Tumca, msgavsi samoqalaqo kodeqsebi manamde bavariasa da prusiaSic arsebobda). safrangeTis revlu-

ciis periodSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis avtorebma uari ganacxades oTx, maTi azriT, Zalzed kazuis-

turad, an piriqiT, abstraqtulad Sedgenil proeqtze. or ukiduresobas Soris miRweuli kompromisis

Sedegad, franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi sakanonmdeblo teqnikis nimuSadaaa miCneuli, romelic,

mogvianebiT, sxva qveynebis samoqalaqo kodeqsTa misabaZ magaliTad iqca. frangulma kodeqsma zegav-

lena moaxdina aramxolod evropis, aramed amerikis kodifikaciebzec. napoleonis kodeqsi mTlianad

romis samarTlis principebs efuZneboda, ramac misi warmateba ganapiroba. XIX saukunis didma frang-

ma iuristebma obrim da rom, iurisprudenciisa da doqtrinis urTierTzemoqmedebis dadgeniT, axali

kanonmdebloba Zalze gonivrulad da gabedulad ganmartes.

1900 wlamde germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldeba ZalaSi ver Sedioda istoriuli skolis winaaRmdegobis

gamo. germanuli samoqalaqo sjuldeba pandeqtistikis yvelaze srulyofili da damaxasiaTebeli qmni-

lebaa, romelic Seiqmna samarTlis istoriuli skolis saqmianobis miwuruls da romis samarTlis

dasasrulze miuTiTebs. kodeqsis zogadma nawilma da iuridiuli garigebis doqtrinam mniSvelovani

zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove civilistikaze.

$2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common law and equity)

samarTlis am sistemisaTvis niSandoblivia gansakuTrebuli da specifikuri Taviseburebebi, riTac

igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistemebis romanistuli tradiciebisgan.

aRniSnuli sistemiT, erTmaneTisagan ganaszvaveben sakanonmdeblo samarTalsa (Statute law) da pre-

cedentul samarTals (Common law).

XI saukuneSi normanTa Semosevis Semdeg, roca inglisis dampyrobelma _ uiliamma qveyanaSi baton-

ymuri sistema da centralizebuli administracia SemoiRo, dasabami mieca saerTo samarTlis

(Common law) istorias. samarTlebrivi reformebis gansaxorcieleblad, arsebuli samarTlisa da

marTlmsajulebis dacvis uflebamosilebani mefem sakuTar Tavze aiRo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

centrs warmoadgenda samefo karis sasamarTlo (Curia regis), sadac xdeboda adgilobriv sasa-

marTloebSi ganxiluli saqmeebis gadasinjva. mefis sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeboda Seri-

fis, anu im moxelis mier, romelic sasamarTlo-administraciuli funqciebiTa da gamsvleli sasa-

marTlo sxdomebis (Justice in Eyre) warmarTvis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. samarTalwarmoeba sasamarTlo

brZanebebis (writs an brevia) sistemiT xelmZRvanelobda. brZaneba iyo pergamentze, tipuri da mkacrad

gansazRvruli formulebis gamoyenebiT, lakonurad Sedgenili gansakuTrebuli werilobiTi sabuTi,

romelic miiReboda samefo kancelariaSi. formulaTa Sesadgenad gansazRvruli krebulebiT xel-

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mZRvanelobdnen, risTvisac gasamrjelos iRebdnen. sasamarTlo brZanebebisa da maT safuZvelze gace-

muli sarCelebis meSveobiT, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mefe adgenda kanonebs (imdeni sarCeli iyo,

ramdenic brZanebaTa formula). amis gamo, inglisuri saerTo samarTali imTaviTve pozitiuri iyo da

yovelTvis dauwerel, CveulebiT samarTlad miiCneoda, xolo romis samarTali, romelic univer-

sitetebSi iswavleboda, wignier da idealur samarTlad ganixileboda.

samarTlianobis samarTlis (Equity) cnebaSi igulisxmeboda sasamarTlo sistema, romelic upiris-

pirdeba saerTo samarTals (Common law) da lord-kancleris sasamarTloSi (Court of Chansery) moq-

medebda. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis TxovniT, qveSevrdomebi peticiiT mimarTavdnen uSualod

mefes. mefe gzavnida moTxovnas samefo sabWosa (King’s Council) da kanclerTan, romelic samefo sin-

disis mcvelad (keeper of the King’s conscience) iTvleboda. samarTlianobis cnebaze dafuZnebuli, sasu-

liero piris _ kancleris iurisdiqciis mizani iyo mopasuxis sindisis ganwmenda.

samarTlianobis samarTlis mizani marTlmsajulebis arsebiTi, da ara formaluri ganxorcieleba

iyo; amitom samoqmedod or xerxs iyenebdnen: realur aRsrulebas (specific performance), romelic xor-

cieldeboda aRsrulebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis gamocemis gansakuTrebuli formiT da raime qmedebis

(injunction) sasamarTlo akrZalviT, rac zianis mimyenebelisaTvis garkveuli qmedebis ganmeorebiT Ca-

denas krZalvda.

samefo iurisdiqciam pirveli gamarjveba, samarTlianobis samarTlis upiratesobis Sesaxeb, brZa-

nebulebis gamocemiT da saerTo samarTalsa da samarTlianobis samarTals Soris winaaRmdegobis

daZleviT moipova. Tumca, maT Soris dapirispireba kvlav grZeldeboda: Common law-s farglebSi

moqmedi mosamarTleebi, vestminsteris sasamarTloebis mimarT, kancleris sasamarTlos saapelacio

instanciad gadaqcevis faqts ar iwonebdnen.

rac Seexeba romis samarTlis recefciis mniSvnelobas, inglisuri samarTlis evoluciis procesSi,

yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sam momentze: 1. eklesiis, upirveles yovlisa, benediqtelTa ordenisa da

glosatorTa doqtrinis gavlenaze. romanistikis zemoqmedebis kvali SeiniSneba terminologiaSi,

inglisuri samarTlis analizisa da, misi samarTlis sistemad gadaqcevis procesSi, romis samarTlis

cnebebis gamoyenebaSi; 2. XVI saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefciam gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova,

germaniaSi qorwinebis sakiTxSi saepiskoposo sasamarTloebma romaul-kanonikuri doqtrina aRiares,

xolo inglisuri saerTo samarTlis gamarjvebas iuristTa wodebisa da maTi warmomadgenlis _ kokis

_ pirovnuli avtoriteti uzrunvelyofda, riTac inglisuri CveulebiTi samarTali romis samarTlis

debulebebis gamoyenebas ugulebelyofda; 3. mesame momenti exeboda samarTlis Teorias da ara

praqtikas, raSic didi wvlili miuZRvis ingliseli moazrovnis jon ostinis Txzulebebsa da

samarTlis istorikosis _ meitlendis Sromebs.

kazusebidan gamomdinare, principebisa da normebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, romaul da inglisur

iurisprudencias bevri ram aqvT saerTo, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli kritikisa da ganviTarebis ganv-

lili gzisa; kerZod, saerTo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis kazuisturi xasiaTi, teqnikis gamo-

yeneba. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iuristTa da mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebze did gavlenas axdenda

intuicia, romelic, logikuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis miuxedavad, samarTlianobis princips

efuZneboda.

Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi da Taviseburebani

romSi moqmed iuridiul debulebebaTa erTobliobas romis samarTali ewodeba. samarTlis es tipi vi-

Tardeboda xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelic 13 saukunis manZilze _ qr. So-

bamde 753 wlidan qr. Sobis 565 wlamde _ imperator iustinianes gardacvalebamde gagrZelda.

romis samarTlis gamoyenebis istoria mxolod aRniSnuli qronologiuri periodiT rodi ifargleba.

Semdeg sxvadasxva qveynisa da sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad, Sua da axal saukuneebSi moq-

medma, romis samarTlebrivma sistemam Cvens dromdec moaRwia. amitom amboben: romis samarTali xel-

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meored daibadao.

Tumca romanistTa, anu romis samarTlis mkvlevarTa interesis ZiriTadi obieqti romis moqalaqeTa

urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kerZo samarTalia, dResdReisobiT mravali samecniero naSromi

kvlavac eZRvneba romis sajaro samarTlis, romauli saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebisa da

ganviTarebis istorias. aseTi saxis gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia istoriuli monacemebis gaTva-

liswinebac, vinaidan romis kerZosamarTlebrivi institutebis evoluciis procesi mWidrod ukavSi-

rdeboda romSi moqmed politikur sistemasa da samarTalSemoqmedebiT tradicas. romis politikurma

reJimma, mmarTvelobis transformaciis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime etapi ganvlo. kerZod: 1. reqsebis

epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 753-510 ww; 2. respublikis periodi _ qr. Sobamde 510-27 ww; 3. principatisa _ qr.

Sobamde 27 w.-qr. Sobis 284 w. da 4. dominatis epoqa _ 284-565 ww.

aRniSnuli bolo ori etapi imperiuli mmarTvelobis ori gansxvavebuli formaa. sakuTriv romis

iuridiuli sistemis ganxilvisas, TiToeuli etapisaTvis, niSandoblivi arsebiTi Taviseburebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenime etaps ganasxvaveben; esenia: 1. arqauli _ qr. Sobamde 753-367 ww.; 2. winakla-

sikuri _ qr. Sobamde 367-130 ww.; 3. klasikuri _ qr. Sobamde 130 w. - qr. Sobis 235 w. esaa yvelaze

xangrZlivi periodi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sam etapad iyofa: a) adreuli klasika _ qr. Sobamde

130-30 ww.; b) ganviTarebuli klasika _ qr. Sobamde 30 w. _ qr. Sobis 130 w.; g) gviandeli klasika _

130-235 ww.; 4. postklasikuri _ 235-527 ww.; 5. iustinianes periodis samarTali _ 527-568 ww.

romis samarTlis istoriis pirveli, arqauli anu kvirituli samarTlis periodi droSi emTxveva

reqsebisa da respublikuri saxelmwifo wyobilebis adreul da klasikur periodebs. klasikuri

samarTlis pirveli etapi gviandeli respublikis epoqas Seesabameba, xolo klasicizimis meore da me-

same etapebi _ principatis xanas (imperiis pirvel etaps), anu romis imperiis teritoriuli gafarToe-

bis periods.

romis samarTlis istoriis postklasikuri da iustinianes periodebi SeuzRudavi monarqiuli

mmarTvelobis _ dominatis _ xanas Seesabameba.

I. Civitas warmoSoba. Rex-ebis periodi

civitas (qalaq-saxelmwifo); Senatus Populus que Romanus (SPQR) (senati da romaeli xalxi ); ager publicus (saxelmwifo miwebi).

saxelmwifoebriobis Tanamedrove koncefciebis (saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebis) gamoyeneba Zvelro-

mauli Temis mimarT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, vinaidan didia modernistuli Teoriebis gavlena. Zveli

romaelebisaTvis politikuri erToba ganuyofeli iyo romauli Temis moqalaqeebisagan. Sesabamisad,

romauli Temis wevrebi sakuTar Tavs Populus Romanus-s uwodebdnen, xolo oficialur dokumentebsa

da legionerTa samkerde niSnebze pirvel adgilze senati iyo: Senatus Populus que Romanus (SPQR).

cnebiT respublica sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi an sazogadoebrivi qmedebebi aRiniSneboda. principatis epo-

qaSi romaul libera res publica-s imperatoris potestas-i daupirispirda. mecnierTa umravlesobis azriT,

primitiul romaul politikur organizacias yvelaze ukeT Seesabameba termini `qalaq-saxelmwifo~;

es iyo erTgvari citadeli, romlis kedlebs SigniTac xelisuflebis saqalaqo da qalaqs daqve-

mdebarebuli teritoriebis administraciuli organoebi iyo ganTavsebuli. Tanamedrove gamokvleve-

biT SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom romis saxelmwifo Tanmimdevruli sinoikizmis (axlo mdebare

dasaxlebaTa urTierTSerwymis) safuZvelze Camoyalibda.

romi Svid borcvze ganlagebuli ramdenime dasaxlebis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna. Sesabamisad, am adgils

Septimontium-i anu Svidborcviani (aventinusi, palatinusi, kapitoliumi, kvirinalis, viminalis,

eskvilinusi da keliusi) ewoda. mogvianebiT, qalaqs galavani Semoavles, romelic mosaxleobas mtris

Tavdasxmisagan icavda. am borcvTagan erT-erTs, kapitoliumi Semdegi garemoebis gamo ewoda: borcvze

iupiteris taZris asagebad saZirkvelis gaTxrisas md. tibrosis sanapiroebze muSebma adamianis Tavis

qala aRmoaCines. metad xelsayreli savaWro gzebis (via Salaria) kveTaze mkvidri primitiuli sasoflo

Temi, TandaTanobiT iZenda qalaq-saxelmwifos (civitas) niSan-maxasiaTeblebs. galavanSemovlebuli uZve-

lesi civitas-is teritoriaze (pomoerium), mravlad iyo wminda adgilebi, sadac sxvadasxva magiuri da

religiuri ritualebi tardeboda; aqve mdebareobda mTavrobis rezidencia da sagangebo adgilebi

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saxalxo krebebis Casatareblad.

miTis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi dasaxleba romulusis saxels ukavSirdeba, manve daudgina qalaqs Tavda-

pirveli sazRvrebi (e.w. Roma quadrata). qalaqs gars ertya sajaro miwebi da saZovrebi (ager publicus) da

mtris Semosevebisagan daucveli soflebi da miwaTmoqmedTa gancalkevebiT mdgomi qoxebi. arqeolo-

giuri gaTxrebis masalebis Tanaxmad, civitas-is garSemo safortifikacio samuSaoebi permanentulad,

laTinebis TemebiT dasaxlebuli soflebis gaerTianebiT, mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, romi alba-

longas (Alba Longa) kolonia iyo. aqve dabadebula qalRmerT vestas qurumi qali rea-silvia, tyupi

Zmis _ romulusisa da remusis deda.

amrigad, romi saerTo mmarTvelobas daqvemdebarebuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis konglome-

rats, ciceronis Tanaxmad, coetus hominum iure sociali-s, warmoadgenda.

primitiuli civitas-is mmarTvelobis organoebi iyo:

$1. Rex (reqsi)

rex sacrorum (saRvTo ritualebi); interrex (Sualeduri funqciebiT aRWurvili reqsi); regifugium (reqsis

gaqceva); quando rex comitia vit fas (formula, riTac reqsi RvTis nebas aqveynebda).

reqsi (rex) iyo uzenaesi samxedro da politikuri beladi, romelic, xalxis survilis SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqeTa sakraluri warmomadgenlis funqciasac asrulebda. aqedan gamomdinare, reqsi anu beladi (ductor) iyo, religiur-magiuri ritualebis Catarebis uflebamosilebiT, aRWurvili piri, romlis magiur da zebunebriv unars misi piradi qarizma kidev ufro aZlierebda. reqsis zebunebrivi Zali-sadmi rwmena xalxs mis morCilebas da misi xelisuflebis uzenaesobas STaagonebda. romaelebs reqsi miaCndaT RvTis nebis aRmsruleblad, romlis nebasac xalxs amcnobdnen qurumebi; isini momavals zeciur movlenebze dakvirvebiT, msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelebis Signeulobisa da frinvelTa frenis (auspicium, augurium) mixedviT winaswarmetyvelebdnen.

gadmocemis mixedviT, roms marTavda Svidi reqsi: romulusi (Romulus), numa pompiliusi (Numa

Pompilius), tulus hostiliusi (Tullus Gostilius), ankus marciusi (Ancus Marcius), tarkvinius priskusi

(Tarquinius Priscus), servius tuliusi (Servius Tullius) da tarkvinius amayi (Superbus). pirveli oTxi reqsi

laTinTa da sabinTa warmomadgeneli iyo, xolo bolo sami reqsi ki _ etruskTa tomisa.

respublikis periodSi romma SeinarCuna reqsebis xelisuflebisaTvis niSandoblivi rudimentebi. la-

Tini reqsebi roms senatTan TanxmobiT marTavdnen, samagierod, xalxis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen.

etruskma reqsebma TavianTi despotizmiT xalxi daipirispires. bolo reqss _ tarkviniuss amays _

romaelebi ganudgnen, aujanydnen da gandevnes.

etruskTa dinastiis reqsebma SemoiRes uzenaesi xelisuflebis (imperium) Semdegi simboloebi: spilos

Zvlisgan damzadebuli samefo taxti, porfiris samosi _ toga (toga) da wkeplebiT SeiaraRebuli pira-

di mcvelebi (lictores); magram romaeli rex-i araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miiCneva mefed; ase rom, maTi

zeobis epoqa arasworad miiCnies monarqiuli mmarTvelobis periodad.

$2. senati

Senex (mxrcovani); Senatus (senati); patres (senatorebi); tribus (triba); gens (gvari); sacra gentilicia (wminda

ritualis aRsruleba); interregnum (reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg xelisuflebis aRsruleba senatorebis mier ).

Tavdapirveli senati (Senatus) iyo uxucesTa sabWo, romelic reqss iseTi umniSvnelovanesi

saxelmwifo problemebis gadawyvetaSi exmareboda, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, omisa da zavis sakiTxi.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, romulusma Tavad daaarsa senati, romlis SemadgenlobaSic 100 senatori Seiy-

vana; drois kvalobaze, maTi ricxvi gaizarda da tarkvinius priskusis mmarTvelobis dros maTma

ricxvma 300 miaRwia. SesaZloa, senatorTa ricxvi ganisazRvreboda im patres raodenobiT, senatSi adgi-

lis dakavebis ufleba rom moipoves. senatorTa es wodeba (patres) imas mowmobs, rom senati gvarTa

meTaurebis wridan iqmneboda. gvari (gens) iyo im ramdenime monaTesave ojaxis gaerTianeba, romelsac

saerTo winapari hyavda. Civitas-is Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis (familia), gvarisa (gens) da tomis

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(tribus) funqciis sakiTxi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganixileboda romanistikaSi. ojaxis wevrebs

erTmaneTTan sisxliT naTesaoba akavSirebdaT. ojaxi uZvelesi socialuri organizmia. ojaxTa kavSi-

ri, romelsac saerTo winapari (patres gentis) hyavda naTesavTa erTobas _ gvars (gens) qmnida. gvaris

wevrebi saerTo sagvareulo saxels atarebdnen da gvaris yvela wevrisaTvis erTnair wminda ritua-

lebs (sacra gentilicia) aRasrulebdnen. reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg mTeli Zalaufleba gadadioda sena-

torTa xelT (interregnum), romlebic axal reqss irCvdnen.

$3. xalxi da saxalxo krebebi

pirvel saukuneebSi xalxi ori fenis _ patriciebisa da plebeebisagan _ Sedgeboda. privilegirebul

fenas Seadgenden patriciebi; klientebi da gaazatebulebi maTze iyvnen damokidebulni. patronisa da

klientis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mocemulia dionise halikarnaseliTan, romlis mtkicebiTac

patronis uflebebi romulusma SemoiRo. patroni klients iuridiuli xasiaTis rCevebs aZlevda da

mas sxva pirTa ukanono devnisagan icavda; Tavis mxriv, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, klienti patronis

daxmarebis valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebda; magaliTad, misi qaliSvilebis gaTxovebisas an

patronis tyveobdan gamosyidvisas, klients sakuTari patronis sasamarTlo xarjebi an sajaro jari-

mebi unda gadaexada. patrons da klients erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi mowmed gamosvlis

ufleba ar hqondaT. klients ar SeeZlo xmis micema im kandidaturis winaaRdeg, romelsac patroni

mxars uWerda.

patriciebis fena Sedgeboda im 100 ojaxisgan (familia), romelic romis teritoriaze uZvelesi droidan

cxovrobda (patriciebis STamomavlebi imave wodebas ganekuTvnbodnen). patriciebis ojaxebi _ gvarad,

gvarebi ki tomebad erTiandeboden. patriciebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT SeuzRudavad

sargeblobden, aRniSnul uflebebs plebeebis (plebs) fena moklebuli iyo. Tanasworobisa da

sazogadoebis erTiani patriciul-plebeuri maRali fenis _ nobilis _ Sesaqmnelad plebeebi, ramdenime

saukunis manZilze ibrZodnen. saxelmwifos respublikuri wyobis dros nobiliteti gabatonebul fe-

nas warmoadgenda. xalxs iwvevdnen sagangebo krebebis e.w. komiciebis (comitia; cum+ire: Sekreba)

sxdomebze. saxalxo krebis uZveles saxes warmoadgenda kuriis kreba (comitia curiata), romelic moqa-

laqeebs kuriebis mixedviT aerTianebda. 30 kuriad dayofili mosaxleoba sam tribad erTiandeboda.

Tavdapirvelad, kuriis krebis kompetencia lex curiata de imperio (romlis ZaliTac reqss saxelisuflebo

uflebamosileba eniWeboda) mxardaWera da adrogatio (Svilad ayvanis erT-erTi saxe) gaxldaT. centu-

riis komiciebi (comitia centuriata) boloswina etruskelma reqsma servius tuliusma Seqmna. aRniSnuli

komicia efuZneboda romaeli jaris axal struqturas, romelic, jariskacTa qonebrivi statusis

mixedviT, xuT kategoriad iyofoda. romis jarisa da saxalxo krebebis reformatorad servius

tuliusia miCneuli. laTinTa da sabinTa `monarqiis~ pirvel etapze jaris Sekreba gvarebis mixedviT

xdeboda; wlis ganmavlobaSi jarSi, patriciebisa da klientebisagan, romel wevrs unda emsaxura, amas

gvari (gens) adgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, jarSi kavaleria dominirebda. brZolis hoplituri taqtikis

SemoRebiT, cxenosanTa rigebi Semcirda. hoplitebi (hoplitas) (mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari) _ es

iyo asi meomrisagan Semdgari samxedro razmebi (centuriae), romlebic mkacrad icavdnen sabrZolo

mwyobrsa da samxedro disciplinasa, rac maT brZolisunarianobas ganamtkicebda.

samxedro reformis gatarebisas, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, servius tuliusma moqalaqeebi 5 jgufad

dahyo. pirveli, umaRlesi jgufis wevrobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo 100 000 sisterciis (fuladi er-

Teuli) qona, meoresaTvis _ 75 000, mesame da meoTxisaTvis _ Sesabamisad, 50 000 da 25 000, xolo bo-

lo, mexuTe jgufs 12 000 sisterciis qona moeTxoveboda. moqalaqeTa TiToeuli kategoria valdebuli

iyo gamoeyvana centuriis gansazRvruli raodenoba (magaliTad, pirvel kategorias 30 centuriis

gamoyvana evaleboda). mxedrobas (equites) 18 centuria gamohyavda, xolo damxmare kari (muSebi, musi-

kosebi da proletarii) kidev 5 centurias qmnida. amgvarad, centuriebis saerTo ricxvi 193 Seadgenda.

centuria (centuria), erTdroulad, samxedro erTeuli da politikur-fiskaluri gaerTianeba iyo, anu

maT saxalxo krebaze xmis micemis ufleba hqonda. xmis micemisas, pirveloba moqalaqeTa yvelaze SeZ-

lebul fenas eniWeboda, vinaidan centuriaTa yvelaze didi raodenoba (30 centuria) am fenas gamoh-

yavda. xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobis mopovebis Semdeg (moqalaqeTa pirveli fena, cxenosnebTan

erTad, 98 centurias Seadgenda. isini pirvelebi aZlevdnen xmas da saxalxo krebebze xmaTa umrav-

lesobas iRebdnen) xmis micemis procedura wydeboda.

45

II. patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika

Comitia curiata (kuriis kreba); comitia centuriata (centuriis kreba); comitia tributa (tribis kreba); plebs

(mdabio); nobilis (warCinebuli); centuriae (centuriebi); hoplitas (mZimedSeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari); equites

(mxedrebi); proletarii (uqonelni).

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, tarkviniusebis gvaris ukanaskneli reqsi qr. Sobamde 510 wels romidan gandev-

nes da, erTwliani uflebamosilebis vadiT, magistratis Tanamdeboba SemoiRes. kolegiis wevri _ ma-

gistratebi umaRlesi samxedro da politikuri xelisuflebiT aRWurvili pirebi iyvnen. qr. Sobamde

451 wels SeirCa aTi moqalaqe (decemviri legibus scribundis), romelTac XII dafis kanonebis redaqtireba

daevalaT. sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris urTierTobebis ukiduresi gamw-

vavebisa da politikuri dapirispirebis fonze, ori weli gagrZelda. XII dafis kanonebis gamoqveyne-

bis Semdeg, xalxma konsulebis arCeva aRar isurva da mmarTveloba gadasca konsulis ZalauflebiT

aRWurvil samxedro tribunebs (tribuni militum consulari potestate), romelTac jarebis sardlobis ufleba

moipoves. qr. Sobamde 367 wels liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanoniT (lex Liciniae et Sextiae) konsulati _

respublikuri romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis umaRlesi organo _ sabolood damkvidrda.

antikuri periodis cnobebis interpretaciisas, istorikosTa azri orad iyofa: erTi nawilis

Tanaxmad, romSi tarkviniusebis gandevnis Semdeg, politikuri sistemis reformireba mkveTrad, revo-

luciuri meTodebiT ganxorcielda; istorikosTa meore jgufis (umravlesobis) azriT, reforma

mdovred, Tumca, Tanamimdevrulad mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, SesaZloa yovelwliurad, airCeoda

mxolod erTi umaRlesi pretori (praetor maximus, prae+ire _ jaris winamZRoli, mxedraTmTavari),

romelsac, damxmared (savaraudod, jarebis sardlebad) umcros pretorebs (praetores minores)

uniSnavdnen.

romis respublikuri saxelmwifo wyoblebis sawyisi etapi patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris gamud-

mebuli da mkveTri urTierTdapirispirebiT xasiaTdeboda. privilegirebuli politikuri uflebebis

mudmivad borotad gamoyenebiT, patriciebis gabatonebuli fena pleebis gaRizianebas iwvevda;

protestis niSnad, plebeebi roms tovebdnen da secesiebs (secessio), anu romidan maT saTayvanebel

wminda mTaze organizebul gaqcevas, mimarTavdnen. patriciebi samxedro samsxurs mxolod plebeebs

avaldebulebdnen, valauval plebeebs savalo kabalaSi amyofebdnen. aRniSnuli, pirveli socialuri

konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. qr. Sobamde 494 w. plebeebma miaRwies, rom patriciebma maT mier arCeuli

Tanamdebobis pirebi _ tribuni plebis _ aRiares.

plebsis tribunebs magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze veto-s dadebis ufleba miecaT. RvTaebrivi

kanonis (lex sacrata) ZaliT, plebsis tribuni xelSeuvalobiT (sacrosanctae) sargeblobda; mis winaaRmdeg

ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi mxilebuli piri kanongareSed (homo sacer) cxaddeboda. male plebeebma po-

litikuri moTxovnebic wamoayenes. maT patriciebs plebsis tribunis uflebamosilebaTa (potestas

tribunicia) aRiarebas, tribunisaTvis veto-s uflebis, plebsis saxalxo krebaze miRebuli gadawyve-

tilebisTvis (plebiscita) iuridiulad savaldebulo Zalis miniWeba mosTxoves. valeriusisa da

horaciusis kanonis (leges Valeriae-Horatiae) miRebiT, tribuni, xelSeuvalobis mqone civitas-is uflebamo-

siლ magistratad iqca; qr. Sobamde 445 w. kanuleusis kanoniT (lex Canulea) patriciebsa da plebeebs

Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; qr. Sobamde 367 w. plebeebis konstituciuri moTxovnebi sabo-

lood dakmayofilda. liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanonis (leges Liciniae Sextiae) Tanaxmad, ori konsu-

lidan erT-erTi, aucileblad, plebsis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. publilius filonis kano-

niTa (lex Publilia Philonis) da hortensius kanoniT (lex Plebiscita Hortensia), plebsis saxalxo krebebze miRe-

bul gadawyvetilebebs komiciebis mier dadgenili, kanonis Zala mieniWa.

patriciul-plebeuri mmarTvelobis mqone civitas-is safuZvelze aRmocenebulma axalma saxelmwifo

wyobam, qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebSi ganviTarebis mwvervals moaRwia. mmarTvelobis am tipis sa-

xelmwifo organoebi iyo: magistratura, senati da saxalxo krebebi.

Zveli berZeni istorikosisa da filosofosis polibiosis Tanaxmad, romis saxelmwifo wyobileba Se-

reuli tipis saxelmwifo formaa, romelic aristoteles mier gansazRvrul monarqiis, aristokratii-

sa da demokratiis cnebaSi ar jdeba. erTi mxriv, Tu konsulis uflebamosilebas ganvixilavT, SesaZ-

loa vifiqroT, rom romi _ monarqiaa; senatis uflebamosilebaTa ganxilvis safuZvelze, SeiZleba

46

davaskvnaT, rom is aristokratiuli wyobis mqonea; xolo mravalricxovani xalxis politikur

uflebebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, vifiqrebT, rom romi demokratiuli saxelmwifoa. imdroindel

romSi, senatisa da patriciuli magistraturis batonobis didi xnis manZilze, mmrTvelobis sferoSi

monawileobis misaRebad, plebeebis brZolis miuxedavad, romis saxelmwifo wyoba mainc aristok-

ratiuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeboda. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia xelisuflebaTa aRniSnuli Tanafardoba

xelisuflebaTa danawilebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo xelisufleba) Tanamedrove

Teoriis mixedviT aixsnas. erTi ram faqtia: romis saxelmwifo wyobis sistemiT, politikuri

institutebis urTierTdamokidebulba da urTierTkontroli xorcieldeboda. mudmivmoqmedi organo _

senati (Senatus), uflebamosilebaTa erTwliani vadiT arCeul magistratebze, arsebiTi gavlenas

axdenda; imavdroulad, sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis (res publica) saerTo mmarTvelobasac uWerda mxars.

$1. magistratura

Veto (akrZalva); imperium (Zalaufleba); auspicia (frinvelebsa da cxovelebze dakvirveba); imperium militiae

(samxedro Zalaufleba); imperium domi (xelisufleba qveynis SigniT); provocatio ad populum (xalxisadmi

mimarTva); praetor maximus (umaRlesi pretori); collega minor (umcrosi TanaSemwe); praetor peregrinus

(ucxoelebis pretori); quaestorae parricidii (kvestorebis TanaSemweebi); quaestores aerarii (saxazino

kvestorebi); cura urbis (qalaqis zedamxedveloba); cura ludorum (TamaSebze zedamxedveloba); cura morum

(zneobaze zedamxedveloba); cura annonae (sursaT-sanovageze zedamxedveloba); tribuni plebis (plebsis

tribuni); intercessio (tribunis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba sxva magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze);

ius auxilii (moqalaqeTa dacvis ufleba); ius agendicum senatus (senatis mowvevis ufleba); ius agendi cum plebe

(plebsis krebis mowvevis ufleba; lectio senatus (senatis dakompleqteba).

respublikuri magistraturis ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. arCeviToba; 2. kolegialoba; 3. Tanamdebobaze

yofnis erTwliani vada; 4. usasyidloba; 5. angariSvaldebuleba.

wesis Tanaxmad, magistratebi komiciebSi erTwliani vadiT da kolegialobis principiT airCeodnen;

maT hqondaT Tanabari uflebamosilebani, aseve kolegis gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadebis ufleba. did

xarjebTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuris miuxedavad, magistratoba usasyidlod iyo; Tanamdebobis dakave-

bisas, isini debdnen fics, rom kanonis Sesabamisad (nihil contra leges fecissent) imoqmedeben. magistrati,

romelic sakuTar Zalauflebas borotad iyenebda, meqrTameobaSi braldebuli piris msgavsad (crimen

repetundarum) isjeboda.

kuriatul kanonTa (lex curiata) da auspiciiT (auspicia) anu RvTis nebis axsna-ganmartebis uflebiT,

romael konsulebs uzenaesi xelisufleba (imperium) eZleodaT. Imperium-i anu uzenaesi xelisufleba

eniWeboda ufross magistratebs _ konsulebs, diqtatorebs, pretorebsa da samxedro tribunebs.

erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben imperium-is or saxes: imperium militiae _ romis sazRvrebs gareT jaris

sardlobis ufleba da imperium domi _ umaRlesi samoqalaqo xelisufleba q. romis sazRvrebSi, sadac

moqalaqeTaTvis sasjelis Sefardeba izRudeboda mxolod romaeli xalxisadmi apelirebiT (provocatio

ad populum), romelic braldebuls saxalxo krebisaTvis mimarTvis uflebas aZlevda.

T. momzenis klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, magistraturebi iyofada or saxeobad: Cveulebrivi (ordinariae-

ordinaluri) da gansakuTrebuli (extra ordinem-eqstraordinaluri). Tavis mxriv, Cveulebrivi magistra-

tura mudmivmoqmed da garkveuli Sesvenebebis Semdeg amoqmedebul organoebad iyofoda.

mudmivmoqmedi magistraturebi:

1. konsulati. romSi erTi wlis vadiT arCeuli ori konsuli iyo. maTi Tanamdebobaze yofnis erT

wels maTive saxeli ewodeboda. konsulebi axorcielebdnen imperium-s, anu uzenaes samxedro da samo-

qalaqo xelisuflebas; atarebdnen samkerde niSansa da reqsis simboloebs: emosaT porfiris toga da

Tan dahyvebodaT liqtorebi. damnaSavisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis ufleba mxolod kon-

suls eniWeboda. sikvdilmisjils e.w. provocatio-s wesiT am ganaCenis gasaCivreba centuriis saxalxo

krebis mimarT mxolod q.romis farglebSi SeeZlo; Tu aRniSnul sasjels provinciaSi gamoitndnen,

is saboloo iyo da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda.

2. pretura. pretori uzenaesi xelisuflebiT aRWurvili magistri (praetor maximus) iyo. liciniusisa

47

da seqstiusis kanonebSi pretori moxseniebulia konsulis umcros TanaSemwed (collega minor). imave

kanoniT, pretors marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio) ganxorcielebis funqciac mieniWa, gansakuTrebiT

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan marTlmsajulebis instituciurad gamoyofis Semdeg. qr. Sobamde

242 w. SemoiRes axali Tanamdeboba ucxoelebis pretori (praetor peregrinus), romelsac romael moqala-

qeebsa da ucxoelebs Soris sasamarTlo davebis ganxilva-gadawyveta daevala.

3. kvestura. kvestori iyo konsulis TanaSemwe (quaestores parricidii), romelsac, umTavresad, saxelmwifo

damnaSaveTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da danaSaulis gamoZieba evaleboda. garda amisa, kvesto-

rebs, danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan saxelmwifo xazinisa da sxva saxis sazogadoebrivi qonebis dac-

vac evalebodaT (quaestores aerarii).

4. ediliteti. Tavdapirvelad, edilebi (aediles) plebsis RvTaebaTa kults zedamxedvelobdnen. mogvia-

nebiT, maT romSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva (cura urbis), qalaqis xorbliTa da sarCo-sanovagiT

momarageba (cura annonae) da TamaSebis organizeba (cura ludorum) daevalaT.

5. plebsis tribunati. Tavdapirvelad, plebsis tribunebi, patriciebis winaaRmdeg socialuri

TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi, plebeebis `revoluciuri~ beladebi iyvnen. patriciati iZulebuli gax-

da, magistratebis mier miRebul nebismier gadawyvetilebaze, plebsis tribunis vetosa (intercessio) da

moqalaqeTa dacvis (ius auxilii), aseve senatisa da plebsis krebebis mowvevis uflebac (ius agendi cum

senatus, cum plebe) eRiarebina.

6. cenzura ordinaluri, magram ara permanentuli magistratura iyo. yofili konsulebi 18 Tvis vadiT

airCeodnen cenzorebad (censor), romelTa movaleobac yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel, qonebrivi

cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeebis aRwera da maTi saTanado kategoriebSi ganweseba gaxldaT. cenzori

akompleqtebda senats (lectio senatus), zedamxedvelobda moqalaqeTa zneobas (cura morum). Tu moqalaqe

uzneo qmedebas Caidenda, mas ricxavdnen moqalaqeTa siidan, mis mier Cadenil uRirs qmedebaze weri-

lobiTi miTiTebiT.

magistraturis meore _ eqstraordinaluri saxe diqtatoris instituti iyo.

sagangebo viTarebis dros konsulebi niSnavdnen diqtators, romlis uflebamosileba mxolod eqvsi

TviT gamisazRvreboda. am drois ganmavlobaSi is iyo erTpirovnuli xelisufali, romlis

kompetenciaSic uzenaesi samxedro da samoqalaqo administracia (imperium militiae et imperium domi)

Sedioda. diqtaturis dros moqalaqeTa yvela ufleba SeCerebuli iyo.

ramdenime magistraturis erTi piris xelSi moqceva dauSvebeli iyo. qr. Sobamde 180 w. viliusis

kanoniT (lex Villia annalis) dadginda: erTi da igive piri, imave an sxva Tanamdebobaze xelmeored

mxolod ori wlis Semdeg airCeoda. amave kanoniT, ganisazRvra magistratobis Semdegi ierarqia

(cursus honorum): kvestura, ediliteti, pretura, konsulati; cenzorad da diqtatorad mxolod yofili

konsuli daiSveboda.

$2. senati

Senatus (senati); senex (senatori); patres (mamebi); conscripti (miwerilni).

senati (senatus) iyo respublikuri romis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgelobiTi

da saTaTbiro organo, romlis wevrebadac senatori (senex) _ patriciebi (e.w. `patres~ - mamebi,

romlebsac clarissimi (D.27.10.5)-c ewodebodaT, rac maT brwyinvale warmomavlobasa da xarisxs gu-

lisxmobda da senatori _ plebeebi (e.w. conscripti - miwerilni) airCeodnen.

senatis kompetenciaSi Sedioda: omis gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba; religiuri ceremonialis aRsru-

lebaze zedamxedveloba; sazogadoebrivi finansebis gankargva da mxedarTmTavrebis daniSvna. aRniSnu-

li mowmobs, rom senatis funqcia mxolod saTaTbiro uflebamosilebiT ar ifargleboda. magistra-

tebis xelisufleba droiT iyo SezRuduli, xolo mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo organo senati, komicie-

bis mier miRebul kanonebs sakuTari auctoritas-iT amtkicebda, senatusconsultum-iT ki sakanonmdeblo

saqmianobas axorcielebda. senatorTa ricxvi permanentulad izrdeboda da III saukunis dasawyisSi

aTass miaRwia.

48

$3. saxalxo krebebi

Plebiscita (plebisciti); consilia plebis (plebsis kreba); magistratus maiores (umaRlesi rangis magistratebi);

magistratus minores (dabali rangis magistratebi); ius agendi cum populo (komiciebis mowvevis ufleba); ius

agendi cum plebe (plebsis krebebis mowvevis ufleba); optimates (optimatebi); populares (popularebi);

nobilitas (warCinebuli); ordo equister (mxedarTa wodeba); consul sine collega (konsuli kolegis gareSe).

Tavdapirvelad, magistratebis arCeva da kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micema centuriis saxalxo krebis

kompetencia iyo. magram reformebis gatarebam, da qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeTa socialur

jgufebad, SedarebiT, samarTlianma dayofam, ganapiroba tribis komiciebisaTvis centuriis krebebis

umaRlesi funqciebis nawilis gadacema.

mogvianebiT, kanonis Zalis mqone plebiscita-s plebsis kreba (consilia plebis) iRebda. umaRlesi magistrate-

bis (magistratus maiores) _ konsulebis, cenzorebis, pretorebis arCeva (daniSvna) centurialuri komi-

ciis kompetencia iyo. tribebis komiciebi yvelaze dabali rangis magistratebs (magistratus minores) _

edilebsa da kvestorebs irCevdnen; plebsis krebebze ki _ plebsis tribunebs. plebsis krebebze

magistratebad mxolod moqmedi magistratebis mier warmodgenil pirebs irCevdnen.

kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micemis dros sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mxolod moqmed magistra-

tebs hqondaT; saxalxo kreba uflebamosili iyo maTi iniciativa mieRo an saerTod uareyo; misi Secv-

lis, Sevsebis an nawilobriv miRebis ufleba maT ar gaaCndaT. komiciebis mowvevis ufleba (ius agendi

cum populo) umaRles magistratebs, xolo plebsis krebebis (ius agendi cum plebe) _ plebsis tribunebs

hqondaT.

saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis dasrulebisTanave, romma aqtiuri dapyrobiTi omebis politika

daiwyo, ris Sedegadac im droisaTvis cnobil, TiTqmis mTel geografiul sivrceze gabatonda. meore

punikuri omis Semdeg (qr. Sobamde 220 w.), daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 168 w. mimdinare omebis Sedegad,

romis saxelmwifo msoflio imperia gaxda. qr. Sobamde II saukunidan romis saxelmwifo wyobileba,

axali socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma, Rrma krizisma moicva.

upirveles yovlisa, Zveli civitas-is administraciuli organoebi msoflio imperiis mmarTvelobis sfe-

roSi wamoWril moTxovnebs veRar akmayofilebda. umaRles Tanamdebobaze xanmokle vadiT pirTa

arCeva saxelisuflo struqturebs araefeqturs xdida, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme dapyrobili

provinciebis samxedro mmarTvelobas exeboda. saxelmwifos konstituciur mdgomareobaze uaryofiT

zegavlenas axdenda, erTi mxriv, Zveli senatoruli aristokratia, savaWro operaciebiT gamdidrebu-

li mxedarTa wodebis da meore mxriv, optimatebisa (optimates) da popularebis (populares) urTierTqiS-

pi. primitiul agrarul ekonomikas swrafad enacvleboda monebis Sromaze damyarebuli intensiuri

latifundisturi meurneoba. gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad sakuTar miwebs kargavda wvril mesakuTreTa

fena _ jarisa da saxalxo krebebis mTavari wyaro. amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs plutarqes `biografie-

bis~ is Tavi, romelic tiberius graqhusis moRvaweobas eZRvneba. kerZod, etruriis velebis Semov-

lisas, man aRmoaCina, rom glexebis mier mitovebuli miwis nakveTebis did nawils senatoruli

aristokratiis monebi amuSavebdnen. aRniSnuli viTareba moraluri simtkicis daqveiTebaze

metyvelebda. politikuri krizisis erT-erTi mizezi sruluflebian moqalaqeTa raodenobisa da dapy-

robili teritoriebis (provinciebis) mosaxleobis raodenobis disproporciis Seuqcevadi gazrdac

iyo. krizisuli periodis sxva epizodTa Soris Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Zmebi graqhusebis mier

SeTavazebuli agraruli reforma; am movlenam kidev ufro gaamwvava mZvinvare politikuri qiSpi sa-

xelmwifoSi.

politikuri simSvidis rRvevis kidev erT mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Seurigebeli dapirispreba

mmarTvel oligarqiasa (senatoruli nobilitas) da mxedarTa wodebas (ordo equister) Soris. samxedro

beladebsa da senats Soris dausrulebelma konfliqtma erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis krizisi gana-

piroba. romis saxelmwifo sistema saWiroebda siaxles, politikur anu konstituciur reformas an

antikonstituciur qmedebas _ saxelmwifos gadatrialebas. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji gaius

mariusma gadadga. romauli jaris SemadgenlobaSi, daqiravebuli jaris nawilebis SeyvaniT man

konsuloba moipova. qr. Sobamde 104-100 ww. samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, kornelius sulam,

ganusazRvreli vadiT, Tavi diqtatorad gamoacxada da senatoruli oligarqiis reJimis aRdgena

daiwyo. plebsis tribunebis gavlenis Semcirebis mizniT, man aRadgina Zveli principi, romlis

49

Tanaxmadac, plebsis krebis gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala mxolod senatis mier damtkicebis Semdeg

eniWeboda. man tribuns CamoarTva sxva magistraturis dakavebis ufleba, xolo veto-s ufleba

gaavrcela im saCivrebze, romelsac, Seuracxyofis msxverplad qceuli an magistratis mier, sakuTari

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegad, dazaralebuli moqalaqe mowinaaRmdegis mimarT Seitanda.

sulas reformebi maleve gauqmda; saxelmwifo kvlav mwvave politikurma krizisma da samoqalaqo

omis safrTxem moicva. Tavdapirvelad, prokonsulis sagangebo uflebamosilebani mianiWes pompeuss,

romelmac qr. Sobamde 52 w. Tavi erTpirovnul, `kolegis gareSe~ konsulad (consul sine collega) gamoac-

xada. Semdeg, keisaris, pompeusisa da krasusis paqtiT, Seiqmna pirveli triumvirati, rac sajaro

xelisuflebis gadanawilebas niSnavda. krasusis daRupvis Semdeg Tavi iCina dapirispirebam optimate-

bis lider pompeussa da popularebis belad keisars Soris. provinciaSi sakuTar legionebTan myofma

keisarma konsulobas ver miaRwia. aseve ar gaiTvaliswines misi interesebi, ris gamoc plebsis

tribunebs uari eTqvaT saxalxo krebebSi monawileobaze. am faqtma sabolood gaamwvava damoki-

debuleba senatsa da keisars Soris, romelmac, demokratiuli wyobilebis aRdgenis sababiT, italiis

sazRvari gadmolaxa. mis winaaRmdeg oligarqiuli reJimis damcvelma pompeusma gailaSqra. gamarjve-

bis mopovebis Semdeg, keisarma cezalpiuri galiis, siciliisa da sxva provinciebis mkvidrT romis

moqalaqeoba uboZa, riTac maT swraf romanizacias Seuwyo xeli. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi kon-

sulad, cenzorad, mudmiv diqtatorad arCeulma keisarma tribunis Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas)

kanondarRveviT miiniWa. keisari grZnobda saxelmwifo reformebis gatarebis aucileblobas; ris ga-

moc, moZvelebuli saxelmwifo sistemis reorganizebis mizniT, gadamWreli zomebi miiRo. keisris re-

formebi oqtavianes gardaqmnebis dasawyisad miiCneva. romis imperiis uzenaesi politikuri xelmZRvane-

loba (gestio rei publicae) diqtatorma (dictator) igdo xelT; mTeli imperiis administraciuli mmarTvelo-

ba ki italiuri modelis Sesabamisad, lex Iulia municipalis-is safuZvleze gardaiqmna. keisrisaTvis impe-

rator perpetuum wodebis miniWebam magistratebze, senatsa da saxalxo krebebze misi uzenaesi xelisuf-

leba ganamtkica. qr. Sobamde 44 wlis martis Tvis dResaswaulis idebis (idus) dros, keisris refor-

matoruli da mmarTvelobiTi diqtatoruli xelisufleba daemxo; magram keisris mkvlelebma

dasaxul mizans ver miaRwies: warsulis dabruneba, senatoruli oligarqiis batonobis aRdgena, SeuZ-

lebeli aRmoCnda. markus antoniusis, oqtavianesa da lipidusis SemadgenlobiT axali triumvirati

Seiqmna. qr. Sobamde 31 wels aqciumis (Actium) koncxTan (saberZneTi), markus antoniusTan brZolaSi,

oqtavianem gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da safuZveli Cauyara saxelmwifos axal politikur

wyobas _ principats.

III. msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.)

$1. principati

Princeps (pirveli); restaurator rei publicae (respublikis amRorZinebeli); res gestiae divi Augusti (RvTaebrivi

avgustusis mmarTveloba); consensus universorum (moqalaqeTa sayovelTao Tanxmoba).

mas Semdeg, rac oqtavianem keisris mkvlelebi dasaja da sakuTari mtrebic daamarcxa, romis isto-

riaSi axal politikur sistemas mieca dasabami. Zvel respublikuri politikur wyobas axali

saxelmwifoebrivi reJimi mxolod garegnulad eTanadeboda. Tanamedrove terminologiis Tanaxmad,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo respublikuri wyobis ara revoluciuri damxoba, aramed misi Tanda-

TanobiTi reformireba. axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebisa da misi konsolidaciis periodSi,

avgustusis ZiriTadi mizani respublikis aRdgena (restaurator rei publicae) gaxldaT. avtobiografiaSi

`Res gestiae divi Augusti~ avgustusi warmogvidgeba im axalgazrda mxedarTmTavrad, romelmac jari saku-

Tari saxsrebiT daiqirava, raTa `SeTqmulTa mir Cagruli samSoblo gaeTavisuflebina~ (avto-

biografiuli xasiaTis Canawerebi ankarasa da antioqiaSi aRmoCenilma warwerebma Semogvinaxa. xsene-

buli memuarebi avgustusma sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi dawera. SesaZloa, Canawerebi amotvifruli

yofiliyo im marmarilos filebze, romlebiTac marsis velze aRmarTuli misi mavzoleumi

moapirkeTes). markus antoniusis dasamarcxeblad senatma oqtavianes pretoris imperium-i uboZa da se-

natSi miiRo. qr. Sobamde 43 w. oqtaviane konsulad airCies, xolo qr. Sobamde 32 wels ìtaliasa da

provinciebSi~ SeTqmulTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad (coniuratio Italiae et provinciarum) gansakuTrebuli

uflebamosilebani mianiWes. moqalaqeTa sayovelTao TanxmobiT (consensus universorum), qr. Sobamde 31

wels mopovebuli gamarjvebis niSnad, oqtavianes respublikis amaRorZinebeli (restaurator rei publicae)

uwodes. amieridan, mas yovelwliurad irCevdnen konsulis Tanamdebobaze, xolo privilegiis niSnad

50

senatSi princeps-oba (pirveli) uboZes. qr. Sobamde 27 wlis 13 ianvars, senatis sazeimo sxdomaze, oqta-

vianem ganacxada, rom amieridan igi daasrulebda mSvidobismyofel misias, uars ityoda saxelmwifo

saqmeebze da mTel Zalauflebas romael xalxsa da mis senats gadascemda. senatis daJinebuli

moTxovniT, oqtavianem `gulmowyaleba gamoiCina~ da, konsulobis SenarCunebasa da gandgomili pro-

vinciebis dasamorCileblad miniWebul sagangebo imperium-ze, Tanxmoba ganacxada. senatma mas Augustus

wodeba mianiWa, ris Sedegad oqtavianes Imperator Caesar Augustus-s uwodebdnen. Imperator samxedro

meTaurs niSnavda (am wodebiT legionebi mxedarTmTavars mimarTavdnen). Caesar _ misi Sviladamyvanis,

iulius keisris saxeli iyo. Augustus _ romis axaldamaarsebeli, anu axali romulusi (qalaqis

daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli religiuri rituali augustum, augurium) iyo. senatis mier miRebul poli-

tikuri gadawyvetilebebze Tavad avgustusi werda: àmieridan, sakuTari auctoritas wyalobiT, me yvela-

ze maRla videqi, Tumca Cemi potestas, magistraturaSi moRvawe, kolegebis Zalauflebas ar aRematebo-

da~. swored auctoritas wyalobiT, anu yvelas mier aRiarebuli piradi prestiJis da ara potestas, anu

magistratis xelisuflebis safuZvelze, miRweul iqna kompromisi mmarTvelobis axal, avtoritarul

wessa da saxalxo-aristokratiul-respublikur reJims Soris. T. momzenis mtkicebiT, principati, ro-

gorc orxelisuflebianoba, iyo iseTi reJimi, romlis drosac Zalaufleba gamijnuli iyo princef-

ssa da senats Soris. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, avgustuss saukeTeso wesrigis fuZemdebeli (optimi

status auctor) uwodes.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali mowyobis pirobebSi princefss imperium proconsulare maius et infinitum da

tribunicia potestas mieniWa. pirveli wodebiT jaris uzenaesi mxedarTmTavroba da saimperio provinciebis

mmarTvelobis ufleba igulisxmeboda. Tribunicia potestas-iT ki, princefss magistratebis mier gamoce-

mul nebismier aqtze, veto (intercessio) dadebis SesaZleblobas da plebsis saxalxo krebebis mowvevis

uflebas (ius agendi cum plebe) aniWebda. mogvianebiT, qr. Sobamde 44 w. keisris mibaZviT, oqtavianem

plebsis tribunis Tanamdebobaze, dadgenili proceduris gareSe, sakuTari kandidatura wamoayena.

Tumca markus antoniusis protestis gamo, tribunis Tanamdebobaze oqtavianes uari eTqva. qr. Sobamde

36 w. oqtavianes plebsis tribunis RvTaebrivi xelSeuvaloba (sacrosanctitas) mieniWa, xolo 30 wels _

tribunis samisdReSio Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas vitalicia). man tribunis uflebamosilebas SeuTavsa

prokonsulis Tanamdeboba (imperium proconsulare), riTac dairRva uZvelesi da myarad moqmedi principi:

erTi piris xelSi samoqalaqo (imperium domi) da samxedro (imperium militiae) xelisuflebis SeTavsebis

dauSvebloba. romSi Sesvlis dros, prokonsulebisagan gansxvavebiT, princefss jaris sardlobis

uflebamosilebis moxsna ar moeTxoveboda. tiberiusis droidan moyolebuli, princefsis tribunis

xelisufleba imperiis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelda. qr. Sobis II saukunidan tribunebs aRar irCe-

vdnen. Tumca, cnobebi am Tanamdebobis Sesaxeb IV da V saukuneebSi gamocemul imperatorTa konstitu-

ciebSia SemorCenili.

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi wesrigisa da simSvidis damkvidrebis Semdeg, avgustusis moRvaweobiT, dasabami

mieca provinciebis romanizaciis xangrZliv process. egvipte man romaeli xalxis xelisuflebas dau-

qvemdebara, xolo egviptis mmarTveloba sakuTar Tavze aiRo. romis moqalaqis (civis romanus) sapatio

mdgomareobisa da misi uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romis moqalaqis tolfas uflebebs provinciis

mcxovreblebs avgustusi individualurad aniWebda, provinciebSi ki romis msgavs mmarTvelobis sis-

temas amkvidrebda. yvelaze mdidar provinciebs, maTi Semorigebis sababiT, princefsi uSualod saku-

Tar xelisuflebas uqvemdebarebda (saimperatoro provinciebi), xolo danarCeni provinciebi senatis

administraciul daqvemdebarebaSi (senatis provinciebi) rCebodnen.

provinciebis pirvel saxeobas avgustusis legati-propretorebi (legati Augusti pro praetore) marTavdnen,

meore saxeobas _ prokonsulebi. Tumca, yvela maTgans Tanamdebobaze princefsi niSnavda. municipalu-

ri mmarTvelobis reJimsac (municipia) romauli struqtura hqonda: magistratebi, senati, komiciebi. mu-

nicipaluri sabWoebi (ordo decurionum) 100 wevrisagan Sedgeboda. isini yofili magistratebis

rigebidan airCeodnen. saqmianobis kolegialuri wesiT warsamarTavad magistratebs municipiebSi erTi

wlis vadiT irCevdnen.

principatis periodSi imperiuli biurokratia Camoyalibda. princefsma sakuTari uflebamosilebani,

ierarqiulobis mixedviT, Tanamdebobis pirebs gadasca, romlebic, saqmianobis safasurad, gasamrje-

los iRebdnen. yvelaze didi gavleniTa da ZalauflebiT pretorebi sargeblobdnen: 1. samxedro

funqciebiT aRWurvili, praefectus praetorio imperatoris pirad gvardias sardlobda; 2. romSi poli-

51

ciasa da sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos praefectus urbi xelmZRvanelobda; 3. Ramis saaTebSi simSvi-

dis uzrunvelmyof samsaxurs praefectus vigilum xelmZRvanelobda; masve eqvemdebareboda xanZar-

sawinaaRmdego samsaxuri; 4. sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris ufross _ praefectus annonae bazrebis

kontrolic evaleboda; 5. safosto samsaxuris ufrosi praefectus vehiculorum iyo.

imperatoris piradi kancelariis (scrinia) ZiriTadi funqciebi iyo: imperatoris saxeliT oficialuri

mimowera, imperatoris qonebis gankargva, sakadro sakiTxebis gadawyveta, princefsis iurisdiqcias

daqvemdebarebul sasamarTlo davaTa ganxilva. Sesabamisad, imperatoris kancelaria (scrinia) oTx

ganyofilebad iyofoda: 1. ab epistulis _ princefsis oficialuri korespondenciis ganyofileba;

2. a rationibus _ imperatoris qonebis marTvis ganyofileba; 3. a cognitionibus _ princefsis iurisdiqcias

daqvemdebarebuli sasamarTlo davebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba; 4. a libellis _ arzebisa da ajebis

ganmxilveli ganyofileba.

imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis dros saxelmwifo aparatis biurokratizaciis procesi dasrulda,

Seiqmna saimperatoro sabWo (consilium principis), anu gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro organo, romlis Semad-

genlobaSi maRalCinosani moxeleebi da gamoCenili iuristebi Sediodnen. amrigad, principati iyo

SeniRbuli, Selamazebuli romauli imperia, romlis dros, formalurad, ganagrZobdnen arsebobas

respublikuri periodis saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi, Tumca realuri Zalaufleba

Tavmoyrili iyo mxolod princefsisa da misi uaxlovesi garemocvis xelSi.

axali reJimis yvelaze rTuli sakiTxi _ qveynis pirveli piris xelisuflebis memkvidreobiTobis

problema _ verc avgustusis politikurma geniam gadawyvita da verc misi memkvidreebis gonierebam.

qarizmatulobis tradiciuli rwmenisa da rex-is dros taxtis memkvidreobiTobis dinastiuri

formisadmi romaelTa siZulvilis gamo, xelisuflebis monacvleobis problema kvlavac gadauWreli

iyo da mudmiv politikur krizisebsa da gadatrialebebs uwyobda xels.

konkretuli istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris daniSvna sami

wesiT xdeboda: 1. imperatoris mier mis sicocxleSive memkvidris daniSvna anu cooptacia; 2. senatis

Sexedulebisamebr memkvidres daniSvna; 3. legionebis mier ama Tu im piris imperatorad gamocxadeba.

rogorc wesi, princefsebi memkvidred Sviladayvanils asaxelebdnen. magaliTad, keisarma memkvidred

oqtaviane daasaxela. senati imperatoris arCevans yovelTvis ar eTanxmeboda. Tumca, avgustusis

memkvidre `dinastiebSi~, xSiri iyo instituciuri krizisi, ris gamoc iulius-klavdiusebis dinastiis

ramdenime imperatori _ tiberiusi, kaligula, klavdiusi _ sakuTari naTesavebisa da pretorianelTa

msxverpli gaxda; sxvebma _ magaliTad, neroni _ sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrules. flaviusebsa

da vespasianes legionebi uWerdnen mxars. titusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, legionerebma imperatoris

taxtze dasves domiciane, romelmac, aseve tragikulad daasrula sicocxle. antoninusebis dinastiis

imperatorebma _ nervam, traianem, adrianem, antoninus piusma, markus avreliusma da komodusma _ impe-

riis gandidebiT, mSvidobis damyarebiTa da Sviladayvanis sistemis mkacri dacviT (yvelam ara)

gaiTqves saxeli. rodesac imperatori aRniSnul princips ugulebelyofda da, mamidan Svilze, taxtis

memkvidreobas aniWebda upiratesobas, saxelmwifoSi kvlav politikuri krizisi da anarqia isad-

gurebda. swored ase moxda maSin, roca markus avreliusma taxtis memkvidred sakuTari vaJiSvili _

komodusi daasaxela, romelic sakuTari tiranuli mmarTvelobis msxverpli Seiqna. aleqsander seve-

rusis mkvlelobis Semdeg, saxelmwifo xangrZlivma politikurma krizisma da anarqiam moicva, ramac

principatis epoqas bolo mouRo.

$2. dominati (Dominatus)

dominatis saxeliT cnobili axali politikuri sistemis epoqaSi, princefsi (princeps _ senatorTa So-

ris pirveli) mbrZaneblad (dominus) iqca, xolo moqalaqeebi (civis) qveSevrdomebi (subditi) gaxdnen.

dominatis dros imperatori absoluturi Zalauflebis mqone piri iyo. saxelmwifoSi damkvidrebuli

sistema, principatis avtoritaruli demokratiidan dominatis periodis absolutur da TviT-

mpyrobelur monarqiamde, romis politikuri sistemis xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegi iyo.

qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis axali principebi III saukuneSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis sistemis umwvavesi

krizisis dros SemoiRes, rasac ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi kidev ufro aRrma-

52

vebda. aRniSnuli viTareba primitiuli agraruli ekonomikis, mZime sagadasaxado sistemisa da sasof-

lo raionebis (annona) mudmivi danawevrebis sruli kraxis Sedegi iyo. fuladi erTeulis emisias

gamudmebiT mimarTavdnen karakala da sxva imperatorebi. Tumca, saxelmwifoSi mZvinvare inflacias es

ver Sveloda. sayovelTao siRaribisa da sulier faseulobaTa Rrma krizisis viTarebaSi, saxelmwi-

foSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba politikur faqtorebs eniWeboda. upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos

samxedro aristokratiis uzomo batonoba, maT politikosebs sakuTari neba Tavs moaxvies da

faqtiurad, mmarTvelobis yvela sferoSi TviTneboba daamkvidres. qveynis mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad

aisaxeboda sagareo faqtorebic, kerZod, barbarosTa gamudmebuli Semosevebi da romis armiaSi maTi

(germanelebis, aRmosavleTis xalxisa da momTabare arabebis) miReba; klasikuri romauli

civilizaciisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilma elementebma TandaTanobiT mniSvnelovani gavlena moipoves,

rac uaryofiTad aisaxa romis saxelmwifoze da misi civilizaciis daqveiTeba da dacema gamoiwvia.

212 wels imperatorma markus avrelius antoninus karakalam mTeli imperiis Tavisufal mosaxleobas

romis moqalaqeoba mianiWa, ramac romis moqalaqeTa (cives romani) privilegirebuli mdgomareoba

mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. romis moqalaqeebi romis imperatoris qveSevrdomebad iqcnen. romis impera-

torebma, aRmosavluri monarqiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mmarTvelobis despoturi forma

daamkvidres. septimius severusma dominus-is wodeba miiRo. dion kasiosis Tanaxmad, imperator septi-

mius severusma sakuTar Svilebs anderZad daubara: `gaamdidreT jariskacebi da safrTxeze nuRar

ifiqrebT~.

zogma imperatorma senatorebad barbarosebi daniSna da sasaxlis karze aRmosavlur-despoturi

ritualebi SemoiRo. 239-284 ww. romis imperia umwvavesma politikurma krizisma da anarqiam moicva,

rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom am drois ganmavlobaSi saimperatoro taxti, erTmeoris miyolebiT, 22

pirma daikava. maTi umravlesoba saxelmwifoSi gamefebul qaoss Seewira. mSvidobianobis xanmokle

periodi daamyara iliriuli warmoSobis mxedarTmTavarma avrelianem, romlis brZanebiTac fulis

monetebze misi tituli _ mefe da RmerTi (dominus et deus) _ iyo amotvifruli; amiT igi aRmosavleTis

monarqebs baZavda. mkacri wesrigis damyarebas, imperiis Zlevamosilebisa da romauli gmiruli sulis-

kveTebis aRdgenas Seecada meore ilirieli mxedarTmTavari diokletiane (284-305 ww.). man sakuTar

xelisuflebas sakraluri xasiaTi mianiWa da moiTxova, rom misTvis iupiteris vaJi _ ioviusi (Iovius)

ewodebinaT.

romis armiis reformirebis Sedegad diokletianem Seqmna swrafi reagirebis korpusi _ exercitus

praesentialis, romelsac mtris Semoseva sazRvarzeve unda ukuegdo. inflaciis SesaCereblad man gamos-

ca ediqti _ edictum de rerum venalicium, romliTac diokletianem pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze, momsa-

xurebis sferos da satransporto saSualebebze minimaluri fasebi daadgina. garda amisa, man mniSvne-

lovani reforma ganaxorciela imperiuli mmarTvelobis sferoSic; Seqmna xelisuflebis ierarqiuli

piramida, romlis umaRlesi piri Tavad imperatori iyo. e.w. officia palatina (sasaxlis uwyebani) centra-

luri mmarTvelobis organoebad iqca, xolo quaestor sacri palatii (RvTaebrivi sasaxlis mcveli) erT-

gvarad, iusticiis ministri iyo; magister officiorum _ provinciis moxeleTa ufrosi iyo; comes sacrarum

largitationum-i da comes rerum privatarum-i, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo finansebsa da imperatoris qonebas

ganagebdnen. msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis meTaurebad imperatorma ramdenime Tanamdeboba _ magistri

militum _ SemoiRo. vrceli imperiis farglebSi, mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizaciis mizniT, diok-

letianem e.w. tetrarqiis sistema Seqmna; man imperia dayo or _ aRmosavleT romisa da dasavleT

romis _ imperiebad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, oTx _ aRmosavleTi, iliria, italia da galia _ prefeq-

turad daiyo, es ukanasknelni _ diocezebad, xolo diocezebi _ provinciebad. Prefeqturebs

marTavdnen prefeqtebi (praefectus), diocezebs _ vikariusebi (vicarius), xolo provinciebs _ reqtorebi

(rector) imperiis TiToeul nawils marTavda avgustusi (Augustus), romelsac memkvidris Svilad ayvana

SeeZlo. aseT memkvidreebs `keisrebi~ ewodebodaT. diokletiane aRmosavleT romis imperias ganagebda,

misi rezidencia nikomediaSi mdebareobda; dasavleT imperias, romlis dedaqalaqic milani

(mediolani) iyo, mmarTvelad maqsimiane daeniSna. magram xelisuflebis memkvidreobiTobis problema

verc am RonisZiebebma gadaWra. 305 w., imperator diokletianes taxtidan nebayoflobiT gadadgomis

Semdeg, brZola xelisuflebisaTvis axali ZaliT gamwvavda.

imperatorma konstantinem, metoqis _ maqsenciusis damarcxebiT, imperia kvlav gaaerTiana. imperator

konstantines, romelic saxelmwifos 307-337 ww. marTavda, romaeli istorikosi amiane marcelinusi

novatorad da uZvelesi institutebis reformatorad ixseniebs. konstantines 313 wils milanis

53

(mediolanis) ediqtiT _ `qristianuli religiis mimarT rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb~, Tanda-

TanoboT, qristianoba imperiis oficialur religiad, xolo RvTaebrivi samarTali _ monarqiis poli-

tikur sayrdenad iqca. saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi konstantinem gadaitana bizantionSi, romelsac

mogvianebiT konstantinopoli ewoda. konstantines gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma vaJebma imperia kvlav

or nawilad gayves. 395 w., roca imperatorma Teodosius I-ma saxelmwifos aRmosavleTi nawilis marT-

va Tavis erT vaJiSvils _ arkadiuss, xolo dasavleTi nawilisa, meore vaJs, honoriuss daavala, impe-

riis gayofa sabolood dasrulda. barbarosTa gamudmebul Semosevas ganicdida dasavleT romis im-

peria. 476 w. barbarosebis samxedro beladma _ odoakrma dasaleT romis ukanaskneli imperatori

romulus avgustulusi daamxo, riTac dasavleT romis imperiis istoria dasrulda.

aRmosavleT romis _ bizantiis _ imperia kidev TiTqmis 1 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobda arsebo-

bas da is daeca Turq-osmaloTa Semosavisa da, 53-dRiani alyis Sedegad, imperiis dedaqalaqis _

konstantinopolos dakavebis Semdeg, 1453 wlis 28 maiss.

bizantiaSi viTardeboda romis samarTali, romelmac ganviTarebis mwvervals imperator iustiniane I

Magnus (didis) mmarTvelobis dros (527-565 ww.) miaRwia. iustiniane daibada iliriis provinciaSi (ro-

melmac imperias ramdenime imperatori misca) terensiumis mxareSi, glexi _ sabaciusis ojaxSi. iusti-

niane mTielisa da miwaTmoqmedisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulieri sitkiciT gamoirCeoda. igi bizan-

tionSi Camoiyvana da aRzarda biZam (dedis Zmam) _ iustinem, romelic imperator anastasiosis gvar-

diaSi msaxurobda. anastasiosis gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxti daikava iustinem. man TanammarTvelad

disSvili daniSvna da iusitinianec uwoda. iustinianem iqorwina cirkis mocekvave qal _ Teodoraze,

romelsac iustinem, disSvilTan erTad, Augusta-s tituli uboZa. iustinianes sanukvari ocneba romis

imperiis Zveli didebisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena iyo. iustinianes mmarTvelobis mkvidri

sayrdeni qristianuli ideologia da samarTlebrivi `klasicizmi~ iyo.

Tavi IV. uflebaTa dacva

I. sasamarTlo organizacia Zvel romSi

romSi sasamarTlo SedarebiT gvian iqca saxelmwfo organod. am mxriv saetapoa qr. Sobamde 149 weli,

rodesac adre arsebuli decemviri stlitibas iudicandis-is paralelurad, mudmivi sasamarTloebi _

`Quaestiones perfectuae~ _ daarsda. decemvirebis sasamarTlos didi mniSvneloba aRar eniWeboda, maTi

meSveobiT mxolod moqalaqeobasa da TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi ganixileboda.

adreul xanaSi aseve arsebobda 105 msajulis SemadgenlobiT centumvirebis sasamarTlo, romelTac

tribebis mixedviT _ TiToeuli tribadan sam-sam kaci _ irCevdnen. isini ZiriTadad memkvidreobasTan

dakavSirebul davebs ganixilavdnen. amgvarad, Zvel romSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda memkvidreobis

miRebasTan dakavSirebuli sadavo saqmeebis ganxilvas.

mudmivi sasamarTlo (Quaestiones perfectuae) provinciebSi gamoZalvisa da Zalauflebis borotad gamo-

yenebis Sesaxeb kanonis (crimen repetundarum) safuZvelze Seiqmna. SemdgomSi, am sasamarTloebis gansja-

dobas daeqvemdebara `romis xalxis didebis Seuracxyofis~ saqmeebi, rac saxelmwifo Ralats gulis-

xmobda. amave sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedioda mkvlelobis, Zaladobis, siyalbis, arCevnebis dros

amomrCevelTa mosyidvis, saxazino qonebis qurdobis saqmeebic.

sulas diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis mZime danaSaulis CamdenTa saTanadod

dasjis mizniT, mravali mkacri kanoni gamosces. aRniSnul saqmeTa gansaxilvelad calkeuli sasa-

marTloebic Seiqmna.

Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTleebad sazogadoebis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. pirveli mosa-

marTleebi gaxldaT umaRlesi qurumebi – pontifikosebi, romlebic ZiriTadad senatorTa fenas gane-

kuTvnebodnen. cnobilma gaius graqxusma sasamarTloebSi moRvaweobis neba darTo mxedarTa wodebis

warmomadgenlebsac. male sasamarTloebi upiratesad mxedrebis xelSi aRmoCnda. qr. Sobamde 70 wlam-

de romis sazogadoebis maRali fenis warmomadgenlebi sasamarTloebSi monawileobis uflebis misa-

Rebad brZolas ganagrZnobdnen. sabolood imas miaRwies, rom mosamarTleebs senatorebis, mxedrebis

54

da tribunTa fenidan irCevdnen. yovel wels pretori ramdenime aseuli kacis sias adgenda. sasa-

marTlo procesi am siis mixedviT unda gamarTuliyo. ficis miRebis Semdeg, magistrati ramdenime

aTeul mosamarTles niSnavda. am dros saxelmwifo-sajaroobis sawyisi sasamarTlo procesze jer

kidev ar iyo ganviTarebuli. samarTalSi micema kvlavindeburad kerZo saqmed iTvleboda. esa Tu is

piri pretors mimarTavda TxovniT, rom sasamarTlos procesze bralmdeblis saxiT daeSvaT. ra Tqma

unda, mas unda daesaxelebina braldebulis vinaobac. braldebuls dakiTxvisaTvis iZaxebdnen. sasa-

marTlo procesze saqmis ganxilva-gamoZieba daaxloebiT 30-100 dRis Semdeg iniSneboda.

sasamarTloze ismendnen rogorc braldebulis dasacav, ise mis winaaRmdeg warmoTqmul sityvebs;

xdeboda mowmeTa dakiTxva da warmodgenili sabuTebis ganxilva da mxolod amis Semdeg ganaCeni

xmaTa umravlesobiT gamohqondaT. gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis SemTxvevaSi braldebuls mkacri sasjeli

eloda; Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, braldebuls saxalxo krebisadmi apelirebis (provocatio) ufleba

eZleoda. sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, procesze monawiled plebsis tribunic daiSveboda.

mwvave politikuri viTarebis gamo, bralmdebelisa da braldebulis socialur-politikuri mdgo-

mareoba, mosamarTleTa simpaTia da antipaTia did zegavlenas axdenda sasamarTlos gadawyve-

tilebaze. amis gamo, sasamarTloebi metwilad politikuri konfliqtebis ganmxilvelis funqcias

asrulebdnen.

sasamarTlos statusis gansazRvraze didi gavlena moaxdina romis saxelmwifos monarqizacizaciis

Semdgomma procesma.

Tu respublikis periodSi saqmeebs magistratebis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi ganixilavdnen,

marTlmsajulebis funqciebi TandaTan TavadGsaxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebis – pretorebis xelSi

aRmoCnda da warmoiSva extra ordinem.

qr. Sobis II saukunis iuristis seqstus pomponiusis CamonaTvalSi mocemulia im Tanamdebobis pirTa

sia, romelTac gasamarTlebis ufleba eniWebodaT; romSi marTlmsajulebas axorcielebda plebeebis

10 tribuni, 18 pretori, 6 edili. (D.1.2.29-34). romis imperiis provinciebSi mosamarTlis funqcias

presidebi (praesidis - Tavi, Tavmjdomare _ mefisnacvlebi da maTi moadgileebi) asrulebdnen.

zogierTi mniSvnelovani saqmis, magaliTad, saxazino saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli darRvevis garCeva

saxazino da saimperatoro qonebis mmarTvel moxelesac SeeZlo. qalaqebSi mosamarTlis funqcia

dakisrebuli hqondaT duumvirebs (duumviri), romelTac samTavrobo moxeleebi uflebebs Tanda-

TanobiT uzRudavdnen. romSi arsebobda sazogadoebrivi interesebis kerZo dacvis praqtikac. sazoga-

doebisa da saxelmwifos interesebis dasacavad romis yvela moqalaqes ufleba hqonda bralmdeblad

gamosuliyo. jariskacebsa da uflebaayrilebs (famas) aseTi uflebebi ar gaaCndaT. iseTi saxis saq-

meebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic misi ùdidebulesobis Seuracxyofas~ exeboda, bralmdeblebad gamos-

vla jariskacebs, qalebsa da monebsac SeeZloT. (D.48.4.7.1;D.2.8).

qr. Sobis II saukunis romaeli iuristis pavlusis Txzulebis meSveobiT, Cvenamde moaRwia weri-

lobiTi braldebis sanimuSo formulam: ama da am piris konsulobis dros, ama da am pretorTan

lucius ticiusma, iuliusis kanonis Tanaxmad, mruSobaSi dasdo brali mevias, romelmac ama da am

Tves, ama da am piris konsulobis dros, ama da am qalaqis ama da am saxlSi imruSa gaius seiusTan

(D.48.2.3).

imperiis periodis romis sasamarTlom TandaTan dakarga saqveyno Tanxmobis, da, Tu gnebavT, im adgi-

lis funqcia, sadac asparezi eZleoda Tavisufal azrs da mWermetyvelTa paeqrobas; erTmmarT-

velobisa da diqtatoruli reJimis Sedegad sasamarTlo procesebs politikuri mniSvneloba dae-

karga, Sesabamisad sul ufro mcire mniSvneloba eniWeboda emociebs, gacilebiT arsebiTi iyo samarT-

lis yovelmxrivi da zusti codna, misi axsna-ganmartebis da konkretul viTarebasTan morgebis unari.

II. procesis cneba, saxeebi da stadiebi Zvel romSi

Actio (sarCeli), actor (mosarCele), reus (mopasuxe), actiones in rem, legis actio sacramento in rem (sanivTo

sarCeli), actiones in personam, legis actio sacramento in personam (piradi sarCelebi), litis contestatio (procesis

dadgena), iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba).

55

1. sarCelis cneba

piris uflebis dacva samarTlis arsebobisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis funqcionirebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.

subieqturi iuridiuli garemoebebis substanciuri (materialuri) aspeqtis gacnobis Semdeg, romis

samoqalaqo procesis ZiriTadi institutebi unda ganvixiloT.

individualur doneze samarTlebrivi moTxovna, rogorc socialuri qcevis normatulobis gamoxa-

tuleba, zogadad dadgenil wesebTan konkretuli moTxovnis aucilebel Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs.

aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa Soris warmoqmnili konfliqti samarT-

lis subieqtTa dacvis formas iZens imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba maTi pretenzia zogadad

dadgenili qcevis wesebs, anu ganixileba Tu ara samarTlis subieqtebs Soris warmoSobili dava

samarTlis normis miukerZoebeli interpretatoris mier; Tanac, davis gadawyveta mxolod dadgenili

zogadsavaldebulo wesebiT unda moxdes. romauli procesis gansakuTrebul Tavseburebaze swored

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli dispoziciurobis principi metyvelebs.

magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli sasamarTlo devnas mxolod kerZo iniciativis safuZvelze

eqvemdebareboda. maSinac ki, roca saxelmwifo samarTlis subieqts misi uflebebis realizaciaSi

exmareboda, saxelmwifo individis interesebs warmoadgenda; aRniSnul procesSi monawileobiT sa-

xelmwifo Tavad subieqtis Semcvlelad an mis damxmared gamodioda.

piris daukmayofilebeli interesi sarCelis saxiT formdeboda. sarCeli (actio) aris samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis monawile erTi mxaris mier meore mxarisaTvis werilobiTi formiT wardgenili pre-

tenzia, romelic marTlwesrigiTaa aRiarebuli. sasamarTlo procesi iwyeba mosarCele piris (actor)

pretenziis dasabuTebuli aRiarebiT; meore mxare _ mopasuxe (reus), movale iyo Seesrulebina sasa-

marTlos mier dakisrebuli is valdebulebebi, romelsac misgan mosarCele iTxovda, raTa arsebuli

urTirTobis eqvivalenturoba aRdgeniliyo. radgan sasamarTlo Carevis gareSe actor–ma ver miaRwia,

mopasuxis mxridan, garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, valdebulebis aRsruleba mopasuxes

iZulebis wesiT ekisreboda. formasa da Sinaarss Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba samarTlebrivi

sanqciiT kompensirdeboda; Tumca formiT gauTvaliswinebeli interesi aucileblad unda yofiliyo

dasabuTebuli, raTa misi samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa moxerxebuliyo. warmoiqmneboda axali

samarTlebrivi viTareba, romelSic urTierTobis aqtiuri mxaris axali interesi, sasamarTlo gada-

wyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, sarCeliT (actio iudicati) dakmayofildeboda da piruku, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebisadmi subieqturi interesis Sesabamisoba srulfasovnad iTvleboda, Tu samarT-

lebrivi moTxovniT uflebaTa aRiareba da aRdgena igulisxmeboda.

amrigad, garkveul farglebSi, iudicatum _ uflebaTa abstraqtul aRdgenasa da nebis Tavisuflebis

gamoxatvas warmoadgenda. piris uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis romauli procesi, individebis

TasnasworobiTa da damoukideblobiT xelmZRvanelobda.

materialur aspeqtSi ZiriTadi uflebebis (abstraqtuli an SefardebiTi) sarCelebi Sesabamisad or

jgufad: sanivTo (actiones in rem) da pirad (actiones in personam) sarCelebad iyofa.

gaiusis azriT, In personam actio est, qua animus cum aliquo, qui nobis vel ex contractu vel ex delicto obligatus est, id est cum

intendimus dare, faure, praestare, oportere – piradi sarCelis safuZvelze, Cven vawarmoebT process imaT

winaaRmdeg, visac xelSekrulebiT an deliqtiT Cvens sasargeblod raime evaleba, anu roca preten-

ziiT vacxadebT, Cveni pretenziis Tanaxmad, an raime unda gadmogvecen sakuTrebaSi, an raime Segvis-

rulon, an raimeTi uzrunvelgvyon. Ìn rem actio est, cum aut corporalem rem intendimus nostram esse, aut ius aliquid

nobis competere veluti utendi aut utendi fruendi, eundi agendi aquamve ducendi vel altius tollendi prospiciendive; <aut cum> actio ex

diverso adversario est negativa – sanivToa sarCeli, roca vacxadebT pretenzias sxeulebrivi nivTis

kuTvnilebaze, an uflebaze, magaliTad, raimeTi sargeblobis ufleba, sargeblobisa da nayofis miRe-

bis ufleba, vinmes teritoriaze gavlis, saqonlis gadarekvis, wylis gayvanis ufleba, an ufleba

garkveul simaRleze maRali Senobis agebis akrZalvisa mezoblisaTvis, an piruku, roca sarCeli

mowinaaRmdegis uflebas uaryofs~.

56

sanivTo sarCelis wardgenisas, mosarCele sanivTo uflebebze pretenzias acxadebda. am SemTxvevaSi,

aRniSnuli sarCeliT, mopasuxe SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri piri. garkveuloba mxolod procesis

dadgenis (litis contestatio) dros miiRweoda. piradi sarCelis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, (sarCeli valde-

bulebaTa Sesaxeb) pasuxs agebda mxolod kreditoris movale konkretuli piri, romelic valdebuli

iyo kreditoris winaSe.

In personam-is procesSi mogebis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles moTxovna wydeboda da mosarCele

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze dafuZnebuli axali uflebis subieqti xdeboda.

In rem-i sarCelis dros mosarCeles SeeZlo darCeniliyo subieqtad imave uflebisa, romelzec pre-

tenzias acxadebda.

III. Lege agere (kanonismieri procesi)

Legis actio (kanonieri sarCeli); lex privata (kerZo kanoni); in iure (mosamarTleobis funqciiT aRWurvili

magistratis winaSe warmarTuli procesis stadia); vindicatio (vindikacia); festuca (saritualo kverTxi);

iudex (nafici mosamarTle); apud iudicem (mosamarTlesTan saqmis ganxilvis stadia); aeris confessio (valis

aRiareba); arbiter (arbitri); secum dictio (mevalis wayvana kreditoris saxlSi); vindex (damcveli); manus

iniectio pro iudicato (xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiurad); sponsor (rwmunebuli);

depensum (rwmunebulis mier, ZiriTadi mevalis magier, valis gadaxda); manus inectio pura (xelis dadeba

uflebebSi damcrobis gareSe); condictio (kondiqciuri sarCeli).

Lege agere (sarCelis kanonieri formiT wardgena) niSnavda certis verbis agere – sasamarTloSi sarCelis

wardgenas garkveuli sityvebiT, roca sarCeli Sedgenili iyo im kanonis sityvebis Sesabamisad, ro-

melsac efuZneboda. kanoni, romelsac mosarCele warmoTqvamda iyo kerZo kanoni, romelic subieqtis

nebis avtonomiurobasa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogadsavaldebulo wesebisadmi mis Sesa-

bamisobas gamoxatavda.

kanonier sarCelTa Soris uZvelesi legis actio sacramento in rem-i iyo. ficze dafuZnebuli sanivTo sar-

Celi cnobilia gaiusis dawvrilebiTi aRweriT. sasamarTlo xorcieldeboda pretoris winaSe

winaswar gansazRvrul adgilze; mowinaaRmdege mxareebi xelSi iRebdnen saritualo kverTxsa (festuca)

da sadao nivTs (an didi nivTis SemTxvevaSi, mis mcire nawils) da morigeobiT warmoTqvamdnen Semdeg

sityvebs: vacxadeb, rom kvirituli samarTlis ZaliTa da misi debulebebis safuZvelze, es nivTi

mainc Cemia. rogorc vTqvi, isea, esec Sen, me ukve movaxdine vindicireba.

nivTze uflebis damtkicebis dros (vindicatio), Cveulebis Tanaxmad, monas kveTxs adebdnen. TiToeuli

mowinaaRmdegis mtkicebiT, kvirituli samarTlis (wminda romauli Temis gansakuTrebuli ufleba)

safuZvelze, mona mas ekuTvnoda da kuTvnilebis safuZvels (causa) asaxelebda. pretendentebi, scenaze

myofi msaxiobebis msgavsad, sakuTar pretenziebs simboloebis enaze ayalibebdnen, riTac ganzo-

gadebisaTvis savaldebulo abstraqcia miiRweoda.

procesis am stadiaze saqmeSi ereoda damswre magistrati, romelic mxareebs monis gaTavi-

suflebisaken mouwodebda. magistris Careva mowmobda, rom dava absurdamde iyo misuli. erTsa da

imave nivTze erTdroulad sxvadasxva piris gansakuTrebuli da eqskluziuri ufleba dauSvebeli iyo.

am formiT mxareTa dapirispireba konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas gamoricxavda.

Semdeg is mxare, romelic pirveli axdenda vindicirebas, mowinaaRmdeges mouwodebda pretenziis

safuZveli (causa) daesaxelebina da ideboda fici garkeul Tanxaze, romelic, davis wagebis SemTxve-

vaSi, saxelmwifo xazinaSi gadairicxeboda.

nivTze gacxadebuli pretenziebis identuroba erT-erTi mxaris sicrueze metyvelebda. amitom vindi-

kaciis marTebulobaSi eWvis Setana sruliad kanonzomieri iyo; amis gamo procesi, piris marTl-

sawinaaRmdego qmedebis (in iuria) Sesaxeb da ara nivTze uflebis Sesaxeb, saqmis gamoZiebaSi gadaizr-

deboda xolme. wminda fics (sacramentum in iure) debdnen ara nivTze uflebis, aramed saritualo

pretenziis gacxadebis gamo, vinaidan saqme ara sanivTo urTierTobebis darRvevas, aramed piris

marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas exeboda.

57

amrigad, procesis Semdgomi ganviTareba ukve iZenda piradi sarCelis _ legis actio sacramento in personam-

is saxes, romlis Sesaxebac wyaroebSi mocemuli informaciis simwiris gamo, mecnierebs dRemde bun-

dovani warmodgena aqvT. Tumca, erTi ram naTelia: aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis saxe efuZneboda

fics da marTlsawinaaRmdego (dausabuTebeli) moTxovnis wamomyenebeli piris (romelmac kerZo kano-

ni (lex privata) anu normatiulad mniSvnelovani forma aramarTlzomierad gamoiyena) pasuxismgeblobas

adgenda.

amrigad, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod nivTis Taobaze aRZruli konkretuli (piradi moTxovnis saxiT)

sasamarTlo dava SemdgomSi samarTaldarRvevis Sesaxeb _ iniuria _ procesSi gadadioda da

samarTaldamrRvevi (usafuZvlod modave) mxaris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dgeboda, vinaidan es mxare

wminda ficis gamtexad miiCneoda.

mogvianebiT, sadao saqmeSi monawile Suamavlebis mimarTac procesis or fazas ganasxvavebdnen:

mogvianebiT, procesis ori stadiis gamoyofas, davaSi monawile Suamavlis mixedviTac axdendnen.

kerZod, Tu arsebuli samarTlebrivi pretenzia sasamrTlo magistratis winaSe gacxaddeboda, in iure

stadiaze davis formalizebuli ganxilva da saqmeze gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) gamotana xdeboda.

aRniSnul funqcias mosamarTle (iudex) axorcielebda. sasamarTlo procesis amave stadiaze davis

sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio) unda momxdariyo. am momentidan davis saganze mxareebs mxolod proce-

sualuri uflebebi gaaCndaT, vinaidan materialuri uflebebi ukve sxva – procesualur – doneze iyo

gadasuli. aRniSnuli momenti gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia. sasamarTlo procesis (interesTa

konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli formaluri gamoxatva) specifika am proceduriT miRwevadi, samarT-

lebrivad mowesrigebuli urTierTobebis abstraqtulobis maRali xarisxis maCvenebeli iyo, rac

sasamarTlo procesze monawileTa samarTlebriv urTierTobas uzrunvelyofda. motivebis miuxedavad,

konfliqtis monawile mxareTa saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros, isini sazogadoebis Suamavlad

gamosvlas iTxovdnen, amitom mxareebi aucileblad imave pirobebSi unda CaeyenebinaT, rac msgavs

viTarebaSi sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis mimarT gaiTvaliswineboda. calkeuli piris moTxovna sayo-

velTao aRiarebas iZenda da swored es gaxldaT procesis _ rogorc darRveuli uflebis dacvis

gansakuTrebuli saSualebis _ mniSvneloba.

sasamarTlo funqciebis danawileba jer kidev XII dafis kanonebis dros iyo cnobili, rodesac

mxedvelobaSi miiReboda gansakuTrebuli sarCeli – legis actio per iudicis postulationem _ `mosamarTlis

gamoTxovis meSveobiT~ (Gai.,4,17a.). aseT SemTxvevaSi, xazinis sasargeblod sajarimo Tanxis gadaxda ar

iniSneboda; sadavo sagnis dadgenis Semdeg (nominata causa), procesis monawileebi magistratisagan

mosamarTlis daniSvnas iTxovdnen. procesis pirvel stadiaze gamartiveba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,

rom legis actio-s aRniSnuli saxe, mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi _ verbaluri

valdebulebidan (ex stipulatione) warmoSobili uflebebis dasacavad an saerTo samkvidros, an

TanasakuTrebis ganawilebis dros daiSveboda.

Sponsio-dan (stipulatio-s uZvelesi forma) warmoqmnili valis moTxovniT mosarCele mopasuxes eubneboda:

ex sponsione me mihi ex milia daro oportere aio: id postulo aias an negas? _ vamtkiceb, rom ficiT gamtkicebuli

dapirebis safuZvelze, Sen CemTvis aTi aTasis mocema gmarTebs: gekiTxebi, adastureb amas, Tu

uaryof? Tu mopasuxe warmoTqvamda aio, procesi dasrulebulad iTvleboda, vinaidan sasamarTloSi

valis aRiareba (aeris confessio) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) tolfasi iyo; xolo Tu

mopasuxe sadavo sagans – vals uaryofda, mosamarTlis daniSvnis Taobaze, mosarCele TxovniT

mimarTavda pretors.

procesi gadadioda axal stadiaze, romlis Sedegadac mosamarTle mopasuxes an gaamtyunebda da

valis gadaxdas daakisrebda, an gaamarTlebda.

gaiusis teqstSi mocemuli sxvaoba nafic mosamarTlesa (iudex) da momrigebel arbitrs (arbiter) Soris

uZveles movlenad iTvleba. farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTezis Tanaxmad, mosamarTlisagan gansxva-

vebiT, arbitris funqcia iyo miyenebuli zaralis moculobis dadgena (davis qonebrivi Sefaseba – litis

aestimatio), romelsac, piradi sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

uZveles droSi aRsrulebis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda legis actio per manus iniectionem (xelis dadebis

meSveobiT), romelic, XII dafis kanonebiT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

58

Seusruleblobis an aRiarebuli valis gadaxdaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi _ gamoiyeneboda.

Tu valauval movales damcveli (vindex) ar gamouCndeboda, mas piradi statusis dakargvis safrTxe

emuqreboda (capitis deminutio maxima); kreditoris saxlSi misi miyvanidan mesamoce dRes secum ductio dge-

boda. piradi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg, damonebul pirs sakuTari saxeliT Tavis dacva aRar

SeeZlo; sasamarTlo procesze mas damcveli unda gamoeyvana. xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyve-

tilebis Seusruleblobisas (sacramento in personam, an per iudicis postulationem procesis dros) xdeboda

da sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani formiT iyo dadasturebuli, rogorc movalis kreditorisadmi gansa-

kuTrebuli piradi damokidebulebis valdebuleba, xolo xelis dadebiT dasturdeboda damoki-

debuleba, romlisaganac movales valis gadaxdac aRar aTavisuflebda. swored valauvali movalis

gamosasyidad dgeboda dacvis aucilebloba, ris Semdegac movale damcvelze damokidebuli xdeboda.

aRsrulebis saSualebis Semdeg formad – legis actio per pignoris capionem (giraos mitacebis meSveobiT)

iTvleboda. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli am formiT, msxverplad Sesawiri cxovelis sayi-

deli fasis anazRaureba igulisxmeboda. aRniSnuli forma aseve gamoiyeneboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tu

mesakuTres samsxverplo nadimis gasamarTad tvirTis mzedavi cxovelebis daqiraveba esaWiroeboda.

giraos mitaceba certa verba sityvebis warmoTqmiT xdeboda. am formis gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebi

TviT romaelebSic imis eWvs badebda, Tu ramdenad iyo is legis actio-s forma, radgan proceduras ma-

gistrati ar eswreboda. savaraudod, piri, romelsac pignoris capio eniWeboda, RmerTebis an romaeli

xalxis saxeliT moqmedebda, riTac TavisTavad viTareba sajaro xasiaTs iZenda.

sasamarTlo sarCelis axali saxeoba iyo – legis actio per condictionem _ romlis safuZvelzec sakuTrebis

uflebis gadatanasTan (dare) dakavSirebiT, valdebulebis Sesruleba moiTxoveboda. sarCelis es sa-

xeoba qr. Sobamde III saukunis dasasruls lex Salia-s safuZvelze miiRes. am sarCelis gamoyenebis sfe-

roze misive saxeldeba _ piradi sarCeli sakuTrebis gadatanis Sesaxeb (condictio) miuTiTebda. am sar-

Celis gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas warmoadgenda pretenziis abstraqtuli, causa-sagan damouki-

debeli formulireba: aio te mihi ex milia dare oportere: id postulo aias an negas _ me vamtkiceb, rom Sen aTi

aTasi unda momce: me gekiTxebi, adastureb Sen amas, Tu uaryof? uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi,

gancxadebidan 30 dRis Semdeg mopasuxes sasamarTloSi iZaxebdnen. es periodi, romelic qr. Sobamde

IV saukunis bolosa da III saukunis dasawyisSi lex Pinaria-s safuZvelze dadginda, procesis stadiebs

Soris vadas aRniSnavda.

IV. Per formulas agere (formularuli procesi)

Centum vires (centumvirebis sasamarTloebi); formula (sasarCelo formula); concepta verba (formulis

fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi).

qr. Sobamde II saukunis me-3 meoTxedSi ebuciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) dadginda sasamarTlo procesis

axali saxe – formuliT (per formulas) anu dadgenili sityvebiT (per concepta verba). es kanoni, romelsac

gaiusi da avlus geliusi ixsenieben, aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis sakanonmdeblo bazas qmnida.

uZvelesi cnobebi am formulis Sesaxeb lex latina tabulae Bantinae-Si gvxvdeba (qr. Sobamde 133 – 118 ww.,

savaraudod, q. bantiusis (samxr. italia) statuti).

paraleluri saproceso saSualebebis Seqmna lex Aebutia-s miRebamde, gacilebiT adre daiwyo. Tumca,

swored am kanoniT mieniWa gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba pretorul process, ris Semdegac, ara marto

civilur sarCelze uari, aramed mxareTaTvis axali wesebis SeTavazebac pretoris nebaze iyo damo-

kidebuli. procesis orive forma – legis actiones et per formulas _ Tanaarsebobda, magram qr. Sobamde 17 w.

lex lulia iudiciorum privatorum-ma (da municipalitetebisaTvis dadgenili msgavsi kanoni) legisaqciuri

procesi gaauqma.

Zveli sarCelebi gansaxilvelad mxolod maSin miiReboda, Tu saqme centumvirebis (centumviri) sasa-

marTloSi unda ganxiluliyo da moTxovna pretoris winaSe sakramentaluri formiT (lege agere

sacramento) unda gamoTqmulliyo, anda zianis miyenebis muqaris (damnum infectum) SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, am

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli iyo pretoruli stipulaciis gamoyeneba da safrTxis Semqmneli

mezoblisagan dapirebis miReba, rom is, SesaZlo zianis Sedegad, miyenebul zarals aanazRaurebda.

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gaiusis Tanaxmad, romaelebi upiratesobas pretoruli dacvis saSualebebs aniWebdnen.

Per formulas procesic ori stadiiT iyo warmodgenili: a) in iure da b) apud iudicem.

b) Apud iudicem stadiaze sasamarTlo warmoeba

Datio iudicem (mosamarTlis daniSnva); mors litis (davis Sewyveta procesis kanonieri xangrZlivobis

gadametebis (gadacilebis) gamo); traditio iudicii (apud iudicem stadiaze formulaSi Setanili cvlileba):

mutatio iudicii (mosamarTlis Secvla); sibi non liquere (mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze uaris Tqma saqmis gaurkvevlobis gamo).

Litis contestatio da datio iudicii Semdeg, qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi, pinariusis kanonis Tanaxmad, pretori

modave mxareebs 30 dRis Semdeg uniSnavda mosamarTles (datio iudicem), romelic, erTi dRis Semdeg,

mopasuxes mouwodebda sasamarTloSi _ apud iudicem (legisaqciuri an formularuli procesis meore

stadia nafici mosamarTlis winaSe, romelsac gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba saqmeze, yvela warmodgenili

mtkicebulebis Semowmebis Semdeg) gamocxadebuliyo. Tu mopasuxe sasamarTloSi ar gamocxaddeboda,

naSuadRevs, XII dafis kanonebis normis Tanaxmad, mosamarTles ganaCeni sasamarTloSi gamocxadebuli

mxaris sasargeblod gamohqonda. Lex Iulia, iudicia legitima-sadmi, davis sasamarTlo ganxilvis maqsimalur

vadad 18 Tves adgenda, xolo iudicia legitima-sTvis pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli. aRniSnuli vadis amowurvis Semdeg, litis contestatio Zalas kargavda, anu saxeze iyo

`davis gardacvaleba~ (mors litis), anu mosarCelis moTxovna gaqviTulad iTvleboda. Tu mopasuxe pro-

cess Segnebulad aWianurebda, misi qmedeba mosamarTlis mier aRikveTeboda. procesis am stadiaze

davis monawile piris Secvla (gardacvalebis gamo an cognitos et procurator daniSvnisas) daiSveboda, ra-

sac magistratis mier formulaSi cvlilebis (translatio iudicii) Semotana moyveboda, magram ara axali

litis contestatio-s dadgena. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, pretori mosamarTles cvlida (mutatio iudicii). yvela

aRniSnuli cvlileba mxareTa Tanxmobas iTxovda, xolo Tu mopasuxe uars ityoda, es dacvaze uaris

Tqmad (indefensio) ganixileboda. procesis erTianobaze mosamarTlis Secvla zegavlenas ar axdenda,

radgan litis contestatio ucvleli iyo.

romSi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romlis saqmianoba sasamarTlo magistratis imperium-sa da mis

iussum iudicandi-ze (mosamarTlisaTvis gacemuli brZaneba mis mier saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamo-

satanad) iyo damokidebuli. sakuTari Zalauflebis safuZvelze, pretors saqmis warmoebis (procesis)

SeCereba da mosamarTlisaTvis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanis akrZlava SeeZlo, rac procesis

CaSlas iwvevda. procesSi Carevis SesaZlebloba hqonda sxva pretorsac, romelic kolegis gadawyve-

tilebaze veto uflebiT (intercessio) iyo aRWurvili.

I. formulis nawilebi

Praeiudicium (winaswari sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec piris uflebis dadgena xdeboda); bona fides

(keTilsindisiereba); iudicium bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebi); formula arbitraria (gansakuTrebuli

fraza, romelic iudicia arbitraria sarCelis formulaSi iyo Setanili); arbitrum (iussum) de restituendo (mosamarTlis mier mopasuxisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, raTa mas mosarCelis moTxovna sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde daakmayofilos); contumacia (sasamarTlosadmi daumorCilebloba); litis

aestimatio (davis Sefaseba).

cnobilia formulis Semdegi ZiriTadi nawilebi (partes formulae): demonstratio, intentio, adiudicatio,

condemnatio (Gai.,4,39).

1. Adiudicatio (miniWeba) gvxvdeba mxolod iseTi saxis sarCelebSi, romlebic TanasakuTrebisa da sazRv-

rebis ganawilebis Taobaze dgeboda. sarCelis am nawiliT mosamarTles amcnobdnen imis Taobaze,

TanamesakuTreTagan Tu romels ra odenobis wili ekuTvnoda.

2. Intentio-Si (intencia) Camoyalibebuli iyo mosarCeles moTxovna, anu pretenzia (desiderium suum); es

nawili iwyeba sityvebiT: `Tu gairkva, rom (dadasturda, rom). . .~ da dasaxelebuli iyo is ufleba,

romelsac mosarCeles moTxovna efuZneba.

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3. Demonstratio-Si (demonstracia) Camoyalibebuli iyo saqmis arsi (Semadgenloba), hipoTeza. is

iwyeboda kavSiriT `vinaidan~ (quod) da saxeldeboda is faqtebi da garemoebebi, romelTa safuZ-

velzec mosarCeleTa uflebebi da mopasuxes movaleobebi (garigebebi) ganisazRvreboda.

4. Condemnatio-Ti (kondemnacia) mosamarTles mopasuxis dasjis an gamarTlebis uflebamosileba

eniWeboda.

Per formulas procesiT wagebuls, mogebuli mxaris sasargeblod mxolod fuladi Tanxis gadaxda eva-

leboda. dauSvebeli iyo mopasuxis mimarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis gamotana, romliTac mas garkveuli

moqmedebis Sesruleba an sadavo nivTis naturiT gadacema evaleboda. aRniSnuli saxis moTxovnis

wamoyeneba subieqtis avtonomiurobas da uSualod romis ius privatum-is principebs ewinaaRmdegeboda.

fuladi Tanxis miniWebis gansakuTrebuli principi – condemnatio pecuniaria, romelic sasamarTlo pro-

cesis pretoruli formiT damkvidrda, mxareTa formaluri Tanasworobis principis uSualo Sedegi

iyo da samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas yvelaze naTlad asaxavda. Condemnatio sintaqsurad ukav-

Sirdeboda intentio-s da mis gareSe Zala ar hqonda; xolo intentio, piriqiT, formulis sruliad

damoukidebeli nawili iyo da uflebis konstatacias (praeiudicium) ukavSirdeboda; es ukanaskneli

sasamarTlo ganxilvebze dasturdeboda; swored intentio asaxelebda faqts, romelzec sasamarTlos

sabraldeboda gadawyvetilebis gamotana iyo damokidebuli. amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda is

garemoebac, rom swored aRniSnuli faqtis arsebobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli garkveuli Sedegis dad-

goma da mxareTa Soris iuridiuli xasiaTis urTierTobis mogvareba. intenciis mTavar normatiul

wyarod pretoruli ediqti miiCneoda. Tumca, formulis Sedgenac swored faqtis safuZvleze xdeboda

(formula in factum concepta), anu Tu intentio-Si ius civile-s mier aRiarebuli faqti iyo moyvanili, formula

samarTlis safuZvelze (formula in ius concepta) iqmneboda.

In factum conceptae formulebi asaxavda pretoruli dacvis ganviTarebaSi uZvelesi stadiis Tavise-

burebas, roca pretori, sakuTari imperium-iT, mosamarTlisagan iTxovda mxedvelobaSi mieRo is faq-

tic, romelsac ius civile ar aRiarebda. amaTan mimarTebiT, araferia naTqvami im ius-is Sesaxeb, romel-

zec actor-i sakuTar moTxovnas afuZnebda da arc civiluri movaleobaa (reus oportere) miTiTebuli.

sarCels mxolod maSin hqonda in ius consepta formulis saxe, roca mosarCeles moTxovna ius civile-s

efuZneba. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi (iudicia bonae fidei) saocari moqnilobiTa da mosamarTlis Zalze

farTo uflebamosilebiT gamoirCeoda. aseTi sarCelis meSveobiT mosarCele garigebidan iTxovda ara

marto dadebiTi interesis dakmayofilebas, aramed im Sedegis dadgomasac, romelic damatebiT

SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. am ukanasknelTa dadeba SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc xelSekrulebis dade-

bisas, ise mogvianebiTac. amave dros, mosarCeles, xelSekrulebis dadebisas, nebelobiTi xarvezebis

aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, amis Sesaxeb miTiTeba SeeZlo, Tanac specialuri sasarCelo uaryofis (exceptio

pacti, doli, metus) gamouyenebladac. aRniSnuli sarCelebi konsesualuri da realuri kontraqtebidan

warmoSobil uflebebs, sameurveo piris (actio tutelae) da, qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, colis sam-

ziTvo uflebebs (iucactio rei uxoriae) icavdnen.

Iudicia arbitraria-s SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle farTo uflebamosilebiT sargeblobda. Iudicia arbitraria sar-

Celis is saxeobaa, romlis formula mocemuli iyo sagangebo fraziT, romelsac, intentio-s Semdeg,

condemnatio-s win urTavdnen xolme. formulis teqstSi aseTi fraza yvela sanivTo sarCelSi (D.4.2.10.1;

6.1.68; 7.6.5,4a) da zogierT pirad sarCelSic (actio aqua pluviae arcendae, actio Fabiana, actio Calviciana)

gvxvdeba.

aRniSnuli sagangebo frazis safuZvelze, Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTle arkvevda hqonda Tu ara mosar-

Cele mxares miTiTebuli ufleba – pronuntiatio de iure. uflebis Sesaxeb dadebiTi mtkicebis SemTxve-

vaSi, brZanebis Semcveli fraziT, dadgenil vadamde mopasuxes mosarCelisaTvis nivTis gadacema –

iussum de restituendo _ evaleboda. mopasuxis Tanxmoba aTavisuflebda mas pasuxismgeblobisagan. for-

mulis Sesabamisad, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba gamoetana. xolo, Tu

mopasuxe uars acxadebda (an braldebad ar miiCnevda sadavo faqts), misi qmedeba sasamarTlosadmi

daumorCileblobad (contumacia) ganixileboda da imiT isjeboda, rom davis Sefaseba (litis aestimatio)

xdeboda sadao nivTis RirebulebiT. nivTis Rirebulebas, TavisTavad, mosarCele acxadebda dafi-

cebiT.

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II. Condemnatio saSualebebi

Condemnatio certa (gansazRvruli kondemnacia); condemnatio incerta (ganusazRvreli kondemnacia);

kondemnacioSi (condemnatio) miTiTebuli miniWebis moculoba unda Seesabamebodes intentio-Si mocemul

formulirebas. imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli dasaxelebuli Tanxa, ganasxvavebdnen

condemnatio certa-s (gansazRvrul) da condemnatio incerta-s (ganusazRvrel) kondemnacias. Condemnatio mxo-

lod maSin iyo gansazRvruli, Tu intentio-Si fulis garkveuli odenoba (mxolod gansakuTrebiT kon-

diqciur sarCelSi – condictio certae pecuniae) iyo miTiTebuli. aseT formulirebas adgendnen im SemTxve-

vaSi, roca mosarCeles ufleba hqonda mopasuxisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba moeTxova. yvela danarCen

SemTxvevaSi es iyo condemnatio incerta. formulis am nawilis ganusazRvreloba ori saxisa iyo: 1. zog-

jer mosamarTlesagan iTxoven mopasuxis mimarT gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romliTac am uka-

nasknels garkveul odenobaze meti Tanxa ar unda gadaexada. mosamarTle uflebamosili iyo gamoe-

tana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic mopasuxes naklebi Tanxis gadaxdas avaldebulebda; 2. Tumca,

ufro xSirad mosamarTles aseTi zusti SezRudvis gansazRvra ar moeTxoveba. mas mxolod mopa-

suxisaTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenoba unda daedgina.

III. Iuris petitio (moTxovnis gadameteba)

Intentio incerta (ganusazRvreli intencia); pluris petitio re (moTxovnis gadameteba obieqtis mimarT); pluris

petitio tempore (moTxovnis gadameteba drois mimarT); pluris petitio loco (moTxovnis gadameteba adgilis

mimarT); pluris petitio causa (moTxovnis gadameteba safuZvlis mimarT); intentio certa (gansazRvruli

intencia); actio certi an condictio (sarCeli gansazRvrulis Sesaxeb an kondiqciuri sarCeli); lis dividua

(ganawilebuli dava); falsa demonstratio (cru demonstracia).

fiqsirebuli xasiaTi moTxovnisa, romliTac mosamarTles mimarTavdnen, ganapirobebda imas, rom Tu

CamoTvlili faqtebiT ver dadasturdeboda mopasuxes marTlac marTebda Tu ara is, rasac misgan

mosarCele iTxovda, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoetana. samarTliT dad-

genilze (pluris petitio) metis moTxovna uflebis dakargvas iwvevda, vinaidan erTsa da imave saqmeze gan-

meorebiTi sarCelis Setana dauSvebeli iyo. ganusazRvreli intenciis (intentio incerta) SemTxvevaSi, ga-

dametebuli moTxovnis wardgena SeuZlebeli iyo, miT ufro, Tu misaniWebeli obieqtis odenoba gan-

sazRvruli ar iyo.

Pluris petitio gamoiyeneboda obieqtis, vadis, adgilisa da samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa mimarT: re, tempore,

loco, causa.

1. Pluris petitio re _ dasaSvebze meti Tanxis odenobis nivTis moTxovnisas; 2. Pluris petitio tempore _ dad-

genil vadamde moiTxoveboda is, risi gadaxdac savaldebulo iyo; 3. Pluris petitio loco _ danapirebis

Sesruleba sxva adgilze moiTxoveboda; 4. Pluris petitio causa gamoiyeneboda alternatiuli valde-

bulebis (alternatio) SemTxvevaSi, anu rodesac, struqturiT gaTvaliswinebuli, valdebulebis arCevanis

uflebas (ius variandi), kreditori mevales arTmevda. (Gai.,4,53d).

Tu garkveuli intenciis (intentio certa) mqone sarCelis formuliT miTiTebuli iyo imaze naklebi

moTxovna, risi uflebamosilebac mosarCeles hqonda, meore wels mas procesis sxva pretorTan gan-

meoreba SeeZlo, romlis drosac is danarCens iTxovda. am SemTxvevaSi procesi ara ganmeorebiTi,

aramed gayofili (lis dividua) iyo. Tu condementio-Si warmodgenili moTxovnis gadameteba mxolod pre-

toris miTiTebebze iyo damokidebuli, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis imaze metis gadax-

da daekisrebina, vidre amas mosarCele intentio-Ti iTxovda. am SemTxvevaSi, pretori mopasuxes exma-

reboda, mosarCele ki _ pirvandeli mdgomareobis mdgomareobis aRdgenis moTxovniT (in integrum

restitutio) gamodioda, raTa amis Semdeg mainc miemarTa sasamarTlosaTvis marTebuli kondemnaciiT.

Fi in demonstratione plus aut minus positum sit, nihil in iudicium deducitur, et ideo res in integro manet: et hoc est quod dictur falsa

demonstratione rem non perimi – Tu demonstraciaSi miTiTebulia (saWiroze) meti an naklebi moTxovna,

sasamarTlo ganxilvis usagnobis gamo, saqme pirvandel mdgomareobaSi rCeba; swored aseT SemTxve-

vaSi igulisxmeba: cru demonstraciis gamo saqme uqmdeba. (Gai.,4,58). Tumca, labeonis azriT, Tu de-

monstracioTi moTxovnis nawili miTiTebuli iyo, is cru demostraciad ar miiCneoda, (Gai.,4.59; D.19.1.3;

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3.3.78.1; 13.6.17.4).

IV. Formulae ficticiae (fiqciis Semcveli formula) da pirTa monacvleobiT Sedgenili formula

Fictio (fiqcia); fictio iuris (civiluri statusis mqone fiqcia).

Intentio-Ti pretors SeeZlo mosamarTlisagan moeTxova iseTi qmedebebis Sesruleba, romelTa arsebiTi

iuridiuli faqti, TiTqosda, realurad ar arsebobda, an piriqiT _ aseTi faqti namdvilad arse-

bobda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi fiqcia pozitiuri iyo, meore SemTxvevaSi _ negatiuri.

pozitiuri samarTlis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT (adiuvare ius civile), fiqcia (fictio) pretoris umniSvne-

lovanesi instrumenti iyo. zogjer fiqcia pretoruli sarCelis (actio Publiciana-s msgavsad) Seqmnis

mizniT gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, rogorc wesi, fiqcia tipuri sarCelis danamati iyo, raTa sasarCelo

dacva mieniWebinaT im pirisaTvis, romelsac mkacri samarTliT (ius strictum) amis ufleba ar gaaCnda,

anda im piris gasasamarTleblad, vinc, ius civile-s Tanaxmad, dasjas rom eqvemdebareboda. magaliTad,

pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze (bonorum possessor), samkvidros misaRebad mowveuli piris dasa-

cavad. pretori mas aZlevda sarCels, romliTac mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mosarCele memkvidred

ecno. aRniSnuli fiqciis gareSe, pretorul memkvidres samkvidros moTxovna ar SeeZlo, vinaidan, ius

civile-Ti igi memkvidre (heres) ar iyo (Gai.,4,34).

msgavsi formulis Sedgena moiTxoveboda umemkvidreod darCenili valauvali movalis ufleba-

monacvlis (bonorum emptor) mimarT, romelic aseTi mevalis memkvidred fiqtiurad cxaddeboda

(Gai.,4,35).

yvelaze Zveli civiluri sarCelis forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda, Tu samarTaldarRvevis (ex

delicto) erT-erT mxare ucxoeli (peregrinus) iyo, romelzec romis civiluri samarTali ar vrcel-

deboda.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, formulaSi iwereboda fiqcia: “Si civis Romanus esset – is, rom romis moqalaqe

yofiliyo”. (Gai.,4,37). savaraudod, aRniSnul praqtikas peregrinebis pretoris sasamarTloTi mieca

dasabami. sagulisxmoa, rom dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi statusis fiqcia (fictio iuris), rogorc

urTierTobaTa dacvis procesualuri saSualeba maSin gamoiyeneboda, roca pretori, materialuri

samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, uZluri iyo: ius civile Tanaxmad, mas ufleba ar hqonda piri memkvidred

(heres) an romael moqalaqed gamoecxadebina.

roca erTi pirisaTvis miniWebuli ufleba meore pirs gadaecemoda, an erTi piris pasuxismgebloba

meore pirs ekisreboda, gamoiyeneboda fiqciis gansakuTrebuli forma _ pirTa monacvleoba. aRniSnul

fiqcias im SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen, roca iuridiuli aqti vrceldeboda iseTi piris winaaRmdeg, ro-

melsac aRniSnuli qmedeba Cadenili ar hqonda; magaliTad, rodesac garigeba dadebuli iyo xeli-

suflebaSi myofi piris (persona alieni iuris) an meurvis (tutor) mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi, demonstratio-Si an

intentio-Si pretori uTiTebda erT pirs (persona alieni iuris an tutor), xolo condemnatio-Si meores _ ojaxis

ufross (paterfamilias) an meurveobaSi myofs (pupillus).

V. Exceptio (eqscepcia) da praescriptio (preskripcia)

Exceptiones peremptoriae (mudmivi eqscepciebi); exceptiones dilatioriae (droebiTi eqscepciebi); replicatio

(Sesagebeli uaryofa); praescrptio pro actore (uaryofiTi piroba, romelic formulaSi intenciis win

iwereba da davis sagans mosarCelis sasargeblod zRudavs).

Praescriptio pro reo iyo uaryofiTi piroba, romelic formulis dasawyisSi, intenciis win iwereboda da

davis sagans mopasuxis sasargeblod zRudavda. Tu es piroba namdvili aRmoCndeba, uqmdeboda davis

safuZveli (litis contestatio), romelic, procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, iyo sarCelze uaris Tqma

(denegatio), im SemTxvevaSi, Tu magistrati sarCels usafuZvlod miiCnevda. procesi Cerdeboda, Tumca

mis qmedebas arc auqmebda da arc gamoricxavda. Exceptio iyo procesualuri daTqmis gansakuTrebuli

wesi, romliTac mopasuxe saerTod uaryofda mosarCelis uflebas (mopasuxis dacva) an awmyo droSi

raime qmedebis Sesrulebis Taobaze mopasuxis valdebulebas, anu e.w. Sesagebeli sarCeli.

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garda formulis im ZiriTadi nawilebisa, romelTa gareSec formulas iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnda,

arsebobda damatebiTi elementebic, romelTa meSveobiTac erT sasamarTlo procesze mxareTa Sesa-

gebeli moTxovnebis wamoyeneba an sarCelis tipuri formuliT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebis miTi-

Teba daiSveboda.

formulis ZiriTad teqsts win uZRoda sasarCelo moTxovna (praescriptio). Tavdapirvelad, praescriptio

mopasuxis (reus) interesebis sasargeblod (praescriptio pro reo) dgeboda da sasamarTlo procesis dawye-

ba garkveuli faqtebis gamovlenaze iyo damokidebuli. Tu faqtebi ar dadasturdeboda, mosamarT-

lisagan litis contestatio-s ararsebulad cnobas iTxovdnen; magaliTad, garigebis dadebisas, mopasuxis

interesebis sasargeblo moTxovna (sasarCelo uaryofis funqciiT), ganzraxvisagan Tavis aridebis

saSualebas iZleoda, anu es iyo e.w. exceptio doli (exceptio-s yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxeoba), romelic

interdiqtuli warmoebisas gamoiyeneboda. im axali garemoebebis safuZvelze, exceptio-s savaldebulo

Zalas rom erTmeoda, uaris Tqma exceptio-ze mosarCelesac SeeZlo. Ea res agatur, extra quam si ita negotium

gestium est, ut stari eo non oporteat ex fide bona... dae, procesi am saqmeze dadgenilad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

CaiTvalos, Tu garigeba keTili sindisis safuZvelze daido...

mogvianebiT, praescriptio pro reo Secvala exceptio-m, romelsac mopasuxis dacvis funqcia daekisra.

akvilius galusis droidan moyolebuli, mowinaaRmdegis dolus-ze misaTiTeblad, mosarCele actio doli-s,

xolo mopasuxe exceptio dolo-s iyenebda.

Praescriptio SenarCunebuli iqna rogorc mosarCeles (actor) interesebis dacvis saSualeba – praescriptio

pro actore. Intentio-s win exceptio-s CarTviT condemnatio-s adgendnen.

dacvis aRniSnuli saSualeba, praescriptio pro reo-sagan gansxvavebiT, ufro qmediTi iyo, vinaidan, aRniS-

nuli faqtis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni saboloo iyo: litis contestatio

imgvarad auqmebda mosarCelis sarCels, rom sasamarTlo procesis ganmeorebiTi wamowyebis mcdeloba

gamoricxuli iyo.

gaiusisa da ulpianes Tanaxmad, Sedaveba SeiZleba yofiliyo droebiTic da mudmivi: exceptiones

dilatoriae (temporales) et exceptiones peremptoriae (perpetuae) (D.44.1.3; 44.2.4).

Peremptoriae sunt quae perpetuo valent, nec evitari possunt, velut quod metus causa, aut dolo malo, aut quod contra legem senatusve

consultum factum est, aut quod res iudicata est vel in iudicium delicta est, item pacti conventi quod factum est, ne omnino pecunia

peteretur – mudmivia Sedaveba, romelsac yovelTvis gaaCnia mniSvneloba da misgan Tavis daRweva SeuZ-

lebelia; magaliTad, (Sedaveba) imis Taobaze, rom garigeba daido daSinebiT, motyuebiT an kanonisa

da senatis dadgenilebis gverdis avliT, an imis Taobaze, rac ukve iyo ganaCenis an sasamarTlo gan-

xilvis sagani, aseve araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom gadaxda saerTod ar iqneba moTxov-

nili (Gai.,4,121).

Exceptio peremptoria aris sarCelis gauqmebis piroba, romlis gamoyeneba yovelTvis da nebismieri

mosarCelis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda. Tu mopasuxe am pirobas formulaSi ar Seataninebda, maSin pro-

cesis mimdinareobisas, mopasuxes SeeZlo sadavod eqcia mxolod Tavad garigebis xarvezebi, xolo

formulaSi gauTvaliwinebeli faqtis gamo, yuradRebis gamaxvileba ar SeeZlo. Tu SecdomiT mopa-

suxe exceptio peremptoria-s ar gamoiyenebda, am ukanasknels pretori, formulis sworad Sedgenis miz-

niT, pirvandeli mdgomareobiT aRadgenda (in integrum restitutio), (Gai.,4.125). Tu droebiTi uaryofa (exeptio

dilatoria) gamoyenebuli ar iqneboda, msgavsi daxmareba mopasuxes veRar gaeweoda.

Tu mosarCeles surda, rom mosamarTles mxedvelobaSi mieRo mopasuxis sasarCelo Sedavebis sawi-

naaRmdego sxva faqti, pretori mas replicatio exceptio-ze Sedavebis uflebas aniWebda. kerZod, sasarCelo

moTxovnis wardgenaze uaris saTqmelad, mxareebi sapirispiro rameze Tanxmdebodnen. msgavsi paqtebis

araformaluroba miuRebels xdida zogad princips imis Sesaxeb, rom sapirispiro SeTanxmebiT

(conventio contraria) winamorbedi SeTanxmeba baTildeboda. amitom mopasuxis mxridan warmodgenili

exceptio pacti conventi sagangebo replicatio-Ti unda gaeuqmebinaT (Gai.,4,126): `si non postea convenerit ut mihi eam

pecuniam peteri liceret... Tu daTqmuli ar iyo, rom mogvianebiT me gamoTxovis neba meZleva... Sesabamisad,

mosarCelis replicatio-ze mopasuxes SeeZlo axali SedavebiT _ duplicatio-Ti, epasuxa (Gai.,4.127), xolo

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mosarCeles ki axali Sedavebis (triplicatio) ufleba hqonda (Gai.,4.128).

sarCeli praescriptio pro actore moTxovnis sagnis danawevrebis mizniT gamoiyeneboda. aseTi danawevreba

savaldebulo iyo perioduli xasiaTis miniWebaTa SemTxvevaSi, mTlianis magivrad moTxovnis nawilis

dros, aseve moTxovnis ramdenime safuZvlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

Cveulebriv, valis nawilis gadaxdas iTxovdnen nawilobrivi gadaxdis vadis dadgomis Sesabamisad

(Gai.,4,131). Intentio incerta-s Semcveli sarCelis wardgeniT kreditors, valis danarCeni nawilis mimarT,

procesis ganmeorebis SesaZlebloba ar eZleoda. Praescriptio: “Ea res agatur cuius rei dies fuit“ (dae, saqmis

sagnad iTvlebodes valdebulebis is nawili, romlis Sesrulebis vada ukve dadga). Praescriptio-s

aRniSnuli saxe erTsa da imave saqmeze sarCelis periodulad wardginis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.

V. procesualuri warmomadgenloba

Cognitor et procurator ad litem (procesualuri rwmunebulis ori saxe); dominus litis (marwmunebeli piri

procesSi); datio cognitori (rwmunebulis sasamarTlo procesSi daniSvnis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli

gancxadeba); actio iudicati utilis (analogiis wesze dafuZnebuli sarCeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebis sasarCelo moTxovniT); cautio de rato (prokuratoris mier mosarCelis mxareze moqmedebaTa

mowonebis sajarimo garantia); cautio iudicatum solvi (prokuratoris mier mopasuxis mxareze sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sajarimo garantia); procurator in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebulad myofi).

In iure stadiaze mxareebs SeeZloT warmomadgenlebis gamoyvana. Zvel romSi procesualur

warmomadgenelTa ori saxeoba iyo: cognitor et procurator ad litem. Cognitor daniSvnis Sesaxeb mowinaaRmdege

mxares atyobinebdnen calmxrivi aqtis _ datio cognitori-iT. Cognitor-i saqmes sakuTari saxeliT awar-

moebda, amitom gamoiyeneboda formula, romliTac pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo: intentio-

Si marwmuneblis saxeli (dominus litis) aRiniSneboda, xolo condemnatio mimarTuli iyo cognitor-isken. Tu

cognitor mopasuxis mxareze iyo, intentio-Si aRiniSneboda dominus litis saxeli, xolo condemnatio miniWebas

eqvemdebareboda cognitor. Datio cognitoris meSveobiT moTxovnis ganaxleba (novatio) xdeboda, amitom, Tu

kognitori mosarCelis rwmunebuli iyo, maSin misi moTxovna, litis contestatio (sarCelis gasaCivreba, sasa-

marTloSi arabraleulobis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT) iqviTeboda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi aRi-

niSneboda cognitor-is saxeli da actio iudicati an mis sasargeblod, an mis sawinaaRmdegod (Tu is mopa-

suxes warmoadgenda) gaicemoda. Tumca, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli sarCelis, analo-

giur sarCels _ actio iudicati ulitis, pretori marwmunebeli mxaris sasargeblod (an sawinaaRmdegod)

gascemda.

sasamarTlo procesSi prokuratoroba marwmuneblis mouravsac (procurator omnium bonorum _ mTeli qo-

nebis mmarTvels) SeeZlo. daSvebuli iyo, marwmuneblis (dominus litis) nebiT, specialurad daniSnuli

piris moadgilis (procurator ad lites) monawileoba, brZanebis (iussum) an davalebis (mandatum) safuZ-

velze. Procurator ad litem-ad iTvleboda is piric, romelic sasamarTlo procesSi monawileobis sur-

vils, davalebis an brZanebis gareSe, keTili nebiT (bona fide) ganacxadebda. vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi

litis contestatio-Ti moTxovnis gaqviTva ar xdeboda, prokurators nebayoflobiT unda mieca piroba, rom

marwmunebeli piri xelaxla ar daiwyebda process gansakuTrebuli cautio rem ratam dominum habiturum-

iT (fici, rom marwmunebeli moiwonebs mis moqmedebebs), romelsac cautio de rato-c ewodeboda. pre-

toruli dacvis aRniSnuli saSualeba, pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebul formas

warmoadgenda: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rwmunebulis qmedebas ar moiwonebda dominus litis, romelic xelaxla

daiwyebda process (mas amaze sruli ufleba hqonda), arSemdgari prokuratori dajarimdeboda mopa-

suxis sasargeblod, rac mTlianad gaabaTilebda im danakargs, rasac mas saqmis wageba uqadda.

Tu prokuratori mopasuxes warmoadgenda, maSin prokuratori (mopasuxis Rirseul moadgiled miC-

nevis mizniT) gansakuTrebuli cautio iudicatum solvi-is (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis) aRsrulebis garan-

tias iZleoda.

Cognitor-ad daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi, aseT cautio-s Tavad dominus litis (marwmunebeli piri) iZleoda. logi-

kuria, rom igi imavdroulad actio iudicati utilis-s gamoc (mis winaaRmdeg an mis sasamrgeblod, sasa-

marTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiuri sarCeliT) pasuxs agebda.

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prokuratori sakuTari saxeliT ebmeboda procesSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi, pretori adgenda formulas,

romelSic pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, marwmuneblis sasar-

geblod an sawinaarmdegod, actiones utilis-s pretori ar gascemda.

prokuratorisa da dominus litis urTierTobebi davalebis xelSekrulebiT (mandatum) an im urTi-

erTobiT wesrigdeboda, romelTa safuZvelze procesSi monawile mxare brZanebas (iussum) iZleoda.

warmomadgenlobis am saxeobis meSveobiT savalo moTxovnebis cesia (anu sxva pirze sakuTari valis

gadakisreba) miiRweoda. aseTi procesis dros prokuratori sakuTari interesebis damcvelad _

procurator in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebuli piri) gamodioda. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi

moTxovna sxvis uflebaze (an pasuxismgebloba efuZneboda sxvis valdebulebas, Tu is mopasuxis

rwmunebulad gamodioda) iyo dafuZnebuli.

VI. Indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma)

Bona (qoneba), missio in bona (pretoris mier sxva pirisaTvis qonebis mfarvelobis uflebis miniWeba);

indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma); translatio possessionis (mflobelobaSi mxareTa mdgomareobis Secvla-

monacvleoba).

sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis savaldebulo monawileoba gulisxmobda misi qmedebis

iseT gansakuTrebul kvalifikacias, romelic konfliqtis gadawyvetis sasamarTlo formis CaSli-

saken iqneboda mimarTuli. mxareTa damoukidebloba, davis procesualuri wesiT gadawyvetisas,

samarTlis ZiriTadi principis umniSvnelovanes gamovlinebad miiCneoda. sasamarTlo procesze

monawileobaze uaris Tqma ki, pirovnebis avtonomiurobis dakargvad im moculobiT aRiqmeboda,

rogoric iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani. ramdenadac mopasuxe mxare uars acxadebda sistemis im

pirobebze, romlebic, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis winaSe, mxareTa formalur Tanasworobas adgenen

da icaven, igi sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebis miRma ayenebda im zomiT, ra zomiTac samoqalaqo procesi

mas TviTnebobisa da TviTgasworebisagan icavda. am doneze piris monawileobas samoqalaqo brunvaSi

ganasaxierebda misi qoneba (bona), romelic, dacvaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, individualurad mizan-

dakargulad aRiqmeba, radgan mis mepatrones aRniSnul qonebaze socialurad aRiarebuli neba aRar

gaaCnda.

yovelive zemoTqmulis logikur Sedegad mosarCelis im uflebis konstatacia iyo, romelic mas am

obieqtis gankargvis SesaZleblobas aniWebda, misive interesebis farglebSi. aseTi qmedeba praqti-

kulad administraciuli xerxebiT miiRweoda: mosarCele mopasuxis qonebis nawilis _ missio in bona-s

mflobeli xdeboda da aRniSnuli qonebis auqcionze gatanisa da gayidvis ufleba eniWeboda.

sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis monawileoba savaldebulo iyo; masSi monawileobaze

uariT, socialuri normebiT aRiarebuli, misi uflebebi eWvqveS dgeboda. dacvaze uaris Tqmad

(indefensio) ara marto sasamarTloSi gamoucxadebloba an litis contestatio (davis sagnis mimarT)

uTanxmoeba kvalificirdeba, aramed sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi (iudicatum) daumorCileblobac.

procesis SesaZlo CaSlisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, procesis pirvel stadiaze mopasuxes sTava-

zobdnen sakuTari rolis ganmtkicebas da sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi sanivTo sarCelis wardgenas. am

mizniT mopasuxes evaleboda: 1. rigi valdebulebebis sakuTar Tavze aReba, stipulaciiT garantiebis

micemis gziT _ sadisdatio (cautio) iudicatum solvi (procesualuri garantiebi). aseve misTvis savaldebulo

iyo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis utyuari garantiis micema _ ob rem iudicatum; 2. sasa-

marTlo procesis ganviTarebis miznT, mopasuxe pirobas iZleoda, rom sasamarTlo pocesze misi mona-

wileoba konstruqciuli iqneboda _ ob rem bene defensam; 3. Tavis Sekaveba iseTi ganzraxi qmede-

bebisagan, romlebsac procesis CaSla (ob dolo malo) SeeZloT.

Indefensus-ad miCneuli piris mimarT gamoiyeneba mkacri sanqciebi, romelTa gamkacrebis safrTxe, dad-

genili marTlwesrigis moTxovnaTa darRvevis simZimis kvalobaze, matulobda. sanivTo sarCelebis

dros pretori Segnebulad cvlida mxareTa mdgomareobas mflobelobaSi e.w. translatio possessionis, rad-

gan, msgavsi sarCelis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, dacvaze uaris mTqmeli mopasuxe, samomavlod, mtkicebis

tvirTis (onus probandi) mTel simZimes sakuTar Tavze iRebda. Tu sadavo uflebis sagani moZravi nivTi

iyo, miznis miRweva mosarCelis mier aRniSnuli nivTis waRebis Sesaxeb, brZanebiT an nivTis gacemis

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Sesaxeb sarCeliT (actio ad exibendum) xdeboda (imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara sadao nivTi warmodgenili

sasamarTloSi). Tu mopasuxe sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar emorCileboda da nivTs ar gadascemda,

pretori mosarCeles mopasuxis mTeli qonebis mflobelod (missio in bona) acxadeboda, raTa mowyo-

biliyo mopasuxis qonebis auqcionis wesiT gayidva.

VII. Litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena)

Datio iudicii (sasamarTlo dacvis miniWeba); litis contestatio (sadao sagnis fiqsacia); iussum iudicandi (brZaneba

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb); iudicium legitimum, iudicium imperium continens, ipso iure

(TviT samarTlis ZaliT); ope exepticiones (eqscefciis ZaliT); exceptio rei iudicatae vel in iudicium deductae

(eqscefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom saqmeze ukve iyo gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba an ukve dadginda procesi).

formulis Sedgenis Semdeg, roca pretori mxareTa molodinis pasuxad, maT procesualur saSua-

lebebs (datio iudicii) mianiWebda, mosarCele da mopasuxe (dictare et accipere iudicium (sasamarTlo ganxilvis

SemoTavazeba da miReba) SemoTavazebuli formulaze Tanxmobas acxadebdnen. sami mxaris aseT

SeTanxmebas litis contestatio ewodeboda; es iyo sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis is gansakuTrebuli

momenti, romlis Semdegac procesualur uflebebsa da movaleobebSi mosarCelisa da mopasuxis inte-

resebi adekvaturad asaxulad iTvleboda. vinaidan formula mosamarTlisadmi (vis saxelzec Sead-

gines) gagzavnilad iTvleboda, datio iudicii -Si mocemuli iyo brZaneba mosamarTlisadmi _ iussum

iudicandi, raTa mas saqmeze gadawyvetileba gamoetana. aseTi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romelsac

aRniSnul saqmeze uflebamosileba eZleoda. Litis contestatio-Ti iqviTeboda mosarCelis moTxovnis uf-

leba da gamoiricxeboda imave sagnis ganmeorebiTi sasamrTlo ganxilvis SesaZlebloba (pre-

kluziuri efeqti). prekluziuri efeqtis gamoyeneba damokidebuli iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis tipze.

Lex Iulia sasamarTlo ganxilvis or etaps adgenda: 1. iudiciorum privatorum iudicia legitima-s da 2. iudicia

imperia continentia-s.

Tu procesi imarTeboda romSi, romael moqalaqeTa Soris da erTi mosamarTlis (iudex unus) winaSe

mimdinareobda (Tu mosamarTlec romis moqalaqe iyo), sasamarTlo ganxilva legitimum-ad iTvleboda.

sasamarTlo ganxilvis yvela danarCeni saxe, romelic romSi ar imarTeboda, magram rekuperatorebis

SuamavlobiT warimarTeboda da erTi monawile romis moqalaqe ar iyo, iudicia imperia continentia-d iTv-

leboda. aseTi sasamarTlo ganxilva magistratis xelisuflebaze (imperia continentia) iyo dafuZnebuli.

cxadia, iudicia legitima nasesxebi iyo per legis actiones procesis uZvelesi formidan.

uZveles droSi, litis contestatio prekluziuri qmedeba samarTlis ZaliT (ipso iure) gamoyeneboda ius civiles

safuZvelze. Per formulas procesis dros sarCelis ganmeorebiTi Setana an ipso iure ZaliT, an sasar-

Celo uaryofiT (ope exceptionis) gamoiricxeboda, radgan moTxovna litis contestatio-s sagani ukve iyo.

dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, sadavo sagnis ganadgureba mopasuxes pasuxismgeblobisagan ar

aTavisuflebda; piradi xasiaTis moTxovnebi: sajarimo sarCelebi _ memkvidreobiTi xasiaTisaa da

sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. Litis contestatio-s damayovnebeli Sedegi

mxareTa materialuri uflebebis procesualur uflebebad gardaqmnas ukavSirdeboda. Litis contestatio-s

ganmaaxlebeli motivi valdebulebiT urTierTobebze vrceldeboda da mxolod piradi sarCelis

safuZvelze saqmis ganxilvis dros (actio in personam) gamoiyeneboda. samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) litis

contestatio-s verbaluri saxis xelSekrulebebTan aigivebdnen da misi Sedegis Sesaxeb davebs swored am

safuZvelze wyvetdnen. (D.45.1.83.1)

VIII. sarCelebis konkurencia

pirTa alternatiuli konkurencia, sarCelebis alternatiuli da kumulaciuri konkurencia; actiones in

persecutoriae (qonebrivi sarCelebi); actiones poenales (sajarimo sarCelebi); actions mixtae (Sereuli

sarCelebi); infitiatio (valis uaryofa); in duplum (ormagi anazRaurebiT); in simplum (martivi anazRaurebiT).

ganmeorebiTi procesis Catarebaze subieqturi da obieqturi SezRudvebis dadgena Tavad moTxovnis

tolfasi iyo. èrT saqmeze ori procesis Catareba dauSvelia _ bis de eadem re ne sit actio~. es principi

pirTa an sarCelTa konkurenciis cnebiT iyo dakonkretebuli. Tu valdebulebis pasiuri mxare soli-

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darulad, ramdenime mopasuxe piris saxiT iyo warmodgenili, aseT saqmeze sarCelis Setana mxolod

erT-erTi movalis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda: `rakiRa arCeulia erTi gza, meoris gamoyeneba dauSvebelia

_ electa una via, non datur recursus ad altem~. am princips pirTa alternatiuli konkurencia ewodeboda. zog

SemTxvevaSi erTi saxis urTierToba ramdenime sarCeliT iyo daculi. yvela sarCelis paralelurad

gamoyenebis SesaZleboba (sarCelebis kumulaciuri konkurencia), an arCevanis mixedviT am saSua-

lebebaTa gamoyenebis aucilebloba (sarCelebis alternatiuli konkurencia) sarCelis xasiaTiT gani-

sazRvreba.

Agimus autem interdum, ut rem tantum consequamur interdum ut poenam tantum, alias ut rem et poenam _ zogjer sarCeli

mxolod interesis dasakmayofileblad, zogjer ki mxolod dasjis mizniT Seitaneboda, sxva SemTxve-

vaSi _ saqmisa da dasjis gamoc.

Tavdapirvelad, sarCelebi mxolod qonebriv sarCelebad (actiones rei persecutoriae) da sajarimo sar-

Celebad (actiones poenales) iyofoda. sarCelTa pirveli saxeoba alternatiuli konkurenciis, meore ki

kumulaciuri konkurenciis wess eqvemdebareboda. kumulaciuri konkurenciis naTeli magaliTia qur-

dobis (furtum) hipoTeza, roca dazaralebuls sajarimo sarCelic (actio furti) eniWeboda damnaSavis da-

sasjelad da arasajarimo sarCelic (condictio ex causa furtiva) _ Tavad moparuli nivTis gamoTxo-

visaTvis. nebadarTuli iyo ori sxvadasxva tipis sarCelis wardgena TiToeuli damrRvevisaTvis. ase

rom, sarCelebis kumulaciur konkurencias pirTa kumulaciuri konkurenciac axlda. Tumca, nivTis

gamoTxovisas piris winaaRmdeg mxolod erTi _ arasajarimo sarCeli _ moparuli nivTis dabrunebis

Sesaxeb (condictio ex causa furtiva), an nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (rei vindicatio) miiReboda. sajarimo sar-

Celebi mkacrad personaluri xasiaTisa iyo; memkvidreobiT isini ar gadaicema da arc mopasuxe mra-

xis procesualuri warmomadegnloba daiSveboda, radgan iTvleboda, rom damnaSavis dasasjelad

dazaralebuls gansakuTrebuli interesi amoZravebda.

mogvianebiT, Sereuli xasiaTis sarCelebi _ actiones mixtae _ SeimuSaves. maTi mizani erTdroulad

piris dasjac iyo da zianis anazRaurebac. Tavis mxriv, sarCelebis es saxeoba or jgufad iyofa: pir-

vel jgufs ganekuTvneboda is sarCelebi, romelTa safuZvelzec nivTis Rirebulebis ormagi odenoba

(in duplum) moiTxoveboda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mevale sakuTar vals uaryofTa (infitiatio), sarCelis

Semdegi saxeebi gamoiyeneboda: 1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb (actio iudicati), 2. valis gadaxdis

Taobaze davalebis mimcemi pirisaTvis xarjebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb (actio depensi) da sxva. am tipis

sarCelebi zianis martivi anazRaurebis (in simplum) moTxovnis, anu arasajarimo sarCelebis msgavsi

iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kumulaciur konkurenciaze saubari zedmeti iyo.

IX. Iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba)

Res iudicata (saqme, romelzec sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamoitanes); obligatio iudicati (sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze warmoSobili valdebuleba); actio iudicati (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebis Sesaxeb Setanili sarCeli); auctoritas rei iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis normatiuli Zala).

garda sasamarTlos winaswari mosmenis, sasamarTlo ganxilva mTavrdeboda an adiudicatio-Ti _ mosar-

CelisaTvis sadao nivTis garkveuli nawilis mikuTvnebiT (TanasakuTrebis an memkvidreobis gayofis

saqmeebSi), an condemnatio-Ti _ yvela danarCen saqmeebSi, mopasuxis mimarT garkveuli Tanxis gadaxde-

vinebis moTxovniT.

mosazreba (sententia) iyo mosamarTlis (kerZo piris) dadgenileba, gadawyvetileba romelic saval-

debulo Zalas mxareTa SeTanxmebisa da magistratis brZanebis (iussum iudicandi) safuZvelze iZenda.

Sententia-s gamotaniT (mopasuxis gamamtyunebeli an gamamarTlebeli) sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani

gadawyvetilad iTvleboda _ res iudicata (D.42.1.1).

Res iudicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione iudicis accipit: quod vel condemnatione vel absolutione contingit _

saqmeze sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamotanilad iTvleba, Tu mosamarTlis gamatyunebeli an gamama-

rTlebeli gadawyvetilebiT dava sruldeba.

Iudicium legitimum-Si gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba xdeboda procesis gamarjvebuli mxaris

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axal uflebad, romelic, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, actio iudicati-T unda daec-

vaT. aRniSnuli uflebiT, romelsac wagebuli mxaris obligatio iudicati Seesabameboda, icvleboda mo-

Txovna, romelic sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani xdeboda. Iudicium imperium continens-iT gamotanili gana-

Cenis savaldebulo Zala pretorul ediqts efuZneboda (D.42.1.4.3) da in factum concepta formuliani actio

iudicati-T iyo daculi.

Actiones in personam-iT mogebuli mosarCele axali piradi uflebis subieqti xdeboda, actiones in rem-iT

mogeba ki, mas uwindeli sanivTo uflebis subieqtad aqcevda da mopasuxis mimarT gadaxdevinebis axa-

li, gansakuTrebuli moTxovnis litis aestimatio (sadao nivTis Sefaseba) uflebas aniWebda. Tu mopasuxe

nivTs daabrunebda, arbitrium de restituendo-iT gamarTlebas eqvemdebareboda.

sasamarTlo gamoricxavda procesis ganmeorebas rogorc gamamtyunebel, (vinaidan is exceptio rei

iudicate-saTvis safuZvli xdeboda) anu prekluziuri efeqtisas, ise gamamarTlebel SemTxvevaSi

(vinaidan miRebuli gadawyvetileba momdevno sasamarTlo ganxivlis aucileblobas gamoricxavda) anu

preiudiciuri efeqtisas. magaliTad, servitutis uflebis Sesaxeb sarCelis (vindicatio servitutis)

SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis ufleba mikuTvnebul nakveTze mosarCeles aRar unda emtkicebina, xolo Tu

servitutis ufleba ukve iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani, mopasuxis uari mxedvelobaSi aRar miiRe-

boda. Tanac, iudicatum-i nebismieri mesame piris mimarT moqmedebda, servitutis Sesaxeb sarCeliT, da

zemoxsenebuli magaliTiT moyvanil mopasuxed SeiZleboda gamosuliyo sxva piri da ara is, vinc

sakuTrebis Sesaxeb uwindel sasamarTlo procesSi mxared iyo warmodgenili. sasamarTlo gada-

wyvetilebiT, romliTac raime uflebis arseboba uariyofoda, amave uflebidan gamomdinare an masze

damokidebuli nebismieri ufleba Sewyvetilad cxaddeboda. am movlenas romaelebma auctoritas rei

iudicatae _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iuridiulad savaldebulo Zala _ uwodes.

X. interdiqtuli warmoeba

garda kerZo saqmis warmoebis (ordo iudiciorum privatum) Cveulebrivi sasarCelo wesisa, arsebobda gansa-

kuTrebuli interdiqtuli warmoebac, romelic Cveulebrivi sasarCelo warmoebisagan imiT gansxvav-

deboda, rom sasamarTlo magistrati, rogorc uzenaesi xelisufali, moqalaqeTa mimarT brZanebebs

gamoscemda. interdiqtebs pretorebi saqmis gamoZiebis dros gamoscemdnen, ris gamoc, interdiqtebi

iyo upirobo da kategoriuli brZanebebi, romlebic jarimisa da giraos Setanis sanqcias gascemdnen.

interdiqtuli warmoeba pretoris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saxe iyo. gaiusis azriT, klasikur

epoqaSi pretoris interdiqti gaxda pirobiTi brZaneba, romliTac interdiqtuli warmoeba iwyeboda.

is sadao saqmis ganxilvis momdevno _ sasamarTlo warmoebis _ etapis safuZveli xdeboda da mmarTve-

lobis sferodan marTlmsajulebis sferoSi unda gadasuliyo.

a) ganasxvavebdnen interdiqtis Semdeg saxeebs: 1. martivi da rTuli interdiqtebi _ simplicia, duplicia;

(imis mixedviT, erT mxares exeboda, Tu orives); 2. aRmkveTi _ prohibitoria; 3. aRdgeniTi _ restitutoria;

4. warmdgeniTi – ex hibitoria.

interdiqtis upiratesoba is iyo, rom movale mxare faqts usityvod emorCilebida _ interdiqtSi

miTiTebul faqts ar asaCivrebda da arc aRmkveTi interdiqtis darRvevas amtkicebda.

Tu piri, vis winaaRmdegac pretori gamoscemda interdiqts, am ukanasknels, pretoris oTaxidan

gausvlelad gaasaCivrebda da mosamarTlis (arbiter) daniSvnas moiTxovda, misi moTxovna kmayo-

fildeboda.

b) restituciis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. qmedebiT an daudevrobiT miyenebuli qonebrivi da araqonebrivi

ziani (laesio); 2. restituciis gamamarTlebeli safuZveli im SemTxvevaSi arsebobda, roca mosamarTles

mimarTavda mTxovneli: a) minor aetas (aranakleb 25 wlis asakis piri); b) quod metus causa (safrTxis

SemTxvevaSi SiSis gamo); g) error (iSviaT SemTxvevaSi); d) dolus malus (xSir SemTxvevaSi); e) ar yofnisas

(iSviaT SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, tyveobisas). 3. drouli Txovna.

restituciis amoqmedebiT Zala ekargeboda faqts, romlis safuZvelzec axali iuridiul urTi-

erTobebi warmoiSva, ama Tu im konkretuli viTarebis gamo da aRadgenda am urTierTobebis pirvan-

del mdgomareobas. restituciis mimRebi mosarCele valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis iuridiuli urTi-

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erTobebis gaqviTvidan miRebuli sargebeli daebrunebina. kerZod, Tu myidveli mis mier gadaxdil

safasurs daibrunebda, mas gamyidvelisaTvis nayidi saqonlis dabruneba evaleboda.

XI. saaRsrulebo warmoeba

Ductio iussu praetoris (kreditoris saxlSi mevalis miyvana); addictus (piri, romlis mimarT gamotanilia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba misi aRsrulebis moTxovniT da romelmac sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba

ar Seasrula); bonorum venditio (valauvali movalis qonebis aRwera misi sakonkurso wesiT gayidvis

mizniT); magister bonorum (konkursis porganizatori); venditio ad hasta (auqcioni); bonorum emptor

(eqspropriirebuli movalis uflebamonacvle); cessio bonorum (mosarCelesaTvis qonebis nebayoflobiT

daTmoba).

sasamarTlo procesis Sedegad wagebuli piri sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas Tu ar Seasrulebda, mis

mimarT iyenebdnen sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs, romlebic an piradad masze an mis qonebaze vrcel-

deboda. qr.Sobamde 17 w. lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-iT gauqmda manus iniectio (xelis dadeba) anu simbo-

luri aqti, romelic kreditors movalis piradad dauflebis kanonier saSualebas aZlevda da pre-

toris brZanebis safuZvelze, piradi dasjis mxolod erTi forma _ ductio iussu praetoris (movalis miy-

vana kreditoris saxlSi) SenarCunda. sasamarTlo procesis mogebuls, pretoris gadawyvetilebis

(addictio) safuZvelze, movalis miyvana SeeZlo sakuTar saxlSi, sadac mas borkilebs adebda an ama Tu

im samuSaos Sesrulebas aiZulebda. SedarebiT gviandeli periodis cnobebiT, addictum-i sasamarTlo

normebiT ar wesrigdeboda, Tumca, movalis gaTavisufleba, valis gadaxdis (an Sesrulebuli samu-

SaoTi valis gaqviTviT) Semdeg, SesaZlebli iyo. amrigad, piradi sasjeli gamoiyeneboda pragmatuli

mosazrebiT: misi meSveobiT movalis naTesavebsa da megobrebze zemoqmedebiT, maTi axloblis valis

dasafarad da iudicatum aRsrulebisaTvis.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma, miyenebuli zia-

nis anazRaurebis mizniT, damnaSavis qonebis bonorum venditio-s (sakonkurso wesiT gayidva iyo) wesiT

gayidva iyo. valauvali movalis qonebis sakonkurso wesiT gayidviT, movale samoqalaqo-samarT-

lebrivi kavSirebis sistemidan amoiricxeboda, rac mis samoqalaqo sikvdils (kerZo piris, rogorc

samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawilis Taviseburi likvidacia) da samoqalaqo urTierTobaSi misi sxva

uflebamonacvle piriT Canacvlebas iwevevda.

dasja iwyeboda pertoris sagangebos dekretis gamocemiT, riTac sasamarTlo procesis momgebi mxare

movalis qonebis mflobelad cxaddeboda _ missio in bona (in possessionem). Tumca, am aqtis hipoTezad

ediqti mainc iTvaliswinebda: dacvaze uaris Tqmas (indefensio); sasamarTlo devnisagan Tavis aridebis

mizniT, piris mimalvas (latistatio); aseve, umemkvidreod gardacvlili movalis sikvdils (cui heres non

extabit).

momdevno 30 dRis (movalis sikvdilis (missio) SemTxvevaSi) Semdeg, kreditori sakonkurso gayidvis

wesiT, savaraudo dRes _ proscriptio bonorum _ acxadebda. movalis qonebis mflobelebad gaxdoma sxva

kreditorebs maSinac ki SeeZloT, roca sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba maTi moTxovniT ar iyo gamo-

tanili.

Semdeg kreditorebi irCevdnen konkursis mmarTvels (magister bonorum), romelic adgenda konkursis

wesebs/wesdebas (lex bonorum vendundorum), movalis qonebis aqtivebsa da pasivebs Soris Tanafardobas

da Casatarebeli konkursis pirobebs. pirvelyovlisa, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda pirveli rigis kredi-

torTa interesebi: xazinis (fiscus), adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, meurveobaSi myofi pirebis (Tu movale

maTi meurve iyo), dakrZalvis xarjebis kreditorebis, saxlis saremonto samuSaoebis kreditorebis

moTxovnebi; aseve im kreditorTa interesebic, romelTa moTxovnis sagani mziTevi (dos) iyo. aqtivebis

Sesabamisad ganisazRvreboda is wili, romlis farglebSic upiratesi kreditorebis moTxovnebi

kmayofildeboda.

Tu pretori lex bonorum vendundorum-s moiwonebda, is gayidvis savaraudo dRes (proscriptio) acxadebda.

konkursis mmarTveli (magister bonorum), sakonkurso wesiT gayidvis dros, warmoadgenda movalis mTe-

li qonebis fass, romlis odenoba kreditorTa moTxovnili Tanxis jamiT da ara qonebis saerTo

RirebulebiT ganisazRvreboda, vinaidan kreditorTa dakmayofilebis movaleoba gamyidvels

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ekisreboda. wesisamebr, qonebis saaqciono gayidva `CaquCiT~ (venditio ad hasta) _ Ria auqcionis formiT

xorcieldeboda. gamarjvebulad cxaddeboda is myidveli, romelic yvelaze met fass SesTavazebda.

Tumca, Tu myidveli CaTvlida, rom aqtivebis odenoba arasakmarisi iyo, mas SeeZlo valis mxolod

nawilis gadaxda, Tanac privilegirebuli kreditorebisaTvis, romlebic (aseT pirobebSi) kanoniT

dadgenili rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT kmayofildebodnen.

movalis qonebis gayidvis Taobaze (bonorum venditio) garigeba ideboda saukeTeso winadadebis

avtorTan, rac gamyidvelis samoqalaqo sikvdilis tolfasi iyo. gamocxadebuli fasis gadaxda ar

xdeboda, vinaidan, faqtobrivad, qonebis gamyidveli ar arsebobda, xolo myidveli mflobelobas,

sakonkurso qonebis mmarTvelisagan iZenda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu auqcionis wesiT gayiduli qonebis

myidveli (bonorum emptor) nivTze mflobelobis uflebas dakargavda, igi sakuTar uflebas actio

Publiciana-Ti icavda.

movalis universaluri uflebamonacvle xdeboda bonorum emptor-i, romlis winaaRmdegac kreditorTa

sarCelebi iyo mimarTuli. am sarCelebs igi pasuxobda, mis mier SeZenili nivTis Rirebulebis,

Sesabamisi wilis moculobiT.

qonebis eqspropriacias (CamorTmeva) Tan sdevda pativis, Rirsebis ayra (infamia). unda aRiniSnos, rom

aseTi sasjelis mizezi ara valauvaloba iyo. Tu kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba movales ar

SeeZlo, igi lex iulia kanonis safuZvelze, dasjisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, mosarCeles sakuTar qo-

nebas nebayoflobiT gadascemda (cessio bonorum). Tu sasamarTlo procesis CaSla an sasamarTlo gada-

wyvetilebis Seusrulebloba qmeduunaro piris (infans, furiosus, prodigus) warmomadgenlis aryofnas ukav-

Sirdeboda, iZulebiTi anazRaureba mxolod calkeuli nivTebis mimarT (bonorum distractio) gamoi-

yeneboda da mas pativis ayra (infamia) ar moyveboda.

da pirvelad, pretori, mxareebis mosmenis Semdeg, gascemda sarCelis formulas, romelSic, modave

mxareebis TxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana. formula iyo pretoris

mier mosamarTlisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, romliTac pretori mas mouwodebda gamoetana iseTi gada-

wyvetileba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda miTiTebuli principebi; Tanac, mosamarTles, rome-

lic gaxldaT kerZo piri da sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT (iuris dictio) aRWurvili ar iyo, aRniSnul saq-

meze saWiro uflebamosileba eniWeboda. formulis Sedgenas Tan axlda davis sagnis dadgena (litis

contestatio). saqme gadaecemoda mosamarTles, romelic, Tavis mxriv, pretoris moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad,

faqtebs amowmebda da sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba (iudicatum) gamohqonda.

formulis Sinaarsi winaswar iyo dadgenili (fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi _ concepta verba). ediqtis prin-

cipuli ganaxleba drois moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas iZleoda, raTa axali urTi-

erTobebisaTvis, pretoruli dacvis Sesabamisi saSualebebi, miecaT. pretoris mier gacemuli pro-

cesualuri dacvis axali formebi ganviTarebuli marTlSegnebis moTxovnebs asaxavda. formulis Sed-

genaSi orive mxare monawileobda. pretoruli formebis safuZvelze, mxareebs ufleba hqondaT, mowi-

naaRmdegis mier moyvanil faqtebze, formulaSi sakuTari SeniSvnebi SeetanaT. Tumca, sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli normebisadmi mkacri Sesabamisoba mTavar pirobad rCeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, konfliqtis

specifikis moqnilobas xels sulac ar uSlida.

XII. Extra ordinem cognitio (eqstraordinaluri procesi)

Extra ordinem (dadgenili wesrigis miRma); cognitio (mokvleva); denuntiatio (sasarCelo gancxadeba); evocatio

(sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis uwyeba); in ipsam rem (piris iZuleba nivTis naturaluris saxiT

gadasacemad); sumptus litis (sasamarTlo xarjebi); sportulae (sasamarTlo baJi); appellatio (apelacia); iudex a

quo (mosamarTle, romlis gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba dasaSvebia); iudex ad quem (mosamarTle, romelic

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas saapelacio wesiT gadasinjavs); litterae dimissoriae (saapelacio

dokumentebi); pignus in causa iudicati captum (girao, romelic gamoiyeneba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad).

klasikuri periodis iuristebi mogviTxroben extra ordinem procesualuri saSualebebis Sesaxeb, rom-

lebsac isini per formulas procesis gansakuTrebuli procedurisgan ganasxvavebdnen. qr. Sobamde 17 w.

kanoni per formulas process iTvaliswinebda rogorc ordo iudiciorum privatorum-s. klasikur periodSi

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sasamarTlo ganxilvis axali formebi _ cognitiones _ sul ufro met mravalferovnebas iZenda, Tumca

maT hqondaT saerTo niSnebi, romelTa garkveuli unificirebac moxda postklasikur periodSi, gansa-

kuTrebiT maSin, roca 342 wlidan per formulas warmoeba gauqmda da mxolod cognitio procesis ordi-

nalur saxeobad iqca. sasamarTlo ganxilva mimdinareobda magistratis winaSe; aRar arsebobda mosa-

marTle _ kerZo piri da in iure et apud iudicem stadiebi. mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba iZenda

saxelmwifo organos brZanebis Zalas da mas ukavSirdeboda (da ara litis contestatio-s) procesis pre-

kluziuri Sedegi. aseTi gadawyvetilebis Zala damokidebuli iyo sasamarTlo instanciis ierar-

qiulobaze, romlis umaRles safexurzec imperatori iyo. am periodSi qveda instanciis sasamarTlos

mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTloSi apelaciis Setana daiSveboda.

sasamarTlo procesis daniSvnaSi mopasuxe ar monawileobda da, Tu igi gadawyvetilebas ar

daemorCileba, mis mimarT iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi gatardeboda. sasamarTlo procesis dros administ-

raciulma TviTnebobam imZlavra, ramac procesualuri formis simkacre mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. impe-

riis epoqaSi, imperatoris absoluturi xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba da kerZo saqmezec samarTal-

warmoebis sajaro xasiaTi, uSualod piris avtonomiurobis TandaTanobiT degradaciaze mowmobda.

mokvlevis (cognitiones) warmoSoba avgustusis mmarTvelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelmac jer ki-

dev qr. Sobamde 30 w. xelT igdo uzenaesi saapelacio sasamarTlo instanciis kompetencia, sava-

raudod im saqmeeebis mimarT, romlebsac magistratebi ganixilebodnen. am periodSi lex Iulia iudiciorum

privatorum-is miRebamde, extra ordinem-is cneba saerTod ar gvxvdeba. pirveli instanciis mosamarTlis

funqcia avgustusma qr. Sobamde 23 w., imperium proconsulare maius et infinitum-Tan erTad miiRo. es iyo

uzenaesi prokonsularuli xelisufleba, romelic funqcionalur da teritoriul SezRudvebs ar

eqvemdebareboda; princefss sasamarTlo procesebis dadgena SeeZlo. cxadia, lex Iulia iudiciorum

privatorum-i princefsis sasamarTlo saqmianobis sferos zRudavda, princefsi mxolod sisxlis

samarTlis saqmeebs ganixilavda da sxvadasxva cognitiones-Ti, gamotanili ganaCanebis saapelacio ins-

tancia gaxldaT. romSi cognitiones-i im sxvadasxva urTierTobaTa mosawesrigeblad SemoiRes, rom-

lebic per formulas procesis sistemas ar Seesabameboda. TandaTanobiT, samoqalaqo saqmeTa didma

nawilma _ maT Soris iseTebmac, romelTa formula ediqtiT iyo Seqmnili _ Tavi moiyara praefectus

urbi-s sasamarTloSi, romelmac III s. dasasrulidan ordinaluri sasamarTlo mTlianad gaauqma. kla-

sikuri epoqis cognitiones sasamarTloSi, mosamarTlis zepiri gancxadebis (denuntiatio) safuZvelze mopa-

suxis gamoZaxebiT iwyeboda. mosarCele ayalibebda saqmis arss da magistratTan gamocxadebis vadas

adgenda. zogjer, mosarCelis TxovniT, sasamarTlo funqcias _ evocatio-s (an denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s) _

sajaro xelisuflebis organo asrulebda. Tu mopasuxe cxovrobda sxva qalaqSi, am qalaqis xeli-

sufalT sasamarTlo magistrati, mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis Taobaze (evocatio litteris), weri-

lobiTi TxovniT mimarTavda. Tu aRniSnul moTxovnas mopasuxe yurad ar iRebda, maSin mas sajaro we-

siT evocatio edictis-iT iZaxebdnen. aseTi formiT mopasuxes samjer iZaxebdnen; Tu es saSualebac waru-

matebeli aRmoCndeboda, maSin magistrati edictum peremptorium-s gamoscemda, riTac urC, mopasuxes mis

dauswreblad, saqmis ganxilvis safrTxe emuqreboda (D.5.1.70-71). is mopasuxe, romelic sasamarTlo

magistratis brZanebis daumorCileblobas gabedavda, mosamarTlis avtoritetis Seuracxmyoflad

(contumax) cxaddeboda. sasamarTloSi gamoucxadeblobiT sasamarTlosadmi upativcemuloba

(contumatia), Tavdapirvelad, procesis avtomatur wagebas iwvevda, mogvianebiT, ki saqmis dauswrebeli

warmoebis dadgenis ZiriTadi safuZveli gaxda. amave dros, mosarCele mxolod maSin agebda

sasamarTlo process, Tu misi qmeduunaroba dadgindeboda an gansaxilveli saqmisadmi sasamarTlos

arakompetenturoba gamomJRavndeboda. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetas

iwvevda. magistratis winaSe wardgenis Semdeg, mxareebi, saqmis arss Tavisufali formiT ayalibebdnen.

procesis am stadiaze mopasuxes SesaZlo uaris mizezi unda moeyvana (exceptiones, praescriptiones),

mosarCelis moTxovnis mimarT (petitum). amas moyveboda litis contestatio, romelic damabrkolebel Sedegs

iwvevda. Semdeg, igive magistrati saqmes an TviTon ganixilavda, an gadascemda daniSnul mosamarTles

(iudex datus), romlis arCevazec mxareebi gavlenas ver axdendnen. ukve III saukuneSi condemnatio pecuniaria-s

principi, in rem tipis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas, dairRva da nivTis savaldebulo gadacemis in ipsam rem

gadawyvetileba miiRes (C.3,34,5). mopasuxis mimarT kidev erTi siaxle daadgines: sasamarTlos gada-

wyvetileba gamohqonda sasamarTlo xarjebis (sumptus litis) dafarvis Sesaxeb, romelsac sajarimo xa-

siaTi hqonda da sasamarTlo baJis (sportulae) saxiT, saxelmwifos sasargeblod gaiReboda; aseTi praq-

tika gansakuTrebiT postklasikuri periodis sasamarTlo procesSi ganviTarda.

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Cognitio extra ordinem-Ti sasamarTlo procesis dros gamotanili gadawyvetileba eqvemdebareboda

apelacias (appellatio), romelic princefsis saxelze Setanili im saCivrebis praqtikidan ganviTarda,

romlebic sasamarTlos mier gamotanil arasamarTlian gadawyvetilebebaze iwereboda. apelaciebis

ganxilvas imperatori qalaqis pretors (Tu ganaCeni romSi iyo gamotanili), an pretorianelTa

prefeqts (Tu saqme q. romis sazRvrebs iqiT ganixileboda) avalebda. apelaciis Setana uSualod

mosamarTlesTan ganaCenis gamotanisTanave zepiri formiT, an momdevno dReebSi werilobiTi formiT

xdeboda. mosamarTle magistrati, vis ganaCenzec apelacia (iudex a quo) Sedioda, Tavad wyvetda (zog-

jer mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebiT) apelaciis sakiTxs. apelaciaze uaris Tqma motivirebuli iyo

saCivris formaluri xarvezebiT da mopasuxis ganzrax surviliT gaeWianurebina sasamarTlo gana-

Cenis aRsruleba; Tu dadebiTi gadawyvetileba mainc gaicemoda, mopasuxe mosamarTlisagan iRebda

sasamarTlo uwyebas (litterae demissioriae (a postoli)), romelic, garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, saqmis arsis

dawvrilebiT Camoyalibebis gareSe, saapelacio mosamarTles (iudex ad quem) egzavneboda. saapelacio

instanciis mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT, apelaciiT ganaCenis ZalaSi Sesvlis gadavadeba xdeboda.

Tu apelaciaze uari ar iyo naTqvami, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba icvleboda. Tu gadawyvetileba

miRebuli iyo umaRles sasamarTlo instanciaSi (TviT princefsis mier), misi aRsruleba dauyov-

nebliv xdeboda. ZalaSi Sesul gadawyvetilebas prekluziuri Sedegi hqonda. saaRsrulebo sasa-

marTlo procesis warmoeba ordinaluri procesisagan mxolod wvrilmani detalebiT gansxvavdeboda.

Tu mopasuxes in ipsam rem miesajeboda, gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba Zalis gamoyenebiT xdeboda.

antoninus piusis mmarTvelobis periodSi mniSvnelovani siaxle SemoiRes: magistrati sakuTari

pignore capere uflebis ZaliT, epatroneboda msjavrdebelis calkeul nivTebs (pignus in causa iudicati

captum), romlebsaic mogvianebiT sasamarTlo procesis mogebuli mxare sajaro auqcionis wesiT

hyidda. Tu myidveli ar gamoCndeboda, septimius severusisa da karakalas ediqtiT nivTebi (D.42.1.15.3),

sasamarTlo procesis mogebul mxares gadaecemoda, oRond im pirobiT, Tu nivTebis saerTo Rire-

buleba valis odenobas ar aRemateboda.

XIII. postklasikuri procesi

Litis denuntiatio (sasamarTlo organos avtoritetiT, sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba); principium litis (saqmis

ganxilvis pirveli stadia); medium litis (saqmis ganxilvis meore stadia); praesumptio (prezumfcia);

praesumptio iuris tantum (SedarebiTi prezumfcia); praesumptio iuris et de iure (absoluturi prezumfcia).

IV-V saukuneebSi werilobiTi formiT sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebas, mosarCele sasamarTlo organos

meSveobiT axorcielebda (litis denuntiatio klasikuri periodis denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s analogia). reagi-

rebis niSnad, mopasuxe sasamarTloSi gzavnida contradictorii libelii-s, romelic sasamarTlos kance-

lariaSi inaxeboda. sasamarTloSi gamocxadeba gamoZaxebidan oTxi Tvis vadaSi unda momxdariyo.

VI saukunis meore naxevridan gamoZaxebis es forma libelus conventionus-iT Seicvala, romelsac

sasamarTlo mopasuxes mosarCelis iniciativiT ugzavnida. mosarCele mimarTavda mosamarTles da

mopasuxis gamoZaxebas iTxovda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gamoZaxeba xdeboda mosamarTlis mier, romelsac

jer unda mieRo gadawyvetileba, mieca Tu ara saqmisaTvis msvleloba da Semdeg sasamarTloSi

mopasuxis gamocxadebis vadas adgenda. mopasuxis mier sasamarTloSi gamocxadebaze uaris SemTxve-

vaSi, gamoZaxeba samjer meordeboda (rogorc klasikuri cognitio), Semdeg procesi mis gareSe tar-

deboda. V-VI saukuneebSi, sasamarTlo procesis dauswrebeli warmoebis dros, mosarCelisagan saku-

Tari uflebebis damtkicebas iTxovdnen. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba procesis Sewyvetas iwvevda.

am epoqaSi sasamarTlo ganxilvis pirvel stadiaze, romelsac principium (an primordium) litis

ewodeboda, mxareebi sakuTar moTxovnebsa (narratio) da pretenzias (contradictio an responsio) werilobiT

ayalibebdnen. yvelaferTan erTad, mopasuxes saqmeze sasamarTlos arakompetenturobaze miTiTebac an

teritoriuli qvemdebarebis (mopasuxes sasamarTloSi gamoiZaxebdnen mxolod misi sacxovrebeli

adgilis mixedviT) principis gaTvaliswinebis moTxovnac SeeZlo. Litis contestatio-s Semdeg uari apela-

ciis saxes iZenda. iustinianes droidan moyolebuli uaris miReba procesis meore stadiazec daiSve-

boda. amieridan, litis contestatio-s Sedegad, mkacrad piraduli xasiaTis moTxovnebma, imdenad srul-

yofili saxe miiRo, rom maTi memkvidreobiT gadaicemac SesaZlebeli gaxda. procesis meore stadiaze

(medium litis) mxareebi sakuTari moTxovnebis mtkicebulebebs waradgendnen. am epoqaSi mtkicebulebaTa

ierarqiis dadgenis tendenciam, romelic ukve klasikur cognitiones-ad Camoyalibda, apelacia SesaZ-

lebeli gaxada da man imdenad srulyofili saxe miiRo, rom swored postklasikur procesSi sabo-

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lood damkvidrda is principebi, Sua saukuneebis iuristebma TavianT maqsimebSi rom Camoyalibes:

actore non probante reus absolvitur (Tu mosarCele sakuTar moTxovnebs ver daamtkicebs, mopasuxe gamarTl-

deba) da in excepiendo reus fit actor (sasamarTlos uaris SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe mosarCele xdeba), anu

mtkicebis mTeli tvirTi mas ekisreboda. am periodSi procesualuri wesebis arsenalSi gaCnda

prezumfciis (praesumptio) cneba, romelic mtkicebulebis tvirTis (onus probandi) ganawilebas ukav-

Sirdeboda. normatiuli wesis mixedviT, zogierTi faqti mosamarTlis mier ararsebulad iTvleboda

manamde, vidre dainteresebuli mxare sapirispiro mosazrebas ar daamtkicebda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ase-

Ti faqti damtkicdeboda, onus probandi mxareTa Soris gadanawildeboda. garda amgvari SefardebiTi

prezumfciisa (praesumptio iuris tantum), absoluturic (praesumptio iuris et iure) arsebobda; vinaidan am

epoqaSi werilobiT mtkicebulebebs eniWeba upiratesoba mowmis zepir CvenebebasTan SedarebiT. mowmis

Cvenebebs garkveuli tendenciurobiT ganixilavdnen, rac maqsimiT èrTi mowme, ara mowme~ (testus unus,

testus nulus) gamoixateboda. werilobiTi dokumentis gabaTilebis SemTxvevaSi, savaldebulo iyo mow-

meTa raodenobis gazrda. SemoiRes procesis oqmebis werilobiT (per litteras) Sedgena, rac did dros

iTxovda da saqmis ganxilvas uazrod aWianurebda. uwindeli cognitio-sagan gansxvavebiT, post-

klasikuri procesis dros mkvdari procesis (mors litis) forma damkvidrda. iustinianes dros daadgines

sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetis vada _ litis contestatio-dan sami wlis Tavze. Tumca, mosarCeles SeeZlo

procesis gameoreba. am periodis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa Sinaarsi meti mravalferovnebiT

xasiaTdeboda. mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda litis contestatio-s prekluziuri Sedegi, sasamarTlo procesis

gameorebis SesaZlebloba damokidebuli iyo im gadawyvetilebaze, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi saqmis

gadasinjvis SesaZleblobas dasaSvebad miiCnevda.

da bolos, erTi sasamarTlo ganxilvis mimdinareobis dros (cognitio-Sic) ramdenime gadawyvetilebis

miReba saqmis calkeul sakiTxebzec SeiZleboda da mTel saqmazec. saqmis ganxilvis TiToeuli forma

apelaciis Setanas eqvemdebareboda, rac sasamarTlo ganxilvis vadebs kidev ufro axangrZlivebda.

Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi

samarTlis subieqtebi samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi abstarqtuli pirebis (personae) saxiT gamodian.

piris (persona) statuss gansazRvravda, samarTlis normebiT regulirebuli, samarTlebriv TvisebaTa

is erToblioba, romelic uSualod asaxavda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi subieqtis

monawileobas.

rac ufro maRali iyo piris statusi, miT srulyofili iyo misi uflebaunarianoba _ uflebebisa da

movaleobebis subieqtad yofnis SesaZlebloba; piris ufleba moicavda klasifikaciis kriteriumebs,

agreTve iuridiuli aqtebis realurad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas _ qmedunarianobas.

samarTlis sistemis arsebobisa da funqciobis TvalsazrisiT, am sakiTxebs fundamenturi mniSvnelo-

ba hqondaT.

piris ufleba mxolod ius civile-s moqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseTi SezRudva pirdapir miuTi-

Tebda kviritebis samoqalaqo Temze, romelic piris statusis gansazRvrisas, sawyisi wertili iyo.

bunebiTi samarTliT (ius naturale) formalurad yvela adamiani Tanasworia; `samoqalaqo samarTali ar

miiCnevs monas samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtad, magram bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela

adamiani Tanasworia~ (D.50.17.32).

istoriulad gansazRvruli erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis (ius gentium) TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli

SezRudvebi mainc moqmedebda: ius civile _ calkeuli samoqalaqo Temis samarTali _ monebisa da ucxoe-

lebis mimarT, mainc privilegirebul samarTals warmoadgenda. am TvlasazrisiT, sruluflebian

pirebad mxolod civitas wevrebi (cives) miiCneodnen.

I. Servi (monebi)

Libertas (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); vindicatio in libertate (sarCeli Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb); postliminium

(tyveobidan dabrunebuli piris uflebebSi aRdgena); deditio (mtrisaTvis moqalaqis gadacema); favor

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libertatis (TavisuflebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna); noxae deditio (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi,

deliqtis Camdeni, piris mowinaaRmdegisaTvis gadacema); actio noxalis (noqsaluri sarCeli); peculium (pe-

kuliumi); manumissio vindicta (gaazateba kverTxis dadebiT); manumissio censu (gaazateba cenzSi SetaniT);

manumissio testamento (gaazateba anderZiT); manumissio inter amicos (gaazateba megobrebis wreSi).

Tavisufali mdgomareobis (libertas) sapirispiro iyo monoba. monisa da Tavisufali adamianis

mdgomareoba maT socialur urTierTdapirispirebas gamoxatavda. romaelTaTvis Tavisufleba aramo-

nuri mdgomareoba, anu negatiuri mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdego pozitivi iyo. iustinianes insti-

tituciebSi monobis statusi Tavisufali adamianis mdgomareobasTanaa Sepirispirebuli. kerZod,

iustinianes instituciebSi mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad: `ZiriTadi dayofis safuZvelze, rom-

liTac pirTa uflebebi ganisazRvreba, yoveli adamiani an Tavisufalia, an monaa~. (Inst. Iustin.,1).

1. sityvidan `Tavisufleba~ (libertas) warmodgeba saxelwodeba `Tavisufalni~ (liberti) anu piris bunebri-

vi SesaZlebloba akeTebdes imas, rac surs, cxadia, Tu aseTi ram an ZaliT, an samarTliT ar

ikrZaleba.

2. xalxis samarTlis dawesebuleba monoba aris iseTi ram, rodesac bunebis sapirispirod, erTi piri

meore piris batonobas morCilebs.

3. Cveulebriv, imperatoris brZanebiT tyveebs yiddnen da ar klavdnen, sicocxles unarCunebdnen

(servare), aqedan mieca dasabami sityvas `mona~ (servus).

4. monebad an ibadebian, an (Semdeg) xdebian. monebad ibadebian Cvens mxevalTagan Sobilni. tyved

Cavardnilni monebad xdebian xalxis samarTliT, an civiluri samarTliT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu oc

wels gadacilebulma Tavisufalma adamianma, gasayidi fasis garkveuli nawilis miRebis mizniT, saku-

Tari Tavis monad gayidvas daTanxmda. monaTa orive tipis mdgomareoba identuri iyo, maT Soris

sxvaoba ar arsebobda.

sazogadoebis samoqalaqo organizaciiT ganisazRvreboda rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise monobis insti-

tutis SesaZlebloba. monoba (servitus) aris ius gentium-is instituti, romelic wminda romaul mov-

lenad ar iTvleboda. monobas samoqalaqo Temis (civitas) warmoSoba ganapirobebda. mona (servus homo)

politikuri sazogadoebis miRma idga, is arc ius civile-s da arc ius gentium-s subieqti iyo. sxva antiku-

ri samarTlebrivi sistemebis msgavsad, romis samarTaliT, mona nivTad (res) iTvleboda. romauli

monobis specifika is iyo, rom mebatoneebs monebi ekuTvnodaT kvirituli sakuTrebis uflebis safuZ-

velze (dominium ex iure Quiritium), romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeebisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi.

monobis wyaros anu monad qcevis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi cnobebi gaiusis instituciebSia Semonaxuli: `mo-

nebi Cvens sakuTrebaSi gadadian an civiluri samarTlis, an xalxis samarTlis safuZvelze: civilu-

ri samarTliT _ Tu, 25 wlis asaks gadacilebuli nebismieri piri safasuris nawilis miRebis mizniT,

gayidvas daeqvemdebareba; xalxis samarTliT Tamaxmad, Cveni monebi arian mtrebTan brZolaSi tyved

Cavardnilni an Cveni mona-qalebis mier Sobilni. monur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis civilur xerxad

miiCneoda is vTareba, roca myidvelis motyuebis mizniT, mimdobi vinmes Seagulianebs, rom man sakuTa-

ri Tavi monad gayidos, raTa SemdgomSi garigeba baTilad gamoacxadon~. Tumca, aRniSnuli garigeba

Seuqcevadad cxaddeboda: jer erTi, motyuebuli myidvelis mimarT, pretori Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg

gansakuTrebul sarCels - exceptio vindicatio in libertatem gamoscemda; meore, kanonTan gaTanabrebuli nor-

matiuli aqtebiT, romelTa safuZvelzec piris statusi ganisazRvreboda, motyuebuli piris pirvan-

del mdgomarebaSi aRdgena gamoiricxeboda. amis gamoc, motyuebiT sakuTari Tavis monad gamyidveli

piri monobaSi rCeboda. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, piris statusi sxva piris sakuTrebaSi gadasvlis-

Tanave ganisazRvreboda.

ara marto samxedro mowinaaRmdegis (hostis), aramed romTan megobrobis an stumarTmoyvareobis

xelSekrulebis armqone nebismieri xalxis warmomadgeneli, romelsac tyved Caigdebdnen, dampyrob-

lis sakuTreba xdeboda (Gai,4,16). samxedro gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, senatTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg,

romaeli mxedarTmTavari tyvedCavardnilTa monad gayidvas sajarod marTavda (venditio ad hasta an sub

corona).

tyvedCavardnili romaeli civitas-is wevrad aRar iricxeboda; igi ucxoeTSi gayidul monad iTvleboda

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(`servus hostium”, Gai.,1,129). am hipoTeziT specifikuri instituti _ postliminium (sazRvris xelmeored

gadalaxvis Semdeg damdgari viTareba) ganisazRvreboda. dakargul statuss tyveobidan dabrunebuli

romis moqalaqe kvlav ibrunebda. piris yvela uflebamosileba mas srulad ubrundeboda, garda

mflobelobisa da qorwinebisa (D.49.15.12.49.15.8), vinaidan maTi aRdgena xelaxali nebis gamovlenas iT-

xovda.

piradi Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis dakargva maSinac xdeboda, roca samxedro mtrebs sakuTar

moqalaqes (deditio) Tavad saxelmwifo gadascemda. am proceduras eqvemdebareboda yvela is moqalaqe,

romelmac Segnebulad Seuracxyo ucxoeli elCebi.

Ius gentium-is mixedviT, kanonieri qorwineba (iustum matrimonium) mona qalTan dauSvebeli iyo. amitom

misgan Sobili bavSvi monis statuss iRebda, anu bavSvi monad ibadeboda. Tu bavSvis Casaxvis dros an

orsulobis periodSi, deda mcire xniT Tavisufali iyo, bavSvi Tavisufal moqalaqed ibadeboda

(D.1.5.5.3).

Tavisuflebisadmi aseTi keTilganwyoba (favor libertatis) klasikur periodSi dadginda.

romSi monad qcevis sxva civiluri wesebic arsebobda: 1. iudicium publicum-iT sikvdiliT dasjis an ka-

torRuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis sasjeli monad gayidviT (servus poenae) icvleboda, anu sikvdilmis-

jil an katorRul samuSaoebze gamwesebul pirebs sasjeli monad gayidviT ecvlebodaT.

535 w. iustinianem im pirebis monad qceva, romelTac katorRuli samuSaoebi (in metalum) hqondaT mis-

jili, gaauqma; 2. mona xdeboda is moqalaqec, romelic ver gaivlida perioduli qonebriv cenzs (in

census), an romelic samxedro samsaxurs TaRliTurad aaridebda Tavs; 3. klavdiusis dros miRebuli

senatuskonsultis (SC) Tanaxmad, monasTan mruSobaSi mxilebuli Tavisufali matrona, monis

mebatonis samgzis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, masTan akrZalul kavSirs Tu ar Sewyvetda, monis meba-

tonis mona-qali xdeboda. monadqceuli yofili matronas Svilebi monebad ibadebodnen. Tumca, dedis

monobis miuxedavad, aseTi qalis mier kanonier qorwinebaSi Casaxuli bavSvi, Tavisufal adamianad

ibadeboda. sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis (crimen) Camdeni mona, samarTlebriv dacvas ar eqve-

mdebareboda da mas mxolod, magistratis imperium-is an sakuTari batonis potestas-is gadawyvetilebis

safuZvelze (sasamarTlos gareSe), gamotanili mZime sasjeli efardeboda. Delictum-is Cadenis SemTxve-

vaSi, XII dafis kanonebis Sesabamisad, monas dazaralebuls gadascemdnen (noxae deditio). Tu monis bato-

ni monis dacvas sakuTar Tavze aiRebda, (riTac arsebiTad am monaze sakuTrebis uflebas icavda),

sasamarTlo procesis wagebis SemTxvevaSi, monis batons, TiTqosda aRniSnuli delictum-is uSualod

Camdenis msgavsad, pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda.

akviliusis kanoniT (lex Aquilia) actio noxalis-is wesi, monis mier sxva mesakuTrisaTvis zianis miyenebis

SemTxvevaSic (damnum iniuria datum) igulisxmeboda. Tu mona, ganizraxavda qurdobas da mas danaSaulis

adgilze daakavebdnen (furtum manifestum), XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mas jer rozgavdnen (verberatio),

Semdeg ki tarpeas kldidan (Saxum Tarpeium) agdebdnen (praecipitatio). monisaTvis sxeulebrivi zianis

miyeneba iniuria-ad ganixileboda da misi batonis sasargeblod jarimis gadaxdiT isjeboda. XII dafis

kanonebis Tanaxmad, sxeulis mZime zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi (os fractum), monisaTvis gansazRvruli

jarimis odenoba, Tavisufali adamianisaTvis dadgenil jarimaze, orjer meti iyo.

monis mowmeobas, Tundac samoqalaqo davaze, mxolod im SeTxvevaSi hqonda Zala, Tu gamoZiebis dros

misi Cveneba wamebiT moipoveboda (quaestio). monas evaleboda sakuTari mebatonis usafrTxoebaze zrun-

va, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, verc erTi saxli misTvis usafrTxo ver iqneboda (D.29.5.1).

qr. Sobamde 10 w. miRebul SC Silanianum-iT dadgenda, rom batonis mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, yvela mo-

na, romelic moklulTan erT WerqveS cxovrobda, dakiTxvas eqvemdebareba. Tu romelime mona sakuTar

udanaSaulobas ver daamtkicebda (magaliTad, Zalze sapatio mizeziT, ver daexmara sakuTar batons),

sikvdiliT isjeboda. imave senatuskonsultis safuZvelze, Tu sakuTari batonis mkvlels, mona xeli-

sufalT warudgenda, is Tavisufali adamiani xdeboda (D.29.5.3.139; 35.2.39).

klasikuri periodis romis sazogadoebaSi, stoelTa filosofiis ideebis gavleniT, monisadmi

damokidebuleba Seicvala da es kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda. imperator klavdiusis mmarTvelobis

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dros gamocemuli lex Petronia-Ti, batons monis TviTneburad dasja (misi mxecebisaTvis migdeba)

ekrZaleboda; dasabuTebuli braldebis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sasjeli damnaSaves sasamarTloTi

efardeboda. markus avreliusisa da lucius verusis reskriptiT, mebatones ekrZaleboda monebis

(msgavsi wesiT dasjis mizniT) gayidva. sxvisi monis mkvleloba ara mxolod zianis miyenebad, aramed

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad ganixileboda. imperator klavdiusis ediqtiT, sakuTari monis

dausabuTebeli mkvlelobac dasjadi iyo. batonis mier uyuradRebod mitovebuli avadmyofi mona

Tavisufldeboda da mas laTinTa moqalaqeoba eniWeboda (D.40.8.2). cnobilia, rom imperatorma adria-

nem erT-erTi matrona romidan xuTi wliT gaZevebiT dasaja imitom, rom igi sakuTari mona-qalebis

usafuZvlo dasjaSi amxiles (D.1.6.2). gansakuTrebuli SemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda imperator anto-

ninus piusis mier gamocemuli reskripti (D.1.6.2; Gai.,1.53), romelic monaTa usafuZvlo dasja-

mkvlelobisaTvis sastik sasjels awesebda. qristianul epoqaSi, antoninus piusis reskriptis nawili

imperator konstantines ediqtiT dadasturda, amave reskriptis preambula moxseniebulia iustinianes

institutebSi (Inst. Iustin.1,8,2). am periodSi humanizmis ideebis progresulobaze metyvelebs monebisaTvis

naTesaobisa da ojaxis yolis uflebis micema. marTalia, monas araviTari qoneba ar gaaCnda, magram,

uZvelesi droidanve, meurneobis ganviTarebis mizniT, qonebis garkveuli nawili (peculium) maT

marTvis uflebiT gadaecemoda. pekuliumis Semavali nivTebis Taobaze, monis mier dadebul garige-

baze pasuxismgebloba monis batons ekisreboda. aseTi viTareba mebatonisTvisac xelsayreli iyo,

radgan Tu mona gaazatebas moindomebda, monis mier mebatonisaTvis moparuli an gadamaluli Tanxebi-

dan, mebatones didi gamosasyidis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. gamosasyidis Taobaze monasa da

mebatones Soris SeTanxmeba mesame pirebisaTvis iyo mniSvnelovani. Peculium-i mebatonis sakuTrebaSi

rCeboda da mebatones nemismier dros SeeZlo misi CamoerTva monisaTvis.

Tavisuflebis statusis Taobaze fiqtiuri sasamarTlo procesis dros, monis batoni damcvelis

gancxadebas (adsertor in libertatem) ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, riTac, faqtiuriad, monis gaTavisuflebis pro-

cesSi Tanamonawileobda. aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesi monis gaazatebiT sruldeboda (manumissio

vindicta). saritualo kverTxiT (festuca) sagangebod aRWurvil nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo adsertor in

libertatem-is funqciis Sesruleba. monis mimarT, SeuzRudavi ganmkargvelis poziciis dakavebiT, damcve-

li, faqtiurad, monis batonis statuss (rogorc vindikaciis SemTxvevaSi) utoldeboda. Tumca, am

SemTxvevaSi, vindikantis pretenzia sxva piris kerZo uflebis uaryofas ki ar aRniSnavda, aramed sa-

jaro samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseT pirobebSi, gaazatebis proceduris damswre magist-

ratis mier warmoTqmuli Tavisufali statusis dadastureba (addictio secundum libertatem) sabolood

adgenda yofili monis pirad statuss da misi gaazatebis sakiTxi gasaCivrebas aRar eqvemdebareboda.

sajaro bunebis iyo monis gaazatebis sxva wesebic: 1. batonis brZanebiT monis Seyvana sacenzo siebSi

(manumissio censu), romelsac xuT weliwadSi erTxel adgendnen; 2. monis gaazateba anderZis safuZvel-

ze (manumissio testamento), romelic Tavdapirvelad komiciebSi mtkicdeboda an brZolisaTvis mzad-

myofi jaris winaSe warmoiTqmeboda (Gai., 1,77).

amgvarad, samoqalaqo erToba, mxolod piris statusis Secvlis, dasaSvebi formebis dadgeniT ar

ifargleboda. imavdroulad, is sajaro organoebis meSveobiT akontrolebda moqalaqeTa rangSi im

pirTa Seyvanas, romlebic manamde nivTebad iTvlebodnen. mebatonis nebis gamovlineba, monis mesakuT-

reobaze uaris TqmiT ar izRudeboda da, uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, piris statusis Secvlas isa-

xavda miznad. es Tavisebureba Zalze naTlad gamoixata winaklasikur periodSi SemoRebul gaaza-

tebis wesSi _ gaTavisufleba megobrebis wreSi (manumissio inter amicos). gaazatebis Sesaxeb gadawyveti-

lebas, zepiri an werilobiTi formiT, acxadebdnen, raTa aRniSnuli aqti yru-munjebisaTvisac gasgebi

yofiliyo. Semdeg, am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb atyobinebdnen patronis megobrebs.

aRniSnuli aqtis struqturiT naTlad ikveTeba ori etapi: 1. batonis nebis gamovlena da 2. amis Sesa-

xeb, megobrebisaTvis Setyobineba. Tumca mebatonesTan, keTilSobilebis (fides) safuZvelze, dakavSire-

buli megobrebis roli, mxolod faqtis martivi dadastureba-damowmebiT rodi ifargleboda;

mebatonis nebis Sesrulebis garantiasa da gaazatebulis piradi statusis gansazRvris uzrunvelyo-

fas isini sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen. aRniSnuli aqtis kerZo xasiaTi monis statusis Secvlas ar iwvev-

da, Tumca, ndobis faqtoriT, keTilSobilebisa (fides) da micemuli sityvisadmi erTgulebis principe-

bi, faqtobrivad, monis mdgomareobas Tavisufali piris statusTan aTanabrebda (in libertate morari), ris

gamoc es procesi Seuqcevadi iyo. keTilsindisierebis (fides) darRvevis saSualebas pretori Tavidan

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icilebda, radgan igi ar uSvebda yofili mebatonisagan gaazatebulis vindicatio in servitutem-s,

romelic, ius civle-Ti, amis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.

qr. Sobis 18 an 19 w. miRebuli lex Iunia Norbana-Ti, msgavsi wesiT gaazatebuli pirebi, laTinur moqala-

qeobas iRebdnen, ris gamoc kerZo xasiaTis manumisia, ius civile-s Tanaxmad, namdvili da, maSasadame, sa-

valdebulo Zalis mqone xdeboda. qr. Sobamde 2 w., avgustusis dros miRebuli lex Fufia Caninia-Ti,

anderZis safuZvelze monaTa gaTavisuflebis kvota dadginda; kerZod, aTi monidan mxolod xuTis

gaTavisufleba iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo maqsimumi iyo _ 500-dan 100 mona (Gai.,1,42). qr. Sobis 4 w.

lex Aelia Sentia-Ti kreditorebis sazianod ganxorcielebuli (in fraudem creditoris) manumisia baTilad cxa-

ddeboda (Gai.,1,13;18,23). imave kanoniT, 20 wlamde piris gaazateba, mxolod vindicta-Ti daiSveboda; Tanac

batons, monis gaazatebis safuZvlianoba (iusta causa manumissionis) xuTi senatorisa da xuTi mxedris

(romSi) an oci romaeli moqalaqisagan (provinciebSi) Semdgari krebis (consilium) winaSe unda daemtki-

cebina. aseTi gaazatebis safuZvlad sisxlis naTesaoba, an batonis mier monis sakuTar pedagogad

aRiareba, an monis mebatonis meurneobis mmarTvelad daniSvna, an mona qalTan kanonieri qorwinebis

dadeba miiCneoda (Gai.,1,19). es SezRudvebi vrceldeboda 30 wlamde asakis gaazatebulebzec, romel-

Ta manumisia, causa probatio-s gareSe, maT latini coloniarii-ebad xdida xolme. elius senciusis kanonis

Tanaxmad, danaSaulis Camdeni damRadadebuli monebis gaazateba, iaraRiT dapyrobili ucxoelebis

(peregrini dediticii) statusis miniWebiT xdeboda. gaiusi aseT statuss `pessima libertas~ _ yvelaze cud

Tavisuflebas _ uwodebda, vinaidan misi mflobeli romis moqalaqeobas verasdros iRebda.

klasikur periodSi gaazatebis erT-erT saSualebad fideikomisi (libertas fideicommissaria) iqca _ saan-

derZo danakisris saSualebiT moanderZis mier memkvidrisaTvis, monis gaazatebis moTxovna. gaazate-

bulis axali patroni moanderZis memkvidre xdeboda. Tu memkvidre moanderZis nebas ar Seasrulebda,

monas sakuTari uflebis dacva, sagangebo pretorTan (praetor fideicommissarius) saCivris SetaniT

SeeZlo. qr. Sobis 103 w. gamocemuli SC Rubrianum-iT dadginda: Tu memkvidre sasamarTlo gadawyveti-

lebas ar daemorCileboda, mona, magistratis pronuntiatio ZaliT, Tavisuflebas iRebda, rac ius

honorarium-iT gansazRvruli iyo (D.40.5.26.7).

II. Liberti (ucxoelebi)

Libertus, libertinus (gaazatebuli); patronus (patroni); obsequium (pativiscema); operae libertorum (patronisaTvis

gaweuli momsaxureba); ingennus (Tavisuflad Sobili).

iustinianes instituciebis pirveli wignis III Tavis 5 punqti da V Tavi gaazatebulTa statuss

ganmartaven.

III Tavis 5 punqtis Tanaxmad: `TavisufalTa Soris ki mravali gansxvaveba arsebobs, vinaidan isini an

dabadebiT Tavisufalni arian, an _ gaazatebiT~. V Tavi mTlianad gaazatebulTa statuss exeba: «gaa-

zatebulni arian is pirebi, romlebic kanonieri monobidan ganTavisufldnen. xolo gaazateba ki

Tavisuflebis micemaa, vinaidan vidre vinme monobaSia, igi (sxvis) xelsa da xelisuflebas eqvemdeba-

reba, xolo gaazatebuli (am) xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeba. am viTarebas dasabami eZleva xalxis

samarTlidan, vinaidan bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela Tavisufali ibadeba; radgan monoba ar

arsebobda, monis ganTavisuflebac (gaazatebac), ucnobi iyo... gaazateba mravalnairad xdeboda: saxel-

dobr, an wminda konsituciiT wminda saxalxo krebebze, an vindiqtiT, an megobrebis winaSe, an weri-

liT, an anderZiT, an sxva nebismieri saxiT ukanaskneli nebis gamovleniT...»

Tavisuflad Sobili romaeli moqalaqeebisagan, gaazatebulni (liberti, libertini), sajaro uflebebis

moculobiT gansxvavdebodnen. kerZo samrTlis mixedviT, maTi mdgomareobis Taviseburebas, yofili

batonis (patronus) da misi ojaxis mimarT, garkveuli damokidebuleba ganapirobebda.

sakuTari patronis mimarT gaazatebulebs (libertis) pativiscema hmarTebdaT (obsequium), rac sajaro

saqmeebSi TanadgomiT da momsaxurebis gaweviT (operae libertorum) igulisxmeboda. cxadia, msgavsi

SezRudvebi ar vrceldeboda im monebze, romelTac Tavisufleba anderZis safuZvelze hqondaT mopo-

vebuli. rogorc wesi, obsequium patronis daRmavali xazis naTesavebzec vrceldeboda. liberts ar

SeeZlo: 1. sakuTari patronis an misi Svilebis crimen publicum CadenaSi dadanaSauleba (D.48,2,8);

2. xolo patronis an misi memkvidreebis sasamarTloSi (in ius vocatio) gamoZaxeba mxolod pretoris

78

TanxmobiT SeiZleboda (D.2,4,4).

patronisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba SromiTi saqmianobiT gamoixateboda: garkveuli drois ganmavlo-

baSi, sazeimo ficis ZaliT, gaazatebuls, sakuTari ostatobis farglebSi, batonisaTvis sasargeblo

Sromis Sesruleba evaleboda. gaazatebulis mimarT, mebatonis mier Tavisi mdgomareobis borotad

gamoyenebis faqtebma (uzomo valdebulebebis dakisrebam, Tavisuflebis sanacvlod Zvirfasi saCuqre-

bis moTxovnam) pretor rutiliusis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, ris gamoc man qr. Sobamde 118 w.

gamocemul ediqtSi Seitana debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, normalur SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebriv

dacvas (iudicatum operarium) mxolod patronis ufleba operae-ze (Tavisufali adamianebisaTvis

Rirseuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianoba) eqvemdebareboda. sasamarTlo dacva actio societatis-s safuZ-

velze, im garemoebebzec vrceldeboda, roca gaazatebulsa da mis mepatrones Soris arsebuli

obsequium-is Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba irRveoda da maT Soris libertis mTeli qonebis momcveli

amxanagobis (societas) xelSekruleba warmoiSoboda. (D.38,2,1,1). mogvianebiT, pretorma, patronis sasar-

geblod, anderZis sawinaaRmdegod samkvidros floba (bonorum possessio contra tabulas) daadgina im SemTx-

vevisTvis, Tu gaazatebuli uSvilod gadagvardeboda an sakuTar Svilebs memkvidreobis uflebas

CamoarTmevda. Tu liberti momsaxurebis gawevis Taobaze, patronisaTvis sazeimod micemul fics

darRvevda, yvela SemTxvevaSi, gaazatebulis samkvidro qonebidan patroni naxevar wils iRebda.

XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze, pretoruli dadgenilebis gareSec, uanderZod gar-

dacvlili gaazatebulis qoneba patrons adgnatio-s uflebiT gadaecemoda.

Lex Papia Poppea, mdidari gaazatebulis mimarT Semdeg moTxovnebs adgenda: 1. Tu gaazatebuli (liberti)

flobda 100 aTas sisterciis Rirebulebaze met qonebas (anu igi Zalian mdidari iyo), patronis sasar-

geblod mas samkvidros naxevris gadacema evaleboda (Tu mxolod erTi memkvidre hyavda, xolo ori

da meti memkvidris yolis SemTxvevaSi _ qonebis 1/3). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas sami da meti Svili

(memkvidre) rCeboda, gaazatebuli am movaleobidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. Agnatio uflebis Tanaxmad, yve-

la SemTxvevaSi, patroni sakuTari gaazatebuli qalis meurved da mis memkvidred xdeboda; 3. kanoni

meurveobidan aTavisuflebda mxolod oTxi Svilis gaazatebul dedas. patronatis urTierTobebi

mamidan Svilze gadadioda, patronis Svilebs gaazatebulis memkvidred yofna SeeZloT.

patronatis urTierTobebi samisdReSio xasiaTis iyo.

gaazatebulis (libertati) Svilebi TavsufladSobilebad (ingenui) iTvlebodnen. principatis periodSi,

imperatoris nebiT, TavisufladSobilis statusis miniWeba gaxSirda (nalatium restitutio) (D.40,11,1).

III. Peregrini (ucxoelebi)

Commercium (samoqalaqo brunva); ius commercii (civiluri garigebis dadebis ufleba); ius migrandi (romSi

gadasaxlebis ufleba); ius conubii (qorwinebaSi Sesvlis ufleba); ius honorum (pasiuri saarCevno ufleba

- Tanamdebobebze arCevis ufleba); ius suffragii (aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba); Latini prisci (Zveli laTinebi);

Latini coloniarii (koloniebis laTinebi); Latini Iuniani (gaazatebuli, romelmac moqalaqeoba iunia norbanas

kanoniT moipova); peregrini nullius civitatis (ucxoelebi, romlebic samoqalaqo Temebs ar miekuTvnebian); iura

peregrinorum (adgilobrivi araromauli samarTali); peregrini dediticii (iaraRiT dapyrobili Temebi).

Ius civile samoqalaqo eqskluziuroba (rogorc mxolod romis moqalaqeebis ufleba) aramoqalaqeTa

(hostes, peregrini) gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv statuss ganapirobebda. maTTan dadebuli

garigebebis namdviloba _ commercium _ specialuri kanoniT iyo gansazRvruli. XII dafis kanonebiT

ukve iyo gaTvaliswinebuli ramdenime saxeobis iuridiuli aqti, romelTa gaformeba dasaSvebi iyo

ucxoelTa im kategoriasTan, romelic romael xalxTan megobrobis xelSekrulebas debda. maTve eni-

WebodaT sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. TandaTanobiT, maTi statusis Sesa-

bamisad, SemuSavebuli iqna ucxoelebis zogadi klasifikacia.

1. romis moqalaqeebTan yvelaze meti siaxloviT uZvelesi laTinebi (latini prisci) _ laciumis terito-

riaze mdebare qalaqebis moqalaqeebi gamoirCeodnen. isini romis egidiT Seqmnil laTinuri ligis

SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 338 w. misi daSlis Semdeg, maT yvela is ufleba

SeinarCunes, romlebsac qr. Sobamde 493 w. flobdnen: a) laTinebs (ligis nebismieri qalaqis

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mcxovrebs) romaelebTan ius civile-Ti garigebebis dadeba (ius commercii), b) romis teritoriaze

dasaxleba, g) romis moqalaqed gaxdoma (ius migrandi) da d) romaelebTan kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesv-

la (ius conubii) SeeZloT.

qr. Sobamde II saukunidan, romis respublikis periodSi, dapyrobil miwebze romaelebma koloniebi

Seqmnes, xolo kolonistebs laTini moqalaqeebis statusi (colonii civium Latinorum) mianiWes.

338 wlis Semdeg, aRniSnuli koloniebis moqalaqeebma gansakuTrebuli statusi _ latini coloniarii _ mii-

Res. am kategoriis pirebs miniWebuli hqondaT ius migrandi da ius commercii, magram ius conubii-s ufleba

maT ar gaaCndaT. amave periodSi is laTinebi, romlebmac sakuTar TemebSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis

dakaveba SesZles, romis moqalaqeobas iRebdnen da romSi politikuri karieris gakeTebis, anu e.w. ius

honorum-is uflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT. aRniSnuli viTarebis Sedegad, laTinuri qa-

laqebisa da koloniebis politikurma elitam ormoqalaqeoba miiRo; Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom

realurad es faqti aseTad ar miiCneoda, radgan, Cveulebriv, latini coloniarii romauli warmomavlobisa-

ni iyvnen. Tu amasve davumatebT romis saxalxo krebebze (daswrebis SemTxvevaSi) xmis micemis

uflebas (ius suffragii), romelic laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis mosaxleobas hqonda miniWebuli,

cxadi gaxdeba, rom romaul da laTinur moqalaqeobas Soris sxvaoba araarsebiTi iyo da Tavisuf-

lad SeiZleboda erTi moqalaqeobis meoreTi Secvla.

gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo: 1. faqtobrivi sacxovrebeli adgili da, aqedan gamomdinare _

2. garkveuli samoqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba. laTinur koloniaSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg,

romaeli laTini moqalaqe xdeboda, Tumca romSi dabruneba Tavisuflad SeeZlo.

ori statusis siaxloveze naTlad metyvelebs is wesic, romelic gaazatebulis samoqalaqo statuss

gansazRvravda: 1. kanonieri qorwinebis Semdeg, laTinuri statusis mqone gaazatebuli (Latini Aeliani),

romis moqalaqeobas Tavisuflad iZenda (elius senciusis kanoniT _ 30 wlamde axalgazrdebi, xolo

vespasianes droidan _ uklebliv yvela); 2. Tu laTini romis moqalaqeze iqorwinebda, adrianes dros

miRebuli senatuskonsultiT, am qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvi romis moqalaqe xdeboda;

3. klavdiusidan moyolebuli _ traianemde, laTinebis mier romis moqalaqeobis miReba princefsis

konstituciebiT wesrigdeboda.

axal laTinur TemebSi sabazo samarTls sistemad ius civile iTvleboda (lex Irnitana, 93), maSin, roca po-

litikuri sistemisa da sasamarTlo organizaciis specifika erTnairi municipaluri kanoniT

gansazRvreboda. romis moqalaqeebsa da laTinebs Soris warmoqmnili qonebrivi da piradi urTierTo-

bebi romauli samarTlebrivi institutebis Tanaxmad regulirdeboda.

Lex Iunia Norbana safuZvelze gaazatebuli pirebis (Latini Iuniani) samarTlebrivi statusi mniSvnelovani

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda. am kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen is pirebi, romlebic arc erT laTinur

Tems ar miekuTvnebodnen da, amrigad, samoqalaqo kavSirebis sistemaSi, maTi laTinuri statusi

erTgvar defeqtur mdgomareobaze metyvelebda. romis moqalaqeTa mimarT, latini Iiniani arc ius conubii-iT

da arc aqtiuri an pasiuri anderZis datovebis, an anderZiT qonebis miRebis (testamenti factio), uflebas

flobdnen. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, sruli uflebaunarianoba gaaCndaT (universaluri fideikomisebis

mixedviT, romis moqalaqeebidan samkvidros miRebis uflebac ki hqondaT); laTinebis mimarT, romis

samarTliT daculi maTi statusi araviTar SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis an laTinuri moqa-

laqeobis uflebebs provinciebis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba (samokavSireo omamde _ italiac) ar flobda.

provinciebis samoqalaqo Temebs romTan xelSekrulebebi hqondaT dadebuli, romlebiTac maTi avto-

nomiis xarisxi ganisazRvreboda.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen: 1. formalurad damoukidebel Temebs _ civitates peregrinae liberae et

foeredatae; 2. damokidebul Temebs _ civitates nostro iure obstictae, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofodnen:

a) avtonomiis uflebebis mqoned; b) dapyrobil Temebad _ peregrini dediticii, romlebic uSualod romis

provinciuli administraciis gamgeblobaSi Sediodnen. avtonomiuri Temebis moqalaqeebze maTive,

adgilobrivi samarTali vrceldeboda.

dapyrobili Temebis mosaxleoba, anu samoqalaqo Temis miRma myofi, ucxoelebi (peregrini nullius civitatis)

eqvemdebareboda romaeli nacvlis xelisuflebas, romlis imperium-ze formaluri SezRudvebic ki ar

vrceldeboda. Tumca, praqtikulad, maT mimarT mainc adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs (iura peregrinum)

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iyenebdnen. nebismier peregrins SeeZlo moeTxova romaeli provinciuli magistratis sasamarTlos iu-

risdiqcia da misi saqme am provinciaSi moqmedi, ius gentium, an ius honorarium samarTlis normebis

mixedviT ganixileboda.

212 wels imperator karakalas ediqtis (Constitutio Antoniniana) miRebis Semdeg, pirTa statusis Tval-

sazrisiT, mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. aRniSnuli ediqtiT, imperiis mTel mosaxleobas

romis moqalaqeoba mieniWa. yvela saxis civitates peregrinae gauqmda da ius civile xmelTaSuazRvis auzis

samarTlis ZiriTad sistemad iqca. Tumca, aRmosavleTis provinciebSi, sadac maRalganviTarebuli

adgilobrivi samarTlebrivi kultura hqondaT, jer kidev adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs iyenebd-

nen. romis moqalaqeoba eniWeboda soflis im mosaxleobas, romelic arc erT TemSi ar Sedoda. am

dromde gavrcelebuli T. momzenis azri, TiTqos Constitutio Antoniniana ar vrceldeboda peregrini nullius

civitatis (peregrini dediticii)-ze, mTlad safuZvliani ver iqneba, vinaidan, am kategoriidan dediticii Aeliani da

latini Iuniani gamoiricxebodnen.

IV. Personae alieni iuris (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi)

Personae in potestate (daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piri); in manu (xelisuflebaSi yofna); in mancipio (sxva

pirisaTvis mancipirebuli, xelqveiTi piri); paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi); persona aliena iurus (sxvisi

xelqveiTi piri); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisuflebis piri); filius familias (ojaxis vaJiSvili); filiae familias

(ojaxis qaliSvili); filiae loco (cum manu tipis qorwinebisas cols ojaxis ufrosTan mimarTebiT SviliSvilis statusi hqonda, xolo qmarTan mimarTebiT _ qaliSvilis).

Sequitur de iure personarum alia divisio. Nam quaedam personae sui iuris sunt, quaedam alieno iuri subiectae sunt _ pirTa

uflebebis sferoSi sxva dayofac arsebobs. vinaidan zogierTi piri TviTxelisuflebis, zogic sxvisi

uflebis xelqveiTia.

Rursus earum personarum, quae alieno iur, subiectae sunt, aliae in potestate, aliae in manu, aliae in mancipio sunt _ Semdeg, im

pirTa Soris, vinc sxvisi xelisuflebis morCilia, erTni ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi, meoreni

qmris xelisuflebaSi, sxvebi ki gankargviT xelisuflebaSi imyofebian (Gai,1,48-49).

iustinianes institutebis pirveli wignis VIII TavSi ganmartebulia damoukidebeli da sxvebze damoki-

debuli pirebis mdgomareoba: `pirTa uflebebis sxvagvar dayofas iyenebdnen. vinaidan zogi piri saku-

Tari uflebis mqone (e.i. Tavisufali) iyo, zogic sxvis uflebas eqvemdebareboda; meore mxriv, maTgan,

vinc sxvis uflebas eqvemdebareboda, zogi mSoblis xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda, zogi ki _ batonebisa

(monaTmflobelobis)~.

monebi sxvis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) imyofebodnen; monaze batonis xelisufleba xalxis samar-

Tals (potestas iuris gentium) miekuTvneba. ojaxis Tavisufali wevrebi (liberi) _ vaJiSvilebi (filii familias) da

qaliSvilebi (filiae familias), daRmavali xaziT sxva naTesavebi, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuf-

lebaSi imyofebodnen; bavSvebze xelisufleba (patria potestas) ius civile-s instituti iyo (ius proprium civium

Romanorum (Gai.,1.55).

kanonieri meuRle, romelmac conventio in manu ganaxorciela, qmris xelisuflebaSi (in manu)

imyofeboda. Tu misi qmari sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) iyo, maSin coli,

erTdroulad, sakuTari qmrisa (in manu mariti) da misi ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate)

Sedioda; amiT mas ojaxSi qmris qaliSvilisa da ojaxis ufrosis SviliSvilis adgili hqonda mi-

kuTvnebuli (filiae loco).

qmris xelisuflebaSi gadasvliT qali sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeboda

da sxva piris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. Tu qali TviTxelisufali piri iyo, qorwinebis Semdeg

sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri xdeboda.

In mancipio imyofeba sxva ojaxis ufrosisadmi mancipirebuli xelqveiTi piri (Cveulebriv, miyenebuli

zaralis anazRaurebis mizniT _ Gai.,1,140). aseTi piris Svilebi sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis _ papis _

xelisuflebaSi imyofebian, anu xelisuflebaSi myofi (in mancipio) piri, imavdroulad, potenciurad

sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis in potestate-Si imyofeba. mancipacia (mancipium) da mamis xelisufleba (patria

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potestats) erTmaneTs brunvadi (samoqalaqo brunvisadmi mikuTvnebuli) da statikuri uflebamosilebis

saxiT Seefardeboda. sxvis xelisuflebaSi yofna piris sajaro uflebebze gavlenas ver axdenda

(D.1.6.9), Tumca, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mis uflebauunarobis ganmsazRvreli iyo.

sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi myof pirebs sakuTreba ar gaaCniaT, maT mier SeZenili raime nivTi, ojaxis

ufrosis sasargeblod SeZenilad iTvleboda. aseT pirebs damoukideblad ar SeeZloT iseTi iuri-

diuli garigebis dadeba, romelic maT mdgomareobas daamZimebda (magaliTad, gasxviseba, sakuTar Tav-

ze valdebulebebis aReba). aseTi aqtebis namdvilobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo ojaxis ufrosis nebis

gamovlena (auctoritas). xelisuflebaSi myofi piri qorwinebaSi mxolod ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)

Tanxmobis Semdeg Sedioda. ojaxis ufrosi avtomaturad xdeboda mis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris

(Tavisuflis an monis) mier, xandazmulobiT SeZenili qonebis (usucapio) mflobeli.

romis samarTalSi uflebaunarianobis aRniSnuli SezRudva mxolod kerZo sawyiss efuZneboda da

winasaxelmwifoebrivi epoqis socialuri organizaciis _ patriarqaluri ojaxis (familia) _ xaziT

Camoyalibebis principebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. adamians, geneologiurad, sakuTari Tavi gark-

veuli jgufis nawilad miaCnda da sakuTari moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis siswores winaparTa

nebas usadagebda. winaparTa sulebsa da cocxlad myofTa Soris mediatorad, ojaxis yvelaze uxuce-

si da, Sesabamisad, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos myofi _ ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) iyo. winaparTa

kultisa da saojaxo siwmindeTa (sacra familiares) mcveli, Sesabamisad, winapris saqmeebisa da ojaxis

wevrTa saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeli piri iyo. Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi am patara lideris

avtoriteti ojaxze (familia) mis pirad Zalauflebad _ patria potestas _ aRiqmeboda; ojaxis wevrebs,

ojaxis ufrosis mimarT, morCileba da pativiscema hmarTebdaT. igives iTxovda dadgenili marTlwes-

rigic.

klasikuri gagebiT, ojaxis (familia) wevrebi _ sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad (personae in aliena

potestate), an iuridiulad sxvis xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebul pirebad (personae alieno iuri subiectae), an

xelqveiT pirebad (personae alieni iuris) moixsenebian.

Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi ojaxis ufrosi TviTxelisufal pirad _ persona sui iuris-ad warmog-

vidgeboda. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) sakuTar xelisuflebasa da uflebas morCilebda, imavdrou-

lad, sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni da damoukidebeli pirovneba iyo. xelisuflebaSi myofTa statu-

si, maTi TviTRirebuleba SefardebiTi iyo da mxolod ojaxis ufrosis samarTalsubieqtobis

anarekls warmoadgenda.

ulpianes azriT, potestatis verbum communiter accipiendum est tam in filio quam in servo _ sityva `potestas~ (xelisuf-

leba) ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT rogorc xelisuflebaSi myofi vaJiSvilis, ise

monasTan mimarTebiT (D.15.1.1.5).

Svilebis mimarT gamoyenebuli sityva _ liberi _ asaxavda im pirvandel viTarebas, roca isini, xelisuf-

lebis (potestas) saerTo safuZvelze, monebis msgavsad ganixilebodnen; maT Soris sxvaoba mxolod

sajaro samarTliT dasturdeboda, romlis Tanaxmadac, liberi anu Svilebi, sityvasityviT Tavisufals

niSnavda.

saojaxo erTeulis _ potestas _ cneba saojaxo struqturis yvela doneze vrceldeboda, anu es iyo

zogadi cneba, romelic xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa yvela saxis mdgomareobasa da garemoebas moi-

cavda. In potestas-ad yofna ara mxolod morCilebas, aramed, garkveuli damoukideblobis mqone, socia-

luri erTeulisadmi kuTvnilebasac niSnavda. In potestate an cum potestate pirebs romaelebi upirispi-

rebdnen imaT, vinc potestate-dan gamoricxuli an, saerTod, mis miRma iyo. es viTareba iuridiul

konstruqciaSic aisaxa da Semdegs gulisxmeboda: ojaxidan gasvlas Tan sdevda TviTxelisuflebis

SeZena da uflebaunarianobis Semcireba (capitis deminutio minima).

Sui iuris pirad qcevis Semdeg (Tumca, sakuTari familia-s miRma) piri ara imdenad sakuTari ojaxis

ufrosis (patesfamilias) mimarT damoukideblobas iZenda, ramdenadac mfarvelobasa da socialur stabi-

lurobas kargavda, romelic pirdapir da uSualod, garkveuli avtonomiuri erTeulisadmi, kuTvnile-

bis princips ukavSirdeboda.

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V. Capitis deminutio (uflebaunarianobis damcroba)

Status libertatis (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); status civitatis (moqalaqeoba); status familiae (ojaxisadmi kuTvnile-

ba); capitis deminutio maxima, media, minima (uflebaunarianobis sruli, nawilobrivi, minimaluri damcroba);

peculium castrense (sabanako pekuliumi); bona materna (dedis qoneba).

romis samarTali piris sam statuss ganasxvavebda: status libertatis, status civitatis, status familiae, anu eseni

romis is moqalaqeebi iyvnen, romlebic im ojaxs (familia) ekuTvnodnen, romelSic daibadnen da samive

statuss flobdnen; sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebidan gasuli da ojaxis miRma

myofi pirebi or status, xolo Tavisufali ucxoelebi (peregrini) _ mxolod erT statuss flobdnen.

Patria potestas da patriarqaluri ojaxi _ familia _ wminda romauli institutebia.

iustinianes instituciebis I wignis IV TavSi mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, `Tavisuflad (Tavisu-

fal pirad) dabadebulia is, vinc dabadebisTanave Tavisufalia, gind igi ori Tavisuflad dabadebu-

li [piris] qorwinebisgan daibados, gindac _ orive gaazatebulis da gindac _ erTi Tavisuflad

dabadebulis da meore gaazatebulis. xolo Tu vinme Tavisufali dedisa da mona mamisgan ibadeba,

igi mainc Tavisufal [pirad] ibadeba, zustad iseve, rogorc is, vinc Tavisufali dedisa da ucnobi

mamisgan daibada, radgan igi [kanonieri] qorwinebis gareSe Caisaxa. meore mxriv, sakmarisia, rom deda

Tavisufali iyos im dros, rodesac [bavSvi] ibadeba, Tundac [igi man] mxevlad yofnisas Casaxos, da

piriqiT, Tu Tavisufalma Casaxa da Semdeg mxvlad gamxdarma dabada, dadgenilia, rom is, vinc ibade-

ba, Tavisufali daibados, vinaidan dedis ubedurebam ar unda avnos mas, vinc muclad aris...

1. xolo Tavisuflad dabadebuls ar avnebs is [garemoeba], rom igi monobaSi iyo da Semdeg iqna

ganTavisuflebuli (gaazatebuli), radgan mravaljer daadgines, rom gaazateba dabadebis mdgomareo-

bas ar vnebs~.

piris sami statusis Tanadroulad, arsebobda uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxic: capitis

deminutio maxima, media et minima (Gai.,1,158-162). D.4.5.11 digestebSi uflebaunarianobis damcrobis

aRniSnuli xarisxebis Sesaxeb weria: ìm sami mdgomareobis _ Tavisufleba, moqalaqeoba, ojaxi _

mixedviT, romelTac Cven vflobT, arsebobs uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxi: sruli, nawi-

lobrivi da minimaluri. yvela maTganis, anu Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobisa da ojaxis statusis

dakargviT, uflebaunarianobis yvelaze didi damcroba xdeba; moqalaqeobis dakargvisas radgan Tavi-

sufleba SenarCunebulia, uflebaunarianobis saSualo damcroba xdeba; xolo Tavisuflebisa da mo-

qalaqeobis SenarCunebisas, Tu mxolod saojaxo statusi ikargeba, maSin uflebaunarianobis damcro-

ba minimalurad iTvleba~.

`Caput~ _ uflebaunarianobas niSnavda da uSualod adamianis erTiani koleqtivis wevrobaze miuTi-

Tebda. Tavdapirvelad, capitis deminutio-s mxolod or safexurs ganasxvavebdnen: maxima da minima, rac

uSualod Tavisuflebisa (libertas) da moqalaqeobis (civitas) institucionaluri urTierTkavSiris piro-

bebs Seesabameboda. termini `capitis deminutio~ iTargmneba, rogorc èrTi TaviT Semcireba~, da sazoga-

doebrivi kavSiris wevrobis Sewyvetaze miuTiTebda (cvlilebis arsi swored es iyo).

piri, romelic gamovidoda jgufidan, statuss icvlida, radgan masze jgufuri privilegiebi veRar

gavrceldeboda. sazogadoebrivi kavSirebidan gamodevna ki, pirs jgufSi dadgenili normebis moqmede-

bis miRma tovebda da mis daucvelobas ganapirobebda. uflebauunarobis ori xarisxis arseboba or

socialur kavSirze _ Temsa (civitas) da ojaxze (familia) miuTiTebda. maTdami kuTvnileba piris samarT-

lebrivi statusis sisrules uzrunvelyofda, statusTa ierarqia ki samoqalaqo Temisadmi ojaxis

morCilebaze metyvelebda.

imavdroulad, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, statusis Secvla capitis deminutio

minima-s gareSec SeiZleboda; ojaxis ufrosis daRmavali xazis naTesavebi (Svilebi, cum manu qorwi-

nebaSi myofi meuRle), TviTxelisufalni (persona sui iuris) xdebodnen da aRniSnul ojaxSi yvela ufle-

bas inarCunebdnen. Tu ojaxis erTi wevri meore ojaxSi qmris xelisuflebaSi (conventio in manum mariti)

gadasvliT, an Svilad ayvanis (adoptio) gziT, kvlav xelisuflebaSi myofad (alieni iuris) rCeboda, imis

maniSnebeli iyo, rom misi statusi ar Secvlila. Tumca, ojaxis Secvla Zvel ojaxTan uSualod

dakavSirebuli uflebebis _ memkvidreobiTi, sameurveo da sxva uflebebis _ dakargvas niSnavda. sxva

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ojaxSi analogiuri uflebebis mopoveba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. ojaxisadmi kuTvnileba ara mar-

to dadebiT uflebamosilebebs uzrunvelyofda, aramed piris statussac adgenda. praqtikulad ki, es

Semdegs niSnavda: saojaxo solidarobas, erTi ojaxis yvela wevrTa urTierTpasuxismgeblobasa da

samarTalsubieqtobis erTobliobas.

VI. Persona (piri)

romis samarTalSi `piris~ (`persona~) cnebiT, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtis tipuri, universa-

luri idea aRiniSneboda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, piri (persona) urTierTobebis monawile piris iuridiul

mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda.

adamianuri arseba fizikur pirad (persona) mas Semdeg miiCneoda, rac: 1. Cvili dedis sxeuls gamoe-

yofoda, 2. daibadeboda cocxali, 3. adamianis ier-saxiT da 4. fizikurad sakmarisad Camoyalibebuli.

dedis saSoSi myofi bavSvi (nasciturus, venter, partus nondum editus) ara fizikur pirad, aramed dedis sxeu-

lis nawilad miiCneoda. axali drois iuristebis formulirebis Tanaxmad, igi iyo dedis saSoSi

myofi Cvili, romelsac hqonda yvela is ufleba (socialuri statusi, memkvidred yofna), rac daba-

debisTanave eniWeboda (nasciturus pro iam nato habetur, quoties de commodis eius agitur). aRniSnuli uflebebis

dasacavad, jer kidev ardabadebul bavSvs qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator ventris) eniS-

neboda. amis gamo, SesaZloa Svili gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani gamxdariyo. magaliTad, fexmZi-

mobis periodSi dedas mis gamosakvebad sarCo (alimenta) eniSneboda. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, dedis

sxeulisagan Svilis gancalkevebas mniSvneloba ar hqonda Semdeg viTarebaTa gamo: 1. iustinianes

Tanaxmad, Cvilis sicocxlisunarianobis dasadgenad sakmarisad iTvleboda axalSobilis dayvireba.

piris cnebis dasadgenad sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda; 2. normalurad miCneu-

li adamianis sxeulisagan (sxeulis nawilebis uCveulo raodenoba, siamis tyupebi da sxva) umniSvne-

lo gadaxra, axalSobilisaTvis piris statusis CamorTmevis safuZvlad ar miiCneoda. Zvel romaelebs

sagagebod ar daudgeniaT is naklovanebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamiani maxinjad (monstrum) unda

miCneuliyo. zogierTi iuristis azriT, uCveulo Tavis formis mqone Cvili maxinjad (monstrum)

iTvleboda; 3. axalSobilis samarTlis subieqtad miCnevis TvalsazrisiT, iyo sadavo viTareba, roca

bavSvis saTanado ganviTarebis done eqspertTa daskvnas saWiroebda. ase, magaliTad, muclis mowyve-

tis Sedegad cocxladSobili bavSvi pirad (persona) ver CaiTvleboda; samagierod, dRenakluli, mag-

ram saTanadod ganviTarebuli Cvili, pirad (persona) iTvleboda.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, dadgenili iyo iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone arsebiTi xasiaTis sxvao-

bebi piris mimarT; kerZod, es iyo: sqesi, asaki, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, naTesauri kavSiri, samo-

qalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili.

1) Sexus (sqesi)

romis samarTali mxolod or sapirispiro sqess _ mamrobiT da mdedrobiT _ aRiarebda. Sesabamisad,

arasrulyofili sqesobrivi monacemebis mqone pirebs (hermaphroditae) im sqess akuTvnebdnen, rom-

lisadmi midrekilebac individSi ufro Warbobda. sajaro samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT (saidanac

momdinareobda qalis uunaroba sameurveo saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT), adamianTa sqesobriv sxvaobas

kerZo samarTali did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. romis samarTali mxedvelobaSi iRebda qalis, Seda-

rebiT swarf mowifulobas da aqedan gamomdinare, qalis srulwlovanebis asakad 12 wlis asaks

adgenda. imavdroulad, romis samarTliT qals SedarebiT naklebi damoukidebloba eniWeboda, radgan,

sayovelTaod miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT, qali naklebad icnobda sa-

marTals, rac mas xels uSlida sakuTari uflebebis dacvaSi. amis gamo, zogjer, qals samudamo meur-

veobasac ki uwesebdnen.

2) Aetas (asaki)

romis samarTliT, adamianis qmedunarianoba, ZiriTadad, asakis safuZvelze ganisazRvreboda. Cveu-

lebriv, nebis gamovlenis unari adamianSi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda da yoveli adamiani am viTa-

rebas gansxvavebulad ganicdida. amitom, samarTliT dadginda is ori, tipuri da sayovelTaod aRia-

rebuli asakobrivi etapi, SeZlebisdagvarad rom asaxavda adamianis gonebrivi da fizikuri ganvi-

Tarebis dones anu arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) da srulwlovanebis asaki (puberes).

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Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli maTgani kidev or periodad dayves:

1. arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) iyofoda: a) Svid wlamde asakis (infantes, qui fari non

possunt) bavSvebi, romlebic sruliad qmeduunaroni iyvnen; b) vaJebi 14 wlis asakamde da gogonebi

12 wlis asakamde (qui fari possunt, e.w. infantia maiores, prokulianes Tanaxmad, rasac iustinianec

daeTanxma). aRniSnuli asakis orive piri raimes SesaZenad _ qmedunarianad, magram valdebulebebis

dasadebad, qonebis gasasxviseblad, anderZiT memkvidreobis gansakargavad _ qmeduunarod miiCneoda.

2. srulwlovanebis asaki (puberes) miiCneoda vaJebisaTvis _ 14, xolo gogonebisaTvis 12 wlis asaki.

Zveli romauli samarTliT, srulwlovani mamakacebi srulad qmedunarianni, qalebi ki _ nawilobriv

qmedunarianni iyvnen da amitom mancipaciis (mantipatio) damoukideblad ganxorcielebisa da anderZis

datovebis ufleba ar hqondaT. mogvianebiT, 25 wlamde srulwlovanebs (minores viginti quinque annis)

zogi upiratesoba miecaT. magaliTad, restitutio in integrum. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xeli-

suflebaSi armyof arasrulovnebs (minores) ki garkveuli saxis meurveoba (cura) an mzrunveloba

(tutela) eniSneboda.

sqesis ganurCevlad ganasxvavebdnen srulwlovanebis or periods: a) arasrulyofil srulwlovnebs

(puberes minores), romlebic mamis xelisuflebaSi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi srulad uflebauunaroTa

(infantia maiores) mdgomareobas iZendnen da SeZenis, valdebulebis aRebis, marTlsawinaaRmdego

qmedebaze pasuxisgebis ufleba ar hqondaT. Tumca, pirTa aRniSnuli kategoria (impuberes infantia-sa da

maiores-gan gansxvavebiT) anderZiT memkvidreobiT gadacemisa da ficis dadebis upiratesobiT

sargeblobda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, 20 wels gadacilebuli vaJebi da 18 wels gadacilebuli

qaliSvilebi, imperatoris reskriptiT, srulwlovanebas iZendnen (veniam aetatis impetrare).

b) 25 wels gadacilebuli pirebi (puberes maiores legitimae aetatis) sruli moculobiT srulwlovanebad

iTvlebodnen. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, kanoniT maT sruli qmedunarianoba eniWebodaT.

3) Sanitas (janmrTeloba)

piris qmedunarianobaze uSualo gavlenas axdenda daavadeba (farTo gagebiT, gadaxra adamianis

sxeulis normaluri ganviTarebidan). ganasxvavebdnen fizikur da sulier daavadebas: a) fizikur

daavadebad miiCneoda sxeulis aranormaluri mdgomareoba an raime fizikuri nakli (vitium: yru-munji,

brma, kastrati, an calkeul organoTa daavadeba (morbus), uSviloba (spadones)). qmedunarianobis

TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnul pirTa mimarT, garkveuli SezRudvebi arsebobda; magaliTad, yru-munji ver

dadebda iseT garigebas, romlis drosac aucilebeli iyo sakuTari nebis sityvieri gacxadeba an

meore mxaris pirobis mosmena; kastrats ar SeeZlo qorwineba da Svileba. b) fsiqikur daavadebad

miiCneoda Wkuasustoba (dementes), Seuracxadoba (furiosi). suliT avadmyofi anu Seuracxadi sruliad

qmeduunaro iyo. ramdenadac sulier daavadebas axasiTebda gamonaTebis periodebi (lucida intervalla),

maTi qmedunarianoba SeiZleba aRdgebiliyo.

romis samarTliT SezRuduli qmedunarianobis kategorias miekuTvnebodnen ugunurebi (stulti) da

gulubryviloebi (simplices). aseTi pirebi savsebiT qmedunarianni iyvnen, magram ar SeeZloT sakuTari

ugunuri qmedebiT miRebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna. aqedan mieca dasabami gamoTqmas stultis non

succurritur _ ugunurebas gamarTleba ara aqvs.

4) Gentilitas (naTesaoba)

romis samarTali ganasxvavebda naTesaobis or saxes: bunebriv, sisxlismiersa da wmina iuridiul

naTesaobas.

1. bunebrivi naTesaobiT (naturalis cognatio an, ubralod, cognatio) igulisxmeboda sisxliT naTesaoba,

romelic warmoiSoboda sqesobrivi kavSiris Sedegad da moyveboda STamomavloba. gansxvavebuli

tipis sqesobrivi kavSiris (saqorwino, naturaluri, konkubinati da a.S.) Sedegebic gansxvavebuli iyo.

a) romis samarTali ganasxvavebda kanonier qorwinebas (matrimonium iustum an iustae nuptiae), romlis

drosac, ius civile-Ti orive mxares kanonieri qorwinebis (ius connubii) ufleba moeTxoveboda. kanonieri

qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi (filii legitimi) mamis xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen da iuri-

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diulad sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad (persona alieni iuris) miiCneodnen; b) zemoaRniSnul

moTxovnaTa daucvelad dadebul qorwinebas, naturaluri qorwineba (matrimonium non legitimum) ewo-

deboda; Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis qorwineba, kanonieri qorwinebisagan SedegebiTac gansxvavdeboda.

iustinianes kanonmdebloba orive tipis qorwinebas aRiarebda.

daqorwinebul meuRleTa naTesavebs (adfinitas) Soris, vidre maTi naTesavi wyvili qorwinebaSi imyo-

feboda, yovelgvari sqesobrivi urTierToba ikrZaleboda; maTi ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, aseTi

akrZalva uqmdeboda.

2. qalsa da mamakacs Soris mudmivi Tanacxovrebis saxiT sqesobrivi kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, igu-

lisxmeboda, rom mamakacs daqorwineba surda (affectio maritalis), xolo qals daqorwineba qmris xeli-

suflebaSi Seusvlelad (dignitas uxoris), anu konkubinatis pirobad iTvleboda wyvilis iseTi kavSiri,

romlis drosac coli da Svilebi (liberi naturales) qmris ojaxSi (familia) ar Sediodnen. romis sa-

marTliT aseTi kavSiri dasaSvebad miiCneoda.

3. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, sqesobrivi kavSiri monasa da Tavisufal qals Soris (contubernium) imiT

gansxvavdeboda, rom aRniSnuli kavSiris Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi romis moqalaqeebi xdebodnen, Tu

qali ar iqneboda monad dasjili, imis gamo, rom is sajer iyo gafrTxilebuli Seewyvita ukanono

kavSiri monasTan.

4. mamakacsa da Tavisufal gasaTxovar qals (stuprum) Soris droebiTi sqesobrivi kavSiris Sedegad

Sobili bavSvebi mouwesrigebeli sqesobrivi urTierTobis Sedegad Sobilebad miiCneodnen (spurii, vulgo

concepti, vulgo quaesiti), ris gamoc, maTi mamis dadgena SeuZlebeli iyo. Liberi naturalis-gan gansxvavebiT,

meZavis ukanono Svilebs mamis memkvidred yofnis ufleba ar hqondaT.

5. mamakacsa da sxvis meuRlesTan sqesobrivi kavSiris, mruSobis (adulterium) Sedegad Sobil bavSvebs,

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, arasrulyofilni, arasrulfasovanni (adulterini) ewodebodaT.

6. sqesobrivi kavSiri pirdapiri xazis naTesavebsa da moyvrebs Soris, sisxlaRreviTi sqesobrivi kav-

Siri aRmavali da daRmavali xazis naTesavebs (incestus iure gentium, incestae ac nefariae nuptiae, damnatus

coitus), yvela drosa da yvela qveyanaSi ikrZaleboda.

7. naTesaoba ganisazRvreboda Semdegi pirobebis safuZvelze: a) bavSvebi sakuTari dedisa da misi

naTesavebis mimarT, sisxlismier naTesavebad iTvlebodnen, mSoblebs Soris sqesobrivi kavSiris iuri-

diuli formis (anu qorwinebis Tu qorwinebis gareSe) miuxedavad. gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo

bavSvebsa da maT mamas Soris naTesauri kavSiris dadgenisas. kerZod, maT Soris naTesaobis dasad-

genad savaldebulo pirobad bavSvebis kanonier qorwinebaSi dabadeba da mamis mier maTi aRiareba

miiCneoda. bavSvebi filii legitimi-s statuss, mxolod aRniSnul pirobaTa dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi

iZendnen, ase rom, qorwinebis gareSe Sobil bavSvebs, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, mama da mamis mxridan

naTesaoba, ar hyavdaT. Tumca, romis samarTliT, konkubinatis Sedegad Sobil bavSvebs (liberi naturales)

mamis mimarT alimenta da kanonismieri sagangebo memkvidreobis ufleba eniWebodaT.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, naTesaobis ramdenime saxes ganasxvavebdnen: 1. pirdapiri (recta) aRmavali

(linea superior, ascendens) da daRmavali (linea inferior, descendes) xazis naTesaobas, anu naTesaoba im pirTa

Soris, romelTaganac erTni warmoiSobodnen meoreTagan. naTesaobis aRmniSvneli xazisagan ganasxva-

vebdnen 2. gverdiTi xazis (linea transversa) naTesaobas, anu naTesaur kavSirs saerTo mesame pirisagan

CamomavalTa Soris. gverdiTi xazis naTesavebs or jgufad yofdnen: a) srulyofil (RviZli da-Zma _

germani consangvinei) da b) arasrulyofil (naxevari da-Zma, romelTaganac mamiT erTni consangvinei-ebad,

xolo dediT erTni uterini-ebad iwodebodnen) naTesavebad. 3. rTuli da martivi naTesaoba. rTul

naTesavebad miiCneodnen is pirebi, romlebic ori Zmis or daze qorwinebis Sedegad iyvnen Sobilni.

axla ganvixiloT ara bunebrivi, aramed wminda iuridiuli naTesaoba, anu naTesaobis meore didi

safuZveli.

wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, naTesaobad miiCneoda im pirTa erToba (agnatio), romelnic saerTo

mamis _ paterfamilias _ xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen. aseTi naTesaoba erTian civilur ojaxs

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(familia) efuZneboda. Paterfamialia-s mis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebTan erTad (persona alieni iuris) hqmnida

ojaxs, viwro gagebiT, (familia proprio iure), xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (posthumi) ojaxis wevrebi,

mogvianebiT Sobil pirebTan erTad, warmoadgendnen ojaxs, am sityvis farTo gagebiT (familia communi

iure, familia agnatorum). agnaturi naTesaoba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli yofiliyo kognatur naTesaobasTan

(kanonier qorwinebaSi Sobili da legitimuri Svili). Tumca, zogjer, aseTi kavSiris arseboba ar

SeiniSeneboda (magaliTad, agnatio-d miiCneoda Svilad ayvana mSvilebesa (arrogator) da Svilad ayvanils

(arrogatus) Soris; aseve cognatio – paterfamilias da mis emancipirebul vaJiSvils Soris). aRniSnuli

magaliTi eWvqveS ayenebs prof. baronis ganmartebas: sunt agnati, qui per virilis sexus personas cognatione iuncti

sunt, quasi a parte cognatis. naTesaobis orive saxes Tanabari iuridiuli mniSvneloba mxolod iustinianes

kanonmdeblobiT mieniWa, ris Sedegadac dadginda Tanabari samemkvidreo uflebebi da meurved yofnis

movaleoba. uZveles ius civile-Ti martiv cognatio-s araviTari iuridiuli Sedegi ar mohyveboda. gvian-

deli respublikis periodidan cognatio naTesaobas samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dadgomis ufleba mieca,

xolo aRniSnuli naTesauri samarTlebrivi aRiareba uSualod aisaxa pretorul ediqtebSi, impera-

toris kanonebsa da gansakuTrebiT, iustinianes kanonmdeblobaSi. Cognati naTesavebi igive uflebebs

iZendnen, rac, ius civile-Ti agnat naTesavebs hqondaT. aqedan mieca dasabami Semdeg iuridiul debulebas:

Tu agnatia, maSin kognaticaa _ qui est agnatus, et cognatus est.

5) saqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili (loco habitare)

apeninis naxevarkunZulis teritoria gansazRvruli raodenobis saqalaqo Temebad (civitates respublicae)

iyofoda. qalaqi da mis garSemo mdebare sasoflo dasaxlebebi politikur kavSirs qmnida. klasikuri

periodis iuristebi imave principiT ganixilavdnen romis imperiaSi Semaval provinciebsac. amrigad,

erTi saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali xalxi, Cveulebriv, romelime saqalaqo Temis wevric

iyo.

1. saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba efuZnebod: a) saqalaqo Temis moqalaqeobis uflebas (origos, domus -

samSoblo). aRniSnuli ufleba SeiZineboda: moqalaqesTan kanonier qorwinebaSi myofi piris mier

bavSvis gaCeniT an moqalaqis mier bavSvis gaCeniT (origo, nativitas), saqalaqo Temis wevris mier piris

SvilebiT (adoptio), piris saqalaqo Temis wevrad miRebiT (allectio) da monis gaazatebiT (manumissio);

b) sacxovrebel adgils (domicilium) piri irCevda raime saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad da sxva

pirebTan urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. Tumca, SerCeul adgilze mudmivad yofna savaldebulo ar

iyo. sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, qalaqisadmi kuTvnilebas incolae ewodeboda, xolo sacxov-

rebeli adgilis sakuTari nebiT SerCeveas domicilium voluntarium. Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevas

samarTlis norma adgenda, mas domicilium necesarium ewodeboda. jariskacebis, moxeleebis, colebis,

mamis xelisuflebaSi myofi Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla damokidebuli iyo piris Tavi-

sufal nebaze an samarTlebriv normaze. kanoniT daSvebuli iyo ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgilis

qona an, saerTod, misi uqonloba _ aseTi cxovrebis wesi moxetiale adamianebisaTvis iyo dama-

xasiaTebeli.

2. gansazRvruli saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba adgenda: a) saqalaqo valdebulebis Sesrulebis

movaleobas (munera); b) saqalaqo xelisfulebis moTxovnebisadmi (sasamarTlo qvemdebareobis

principis dacva) da g) konkretul qalaqSi moqmedi samarTlisadmi piris morCilebas (lex originis, lex

domicilii).

VII. moyvroba

Adfinitas (moyvroba).

Zvel romSi cnobil, naTesaur kavSirs, romelic arsebobda meuRleebis naTesavTa Soris, ewodeboda

moyvroba (adfinitas). am kavSiris arseboba mniSvnelovani iyo im TvalsazrisiT, rom qorwinebis da-

mabrkolebel garemoebad miiCneoda, radgan krZalavda incestum-s, agreTve, garkveulwilad, xels uS-

lida zogierTi sarCelis procesualur dasabuTebas. meuRle iTvleboda meore meuRlis naTesavTa

moyvrad imave xarisxSi, ra xarisxis naTesauri kavSiric arsebobda maT Soris. kerZod, siZe iyo simam-

risaTvis pirdapiri xazis pirveli xarisxis moyvare, radgan aseTive xarisxis naTesauri kavSiri arse-

bobda mis colsa da simamrs Soris.

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VIII. Colonus (koloni)

Colonus (koloni); servi terra (miwis monebi); coloni adscripticii (sagadasaxado reestrSi Setanili kolonebi);

dominus fundi (miwis nakveTis batoni).

III saukuneSi, ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis pirobebSi, damokidebuli mosaxleobis gansakuTrebu-

li kategoria _ miwaze mimagrebuli glexoba (coloni) warmoiSva.

Tavdapirvelad, miwaze mimagrebis procesi mxolod imperatoris miwaze monebis, gaazatebulebisa da

moijareTa (coloni) Sromis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda; amiT maT sakuTari nebiT sadme wasvla ekrZale-

bodaT. kolonatis institutis iuridiuli gaformeba IV saukunis bolos dasrulda. aRniSnuli

institutis farglebSi moxda, profesiul kavSirebsa (collegia, corpora) da adgilobriv sabWoebSi (curia),

memkvidreobiTi wevrobis zogadi principis damkvidreba da aseT gaerTianebaTa kuTvnili qonebis

aRwera funqciis mixedviT. amave dros imperatorebis Teodosius I-is, arkadiusisa da honoriusis

konstituciam coloni-s statusi miwis monad (servi terrae) gansazRvra: `Licet conditione videantur ingenui, servi

tamen terrae ipsius cui nati sunt aestimentur _ miuxedavad imisa, rom isini TavisufladSobilni arian, isini im

miwis monebad ganixilebian sadac daibadnen. kolonis qonebas ewodeboda peculium-i, romelis gasxvise-

ba, memamulis Tanxmobis gareSe, dauSvebeli iyo. imperiis aRmosvleT nawilSi kolonebs, sagadasaxa-

do reestrSi (coloni adscripticii), miwasTan erTad aRnusxavdnen. V saukunis II naxevarSi gamwvavebuli

ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, kolonebis am kategoriis mdgomareoba, praqtikulad monobisagan ar

gansxvavdeboda. kolons ekrZaleboda mamulis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) Tanxmobis gareSe miwis nakve-

Tis mitoveba, mesakuTres ki am miwebidan kolonebis gandevna; mesakuTres mxolod kolonebis erTi

mamulidan meoreSi gadayvanis ufleba hqonda. statusis SezRudva administraciuli mizniT iyo

ganpirobebuli: samoqalaqo samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, kolonsa da mamulis mesakuTres Soris

urTierTobebi qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio operarum) an saijaro xelSekrulebiT (locatio

conductio rei) wesrigdeboda. Tu maT Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi sagadasaxado reestrSi

iyo gatarebuli, am urTierTobebis TviTneburi, an Tundac, urTierTSeTanxmebiTi moSla, mxareebs ar

SeeZloT. mesakuTris mxridan xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRveva sasamarTlo wesiT isjeboda, vinai-

dan sasamarTlo procesze koloni damoukidebel mxared gamodioda. kolonis mdgomareoba memkvid-

reobiTi iyo.

a) kolonatis warmoSobis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli koloni iyo, bavSvi dedis mdgoma-

reobas iRebda; 2. Tu piri 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi koloni iyo, xandazmulobis vadis ZaliT, igi miwaze

mimargebas eqvemdebareboda.

b) kolonatis Sewyvetis pirobebi iyo: 1. memamules kolonisadmi sakuTar uflebaze uaris Tqma,

mxolod miwaze uariT (peculium-is gadacemasTan erTad monis gaazatebis msgavsad) SeeZlo. es iyo

kolonatis urTierTobis Sewyvetis mTavari piroba; 2. Tu koloni, 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisufali

piris statusiT cxovrobda, misi ganTavisufleba xandazmulobiT xdeboda; 3. Tu koloni 30 wlis

ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organos wevri _ dekurioni _ iyo, kolonati wydeboda;

4. Tu miwis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) TanxmobiT, koloni episkoposobas miiRebda an monazoni gaxdebo-

da, kolonati wydeboda.

IX. Universitates (iuridiuli pirebi)

Pagus (sasoflo Temi); Sodales (TanamesufreTa kavSiri); collegium (profesiuli gaerTianeba); lex collegii

(gaerTianebis wesdeba); actor (kolegiis warmomadgeneli); arca (kolegiis xazina); universitas (adgilobri-

vi Temi); municipium (municipaliteti); persona certa (ganszRvruli piri); fiscus (saimperatoro xazina);

aerarium populi Romani (romaeli xalxis xazina); ius fisci (fiskaluri (sagadasaxado) samarTali); beneficium

(beneficiumi, saeklesio (sataZro) qoneba); piae causae (samlocvelo)

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawiled _ subieqtad _ SeiZleba iyos ara marto fizikuri piri, anu

calkeuli adamiani, aramed adamianTa gaerTianeba, romelic samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi erTveboda

rogorc erTiani mTeli da am ukanasknelis Semadgeneli calkeuli subieqtebisagan, Tvisobrivad

gansxvavdeboda. kerZo pirTa uflebebiT aRWurvili, socialuri erTeulis saxiT, romis samarTlis

subieqtebad gamodiodnen: profesiuli da religiuri kavSirebi (collegia, sodalicia, societates, corpora),

TviTmmarTvelobis mqone adgilobrivi samoqalaqo Temebi (municipia, coloniae), saxelmwifo xazina (fiscus).

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kerZo asociaciebis Tavisufleba XII dafis kanonebiT iyo dadgenili, romelic maT wesdebebs (lex

collegii) Sidasavaldebulo Zalas aniWebda, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom isini kanonis moTxovnas ar ewi-

naaRmdegebodnen. am normis wyarod miiCnevdnen solonis kanons, romlis teqstSic CamoTvlili iyo

rogorc Zveli, ise klasikuri epoqis cnobili kolegiebis saxeobebi: sasoflo Temi (pagi), meomarTa

da TanamesufreTa gaerTianeba (curiales, sodales), religiuri da damkrZalavi kavSirebi, romelTa umrav-

lesobac Rarib mosaxleobaSi arsebobda, vinaidan glexebs dakrZalvisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi ar

hqondaT; maT ricxvs aseve miekuTvneboda sawarmoo da savaWro korporaciebi.

mogvianebiT, kanonmdeblobiT kerZo gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba araerTgzis SeizRuda, vidre avgus-

tusis kanoniT (lex Iulia de collegiis) kolegiaTa dasaSvebi saxeebis CamonaTvali ar dadginda. amgvari

gaerTianebebis Seqmnis SezRudva saimperatoro konstituciebiTa da senatuskonsultebiTac gagrZel-

da. korporaciebs ufleba hqondaT sasamarTloSi gamosuliyvnen. am mizniT iniSneboda korporaciaTa

warmomadgeneli (actor), romlis kompetencias kolegiis gadawyvetileba gansazRvravda. kolegiis

pasuxismgebloba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqtis saerTo qonebisa da xazinis (arca) moculobiT

ganisazRvreboda.

TiTqmis msgavsi sistema gamoiyeneboda adgilobrivi Temebis mimarTac, romlebic, aseve korporaciis

(universitas) saerTo qonebis subieqtad gamodiodnen, magram maTi qoneba korporaciaSi Semavali cal-

keuli piris kerZo qonebisagan gansxvavdeba.

TanasakuTrebis uflebis Sesabamisad, Temis kuTvnili mona Temis moqalaqeTa mona ar iyo; igi ganixi-

leboda mTeli Temis saerTo sakuTrebad; kerZod, misTvis SeeZloT moeTxovaT Cvenebis micema Temis

calkeuli moqalaqis winaaRmdeg.

Temis mier gaazatebuls, magistratis Tanxmobis gareSe, calkeuli moqalaqis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxe-

ba SeeZlo, vinaidan misi patroni mTlianad Temi iyo da ara Temis calkeuli moqalaqe. Tavdapirve-

lad, adgilobriv samoqalaqo Tems pativs miagebdnen rogorc koleqtivs, rac terminologiaSic aisa-

xa: municipium nacvlad, mas, rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqts, xSirad municipes (municipali) ewode-

boda, rac piris certa persona-ad dadgenis proceduras arTulebda da Temis memkvidred (heres) daniSv-

nas SeuZlebels xdida.

iuridiuli piris gansakuTrebul saxeobas saimperatoro xazina (fiscus) warmoadgenda, xolo mogviane-

biT _ mTeli saxelmwifo qoneba. romaeli xalxis qonebas princefsis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxelm-

wifo qonebisagan ganasxvavebdnen; romaeli xalxis qoneba (populus Romanus) iuridiuli piri ar iyo da

samoqalaqo brunvaSi ar monawileobda. samagierod, sxva subieqtebis msgavsad, princefss SeeZlo

kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi Cabma, garigebis dadeba, mosarCeled an mopasuxed gamosvla ara

mxolod rogorc piradi sakuTrebis mqone kerZo pirs (patrimonium principis), aramed rogorc romis

saxelmwifos warmomadgenel sajaro pirsac. arsobrivad, xazina (fiscus) gansakuTrebuli samarTlebri-

vi formis saxelmwifo sakuTreba iyo da kerZo sakuTrebis specialuri reJimiT regulirgeboda,

riTac mTeli romaeli xalxis sakuTrebas emijneboda. dominatis damyarebisTanave aRniSnuli

gansxvaveba gauqmda, radgan saerTo-saxalxo xazina (aerarium populi Romani) saimperatoro xazinas

(fiscus) Seerwya.

princefsis gardacvalebis Semdeg, res fiscales romis saxelmwifos saTaveSi myof princefsis memkvidres

(monacvles) gadaecemoda, xolo princefsis piradi qoneba _ mis pirad memkvidreebs (ojaxis wevrebs)

ekuTvnoda. saxazino qonebis mmarTvelad specialuri piri _ procuratores _ iniSneboda. mogvianebiT,

xazina (fiscus) ganixileboda samarTlis damoukidebel subieqtad, iuridiuli pirad, romlis Tavi-

sebureba administraciuli xasiaTis upiratesobad ganixileboda.

xazinis (fiscus) samarTlebrivi reJimi samarTlis gansakuTrebul dargad _ ius fisci (D.49,14) Camoyalibda;

im sasamarTlo ganxilvas, romelSic xazina (fiscus) erT-erT mxared gamodioda (causae fiscales), specia-

luri sasamarTlo magistrati, eqstraordinaluri sasamarTlo procesis wesiT warmarTavda.

313 w. miRebuli, milanis (mediolanis) ediqtis Semdeg, gansakuTrebul iuridiul pirad iqca qristia-

nuli eklesia, romelsac mis morwmuneTagan damoukidebel subieqtad ganixilavdnen. TandaTanobiT,

saeklesio qoneba damoukidebeli iuridiuli piris niSnebs iZenda, romelic, sabolood, Sua sauku-

89

neebSi regulirebis sagangebo subieqtad (beneficium) Camoyalibda. garda amisa, arsebobda saeklesio

qonebis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba _ samwysos mier saqvelmoqmedo mizniT Sewiruli qoneba _ piae causae,

romlis marTva saeklesio qonebis marTvisagan gansxvavdeboda da samoqalaqo brunvaSi uflebauna-

rian da qmedunarian pirad gamodioda. aRniSnuli qoneba arafriT gansxvavdeboda, Tanamedrove kerZo

samarTliT gansazRvruli, fondebis samarTlebrivi reJimisagan.

X. warmomadgenloba

Dominus negotii (marwmunebeli); procurator (rwmunebuli); actiones adiecticial qualitatis (damatebiTi Tvisebis sar-

Celebi); actio de peculio (pretoruli sarCeli pekuliumis Sesaxeb); actio de in rem verso (ojaxis ufrosis mi-

marT Setanili sarCeli, Tu xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier SeZenili qoneba paterfamilias qonebad

CaiTvala); excercitor (xomaldis mepatrone); institor (mmarTveli); actio excercitoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Se-

tanili sarCeli, romelic xomaldis meTaurad myofi misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba);

actio institoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic, meurneobis mouravad myofi, misi mo-

nis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); actio quod iussu (kreditoris mier mebatonis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic sakuTari batonis saxeliT, monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba);

par condicium creditorum (kreditorebis Tanabari mdgomareoba); ratihabitio (rwmunebulis qmedebis mowoneba).

garigebis dadeba samarTlis subieqts uSualod yovelTvis ar SeeZlo. zogjer mas sxva piris saku-

Tar warmomadgenlad gamoyeneba esaWiroeboda. aseTi viTareba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi warmoiSoboda:

1. roca samarTlis subieqti daTqmul adgilze ar imyofeboda (Tumca, saqme saswrafod unda gadawyve-

tiliyo) an 2. roca viTareba statusis xarvezs _ qmeduunarobas _ ukavSireboda da uflebamosil

subieqts nebelobiTi qmedebiT misi ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi exeboda

nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ aucilebel an kanoner warmomadgenlo-

bas. kerZod, Wkuasusti (furiosus) mzrunvelobas iZulebiTi wesiT, xolo mcirewlovani bavSvi da qali

_ meurveobas (tutela) eqvemdebarebodnen.

warmomadgenlobis cnebiT igulisxmeboda: marwmuneblis saxeliTa da mis sasargeblod (dominus

negotii), rwmunebulis mier dadebuli garigebis Sedegi uSualod marwmunebels exeboda. am garigebidan

warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi marwmunebls, da ara rwmunebuls, ekuTvnoda. aRniSnuli ins-

tituti romis samarTlisaTvis ucxo iyo. pirdapiri warmomadgenlobisagan gansxvavebiT, brunvis

(obieqturad arsebuli) moTxovnis dakmayofileba moadgileobis meSveobiT SeiZleboda. moadgile

saqmes sakuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, garigebis dadebiT uflebebs da movaleobebs iZenda, Tumca,

imavdroulad, maTi sxva pirisaTvis gadacema evaleboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme irib warmomadgenlo-

bas (an moadgileobas) exeboda, romelic warmomadgenloba arc iyo, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT.

romis samarTalSi moadgilisa da marwmuneblis urTierTobas davalebis xelSekruleba (mandatum) an

davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba (negotiorum gestio) SeiZleba ewodos. romis samarTliT

aseTi urTierTobebi, roca erTi piris mier dadebuli garigeba Sedegs meore piris sasargeblod iZ-

leoda, warmomadgenlobis instituts saeTod ar ukavSirdeboda. warmomadgenlobad aseve ver iqneba

miCneuli ojaxis ufrosisa (paterfamilias) da daqvemdebarebuli pirebis (in potestate) urTerTobebi, vinai-

dan am ukanasknelTa mier SeZenili uflebebi da movaleobebi uSualod maTi ojaxis ufross

(paterfamilias) exeboda, maSinac ki, roca xelisuflebaSi myofni sakuTari saxeliT an ojaxis ufrosis

nebarTvis gareSe moqmedebdnen.

pekuliumi (peculium) iyo mebatonis mier monisaTvis, an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) mier mis

xelisuflebaSi myofi pirisaTvis gamoyofili qoneba, romlis farglebSic, xelisuflebaSi myof (in

potestate) pirs sakuTari saxeliT garigebebis dadebis ufleba hqonda. pekuliumis Sesaxeb mecnierTa

mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mizani qonebis am saxeobis raobis formaluri gansazRvra iyo. ojaxis

biujeti ojaxis ufross unda gaeyo da amis Sesaxeb mesame pirebisaTvis ecnobebina. pekuliumis dad-

gena Wkuasustsa da mcirewlovans ar SeeZloT, vinaidan pekuliumis gamoyofa ganixileboda iseT

iuridiul aqtad, romelsac realuri Sedegi mohyveboda. pekuliumis dadgenisas savaldebulo iyo

nivTebis materialurad gadacema (traditio) an, Tundac, gadacemis ceremoniis imitireba. pekuliumis

odenobis gaangariSebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda, ojaxis ufrosis mimarT xelisuflebaSi myof pi-

rTa valebi.

ulpianes Tanaxmad, `Peculium autem Tubero quidem sic definit, ut Celsus libro sexto digestorum refert, quod servus domini

90

permissu separatim a rationibus dominicis habet, deducto inde si quid domino debetur _ pekuliums tuberoni iseve

ganmartavs, rogorc celsusi digestebis VI wignSi: pekuliumi aris is, rasac mona, batonis nebarTviT

flobs, mebatonis Semosavlebis garda da im valis gamoklebiT, rac monas mebatonisagan marTebs~.

respublikis periodis bolos pekuliumis aRniSnuli cneba ganxilvis sagnad iqca. cnobilia, rom

serviusi pekuliumis am cnebas Semdegs umatebda: monis vali, monis batonis xelisuflebaSi myofTa

mimarT, TviT monis batonis mimarT vals utoldeba, da aseve pekuliumis moculobis gansazRvrisas

gamoklebuli unda iqnes.

principatis epoqaSi, garigebis dadebisas, ojaxis vaJiSvili (filius familias in potestate) piradad xdeboda

pasuxismgebeli. Tumca, valis gadaxdaze uaris (indebensio) SemTxvevaSi, kreditorebs ufleba ar

hqondaT valis asanazRaureblad moeTxovaT is qoneba, romelsac ius civile-Ti alieni iuris piri ar flob-

da.

mevalis mier valis individualurad gadaxdis SesaZlebloba ojaxis ufrosis ukmayofilebas iwvevda,

radgan igi uflebamosili iyo Tavad gadaexada mis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali da igi kvlav

Tavis xelisuflebaSi daetovebina.

aRniSnulis miRweva jer kidev winaklasikur epoqaSi, pekuliumis Sesaxeb pretoruli sarCeliT (actio

de peculio) iyo SesaZlebeli. am sarCelis formulis safuZvelze (in factum concepta formula), xelisufle-

baSi myofi piris (Tavisufalis an monis) mier dadebul garigebebze, pekuliumis moculobis gaTva-

liswinebiT, pasuxs ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) agebda; pasuxismgeblobas Tan axlda ojaxis ufro-

sis winaaRmdeg sarCeli _ actio iudicati de peculio, im sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Taobaze,

romelic gamotanili iyo misi xelisuflebaSi myofi piris winaaRmdeg; es iyo pasiuri uflebamosile-

ba. Tu sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri, batonis Tanxmobis gareSe, raime qonebas SeiZenda, aRniSnuli

SenaZeni im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleboda pekuliumad, Tu amas ojaxis ufrosi moiwonebda. Tu SeZenili

qoneba am ukanasknelis sakuTreba xdeboda, sarCeliT actio de in rem verso, SenaZenze pasuxismgebloba

ekisreboda. analogiur SemTxvevad ganixileboda, Tu sxvis xelisuflebaSi (in poteste) myofi piri

xomaldis meTauri an misi mepatrone (exercitor) xdeboda; aseve, Tu mas sawarmos mouravoba-mmarTvelo-

ba (institor) evaleba. garigebebis safuZvelze miRebuli sargebeli ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) anga-

riSze iricxeba. amgvari garigebis Tanaxmad, kreditorebs, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis

mimarT, ufleba hqondaT ojaxis ufrosis winaaRmdeg mTeli valis farglebSi sarCeli _ actio

exercitoria da actio institoria _ SeetanaT. aseTive pasuxismgebloba ekisreba paterfamilias-s Tu in potestas pi-

ri misi brZanebiT (iussum) moqmedebda; aseT SemTxvevaSi, igi pasuxs actio quod iussu-Tu agebda. Tumca, am

urTierTobis arsi principulad gansxvavdeba pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis cnebisagan: roca sxvis

xelisuflebaSi myofi (in potesta) piri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) saxeliT ar moqmedebda, maSin Se-

Zena maT Soris arsebul daqvemdebarebiT urTierTobebs Seesabameboda; ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)

pasuxismgebloba ki pretoris Carevis Semdeg dgeboda.

pekuliumis SemTxvevaSi, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri garigebas ojaxis ufrosis xarjze ar

debda, rac warmomadgenlobis ideas gamoricxavda. dabolos, pekuliumiT (peculium) ojaxis ufrosis

pasuxismgeblobis moculoba ganisazRvreba im valis gamoklebiT, romelic, mis xelisuflebaSi

myofs, paterfamilias-gan emarTa; aqedan gamomdinare, ojaxis ufrosi, in potestas piris pekuliumis mimarT,

privilegirebul kreditorad xdeboda. danarCeni kreditorebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba pretenziis

wayenebis rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT anu prior tempore, prior iure (vinc ufro adre; visac meti ufleba

aqvs) xdeboda. gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva, roca savaWro saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad, ojaxis

ufrosi pekuliums uSualod iTvaliswinebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kreditorebi iZendnen actio tributoria-s

uflebas, romlis meSveobiT, paterfamilias-s valis gadaxdas, sakuTari moTxovnebis proporciulad,

Tanabar pirobebSi _ par condicium creditorum _ aiZuleben.

91

Tavi VI. Zveli romis saojaxo samarTali

I. Familia et gentilitas (ojaxi da naTesaoba)

Familia (ojaxi); paterfamilias (ojaxi mama, ojaxis ufrosi,); adgnatio (ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi

myofi naTesavi); adgnatus proximus (uaxloesi agnati naTesavi); patria potestas (mamis xelisufleba); cognatio (sisxliT naTesaoba);

cnobili frangi filosofosis J.J. rusos TqmiT, ojaxi aris .`sazogadoebaTa Soris uZvelesi da

erTaderTi bunebrivi sazogadoeba~.

Tanamedrove gagebiT, ojaxi (familia) iseTi socialuri institutia, romliTac qalsa da mamakacs

Soris saqorwino kavSiri, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris sisxliT naTesaoba, maT urTierTsanacvlo

uflebebi da movaleobebi igulisxmeba.

amrigad, ojaxi aris naTesauri kavSiriT an qorwinebiT dakavSirebul pirTa erToblioba.

romis samarTalSi qorwinebis ori oficialuri definicia iyo. kerZod, 1. `Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et

feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communicatio _ qorwineba aris mamakacisa da qalis kavSiri,

mTeli cxovrebis erTianoba, RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis erToba~ (D.23.2.1) da 2. `Nuptiae autem sive

matrimonium est viri et mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens _ ...qorwineba (nuptiae) anu

colqmroba (matrimonium) aris mamakacis da qalis kavSiri, romlis arsi erTobliv cxovrebaSi

mdgomareobs~. (Iust. Inst.1.9.1)

m. bartoSeki naSromSi `romis samarTali~ ojaxis sakmaod vrcel ganmartebasa da daxasiaTebas

iZleva. misi TqmiT, ojaxi aris mTeli saojaxo qonebisa da aseve ojaxis wevrebis gaerTianeba. ojaxi

es aris romauli ojaxis meurneobis ZiriTadi qoneba, romelic, Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis yvela Tavi-

sufal wevrs Tanabrad ekuTvnoda, mogvianebiT ki _ mxolod ojaxis ufross, mamasaxliss

(paterfamilias). romauli ojaxi iyo yvela is piri da mTeli is qoneba, rac romis saojaxo meurneobas

qmnida. ojaxi aseve iyo monebis erToblioba, romelic ojaxis ufross ekuTvnoda da saojaxo-sameur-

neo saqmianobas asrulebda.

romis samarTlis erT-erTi mkvlevaris r. zomis Tanaxmad, `romis civiluri samarTlis gagebiT, oja-

xi aris agnaturi kavSiri, anu erToblioba pirebisa, romlebic urTierTdakavSirebulni arian patria

potestas-iT.

Ius civile-Ti agnaturi ojaxi iyo saojaxo Temi, romlis ganmsazRvreli da erTianobis ganmapirobebeli

iyo naTesaoba mamis mxridan, xolo formaluri safuZveli _ xelovnurad Seqmnili iuridiuli urTi-

erToba (patria potestas), romlis gauqmebac aseve xelovnurad SeiZleboda.

Ius gentium-iT ojaxi gansxvavebulad ganimarteboda. kerZod, ojaxi iyo kognaturi kavSiri, anu naTe-

saoba, romelic sisxlismier kavSirs efuZneba. ojaxis safuZveli bunebrivi da ara iuridiuli urTi-

erToba iyo.

Zveli romauli civiluri samarTali mxolod agnatur naTesaobas iTvaliswinebda; mogvianebiT, kog-

naturi naTesaoba, imperatoris kanonmdeblobis wyalobiT, pretormac aRiara da, sabolood, urTi-

erTobis kognaturma principma gaimarjva.

romis saojaxo samarTali aRiarebda Semdegi saxis naTesaur kavSirebs: 1. agnatur naTesaobas

(adgnatio) anu rodesac ojaxis yvela wevri (coli, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi, rZlebi da a.S.) ojaxis mam-

robiTi sqesis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi iyo; 2. kognaturi anu sisxliT naTesaoba (cognatio), romelSic,

garda zemoCamoTvlili pirebisa, ojaxis winaprebTan naTesauri kavSiriT yvelaze axlos mdgomi mam-

robiTi sqesis agnati naTesavic _ adgnatus proximus _ moiazreboda.

naTesaobis ori _ kanonieri da bunebrivi _ saxis urTierTSeTanxmeba `genus - species~ sagangebo sqemas

efuZneboda. digestebis Tanaxmad, `Svilad ayvanili naTesaobiT aris dakavSirebuli im ojaxis wev-

rebTan, romelSic is Sevida da ara imaTTan, romlebic am ojaxis wevrebi arian. vinaidan Svilad

92

ayvana iZleva ara sisxlis naTesaobas, aramed agnatobis uflebas~. amrigad, romauli ojaxi patri-

arqaluri iyo, anu mis saTaveSi idga, TiTqmis SeuzRudavi uflebiT AaRWurvili, paterfamilias-i, xolo

ramauli qorwineba _ patrilokaluri, anu coli Sedioda sakuTari qmris an misi paterfamilias-is xeli-

suflebaSi.

II. Sponsalia et nuptiae (niSnoba da qorwineba)

Ius conubii (qorwinebis ufleba); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisufali); persona alieni iuris (sxvis

xelisuflebaSi myofi piri); cum manu mariti (qorwineba qmris xelisuflebiT); sine manu mariti (qorwineba

qmris xelisuflebis gareSe); confarreatio (qorwinebis sazeimo rituali); sponsalia (niSnoba); nuptiae

(qorwineba); deductio domum (qalis `saxlSi Seyvana~); matrona (romaeli gaTxovili qalbatoni); uxor

(meuRle, coli); struptum (sqesobrivi kavSiri Tavisufal mamakacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris);

contubernium (mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis Tanacxovreba).

ojaxis instituts romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen. saojaxo urTierTobebs ro-

maeli iuristebi kanonmdeblobiT awesrigbdnen, riTac romaeli moqalaqeebis waxalisebas cdi-

lobdnen da maT, erTgvarad, ojaxis Sesaqmnelad ganawyobdnen.

r. zomi sami saxis saojaxo xelisuflebas ganasxvavebs, romelTac sami saxis qonebrivi urTierToba

Seesabameba. esenia: 1. meuRleTa urTierToba (saojaxo-qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali), 2. mamisa

da Svilebis urTierToba (mamis qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali) da 3. meurvisa da sameurveo pi-

ris urTierToba (sameurveo urTierTobebis samarTali). Sesabamisad, saojaxo samarTali sam nawilad

iyofa: 1. saqorwino samarTali, 2. mamis xelisuflebis samarTali da 3. sameurveo samarTali.

romaelebma qorwinebasa da bavSvebis raodenobas igive prerogativebi mianiWes, rac moxucebulobas

ekuTvnoda. daqorwinebulebs, romlebsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavdaT, pativTa miRebisas da am pativTa

gamoyenebisasac upiratesoba eZleodaT; konsuli, romelsac meti Svili hyavda, pirveli Rebulobda

sapatio niSnebs, SeeZlo provinciis arCeva; senatori, romelsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavda, pirveli

iwereboda senatorTa siaSi, pirveli gamoTqvamda Tavis azrs senatSi. “dekurions, romelsac yvelaze

meti Svili hyavs, privilegiis Tanaxmad, pativi eZleva sakuTari azri gamoTqvas pirvelma”. qali,

romelic oTx an met Svils gaaCenda, daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi meurveobisagan Tavisufldeboda. Tumca,

arsebobda iZulebiTi RonisZiebebic; ase magaliTad, qr.Sobamde 18 wels miRebuli kanonis lex Iulia et

Poppea-s Tanaxmad, `romaelebi valdebulni arian 25-dan 60 wlamde qorwinebaSi cxovrobdnen [qalebi

20-dan 50 wlamde] da iyolion aranakleb 3 Svili [gaazatebulebma 4 Svili]; qvrivebi da ganqor-

wilebulebi xelmeored unda daqorwindnen: qvrivebi 2 wlis, xolo ganqorwinebulebi _ 18 Tvis

ganmavlobaSi~. dauojaxeblobis SemTxvevaSi, 65 wels miRweul mamakacs da 50 wels miRweul qals,

kanoni, sasjelis saxiT, jarimas akisrebda. ojaxis Sesaqmnelad dadgenili iyo garkveuli winapiroba.

kerZod:

1. qorwinebis ufleba. dasaqorwinebel pirebs, romauli samarTliT aRiarebuli, qorwinebis ufleba

anu ius conubii unda hqonodaT; am uflebiT mxolod romaeli moqalaqeebi sargeblobdnen, xolo ucxoe-

lebi (peregrini) amgvari uflebiT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi sargeblobdnen, Tu maT mas sagangebod miani-

Webdnen; 2. naTesauri (rogorc agnaturi, ise kognaturi) kavSiris arqona. qorwineba ekrZalebodaT: a.

erTi ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi Semaval pirebs da b. meurvesa da meurveobaSi

myof pirebs; 3. meqorwineTa asaki. romSi qorwinebebi Zalian adreul asakSi xdeboda. Cveulebriv,

qaliSvilebisaTvis saqorwino asakad 12 weli, xolo vaJebisaTvis 14 weli iyo dadgenili.

romaelebi qorwinebis or saxes _ sruluflebian da arasruluflebian _ qorwinebas ganasxavavebdnen.

sruluflebiani qorwineba mxolod romael moqalaqeTaTvis iyo nebadarTuli; aRniSnuli tipis qor-

wineba ori saxisa iyo: 1. Tu coli qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda, mas òjaxis deda~, qalbatoni

(matrona) ewodeboda; 2. Tu igi mamis xelisuflebaSi rCeboda, mas `coli~, `meuRle~ (uxor) ewodeboda.

Zveli romauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ramdenime saxis ritualis dacviT tardeboda. uZve-

lesi periodis romSi arsebobda sazeimo religiuri rituali _ confarreatio, romelsac aTi qurumi

aRasrulebda da mxolod patriciebisaTvis iyo nebadarTuli. ritualis dros sapatarZlo da saqmro

wminda purs texdnen da qurumebis miTiTebebs asrulebdnen. respublikis periodisaTvis niSandoblivi

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iyo sapatarZlos simboluri yidva (coemptio), rasac win uswrebda an mosdevda qorwinebaze Tanxmoba.

sxva SemTxvevebSi saqorwino ritualebis dacva, garda qalis `saxlSi Seyvanisa~ (deductio domum), sa-

valdebulo ar iyo.

tradiciulad, qorwinebamde imarTeboda niSnoba (sponsalia). florentinusis Tanaxmad, `Sponsalia sunt

mentio et repromissio nuptiarum futurarum _ niSnoba aris momavali qorwinebis daTqma (xseneba) da ormxrivi

dapireba.~ (D.23.1.1)

Tavdapirvelad, niSnoba TiToeuli dasaqorwinebeli piris ojaxis ufrosebis (paterfamilii) SeTanxmebiT

xdeboda; mogvinebiT ki, Tavad meqorwineTa TanxmobiT _ `Nuptiae consistere non possunt nisi consentiant omnes, id

est qui coeunt quorumque in potestate sunt _ ar SeiZleba [da]qoriwneba, Tu ar aris Tanxmoba yvela im [mxarisa],

e.i. im pirebisa, romlebic qorwindebidan da aseve im pirebisa, romelTa xelisuflebis qveS isini

imyofebian~ (D.23.2.2).

kanonmdebloba uSvebda erT gamonakliss, roca qaliSvils SeeZlo ar damorCileboda mamis gada-

wyvetilebas. kerZod, _ `Tunc autem solum dissentiendi a patre licentia filiae conceditur, si indignum moribus vel turpem

sponsum ei pater eligat _ ...mamis SewinaaRmdegeba qaliSvils mxolod maSin eZleva, rodesac mama mas uRir-

si znis an saxelgatexil saqmros aurCevs~ (D.23.1.12$1)

niSnobis dros, saqmros mxare, sapatarZlos mxares niSnobis beWeds (patriciebi _ oqros, sxva socia-

luri fenis wevrebi, SedarebiT dabali, xarisxis liTonis, xolo monebs rkinis beWeds) da sxva-

dasxva saxis moZrav nivTs gadascemda.

romaelebi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen qorwinebis TariRs, radgan zogi dRe Tu Tve

(magaliTad, maisi, ivnisis pirveli naxevari) ubedurebis momtanad miaCndaT. qorwinebis dRes tar-

deboda auspicia (auspicia _ frinvelebsa da bunebaze dakvireveba, rogorc RmerTisagan gamogzavnil

miniSnebze). qorwilis dRes patarZali qaliSvilobis droindel togas ixdida da mas bednierebis

qalRmerTs swiravda; Semdeg patarZals grZel TeTr tunikas acmevdnen, welze sartyels akravdnen da

Tavze mkveTri wiTeli feris Tavsaburavs afarebdnen. saqmros mosvlis Semdeg, stumrebis Tan-

daswrebiT, saqorwino rituali tardeboda: saojaxo keriaze msxverpls swiravdnen, ris Semdegac

lxini iwyeboda. imave dRes patarZali qmris saxlSi Sedioda.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis ori tipi _ 1. qmris xeliT (cum manu mariti) da 2. qmris xelis

gareSe (sine manu mariti) _ arsebobda.

Tavdapirvelad, iyo cum manu mariti tipis qorwineba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qali, gaTxovebis Semdeg,

mSoblebis ojaxTan iuridiul kavSirs kargavda da qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. Tuki qmari ara-

vis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri (persona sui iuris) iyo, maSin coli, Svilebis msgavsad, qmris daqve-

mdebarebaSi eqceoda. am tipis qorwinebisas, qmris xelisufleba colze, faqtiurad, ganusazRvreli

iyo. qmars colis monad gayidva, misi mokvlac SeeZlo. qonebrivi urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, mone-

bisa da Svilebis msgavsad, cols araviTari uflebaunarianoba ar gaaCnda. yvelaferi, rac qor-

winebamde cols (Tu igi persona sui iuris iyo) ekuTvnoda, qmris sakuTreba xdeboda. qorwinebis periodSi

colis saCuqari (magaliTad, mamisagan miRebuli saCuqari) qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. Tu qmari

sxvas daqvemdebarebuli piri (persona alieni iuris) iyo, maSin coli, qmarTan erTad, qmris ojaxis ufross

(paterfamilias) eqvemdebareboda.

iuridiulad, colis aseT uuflebo mdgomareobas is awonasworebda, rom coli qmris memkvidre _

heres sua iyo, Tuki mas kanonieri STamomavlebi ar hyavda; Svilebis yolis SemTxvevaSi, isic, maT msgav-

sad, memkvidre iyo.

Cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros qmris upiratesoba imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevi qmris qo-

nebas erwymoda da mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. cols sakuTrebis ufleba ar gaaCnda da mziTevze ara-

nairi samarTlebrivi ufleba ar hqonda. digestebis Tanaxmad: `Constante matrimonio dotem in bonis mariti esse

_ qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi mziTevi qmris qonebaSi aris~.

colis qoneba qmris an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) sakuTreba iyo. amitom qmars (an ojaxis ufross)

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xelSekrulebis dadeba da sasamarTlo procesze gamosvla colisagan damoukideblad SeeZloT. co-

lis cxovreba saojaxo meurneobis gaZRoliT ifargleboda. colis pirovnebaze qmris xelisufleba

ara samarTliT, aramed sazogadoebrivi azriT izRudeboda. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom rea-

lurad romaeli moqalaqeebis colebi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen.

colqmruli erTgulebis dacva mkacrad moeTxoveboda qals. colis Ralati qmars ganqorwinebis

moTxovnis safuZvels da mis sasargeblod mziTevis datovebis uflebas aZlevda. am SemTxvevaSi, Ra-

lati (qonebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT) colisaTvis ufro mZime iyo, vidre qmrisaTvis. colis

mizeziT ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevis qalisaTvis datoveba jarimis tolfasi iyo.

respubilikis bolos, cum manu mariti qorwineba sine manu miriti tipis qorwinebiT Seicvala, ramac, Sesa-

bamisad, gavlena moaxdina meuRleTa qonebriv uflebebze da romauli ojaxis wevrTa uflebrivi

mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Secvala. ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebisagan TavdaRweuli coli, iuri-

diulad, ara qmris, aramed mSoblebis ojaxis (familias) wevrad iTvleboda. am periodSi qmris Zala-

uflebac sagrZnoblad SeizRuda.

qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros, qmars colis pirovnebasa da mis qone-

baze ufleba aRar hqonda, vinaidan coli qmris xelisuflebaSi ar imyofeboda. Tu gaTxovili qali

damoukidebeli piri (persona sui iuris) iyo, e.i. mamis xelisuflebas ar eqvemdebareboda da qorwinebamde

sakuTari qoneba hqonda, gaTxovebis Semdeg Tavis qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebas inarCunebda.

amgvari saxis qorwinebis periodSi meuRleTa qoneba gancalkevebulad rCeboda. qorwinebis dros mzi-

Tevi, rogorc qmrisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba, gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimiT regular-

deboda. colis qonebis marTvis ufleba qmars mxolod im SemTxvevaSi hqonda, Tu amas Tavad coli

gadascemda. „Quamvis in bonis mariti dos sit, mulieris tamen est _ Tumca mziTevi qmris qonebaSi Sedis, is mainc

cols ekuTvnis~. (D.23.3.75)

respublikis periodSi, rodesac saojaxo instituti mniSvnelovnad Seirya, mziTeviT manipulirebis

erTgvari kanonieri safuZveli Seiqmna. kerZod, mamakacs SeeZlo daqorwinebuliyo mxolod mziTevis

miRebis mizniT, raTa igi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ganekarga da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi Tavis-

Tvis daetovebina. am arasasurveli faqtis Tavidan asacileblad, coli da mziTevis damdgenlebi

qmars pirobas arTmevdnen, rom ganqorwinebis an qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevi cols

daubrundeboda.

mogvianebiT, qmris uflebebis SezRudvis mizniT, romis imperatorma avgustusma gamosca kanoni

ìuliusis kanoni samziTvo miwis nakveTebis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia de fundo dotali). am kanoniT, romelmac

mniSvnelovnad SezRuda qmris uflebebi, imperatori or mizans isaxavda: jer erTi, gasxvisebisagan

daecva, italiis teritoriis Semadgeneli, miwis nakveTebi da meorec, igi imedovnebda, rom amiT qalis

uflebebis dacvas SeZlebda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli kanoni uSualod italiis teri-

toriaze arsebul samziTvo miwis nakveTebze vrceldeboda.

digestebSi ulpiane samziTvo miwis nakveTs Semdegnairad ganmartavs: „Dotale praedium accipere debemus tam

urbanum quam rusticum: ad omne enim aedificium lex Iulia pertinebit _ [termin] `samziTvo miwis nakveTSi“ unda vigu-

lisxmoT, rogorc qalaqis miwis nakveTebi [e. i. saxlebi], aseve – soflis, radgan iuliusis kanoni

yvela nagebobas exeba. (D.23.5.13)

kanonSi araferi iyo naTqvami mziTvad gacemul moZrav qonebaze da italiis sazRvrebs miRma mde-

bare miwis nakveTebze. amrigad, aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad, colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars ekrZa-

leboda mziTevis rogorc mTliani, ise nawilobrivi gasxviseba. am akrZalvam mziTevis, rogorc qo-

nebis _ manamde arsebuli gankargvis formaSi, arsebiTi gardatexa Seitana, da mziTevis samarT-

lebrivi institutis raobis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. mogvianebiT, igive akrZal-

va imperatorma iustinianem provinciaSi mdebare samziTvo miwis nakveTebzec ganavrco.

rogorc aRvniSneT, colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars mziTevis gasxvisebis ufleba ar hqonda;

Tu samziTvo qoneba qmris samkvidro qonebas erwymoda da qmari sakuTari Tavis gaSvilebaze Tanxmo-

bas ganacxadebda, maSin mziTevi gasxvisebas eqvemdebareboda; aseve, Tu mziTevi Seadgenda meuRleTa

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saerTo qonebas, romelsac qmarTan erTad kidev ramdenime Tanamflobeli hyavda da Tu es uka-

nasknelni qonebis gasxvisebas moiTxovdnen, maSin qmars uaris Tqmis ufleba ar hqonda.

amrigad, romaeli iuristebis mier zustad iyo gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis

erT-erTi saxe; qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi aseve sagangebo samarTlebrivi reJimiT regulirdeboda col-

qmris damokidebuleba mziTevisadmi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom romSi, `xelis gareSe~ (sine manu) qorwinebis gavrcelebis paralelurad, ganqor-

winebebic gaxSirda. bunebrivia, sazogadoebaSi gaCnda qalis interesebis dacvis moTxovnilebac. am

viTarebis Sedegi iyo is, rom VI saukunidan moyolebuli, sacole an misi ojaxis ufrosi

(paterfamilias) saqmrosTan an misi ojaxis ufrosTan (paterfamilias) aformebda stipulacias (xel-

Sekrulebas), romlis ZaliTac, qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, qmars mziTevis dabruneba eva-

leboda. aRniSnul xelSekrulebas cautio rei uxoriae ewodeboda.

aqedan mieca dasabami mziTevis dabrunebis Sesaxeb sarCelsac, romelsac actio ex stipulatu ewodeboda.

mogvianebiT, mziTevis gamosaTxovad kidev erTi saxis sarCeli gaCnda.

romauli samarTali qalsa da mamakacs Soris erTaderT kanonier kavSirad qorwinebas aRiarebda.

Tumca, Zvel romSi qalisa da mamakacis kanonieri qorwinebisagan gansxvavebuli sxva saxis urTi-

erTobebic iyo cnobili.

III. Concubinatus (konkubinati)

Concubinatus (qalisa da mamakacis ukanono Tanacxovreba); contubernium (mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis

Tanacxovreba); liberi naturales (`bunebis Svilebi~, bastardebi).

romSi arsebobda qorwinebis gansakuTrebuli saxe konkubinati (concubinatus), anu bunebiTi qorwineba,

romlis Sedegadac Sobil pirebs bastardebi anu “bunebis Svilebi” ewodebodaT. es iyo ara SemTxve-

viTi kavSiri, aramed qalisa da mamakacis xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba, romelic ar pasuxobda qor-

winebis kanonier moTxovnebs, anu rodesac maT, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli, damabrkolebeli gare-

moebis gamo daqorwineba ar SeeZloT. magaliTad, qorwinebis uflebis (ius conubii) arqona, socialuri

uTanasworoba (magaliTad, qorwineba senatorsa da gaazatebuls Soris, lex Iulia et Poppaea-s kanonis

Tanaxmad, Tavisufal romael moqalaqes ùRirsi saqcielis~ qalze daqorwineba ekrZaleboda) da sxva.

konkubinatis dros mamakacis socialuri mdgomareoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda; konkubinatis Sede-

gad dabadebuli bavSvebi _ liberi naturales _ mamis kanonier Svilebad ar iTvlebodnen da mamis xeli-

suflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen; konkubinatSi qali kanonieri colis uflebebiT ar sargeblobda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom romauli ojaxi monogamiuri iyo, adreuli respublikis periodSi qmars, kano-

nieri ojaxis paralelurad, sxva qalTan konkubinatSi Tanacxovrebis uflebac hqonda, xolo qals,

qmris garda sxva mamakacTan Tanacxovrebis ufleba ar gaaCnda.

postklasikuri periodis romSi konkubinatSi dabadebuli bavSvebis dakanoneba gaxda dasaSvebi; maT

alimentis miRebisa da SezRuduli memkvidreobiTi uflebac hqondaT.

kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis, akrZaluli iyo struptum, adulterium da incestum. Struptum iyo sqesobrivi kav-

Siri Tavisufal kacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris; Aadulterium-is SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi mxare qor-

winebaSi imyofeboda; incestum-i iyo kavSiri im naTesavebs Soris, romelTac erTmaneTze daqorwineba

kanoniT ekrZalebodaT. SemTxveviTi da droebiTi kavSirebi monebTan, meZavebTan da msubuqi yofa-

qcevis qalebTan, rogorc wesi, sasjels ar iTvaliswinebda.

Contubernium iyo mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis kavSiri, romelic faqtobriv, Tumca iuridiulad

akrZalul Tanacxovrebad ganixileboda. postklasikur periodSi amgvari kavSiri, garkveulwilad,

mowesrigebuli iqna samarTlebrivad, roca separatio dura anu contubernium-Si myofi monebisa da maTi

Svilebis sxvadasxva adgilsa da sxvadasxva patronisaTvis miyidva aikrZala.

IV. Dos (mziTevi)

Dos (mziTevi); dos profecticia (ojaxis ufrosisagan miRebuli mziTevi); dos adventicia (mesame pirisagan

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miRebuli mziTevi); dos aestimata (Sefasebuli mziTevi); actio rei uxoriae (colisaTvis micemuli sarCeli);

dos necessaria (savaldebulo mziTevi); pactum dotalis (samziTvo SeTanxmeba); dotis promissio (mziTevis

dapireba); dotis dictio (mziTevis daTqma); dotis datio (mziTevis micema); donatio (Cuqeba); donatio ante nuptias

(qorwinebamdeli saCuqari); donatio propter nuptias (saqorwino saCuqari, qorwinebis Semdgomi saCuqari);

traditio (gadacema); stipulatio (dapireba); parapherna (mziTevs garda).

Zvel romaelTa yofaSi mziTevs imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, rom igi saxelmwifo interesis

sagans Seadgenda da, mziTevTan mimarTebiT, saojaxo urTierTobebis garkveul reglamentacias ad-

genda. iustinianes digestebis Tanaxmad: `Rei publicae interest mulieres dotes salvas habere, propter quas nubere possunt

_ saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mziTviT, romlis meSveobiT

maT gaTxoveba SeuZliaT~. (D.23.3.2)

qr. Sobamde III saukunidan mziTevis gacema moralur valdebulebaSi gadaizarda da savaldebulo

xasiaTi SeiZina. erTi mxriv, ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, am periodSi conventio in manu-s gareSe

qorwinebebma imata, meore mxriv, mkveTrad gaizarda ganqorwinebaTa ricxvic. aseT viTarebaSi mzi-

Tevis gacemis aucileblobas sazogadoeba sul ufro da ufro uWerda mxars, radgan mziTevi ojaxis

materialuri safuZvlis garanti iyo. kanonmdebelmac ar daayovna da mziTevi, rogorc sakuTrebis

erT-erTi saxeoba, kanoniT gansazRvra.

mziTevi _ qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis gadacemuli rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba _ Cuqeba

ar iyo da amitom masze Cuqebis (donatio) wesebi ar vrceldeboda.

iuridiul literaturaSi mziTevis cneba TiTqmis yvela mecnieris mier identuradaa definicirebuli.

ase magaliTad, n. bogolepovis Tanaxmad, mziTevi, rogorc sayofacxovrebo instituti, odiTganve

arsebobda romSi; Cveulebriv, mama Rirsebis saqmed miiCnevda qaliSvili mziTevis gareSe ar gaeTxo-

vebina. magram Cven ar mogvepoveba cnoba imis Sesaxeb, samarTliT iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli mziTevis,

rogorc qonebis raoba.

i. baronis ganmartebiT, mziTevi aris yovelive is, rac qmars (an mis mamas, Tu igi kvlav mamis xeli-

suflebaSia) colisagan an mis nacvlad sxva pirisagan, saojaxo cxovrebis xarjebis Sesamsubuqeblad

gadaecema.

d. grimis azriT, mziTevi ewodeba qonebas, romelic qmars colisagan an mesame pirisagan saerTo meur-

neobis xarjebis nawilis dasafaravad gadaecema.

istoriulad, mziTevis instituti alimentaciur valdebulebaTa ganviTarebis safuZvelze dawesda.

mSoblebi an maTi uflebis monacvleebi, ojaxidan gareT gaTxovil qals, romelic, Tavis mxriv, axal

ojaxs qmnida, mziTevis saxiT, garkveul qonebas aZlevdnen.

i. novickis Tanaxmad, am terminiT aRiniSneba nivTebi an sxva raime qonebis nawili, romelic gadaeca

qmars colisagan, misi ojaxis ufrosis an mesame pirisagan, saojaxo cxovrebis materialuri sir-

Tuleebis Sesamsubuqeblad.

v. xvostovis azriT, mziTevi gulisxmobs qmrisaTvis qonebis gadacemas, raTa mas saojaxo cxovrebis

simZime Seumsubuqdes.

m. bartoSekis naSromSi `romis samarTali~ terminebi `mziTevi~ (dos) da `colis qoneba~ (res uxoriae)

sinonimuri rigis cnebebadaa warmodgenili.

zemoaRniSnul ganmartebebs Tu SevajerebiT, mziTevis, met-naklebad, amomwurav definicias miviRebT.

amrigad, mziTevi es aris qoneba, romelic, saojaxo xarjebis Semsubuqebis mizniT, qmars colis an me-

same pirisagan gadaecemoda.

sakuTriv romaul wyaroebSi, mziTevi ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: `Dos est donatio mariti delata ad onera,

matrimonii ustinenda _ mziTevi aris meuRlis saCuqari qorwinebis periodSi xarjebis asanazRaureblad~.

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mziTevis institutis istorias sam ZiriTad etapad yofen; aseTi dayofa, romis samarTlis Tanaxmad,

uSualod qorwinebaSi myofi qalis socialuri da samarTlebrivi statusiTaa ganpirobebuli.

v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, ,,mziTevis instituti jer kidev uZveles romis samarTalSi cum manu mariti

tipis qorwinebis dros arsebobda. Tu conventio manu-s axdenda sui iuris coli, maSin manu mariti-s safuZ-

velze, colis mTeli qoneba qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da mziTevs cvlida.~

im epoqaSi, rodesac ojaxi agnaturi naTesaobis princips emyareboda da jer kidev arsebobda qoneb-

rivi damokidebuleba ojaxis ufrossa da sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi myof (alieni iuris) pirebs Soris, mas

Semdeg, rac ojaxi momxmarebelTa kavSirad iqca, gansazRvruli odenobis qonebis Setanis movaleoba

(meuRleTa Tanacxovrebis materialuri mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad) mxolod cols ekisreboda.

Zvel romSi mziTevi qmris srul sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, xolo ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mis

dasabruneblad araviTari iuridiuli norma ar arsebobda.

qmris xelisuflebiT (cum manu mariti) qorwinebis dros saqmros da sacolis ojaxis ufrosebs

(paterfamilias) Soris, winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, coli qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. marTa-

lia, mziTevi colis qoneba iyo, magram samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, es viTareba qorwinebaSi myof

qals aranair uflebas ar aniWebda mziTevze, vinaidan samarTlebrivad igi uuflebo iyo.

Tu patarZali sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi (alieni iuris) iyo, maSin, Cveulebis Tanaxmad, mas mziTevs oja-

xis ufrosi (paterfamilias) aZlevda. marTalia, es tradicia materialurad axalisebda qalis Sesvlas

qmris ojaxSi, magram, imavdroulad, igi kargavda memkvidreobis kanonier uflebas mamis ojaxSi; meo-

re mxriv, es ganamtkicebda qalis pozicias qmris ojaxSi.

Tavdapirvelad, coli iuridiulad xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli piri (in manu) iyo da, amdenad,

mas qonebis gankargvis ufleba ar hqonda; amitom colis mziTevi qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da mis

qonebas erwymoda. qmris ufleba mziTevze imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevis dabruneba qmars, Tundac

ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi (rac im dros Zalze iSviaTi iyo), ar evaleboda. Tu qorwineba wydeboda

qmris gardacvalebiT, in manu coli Svilebis msgavsad, iRebda memkvidreobas, riTac mas mziTevi

unazRaurdeboda.

romSi samziTvo sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri ram, rasac qonebirvi Rirebuleba gaaCnda, anu

es iyo rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe; kerZod, mancipirebuli Tu

aramancipirebuli, sxeulebrivi Tu usxeulo, moZravi Tu uZravi nivTi. magaliTad, miwa, fuli,

pirutyvi, mona da sxva.

d. grimis Tanaxmad, mziTevis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo, Rirebulebis mqone, nebismieri sikeTe. mzi-

Tevis gamcem pirs mziTvad SeeZlo daedgina sakuTrebis ufleba, dotis causa-s mimarT savaldebulo

moTxovnebi ganesazRvra, vali epatiebina da sxva.

i. baronis TqmiT, mziTevis dadgena SeiZleboda sxvadasxva saxis garigebiT: gadacemiT, dapirebiT an

saanderZo danakisriT (legatum).

1. mziTvis gadacema gulisxmobda, winaswari dapirebis gareSe, samziTvo qonebis qmrisaTvis

dauyovnebliv gadacemas: a) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo sxeulebrivi nivTebi, romlebzec sakuTrebis

ufleba qmars unda moepovebina, maSin gadacema (traditio) unda gamoeyenebinaT; b) qmrisaTvis mziTevad,

aseve, SeiZleboda servitutis, emfiTevzisisa da superficiumis gadacema; g) qmrisaTvis mziTevad SeiZ-

leboda gadaecaT moTxovna mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg, cesiis an delegaciis saxiT; Tu mevale Tavad

qmari iyo, maSin vali unda epatiebinaT; d) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo raime erTi, mTliani qoneba, maSin

misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mimarT, gansxvavebuli garigebebi gamoiyeneboda; e) Tu mziTevis dadgeniT

memkvidreobisagan gandgoma an memkvidreobaze uari unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin, amgvari nebis

ubralo gamovlinebac kmaroda.

2. mogvianebiT, klasikur periodSi samziTvo dapireba (stipulatio), mziTevis dapirebis (dotis promissio) an

mziTevis daTqmis (dotis dictio) saxiT, gaicemoda; iustinianes samarTaliT, mziTevis daTqma (dotis dictio)

gauqmda, samagierod, dadginda araformaluri xelSekruleba.

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3. saanderZo danakisri _ legati colisaTvis imis gansazRvriT, rom gasces uarnaTqvami qoneba mzi-

Tevad, ar iqneba mziTevis dadgena, aramed mxolod sababi mis dasadgenad.

digestebis Tanaxmad, mziTevis dadgenis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobda: dos aut datur aut dicitur aut

promittitur Ulp. Reg., 6,1], anu dotis promissio, dotis dictio da dotis datio.

Dotis promissio (igive stipulatio dotis), stipulaciuri formiT, qmrisaTvis mziTevis dapireba.

Dotis dictio _ es iyo calmxrivi sityvieri valdebulebis gansakuTrebuli forma, romliTac ganmcxa-

debeli, saqmros winaSe, kisrulobda valdebulebas Semdegi formulis warmoTqmiT _ mziTevad gad-

mogecema (dotis tibi erunt) _ da samziTvo obieqtebs asaxelebda. es forma nebadarTuli iyo patarZ-

lisaTvis, misi mamasaxlisisa da mevalisaTvis, vinc uSualod saqmrosaTvis valis gadaxdis _ delegatio

solvendi _ pirobas debda. amgvari SeTanxmeba qorwinebis dadebis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi.

Dotis datio realuri SeTanxmeba iyo. Tu qorwineba ar moxdeboda, maSin qmars condictio ob rem dati causa non

secuta-iT pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. Tu gadacema (datio) mancipaciiT an uflebis daTmobiT (in iure

cessio) xdeboda, mziTevad dasaxelebuli nivTebi qmars dauyovnebliv gadaecemoda. gadacemis (traditio),

rogorc kazualuri garigebis realur Sedegs, qorwineba ganapirobebda: Tu qorwineba ar Sedgeboda,

maSin mziTevi rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT, ukan gamoiTxoveboda.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mziTevad gaRebuli Secvladi nivTebi Tanabari odenobiTa da saTanado xa-

risxiT dabrunebas eqvemdebareboda. digestebSi gaiusi sagangebod aRniSnavs: `Res in dotem datae, quae

pondere numero mensura constant, mariti periculo sunt, quia in hoc dantur, ut eas maritus ad arbitrium suum distrahat et quandoquo

soluto matrimonio eiusdem generis et qualitatis alias restituat vel ipse vel heres eius _ mziTevad micemuli is nivTebi, rom-

lebic woniT, raodenobiTa da zomiT ganisazRvreba, qmris risks warmoadgens, radgan maT im mizniT

aZleven, rom qmarma isini Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargos da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad an

misma memkvidreebma imave saxisa da Tvisebebis (xarisxis) sxva nivTebi daabrunos.~ (D.23.3.42)

xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli qmris daintereseba imiT, rom mziTevad gacemuli

nivTebi _ gansakuTrebiT ki pirutyvi an tansacmeli _ ar Sefasebuliyo, aRniSnuli nivTebis mziTevad

gacemisas, qmris gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile imiT aixsneboda, rom, ganqorwinebis albaTobis SemTxve-

vaSi, mas zedmeti xarji da maTze pasuxismgebloba ar dakisreboda. amis Taobaze ulpianec sagan-

gebod miuTiTebs digestebSi: ùmravles SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom [mziTevad

micemuli] nivTebi ar iqnes Sefasebuli, raTa am nivTebis [dakargvis, dazianebis] riski masze ar gavr-

celdes, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi mziTevad pirutyvs an im tansacmels iRebs, romelsac

coli xmarobs. vinaidan, Tu nivTebi (e.i. tansacmeli) Sefasebulia, da Tu colma is gacviTa, ise

xdeba, rom qmarma [mziTevis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi] [tansacmlis] fasi mainc unda warmoadginos. da

ramdenadac mziTevad Seufasebel nivTebs iZlevian, amdenad maTi gaumjobesebac da gauaresebac

colis [angariSSi] iTvleba~.

Zvel romSi Sefasebuli nivTebi mziTevis gansakuTrebul saxes warmoadgenda da maT Sefasebul sam-

ziTvo nivTebs (dos aestimata) uwodebdnen. mziTevis Sefaseba ori mosazrebiT xdeboda: 1. daedginaT is

maqsimaluri Rirebuleba (taxationis causa), romlis farglebSic qmars, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mzi-

Tevi unda daebrunebina da 2. ganesazRvraT gasayidi fasi (venditionis causa), anu fuliT SeefasebinaT im

SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu qmari colis mevale iyo.

romauli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mziTevad gaRebuli nivTidan yovelgvari namati – pirutyvis,

monis, produqtis Tu sxva sargeblis saxiT – qmris qonebas erwymoda. sizustis moyvarul romaelebs

yoveli aseTi SemTxveva kanoniT hqondaT regulirebuli. Aase, magaliTad, digestebSi araerTgzisaa

aRniSnuli Semdegi: `magram [mziTevad micemuli] pirutyvis namati qmars ekuTvnis...~ aseve: `Tu qor-

winebamde mziTevad micemuli mona, aseve qorwinebamde naCuqrobiT an legatiT raimes SeiZens, mziTevi

gaizrdeba, iseve rogorc izrdeba nayofiT is miwis nakveTi, romelic [qmars] qorwinebamde gadaeca.~

`Tu [mziTevad micemul] monebs bavSvebi gauCndaT, es [bavSvebi] qmris mogeba ar aris.~

mogvianebiT, roca qaliSvilis gamziTveba dedasac daevala, mas garkveuli moZravi qonebis gadacema

SeeZlo. amis Taobaze digestebSi vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `Tu dedam [Tavis] qaliSvils sargeblobis

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uflebiT oqrouloba gadasca, mamam ki es oqrouloba momaval qmars mziTvad misca...~

romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen im SemTxvevebs, rodesac `cols mziTevSi miwis

nakveTi hqonda...~. digestebis Tanaxmad: `Tu mama keTilsindisierad nayid miwis nakveTs mziTevad

gascems, maSin es [mziTevi] Tavad misgan warmoqmnil mziTevad ganixileba.~

faqtiurad, mziTevad gaRebuli miwis nakveTi saxelmwifo zrunvis gansakuTrebul sagans Seadgenda.

swored amitom, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi samziTvo miwis nakveTebis gasxvisebis wess saxelmwifo

aregulirebda. Tavdapirvelad, qmars samziTvo miwis nakveTis gasxvisebis sruli ufleba hqonda.

mogvianebiT ki, samziTvo miwis nakveTTan dakavSirebiT, qmris aRniSnuli ufleba mniSvnelovnad Seiz-

Ruda, xolo lex Iulia de fundo dotali-s Tanaxmad, samziTvo miwis nakveTebis gasxviseba saerTod aikrZala.

amis Taobaze digestebSi pavlusi sagangebod aRniSnavs: `xolo miwis nakveTis gasxviseba arc erT

SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, rodesac qals (cols) samziTvo sarCeli ekuTvnis an aucilebelad unda

miekuTvnos.~

mziTevad gaRebuli fulis Taobaze sagangebodaa aRniSnuli iustinianes digestebSi. ase, magaliTad,

`...romelmac qmars mziTvad fuli gadasca~ an kidev `Tu vinmem mamas gansazRvruli Tanxa aCuqa, raTa

mamas es qaliSvilisaTvis (mziTvad) mieca, maSin, rogorc amas „digestebis“ meCvidmete wignSi iuliane

wers, ar iqneba „profecticia“.…es mziTevi aris „adventicia“.

xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac samziTvo nivTi fuliT icvleboda an piruku.

`Cven vambobT, rom qorwinebis arsebobis dros mziTvis Secvla [im SemTxvevaSi] SeiZleba, Tu es qali-

saTvis sasargebloa, Tu [magaliTad], fuli icvleba nivTiT, an nivTi – fuliT. da es [wesi] miRe-

bulia.~

garda amisa, mziTevad aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTec gaicemoda. romSi aseTad miCneuli iyo, maga-

liTad, legati anu `rodesac mama [Tavisi] qaliSvilisaTvis [qmars] mziTevs hpirdeba da [Semdeg] am

mziTevs legatis saxiT tovebs...~, an aseTi saxis dapireba: `rodesac [movale, valis sanacvlod]

mziTevis dapirebas iZleva, misi saxeliT valdebuleba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT daniSnul fidei-

usors ekisreba.~

romSi arsebobda mziTevis gansakuTrebuli saxe e.w. parapherna. termini parapherna berZnuli warmo-

Sobis sityvaa da niSnavs „garda mziTevisa“ anu igulisxmeba gaTxovili qalis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli

qoneba. mziTvis es saxeoba mogvianebiT qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros

Seiqmna da mas, rogorc qonebis kerZo saxes, gaTxovili qali Tavisuflad gankargavda. romis samar-

TalSi parapherna-s sinonimebad m. bartoSeki bona recepticia-sa da res extra dotem-s miiCnevs da wers:

`ceterum si res dentur in ea, quae Graeci paraferua dicunt quaeque Galli peculium appellant… _ amrigad, Tu [mziTevad]

aZleven im nivTebs, romlebsac berZnebi `paraferna~-s (paraferua) uwodeben, xolo galebi – `pekulium~-s...~

(D.23.3.9.3)

Pecullium-is, rogorc qonebis saxiT, wvrilfexa saqonlis jogi moiazreboda; mogvianebiT pecullium-ad

miiCneoda nebismieri saxis qoneba, romelsac meurneobis gaZRolis mizniT, ojaxis ufrosi

(paterfamilias) gadascemda pirs, romelic alieni iuris iyo da romelsac amis Semdeg meurneobis damou-

kideblad marTva SeeZlo.

qalis mziTevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT, romaelma iuristebma SeimuSaves samarTlis normaTa mTe-

li sistema, romlis mixedviTac, Zalze kargad iqna damuSavebuli mziTevis institutis arsi rogorc

qorwinebis periodSi, ise qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. mogvianebiT, samarTlis normaTa

aRniSnul sistemas romis samziTvo samarTali ewoda. swored mis ZiriTad debulebebs efuZneba Tana-

medrove evropis mravali qveynis (safrangeTi, belgia, italia da a.S.) samziTvo samarTali.

Tavis mxriv, i. baroni aRniSnavs, rom amgvari saxeldeba Seuferebelia; marTebuli iqneba, Tu vityviT

_ `qonebis gayofis sistema~.

amrigad, moxmobili iuridiuli da istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, naTlad dasturdeba is faqti, Tu

iuristebis mier, raoden zustad iyo gansazRvruli da regulirebuli mziTevis, rogorc kerZo

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sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxeobis, raoba da sagani romis samarTalSi.

V. Adoptio (Svileba)

Adrogatio (Svileba); adoptio (Svileba); filius familia (ojaxis Svili); legitimatio (dakanoneba).

rogorc iustinianes digestebidan irkveva, romSi Svilad ayvanis ori saxe arsebobda: 1. adoptio (araTa-

visufali piris Svilad ayvana) da 2. adrogatio (Tavisufali piris Svilad ayvana).

Adoptio niSnavda ojaxis Svilis (filius familia) Svilad ayvanas, xolo adrogatio Tavisufali piris Svi-

lebas. gaiusis Tanaxmad, adrogatio-Ti, princefsisa da magistratis nebarTviT, mSoblis xelisuflebaSi

myofi pirebis Svileba xdeboda.

Svilad ayvanis dros aucilebeli iyo ramdenime pirobis dacva. magaliTad, ar SeiZleboda erTze

meti piris, sxvis mier gaazatebulis Svileba, aseve samoc wlamde asakis pirs an meurves Svilebis

ufleba ar hqondaT, akrZaluli iyo, rom asakiT umcross asakiT ufrosi eSvila, sxvagan myofis an im

piris Svileba, vinc Svilebaze Tanaxma ar iyo. Svilebis dros agnati naTesavebis Tanxmoba auci-

lebeli ar iyo; obolis Svilebis dros misi kognati naTesavebis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro, agreTve,

daiSveboda Tavisufali qalis da brma piris Svileba.

Svilebis Zveli forma iyo adrogatio, romlis drosac ojaxis mama sxva ojaxis mamis xelisuflebaSi

gadadioda da misi uflebamosilebac srulad xvdeboda mSvileblis xelSi.

Svilad ayvana kuriis komiciebSi tardeboda da mTeli Semadgenlobis mier mtkicdeboda.

Adoptio magistratebis nebarTviT daiSveboda da, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris, erTi ojaxidan

meoreSi gadasvlas gulisxmobda. aRniSnuli procedura pontifikosebis mier dadgenili wesebis

mixedviT tardeboda da mesame pirisaTvis sammagi mancipaciis principidan momdinareobda.

i.pereterski aRniSnavs, klasikur periodSi Svilad ayvana imperatoris reskriptis safuZvelze xde-

boda. amisaTvis saWiro iyo, rom `mSvilebeli 60 wlis yofiliyo da sakuTari Svilebi ar hyoloda.~

ukve klasikuri periodis romSi, Svilad ayvanis paralelurad, moqmedebda dakanoneba (legitimatio), anu

qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis kanonieri Svilis uflebebis miniWeba.

VI. Divortium (qorwinebis Sewyveta)

Divortium (ganqorwineba ormxrivi nebiT); repudium (ganqorwineba calmxrivi nebiT); divortium sine causa

(usafuZvlo ganqorwineba); antipherna (mziTevis sapirispiro).

istoriulad romis saxelmwifos evoluciis yvela etapze, qorwineba erTi da imave safuZv-

liTYwydeboda. digestebis 24-e wignSi sagangebodaa miTiTebiuli qorwinebis Sewyvetis sami kanonieri

safuZveli: ganqorwineba, erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba da erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis

dakargva. Tumca, zogierTi teqstis Tanaxmad, romelTa auTenturoba saeWvoa, dasaSvebad miiCneva qor-

winebis SenarCunebas gaZevevis (interdictio aquae et ignis) an gadasaxlebis (deportacio in insulam) SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac piri moqalaqeobas kargavda. mTavari iyo, rom meuRleebs affectio maritalis SeenarCunebiTaT.

rogorc v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, Tavdapirvelad, romis samarTaliT ganqorwinebis moTxovnis uflebas

mxolod qmars, da isic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, eZleoda. kerZod, Tu coli Caidenda iseT mZime

danaSauls, rogoric iyo Svilebis mowamvla, Rvinis sacavis gasaRebis aslis damzadeba an mruSoba.

plutarqes cnobiT, `romulusma ramdenime kanoni miiRo, romelTagan erTi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT

gamoirCeva, cols ukrZalavda qmris mitovebas, magram qmars ufleba aZlevda mowamvlaSi, bavSvebis

Secvlasa da mruSobaSi mxilebuli coli gaegdo. Tu vinme [qmari] sxva mizeziT ganqorwindeboda,

maSin kanoni mas avalebda qonebis erTi nawili colisaTvis mieca, xolo meore nawili [qalRmerT]

cererasTvis mieZRvna saCuqrad. xolo colis gamyidveli [qmari] qvesknelis RmerTebisaTvis unda

SeewiraT~...

101

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyveta daiSveboda meuRleTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT da mas

divortium ewodeboda. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod calmxrivad daiSveboda.

ganqorwinebis gacxadeba xdeboda an macnis meSveobiT, an werilis gagzavniT, an qr.Sobamde 18 w. miRe-

buli avgustusis kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis. aRniSnuli kanoni ganqorwinebas mxolod colis Rala-

tis SemTxvevaSi iTvaliswinebda; Tu moRalate colTan qmari Tanacxovrebas ganagrZobda, qmars sas-

jeli emuqreboda. zogjer ganqorwineba xdeboda obieqturi mizeziTac xdeboda. ase, magaliTad, qmris

qurumad gaxdomis, samxedro samsaxuris an mZime daavadebis SemTxvevaSi, normalur viTarebaSi col-

qmruli Tanacxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo. ganqorwinebis bunebriv safuZvlad miiCneoda qalis

uSvilobac.

romSi zneobis dacemis kvalobaze, gaxSirda ganqorwinebebi araseriozuli mizezebiT. praqtikaSi

damkvidrda cautiones rei uxoriae, romlis Tanaxmadac, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, qmari mziTevis ukan

dabrunebis valdebulebas kisrulobda. mogvianebiT, pretorma Tavisi ediqtiT sarCeli actio rei uxoriae

cols misca. Tavdapirvelad, ganqorwinebis, Semdeg qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic. pretoris mier

daniSnuli mosamarTle (arbiter) sakuTar Tavze iRebda im funqcias, romelsac adre qmris saojaxo

sabWo asrulebda. saqme isaa, rom sasarCelo formula qmars avaldebulebda colisaTvis mziTevidan

mieca is, rac cols samarTlianad ekuTvnoda. mosamarTle (arbiter) am saqmes cenzoris msgavsad, Ta-

visi nebis Tavisufali gadawyvetilebiT (arbitrium) ganixilavda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sarCelis ufleba

mxolod colis kerZo piradi ufleba iyo.

qorwinebis periodSi colis mziTevad dadgenili rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba, qorwinebis

Sewyvetis Semdeg, qmris sakuTrebaSi rCeboda, magram Tu qmari ganqorwinebas sapatio mizezTa ararse-

bobis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovda, i. baronis TqmiT, kanoni mas avaldebulebda Tavisi qonebis erTi naxe-

vari ganqorwinebuli colisaTvis mieca, xolo meore naxevari miwaTmoqmedebis qalRmerT cerera-

saTvis Seewira.

mogvianebiT, respublikis periodSi ganqorwineba SesaZlebeli gaxda ormxrivi da calmxrivi moTxov-

niT rogorc colis, ise qmris mier. ganqorwinebas ormxrivi nebiT divortium-i ewodeboda, xolo cal-

mxrivi nebiT _ repudium-i (repidium niSnobis calmxrivad CaSlasac niSnavda). digestebis ormocdameaTe

wignSi es ori termini asea ganmartebuli: `ganqorwinebasa~ da `repudiacias~ Soris is sxvaobaa, rom

`repudiacia~ SesaZlebelia rogorc qorwinebamde, ise mis Semdeg, magram sityviT `ganqorwineba~

igulisxmeba gaTxovili qali, radgan `ganqorwineba~ niSnavs qonebrivi kavSiris Sewyvetas meuRleebs

Soris, ris Semdegac TiToeul meuRles sruli ufleba aqvs wavides iq, sadac surs.~ (D.50.16.191)

calmxrivi nebiT ganqorwinebisas, moqmedebda mziTevis gankargvis Semdegi wesi: Tu coli iyo TviT-

xelisufali piri (persona sui iuris) (imis miuxedavad, mziTevi mamis, mSoblebisagan miRebuli iyo

(profecticia) Tu gareSe, mesame pirisagan miRebuli (adventicia) da repudiacias iTxovda qmari, es ukanask-

neli qorwinebis calmxrivi nebiT Sewyvetis mizezi iyo, mziTevi rCeboda mxolod cols; Tu coli

kvlav mamis xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda anu persona alieni iuris iyo, maSin mziTevi, misi warmomavlobis

miuxedavad (anu profecticia iyo, Tu adventicia), repudirebul colsa da mamamiss rCeboda; Tu ganqor-

wineba colis iniciativiT an misi saqcieliT xdeboda, maSin mziTevi qmars rCeboda.

iustinianemdeli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, mziTevis bedi qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi arse-

biTad mziTevis dabruneba-ardabrunebis pirobis daTqmaze iyo damokidebuli. aseTi daTqmis ararse-

bobis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevs dos recepticia ewodeboda da qorwinebis SewyvetisTanave qmars mziTevis dab-

runeba (aucilebeli xarjebis gamoklebiT) evaleboda.

i. baronis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki mziTevs dos non recepticia ewo-

deboda, ris gamoc qmars mziTevis dabruneba ar evaleboda; magram Tu qorwinebis Sewyveta gamow-

veuli iyo colis gardacvalebiT, maSin mziTevi _ dos adventicia _ qmars rCeboda, xolo mziTevi _ dos

profecticia _ (Tu misi damdgeni cocxali aRar iyo) qmars rCeboda, xolo Tu mziTevis damdgeni cocxa-

li iyo, maSin TiToeul Svilze qmars mziTevis 1/5 wilis gamoqviTva SeeZlo.

imperiis periodSi Zalze gaxSirda qorwinebis Sewyveta rogorc divortium-i, ise repudium-i. ganqor-

wineba did zneobriv zians ayenebda saxelmwifos, magram Tu qorwinebis Sewyveta mainc garduvali

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iyo, saimperatoro kanoni ganqorwinebisaTvis seriozul safuZvels iTxovda. Tu ganqorwineba am piro-

bas ar akmayofilebda, mas usafuZvlo ganqorwineba anu divortium sine causa ewodeboda da ganqorwinebis

iniciators mkacri qonebrivi sasjeli ekisreboda.

i. baronis Tanaxmad, amiTve iyo ganpirobebuli iustinianes mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebic. kerZod,

imperatoris gankargulebiT ganqorwineba ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT (divortium communi consensu) aikrZala;

gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva, rodesac, xorcieli siyvarulisagan TavSekavebis mizniT, meuRleebi

sakuTari surviliT Sordebodnen erTmaneTs; magram Tu am pirobas meuRleTagan romelime

daarRvevda, mas mTeli qoneba Svilebis sasargeblod CamoerTmeoda; Svilebis ar yolis SemTxvevaSi

ki qoneba xazinis gankargulebaSi gadadioda.

erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebiT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, mamis mier dadgenili mziTevi

(dos profecticia), kanoniT qmars rCeboda; Tu qorwineba qmris gardacvalebiT wydeboda, maSin mziTevi

mxolod cols, an colsa da mamamiss orives erTad ubrundeboda. pavlusis Tanaxmad, `Tu mamam misca

da SeTanxmeba dado, rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi qaliSvilis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi mziTevi qmars

rCeba, maSin, Cemi azriT, SeTanxmeba daculi unda iqnes, Tundac bavSvebi ar arsebobdnen~.

aseTi gaxldaT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi romaeli xalxis sxvadasxvagvari dadgenileba mzi-

Tevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT. mziTevze qmris uflebebi Tavad samziTvo sagnis raobaze da mxa-

reTa nebaze iyo damokidebuli.

yvelaze xSirad qmars sakuTrebaSi sxeulebrivi nivTebi eZleoda da imavdroulad, samziTvo saganTan

dakavSirebiT, misi uflebebi ganisazRvreboda.

imperiis meore naxevarSi, mziTevis (dos) paralelurad, axali instituti saqorwino saCuqari (donatio

propter nuptiaes) damkvidrda. ase ewoda manamde arsebul, qorwinebis Semdgom, saCuqars (donatio ante

nuptiaes). qmari an mis magier sxva (kanoniT aseTi ram mamas ar evaleboda) piri, mziTevis sanacvlod,

colisaTvis gansazRvruli raodenobis qonebas (antipherna) adgenda. saqorwino saCuqari (donatio propter

nuptias) mziTevis (dos) tolfasi unda yofiliyo. aseTi samziTvo qonebidan qmris wils coli winaswar

gansazRvravda da qmars im SemTxvevaSi eZleoda, Tu coli qmarze adre gardaicvleboda; Tavis mxriv,

qmaric gansazRvravda samziTvi qonebis wils, romelic cols im SemTxvevaSi gadaecemoda, Tu qmari

masze adre gardaicvleboda.

colis mizeziT ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, igi samziTvo qonebas kargavda. aseve kargavda, gan-

qorwinebis iniciatori qmari, saqorwino saCuqars (donatio propter nuptiaes). Tu qorwinebidan meuRleebs

Svilebi ar hyavdaT, maSin qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT, cols saqorwino saCuqarze

(donatio propter nuptiaes) aranairi ufleba ar hqonda; Tu qorwinebidan maT hyavdaT Svilebi, maSin qor-

winebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, coli aRniSnul qonebaze uzufruqts iRebda, xolo qonebaze sakuT-

rebis uflebas _ SvilebTan erTad inawilebda.

rac Seexeba erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargvis mizeziT qorwinebis Sewyvetas, (maga-

liTad, Tu meuRle Cavardeboda tyved da misi bedi _ gardacvlili iyo Tu cocxali _ ucnobi iyo),

xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg, qorwineba Sewyvetilad iTvleboda da cols kvlav daqoriwnebis ufleba

eZleoda. am SemTxvevaSi, qonebrivi zaralis anazRaureba meuRleTagan arc erTs ar ekisreboda; Tu

gaazatebuli qali Tavis patronze gaTxovdeboda, maSin mas ganqorwinebis moTxovna ekrZaleboda da,

amdenad, arc mziTevis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda.

qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad, aseTi gaxldaT is sxvadasxvagvari dadgenileba, riTac

romaeli xalxi xelmZRvanelobda.

VII. Paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi)

Ius vitae et necis (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba); potestas (mamasaxlisis xelisufleba); emancipatio

(mamis xelisuflebidan gaTavisufleba); patria potestas (mamis xelisufleba).

romis samarTali erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda pirTa or kategorias: araxelqveiT (sui iuris) da xel-

qveiT (alieni iuris) pirebs. Zvel romSi mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wyoba pirTa aRniSnul dayofas

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efuZneboda.

romauli ojaxis saTaveSi idga ojaxis ufrosi, mamasaxlisi, romelsac romaelebi paterfamilias-s uwo-

debdnen. mis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda yvela alieni iuris piri: coli (romelsac qaliSvilis mdgoma-

reoba hqonda _ loco filiae), vaJiSvilebi da maTi colebi, romlebic qmris xelisuflebaSi iyvnen (isini

SviliSvilis statusiT sargeblodbnen loco nuptis), qaliSvilebi da monebi. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis

ufrosis uflebamosileba SeuzRudavi iyo da colze, Svilebze, monebze Tu nivTebze erTnair xeli-

suflebas (manus) axorcielebda; droTa ganmavlobaSi mamasaxlisis xelisufleba (potestas) daixvewa

da ramdenime ZiriTadi saxe gamoikveTa. 1. xelisufleba colze (manu); 2. xelisufleba Svilebze

(patria potestas); 3. xelisufleba monebze (dominica potestas). Sesabamisad, TandaTanobiT, aRniSnulma xeli-

suflebam, diferenciaciis Sedegad, gansxvavebuli saxeldebebi miiRo: manu mariti (xelisufleba

colze), patria potestas (xelisufleba Svilze), dominica potestas (xelisufleba monebze) da a.S. mogvia-

nebiT, imperator iustinianes samarTliT mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) xelisufleba SeizRuda. roca

misi, rogorc ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba mxolod monebsa da mis xelqveiT myof Svilebze

vrceldeboda.

romaul ojaxSi qveynis umaRles xelisufals ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) cvlida. misi Zalaufleba

sakmaod farTo iyo: igi gankargavda ojaxis mTel qonebas, ganagebda ojaxis wevrTa beds da a.S.

1. gayidvis ufleba (ius vendendi). ojaxis vaJiSvilis sxva qveynis teritoriaze monad gayidva. aRniS-

nuls XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mesame gayidvis Semdeg Svili mamis xelisuflebidan Tavisufl-

deboda; 2. zaralis asanazRaureblad gadacema (ius noxae dandi). mamas ufleba hqonda xelqveiTi

vaJiSvili miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad gadaeca dazaralebulisaTvis da Tavad zaralis

anazraurebis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo. aRniSnuli ufleba iustinianes kanon-

mdeblobiT aikrZala; 3. Cvilis gadagdebis ufleba. klavdiusis epoqaSi daiSveboda, rom mamas axal-

Sobilze uari eTqva da gadaegdo. es qristianTa mxridan kritikis safuZveli gaxda da mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi daiSveboda, Tu Cvili maxinji daibadeboda.

aRniSnuli Zalaufleba imdenad didi iyo, rom mas ojaxis wevris sikvdiliT dasjis uflebas ki

hqonda (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae et necis). yvelaferi, rasac Svilebi iZendnen, mamas

ekuTvnoda. h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis mama erTaderTi da SeuzRudavi

mesakuTre iyo im qonebisa, romelsac is da misi xelqveiTni SromiT, memkvidreobiT an raime sxva

xelsayreli SemTxvevis wyalobiT iZendnen.

aRniSnuli wesis paralelurad sazogadoebaSi arsebobda xalxis erTgvari Sexeduleba, romelic

sagangebod aRniSna romaelma iuristma pavlusma. am TvalsazrisiT, mTeli qoneba mamisa da misi Svi-

lebis saerTo qonebad iTvleboda. TavisTavad, iuridiuli gankargvis wesze aRniSnul Sexedulebas

araviTari gavlena ar hqonda (am SemTxvevaSi, mamis `fiducialuri~ uflebis Sesaxeb saubari iseve

umarTebulo iyo, rogorc qmris fiducialuri sakuTrebis aRiareba colis mziTevze, romelic, xal-

xis azriT, colis kuTvnileba iyo. mziTevis (dos) gankargvis wesis Tanadroulad, arsebobda e.w.

naturalisturi mosazrebac, romelic, Tavis mxriv, pozitiuri samarTlis ganmartebis safuZveli

SeiZleba gamxdariyo).

iustinianes samarTlis mixedviT, mama da Svilebi iZendnen yovelive imas, rac maT xelSi a parte an ex re

partis ar gadadioda. srulwlovanebis Semdeg, mamis xelqveiT Svilebs SeeZloT sakuTar Tavze valde-

bulebebis damoukideblad miReba.

klasikur periodSi xelqveiTi Svilebis winaaRmdeg saCivris aRZvra da valauvalobis gamo maTi

dasja SeiZleboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva, SeiZleboda ki realurad am daTqmis ganxor-

cieleba, radgam xelqveiTi Svilebs qoneba ar gaaCndaT. SC Macedonianum-is Tanaxmad, xelqveiT Svils

sesxis rom aeRo, mas mamis Tanxmoba esaWiroeboda.

m. bartoSeki termins patria potestas Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ojaxis ufrosis samisdReSio da absolu-

turi xelisufleba rogorc sisxlismier, ise ayvanil Svilebze, maTi asakis miuxedavad.

romaeli iuristebi mamis xelisuflebas romis moqalaqeTa wminda erovnul instituts _ ius proprium

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civium Romanorum-s uwodebdnen. germaneli mecnieri e. Staermani ambobs, rom ìs rkiniseburi dis-

ciplina da saxlis uflis Zalaufleba, rac arsebobda familias-Si, saerTod iSviaTobas warmoadgenda

msoflio istoriaSi. romaeli didkacis ojaxi, garda jalabobisa, Sedgeboda monebisa da mosamsa-

xureebisagan... aseve laTinuri familia niSnavda ojaxs, jalabsa, da nawilobriv, gvarsac.

iustinianes instituciebSi naTqvamia: ` Ius autem potestas, quod in liberos habemus, proprium est ciuium Romanuorum:

nulli enim alii sunt homines, qui talem in liberos habeant potestatem, qualem nos habemus _ mamis xelisufleba, romelic

bavSvebze gvaqvs, mxolod romaeli moqalaqeebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli; rameTu ar arsebobs sxva

xalxi, romelsac iseTive xelisufleba hqondes Svilebze, rogoric Cven, romaelebs gvaqvs~.

ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) SeiZleba yofiliyo ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis aRmavali xazis asakiT uxu-

cesi wevri, romelic romauli ojaxis erTaderTi TviTxelisufali (persona sui iuris) iyo, romlis gar-

dacvalebis Semdeg misi vaJebi, (manamde paterfamilias-is daqvemdebarebaSi myofni) paterfamilias-ebi Tavad

xdebodnen.

Tavdapirvelad, paterfamilias-is TiTqmis absoluturi Zalaufleba ojaxis yvela wevrsa da mTel sao-

jaxo qonebaze upirobod vrceldeboda. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi igi mxolod Cveulebisa (regimen

morum) da zneobis (leges regiae) normebiT izRudeboda. mogvianebiT kanoniTac da cxovrebis wesiTac

mamis Zalaufleba Sesustda.

ojaxis yvela Tavisufali wevri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda, xolo

colis daqvemdebareba ormagi xasiaTisa iyo; erTi mxriv, igi qmris xelisuflebas (manu mariti), meore

mxriv ki, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda.

amgvari xelisuflebis arsi Tavad misi bunebiT aixsneboda da ojaxis ufrosis pasuxismgeblobas

ukavSirdeboda, raTa mas modgmis gagrZeleba uzrunveleyo.

mamis xelisuflebis warmoiSoboda: 1. kanonier qorwinebaSi myof meuRleTa vaJiSvilis an qaliSvilis

dabadebiT; 2. dakanonebiT; 3. SvilebiT.

mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) absoluturi xelisuflebis (patria potestas) ramdenime saxe arsebobda:

1. piris sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae ac necis) mamasaxlisis umTavresi ufleba iyo,

romelic man klasikur periodamde SeinarCuna. aRniSnuli ufleba Zalze ulmobeli ufleba iyo; es

ufleba dionise halikarnaselis Tanaxmad, `sxva Zveli xalxebis mier tiranulad iyo miCneuli~.

romaelebis am uflebis realurad gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelad miiCnevdne saojaxo sabWos (iudicium

domesticum) mowvevas. cenzors ufleba hqonda Careuli mamis gadawyvetilebaSi. ojaxis ufrosisadmi

daqvemdebarebul pirTa sasikvdilod gameteba uSualod misi funqcia iyo da sajaro xelisuflebas

exeba, roca ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) daqvemdebarebul pirs sjida, am dros mas disciplinaruli

mosazrebebi amoZravebda.

konstantines dros mamasaxlisis zemoxsenebuli ufleba (vitae necisque potestas) SeizRuda; 395 wlidan ki

mas TviTneburad umizezod daqvemdebarebuli pirebis sikvdiliT dasja aekrZala. mkacri Ronis-

Ziebebis gamoyeneba mas aekrZala. Vitae necisque potestas akrZalva iustinianes kodeqsiT dasturdeba.

2. ojaxis mamas (paterfamilias) ufleba hqonda axalSobili Svilad ar eRiarebina. saerTod, ojaxis

wevrad da mamis ZalauflebaSi myof pirad mxolod mamasaxlisis mier aRiarebuli Svilis xdeboda.

sxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, aSkara simaxinjisas) bavSvs Tavidan icilebdnen _ expositio filii. rogorc

XII dafis kanonebisa da ciceronis Tanaxmad, ...“cito necatus tamquam ex XII tabulis insignis ad deformitatem puer _

rogorc XII dafis kanonebidan Cans, Cvils, romelic gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli simaxijniT, aseve

iolad gamoasalmebdnen sicocxles.~ Tavdapirvelad, mamasaxlisis aRniSnul uflebas mezoblebi da

naTesavebi akontrolebdnen.

3. daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi ojaxis ufross SeeZlo zaralis anazRaurebis an ubralod, muSa

xelis gaqiravebis mizniT, mesame pirebisaTvis mancipaciiT gadaeca (mancipio dare). es praqtika romSi

odiTganve iyo cnobili. dionise halikarnaselis gadmogvcemiT, romulusma miiRo kanoni, romlis

Tanaxmadac, `romaelma kanonmdebelma... neba darTo mamas vaJiSvili ise gaeyida, rom yuradRebas ar

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aqcevda imas, Tu romelime mama arajansaR da miT ufro damamZimebeli an bunebiT miuRebeli

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi eWvmitanili iqneboda... igi mamas nebas rTavda vaJiSvilis samgzis gayidviT

gamdidrebuliyo; amiT mamas gacilebiT ufro didi Zalaufleba eniWeboda, vidre batons monasTan

mimarTebaSi... magram samgzis gayidvis Semdeg vaJiSvili Tavisufldeboda mamis Zalauflebisagan/~

aRniSnuli norma mocemulia XII dafis kanonebSi ` Si pater filium ter venum du[it], filius a petre liber esto _ Tu

mama samjer gayidis Svils, Svili mamisagan Tavisufali iyos”

4. dionise halikarnaselis cnobiT, romelic romis meore reqs numa pompiliuss periods ekuTvnis,

ambobs: `Tu mama vaJiSvils nebas darTavs moiyvanos coli, romelic wminda saqmeebisa da qonebis

monawile gaxda, kanonis Tanaxmad, mamas ar eqneba ufleba gayidos vaJiSvili~.

XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze pontifikosebma dadgines, rom kanonSi, romelSic

mocemulia sityva `filius” mamrobiTi sqesis xelqveiTi pirebi igulisxmebian, da ara daRmavali xazis

calkeuli pirebi da qalebi, romlebic paterfamilias xelisuflebisgan erTjeradi mancipaciiT Tavi-

sufldebodnen.

rogorc wyaroebidan irkveeva, romSi daiSveboda vaJiSvilis mancipireba; rac Seexeba qaliSvils, erT-

gvarad, rCevis saxiT, kanonmdebeli acxadebda, rom jobda qaliSvilis mancipaciisagan ojaxis

ufross Tavis Seekavebina, raTa momavalSi misi gaTxoveba ar gaZneleboda.

amrigad, praqtikulad ojaxis ufrosis mier mancipaciis gamoyeneba postklasikuri periodis wya-

roebSi noxae deditio aRar ixsenieboda, xolo iustinianes instituciebiT igi gauqmebulad cxaddeboda.

kanoniT pontifikosebma daaregulires mamis xelisuflebidan samjeradi mancipaciis gziT, Tav-

daxsnili Svilebis saboloo ganTavisufleba emancipatio-Ti. emancipacia iyo winaswari SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze, Svilebis an SviliSvilebis gaTavisufleba mamis xelisuflebidan. vaJiSvilis SemxvevaSi,

emancipacia samjer gamoiyeneboda, qaliSvilis mimarT mxolod erTxel. vaJiSvilis mesame

emancipaciis Semdeg, ndobis aRWurvili piris mier mamisaTvis Svilis dabrunebis Sedegad, mama parens

manumissor-i (Svils an SviliSvils Tavis xelisuflebidan ganmaTavisuflebeli mSobeli) xdeboda.

emancipaciis Sedegad, emancipirebuli piri sui iuris xdeboda, magram mis Svilebze emancipatio ar vrcel-

deboda. kanonis Tanaxmad, emancipacias qonebis danawevreba ar unda gamoewvia, Sesabamisad, igi mxo-

lod erT vaJiSvilze vrceldeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, mama cdilobda, rom emancipaciis meSveobiT

sxva SvilebisaTvis damoukideblad arsebobis pirobebis Seeqmna (ZiriTadad, maTTvis pekuliumis

micemiT).

konstantines periodidan moyolebuli, Svilebis umadurobis SemTxvevaSi, mamas SeeZlo uari eTqva

Svilebis emancripacioze. qr.Sobis VI saukunidan, imperatoris reskriptiT (e. Anastasiana) armyofi

Svilebis mimarT emancipaciis gamartivebuli forma an saTanado organoebSi registrirebuli mamis

ubralo gancxadeba (e. Iustiniana) gamoiyeneboda. CveulebiTi samarTliT, vaJiSvilis mier sakuTari

meurneobis Seqmna am qaliSvilis gaTxoveba (e. Saxonica, e. iuris germanici) mamis xelisuflebis Sewyvetis

erT-erTi forma iyo.

Emancipatio iyo winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze nacnobisaTvis daqvemdebarebuli piris gadacema,

romelic kanoniT, mas aTavisuflebda (manumissio vindicta). pirveli da meore mancipaciis Semdeg, manic-

pirebuli piri kvlav mamasaxlisis xelisuflebaSi brundeboda. mesame mancipaciis Semdeg vaJiSvilsa

da mamas Soris urTierToba in causa mancipi-s efuZneboda. manumisiis Sedegad vaJiSvli Tavi-

sufldeboda mamis xelisuflebisagan, xdeboda persona sui iuris da mSobel mamasTan kvazipatronatis

urTierTobaSi imyofeboda.

postklasikur periodSi emancipaciis aRniSnuli forma mniSvnelovnad gamartivda: dasavleT romis

imperiaSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, kuriis winaSe, Svidi mowmis TandaswrebiT, mamam acxadebda vaJis

gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, xolo aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi imperatoris reskripti gamoicemoda,

vidre 531 wels es arafris mTqmeli da miuRebeli rTuli wesi imperatorma iustinianem sabolood ar

gaauqma da Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirebTan gancxadebis gakeTeba sakmarisad scno.

ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis gafarToebuli uflebaunarianoba da

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cognatio-si agnatio-ze damkvidrebuli primati mamis xelisuflebidan gaTavisuflebis mniSvnelobas

amcirebda, rac, praqtikulad, aRniSnuli aqtis arss cvlida. postklasikur periodSi damkvidrebuli

principis Tanaxmad, mancipirebulis piris Tanxmobis gareSe misi gaTavisufleba ar daiSveboda.

amrigad, Zvel romSi mamis xelisuflebis Sewyvetas Semdegi safuZvlebi ganapirobebda:

1. ojaxis ufrosis gardacvaleba. Tu mis xelisuflebaSi Svili da SviliSvili iyo, maSin mamis xeli-

sufleba SvilTan da ara SviliSvilTan mimarTebaSi wydeboda; 2. daqvemdebarebuli Svilis gar-

dacvaleba; 3. mamis mier garkveuli saxis danaSaulis Cadena: bavSvis migdeba, uzneo cxovrebisaken

qaliSvilis biZgeba, sisxlisaRreviTi qorwinebis dadeba; 4. xelqveiTi piris mier garkveuli sasu-

liero Tu saero wodebis miReba; 5. emancipacia.

VIII. Tutela et cura (mzrunveloba da meurveoba)

Tutela (mzrunveloba); cura (meurveoba); tutela mulierum (mzrunveloba qalebze); tutela impuberum

(mzrunveloba bavSvebze); auctoritas (gankargvis Zalaufleba, qmedunarianoba); fraus (mzakvroba, veragoba);

actio tutelae (sarCeli mzrunvelobaze); munus publicum (sazogadoebrivi valdebuleba); tutela legitima

(kanonismieri mzurveloba); tutela testamentaria (anderZismieri mzruneloba); tutela dativa (mzrunveloba

magistratis gadawyvetilebiT); cura furiosi (meurveoba Wkuasustze); cura prodigi (mzrunveloba

mflangvelze); bonorum interdictio (qonebis marTvis akrZlava).

Zveli romauli samarTliT, saojaxo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda mzrunvelobisa da meur-

veobis institutebi. meurveoba iyo mzrunveloba da warmomadgenloba, romelic samarTliT uwes-

deboda im pirs, romelsac saerTod an jerovnad ar SeeZlo zrunva sakuTar pirovnebasa Tu qonebaze.

Tutor da curator _ orive am institutiT gulisxmoboda yuradRdeba, mzrunveloba rogorc pirovnebis,

ise qonebis mimarT.

Tutela arasrulwlovnebsa da qalebze (imperiis Sua periodamde) wesdeboda, xolo cura suliT avad-

myofebze, mflangvelebze, mcirewlovnebze, avadmyofebze, zogjer arasrulwlovnebzec(imperiis

periodamde).

aRniSnuli institutebi ganpirobebuli iyo qmedunarianobiT. uflebaunariani pirebi, romelTa sazo-

gadoebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobisaTvis samarTali iTvaliswinebda nebis formirebis zogad

defeqts, (dakavSirebuls pirovnebis fiziologiur da fsiqologur TaviseburebebTan) da Sesabamisi

gankargvis SeuZleblobas (auctoritas _ SesaZlebloba, auctor _ iuridiuli qmedebis subieqti); aseTi

piri qmedunariani piris mzurnvelobaSi an meurveobaSi gadadioda, riTac mis samoqalaqo brunvaSi

monawileobis SesaZleblobas xels uwyoda da aRniSnuli xarvezi aRmoifxvreboda.

fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba misi dabadebis momentidan warmoiSoboda da empiriulad dgin-

deboda. cnobili romaeli iuristis labeonis mimdevrebi fizikuri piris uflebaunarianobis warmo-

Sobis aucilebel, savaldebulo momentad bavSvis yvirils (emittere vocem) miiCnevdnen; maSin, rodesac

meore skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, saamisod sicocxlis nebismieri niSnis gamovlinebac kmaroda.

iuridiulad maxinjis (monstrum, portentum, ostentum, prodigium, debilis) dabadeba mniSvnelovan movlenad

ar miiCneoda. pavlusi wers: `dabadebiT Tavisufal bavSvad ar iTvleba is, vinc adamianTa modgmis

Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebuli garegnobiT ibadeba, magaliTad, rodesac qali raRac gonjsa da

maxinjs Sobs, magram nayofi, romelsac sxeulis nawilebi gamravlebuli aqvs, ramdenadme srul-

yofilad iTvleba da amitom mas dabadebiT TavisufalTa kategorias miakuTvneben.~ (D.1.5.14)

Tumca, Tu normidan gadaxra (contra formam humani generis) asatani iyo, maSin maxinji persona-ad

ganixileba. ulpiane wers: `SesaZloa daibados kiTxva: Tu qali amqveynad moavlens maxinjs an dambla-

dacemuls, romelic uCveulo saxis an xmis gamo cxovels ufro Camohgavs, vidre adamians, CaiTvleba

Tu ara igi mSobel dedad? ufro gonivrulia sakiTxi gadawydes dadebiTad, radgan amis gamo verc

mamas daadanaSauleben da verc dedas, romlebic, TavianTi mxriv, SeZlebisdagvarad, akmayofilebdnen

sakuTar movaleobebs; xolo is, rac moxda, ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo, amisaTvis pasuxi dedas ar

107

moeTxoveba~. (D.50.16.135.)

marTalia, bavSvis Casaxvis moments misi statusis gasnsazRvris mizniT eqceoda yuradReba, magram

Tavad Canasaxi (conceptus, venter, uter) samarTlis subieqtad ar miicneoda. Tu nayofis arseboba zogjer

adamianis bunebriv arsebobas uTanabrdeboda (trifoniusis Tanaxmad, `Qui in utero sunt, in toto paene iure civili

intellegunrur in rerum natura esse _ is, vinc muclad aris, TiTqmis mTeli samoqalaqo samarTliT [ukve]

dabadebulad ganixileba~) (D.1.5.26) an kidev, `fraza: `bavSvi, romelic unda daibados uaxloes droSi,

iTvleba ukve am qveynad arsebulad~ _ sworia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakiTxi exeba am

bavSvis uflebebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi maSin CaiTvleba dabadebulad, roca realurad moevlineba am

qveyanas~ (D.50.16.231). Tumca, zogjer, magaliTad, kanonismiT memkvdireobisas, nayofi socialur

subieqtad miiCneoda. fexmZime qalis moTxovniT, samemkvidreo uflebebis dacvis mizniT, pretori muc-

lad myof bavSvs uniSnavda mzurnvels (curator ventris), romlis funqcia iyo im qonebis marTva

(administractio), romelsac, dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvi miiRebda. muclad myofis saxeliT, misive inte-

resebidan gamomdinare, samemkvidreo qonebis mflobelobaSi SeiZleboda dedis Seeyvanac, Tuki axal-

dabadebulis memkvidreobaze anderZis sawinaaRmdegod (bonorum possessio contra tabulas) deda pretenzias

acxadebda, rogorc mxedvelobidan gamorCenili pirveli rigis memkvidre.

h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, markus avreliusis droidan arasrulwlovnebs aiZulebdnen, rom qonebis

ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator) moeTxovaT. mTel qonebas mzrunveli zedamxedvelobda da mas faq-

tobrivad zaralisagan icavda.

Tavdapirvelad, mzrunvelis daniSvna arasrulwlovanebs qonebis gasxvisebisa da xelSekrulebiT

movaleobebis miRebis SesaZleblobas ar arTmevda; magram Tu isini zarals ganicdidnen, maSin uwin-

deburad maT restitucia eZleodaT.

dabolos, mzrunvelobas daqvemdebarebuli arasrulwlovnebi diokletianem sakuTari qonebis gasxvi-

sebis uflebauunarod gamoacxada. aqedan gamomdinare, qonebaze xelSekrulebis dadeba maT mxolos

im pirobiT SeeZloT, Tu amiT maTi qonebrivi mdgomareoba ar uaresdeboda.

mcirewlovani persona sui iuris srulwlovanebamde qmeduunaro iyo. amis gamo, garigebebSi mona-

wileobisaTvis mas meurved zrdasruli mamakaci (tutela impuberum) eniSneboda, xolo sui iuris qals (asa-

kis miuxedavad) tutela mulierum eniSneboda.

respublikis periodis iuristebis Tanaxmad, aseTi dadgenileba Tavad qalebis qarafSutobam (levitas

animi) ganapiroba.

imisTvis, rom meurveobaSi myof pirs iuridiuli mniSvnelobis raime qmedeba ganexorcielebina, saWi-

ro iyo meurvis Tanxmoba da mis mier damowmebuli aqti _ auctoritatis interpositio. Auctor (moqmedi piri)

anu iuridiuli aqtis damdebi iyo meurve.

srulwovan qals meurve esaWiroeboda (tutela mulierum) anderZis Sesadgenad, res mancipis gasasxviseblad,

uzufruqtis dasadgenad, aseve stipulatio-sa da acceptilatio-s gansaxorcieleblad, xolo mcirewlovanis

SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri aqtis dadeba valdebulebis dadgenas ukavSirdeboda. mcirewlovanis mier

auctoritas (meurvis) gareSe dadeuli garigeba, rogorc obliogatio naturalis, gvian periods ganekuTvnebas da

marTalia, aseTi garigebis namdvilobas ar uaryofda, magram arc baTlad miiCnevda. daaxloebiT

Tormetwlamde asakis sui iuris qali imyofeboda tutela impuberum-Si, xolo aseTi meurveobidan

gamosvlisa da srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg qali eqceoda tutela mulierum-Si. winaklasikur

periodSi, Tu qalis meurve ara agnati naTesavi iyo, maSin, mas simboluri funqcia hqonda, rameTu igi,

Tavisive nebis sapirispirod, SeiZleba pretors eiZulebina auctoritas (auctor fieri) mieca. gaiusi

akritikebda mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, qalebi, maTTvis niSandobilivi qarafSutulobis gamo,

aucileblad saWiroebdnen meurves, raTa, mcirewlovanTa msgavsad, isinic ar moetyuebinaT. realurad

ki, qalebi, romelTac meurvis gareSe xeli ar miuwvdebodaT civilur garigebebze, umal

pragmatulad moqmedebdnen. ase magaliTad, liviusis Tanaxmad, qr.Sobamde II saukuneSi, patronis

gardacvalebis Semdeg, gaazatebuli qali anderZis Sesadgenad magistratebs meurvis dasaniSnad

TxovniT mimarTavda.

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maSasadame, faqtiurad, meurvis instituti qmedunarianobis xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad gamoiyeneboda

da ganisazRvreboda formalurad, xolo sameurveo piris fsiqologiuri aspeqti meorexarisxovani

iyo.

meurveobas mcirewlovans, Cvilis, infans da qalis qonebis (bonorum administratio) mimarT meurve saval-

debulo wesiT axorcielebda. am SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis uflebis gaganawileba xdebdoa: qonebis

statikuri da abstraqtuli mesakuTre sameurveo piri iyo, xolo ganmkargveli da mmarTveli _ meurve.

srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg, sameurveo piri meurveobisagan Tavisufldeba da yovelgvari for-

maluri aqtis gareSe, sakuTari qonebis sruli mesakuTre xdeba.

pirovnebis iuridiuli statusis xarvezis Sesavsebad dadgenili meurveoba winaklasikur periodSi

moRvawe servius sulpicius rufusma Semdegnairad gansazRra: `vis ac potestas in capite libero _ Zala da

xelisufleba Tavisufal adamianTan mimarTebaSi~ (D.26,1,1). am formulis iuridiuli arsis Tanaxmad,

meurve sameurveo piris (sui iuris) Tanasworuflebiani iyo. meureobis instituti persona sui iuris-zec

vrceldeboda.

Tavdapirvelad, meurveobis safuZveli iyo ndoba (fides) da piradi kavSirebi, rac samoqalaqo brunvaSi

erT mTlian pirad (persona) aRiqmeboda. meurve mflobelobasa da sakuTrebas iZenda, xolo nivTebs

uSualod sameurveo piris interesebidan gamomdinare asxvisebda; Tu sameurveo piris qonebidan meur-

ve raimes Tavis sasargeblod SeiZenda, maSin igi analogiaze (actiones, utiles) dafuZnebuli pretoris

sarCeliT sakuTrebis an fulis dabrunebis Sesaxeb pasuxs agebs.

meurvisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi uZveles epoqas ganekuTvneba. meurvis mier ndobis (fides) darRveva

saTaves iRebs XII dafis kanonebidan da ius civile-s sferos ganekuTvneba. Àtque iste dolus malus et legibus erat

vindicatus, ut tutela XII tabulis… _ es boroti ganzraxva eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlo ganxilvas da kanonis

safuZvelze, rogorc meurveoba XII dafis kanonebis mixedviT~.

meurvis mier ndobis (fides) darRveva mzakvrobad (fraus) ganixileba da XII dafis kanonebiT isjeboda:

`Si ... tutores rem pupilli furati sunt, videamus an ea actione, quae proponitur ex lege XII tabularum adversus tutorem in duplum,

singuli in solidum teneantur _ meurveebis mier sameurveod gadacemul pirTa qonebis gaflanvis SemTxvevaSi,

unda dadgindes, dasaSvebia Tu ara TiToeuli meurvis mimarT cal-calke im sarCelis ormagi

odenobiT Setana, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia XII dafis kanonebSi meurveTa winaaRmdeg~.

romaeli iuristi ulpiane meurvis pasuxismgeblobis (accusatio suspecti tutoris) safuZvlad asaxelebs

borot ganzraxvas (dolus), rac vlindeboda arakeTilsindisierebiT, wuwuraqobiT, motyuebiT an misi

nivTebis miTvisebiT, rac sameurveo pirs gamanadgurebel zians ayenebda. (D. 26.10.1.2) terminebis dolus _

boroti ganzraxva da fraus _ angareba, mzakvroba, paralelurad gamoiyeneboda termini corrupta fides

ndobadakarguli piri.

meurvisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba (accusatio suspecti tutoris) xdeba cognitio-s formiT. Accusatio

suspecti tutoris meurvis winaaRmdeg nebismieri piris gancxadebis safuZvelze sajaro, sisxlis-

samarTlebrivi saqmis aRZvra. meurve, romelic ganzrax da TaRliTurad miayenebda zians sameurveo

pirs da cognitio-s warmoebaSi misi brali dadasturdeboda, magistrati meurves arasando pirad (tutor

suspectus) acxadebda da meurveobis uflebas arTemvda (remotio suspecti tutoris), yofili meurve pativayril

pirad (infamia) cxaddeeboda. postklasikur periodSi zemoaRniSnuli wesi mzrunvelis mimarTac

gamoiyeneboda.

savaraudod, arqaul periodSi sasamarTlo procesi legis actio sacramento in personam-is formiT warimar-

Teboda. Accusatio suspecti tutoris-i anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis (tutor testamentarius) mimarT gamoiyeneboda.

meurveobis dasrulebis Semdeg, kanonier meurves (tutor legitimus) boroti qmedebebisaTvis _ piradi

gamdidirebis mizniT, sameurveo piris qonebidan garkveuli wilis miTvisebis SemTxvevaSi _ sarCeliT

actio rationibus distrahendis-iT pasuxi moeTxoveboda. aRniSnuli sarCeli XII dafis kanonebs efuZneboda.

yofili meurve ormagad _ in duplum _ isjeboda. (D.27,3,2,2), meurvis qmedeba ndobis, erTgulebis (fides)

Ralatad miiCneoda da danaSaulis (crimen) kvalifikacia eZleoda. aqedan gamodinare, arakeTil-

sindisieri meurve, aRniSnuli sarCeliT, dasjas eqvemdebareboda.

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winaklasikur periodSi dadginda bonae fidei-is erT-erT uZveles sarCelTagani _ actio tutelae, romliTac

meurveobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela SesaZlo zaralis anazRaureba xdeboda; maT Soris, yofili

sameurveo piris mier meurvisaTvis miyenebuli zaralisac. am SemTxvevaSi, yofili meurve iRebda

sarTels actio tutelae contraria yofili sameurveo piris winaaRmdeg. uZveles princips _ uRalatobasa da

pirad erTgulebas (fides) gamdidrebis survili enacvleboda da sameurveo urTierTobas ekonomikur

xasiaTs sZenda. aseTma damokidebulebam civiluri xasiaTi miiRo da ise rogorc yvela actiones bonae

fidei, actio tutelae-sac in ius concepta formula hqonda.

meurveobis institutisadmi individualuri midgomis damkvidreba, `meurve~ _ `sameurveo~ pirebis

urTierTobis tandemad garegnulad meurves warmoaCenda da misi funqcia sazogadoebriv val-

debulebad _ manus publicum _ aRiqmeboda. qr.Sobamde 210 w. atiliusis kanoniT (lex Atila), umeurveod

darCenil pirebs, meurves magistrati uniSnavda. iustinianes dros, magistratis gadawyvetilebiT

daniSnuli meurve _ tutor Atilianus, klasikuri periodis anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis msgavsad, tutor

dativus-ad iwodeboda. aRniSnuli sameurveo urTierTobebi regulirdeboda sarCeliT actio tutelae.

winaklasikuri periodis iuristebi meurvis daniSvnis ramdenime safuZvels asaxelebdnen. kvintus

muciusi meurveobis xuT saxes ganasxvavebda, servius sulpiciusi _ sams (1. tutela testamentaria, 2. tutela

legitima da 3. tutela dativa), labeoni mxolod ors (1. tutela impuberum da 2. tutela mulierum). gaiusis

Tanaxmad, meurveobis imdenive gvari iyo (genera), ramdenic saxe (species).

meurveobis uZvelesi forma iyo tutela legitima, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gar-

dacvalebis Semdeg arasrulwlovnebi da qalebi sui iuris pirebi xdebodnen da maT meurved uaxloesi

agnati an kognati naTesavi eniSnebodaT. Tavdapirvelad, qals ar SeeZlo persona sui iuris statusis

miReba da amdenad, igi ara meurveobaSi, aramed axali ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (paterfamilias

potestas) gadadioda.

meurveobis Sewyvetis safuZvelebi iyo: 1. saerTo safuZveli iyo: sameurveo piri gardacvleba, srul-

wlovnobis miRweva, perpsona sui iuris statuss mopoveba, avadmyofi sameurveo piri gamojanmrTeleba,

mflangvelis SemTxvevaSi ki _ misi gamosworeba; 2. meurvis gardacvaleba, meurvis uflebis dakargva

(aseT SemTxvevaSi axali meurve iniSneboda); 3. sameurveo piris gardacvaleba, meurvis uRirsi saq-

cieli (infamia).

romis samarTalSi, sameurveo insititutis msgavsad, arsebobda erTi institutic, romelsac axali

drois iuristebi protutor-is instituts uwodebdnen. Pro tutore, pro curatore sameurveo piris qonebas gan-

kargavd, misi aqtebis ganxilvis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReboda protutor-is damokidebuleba sameurveo

pirsa da mesame pirebTan.

1. sameurveo pirTan mimarTebiT, protutor-i sakuTar Tavs avaldebulebda da uflebebs iZenda negotiorum

gestor-is saxiT; sameurveo pirsa da protutor-s Soris sarCels actio protutelae directa da contraria ewodeba;

2. mesame pirebTan mimarTebiT, protutor-s sameurveo pirad gamosvlis uflebamosili ar hqonda; amitom

protutor-is mier dadebuli garigebiT, mesame pirebis mimarT, sameurveo piri valdbuleba ar ekis-

reboda. sasamarTlo procesis dros, SecdomaSi Seyvanis Sedegad, mesame pirs SeeZlo moeTxova in

integrum restitutio. Tu protutori saziano (dolo) garigebas dadebda, maSin mesame pirisaTvis zaralia

anazRaureba ekisreboda.; protutoris winaaRmdeg wardgenil sarCels sagangebo saxeli ar hqonda; es

iyo sarCeli actio in factum, romelsac erTi wliT (anuus utilis) da memkvidreebs pasuxismgebloba ar ekis-

rebodaT.

serviusis ganmarteba aRniSnuli institutis pirvandel struqturasa da daniSnulebas asaxavda.

arqauli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, Tavisufali pirebi (personae sui iuris), romlebic flobdnen qo-

nebas, magram misi damoukideblad marTva ar SeeZloT, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, dacvas saWiroebdnen.

aseT pirebad miCneulni iyvnen: asakis gamo _ arasrulwlovanebi, sqesis gamo _ qalebi, qmeduunarobis

gamo _ Wkuasustebi da mflangvelebi. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, arasrul-

wlovani da qali meurveobas, xolo Wkuasusti da mflangveli, maTi qmeduunarobis aRiarebisTanave,

mzrunvelis meTvalyureobas eqvemdebarebodnen. Tavdapirvelad, meurveobas mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias)

uzanaesi ZalauflebaSi mTeli saojaxo qonebis TavmoyriT ganapirobebda. misi aryofnis dros auci-

110

lebeli iyo sxva piris daniSvna, im pirTa dasacavad da mfarvelobis gasawevad, visac saojaxo qone-

bis marTvis ufleba ar hqonda.

qalebis mimarT meurveobis institutis gauqmeba dakavSirebulia, avgustusis epoqaSi miRebul, lex Iulia

et Papia-sTan, romlis Tanaxmad qali gamodioda meurveobidan, Tu TavisufladSobil, qvriv matrona-s

aRsazrdelad da sarCenad rCeboda sami mcirewlovani Svili, xolo libertini-s (gaazatebuls) _ oTxi

mcirewlovani Svili (ius liberorum). imperator klavdiusis zeobaSi saerTod gauqmda tutela mulierum

legitima, garda patronis mxridan meurveobisa. da bolos, imperator diokletianes droidan moyo-

lebuli, aRniSnuli instituti ukvalod gaqra.

amrigad, meurve iyo anderZiT daniSnuli piri, an axlo naTesavi (agnatus proximus), romelic memkvid-

reobis marTvas Tavis Tavze iRebda. rogorc irkveva, Tavdapirvelad, sameurveo piris qoneba ojaxSi

iyo da meurvis mier, sakuTari qonebis msgavsad, imarTeboda. XII dafis kanonebiT, sameurveo piris qo-

nebis mimTvisebeli meurvis winaaRmdeg sarCeli gaicemoba.

rodesac agnaturi ojaxis uwindeli raoba daikarga, meurveobam da mzrunvelobam sameurveo piris

dacviTi xasiaTi SeiZina da sazogadoebrivi movaleobad ganixileboda; qalebze meurveobis gauqmebis

Semdeg, ori instituti _ meurveoba da mzrunveloba _ sabolood Seerwya erTmaneTs.

Tavi VII. Zveli romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali

Mortis causa (gardacvalebis momenti); de cuius (mamkvidrebeli); successio (monacvleoba); successio legitima

(universaluri monacveloba kanonis ZaliT); successio per universitatem, successio in universum ius

(universaluri monacvleoba); successio in singulas res (singularuli monacvleoba).

samarTlis subieqtis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi qoneba memkvidreobiTi samarTliT regulirdeboda.

samarTlis am dargis ZiriTadi cnebiT igulisxmeboda piris sikvdilis Semdeg (mortis causa), misi

samarTlebrivi viTarebis sxva piriT (de cuius) monacvleoba (successio). ganasxvaveben 1. universalur

memkvidreobas (successio per universitatem, in universum ius), roca winamorbedi piris samarTlebrivi viTa-

reba mTlianad sxva pirze gadadioda da 2. singularul memkvidreobas (successio singularis, in singulas res),

roca memkvidreobis subieqti iZenda mxolod im uflebebis nawils, romelic manamde mis winamorbeds

ekuTvnoda.

I. Ab intestato, successio legitima (kanoniT memkvidreoba)

Heres (memkvidre); hereditas (memkvidreoba, samkvidro); hereditatis (mesame pirisaTvis mTeli samkvidros

gadacemis Sesaxeb); bonorum possessio (pretoruli ediqtiT gansazRvruli samkvidro); legatum (legati) ;

fideicommissum (fideikomisi); restitutio universum ius defuncti (gardacvlili piris erToblivi samarTlebrivi

mdgomareoba); sacra familares (saojaxo religiuri ritualebi); familiam habere (ojaxis ufrosis wodebis

miReba); pecunia et bona (qoneba); ius patroni (patronatuli samarTali).

universalur memkvidreebad (monacvleebad) iTvlebodnen: in manu colis qmari (an misi ojaxis ufrosi

(paterfamilias)), mSvilebeli sui iuris (adrogatio-s Sedegad) Svilad ayvanilis mimarT.

piris gardacvalebis Semdeg (mortis causa), universaluri memkvidreoba ius honorarium-is safuZvelze, ius

civile-sa da bonorum possessio-is mixedviT xorcieldeboda, rasac memkvidreoba (hereditas) ewodeboda.

Mortis causa-s singularuli memkvidreobis hipoteziT igulisxmeboda saanderZo danakisri (legatum) da

fideikomisebis (fideicommissum) memkvidrisaTvis mamkvidreblis sando danakisri. periodi, roca

fideikomisi universaluri memkvidreobis saSualebad gamoiyeneboda, (roca mamkvidrebeli memkvidres

akisrebda samkvidros gadacemas mesame pirisaTvis (restitutio hereditatis) xanmokle droiT grZeldeboda.

Mortis causa-s universaluri memkvidreobis obieqti iyo mamkvidreblis (de cuius) samarTlebrivi

mdgomareoba sruli moculobiT; memkvidreobiT, mxolod mamkvidreblis valdebulebidan warmo-

Sobili wminda, piradi xasiaTis moTxovnebi da sajarimo sarCelebiT daculi samarTaldarRvevebi

(actiones poenales) ar gadaicemoda.

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kerZo samarTliT regulirebul erTobliv obieqts samkvidro masa (universitas, universum ius) ewodeboda.

Tumca romis samarTalSi memkvidreobis cneba ufro vrceli iyo, vidre gardacvlilis uflebebisa da

movaleobebis memkvidreobiT gadasvla; am cnebiT, aseve, igulisxmeboda iseTi urTierTobebic, rome-

lic samoqalaqo brunvis obieqti (res in commercii) ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo; (magaliTad, saojaxo

wminda adgilebi da sakulto nagebobebi (sacra familiares).

universaluri urTierToba (civiluri da pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze) xorcieldeboda:

1. anderZiT (ex testamento), 2. anderZis gareSe (ab intestato), 3. aseve (pretoruli samarTliT) anderZis

gareSe (bonorum possessio contra tabulas).

anderZis gareSe memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba memkvidreebisaTvis iyo samarTlebrivi molodini,

romelsac mamkvidreblis (de cuius) sicocxleSive mniSvneloba hqonda mesame pirebisaTvis, upirve-

lesyovlisa, TviT mamkvidreblisaTvis, romlis nebasac (gardacvalebis (mortis causa) Semdeg) sakuTari

qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT, aseTi memkvidreebis uflebebi zRudavda. kerZod, anderZSi mas ar

SeeZlo, misdami uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, memkvidreebis (sui heredes) ugulebelyofa. samkvidros

gaxsnisa da samemkvidreos misaRebad memkvidreebis mowvevis momentidan, memkvidreobaze ufleba SeZe-

nil samarTlebriv moTxovnad (ius successionis) ganixileboda.

samkvidros gaxsna (deletio hereditatis) iyo iuridiuli faqti, romliTac memkvidres samkvidros miReba

SeeZlo. iqmneba Taviseburi iuridiuli viTareba, rodesac mamkvidreblis (de cuius) uflebebs realuri

subieqti ar hyavda, Tumca, arsebobda potenciuri memkvidre (heres), romlis sasargeblod samkvidro

ixsneboda.

amrigad, memkvidred mowveva samkvidros gaxsnis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba iyo. Tu anderZiT

memkvidreebi, samkvidros misaRebad, garkveuli pirobiT moiwveodnen, aseT SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro,

aRniSnuli pirobebis realizaciis momentidan, gaxsnilad iTvleboda.

Ius civile-s Tanaxmad, pirebs, romlebic memkvidreobis miRebis upiratesi uflebiT sargeblobdnen, anu

daqvemdebarebul memkvidreebs (sui heredes), erTdroulad memkvidreobis miRebis uflebac hqondaT da

memkvidred yofnis movaleobac: memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba maT ar SeeZloT. amrigad, isini

aucilelebl, savaldebulo memkvidrebad (heredes sui et necessarii) miiCneodnen. es is SemTxveva iyo,

rodesac anderZiT memkvidres memkvidreoba savaldebulo wesiT gadaecemoda.

memkvidreoba garkveuli pirebis sasargeblod ixsneboda. maTi moqmedeba, samkvidros miRebis mizniT

(aditio hereditatis) Semdegs ganapirobebda: mamkvidreblis uflebebi axal subieqts iZenda, riTac, faqtob-

rivad, memkvidreobis viTareba amowurulad iTvleboda. Tanamemkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidros

umemkvidrod darCenili wili sxva memkvidreebze nawildeboda. postklasikur periodSi, gamonaklisis

saxiT, samkvidros transmisia dauSves: anu im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT wlamde asakis (Cvilobis asaki)

memkvidre, samkivdros miRebamde gardaicvleboda, maSin misi samkvidro wilis miRebis ufleba mamamis

gadaecemoda, rasac samkvidros transmisia ewodeboda. sxva pirisaTvis memkvidreobis uflebis

daTmoba magistratis winaSe daTmobis sagangebo formiTac (in iure cessio hereditatis) SeiZleboda. am

SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro (hereditas), samemkvidreo uflebis (ius successionis), saxiT gasxvisdeboda da misi

SemZeni memkvidre xdeboda. samkvidros miRebamde, aucilebel memkvidreebsa da anderZiT memkvidreebs,

samkvidros (hereditas) daTmobis ufleba ar hqondaT.

civiluri samarTliT, memkvidreobis misaRebad memkvidris uflebebi daculi iyo civiluri sarCeliT

(vindicatio hereditatis), romelsac hereditatis petitio ewodeboda. moTxovna unda Camoyalibebuliyo agere in rem

per sponsionem formiT da amis Taobaze gadawyvetilebas centumvirebis sasamarTlo iRebda, romlis

drosac procesi legis actio sacramento in personam formiT mimdinareobda.

memkvidris uflebebis dacvis problematikam pretoruli memkvidreobis institutis Camoyalibeba

ganapiroba.

qr. Sobamde I saukunis Suaxanebidan, sisxlis naTesaobis (cognatio) mniSvnelobis zrdis kvalobaze,

pretorma samkvidro qonebis mflobelobaSi Seiyvana is pirebic, visac ius civile-s mixedviT, samkvidro

uflebebi ar gaaCnda. pretoris dasmuli SekiTxvis pasuxad, mosarCeleni pretorul memkvidreobas

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uanderZod (quorum bonorum) iRebdnen interdiqtiT, romliTac sxva, mesame pirebisagan memkvidreobis

gamoTxova SeeZloT. mflobelobis moZiebis (interdicta ad ipiscendae possessionis) aseTi interdiqti

samkvidro qonebis mflobels eZleoda.

samemkvidreo monacvleobis uZvelesi forma, memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe (ab intestato) iyo, romelic

XII dafis kanonebiT regulirdeboda, ris gamoc kanonieri monacvleoba (successio legitima) ewodeboda.

TavisufladSobil romael moqalaqeebs (ingenui) Soris, Tu ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) anderZiT,

memkvidreoba ar rCebodaT, an Tu anderZi baTili iyo, samkvidro ixsneboda agnatebis, xolo maTi ar

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mogvareebis (gentiles) sasargeblod.

agnatebs Soris upiratesobiT sargeblobda ojaxis winaparTa sulebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi piri

(adgnatus proximus). Tavdapirvelad, aseTad moiazreboda imave Taobis piri, rogoric mamkvidrebeli

(de cuius) iyo (anu misi Zma), magram mamis statusis ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, naTesauri kavSiris sawyi-

sad realuri mamasaxlisi (paterfamilias) (da ara saerTo winapari) miiCneoda, aseTebad ki mamkvidreblis

uaxloesi agnati _ misive vaJiSvili iyo. Tu ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) mis daqvemdebarebaSi aravin

hyavda da ise gardaicvleboda, rom anderZs ar datovebda, memkvidreebad sxva agnatebs (familia communi

iure) iwvevdnen.

Cuus-isa da adgnatus proximus-is cnebaTa Tanxvedris gamo, pontifikosebma XII dafis kanonebi, masSi

cvlilebis gareSe, ganavrces; Tu mamkvidrebeli anderZSi memkvidred Tavis daqvemdebarebuls ar ixse-

niebda, gardacvalebis Semdeg, ojaxis ufrosi misi vaJiSvili xdeboda.

XII dafis kanonebiT, daRmavali xazis uSualo naTesavebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidris

adgils ikavebda mamkvidreblis (de cuius) gverdiTi xazis naTesavi. naTesaobis siaxlove konkretuli

mamkvidreblisgan (de cuius) aiTvleboda. Tu mas RviZli Zma (meore rigis naTesaoba) hyavda, maSin imave

Taobis biZaSvili, rogorc ufro Soreuli naTesavi (mesame rigis naTesavi) memkvidred ar moiwveoda.

meore rigis naTesavebi (mamkvidreblis gverdiTi agnati naTesavebi), kanonis Tanaxmad, aucilebeli

memkvidreeebi ar iyvnen; amitom memkvidreobis miReba sagangebo aqts saWiroebda. Tumca, isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom maTTvis memkvidreobis transmisia mainc ar daiSveboda. Tu mamkvidreblis uaxloesi

gverdiTi xazis naTesavi samkvidroze uars amobobda an ise gardaicvleboda, rom mis sasargeblod

gaxsnil samkvidros miRebas ver moaswrebda, maSin momdevno rigis agnatebi samkvidros misaRebad ar

daiSvebodnen. armyof memkvidreTa wili danarCenebis wils emateboda, xolo aseT pirTa ararsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro sxva mogvareebs (gentiles) gadaecemoda. Tumca, civiluri samarTliT gaTvalis-

wineuli mesame rigis memkvidreebis (gentiles) monacvleobis wesi adreve gauqmda da naklebad cnobilia.

amrigad, ius civile mixedviT, anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba agnatur kavSirs efuZneboda da is pirebi,

romelTa mimarTac minimaluri statusuri damcroba (capitis deminutio minima) ganxorcielda, memkvid-

reebad ar daiSvebodnen. civiluri samarTlis (ius strictum) aseTma simkacrem, romelic sisxliTi naTe-

saobis (cognatio) Sesaxeb sazogadoebriv azrs ar Seesabameboda, mravali problema warmoSva. amitom,

agnaturi kavSirebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, pretorma uaxloesi naTesavebis memkvidreebad mowveva

dauSva da anderZis gareSe memkvidreTa Svidi rigi daadgina.

memkvidreebis pirvel rigs gardacvlilis rogorc sui Svilebi (liberi), aseve emancipirebuli RviZli

Svilebi ganekuTvnebodnen, aseve isini, vinc, dabadebis Semdeg, romis moqalaqeoba imperatoris

gadawyvetilebiT moipova. gamonakliss warmoadgenda sxva ojaxSi (familia) Sesuli pirebi (Sviladayva-

nili da qalebi in manu). pirveli rigis pretoruli memkvidreebi konkurencias uSualod sui heredes

uwevdnen, romelTa upirates uflebas memkvidreobaze ius civile iTvaliswinebda.

memkvidreTa meore rigs legitimi ewodeboda; ius civile-s mixedviT, maTi ufleba agnatebis memkvidreobis

tolfasi iyo.

mesame rigis memkvidreebs ganekuTvnebodnen RviZli naTesavebi (cognati) meSvide Taobis naTesaobamde.

Unde cognati-s memkvidreobaze pretenziis gacxadeba sxva ojaxSi gaSvilebul Svilebsac SeeZloT.

Cognatio-s aRiareba qorwinebis kanonierebaze damokidebuli ar iyo. Svilebs dedis qonebis memkvid-

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reobac SeeZloT da piruku. Tumca, agnatebTan SedarebiT, maTi memkvidreoba ufro dabali xarisxis

iyo.

pretoruli samarTliT memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs ganekuTvnebodnen gaazatebulis patronis meuRle da

misi Svilebi (maT Soris emancipirebulebic). Tavad patrons gaazatebulis (liberti) memkvidred mowvevis

ufleba, agnatobis safuZvelze hqonda da amiT is mxolod gaazatebulis daqvemdebarebul memkvid-

reebs (sui heredes) Tu CamorCeboda.

mexuTe rigis memkvidreobas miekuTvneboda gaazatebulebis (liberti) memkvidreoba bonorum possessio, ro-

melsac patronis patroni (Tu ki aseTi piri arsebobda) iRebda.

memkvidreebis meeqvse rigs cocxlad darCenili meuRle ganekuTvneboda.

pretoruli memkvidreebis meSvide rigs Seadgendnen patronis naTesavebi, romlebsac ufleba hqondaT

gaazatebulis beiTalman qonebaze.

postklasikur periodSi, ius civile yvela SezRudvis TandaTanobiTi SemsubuqebiT, kanoniT memkvid-

reobis miRebis procesi gamartivda. cvlilebebi Seexo im SezRudvebsac, romlebic pretorul samar-

TalSi aisaxa da iustinianes samarTliT sabolood gauqmda adgnatio-s upiratesoba cognatio-s winaSe,

xolo mdedrobiTi xazis naTesavebis memkvidreobiTi uflebebi sabolood gauTanabres mamrobiTi

xazis memkvidreebs. 543 wels 118 noveliT, kanonT memkvidreTa (ab intestato) oTxi rigi dadginda:

memkvidreTa pirvel rigs Svilebi da maTi daRmavali xazis naTesavebi (naTesaobis rigiTobis

miuxedavad) ganekuTvnebodnen, memkvidred wardgenis ufleba SeuzRudavi iyo; meore rigSi aRmavali

xazis naTesavebi (mSoblebi), RviZli da-Zma (maTi Svilebi) moiazrebodnen. Tavis mxriv, aRmavali xaziT

memkvidreoba mamisa da dedis mxridan naTesaobis mixedviT iyofoda; erT-erTi mSoblis arseboba sxva

pirTa memkvidreobas gamoricxavda. Tu gverdiTi xazis memkvidreebi mSoblebis konkurentebad gamo-

diodnen, maSin samkvidro suladobis mixedviT iyofoda; memkvidreTa mesame rigiT moiazreboda naxe-

vari da-Zma da maTi Svilebi, romelTac, maTi mSoblebis cocxlad aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, memkvid-

reebad iwvevdnen; kanoniT memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs sxva sisxlismieri naTesavebi ganekuTvnebodnen.

II. Successio testamentaria (anderZiT memkvidreoba)

Ex testamento (anderZiT memkvidreoba); ab intestato (kanoniT memkvidreoba); ius successionis (samemkvidreo

monacvleobis ufleba); delatio hereditatis (samkvidros gaxsna); heres (memkvidre); sui heredes (xelisuflebaSi

myof pirTagan dasaxelebuli memkvidreebi); hereditatis (samkvidros miReba); transmissio (samkvidros

transmisia); in iure cessio hereditatis (samkvidros cesia); hereditas iacens (`dadebuli~ samkvidro); cretio

(samkvidros sazeimo miReba); pro herede gestio (memkvidris Sesabamisi qmedeba); bonorom possessio sine tabulis

(pretoruli memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe); bonorum possessio contra tabulas (anderZis sapirispiro

pretoruli memkvidreoba); bonorum possessio edictalis (pretoruli memkvidreoba ediqtis safuZvelze);

bonorum possessio decretalis (pretoruli memkvidreoba dekretiT); successio testmentaria (anderZiT

memkvidreoba); testamentum (anderZi); ex heredatio (samkvidros CamorTmeva); legata (saanderZo danakisri);

codex (kodeqsi); codicillii (mcire kodeqsi); petitio (persecutio) fideicommissi (sarCeli fideikomisis Sesaxeb).

anderZi iyo piris nebis samarTlebrivad dadgenili da sazeimo formiT Sedgenili gadawyvetileba,

romelsac savaldebulo Zala moanderZis gardacvalebis Semdeg eniWeboda.

anderZis arsi mamkvidreblis (de cuius) monacvlis garkveva iyo. mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis SemTxve-

vaSi, misi qoneba ara ubralod sxvisdeboda, aramed is Tavis magivrad asaxelebda sxva pirs, rome-

lic, misi amqveynad aryofnisas, mas Secvlida. amiT universaluri da singularuli monacvleoba

arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. samoqalaqo brunvaSi sakuTari poziciis gankargviT, mamkvid-

rebeli ara mxolod misi, individualuri nebiT dadgenili, materialuri sagnebis aRiarebuli mepat-

rone xdeboda, aramed sruli moculobiT, formalurad gansazRvruli nebis warmmarTvelic _ anu

sakuTari samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis subieqturi mxaris mepatronec iyo. individualuri Tavi-

suflebis aseTi xarisxi, samarTlis ganviTarebis maRal doneze metyvelebda da subieqtur da for-

malurad aRiarebul funqciaTa Soris sxvaobaze mowmobda. romis sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxva-

dasxva etapze, samarTlis subieqtis evolucia samemkvidreo monacvleobis arsisa da memkvidris funq-

ciaTa evoluciazec aisaxa, razec romauli anderZis istoriuli formebic metyvelebda. arqaul

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periodSi, individualuri interesebis wina planze wamoweva da sakuTari pirovnebis mniSvnelobis

damkvidreba, uSualod ukavSirdeboda Zveli mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) swrafvas _ ojaxis ufrosoba

sakuTari vaJiSvilisaTvis daetovebina, da amiT, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi, sxva agnati naTe-

savi Camoecilebina. aseTi survili saxalxod gacxadebas (testamentus) saWiroebda, rac kuriis wminda

krebaze (comitia calata) formalur dadasturebasa da damowmebas iTxovda. wminda krebaze, romelic

weliwadSi orjer moiwveoda, ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias), daRmavali xazis naTesavebis sasar-

geblod, gakeTebuli misi arCevanis obieqturi mizezebi unda daesaxelebina (zustad ise, rogorc

Svilad ayvanis (adrogatio) dros xdeboda). romaeli xalxis sayovelTao azriT, individualuri nebis

aseTi formiT ganzogadeba, saomrad gamzadebuli jaris winaSe gacxadebuli anderZis (testamentum in

procinctu) analogi iyo.

anderZis mesame saxis _ anderZi libraluri ritualis (testamentum per aes et libram) _ dasadebad saWiro

iyo xuTi mowme da mesaswore. aRniSnuli ritualis gansaxorcieleblad moanderZis is xelqveiTebi

(potestas) an misi megobrebi, romlebic ojaxs (familia) iRebdnen, mowmeebad ar daiSvebodnen, radgan es

aqti uSualod monawile pirTa interesebs exeboda. anderZi iuridiul Zalas iZenda, magram, teqstis

gacxadeba ar daiSveboda. anderZis teqstiani firfitebi erTad ikvreboda da maT mowmeTa beWdebs

artyamdnen. sul iyo Svidi beWedi: xuTi mowmeebis, erTi ojaxis mimRebis da erTic magistratis. be-

WedTa am raodenobas iTxovda pretori, raTa pretoruli samarTliT dacul sabuTs, anderZis forma

mieRo. mogvianebiT, sabuTze xelis mowerac savaldebulo gaxda. msgavsi formiT anderZi klasikur

epoqaSi dgeboda. anderZis mTavar arsobriv elements warmoadgenda memkvidris dasaxeleba (heredis

institutio), romelsac gaiusi, mTeli anderZis, dasawyisad da dasasrulad miiCnevda. Tu memkvidris

daniSvnas ar hqonda iuridiuli Zala, anderZi mTlianad baTilad iTvleboda.

memkvidris dasaxelebas (heredis institutio) globaluri mniSvneloba hqonda da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

mamkvidrebeli samkvidros Tundac mcire nawils anderZiT memkvidres utovebda, ab intestato memkvid-

reebis mowveva aRar daiSveboda; garda amisa, romis samarTalSi damkvidrda cneba èrTxel memkvidre,

samudamod memkvidre _ semel heres, semper heres~, ras Semdeg niSnavda: memkvidre arc rezoluciuri

pirobiT da arc raime vadiT ar iniSneneboda.

romis samarTalma daadgina, rom mamis gardacvalebidan mTvaris aTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi dabadebuli

bavSvi (postumus), mamis (de ciuis) memkvidre xdeboda.

anderZiT moanderZes samkvidrodan calkeuli nivTebis mesame pirebisaTvis gadacemac SeeZlo. aseT

gankargulebas saanderZo danakisri (legatam) ewodeboda. saanderZo danakisris (legata) mizani lege-

tariusisaTvis mogebis motana da ar memkvidris mdgomareobis gaeuareseba iyo. Tu saanderZo dana-

kisri (legatum) memkvidris dasja _ (legatum poenae nomine (causa) isaxavda, maSin is baTildeboda. amitom,

savsebiT marTalia modestinusi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `legati aris anderZiT Cuqeba _ legatum est donatio

testamento relicta” (D.31.36). florentinusis azriT, `legati aris memkvidreobis Semcireba, riTac moan-

derZes surs mesame pirs gadasces im qonebis nawili, rasac memkvidre mTlianad miiRebs _ legatum est

delibatio hereditatis, qua testator es eo, quod universum heredis foret, alicui quid collatum velit~ (D.30,116 pr).

legatis gadacema mxolod memkvidreze SeiZleboda, xolo legatariusisaTvis dakisrebuli val-

debuleba baTilad iTvleboda. legatis ZalaSi Sesvla ganisazRvreboda heres testamentarius-is sasar-

geblod, universaluri monacvelobis ganxorcielebiT. memkvidreobis miRabaze memkvidris neba-

yoflobiTi uari, legetariuss molodins ucruebda. qr. Sobis II saukunemde moanderZes, legatebis

saxiT, mTeli samkvidros gankargva da memkvidrisaTvis mxolod pasivebis datoveba SeeZlo. aseTi

viTareba kreditorTa uflebebs mZime tvirTad awva da mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi

(mortis causa), moTxovnaTa mTel brunvas safrTxeSi agdebda. swored am dros gamoica lex Furia

testamentaria, romliTac, Tu legatebis Rirebuleba 1 000 ass aRemateboda, legatebis datoveba im

pirTa sasargeblod, romlebic moanderZis meeqvse rigi kognati naTesavebi mainc ar iyvnen, ikrZa-

leboda. kanonis gverdis avliT Sedgenili legati Zalas inarCunebda, magram legatariusi, memvkidris

sasargeblod, oTxmagi jarimis gadaxdas eqvemdebareboda. aRniSnuma kanonma ver gaamarTla. mamkvid-

rebels SeeZlo gaeca uamravi legati, romelic mTlianobaSi 1 000 ass ar aRemateboda, magram

memkvidres usaxsrod tovebda.

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qr. Sobis 40 w. gamoica lex Falcidia, romliTac dadginda: nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro masidan

aqtivebis 1/4 mainc _ e.w. falcidiuri meoTxedis wili, memkvidres unda darCenoda. am kanoniT, lega-

tariusis moTxovnaTa obieqti mxolod legatis garkveuli nawili iyo.

klasikuri romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, legatebis oTxi saxe arsebobda: 1. Legatum per vindicationem

(vindikaciis meSveobiT); 2. Legatum per damnationem (ganaCenis meSveobiT); 3. Legatum sinendi modo

(nebarTvis gziT); 4. Legatum per praeceptionem (gamoyofis meSveobiT).

legatebis uZvelesi saxis legatum per vindicationem meSveobiT, mamkvidreblis gankargulebiT, lege-

tariusis sakuTrebaSi samkvidros nawili gadadioda; legatum per damnationem-iT, legatariusis sasar-

geblod, mamkvidrebeli memkvidres, uSualod, anderZiT avalebda garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gada-

cemas (dare) an raime qmedebis Sesrulebas (facere, non facere). pirvel SemTxvevaSi legatis obieqti SeiZ-

leba yofiliyo mxolod is nivTi, romelic, kvirituli samarTliT, gardacvalebamde mamkvidrebels

ekuTvnoda. uSualod am nivTze legatariusi sakuTrebas srulad im momentSi iZenda, roca memkvidre

samkvidros miiRebda da memkvidris winaaRmdeg savindikacio sarCelis Setanac (Tu legatis mocu-

lobiT falcidiuri meoTxedis wesi irRveoda, legatis nawili vindikacias eqvemdebareboda) SesaZ-

lebeli iyo. Legatum sinendi modo-sac valdebulebiTi Sedegi hqonda; moanderZis brZanebiT, memkvidres,

legatariusisaTvis mikuTvnebuli garkveuli nivTis waRebis neba eZleoda. legatariusis uflebebi

daculi iyo actio incerti ex testamento-Ti. Tu legatis obieqti mamkvidreblis nivTze servituti an

uzufruqti iyo, maSin memkvidres in non faciendo (mesame pirisaTvis valis patieba an legetariusisaTvis

mamkvidreblis mier ijariT aRebuli nivTiT usasyidlod sargeblobis ufleba) eniWeboda.

Legatem per praeceptionem-s realuri Sedegi hqonda da samkvidrodan raime nivTis winaswar gamoyofas

gulisxmobda, magram memkvidreTa wilis gansazRvrisas legatis es nairsaxeoba mxedvelobaSi ar

miiReboda.

postklasikur periodSi legatebis sxvadasxva saxis TandaTanobiTi urTierTSerwymiT singularuli

monacvleoba (mortis causa) dadginda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo formalur moTxovnaTa simkacris

SesustebiT. 529 w. iustinianem sabolood daadgina: formis miuxedavad, legats, mamkvidreblis nebis

Sesabamisad, hqonda Zala, rac legatebisa da fideikomisebis TiTqmis gaigivebas niSnavda. amis

Taobaze sagangebod aRiniSna iustinianes digestebSi `legatebisa da fideikomisebis Sesaxeb~ (D.30).

faqtobrivad, legati da fideikomisi yovelmxriv gaTanabrda.

imperiis periodSi, gansakuTrebuli sityvieri an werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvelze, ganviTarda

saanderZo danakisris sxva forma _ fideikomisebi (fideicommissa) sicocxlis bolo wuTebSi

mamkvidrebeli memkvidres mimarTavda TxovniT, romlis Tanaxmadac, memkvidres, romelime piris sasar-

geblod, raime qmedeba unda Seesrulebina an misTvis raime nivTi unda gadaeca. Tavdapirvelad, aseTi

Txovna mxolod fides (memkvidris Rirsebaze) iyo damokidebuli da mas iuridiuli Zala ar hqonda.

Tumca, avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, eqstraordinaluri wesis safuZvelze, fideikomisariusi

uflebamosili Seiqna waredgina fideicommissi persecutio, romelic, eqstraodinaluri sasamarTlo pro-

cesis damkvidrebiT, TiTqmis actio testamenti-s Seerwya.

anderZs erTvoda ramdenime firfita an pergamentis furceli, romelic Seicavda memkvidris mimarT

moanderZis Txovnas, raTa mas mesame piris sasargeblod raime gaekeTebina. aseTi mcire kodeqsi, ro-

melsac mogvianebiT codicilli ewoda, samarTlebrivad avgustusis dros aRiares.

mogvianebiT dadginda, rom Tu kodicilebSi gamovlenili neba anderZis sityvebiTac (codicilii testamento

confirmati) dasturdeboda, maSin es Tavad anderZiT datovebuli nebis gamovlinebad iTvleboda. gamo-

naklisi iyo memkvidris da meurvis daniSvna, romlis sisworec mxolod anderZis safuZvelze

miiCneoda. dadasturebuli kodicilebis iuridiuli Zala anderZis namdvilobaze iyo damokidebuli.

Tu kodicilebi anderZiT ar iyo dadasturebuli, maSin maT fideikomisebis mniSvneloba hqondaT. Tu

anderZi baTili iyo, kodicilebi ZalaSi rCeboda da masSi Camoyalibebuli Txovnebi da brZanebebi,

kanonis ZaliT, mamkvidrebels ekisreboda. fideikomisebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs, Tavdapivelad, kon-

sulebi extra ordinem wesiT ganixiladvnen, xolo Semdeg specialuri pretorebis _ praetor

fideicommissarius-is iurisdiqcias dauqvemdebares. sarCeli fideikomisebis Sesaxeb (persecutio fideicommissi)

pirs piradi sarCelis saxiT waredgineboda. fideikimisis obieqti iyo samkvidros nemismieri nivTi,

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aseve mesame pirTa nivTebi. fideikomisi ar gansxvavdeboda legatum per damnationem-sgan. moanderZes

memkvidrisaTvis SeeZlo moeTxova, fideikomisariumisaTvis samkvidros nawilis an mTeli samkvidros

gadacema. am orive SemTxvevaSi universaluri fideikomisi igulisxmeboda.

fideikomisis sagani SeiZleboda monisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWebac (lebertas fideicommissaria) yofiliyo.

Tu mona mamkvidrebels ar ekuTvnoda, maSin fideikomisiT datvirTul memkvidres monis gamosyidva da

gaazateba evaleboda. magram Tu monis batoni monis gayidvaze uars amobobda, an ararealurad did

fass iTxovda, maSin monis fideikomisi iqviTeboda.

Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali

adamianebs Soris nivTebis Taobaze warmoqmnili urTierTobebi sanivTo samarTliT wesrigdeboda,

romliTac calkeul pirTa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis nivTebis kuTvnilebis forma da maTi sruli gan-

kargvis dadgena xdeboda. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis (dominium) safuZvelze, nivTis mimarT nivTis

mesakuTres absoluturi samarTlebrivi pozicia hqonda. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis Taobaze

gamarTul sasamarTlo procesze (in rem), mesakuTres, nebismier mesame pirze _ maT Soris, imave nivTze

raime sxva uflebis mqoneze, _ gacilebiT myari samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba hqonda. amitom, sakuT-

rebis uflebiT, yovelgvari samarTlebrivi SezRudvis gareSe, nivTze piris abstraqtuli kuTvnileba

(proprietas) sruli moculobiT igulisxmeboda. maSasadame, mxolod mesakuTres SeeZlo eTqva, rom niv-

Ti mxolod mas ekuTvnoda (meum esse aio). Tumca, nivTze uflebas da nivTis uSualo flobas, romaeli

samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) yvela SemTxvevaSi rodi ganasxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom

nivTis kuTvnilebis formebi mxolod sakuTrebis uflebiT ar amoiwureboda. nebismieri nivTi mTeli

rigi iseTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdeboda, romelTa gamoyeneba sxva pirebs, _ aramesakuTreebsac SeeZloT.

aRniSnuli uflebebi uSualo obieqts ukavSirdeboda da sruliad realuri, nebismieri sxva piri-

saTvis savaldebulo da mniSvnelovani iyo.

sanivTo samarTliT nivTze subieqtis piradi neba da misi gankargvis SesaZlebloba dgindeboda. yve-

laze srulyofilad nebis avtonomiuroba, pirTa romelime jgufisadmi individis kuTvnilebis miuxe-

davad, nivTis gamo realur samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, piris individualur subieqtad CabmiT

vlindeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, sanivTo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba xels uwyobda,

socialuri urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, individis poziciis ganmtkicebas da misi nebis avto-

nomiurobis aRiarebas.

I. qoneba

romaelebi, TandaTanobiT, mividnen im azramde, rom arsebobda sameurneo daniSnulebis erTiani qoneb-

rivi kompleqsi. moqalaqeTa qonebis yvelaze Zveli gansazRvreba (monebisa da saqonlis erToblioba _

familia pecuniaque) XII dafis kanonebSia mocemuli; mogvinebiT, familia-d, mTeli qoneba aRiniSneboda.

civiluri samarTliT damkvidrda qonebis cneba, romelic mopovebuli iyo ojaxis ufrosis

(paterfamilias) SromiT da mas ewodeboda patrimonium _ mamuli, romelic, Sesabamisi sakulto mova-

leobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, memkvidreebs gadaecemoda.

pretorul samarTalSi zogjer gvxvdeba termini `mamis~ da `papis~ qoneba. Tumca, qonebiT igu-

lisxmeboda yovelive is, rac aRniSnuli piris kuTvnileba iyo, miuxedavad imisa, qoneba misi SeZenili

iyo, Tu memkvidreobiT miRebuli. mesakuTris sicocxleSi misi sikeTe (bona) kreditorisaTvis valis

gadaxdis garanti iyo.

II. Res (nivTebi)

digestebis Tanaxmad, garda qonebisa, arsebobda iseTi nivTic, romelic aseve moicavda iuridiul

urTierTobebsa da uflebebs.

Gai., 2,2: Summa itaque rerum diviso in duos articulos diducitur: nam aliae sint divini iuris, aliae humani _ amrigad, nivTebi,

ZiriTadad, or kategoriad iyofoda: RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebad (res divini iuris) da adamianTa

samarTlis nivTebad (res humani iuris). RvTaebriv, bunebriv Zalad mTeli sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli

Sexedulebebi moiazreboda; amdenad, TiToeuli individis neba RvTaebis nebas eqvemdebareboda. ama Tu

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im nivTis RvTis kuTvnilebad aRiarebiT, aRniSnuli nivTi Tavisufali nebis qmedebis sferos aRar

ganekuTvneboda da samoqalaqo brunvidan amoiReboda. brunvaSi arsebuli nivTebis saxiT, aRniSnuli

nivTebi aravis ekuTvnoda:

Gai., 2,9: Quod autem divini iuris est, id nullius in bonis est _ is, rac RvTaebriv samarTals miekuTvneba, ar

SeiZleba vinmes qonebaSi imyofebodes (Gai, 2,3; D.1,8.1.pr). RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis kategorias

romaelebi miakuTvnebdnen wminda nivTebs (res sacrae) da saTayvanebel nivTebs (res religiosae). sajaro

gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, nivTebis pirveli kategoria RvTaebis kuTvnilad miiCneoda (D.1,8,6,3;

1,8,9,pr.1), xolo meore kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi nivTebi, romlebic, adamianis saqmianobiT,

saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus locus) miiCneoda, anu es iyo winaparTa saflavebi (Gai. 2,6; D.1,8,6,4).

nivTis wminda (sacra) nivTad aRiarebisaTvis mxolod kerZo iniciativa ar kmaroda, xolo nivTis

saTayvaneblad (religiosae) aRiareba ki mxolod kviritul mesakuTres (dominus) SeeZlo (Gai., 2,7; D.1,8,6,4).

RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebi (res divini iuris) mxolod sakraluri samarTliT (ius sacrum) regulirebas

eqvemdebareboda, samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi maTze ar vrceldeboda. amitom, provinciebSi, sadac

miwa dominium ex iure Quiritium-is obieqti ar iyo, sasaflaoebi saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus loco) ar

miiCneoda, Tumca, fiqtiurad, mainc aseTebad iTvleboda (Gai, 2,7).

Hae autem quae humani iuris sunt, aut publicae sunt aut privatae _ xolo is nivTebi, romlebic adamianTa samarTals

ganekuTvneba, sajaro an kerZo nivTebad iyofa (Gai, 2,10).

nivTebis am kategoriaTa paralelurad arsebobda res privata, anu is nivTebi, romelTac sazogadoebis

wevrebi kerZo pirTa saxiT flobdnen.

Privatae sunt quae singulorum hominum sunt _ kerZoa is nivTebi, romlebic calkeul adamianebs ekuTvnis. (Gai.,

2,11.)

termini `singulus~ (termini `privatus~ uZvelesi ekvivalenti) am cnebis arss yvelaze zustad asaxavda: es

iyo individi, danarCen subieqtTagan gancalkevebuli piri. aRniSnuli cnebiT, yuradReba calkeuli

subieqtis damoukidebel rolsa da mis avtonomiurobazea gamaxvilebuli, rac samarTalze dafuZ-

nebuli sazogadoebis, sociumis, mTavar subieqtad Tavisufal individs amkivdrebda.

aRniSnuli mosazreba samoqalaqo brunvis, rogorc kavSirebis sistemis, axsna-ganmartebaSi aisaxa.

brunvaSi arsebuli qoneba (bona) is ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani obieqti iyo, romlis indivi-

dualurad gankargva xelisuflebis prerogativad iqca.

Quae publicae sunt, nullius videnturin bonis esse, ipsius enim universitatis esse creduntur _ is nivTebi, romlebic sajaroa,

ver iqneba vinmes brunvadi qoneba, maT rogorc TviT Temis sakuTrebas ise ganixilaven (Gai.,2,11).

cnebas `nullius in bonis” (Gai.,2,9; D.1,8,1,pr.) gaiusi iyenebs ara mxolod saRvTo samarTlis nivTebisa (res

divini iuris) da sajaro nivTebis (res publicae), aramed im kerZo nivTebis (res privata) aRsaniSnavad, romel-

Tac aqtualuri mesakuTre ar hyavdaT (res nullius _ aravis nivTebi), anu samkvidro mis miRebamde. Gai.,2,1

werda: …modo videamus de rebus: quae vel in nostro patrimonio sunt vel extra nobstrum patrimonium habentur _ ...axla ganvi-

xiloT nivTebi: isini an Cveni mflobelobis sferoSi arian, an Cveni mflobelobis sferos miRma.

Tumca, cneba Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) igulisxmeboda, res humanis iuris kategoriis is niv-

Tebic, romlebic gansakuTrebuli wesiT gankargvas eqvemdebareboda, anu brunvidan amoRebuli qoneba

(in bonis esse).

nivTTa gamijvna Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) da Cveni qonebis miRma (extra nostrum patrimonium)

mxolod gaiusTan gvxvdeba, sxva samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) ganasxvavebdnen brunvaSi arsebul (res

in commercio) da brunvidan amoRebul (res extra commercium) nivTebs. romaeli iuristi celsusi (yidva-

gayidvis konteqstSi) brunvidan amoRebul nivTebs (res extra commercium) saTayvanebeli nivTebis (res

religiosae) sapirispirod miiCnevda. (D.18,1,6 pr): …ut sacra et religiosae loca aut quorum commercium no sit, ut publicae,

quae non in pecunia populi, sed in publico usu habeantur, ut est campus Martius _ rogorc wminda da saTavyvanebeli

miwebi an iseTi, romlebic brunvidan arian amoRebuli; rogorc sajaro nivTebi, romlebic xalxis

qonebas ar ganekuTvneba, marsis moednis msgavsad, sajaro sargeblobas eqvemdebarebian.

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sajaro sargeblobis nivTebi (res in usu publico) brunvidan amoRebul nivTebad (res extra commercium)

iTvleboda (maT rigs ganekuTvneboda, saxelmwifosa da kerZo pirebs Soris garigebebis dadebisas

gamoyenebuli, brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi _ res extra commercium-s). Res publicae kategoriis nivTTa

Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, gaiusis azris sapirispiroa, radgan yvela sajaro nivTs, RvTaebrivi

samarTlis nivTebis msgavsad (res divini iuris), aravis nivTebad (nullius in bonis) kategoriad miiCnevdnen.

sinamdvileSi, maT Soris sxvaoba ar arsebobda.

gaiusis mgavsad, romaeli iuristis marcianes Tanaxmad, RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebi (res divini iuris)

aravis brunvadi qoneba ar SeiZleba iyos (in nullius bonis sunt) da kuTvnilebis subieqtebis mixedviT,

(ierarqiuli sistemiT) nivTebs Semdeg jgufebad yofda: Quaedem naturali iure communia sunt omnium, quaedem

universitatis, quaedam nullius, pleraque singulorum, quae variis ex causis cuique adquiruntur _ bunebiTi samarTlis mixed-

viT, zogierTi nivTi aris yvelasTvis saerTo, zogierTi, rogorc mTliani, ganekuTvneba erTs, zogi-

erTi _ aravis, xolo nivTebis didi nawili ekuTvnis kerZo pirebs da am nivTebis SeZena sxvadasxva

safuZvlis mixedviT xdeba. (Marc., 3 Inst., D.1,8,2,pr). bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, nivTebis pirvel kate-

gorias ganekuTvneba haeri, zRva, zRvis napiri, gamdinare wyali, xolo TviT mdinares marciane saja-

ro nivTad (res publicae) miiCnevda (D.1,8,2,1). am kategoriis nivTebis sayovelTao kuTvnilebas, is cal-

keul pirTa sakuTrebis uflebas upirispirebda (Solum dominus - D.1,8,6,pr.).

$1. Res extra commercium (brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi)

1. haeri, gamdinare wyali, zRva da mTeli simdidre; 2. sajaro nivTebi; am nivTebis erT-erTi da Ziri-

Tadi mepatrone iyo romaeli xalxi; 3. saerTo sazogadoebrivi gamoyenebis nivTebi (gzebi, mdinareebi);

4. sakulto nivTebi (sacrum).

calkeuli samoqalaqo Temis nivTTa (res quae universitatis sunt) rigs ganekuTvneboda Teatrebi da sta-

dionebi _ samoqalaqo Temebis saerTo nivTebi (communia civitatum _ D.1,8,6,1), anu res in publico usu. nivTis

individualur kuTvnilebas sazogadoebrivi erTeulebis kuTvnilebisagan, gaiusis msgavsad, marcianec

ganasxvavebda. gaiusis mier SeTavazebuli nivTTa klasifikaciis kriteriumis universaluroba (in bonis

esse), Seesabameba imas, rom sistematizaciis safuZvelSi devs nivTis kuTvnilebis idea (am ideis yve-

laze adekvatur formaSi), anu individualuri sakuTreba.

romaeli iuristi celsusi, in pecunia populi-ze saubrisas, komerciuli saqmianobisaTvis gankuTvnil sa-

jaro nivTebs saxelmwifos individualizebuli sakuTrebis obieqtebad ganixilavda.

$2. Familia et pecunia

uZvelesi romauli samarTliT, qoneba gamijnuli iyo or saxed _ familia da pecunia. Familia-Ti ojaxis

ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli qonebrivi da araqonebrivi sikeTe moiaz-

reboda. Pecunia-sagan gansxvavebiT, familia statikurobiT xasiaTdeboda. kerZod, ojaxis Tavisufali

wevrebi (liberi), anu ara-monebi (nullius sunt) brunvis obieqtebi ar iyvnen, vinaidan isini nivTebad (res) ar

miiCneodnen. Familia sasaflaoebsa da saojaxo wminda adgilebs (res extra commercium) moicavda.

Pecunia (pecus _ pirutyvi)-s ganekuTvneboda nivTTa is kategoria, romelic samarTlebrvi aqtebis

obieqti iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `pecunia~ iyo familias-s Semadgeneli is qoneba, romelic, sxva

adamianebTan (sxva saojaxo jgufis wevrebTan), nebayoflobiTi urTierTobis safuZvelze, sasaqonlo

brunvaSi iyo CarTuli. kerZod, mona im SemTxvevaSi iyo pecunia, Tu sakuTari batonis mamasaxlisTan

(paterfamilias) dadebuli garigebis obieqti xdeboda, xolo meurneobaSi dakavebuli monebi, familia-d

iwodebodnen. amrigad, familia-pecunia-s aRniSnuli variacia, sxvadasxva urTierTobis gaTvaliswinebiT

(rogorc in patria potestas da rogorc res), obieqtisaTvis niSandobliv mraval funqciebze metyvelebda.

Familia-s saxiT arsebuli saojaxo kompleqsi gamoxatavda ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) mdgomareobas

(status) saojaxo sturqturaSi, xolo pecunia miuTiTebda im gankargviT uflebamosilebaze, romelic

ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) gaaCnda saojaxo cxovrebis ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros.

$3. Res manicipi et res nec manicipi (mancipirebadi da aramancipirebadi nivTebi)

Res mancipi (mancipirebadi nivTebi); res nec mancipi (aramancipirebadi nivTebi); mancipium (mancipacia).

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romis samarTliT, nivTebis dayofas mancipirebul da aramancipirebul nivTebad arsebiTi mniSv-

neloba eniWeboda, rac imas mowmobda, rom samarTlebrivi forma individualuri nebis gamovlinebas

iTvaliswinebda; maSinac ki, roca nebis gamovlena, realurad, jgufis interess gamoxatavda.

terminiT res mancipi aRiniSneboda is nivTebi, romlebic mancipaciis aqts (mancipium) eqvemdebareboda.

es iyo uZvelesi rituali, romlis dros iyenebdnen spilenZis natexsa da saswors (per aes et libram).

klasikur epoqaSi am rituals mancipacia (mancipatio) ewoda. misi mizani iyo mancipirebadi nivTebis

(res mancipi) gankargvisaTvis (sakuTrebaSi gadasasvlelad), aucilebeli sagangebo sazeimo ritualis

Catareba, radgan aseTi nivTebis SemZeni mxolod romis moqalaqe (cives) SeiZleba yofiliyo da

aRniSnuli gziT, warmoSobili sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod romauli sakurTebis uflebas (dominium

ex iure Quiritium) gulisxmobda, kerZod : mancipacias (mancipatio) an nivTis daTmobas magistratis winaSe

(in iure cessio). rac Seexeba aramancipirebadi nivTebs (res nec mancipi), maTi gasxviseba, maTze sakuTrebis

uflebis SeZenis mizniT, martivi mflobelobis gadacemiT (traditio) xdeboda (Gai.,2,19;22). nivTebis

aRniSnuli klasifikacia maTi gasxvisebis wess ganapirobebda (Gai.,1,120). aseT nivTebs gaiusi manci-

paciasTan kavSirSi ganixilavda. ulpianesaTvis mikuTvnebul postklasikuri periodis erT-erT

teqstSi mancipirebad da aramancipirebad nivTTa TiTqmis sruli CamonaTvalia mocemuli: Omnes res aut

mancipi sun taut nec mancipi/ Mancipi res sunt praedia in Italico solo, tam rustica, quails est fundus, quam urbana, qualis domus: item

iura praediorum rusticorum, velut via iter actus aquaedictus: item servi et quadrepedes, quae dorso collore domnatur, velut boves muli

equi asini. Ceterae res nec mancipii sunt. Elefanti et cameli, quamvis collo dordove domentur, nec mancipi sunt, quoniam bestiarum

numero sunt _ yvela nivTi mancipirebadi an aramancipirebadia. mancipirebadi nivTebia: italiis miwaze

arsebuli mamulebi, rogorc sasoflo mindvrebis saxiT, ise saqalaqo, saxlis saxiT; aseve sasoflo

mamulebze fexiT an satransporto saSualebiT gavlis, pirutyvis gadarekis, wylis milebis gayvanis

uflebebi; monebi da is oTxfexa cxoveli, romelic moTvinierebulia da miCveuli unagiris dadgmas

an uRelSi Sebmas, kerZod, kameCi, viri, cxeni, jorcxeni. yvela danarCeni nivTi aramancipirebadia.

marTalia, aqlemi da spilo moTvinierebasa da uRelSi Sebmas eqvemdebareba, magram mainc aramanci-

pirebadi nivTebia, vinaidan gareul cxovelebs ganekuTvnebian.

$4. Genus et species (gvarobiTi da individualuri nivTebi)

Genus (gvarobiTi nivTebi), species (individualurad gansazrvruli nivTebi); res quae (primo) usu

consumuntur (moxmarebadi nivTebi); aramoxmarebadi nivTebi; individeus, indiviseus (ganuyofeli nivTebi);

martivi, rTuli da Sedgenili nivTebi; pars rei (nivTis nawili); mTavari nivTi; aramTavari nivTi;

accessio (sakuTvnebeli); fructus (nayofi).

aRniSnuli dayofis msgavs logikas eqvemdebareboda nivTebis Semdegi dayofac: 1. species _ TavisTavad

Rirebuli nivTebi (res mancipi da saavtoro nakeTobebi) da 2. genera _ is nivTebi, romelTa Rirebuleba,

maTi gvarisa da odenobis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda (fuli, masobrivi warmoebis nivTebi, nedleuli).

romis samarTalSi nivTTa dayofis aRniSnuli sistema mkacrad gansazRvruli ar iyo; xSir SemTxve-

vaSi nivTebi Secvladi da Seucvladi saxiT iyo warmodgenili. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi aRniSnuli

terminologia jer kidev fon savinis droidan gvxvdeba, Tumca nivTebis aRniSnuli dayofa koncep-

tualurad gansxvavebul safuZvels emyareboda. individualurad gansazRvruli nivTebi (species) maTi

mepatronis pirovnul Tvisebebze (niSnebze) miuTiTebda. samoqalaqo brunvaSi am nivTebis mTlianobis

SenarCunebis aucileblobas, pirovnuli interesi ganapirobebda, rac nivTebis mepatrones, Tavad

nivTis dabrunebis moTxovnis uflebas aniWebda; mepatronis nebis gareSe nivTebis dayofa an maTi

Secvla ar daiSveboda.

romaeli iuristis iulianusis Tanaxmad: In stipulationibus alias species, alias genera debecuntur. um species stipularum,

necesse est inter dominos et inter heredes ita dividi stipulationem, ut partes corporum cuique debentur. Quotienes autem genera

stipularum, numero fit inter eos divisio… _ zogjer stipulaciis sagani SeiZleba iyos individualurad

gansazRvruli nivTi, zogjer ki _ gvarobiTi nivTi. roca individualurad gansazRvrul nivTebs

gvpirdebian, stipulaciis sagani ramdenime pirsa da ramdenime memkvidres Soris ise unda gaiyos, rom

TiToeuls stipulaciis sagnis nawili Sexvdes, xolo roca gvarovnul nivTebs gvpirdebian, maTi

gayofa raodenobis mixedviT moxdeba (D.45,1,54pr.).

nivTebis gamo warmoSobili urTierTobis formalizaciis Sedegad, ori kriteriumis gaigivebam, nebe-

lobiTi kriteriumi TandaTanobiT obieqturma Secvala. aqedan gamomdinare, nivTebze saubrisas,

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romaeli klasikosebi sul ufro xSirad amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas iseT nivTebze, romelTa Rire-

bulebac woniT, ricxviTa da zomiT ganisazRvreba _ `res quae pondere, numero, munsura consistent (an continentur,

an valent)~ (Gai.,3,90; D.12,1,2,1; 23,3,42; 30,30pr.; 35,2,1,7; 44,7,1,2).

(D.12,1,2,1,) romaeli iuristi pavlusi werda: Mutui datio consistit in his rebus, quae pondere numero mensura consistent,

quoniam eorum datione possumus in creditum ire, quia in genere suo functionem recipient per solutionem quam specie: man in ceteris

rebus ideo in creditum ire non possumus, quia aliud pro alio invito creditori solvi non potest _ sesxad gaicema mxolod is

nivTebi, romlebic woniT, zomiT an ricxviT ganisazRvreba; am nivTebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemiT, SesaZ-

lebelia sakredito SeTanxmebis dadeba, vinaidan gadaxdis dros, am nivTebis sanacvlod imave gvaris

da ara saxeobis nivTebi gadaicema; sesxis garigebis amave wesiT dadeba sxva nivTebis mimarT ar SeiZ-

leba, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, kreditorisaTvis, misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, erTi nivTis nacvlad sxva

nivTis gadaxda, SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

aRniSnuli teqstiT SesaZlebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT : 1. Secvladi nivTi (anu iseTi nivTi,

romlis Secvlac imave nivTiT SesaZlebeli iqneba valdebulebis Sesrulebisas) da 2. Seucvleli

nivTi (romlis Secvlac, Cveulebriv, SeuZlebelia da kvlav sakuTari gvarisa da saxeobis farglebSi

rCeba). nivTebis am bolo kategorias species ewodeboda. imave gvaris nivTebis dabrunebis SesaZ-

lebloba aseTi nivTebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas (fungi) mowmobda. aRniSnuli specifikuroba,

nivTebis axali klasifikaciis TvalsazrisiT, genera-species dapirispirebis Secvlis safuZvels gan-

sazRvravda. am klasifikaciiT, nivTebi iyofoda mosaxmar da mouxmar nivTebad. Tumca, romaelebis

azriT, gvarobiTi (fungibiles) nivTebis Sesanaxad (depositum) gadacema, imave nivTis dabrunebis moTxov-

niT, SesaZlebeli iyo (D.16.3.24). gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli nivTebi (genera), sameurneo mizniT

gamoyenebisas, individualuri niSniT gansazRvrul nivTebad (species) iqceoda, magram maTi _ rogorc

gvarobiTi nivTebis gamoyenebis moTxovna kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda.

aseTive obieqtur kriteriums efuZneboda nivTebis kidev erTi klasifikaciac: gayofadi da gauyofadi

nivTebi. bunebaSi yvela nivTi usasrulobamde gayofadia, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ki, gayofadia

mxolod is nivTi, romlis nawilebi, nivTis gayofis Semdeg, nivTis Tvisebas da funqcias inarCuneben.

individualurad gansazRvruli nivTebi yovelTvis gauyofadia.

nivTebis aRniSnuli dayofa yovelTvis gansxvavdeboda nivTebis genera-species dayofisagan, vinaidan is

nivTis individualur gansazRvrulobas ugulebelyofda da mxolod obieqtur kriteriums gane-

kuTvneboda. gayofad nivTebs romaelebi aRniSnavdnen aRwerilobiT: res quae divisionem recipit (D.45,1,4,1),

xolo ganuyofloba aRiniSneboda ori terminiT: individuus et indivisus. bolo cneba nivTis aqtualur

mdgomareobaze miuTiTebda, xolo pirveli _ TviT nivTis dayofis SeuZleblobaze.

romaeli iuristis pomponiusis TxzulebaSi nivTebis klasifikaciis kidev erTi kriteriumia moce-

muli: Tria autem genera sunt corporum, unum, quod continetur uno spiritu et Graecae…vocatur, ut homo tignum lapis et siila:

alterum, quod ex contingentibus, hoc est pluribus inter se cohaerentibus constat, ut aedificium navis armarium: tertium, quod ex

distantibus constat, ut corpora plura solute, sed uni nomini subiecta, veluti populus legio, grec _ arsebobs sxeulTa sami

saxeoba: pirveli gansazRvrulia mxolod suladobiT; berZnulad mas erToblioba ewodeba, aseTTa

ricxvs miekuTvneba mona, mori, qva da a.S; meore momijnave, anu erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime

nivTisagan Sedgeba da iwodeba naerTad, aseTia Senoba, gemi, karada; mesame calkeuli nivTisagan Semd-

gari ramdenime gancalkevebuli sxeuli, Tumca, erTi saxeldebis mqone, magaliTad, xalxi, legioni,

jogi.

aRniSnul klasifikaciaSi, romaelebma nivTebis kidev sami _ martivi, rTuli da Sedgenili nivTebi _

saxe gamoyves. romaelma samarTalmcodneebma (prudentes) sagangebod ganacalkeves pars rei, anu nivTis is

nawili, romelic samarTlebrivad, erTi mTelis iseTi elementi iyo, romlis gareSe nivTis mTlia-

nobis raoba ikargeboda; Tanac, aRniSnuli nawili materialurad mTelTan dakavSirebuli SeiZleba

ar yofiliyo da maT Soris mxolod funqciuri kavSiri arsebobda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nawili

mTelis kuTvnileba iyo da mTliani nivTis mimarT dadebuli garigeba, aucileblad, nivTis nawilzec

vrceldeboda. samarTlebrivad Sedgenli an krebiTi nivTis nawili, SeiZleba mTeli nivTisagan

gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti gamxdariyo. magaliTad, saketis gasaRebis

gasxviseba saketze uflebis gadatanas iwvevda, magram ara piruku. zog SemTxvevaSi wilis an kvo-

tisagan (pars, portio) unda ganvasxvavoT mTelis ganuyofeli nawili (pars pro indiviso), romelic,

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samarTlebrivi aspeqtiT, wminda abstraqtuli cnebaa. saketi da misi gasaRebi yovelTvis Senobis nawi-

lia, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini konkretul momentSi Senobisagan gancalkevebiT inaxeba. xolo, miwa-

Si Cafluli qvevrebi ara saxlis nawili, aramed marnis nawilebia (D.18,1,76pr; 19,1,17pr). Tumca, niada-

gidan amoRebuli miwa, qviSa, Tixa an moWrili nargavi nakveTis nawilebad ar iTvleba (D. 19,1,17,6; 18,1;

10,4,5,2; 50,16,241).

uZravi nivTebis kategoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania miwis nakveTis nawilisa (pars fundi) da miwis

dasamuSavebeli inventaris (instrumentum fundi) urTierTSepirispireba, romelic, myarad nagebi Seno-

bisagan gansxvavebiT, stacionaluri samrewvelo uZravi qoneba ar iyo. miwis dasamuSavebeli inventari

(instrumentum fundi) damatebiTi nivTebis kategorias ganekuTvneboda, romlis marTvis wesi ZiriTadi

nivTis gankargvis wess arasodes emTxvevoda. aRniSnul kategorias miekuTvneboda soflis meur-

neobaSi dasaqmebuli mona, mxvneli xarebi, guTani, mosavlis asaRebi, mosavlis Sesanaxi da gadasa-

muSavebeli iaraRebi (D.39,7,9; 10,11,12pr; 16,1; 25pr; 26,1).

klasikur periodis romis samarTalSi nivTebis cneba farTo gagebiT gamoiyeneboda da ara marto

gare samyaros materialur sagnebs moicavda, aramed maTze iuridiul uflebebsac.

$5. Res mobiles et res immobiles (moZravi da uZravi nivTebi)

romis samarTliT, nivTTa moZrav da uZrav nivTebad dayofas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar hqonda _ orive

saxis nivTebi erTi da igive iuridiuli normebiT iyo daculi. uZrav nivTebs ganekuTvneboda ara mar-

to miwis nakveTi (praedia, fundi) da miwis wiaRi, aramed miwis zedapirze sxvisi an mesakuTris SromiT

Seqmnili sikeTe, romelic miwis zedapiris xelovnur an bunebriv nawilad iTvleboda. am nivTebze

vrceldeboda wesi miwis zedapirze Seqmnilis superficies soli Taobaze, romelic miwis zedapirisagan

iseve ganuyofeli iyo, rogorc miwis zedapiris sahaero sivrce moiazreboda mis nawilad.

moZravi nivTebi (res mobiles an per re moventis) aveji, sayofacxovrebo sagnebi, monebi, cxovelebi iyo.

principatis periodSi nivTebis aseTma dayofam ufro farTo, aSkara saxe da mkveTri xasiaTi miiRo. am

droisaTvis uZrav nivTebzec sabolood Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, kerZod:

superficiumi, emfiTevzisi. uflebebis SeZena mflobelobis xandazmulobis vadis gansazRvriT (2

weli uZrav nivTebze, 1 weli moZrav nivTebze) xdeboda. Tanac yvela uZrav nivTze erTnairi samarT-

lebrivi reglamentacia rodi iyo dadgenili. kerZod, miwis nakveTebi adgilmdebareobisa da

sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulad regulirdeboda. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen

qalaqis ganaSenianobasa (praedia urbana) da soflad mdebare sameurneo miwis nakveTebs (praedia rustica):

mindori, saZovari, tye, sasoflo qoxebi, aseve italiisa da provinciis miwis nakveTebi

$6. Res corporales et res incorporales

Gaius (2.13.14) gamohyofda nivTebis kidev erT kategoris – sxeulebrivsa (res corporales) da usxeulo (res

incorporales) nivTebs. sxeulebrivia is nivTebi, romelTa SegrZnebac SesaZlebelia (quae tangi possunt)

grZnobis organoebiT, usxeulo nivTebi ki SeigrZnoba (quae tangi non possunt). Res incorporales-is nivTebis

magaliTad Gaius-s mohyavda memkvidreoba, uzufruqti da valdebulebebi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba,

rom res incorporales kategoriaSi Gaius-i ar asaxelebda sakuTrebis uflebas: romaeli iuristebi ver

asxvavebdnen sakuTrebis uflebas nivTze da sakuTriv nivTebs, ris gamoc sakuTrebis uflebas isini

miakuTvnebdnen corpora (sxeulebrivi nivTebis) kategorias.

$7. gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi

ganasxvavebdnen gayofad da gauyofad nivTebs. gayofadi iyo iseTi nivTebi, romelTa gayofis Sedegad

maTi gvari (gens) da faseuloba ar icvleboda. aseTi nivTis TiToeuli nawili erT mTlians war-

moadgenda, Tumca, uwindel nivTTan SedarebiT, naklebi zomis iyo: pro parte divisa. materialuri da-

yofis garda, romis samarTali aseve icnobda nivTze uflebis gayofas, e.w. idealur wils. aseT

SemTxvevaSi, materialurad gauyofad nivTze ufleba ramdenime pirs, nivTis safasuris wilis Sesa-

bamisad, erTdroulad ekuTvnoda. kerZod, 1/2, 1/3 da a.S. TanasakuTrebis (anu erT nivTze ramdenime

piris Tanadrouli sakuTrebis ufleba) uflebis Sewyvetisas didi mniSvneloba hqonda nivTis iuri-

diul gayofadoba-gauyofadobas: mxolod samarTlebrivi gayofis SesaZleblobisas daiSveboda nivTis

naturaluri gayofa yofil TanamesakuTreTa Soris. meore SemTxvevaSi nivTi erT-erT maTganis sakuT-

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rebaSi rCeboda, xolo danarCeni pirebi fulad kompensacias iRebdnen.

$8. gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebadi nivTebi

gamoyenebadi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic, misi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, pirvelive materialuri

gamoyenebis Semdeg nadgurdeboda. magaliTad, fuli; angariSis gasworebis Semdeg fuli mesakuTri-

saTvis dakargulad miiCneoda. gamouyenebadi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic gamoyenebis Sedegad ar nad-

gurdeba (magaliTad, Zvirfasi qva). amave kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi nivTebi, romlebic Tanda-

TanobiTi ganadgurdebiT, fass kargavda da daniSnulebiT aRar gamoiyeneboda.

$9. martivi da rTuli nivTebi

martivi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic materialurad erT mTlianobas qmnida. magaliTad, mona, qva, mori.

rTuli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic Sedgeba erTmaneTTan materialurad dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva ele-

mentisagan, romelTac erTi mTliani nivTis saxeli hqondaT. magaliTad, nageboba, xomaldi, aveji.

rTuli nivTebis nawilebi erT mTlian nivTSi ar ikargeboda, radgan erT mTlianobad Seqmnamde, cal-

keuli nivTebis saxiT, sxvadasxva piris kuTvnilebac ki SeiZleba yofiliyo.

calke ganixileboda materialurad erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli sxvadasxva calkeuli nivTis erTob-

lioba, romelTac, saerTo daniSnulebis safuZvelze, erTi saxelwodeba hqondaT; magaliTad, jogi,

legioni. es iyo nivTebis droebiTi sameurneo an korporaciuli gaerTianeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sa-

marTlebrivi urTierTobis sagani mxolod erTi mTelis Semadgeneli calkeuli nivTebi iyo; magram

brunvis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, am nivTebze sruli uflebis damkvidrebac daiSveboda. magaliTad,

jogis mesakuTres SeeZlo moeTxova ufleba mTel jogze, Tu igi jogis udides nawilze sakuTrebis

uflebas daamtkicebda.

$10. ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi

damatebiT nivTad (res accessorium) iTvleboda iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTze garkveuli wesiT

damoukidebuli da misgan iuridiulad damokidebuli iyo. damatebiTi nivTis yvelaze gavrcelebuli

saxe iyo nayofi, nivTis nawili da sakuTvnebeli. iuridiulad, nivTis nawili damoukideblad ar miiC-

neoda. Tu iuridiuli garigebis sagani mTliani nivTi iyo, maSin garigebis Sedegebi mis yvela na-

wilze vrceldeboda. nivTis nawili damoukidebeli garigebis sagani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeboda,

Tu misi mTliani nivTisagan gancalkeveba SeiZleboda.

$11. sakuTvnebeli

Accessio (sakuTvnebeli).

sakuTvnebeli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTs ara materialurad, aramed ekonomikurad

ukavSirdeboda; ZiriTadi nivTi srulad ar miiCneoda, Tu misgan sakuTvnebeli gancalkevebuli iyo.

sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arsebobda, oRond sameurneo (ekonomikuri) Sedegi orives erTad

gamoyenebiT miiReboda (klite da gasaRebi); vinaidan sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arseboboda,

damoukidebuli uflebis saganic SeiZleba gamxdariyo. Tumca, Tu dainteresebul pirTa Soris ar

arsebobda specialuri daTqma, ZiriTad nivTze gavrcelebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi sakuTv-

nebelzec moqmedebda, rasac Semdegi aforizmis gavrceleba mohyva _ sakuTvnebli ZiriTadi nivTis

beds iziarebs.

$12. Fructus (nayofi)

Fructus (nayofi); instrumnetum fundi (inventari).

cnebiT nayofi (fructus) nayofis momcemi nivTi igulisxmeboda, romlis eqspluataciis Sedegadac mate-

rialuri sikeTe warmoiqmneboda (namati, mosavali). nayofze ufleba nayofis momcemi nivTis uflebaze

damokidebuli, magram misi identuri ar iyo. nayofis momcemi nivTis keTilsindisieri mflobeli nayo-

fis mesakuTre xdeboda. yovelTvis, nayofis momcemi nivTis gasxvisebisas nayofze sakuTrebis uf-

lebis SenarCuneba daiTqmeboda.

drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, nayofis cnebiT yovelTvis igulisxmeboda nayofis Semdegi for-

mebi: 1. Camokiduli nayofi (fructus pendentes); 2. gancalkevebuli nayofi (fructus separati); 3. Segrovebuli

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da aTvisebuli nayofi (fructus percepti); 4. gamoyenebuli nayofi (fructus consumpti).

yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganuyofeli nayofi `deda-nivTis~ nawili iyo. gancalkeveba (separatio) miTvi-

sebisagan (perceptio) SemdegiT gansxvavdeboda: nayofis momcemi nivTi SeiZleba yofiliyo im aramesa-

kuTris xelSi, romelsac nayofis mokrefis uflebamosileba hqonda (moijare); im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

mesame piri (qurdi) nayofs ganacalkevebda (separatio), nivTis mesakuTre nayofis mesakuTre ar xdeboda

(D.7,1,12,5), xolo nayofis miTvisebiT (perceptio) nivTiT mosargeble nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda.

aseT eqstraordinalur RonisZiebebs magistratebi mimarTavdnen rogorc mxedarTa TxovniT, ise saku-

Tari SexedulebiT.

III. sakuTreba

$1. sakuTrebis ufleba

uZveles romaul samarTalSi sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli specialuri termini ar arsebobda. vinmes xeli-

suflebaSi arsebuli raime nivTis aRsaniSnavad, yvela SemTxvevaSi, batonobis aRmniSvneli Zalze

Zveli termini dominium (zmna moTvinierebidan) gamoiyeneboda. civiluri, kvirituli sakuTrebis uZve-

les saxes dominium ex iure Quiritium ewodeboda.

sakuTrebis uflebis matarebels SeuzRudavi ufleba hqonda da nivTis (gasxviseba, datvirTva)

gamoyenebisa da gankargvis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. nivTze kerZo mesakuTris ufleba ucxo pirebis

Carevas gamoricxavda. klasikurma iurisprudenciam nivTze sakuTreba miiCnia piris SeuzRudav da

gansakuTrebul uflebad, romelic, arsobrivad, SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda da absolutur

uflebad moiazreboda. iustinianes samarTliT, nivTze sakuTrebas srul Zalauflebad (plena in re

potestas) miiCnevdnen. klasikosebis mier aRiarebuli da kanoniT ganmtkicebuli, nivTze mesakuTris

batonobis sruli ufleba, klasikosi iuristebis azriT, sakuTrebis uflebis arss, mis Semadgenel

nawilebad, Slida. kerZod, pavlusis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis uflebis arsebiTi nawili (pars dominii)

sargeblobisa (usus) da nayofis miRebis ufleba (ususfructus) iyo.

miwis kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba uZvelesi droidan izRudeboda. imperiis epoqaSi iuristebma

sakuTrebis cneba daazustes, radgan am uflebis gageba yovelTvis gansakuTrebul safuZvels iTxovda

da mniSvnelovan Sedegebs iwvevda. sakuTrebis uflebis mtkiceba mesakuTres ar evaleboda da piruku,

savaldebulo iyo sakuTrebis SezRudvis safuZvlebis mkacrad gansazRvra, kerZod: 1. yovel meore

dRes, miwis mesakuTre valdebuli iyo sakuTar miwis nakveTze SeeSva mezobeli, mezoblis ezoSi

darguli xidan Camovardnili nayofis asakrefad; 2. mesakuTres ar evaleboda eTmina mezoblis

Senobis nawili, Tu misi nakveTis sazRvars mezoblis Senobis nawili gadmoyurebda, an Tu mezoblis

kedeli naxevar futze metad iyo gaweuli mis nakveTze; 3. garkveuli anazRaurebis sanacvlod,

mesakuTres Tavis nakveTze unda gaetarebina yvela is piri, vinc misi nakveTis mezoblad mdebare

sasaflaoze midioda.

$2. sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi

sagulisxmoa, rom provinciaSi arsebul miwis nakveTebze, sakuTrebis uflebis daxasiaTebisas, SesaZ-

lebelia dadgindes is samarTlebrivi formula, romelic asaxavs `sakuTrebis~ cnebis Sinaarss: uti,

frui, habere, possidere. amrigad, sargebloba, nayofis miReba da gankargva warmoadgens nivTis gamoyenebis

sam saSualebas.

Uti _ iyo nivTidan raime sargeblis miRebis ufleba, misi gacvlis an nivTis moxmarebis ganzraxvis

gareSe, rac mxolod im qonebis mimarTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic mouxmar qonebas warmoadgenda.

Frui _ sargeblobis im aqtebs ganekuTvneboda, romlebic, deda nivTis mier periodulad Seqmnili

nayofis moxmarebas gulisxmobda, ZiriTadi nivTis arsis Seucvlelad. Habere (zmna `viqonio~-dan war-

moiSoba) da gagebuli unda iqnas, rogorc realuri Sedegis mqone floba (Ulp., D. 50,16. 164.2). ìTv-

leboda, rom flobs (habere) raimes is, visac aRniSnulis mimarT sarCelis wardgena SeuZlia; vinaidan

habetur (floben) mxolod imas, risi gamoTxovac rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli~ (Ulp., D.

50.16. 143). Possidere miekuTvneba possessio-s, anu nivTis faqtobrivi flobis viTarebas, romelsac pretori

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icavda, sakuTari interdiqtebis (brZaneba) meSveobiT.

$3. Communio (condominium _ TanasakuTreba)

sakuTrebis uflebis gansakuTrebuloba, romael iuristebs aiZulebda erTsa da imave nivTze ram-

denime piris sakuTrebis ufleba daeSvaT. maT aRiares TanamesakuTreTa Tanamflobelobis ufleba anu

nivTis erToblivi mflobeloba da nivTiT sargebloba. nayofic maT mier idealuri wilebiT SeiZi-

neboda. Tu nivTiT sargebloba dadgenili wesebis zRvars scildeboda, maSin yvela mflobelisa da

mosargeblis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro. TanasakuTrebas (communio) condominium-i ewodeboda.

TanasakuTrebis (communio) viTareba nebayoflobiT an SemTxveviT warmoiSoboda. TanasakuTreba neba-

yoflobiT warmoiSoba amxanagobis xelSekrulebis meSveobiT an ramdenime piris nebayoflobiTi

moqmedebiT, kerZod, es ukanasknelni, TanasakuTrebaSi proporciuli wilebis SetaniT, aerTianebdnen

sakuTar qonebas.

qonebis SemTxveviTi gaerTianeba (communio incidens), ramdenime piris mier, erTi da igive nivTis SeZenis

Sedegad xdeboda (memkvidreoba an legati, an im ramdenime nivTis fizikuri Serwymis Sedegad, ro-

melTa gancalkevebac SeuZlebeli iyo. confusio _ Txevadi, xolo commixtio _ mkvrivi masalis dros).

TanasakuTrebis uZvele saxe iyo e.w. consortium ercto non cito, romelic gardacvlili paterfamilias ram-

denime memkvidres (adgnatus et cognatus) rCeboda.

TanasakuTrebidan TiToeul mesakuTres sakuTari wilis gasxviseba da datvirTva SeeZlo. amave mocu-

lobiT TanamesakuTreebs, mesame piris winaSe, sakuTari uflebebis dacvis uflebac hqondaT. Tanasa-

kuTrebis gayofisas, TanamesakuTreTa wilebi mosamarTles sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr SeeZlo gamoe-

yo, magram gayofadi nivTi samarTlian fasad (iusto preto aestimare) unda Seefasebina.

$4. sakuTrebis SeZenis saSualebebi

romis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli, nivTze civiluri sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis formebis anu

saSualebebis klasificireba, ramdenime kriteriumis mixedviT iyo SesaZlebeli. Gai., ìnstituciebsa~

da Res cottidianal-Si, sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebis klasifikacias bunebiTi samarTlis (ius

naturale), civiluri samarTlis (ius civile) da xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) safuZvelze axdenda.

pirveli saSualeba, anu _ ius naturale-Ti iyo is, romelsac xalxi iyenebda da romelic kacob-

riobasTan erTad Seiqmna. aseT saSualebebs okupacia (occupatio), namati (nayofi) da nivTis gada-

muSaveba (specificatio) warmoadgenda sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis is saSualebebi, romlebic ius civile-Ti

iyo mowesrigebuli, mxolod romis moqalaqeTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli: mancipatio, in iure cessio da

usucapio (xandazmulobis vadiT). SeZenis am gansakuTrebuli saSualebebidan (moqmedebebidan) Gai. gamoh-

yofs erTobliv SeZenas, anu mTliani moculobiT an samkvidro qonebidan ganxorcielebul SeZenas

(adquirere per universitet); SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebebs ganekuTvneba: 1) ius civile-sa da ius preatorium-is

safuZvelze samemkvidreo uflebebSi Sesvla; 2) sxvisi mamulis Sesyidva (emptio bonorum); 3) Svilad

ayvana.

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis gansxvavebul saSualebebs gamoyofs Ulpianus; mancipatio, traditio, in iure cessio,

adiudicatio, lege.

romanistikis doqtrina yvelaze xSirad iyenebs sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis klasifikacias, Tav-

dapirvel da nawarmoeb saSualebebad dayofis, principidan gamomdinare.

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis Tavdapirveli saSualebebi gulisxmobda, nivTis dauflebis mizniT, ise-

Ti moqmedebebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic ar iqneboda sxva mesakuTris nebaze damokidebuli. xolo

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi saSualebebiT, mxedvelobaSi is faqti miiReboda, rom nivTs

manamde sxva mesakuTresTan hqonda kavSiri. nivTis Tavdapirveli mesakuTre nivTze yvela uflebas

kargavda mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnul nivTs sxva, axali mepatrone SeiZenda, anu sakuTrebis uflebis

SeZenis nawarmoebi saSualebebiT nivTze, erTi mesakuTris uflebebi, meore mesakuTres gadaecemoda,

gamsxviseblisa da SemZenis urTierTsanacvlo, nebelobiTi xasiaTis moqmedebis Sedegad (transferre

dominio)

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rodesac sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebze vsaubrobT, mizanSewonilia gaviTvaliswinoT ro-

mauli Instituciones debulebebi da jer sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis is saSualebebi SeviswavloT, rom-

lebsac ius gentium icnobda, Semdeg ki ius civile-Ti dadgenili SeZenis saSualebebi.

a) Occupatio (okupacia)

Occupatio iyo nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis yvelaze Zveli da universaluri saSualeba, ro-

melsac romaeli iuristebi ius gentium-is institutad miiCnevdnen.

Occupatio Seicavda, nadirobisa da TevzWeris Sedegad, SeZenil nivTebs da isini Cveulebriv flobad

(possessio naturales) iTvleboda (Nerva, D.41.2.1.1.).

garda amisa, occupatio mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, Tu nivTi aravisi kuTvnileba ar iyo

(res nullius).

Occupatio Semdegi saSualebebiT xorcieldeboda: a) gareul mxecebze (venatio), frinvelebze (auspicium)

nadiroba da Tevzaoba (piscatio). pirutyvi SeiZleba mitacebuli, Tumca veluri da, maSasadame, buneb-

rivad Tavisufali yofiliyo. miTvisebis saSualebebidan gamomdinare, pirutyvi sam kategoriad iyo-

foda: 1) gareuli mxecebi (feral bestiae), romlebic bunebrivad Tavisufalni iyvnen da romelTa dapat-

roneba nebismier pirs SeeZlo; 2) moSinaurebuli, an moTvinierebuli cxovelebi (mansuefactae), rom-

lebsac bunebrivad Tavisufleba ki hqondaT, Tumca adamianis kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen da, Ta-

nac, adamianTan dabrunebis Cvevac gauCndaT (animus revertendi); 3) Sinauri pirutyvi, romelzec mudmivad

xorcieldeba adamianis Zalaufleba. cxovelebze nadirobis ufleba adamianis Tavdapirvel da

bunebiT uflebad (ius hominis) iTvleba, vinaidan, vidre adamiani miwaTmoqmedi an mesaqonle gaxdeboda,

is nadirobiT irCenda Tavs.

b) mowinaaRmdegisaTvis warTmeuli samxedro nadavli; g) zRvaSi amoziduli kunZuli da zRvis mier

napirze gamoriyuli nivTebi; d) uwindeli mesakuTris mier gadagdebuli nivTebi (res derefuctae) _

beiTalman qoneba.

b) ganZi

Paul., (D. 41.1.31.1) azriT, `ganZi _ dafluli nivTebis garkveuli raodenobaa, romelTa mimarT SeuZ-

lebelia mesakuTris dadgena; ganZi imis sakuTreba xdeba, vinc mas aRmoaCens, vinaidan is sxvas aravis

ekuTvnis; da piruku, Tu vinme, angarebiT an SiSiT Sepyrobili, an nivTis ukeT Senaxvis mizniT, daf-

lavs nivTs miwaSi, aRniSnuli nivTi ganZad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da, amrigad, SeiZleba qurdobis

saganic ki gaxdes~.

Tavdapirvelad, ganZi im miwis nakveTis namatad iTvleboda, romelSic is iqna aRmoCenili da misi

aRmomCeni ganZis mesakuTre xdeboda; Tumca, imperator adrianes reskriptiT (iustinianemac

daadastura) dadginda, ganZze arsebuli, sakuTrebis uflebis Tanabar wilad gayofa mis aRmomCen

pirsa da im miwis nakveTis mesakuTres Soris, sadac ganZi iqna aRmoCenili. Tu ganZi dafluli iyo

wminda an religiur adgilze, is mis aRmomCen pirs ekuTvnoda mTlianad. ganZis aRmoCena SemTxveviTi,

winaswar daugegmavi movlena iyo (data opera).

g) Specificatio (gadamuSaveba)

Tu romelime piri qmnis axal formas an axal (adre ararsebul) nivTs (specium aliquam), sxva

pirisaTvis mikuTvnebuli masalisagan, glosatorTa azriT, adgili hqonda nivTis gadamuSavebas

(specificatio). Specificatio-s Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaoba jer kidev sabinianelTa da prokurianelTa

skolebis warmomadgenlebis mier gamoiTqva. kerZod, sabinianelebs miaCndaT, rom axali nivTi im

masalis mesakuTres ekuTvnis, romlisganac es nivTi iyo damzadebuli, xolo prokulianelebs

miaCndaT, rom nivTis mesakuTre misi Semqmneli iyo da swored mas aniWebdnen sarCelis wardgenis

uflebas, nivTis qurdobis SemTxvevaSi. òqros Sualedad~ miCneuli iqna is mosazreba, rom Tu

SeuZlebeli iyo nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis micema (mag. larnaki), is im masalis mesakuTres

ekuTvnoda, romlisganac nivTi iyo damzadebuli da, piruku, nivTi mis damamzadebel xelosans

ekuTvnis, Tu SesaZlebelia nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis dabruneba (Gai, Inst. 2.79.).

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d) Tu raime nivTi mTlianad STanTqmulia sxva nivTis mier, pirveli nivTis mesakuTre iZens im

nivTsac, romelic mas SeuerTes. saWiroa erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT saboloo da droebiTi namati.

droebiT namats maSin aqvs adgili, roca, mogvianebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba ori SeerTebuli nivTis

gayofa. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, damatebiTi nivTis mepatrone uflebamosilia waradginos sarCeli _

actio ad exhibendum (wardgenis Sesaxeb; piradi sarCeli, romliTac mosarCele iTxovda, rom mopasuxes

sasamarTloSi warmoedgina sadao nivTi. Tu mopasuxe uars ambobda nivTis warmodgenaze, is

daisjeboda, TiTqosda namdvil davaSi, wagebuli mxaris msgavsad), im pirobiT, rom damatebiTi nivTis

gamocalkevebiT ar daazianebda ZiriTad nivTs. miwebis an sxva uZravi qonebis nazrdis viTarebaSi

saWiroa gamovacalkevoT sxva miwaze Tesvis, mcenareTa dargvis an mSeneblobis warmoebis SemTxvevebi.

kerZod, am viTarebaSi moqmedebda principi `superficies misdevs miwis nakveTs (mis statuss)~ _ superficies

solo adit, anu yvelaferi, rac sxvis miwazea darguli, daTesili an aSenebuli, miwis nakveTis

mepatronis sakuTrebaSi Sedis.

moZravi qonebis namatis SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyos: 1) liTonisgan damzadebuli nivTebi, romlebic

isea erTmaneTTan SeduRebuli, rom SeuZlebelia maTi gamocalkeveba (ferruminatio); 2) sxvis qsovilSi

Catanebuli Zafi (textura); 3) nabdis tilos SesaRebad gamoyenebuli saRebavi (tinctura); 4) sxvis dafaze

daxatuli naxatisaTvis gamoyenebuli saRebavi (pinctura) (am bolo SemTxvevis Taobaze Paul. ambobda,

rom suraTi eqvemdebareba im dafas, romelzec is aris dawerili (D. 6.1.23.3).

namatis (nazrdis) yvela SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis uflebis dakargvis gamo, romaeli iuristebi

iTxovdnen dazaralebuli mesakuTrisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdas, kerZod:

1) Tu is, vinc aerTianebs nivTebs an gadaamuSavebs maT, aris damatebiTi nivTis mesakuTre, maSin mas,

nivTis dauflebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia exceptio doli (maSin eZleva mxares, roca jer kidev ar momxdara

motyuebiT damZimebuli garigebis aRsruleba) warudginos ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTres, mis mier ward-

genili rei vindicatio-s sapasuxod, raTa moiTxovos kompensacia im nazrdis gamo, rac ZiriTadi nivTis

mesakuTrem miiRo damatebiTi nivTis mesakuTris Sromis Sedegad.

2) Tu is piri, vinc axorcielebda nivTebis gadamuSavebas an gazrdas, aris boroti ganzraxviT

moqmedi, ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTrem, an mesame pirma, mis winaaRmdeg unda gamoiyenon Semdegi saxis

sarCelebi: a) actio furtis, im motiviT, rom TiTqosda mitacebuli iyo masala an damatebiTi nivTi; b) actio

cognitio, im piris sasargeblod, visac CamoarTves nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba; g) Tu nivTebis gada-

muSaveba an gazrda SemTxveviT moxda an mesame piris mier iqna keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebuli

(bonae fidei), anazRaurebis moTxovna dauSvebelia.

$5. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT

sakuTrebis gadacema daiSveboda mxolod im pirebs Soris, romlebsac, xelSekrulebebisa da gari-

gebebis gziT, qonebis SeZenisa da gasxvisebis ufleba hqondaT, aseve anderZis an kanonismieri memkvid-

reobis safuZvelze.

klasikuri periodis samarTliT, sakuTrebis saxelSekrulebo SeZena sami wesiT iyo dasaSvebi:

mancipatio, in iure cessio, traditio. iustinianes samarTalSi mxolod traditio iqna SenarCunebuli. saxel-

Sekrulebo wesiT, sakuTrebis uflebis gadasacemad, aucilebeli iyo mxareTa SeTanxmeba sakuTrebis

uflebis SeZenasa da gasxvisebaze.

a) Mancipatio (mancipacia)

kvirituli sakuTrebis SeZenis uZvelesi wesi iyo mancipacia, romlis Tanaxmadac, xuTi mowmisa da

mesasworis TandaswrebiT, pirs, garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod, nivTi realurad gadaecemoda.

es iyo yidva-gayidvis erTdrouli aqti, nivTis arasasamarTlo gziT gamoTxovis msgavsad. nivTis

fasis sanacvlod, gamsxvisebels gadaecemoda liTonis zodi, romlis asawonadac mesaswores ux-

mobdnen. aRniSnuli wesi moqmedebda nebismieri nivTis SesaZenad, romlebic res mancipi-is kategorias

miekuTvneboda. Tavdapirvelad, gamyidvlis mier gadacemuli liToni realurad iwoneboda, mogvia-

nebiT, am ritualma simboluri xasiaTi miiRo; gaiusis dros mancipacia fiqciur gayidvad – venditio

imaginaria iqca.

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mancipaciiT realurad SesaZlebeli iyo nivTebis gayidva ganvadebiT, aseve maTi gaCuqeba da mziTevad

gataneba, radgan garigebis momentSi gamyidvelisaTvis mxolod Rirebulebis mcire nawilis gadaxda

xdeboda. mancipaciiT igulisxmeboda, rom mxareebs samoqalaqo brunvaSi Cabmis ufleba (ius commrecii)

hqondaT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mancipirebadi nivTis gamsxvisebeli mesakuTre ar iyo, SemZenis sarCelis

safuZvelze, kanonieri mesakuTre SemZens nivTs sTxovda; gamsxvisebels nivTis ormagi fasis, anu

mancipaciis dros moTxovnil Tanxaze orjer metis gadaxda evaleboda (qurdobis (furtum)

analogiurad).

b) in iure cessio

sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanis am wesiT moCvenebiTi sasamarTlo procesi igulisxmeboda. sasa-

marTlo procesi, sakuTrebis uflebis Tanaxmad (gaiusi), SeZenis mizans Seesabameboda. moCvenebiTi

sasamarTlo procesis msgavsad, am wesiT procesze mxolod is pirebi daiSvebodnen, visac romis sasa-

marTlo procesze daSvebis ufleba hqonda. SemZeni iTxovda SesaZen nivTs, xolo gamsxvisebeli

nivTze sakuTrebas uaryofda an aRiarebda. pretori, romlis TandaswrebiTac in iure warmoebis dros,

aseTi procesi tardeboda, mosarCelis uflebas adasturebda da mxareTa nebas saTanado aqtiT ad-

genda.

g) Traditio (gadacema)

Traditio _ sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis forma, romis samarTlis nawilma _ xalxis samarTalmac (ius

gentium) aRiara. Traditio-Ti igulisxmeboda SemZenisaTvis, gamsxviseblisagan, nivTis faqtobriv mflo-

belobaSi gadacema. nivTis gadacemis aseTi forma mxareTa Soris winaswar dadebuli SeTanxmebis aRs-

ruleba iyo. klasikur periodSi, res mancipi-s mimarT, tradicio ara kvirituli, aramed pretoruli,

bonitaruli sakuTrebis SesaZenad gamoiyeneboda. Traditio-Ti nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis SesaZenad

savaldebulo iyo piroba _ iusta causa possessionis, romlis safuZvelzec nivTi gadaicemoda, anu nivTis

gasxviseba-SeZena orive mxaris neba iyo. aRniSnuli neba gamoixateboda nivTis gadacemamde, ris Sem-

degac xdeboda nivTis gadacema.

$6. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi

a) Dominium ex iure Quiritium (kvirituli sakuTreba)

kvirituli samarTlis mixedviT, sakuTrebis ufleba (dominium ex iure Quiritium) hqondaT sruluflebian

romael moqalaqeebsa da res commercii-is mqone pirebs. romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, garda samarTal-

subieqtobisa, saWiro iyo, rom samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis piroba hqonoda nivTsac. pirvel

rigSi, aseTi nivTebi iyo: res mancipi da, kvirituli sakuTrebis SesaZenad, xelSekrulebiT dadgenili

qonebis SeZenis iseTi specialuri saSualebebi, rogoric iyo mancipacia (mancipatio). am uflebaTa

obieqts ganekuTvneboda aseve res nec mancipi, romelTa SeZena gansakuTrebul formalobebs ar iTxovda.

b) peregrinebis sakuTreba

araromaeli moqalaqeebi (laTinebi da peregrinebi) roms sakuTari samSoblos uflebiT (origo) eqve-

mdebarebodnen. romauli samarTliT, ius gentium-is safuZvelze, maT sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod moZ-

ravi nivTebis brunvis sferoSi hqondaT. ucxoelebisaTvis sakuTrebis SeZenis ufleba mxolod pereg-

rinebis pretoris ediqtiT daiSveboda, `fiqtiuri” sarCeliT, romelic uflebis xSiri darRvevis

aRsakveTad, jarimas adgenda. savaraudod, ucxoelebi mxolod mflobelobiT interdiqtebs sjer-

debodnen. Dominium-is mflobeloba maT ar SeeZloT. Tumca, ucxoelTa qoneba pretoris gansa-

kuTrebuli sarCelebiT iyo daculi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame piri pretenzias acxadebda im nivTebze,

romlebsac ucxoelebi flobdnen romSi, anda miwis im nakveTebze, romlebic italiis teritoriaze

iyo, pretoris sarCeli fiqcias (fictio) Seicavda da peregrinebis uflebebs icavda.

g) provinciuli sakuTreba

provinciuli miwaze romaeli xalxis sakuTreba dapyrobis uflebas efuZneboda. es iyo sajaro-

samarTlebrivi tipis sakuTreba _ res publicae. provinciuli sakuTreba, romelzec sakuTrebis ufleba

mtrisaTvis warTmeuli teritoriis (ager publicus) mflobelobas (possessio) exeboda, mxolod populus

Romanus gaaCnda. aseT miwas romaeli ijariT gadascemda kerZo pirebs, romlebsac e.w. tributum an

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stipendium gadasaxadis gadaxda evalebodaT. gaiusis Tanaxmad, provinciaSi mdebare miwis nakveTi

romaeli xalxis an keisris sakuTreba (dominium) iyo. kerZo pirebis faqtobrivi sakuTrebis ufleba

provinciebis mmarTvelTa dacvas eqvemdebareboda. postklasikur periodSi provinciuli sakuTrebis

uflebis wesi mflobelobis (possessio) instituts TiTqmis Seerwya, rac ramdenime faqtorma gana-

piroba: 1. civiluri da pretoruli sarCelebis dualizmi aRar arsebobda; mas Semdeg, rac italiaSi

arsebuli yvela nakveTi tributiT (tributum) daibegra, romaeli moqalaqeebisa da provincielebis

sakuTrebis uflebaTa arsebuli sxvaobac mTlianad gauqmda; garda amisa, karakalam, 212 wlis

ediqtiT, imperiis mTel Tavisufal mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba uboZa, riTac romis moqalaqeebi

da peregrinebi uflebrivad gaTanabrdnen; 2. am periodSi moxda sakuTrebisa da mflobelobis

Serwymac.

d) Res sua in bonis (bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba)

sakuTrebis aRniSnuli kategoria warmoiSoboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca pretori, civiluri mesakuTris

sarCelisagan, sakuTari sarCeliT icavda im pirs, romelmac mancipirebadi nivTi SeiZina. Tumca,

aRniSnuli nivTis gadacema mancipatio an in iure cessio-s formebis daucvelad moxda. aseT SemTxvevaSi da

im SemTxvevaSic, roca pretoruli sarCeliT dacvas eqvemdebareboda iseTi piri, romelic ar iyo

nivTis mesakuTre, magram pretors Tavisi sarCeliT igi aseTad gamohyavda, pretori TiTqosda mesa-

kuTres, actio Publiciana ZaliT, mesame piris sasarCelo moTxovnisagan icavda. aseTi sarCeli rei vindicatio

sarCelis analogiuri iyo.

e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTliT

miwis nakveTebis kviritul da provinciul sakuTrebad dayofis gauqmebis Semdeg, yovelgvari gari-

gebis mimarT, miwis erTiani sajaro registracia SemoiRes, romelsac transcriptis ewoda. aqedan gamom-

dinare, iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, mxolod dominum ex iure Quiritium aRadgines.

kuTvnilebis istoriuli niSnis mixedviT, romaelebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen, sakuTrebis uf-

lebis SeZenis saSualebebs civiluri samarTliT (ius civile) da xalxis samarTliT (ius gentium).

$7. Usucapio (SeZena xandazmulobiT)

piri nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas maSinac iZenda, Tu igi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi da garkveuli

pirobebis dacviT flobda aRniSnul nivTs. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebas xan-

dazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ewodeboda. Zveli civiluri samarTliT, xandazmulobiT SeZenis erT-er-

Ti saxe iyo usucapio, romlis SemTxvevaSi mflobelobis kanonieri safuZveli da keTilsindisieri

mflobeloba savaldebulo ar iyo. Tumca, ZvelTaganve es wesi naqurdal nivTebze ar gavrcelda.

maTi SeZena xandazmulobiT jer kidev XII dafis kanonebma, Semdeg atiliusis (qr.Sobamde III s.), mog-

vianebiT _ plavtiusis (qr.Sobamde 70w.) kanonebma akrZales.

nivTis xandazmulobiT SeZena SeeZloT mxolod romael moqalaqeebs; es wesi mxolod italiur mi-

webze vrceldeboda. xandazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ar daiSveboda res incorporales, res extra commercium

da im nivTebze, romelTa xandazmulobT SeZenas kanoni krZalavda. aseTebi iyo: naqurdali nivTebi (res

furtivae), naalafari (res vi possessae), nakveTebs Soris arsebuli sagnebi da servituti. XII dafis kano-

nebiT ikrZaleboda qalis mier, meurvis nebarTvis (auctoritas) gareSe, gasxvisebuli res mancipi nivTebis

xandazmulobiT SeZena. Usucapio-s erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli iyo nivTis uwyvetad floba (possessio). xan-

dazmulobis vada, mflobelobisa da misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlis darRvevisas, Sewyvetilad

miiCneoda. Usucapio-s meore niSani iyo dro (tempus), riTac xandazmulobiT SeZenis, kanoniT

gansazRvruli, vada igulisxmeboda, kerZod: 2 weli uZrav da 1 weli moZrav nivTebze (Gai.,2,42;54).

iustinianes samarTliT aRniSnuli vadebi Seicvala, kerZod: moZrav nivTze 3, xolo uZrav nivTze 30

weli dadginda. principulad gansxvavdeboda e.w. sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis

praescriptio), romliTac, kanoniT dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg, nivTis vindicirebaze pretenziis

mqone mesakuTres uars eubnebodnen mflobelis mxridan Sesagebeli sarCelis wardgeniT. sasarCelo

xandazmulobis vada 10 wliT ganisazRvra, Tu modave mxareebi erT Tems (civitas) ekuTvnodnen da 20

wliT _ Tu sxvadasxva Temis wevrebi iyvnen; garda amisa, mflobeloba unda yofiliyo iusta causa-ze

damyarebuli da keTilsindisierad miCneuli.

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$8. sakuTrebis uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudva

mesakuTres SeeZlo nebayoflobiT SeezRuda Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba, Tu servitutiT datvirTavda

sakuTar qonebas. sakuTrebis uflebis sxvagvari SezRudvebi ki samarTliT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli,

sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare. Tunca, sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva ar iyo gaerTia-

nebuli raime zogadi xasiaTis debulebiT an gvarobiTi kategoriiT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove samar-

Tali iTvaliswinebs e.w. iZulebiTi eqspropriaciis saxiT. am periodis zenonis (CI.8.10.12) da iusti-

nianes (CI.8.10.13) konstituciebSi, agreTve maTze darTul interpolaciebSi naxsenebi (erT miwis nak-

veTze meoris sasargeblod dadgenili) SezRudvebic servitutes saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili.

sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva xdeboda: 1. religiuri mosazrebiT. XII dafis kanonebiT ikrZaleboda

gvamebis dakrZalva da kremacia qalaqis teritoriaze da mis irgvliv, Tu samarxsa da uaxloes Seno-

bas Soris manZili 60 futze naklebi iyo, aseve pontifikosebis Tanxmobis gareSe gvamebis eqsgumacia

(D.11.7.8); 2. samSeneblo normebis dacvis aucileblobiT. klasikuri samarTali Seicavda normebs,

romlebic gansazRvravdnen Senoba-nagebobaTa maqsimalur simaRles, Senobebs Soris manZilsa da maT

garegnul ier-saxes; 3. sazogadoebrivi gzebis gayvanis aucileblobiT. XII dafis kanonebi iTva-

liswinebda im miwis nakveTebis mesakuTreTa movaleobebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivi gzebis gaswvriv

iyo ganlagebuli. maT evalebodaT gzebis saremonto samuSaoebSi monawileobis miReba. Tu

sazogadoebrivi gza imdenad dazianda, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda maszed Seuferxebeli gavla, mimdebare

nakveTebis daudevar mesakuTreebs evalebodaT, sakuTar miwaze, saWapane transportis gatareba;

4. zRvis napirze mdebare miwis nakveTebis mimarT dadgenili SezRudva gulisxmobda misi

mesakuTreebis movaleobas, Seuferxeblad gaetarebinaT sakuTar teritoriaze mezRvaurebi da

meTevzeebi, naosnobisa da meTevzeobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobis mizniT; 5. miwis wiaRis sargeb-

lobis motiviT. klasikuri samarTali dasaSvebad miiCnevda materialuri resursebis mopovebas mxo-

lod sazogadoebriv teritoriebze da kategoriulad krZalavda sarewao saqmianobas kerZo pirebis

kuTvnil nivTebze; 6. sazogadoebrivi aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli eqspropriacia. klasikuri samar-

Tali ar iTvaliswinebda raime zogad princips, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda moqala-

qisaTvis qonebis usasyidlo CamorTmeva. Tumca, magistrati sakuTari imperium-is ZaliT da senatis

TanxmobiT, rig konkretul SemTxvevaSi, mimarTavda moqalaqisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas, konfiskaciis

saxiT an monis mier danaSaulis Cadenis gamo.

$9. sakuTrebis uflebis dacva

1. interdiqtebi

mflobelobis dacva sasamarTlos gziT ar xdeboda. mflobelobis dacvas pretori sakuTari

interdiqtiT (brZanebiT) axorcielebda. interdiqtebis meSveobiT, pretori mfarvelobda garkveul

faqtobriv viTarebas (possessio ad interdicta). interdiqtebis klasificireba ramdenime kriteriumiT xde-

boda. kerZod, maTi miniWebis miznebidan gamomdinare, interdiqtebi iyofoda: 1. gaqviTviTi interdiqti

(retinendae possessionis) im aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romlebic zians ayeneben an xels uSlian

mflobelobis ganxorcielebas; 2. aRdgeniTi interdiqti (recuperandae possessionis) im piris sasar-

geblod, visi mflobelobac iqna xelyofili; 3. aRmWurveli interdiqti (adipiscendae possessionis), rom-

lis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda specailuri interdiqti memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, quod legatum (legatis

flobis gamoTxovis ufleba pirisagan, romelic mas daeufla memkvidris nebis sawinaaRmdegod) inter-

diqti da quorum bonorum (interdiqti eniWeba pretorul memkvidres, romelic moiTxovda samkvidro

nivTebis mflobelobaSi dabrunebas im nebismieri pirisagan, romelic qonebas memkvidris saxiT flob-

da, Tumca samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe) interdiqti.

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva sasarCelo gziT iyo uzrunvelyofili. kerZod, sakuTrebis uflebis dacva

xdeboda savindikacio (rei vindicatio), negatoruli (actio negatoria), miniWebis Sesaxeb (actio exhibitoria) sar-

CelebiT da actio Publiciana-s meSveobiT.

a) Rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT xdeboda im civiluri mesakuTris mflobelobis uflebis dacva, romelsac

misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, CamoarTves nivTis flobis ufleba. civilur mesakuTres SeeZlo savin-

dikacio sarCelis wardgena im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeboda mis sakurebaSi arsebuli, nivTis flobis

xelyofa. mosarCele sasarCelo moTxovnas im mopasuxes uyenebda, romelic uSualod flobda sadao

nivTs da, Tanac, pretoruli interdiqtiT iyo daculi. savindikacio procesSi mopasuxes ukeTesi

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mdgomareoba hqonda, vinaidan swored mosarCeles awva mtkicebis tvirTi imis Taobaze, rom sadao

nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod mas ekuTvnoda.

rogorc wesi, amis damtkiceba Zalze rTuli, xSirad – SeuZlebelic iyo. amitom, mtkicebis proce-

duris gamartivebis mizniT, sargeblobdnen usucapio-Ti (SeZeniTi xandazmulobiT). Tu mopasuxe moi-

gebda process da mis mimarT mosamarTles gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamohqonda, nivTi mis mflo-

belobaSi rCeboda, radgan sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mxolod uaryofda mosarCelis sakuTrebis

uflebas nivTis mimarT.

amitom xSirad savindikacio process win uswrebda imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad marTlzomierad gaica

pretoruli mflobelobiTi interdiqti.

Tu savindikacio procesis gamarjvebuli mosarCele xdeboda, sasamarTlo mas ubrunebda sadao nivTs;

aRniSnuli aqti mosamarTlis SuamavlobiT tardeboda.

nivTze mflobelobis aRdgena sami aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT unda momxdariyo: 1. nivTis nayofisa da

damatebiTi nawilebis daangariSeba; 2. im xarjebis dacva, romlebic nivTis mflobelma nivTis mimarT

gaswia; 3. nivTisaTvis miyenebuli zianis an zaralis Sedegebi. samive aspeqtis Sinaarsze gavlenas

axdenda mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara nivTis faqtobrivi mflobeli _ mopa-

suxe keTilsindisieri an arakeTilsindisieri (possessio iusta, possesssio inuista (vitiosa)) SemZeni: a) nivTi

mesakuTres ubrundeboda, nayofisa da namatis CaTvliT; b) mflobelis mier, nivTis mimarT, gaweuli

xarjebi sami kategoriiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: 1) aucilebeli xarjebi, romelTa gaweva gardauvali

iyo, nivTis Senaxvis mizniT; 2) sasargeblo xarjebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves nivTis gadidebas an

gaumjobesebas; 3) TviTneburi an fuWi xarjebi, romelTa mizani ar iyo sameurneo efeqtis miReba da,

Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleboda maTi xarjebis safasurSi CaTvla. klasikur samarTalSi, keTilsindisieri

mflobelis mier gaweuli saWiro da sasargeblo xarjebis anazRaureba nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda,

Tu aseTi xarjebis gaweva litis contestatio-s dadgenamde moxdeboda.

g) keTilsindisieri mflobeli mxolod im zianis gamo agebda pasuxs, romelic nivTs misi braleuli

qmedebis Sedegad miadga, Tumca mxolod litis contestatio-s dadgenamde da araviTar SemTxvevaSi mis Semd-

gom. arakeTilsindisieri mflobeli ki pasuxismgebeli iyo nebismier viTarebaSi.

b) Actio negatoria (negatoruli sarCeli). civiluri mesakuTre uflebamosili iyo waredgina sanivTo

sarCelebis mTeli seria, raTa uareyo im momijnave uflebebis arseboba, romelTa mizani iyo nivTis

mimarT misi sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva. aRniSnuli kategoriis sarCelebi erTiani saxeldebiT _

negatoruli sarCeli (actio negatoria) gaerTiandnen. mesakuTres awva mtkicebis movaleoba im faqtis

mimarT, rom nivTi swored misi sakuTreba iyo da adgili hqonda am sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvas an

misi ganxorcielebisaTvis xelisSeSlas. mopasuxe, Tavis mxriv, dasabuTebulad uaryofda mosarCelis

pretenzias da sapirispiros amtkicebda. mosamarTlis gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis Sedegebi gulisxmobda:

1. sadavo nivTis gaTavisuflebas raime saxis momijnave uflebebisagan; 2. nivTi uwindel mdgo-

mareobaSi unda aRdgeniliyo (anu aRdgeniliyo is viTareba, romelic mesakuTris uflebebis darRve-

vamde moqmedebda); 3. gamarjvebuli iRebda iseT uzrunvelyofas, romelic, samomavlod, daicavda mas

nivTis mimarT raime uflebis darRvevisagan.

c) Actio exhibitoria (sarCeli miniWebis Sesaxeb). pretoruli sarCeliT, mopasuxes SeeZlo uari eTqva

sakuTari mflobelobis dacvaze, iseve rogorc im mflobels, romelmac ganzrax daTmo mflobeloba

nivTis mimarT. aRniSnul viTarebaSi mesakuTres, pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis ori saSualeba

gaaCnda: 1. uZravi qonebis mflobelobis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, gacemuli pretoruli interdictum quem

fundum (aRdgeniTi interdiqti, romelic mosarCeles miecemoda rei vindicatio-s dros, im faqtobrivi

mflobelis winaaRmdeg, vinc ganzrax uars ambobs (miwis nakveTis gamo) sasamarTlo davaSi mona-

wileobaze an romelmac ganzrax moiSora arasasurveli mflobeloba); 2. Actio ad exhibendum _ miniWebis

Sesaxeb sarCeli, romlis ZaliT sasamarTloSi mopasuxe mxares unda warmoedgina sadao moZravi

nivTi.

pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis saSualebiT, mosarCele-mesakuTres SeeZlo gamoeTxova sadao nivTi,

rasac is sasamarTloSi ficis warmoTqmiT adasturebda (iusiurandum in litem) da, damatebiT _ mopa-

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suxis qonebis dayadaReba (mission in bona), Tu mopasuxe uars ambobda sasamarTlo dacvaze.

d) actio Publiciana. sarCelis aRniSnuli nairsaxeoba rei vindicato-s msgavsi iyo da mis paralelurad

waredgineboda, radgan mas pretori bonitarul mesakuTres aniWebda, dakarguli mflobelobis ukan

dabrunebis Sesaxeb. pretori formulaSi mosamarTlisgan moiTxovda fiqtiuri viTarebis Seqmnas, Se-

ZeniTi xandazmulobis vadis amowurvis Sesaxeb. Actio Publiciana icavda im pirs, vinc nivTi traditio-s meS-

veobiT SeiZina. Actio Publiciana bonitarul mesakuTres nebismieri piris winaaRmdeg eniWeboda da sxva-

dasxva samarTlebrivi Sedegi hqonda, imis mixedviT, Tu vin gamodioda mopasuxis saxiT.

IV. Possessio (mflobeloba)

Possessio (mflobeloba); detentio (pyroba).

nivTze faqtobrivi batonoba mflobelobad (possessio) iwodeboda. es iyo winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis

instituti, vinaidan samarTlebriv da faqtobriv aspeqtebs erTad moiazrebda.

mflobelobis obieqtad miiCneoda mxolod sxeulebrivi nivTebi (res corporales), xolo sxva faqtobrivi

SemTxvevebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli interdiqtebiT _ servitutebiT da sxva sanivTo uflebebiT

(res incorporales-Ti) iyo daculi, romaeli iuristebis ganmartebiT, es iyo TiTqos mflobeloba (quasi

possessio).

uflebis msgavsad, mflobelobac pozitiuri samarTliT iyo aRiarebuli da daculi. viwro gagebiT,

ganasxvavebdnen iuridiul mflobelobasac, romlis safuZvelzec mflobelobasa (possessio) da pyrobas

(detentio) erTmaneTisagan mijnavdnen; sxeulebrivi nivTis kuTvnilebis faqtobrivi viTareba indivi-

disaTvis oficialuri aRiarebisa da dacvisagan damoukideblad miiReboda.

mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis sagnisa da, nivTis faqtobriv materialur

kuTvnilebaze dafuZnebuli, nivTisa da urTierTobis uSualo kavSir-mflobelobas, rogorc iuri-

diuli viTarebis faqtobriv xasiaTs, romis iuridiuli mecniereba gansazRvravda samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis nebelobiTi aspeqtis ganmartebiT anu corpus-iT. nivTTan piris materialuri, sxeu-

lebrivi kavSiris garda, ganasxvavebdnen nivTis flobis gadawyvetilebas, survils (animus possidendi).

Animus – mflobelobis, rogorc faqtobrivi urTierTobis subieqturi mxaris konceptualuri gancal-

keveba, ar uaryofda mflobelobis, rogorc institutis samarTlebriv xasiaTs. Animus-ze gadatanili

aqcenti am institutis nebelobiT da samarTlebriv bunebas asaxavda.

ugunurs, mZinares, Cvils nivTTan kavSiris gacnobierebis unari ar SeswevdaT da amitom mflo-

belobis uflebis SeZena ar SeeZloT. nebelobiTi momentis arseboba mflobels nivTTan materialuri

kavSiris SenarCunebis aucileblobisa da valdebulebisgan aTavisuflebda. mflobels SeeZlo, mesame

piris meSveobiT, sxeuliT (corpore) mflobeloba ganexorcielebina, aseve SeenarCunebina mflobeloba

`SiSveli nebiT~ (solo animo) misi, anu mesame piris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic.

romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen mflobelobis or saxeobas: marTlzomiers (possessio iusta) da aramarTl-

zomiers (possessio in iusta (vitiosa)). aramarTlzomieri mflobeloba SeiZineboda Zalis (vi) meSveobiT, fa-

rulad (clam) da faqtobrivad (precario). marTlzomieri mflobeloba gansxvavdeboda keTilsindisieri

mflobelobisagan (possessio bonae fidei), rodesac mflobeli Tavs nivTis mesakuTred miiCnevda, Tumca,

realurad, ar uaryofda, rom nivTis mesakuTre ar iyo; misTvis safuZveli iyo is, rom nivTis mflo-

belobiT igi zians aravis ayenebda. keTilsindisierad mflobelobis gansazRvrebas didi mniSvneloba

hqonda usucapio-sa da nayofis SesaZenad, separatio-s meSveobiT.

romaelebi ganasxvaveben possessio civitae, satitulo (romelsac win uZRoda iusta causa) da utitulo

mflobelobas, romelsac ewodeboda bunebrivi mflobeloba (possessio naturalis), anu pyroba (detentio).

nivTis faqtobriv flobad mflobeloba (pyroba) mxolod maSin miiCneoda, Tu warmoiSoboda im iuri-

diuli faqtis safuZvelze, romelic sakmarisad miiCneoda mflobelobis SesaZenad. es faqti, rogorc

wina mflobelTan dadebuli garigeba, SeiZleba ecnoT marTlzomierad (upatronod darCenili nivTis

an mtris nivTis xelSi Cagdeba), an nivTis aramarTlzomierad misakuTrebad, Tu mas, uwindeli

mflobelis nebis sapirispirod, igdebdnen xelSi. es iyo aramarTlzomieri mflobelobis dasabami.

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pyroba ar miiCneoda mflobelobad, roca nivTis flobis nebas ganapirobebda nivTis mflobelTan

dadebuli SeTanxmeba, an flobis neba damokidebuli iyo im pirze, romlis kavSiri nivTTan, mflo-

belobis Sesaxeb, dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvlad miiCneoda. amis gamo, romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen

sakuTari saxeliT flobas (possessio suo nomine) da sxvisi saxeliT flobas (essere in possessione nomine

alieno).

Ìn possessione (nomine alieno) esse~ formula Tan axlavs daqvemdebarebuli pirebis pyrobas, ijarasa da

uzufruqts (anu im urTierTobebs, romelTa sagani ar aris TviT nivTi, sakuTari funqcionaluri

datvirTviT). sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofebis meSveobiT ganxorcielebuli mflobeloba potestas-s

efuZneba, ris gamoc, persona alieni iuris-is mier dawyebul mflobelobas, maT paterfamilias-is mier SeZe-

nilad Tvlidnen, miuxedavad imisa, konkretul viTarebaSi, Tu vin flobda paterfamilias-is persona alieni

iuris-s.

mflobelobis warmoSobisTvis (in iusta causa possessionis) samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arseboba gan-

sazRvravda sakuTrebaSi nivTis SeZenis marTlzomierebas an xandazmulobas (usucapio), roca mflo-

belobisa da sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena erTmaneTs Seesabameboda (possessio pro suo _ vflob, rogorc

sakuTars).

mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis specifika, mflobelobis dacvis gansa-

kuTrebuli xasiaTiT vlindeboda, romlis dacva ara sasamarTlo ganxilvis formiT, ara-

medDEpretoris brZanebiT _ interdiqtuli warmoebiT _ xorcieldeboda. mflobelobis, rogorc saniv-

To uflebis dacvis aucileblobas, administraciuli da sapolicio saSualebis erTobliobac

mowmobda.

V. Servitutem (servituti)

mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis zemoCamoTvlili uflebebis garda, romis samarTliT, nivTebis arsis

garkveuli SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTeli rigi uflebebi Camoyalibda da dadginda. aRniSnul

uflebaTa obieqti, cxadia, iyo sxvisi nivTebi, ris gamoc maT iure in re aliena ewodeboda. am uflebebs

Zalze adre mieca dasabami. maTi TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis safuZvelze sxvadasxva Sinaarsis uf-

lebamosilebaTa garkveuli jgufi Seiqmna. klasikuri epoqis dasasruls, am jgufs daemata servi-

tutis, superficiumisa da emfiTevzisis institutebi da giravnoba.

$1. servitutis cneba

servituti ewodeboda sxvisi nivTiT sruli an nawilobrivi sargeblobis uflebas, romelic uSua-

lod konkretul miwis nakveTs an konkretul pirs ukavSirdeboda, sargeblis miRebis mizniT.

sityviT servitus - `nivTis mona~, `nivTiT sargebloba~ anu iseTi urTierToba aRiniSneboda, romlis

drosac nivTiT, miwis nakveTiT sargebels (praedium serviens) iRebda ara mxolod batoni, aramed mezo-

beli nakveTis mesakuTrec. mesakuTris uflebas momsaxure nivTze aseve servituti ewodeboda. Semd-

gomSi termini servitus mTel rig msgavs urTierTobebze gavrcelda. momsaxure nivTis mesakuTres eva-

leboda Tavi Seekavebina nivTebze im garkveuli zemoqmedebisagan, romelsac is SeuzRudavad gana-

xorcielebda sakuTar nivTze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva piris sanivTo uflebebisagan Tavisufali

iqneboda. kerZod, servitutiT igulisxmeboda Tavis Sekaveba garkveuli qmedebisagan: 1. miwis nakveTis

mesakuTres ekrZaleboda dadgenil simaRleze maRali Senobis ageba; 2. mas evaleboda sxva piris

iseTi qmedebis Tmena, romelic mesakuTres SeeZlo aRekveTa, Tu nivTi servitutiT ar iqneboda dat-

virTuli, rac, faqtiurad, imaze miuTiTebda, rom mesakuTrem mezobels neba darTo, raTa mas misi niv-

TiT esargeblda, magaliTad, wyalsatevamde saqonlis gadasarekad. pozitiuri qmedebebis Sesrulebis

davaldebuleba servitutiT ar SeiZleboda, magram, romis samarTliT, arsebobda kidev erTi saxeoba,

romliTac, servitutiT datvirTuli miwis nakveTis mesakuTres, sayrdenebis ganaxleba-SekeTeba

evaleboda. servitutiT datvirTuli nakveTis mesakuTres mudmivad evaleboda karg mdgomareobaSi

hqonoda ara mxolod miwis nakveTi, aramed masze arsebuli nagebobac, romelzedac servituti sxva

pirs ekuTvnoda. nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba yvelafers, maT Soris servitutis uflebasac moicavda.

aRniSnulis safuZvelze SeimuSaves Semdegi debuleba _ sakuTari nivTi aravis emsaxureba (nemini res

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sua servit) anu sakuTar nivTze servitutis ufleba dauSvebelia.

$2. servitutebis warmoSoba

I. servitutis SeZena xdeboda realuri Sedegis mqone aqtebiT: 1. mancipatio-Ti, Tu servitutiT

datvirTuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis mamuli da 2. in iure cessio-Ti, Tu servitutiT saqa-

laqo da sasoflo miwebi iyo datvirTuli. Traditio aRniSnuli miznebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo, rad-

gan servituti usxeulo nivTebis (res incorporales) kategorias ganekuTvneboda.

II. servitutis dadgenis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba gamoiyeneboda maSin, roca miwis nakveTis

gansazRvruli nawilis mesakuTris Secvla xdeboda: gamsxvisebeli, romelsac sakuTrebis ufleba mi-

wis nakveTis meore nawilze rCeboda (riTac is, faqtiurad, zaraldeboda), Tavis sasargeblod servi-

tutis dadgenas iTxovda (exceptio (deductio) servitutis). am SemTxvevaSi, servitutis dadgena sagangebo

daTqmiT _ mancipaciiT (mancipatio) an uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio) _ xdeboda.

III. qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi servituti xandazmulobiT (usucapio) dgindeboda. Tumca, aRniSnuli wesi

lex Scribonia-Ti gauqmda. klasikur epoqaSi sargeblobis xandazmulobas mxolod servitutis arsebobis

mtkicebis mniSvnelba hqonda. iustinianem servitutebze ganavrco xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis

praescriptio), romelic servitutis dadgenidan 10 an 20 wlis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi.

IV. servitutis miniWeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, TanasakuTrebis gamoyofisas.

$3. servitutis saxeebi

uZvelesi romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, mxolod sasoflo servituti arsebobda; servitutis am sa-

xiT, miwis erTi nakveTis mesakuTre miwis meore nakveTis daqvemdebarebiT, gabatonebuli nakveTis sa-

meurneo-ekonomikur mogebas Rebulobda. wvrili miwaTmflobelebi meurneobas damoukideblad ver

uZRvebodnen. mxolod sakuTari resursebiT aucilebeli sameurneo saWiroebis dakmayofileba maT ar

SeeZloT, axlomdebare nakveTebTan mudmivi kavSirisa da SemoerTebis gareSe.

Tavdapirvelad, miwis nakveTebi mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda da samarT-

lebrivad regulirdeboda. am mizniT, SemoiRes sasoflo nakveTebis servituti – servitutes praediorum

rusticorum. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda miwis nakveTebi nagebobis gareSe an mxolod sasoflo-sameur-

neo samuSaoebis sawarmoeblad, damxmare nagebobebi. mogvianebiT, roca q. romi uzarmazari imperiis

centrad iqca, ganaSenianebul miwis nakveTebTan dakavSirebiT, warmoiSva saqalaqo servituti _

servitutes praediorum urbanorum. amis Semdeg, qalaqSic servitutis yvela saxe sakmaod gavrcelda.

gansxvavebul mosazrebas efuZneba piradi servitutebis (servitutes personales irregulares) dadgena. Tu vinme,

sxva pirisaTvis, Tavisi nivTis samisdReSio gadacemas moisurvebda, es mas piradi servitutiT SeeZlo;

am SemTxvevaSi, nivTi aramesakuTris interesebs emsaxureboda. Tumca, piradi servituti aucileblad

gulisxmobda erTs _ nivTis mesakuTre yovelTvis rCeboda piradi servitutis damdgen pirad an mis

memkvidred.

$4. sasoflo (saadgilmamulo) servituti

yvela sasoflo servituti uSualod mTavar nivTs (praedium dominans) ukavSirdeboda. sasoflo servi-

tutiT miwis ori gancalkevebuli nakveTi igulisxmeboda – erTi nakveTi emsaxureba meores (fundus

servit funda). sasoflo servitutis arsi is iyo, rom unda daekmayofilebina Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxov-

nebi: 1. servituts unda daecva mTavari nakveTi, raTa mas sargebeli moetana, Tumca ar iyo saval-

debulo, rom servitutis meSveobiT uSualod gaedidebina mTavari nakveTis Semosavali da gaezarda

misi Rirebuleba; 2. mas unda daetvirTa mTavar nakveTTan dakavSirebuli nakveTi, raTa SesaZlebeli

yofiliyo misi momsaxureba; 3. Tumca, maT Soris uSualo Semxebloba unda yofiliyo. am wesis arsis

Tanaxmad, nakveTebi gverdigverd unda yofiliyo.

servitutis bunebriv resursebs mTavari nakveTis mesakuTris moTxovnilebebi unda uzrunveleyo mud-

mivad, raTa TviTneburi da SemTxveviTi perpetua causa, utilitas perpetua ar warmoqmniliyo; sanam aseTi mi-

zani iyo, servituti arsebobda. sasoflo urTierTobaTa subieqtebSi ra cvlilebebic ar unda

momxdariyo (nakveTis gasxvisebis an misi memkvidreobiT gadacemis miuxedavad), servituti ganuyofadi

rCeboda da mxolod saservituto uflebebi nawildeboda. Tu mTavari nakveTi ramdenime memkvidreze

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gadavidoda, maSin TiToeul maTgans momsaxure nakveTis Sesabamisi wiliT sargeblobis ufleba

hqonda – servitus per partes retinetur, anu – TiToeuli, misi navkeTis farTobis, Sesabamiss wils iRebda.

$5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi

sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebis Sesabamisad dadgenil servitutebs iura praediorum rusticorum ewodeboda.

maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda sagzao da wylis servitutebic, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca TiToeuli maT-

gani saqalaqo miwis nakveTebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. sasoflo servitutis oTxi uZvelesi saxe arse-

bobda: 1. iter _ qveiTad, cxeniT gavlis ufleba; 2. actus – saqonlis gadarekis ufleba; 3. via –

datvirTuli urmiT an oTxTvalaTi gavlis ufleba; 4. aquaeductus – wylis gayvanis ufleba.

mogvianebiT, sasoflo servitutis ricxvs miakuTvnes wylis amoRebis ufleba, wyalsacavamde saqon-

lis gadarekis ufleba, saqonlis saZovrad gadarekis ufleba.

$6. saqalaqo (saadgilmamulo) servitutebi

ganaSenianebuli nakveTebisaTvis Seqmnil servitutebs _ saqalaqo servitutebi (iura praediorum

urbanorum) ewoda. maTi ZiriTadi saxeebi iyo: 1. servitus protegendi _ sxvis nakveTze saxlis saxuravis ga-

dawevis ufleba anu sxvis sahaero sivrceSi SeWris ufleba; 2. servitum tigni immittendi _ sxvis kedelze

sayrdenebis damagrebis ufleba; 3. servitus oneris ferendi _ sxvis kedelze nagebobis miSenebis an sxvis

saZirkvelze daSenebis ufleba.

mogvinebiT saqalaqo servitutebs miakuTvnes: 1. wvimis wylis Cadineba-gadinebis ufleba; 2. wylis

CaSvebis ufleba; 3. sakanalizacio arxebis mSenebloba-gayvanis ufleba; 4. moTxovna, rom fanjrebi ar

daefaraT da ar daerRviaT xedi, dadgenil simaRleze maRali Senobis agebiT.

$7. piradi servitutebi

1. Usufructus (uzufruqti)

sxvisi nivTiT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas piradi servituti ewodeboda. piradi servitutebis

ZiriTadi saxe iyo: usufructus, usus, habitatio, operae servorum vel animalium. uzufruqti (usufructus) sxvisi niv-

TiT sargeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ufleba iyo. pirs, romelsac aseTi uflebamosileba hqonda

uzufruqtuari ewodeboda; mas SeeZlo nivTiT sargeblobac (uti) da misi nayofiTac (frui), oRond nivTi

ar unda daezianebina da arc misi nayofiT sargeblobis ufleba unda daerRvia (misi sameurneo

daniSnuleba ar unda Selaxuliyo). aseTi uflebis mqones ise unda esargebla nivTiT, rogorc es

karg, yairaTian meurnes ekadreba, anu nivTiT sargebloba yvela wesis dacviT unda momxdariyo.

bunebrivi nayofis mokrefis momentidan misi mesakuTre-mosargeble (perceptio) xdeboda; vidre

uzufruqti moqmedebda, mesakuTres, nivTidan miRebul Semosavalze, ufleba ar hqonda, radgan misi

sakuTreba mxolod SiSveli sakuTrebis ufleba (nuda proprietas) iyo, anu mesakuTres SeeZlo Tavisi

sakuTrebis ufleba sxva pirisaTvis gadaeca, daetvirTa is sxva servitutiT, magram amiT uzufruqti

ar unda dazianebuliyo. uzufruqtis sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo nivTi, romliT sargeblobac SeiZ-

leboda, maTi dazianebis an ganadgurebis gareSe. uzufruqtuars SeeZlo ekisra garkveuli

movaleobebi, romlebic, formalurad, zepiri formis xelSekrulebiT (stipulatio) iyo dadgenili. mas

yovelTvis unda ezruna, rom nivTs mudmivad sargebeli da Semosavali moetana, faqizi da yairaTiani

mopyrobiT daecva dazianebisagan. nivTze yvela xarjs uzufruqtuari ixdida, maT Soris gada-

saxadebsa da gamosaRebs. dabrunebisas, Semdgomi gamoyenebisa da sargeblis mosatanad, nivTi vargisi

unda yofiliyo. am movaleobaTa Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, anda uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis

Semdeg, uzufruqtis dasabruneblad, stipulaciis meSveobiT (cautio usufructuaria), pretoruli

uzrunvelyofa daadgines. uzufruqti, idealuri wilis saxiT, ramdenime piris kuTvnileba SeiZleba

yofiliyo. sakuTrebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (partes pro indiviso, usufructus) sxva danarCen nawilebze,

erTi romelime wiliT, sargeblobac dasaSvebi iyo. es iyo erTaderTi servituti, romlis drosac

aseTi dayofa SeiZleboda. rogorc piradi servituti, memkvidreobiT gadacemasa da gasxvisebas, uzu-

fruqti ar eqvemdebareboda. Tumca, piradi sargeblobis (magram ara uflebis) gasxviseba dasaSvebi

iyo. uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, uzufruqti wydeboda da sargeblobis sagani mis memkvid-

res mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina.

sxvisi nivTiT SezRuduli moculobiT sargeblobis uflebis formas usus ewodeboda. aseT mosar-

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gebles nayofidan imdeni eZleoda, ramdenic mas esaWiroeboda sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dasakma-

yofileblad. mosargebles arc Tavisi uflebis sxvisTvis gadacema SeeZlo da arc am uflebis sxvis-

Tvis gayofa. mosargebles ufleba hqonda sargeblobis ufleba Tavisi axloblebisaTvis mieca. Tumca,

usus SeiZleba ramdenime piris kuTvnilebac yofiliyo, magram mosargeblis movaleobebi ar iyofoda.

sxvis saxlSi an saxlis nawilSi samisdReSio cxovrebis uflebas habitatio ewodeboda. uflebamosil

pirs SeeZlo Tavad ecxovra saxlSi an gaeqiravebina. sxvisaTvis am uflebis usasyidlod daTmoba

dauSvebeli iyo.

sxvisi miwiT an cxoveliT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas operae servorum vel animalum ewodeboda.

aRniSnulis gaqiraveba dasaSvebi iyo.

$8. servitutis Sewyveta

1. procesualuri formiT uflebamosili piris mier mesakuTrisaTvis sakuTari uflebis daTmobiT (in

iure cessio); 2. gaqviTviTi xandazmulobiT: piradi servituti _ misi Seusruleblobis (non usus) SemTxve-

vaSi; uZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 2 wlis Semdeg iqviTeboda, xolo moZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 1

wlis Semdeg; iustinianes samarTliT, Sesabamisad, 10 da 20 wlis Semdeg; 3. Tu momsaxure nakveTis

mesakuTre SeiZenda sakuTrebis uflebas mTavar nakveTze, ori uflebis SerwymiT (confusio) servituti

wydeboda (nemini (nulli) res sua servit). sasoflo servitutis msgavsad, piradi servitutis SemTxvevaSi,

erTi uflebamosili piris sakuTrebisa da samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebis Serwymas aseTive Se-

degi hqonda; 4. piradi servitutis obieqtze raime arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, rac

piradi gamoyenebis arsebiT Secvlas iwvevda, servituti wydeboda (magaliTad, Senobis dawva); 5. uf-

lebamosili piris gardacvaleba an misi uflebaunarianobis damcroba (capitis deminutio), pirad servi-

tutze igive gavlenas axdenda; 6. sanivTo servituti (rogorc nebismieri sanivTo ufleba) TviT-

momsaxure nivTis ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi wydeboda, xolo piradi servituti _ misi arsebiTi

SecvliT.

$9. servitutis dacva

mesakuTris msgavsad, servitutze uflebamosil pirs, rogorc arsebuli, ise samomavlo uflebebis

darRvevisgan, Tavis dacva da warTmeuli servitutis _ usufructus – dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo; aseve

misi uflebebis damrRvevi viTarebis aRmofxvrac. Tavdapirvelad, mis sarCels vindicatio servitutis ewo-

deboda, mogvianebiT ki _ actio confessoria. iustinianes samarTliT, aseTi sarCeli gaicemoda yvela im

piris winaaRmdeg, vinc uflebamosil pirs misi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi xels uSlida, imis miuxe-

davad, momsaxure nivTi damrRvevs ekuTvnoda, Tu ara. Actio confessoria-s mizani iyo mesakuTrisaTvis

actio negatoria-s tolfasi uflebebi mieniWebina. sasarCelo moTxovnis mizani sasoflo an piradi sar-

geblobis Sesabamisi mdgomareobis aRdgena iyo, raTa, samomavlod, uzrunveleyo yovelgvari darRve-

visa da zianis anazRaurebisagan piris dacva.

$10. dacvis sxva saSualebebi

pretoruli ediqtiT sasoflo servitutis dacvis sxva, mflobelobiTi interdiqtis analogiuri, sa-

Sualebebi _ interdicta utilita de aqua, de rivis, de fonte aquaenaustu (wylis, sagzao da wylis dasalevad, wyal-

satevze gasasvleli interdiqti) dadginda. klasikur samarTalSi naxsenebia keTilsindisieri mflo-

belis sarCeli (actio Publiciana), romelic actio confessoria-sagan gansxvavebiT, servitutebis gamar-

tivebuli dacvisas gamoiyeneboda. iustinianes samarTliT, konfesoruli sarCeli gaicemoda im servi-

tutebis dasacavad, romlebic nivTis gadacemiT (traditio), sargeblobis pasiuri daSvebiT (pati-patientia)

da mflobelobiTi xandazmulobiT (longe possessio) iyo dadgenili.

VI. Surepficies et emphyteusis (superficiumi da emfiTevzisi)

$1. superficiumi

superficiumi da emfiTevzisi, anu sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis samemkvidreo da gankargviTi uflebebi,

adgenda, SenobasTan erTad, sxvisi miwiT sargeblobis (superficiumi) da damuSavebis (emfiTevzisi)

uflebas. orive institutis elementebi romisa da provinciuli samarTliT erTdroulad yalib-

deboda, xolo sxvis nivTze uflebis Zala da mniSvneloba am institutebma gacilebiT gvian,

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pretoruli samarTlis gavleniT SeiZina. Usufrustus da habitatio, servitutisagan (sxvisi nivTiT sargeb-

lobis ufleba), Zalze vrceli uflebebiT gamoirCeoda. es iyo TiTqmis sakuTrebis msgavsi ufleba

da, rac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, memkvidreobiT gadaicemoda da gasxvisebac SeiZleboda. qirav-

nobisa da ijarisagan, superficiumi da emfiTevzisi yvela saxis darRvevisagan, am uflebebis dacu-

lobiT gansxvavdeboda, radgan ijara da qiravnoba valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi iyo da maTi dacva

mxolod piradi xasiaTisa iyo.

farTo gagebiT, superficiumiT (surepficies) aRiniSneboda yovelive is, rac adamianis mier iyo Seqmnili,

mdebareobda miwis zemoT an miwis qveS da uSualo kavSirSi iyo miwis zedapirTan. es iyo gansakuT-

rebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romliTac igulisxmeboda sxvis miwaze aSenebuli nagebobis

xangrZlivad sargeblobis ufleba; am uflebis memkvidreobiT gadacema da gankargva kanoniT daiS-

veboda. miwis nakveTis damqiravebeli (superficiari) Senobas Tavisi xarjiT agebda. nagebobaze

sakuTrebis ufleba miwis mesakuTres eniWeboda; wesis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi, rac miwis zedapirze iyo

da miwas ukavSirdeboda, miwis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda. Tumca, superficialuri xelSekrulebis moqme-

debis vadaSi, SenobiT sargeblobis ufleba mxolod superficiars eniWeboda. klasikosi iuristebi

superficiums sxvis nivTze uflebad (ius in re aliena) ganixilavdnen, misi gadacema erTi piridan meoreze

daiSveboda, imis miuxedavad, miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba uwindel mesakuTres hqonda SenarCunebuli,

Tu sxva pirze iyo gasxvisebuli. istoriulad, superficiumis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba warmoiSva sa-

xelmwifos an qalaqis kuTvnili miwebis mimarT (loca publica), romelTa gayidvac ar daiSveboda. es iyo

sajaro-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis SeTanxmeba. nagebobis asaSeneblad gacemuli miwis nakveTis safa-

surad, dadgenil vadaSi, damqiravebeli, saxelmwifos sasargeblod, qiras – miwis gadasaxads

(solarium) ixdida.

amrigad, es iyo valdebulebiTi xasiaTis urTierToba, romelic SemdgomSi pretorma ganaviTara da

nivTze uflebis mniSvneloba (ius in re) SesZina. amis Semdeg superficiumi ganixileboda, miwis zeda-

pirisagan, iuridiulad gamocalkevebul nivTad, romelic aseve gancalkevebul samarTlebriv wess

eqvemdebareboda. superficiumze interdiqti superficiars pretorma mianiWa (interdictum de siperficie), uti

possidentis interdiqtis msgavsad, mesame pirebisagan sargeblobis uflebis dacvis mizniT. pretoris

dapirebis Tanaxmad, superficiars (sakuTrebis dasacavad gacemuli sarCelis msgavsad) nivTze sar-

Celi eZleoda. es sarCeli nagebobis mflobelobis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi gaicemoda. superficiari

valdebuli iyo, dadgenili vadis ganmavlobaSi, miwis mesakuTrisaTvis, miwis renta (solarium)

gadaexada. aRniSnuli gadasaxadi moicavda ara marto mimdinare, aramed yvela Zvel da wlebis man-

Zilze dagrovil, gadauxdel gadasaxadebs. garda amisa, superficiari saxelmwifo gadasaxadebsa da

gamosaRebs ixdida. superficiarisaTvis uflebamosilebis TviTneburad warTmeva mesakuTres ar SeeZ-

lo; Tu igi droulad ar gadaixdida gadasaxadebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesakuTre, sakuTrebis uflebis

dasacavad, sarCels aRZravda.

$2. emfiTevzisi

iustinianes kompilaciebSi termini ager emphyteuticarius sxva cnebis ager vectigalis-is sinonimad

gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, klasikuri periodis iuristebma am cnebebs sxvadasxva mniSvneloba mianiWes.

emfiTevzisi aris sxvisi miwis nakveTiT (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi nagebobiT) sargeblobisa da am nakve-

Tidan nayofis miRebis sruli sanivTo, samemkvidreo da gasxvisebadi ufleba. emfiTevzisi, garkveuli

saijaro gadasaxadis gadaxdis garda, raime saxis SezRudvas ar awesebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moijare

miwis nakveTis pirvandel mdgomareobas ar gaauaresebda.

a) Ager vectigalis. xSir SemTxvevaSi, italiis qalaqebs saxelmwifo da qurumTa kolegiebi sakuTar nakve-

Tebs ijariT gadascemdnen; maT kargad esmodaT, rom sasoflo-sameurneo, vaWrobis an samrewvelo

saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad iuridiul pirebs naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT. aseTi ijara

sakmaod xangrZlivi vadiT gaicemoda, zogjer, samudamodac, radgan moijares sakuTari valde-

bulebebis gadacema memkvidreobiTac SeeZlo. ijaris mTavari piroba saijaro gadasaxadis (vectigal)

droulad da upirobod gadaxda iyo. mesame pirebisagan sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad moijares,

Suamavlobis gasawevad, nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda miemarTa, vinaidan moijare sanivTo uflebebs

ar flobda. iuridiuli piris mdgomareoba gacilebiT mZime da araqmediTi iyo fizikur pirTan

SedarebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, sanivTo uflebebis dasacvad, ufro mizanSewonilad miiCnies, Tu

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dacvis uflebebs moijare damoukideblad moipovebda da mepatronis Suamavlobaze damokidebuli ar

iqneboda. am mizniT, (savaraudod, responsa prudentum-iT da ara pretoruli ediqtis safuZvelze), moija-

res mieniWa actio in rem (vectigalis actio), riTac misi saijaro uflebebi sanivTo uflebad (ius in re aliena)

iqca; garda amisa, mas warmoSobili mflobelobis ganxorcielebac moeTxoveboda.

aRniSnulis safuZvelze, moijare saijaro nakveTidan miRebul nayofsac iZenda, Tanac nayofis

separatio-s momentidan. misi es ufleba gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo gaxda. ramdenime uflebamosil

pirs nakveTis realur nawilebad dayofa aRar SeeZlo. mousavlian wlebSi moijares saijaro gada-

saxadis Semcirebis moTxovnac SeeZlo.

b) Ager emphyteuticarius. romis saxelmwifo moxeleTa mier dadgenili emfiTevzisis instituti miznad

isaxavda saSualo donis saglexo miwaTmflobelobis Seqmnas. am mizniT, qr. Sobis II saukunidan

moyolebuli, provinciaSi mdebare auTvisebeli miwis is uzarmazari farTobi, romelsac mTlianad

monarqia, an imperatori _ kerZo sakuTrebiT, flobda, samemkvidreo-saijaro uflebiT moijareebs

gadaeca dasamuSaveblad. mogvianebiT, ijaris es forma saeklesio nakveTebis, provinciuli qalaqebisa

da didgvarovanTa samflobeloebis mimarT, gamoiyenes. emfiTevtisa da italiis ager vectigalis moijaris

uflebebi identuri iyo. emfitevtas sxvis nivTze sanivTo uflebebi (ius praedii) eniWeboda, Tumca,

sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis am or kategorias Soris gansxvaveba mainc iyo: mousavlian wlebSi emfi-

Tevtas saijaro gadasaxadis Semcirebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. emfiTevtasaTvis miniWebuli gayidvis

ufleba upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebiT iyo SezRuduli.

drois kvalobaze, sabolood aRniSnuli sxvaobebi, praqtikulad, aRmoifxvra. iustinianes kanon-

mdeblobiT ager vectigalis, uSualod, ager emphyteuticarius-Tan gaigivda. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvenamde

ar mouRwevia im kanons, romlis safuZvelzec maTi gaigiveba moxda.

emfiTevtas miwis nakveTiT sargeblobisa da miwis nakveTidan miRebuli nayofis SeuzRudavi ufleba

(magram ara ganZis miTviseba) hqonda. nakveTidan nayofis an namatis gamoyofis (separatio) Tanave, mas

maTi miRebis ufleba gaaCnda. moijares SeeZlo nivTis substanciis Secvla, magram ara misi gaua-

reseba. raki es iyo gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo ufleba, nivTis gankargva emfiTevtas sicocxleSic

SeeZlo da gardacvalebis Semdeg; garda amisa, sakuTari uflebebiT sargeblobis periodSi, nivTze

servitutebis dadgena da datvirTvac (garda calmxrivi mitovebisa (derelictio) iyo daSvebuli, anu

nivTze uaris Tqma misi mitovebis mizniT). nebismieri saxis darRvevisagan emfiTevtas uflebas icavs

mosargeblisaTvis (utiliter) miniWebuli mesakuTris yvela sarCeli: re vindicatio, negatoria, confessoria,

Publiciana in rem actio. garda amisa, emfiTevtasa da nivTis mepatrones Soris, samarTlebrivi urTi-

erTobis safuZvlidan _ garigebidan gamomdinare _ urTierTsanacvlo piradi sarCeli warmoiSoboda.

$3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi

1. emfitevtas movaleobis Tanaxmad, mas ar unda daeSva miwis nakveTis gauareseba; winaaRmdeg SemTxve-

vaSi, iustinianes kanoniT, mepatrone mas emfiTevziss arTmevda; 2. mas unda gadaexada miwis nakveTze

dadgenili gadasaxadi. Tu sami wlis ganmavlobaSi aRniSnul gadasaxads ar gadaixdida, nakveTis

mepatrones ufleba hqonda misTvis emfiTevzisi CamoerTva; 3. emfiTevtas miwis nakveTis

mepatronisaTvis unda gadaexada yovelwliuri gadasaxadi, romlis odenobac emfiTevzisis dadgenisas

ganisazRvreba. am movaleobisagan emfiTevtas, imperator zenonis kanoniT, mxolod nakveTis mTliani

da ara nawilobrivi ganadgureba aTavisuflebda, radgan gadasaxadiT ara sargeblobis uflebis anaz-

Raureba, aramed mepatronis sakuTrebis uflebis aRiareba igulisxmeboda. amitom, mousavlianobis da

sxva stiqiuri ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo; 4. nebismieri saxis

gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi, emfiTevtas mepatronis Tanxmobis miReba evaleboda. uaris Tqma mepatrones

mxolod sapatio mizezis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo. emfiTevtaze dakisrebuli movaleobebis Secvla mxa-

reTa gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda.

$4. emfiTevzisis warmoSoba

1.mesakuTresTan xelSekurlebis dadebiT, Tumca am dros nakveTis gadacema, savaldebulo ar iyo.

aseTi xelSekrulebis arsi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sadao iyo: iuristTa nawili mas saijaro xel-

Sekrulebad, nawili ki nasyidobis xelSekrulebad miiCnevda. imperatorma zenonma emfiTevzisi ar

miiCnia gansakuTrebul xelSekrulebad _ contractus emphyteuticarius, romelic arc nasyidobis wesebs

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eqvemdebareboda da arc qiravnobisas; amitom emfiTevta, rogorc myidveli, pasuxs ar agebda, Tumca,

rogorc damqiravebeli nivTis gauaresebis riskisagan ar Tavisufldeboda; 2. saanderZo danakisriT

(legatiT), romelsac mesakuTre mortis causa-s SemTxvevaSi, udgenda sakuTar memkvidres; 3. sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze; 4. sadao iyo emfiTevzisis warmoSoba xandazmulobiT (usucapio).

$5. emfiTevzisis gadatana

ukve arsebuli emfiTevzisi SeiZleba gadatanili yofiliyo: 1. emfiTevtas mxridan nakveTis gadacemis

(traditio) meSveobiT im ganzraxviT, rom nakveTis SemZeni emfiTevzisis uflebasac iZenda;

2. emfiTevtas gardacvalebis Semdeg, memkvidreobiT an legatiT; 3. sasamarTlos gankargulebiT: nak-

veTis gayofis procesisas, vinaidan, emfiTevziss daqvemdebarebuli nakveTis realur nawilebad ga-

yofa, mepatronis Tanxmobis gareSe, ar daiSveboda. mTeli emfiTevzisi mosamarTles erT-erT mona-

wilisaTvis unda mieniWebina, raTa mas sxva monawileTaTvis Sesabamisi anazRaureba gadaexada; 4. arse-

buli emfiTevzisis SeZena arauflebamosil pirs SeeZlo xandazmulobis vadiT, rac emfiTevzisis

SeZenis pirvandeli saSualeba da ara misi gadatana iyo.

$6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta

garemoebani, romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba Sewyvetiliyo yvela sanivTo ufleba da ufleba sxvis

nivTze, emfiTevzisis statuszec vrceldeboda; aseT garemoebad miCneuli iyo:

1. mesame piris mier miwis nakveTze SeuzRudavi sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xandazmulobiT;

2. sakuTari movaleobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, emfiTevtasaTvis uflebis CamorTmeva anu e.w.

privatio, Tu emfiTevta sakuTar movaleobebs daarRvevda.

Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali

Obligatio (valdebuleba); creditor (kreditori); debitor (movale); debitum (vali); vades (rwmunebuli,

garanti); praedes (garantis qoneba); nexum (valdebulebis dadgena kreditorsa da movales Soris for-

maluri xelSekrulebis gziT, romlis ZaliT xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebis garantad gamoi-

yeneboda movalis piradi Tavisufleba); vindex (garanti, romelic icavda movalis interesebs); solutio

per aes et libram (movalis ganTavisufleba valdebulebs Sesrulebisagan im formaluri aqtis meSveobiT,

romelic valdebulebebis safuZvelis sapirispirod iqna ganxorcielebuli); sponsio (per aes et libram _

spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT an ficiT ganmtkicebuli ritualis ganxorcieleba); talio (talioni);

sponsio (verbaluri formiT valdebulebis dadgena, stipulaciis uZvelesi nairsaxeoba); Obligationes

civiles (civiluri valdebuleba); Obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); Obligationes naturalis

(bunebiTi valdebuleba); oportere (movalis movaleoba); ex contractu (saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba); ex

delicto (zianis miyenebidan warmoSobili – deliqturi _ valdebuleba); contractus (xelSekruleba); quasi

ex contractus (TiTqos xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba); quasi ex delicto (TiTqos zianis

miyenebidan (deliqtidan) warmoSobili valdebuleba); stipulatio poenae (fuladi jarimis Sesaxeb

miRweuli gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmeba); dare (sakuTrebis gadatana); facere (garkveuli moqmedebis Ses-

ruleba); praestare (uzrunvelyofa, garantiis micema); damnum emergens (aSkara ziani); lucrum cessans

(xelidan gaSvebuli mogeba (sargebeli); arbitrium boni viri (keTilsindisieri mesame piris mosazreba,

romelic ar iwvevs eWvs); arbitrium merum (subieqturi da, maSasadame, arc Tu sarwmuno mosazreba); dare

certam rem (garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gadacema); obligatio certi (Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis dadgoma);

alternatio (alternatiuli valdebuleba); ius variandi (movalis arCevanis mixedviT); obligatio incerti (ganu-

sazRvreli valdebuleba); cum facultate solutionis (Sesrulebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba); genus nusquam perit

(gvarobiTi nivTebi arasodes iRupeba); genus limitatum (gvarobiTi nivTis ukiduresi individualizacia);

vis maior, casus fortuitus, casus maior (dauZleveli Zalis, nebis gareSe, obieqturi faqtorebis moqmedeba);

periculum (sakontraqto riskis gadanawileba); dolus (ganzraxva); culpa (brali); custodia (pasuxismgebloba

nivTis Senaxvaze); factum debitoris (mopasuxe sakuTar moqmedebaze pasuxs agebs ganzraxvis gareSec);

diligentia (windauxedaoba); imprudentia (jerovani yairaTianoba); negligentia (daudevroba); imperitia (gamouc-

deloba); diligentiam praestare (windaxedulobis uzrunvelyofa); culpa in abstracto (brali abstraqtuli

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kriteriumebiT); culpa in concreto (brali konkretuli kriteriumebiT); diligentia diligentis (yairaTiani meur-

nis yairaTianoba); culpa lata (uxeSi braleuloba); culpa levis (msubuqi braleuloba); perpetuatio obligationes

(valdebulebis mudmivoba); id quod interest (dadebiTi interesi); mora (vadis gadacileba); mora solvendi

(mora debendi) (Sesrulebis vadis gadacileba); interpellatio (aRsrulebis moTxovna); purgatio morae (mova-

lis gadacilebis ganwmenda); mora accipiendi (kreditoris mier gadacileba); depositio in aldibus sacris (Sesa-

naxad taZarSi mibareba); in fraudem creditorum (kreditorisaTvis saziano moqmedeba); in integrum restitutio ob

fraudem (valauvali movalis mier dadebuli garigebis ukuqceviTi efeqtis miRweva uwindel mdgo-

mareobaSi aRdgenis formiT); interdictum fraudatorium (specialuri aRmdgeniTi interdiqti); actio Pauliana

(iustinianes iuristebis mier moxda in integrum restitutio ob fraudem-isa da interdictum fraudatorium-is gansa-

kuTrebul sarCelSi gaerTianeba, romelsac pauliusis sarCeli ewoda, iulius paulusis

sapativcemulod); ad promissio (mesame piris damatebiTi stipulacia, romelic daideba ZiriTadi val-

debulebis dadgenisTanave – piradi garantia); sponsio (piradi garantiis pirveli istoriuli forma,

romelic aris mesame piris damatebiTi stipulacia urTierTobis pasiur mxareze); fideipromissio (para-

leluri ad promissio, romelic sponsio-sgan gansxvavebiT, keTili nebisaTvisac xelmisawvdomi iyo);

beneficium divisionis (ramdenime garantis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli pasuxs agebda sakuTari

wilis mixedviT); actio depensi (per formulas procesis farglebSi regresuli moTxovnis ganxorcielebis

saSualeba); praeiudicium ex lege Cicereia (gansakuTrebuli winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilva, romlis

meSveobiT daicveboda garantis uflebebi); fideiussio (piradi garantiis mesame saxe, romliTac pasuxis-

mgebloba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda); beneficium cedendarum actionem (sasarCelo moTxovnaTa daTmobis

privilegia); ius sequelae et ius praelationis (movalis nivTis xarjze dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba, imis

miuxedavad, darCa Tu ara nivTi movalis mxridan kontrolis sferoSi); fiducia cum creditore (kredi-

torTan dadebuli fiducialuri garigeba, romlis dros movalis nivTi gadadioda kreditorTan in

iure cessio an per aes et libram ritualis meSveobiT, im mizniT, rom kreditori (fiduciari) nivTs TavisTan

daitovebda valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi an gadascemda movales (fiduciants) mosa-

lodneli Sesrulebis miRebis Semdeg – valdebulebis realuri garantiis forma); nexum (nexi datio _

movalesa da mis kreditors Soris dadebuli formaluri xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliT, movale

valis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, pasuxs agebda sakuTari TavisuflebiT); nexi liberatio (nexus _ gaTa-

visufleba am valdebulebisagan SeiZleba momxdariyo sapirispiro aqtiT, romelic iTvaliswinebda

imave formalobebs, rac iyo nexum dros); pignus datum (datio pignoris _ realuri garantiis kidev erTi

forma, romlis dros dadgindeba giravnobis realuri xelSekruleba anu kreditoris mflobelobaSi,

ZiriTadi valdebulebis ZaliT, gadadis movalis nivTi); actio pigneraticia (in personam _ giravnobis urTi-

erTobebze dafuZnebuli sarCeli); pignus conventum (conventio pignoris); hypotheca (giravnobis dadgenis

forma kreditoris xelSi mflobelobis gadasvlis gareSe; Tavdapirvelad pignus et hypotheca Soris

gansxvaveba mxolod terminologiuri xasiaTis iyo da hypotheca rogorc realuri garantiis kon-

vencionaluri forma damkvidrda mxolod klasikur periodSi); interdictum Salvianum (kreditoris

mflobelobaSi miwis nakveTis im moijaris nivTebis gadacemis interdiqti, romelmac gadaacila

saijaro rentis gadaxda); solutio (aRsruleba); solutio per aes et libram (movalis mier lreditoris mxridan

piradi Tavisuflebis mopoveba); contrarius consensus (mxareTa SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis moSlis

Sesaxeb); beneficium competentiae (movale pasuxs agebs mxolod sakuTari qonebrivi aqtivebis farglebSi

anu sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobiT); locus solutionis (aRsruleba mosarCelis arCeviT dadgenil adgilas

unda moxdes); datio in solutum (aRsrulebis Secvla); pactum de non petendo (SeTanxmeba moTxovnaze uaris

Tqmis Sesaxeb); transactio (momrigebluri garigeba); nudum pactum (SiSveli paqti), romelic ar sar-

geblobs sasarCelo dacviT); exceptio pacti conventi (eqscepcia Semdgari SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb); pactum

transactionis (momrigebluri SeTanxmeba Sewyvetda valdebulebas ope exceptionis – TavdacviTi mosazrebis

meSveobiT); conpensatio (CaTvla); officio iudicii (mosamarTlis Tanamdebobrivi movaleobani); argentarius (ban-

kiri); cum compensatione (CaTvliT); cum deductione (gamoklebiT); ex edem causa (mosarCelisa da mopasuxis

urTierTmoTxovna erTgvarovani garigebis mimarT); concursus causarum (safuZvelTa konkurencia); confusio

(Serwyma); novatio (novacia); idem debitum (valdebulebis sagnis identuroba); aliquid novi (Zvel val-

debulebaSi erT-erTi elementis Secvla); delegatio (delegacia); delegens (erTi piri _ deleganti);

delegatus (meore piri _ delegati); delegatarius (mesame mxare _ delegatariusi); debitum (vali); nomen

(moTxovna); delegatio promittendi (valdebulebaTa delegacia); delegatio dandi (SesrulebaTa delegacia);

delegatio nominis (moTxovnaTa delegacia); delegatio debiti (valis delegacia); causa solvendi (fuladi Tanxis

gadaxda); cessio (cesia – sxva pirze identuri moTxovnis gadatana); cessionarius (cedenti _ kreditori);

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cedens (cesionariusi – mesame piri, romelic cedentis davalebiT procesSi mosarCeled gamodis);

procurator (cognitor) in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebulad gamomsvleli – is saqmes awarmoebda saku-

Tari saxeliT da sakuTari interesis gamo); denuntiatio (movalisaTvis Semdgari cesiis Sesaxeb

gamocxadeba); exceptio transacti negotii (efuZneba mxareebs Soris im momrigeblur garigebas, romelic

gamoricxavs sarCels).

I. valdebulebis cneba

valdebuleba aris samarTlebrivi borkili, romlis ZaliT, Cven iZulebulni varT raime SevasruloT

Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis Sesabamisad. Obligatio est iuris vinaelum, quo necessitate adstringimur alicuius solvendae

rei secundum nostrae civitatis iura” (Ins. lust. 3,13 Pap).

es cneba istoriografiaSi gaxda arsebiTi diskusiis sagani, radgan masSi mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli

“samarTlebrivi borkilebis” mniSvneloba, romelic obligatio-s uZveles xasiaTTan mWidrod iyo dakav-

Sirebuli. erTi piri, nexum-is iuridiuli aqtis safuZvelze, moeqceoda xolme meore piris samarT-

lebriv borkilebSi an Sedioda am piris xelisuflebaSi. es uZvelesi da naklebad cnobili aqti

dakavSirebuli iyo mancipatio-sTan, da warmoadgenda TviTmancipaciis proceduras anu erTi piris

Sesvlas meoris xelisuflebaSi im mizniT, rom moxdes sakuTari an sxvisi valis gadaxdis garan-

tireba. pasuxismgeblobis TiTqmis aseTive zoma, anu sakuTari sxeulis sxva piris xelisuflebaSi

gadacema “xelis dadebis” (manus iniectio) procedurisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. qr.S-mde 326 w. lex

Poetelia Papiria-iT (peteliusis kanoni) auqmebs nexum-s da movalis pirad morCilebas qonebrivi pasuxis-

mgeblobiT cvlis, maSasadame, piradi borkilebi icvleba qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT.

amrigad, valdebuleba da sarCeli – ori cneba, ori realoba iyo, romlebsac romaelebi ganuyofel

movlenad miiCnevdnen. radgan arsebobs romelime piris mimarT valdebuleba, kreditors, saval-

debulo moTxovnis Sesrulebis mizniT, sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenis ufleba eniWeba. arqauli

valdebulebis mixedviT, valis (debitum) arseboba, am faqtis sasamarTloSi damtkicebis Semdeg, manus

iniectio proceduris Sesrulebas iwvevda. valdebulebis arqaul cnebaSi gabatonebuli iyo materia-

listuri warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom nivTebi erTmaneTTan valdebulebis ZaliT iyvnen dakav-

Sirebuli. nivTis materialisturi warmodgena valdebulebas ganixilavda ufro rogorc kreditoris

SesaZleblobas, vidre rogorc movalis vals. valdebulebis SeZena (adquirere obligationem) niSnavs

kreditorad da ara movaled yofnas. borkilebi anu or pirs _ movalesa da kreditors Soris kav-

Siri warmoiSveba uZvelesi garigebis sponsio-s dadebis Sedegad da ZaliT. urTierTgancxadebis Sede-

gad, mxareebi erTmaneTs an warmomadgenlebs boWaven miniWebis Sesrulebis valdebulebiT.

valdebuleba ewodeba subieqtur iuridiul viTarebas, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis konkretul mona-

wileTa (mxareebi) pirad kavSirebs efuZneba. piris sasargeblod, garkveuli qmedebis (miniWeba) Sesru-

lebiT valdebulebis ZaliT, urTierTobis erT-erTi mxare (kreditori) aRWurvilia formaluri

SesaZleblobiT meore mxares (movales), sakuTari sargeblisaTvis, mosTxovos garkveuli qmedebis

(an miniWebis) Sesruleba. kreditoris pretenziebs (moTxovnebs) Seesabameboda movalis movaleoba,

romelic ara kreditorisadmi (rogorc calkeuli pirisadmi), aramed mTlianobaSi samarTlisadmi

(rogorc qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebis sistemis) morCilebaSi mdgomareobs. movalis neba

dakavSirebulia kreditoris mimarT morCilebasTan da Tavisufalia im TvalsazrisiT, rom aRiarebiT

unda sargeblobdes mxolod kreditoris normatiuli moTxovna. movalisagan ki SeuZlebelia imaze

metis moTxovna, rac qcevis im zogad standartebs aRemateba, romlebic msgavsi tipis SemTxve-

vebisaTvis aris dadgenili. kreditoris konkretuli moTxovna aris mxolod samarTlis im

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moTxovnis Sesruleba, romelic moqmedebs konkretul sazogadoebaSi da

TiToeul pirs kreditorad an movaled yofnis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. movalis Tanamonawileoba

kreditoris moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis saqmeSi ganpirobebulia misi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wev-

robiT anu misi samarTalsubieqtobiT. kreditoris moTxovna, romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis normaluri monawilisadmi, aris is samarTlebrivi molodini, romlis sagans warmoa-

dgens, sxva piris mxridan, miniWebis uzrunvelyofa. valdebulebis meSveobiT, sazogadoebaSi arse-

buli ganawilebadi urTierTobebi abstraqtul formas iZenen da amiT daZleulia brunvis natura-

luri, uSualod sagnobrivi xasiaTi. Sepirebuli miniWeba ara naklebi sikeTea, vidre aRsrulebis

garantia. valdebulebis samarTlebrivi buneba movalis formalur Tavisuflebas warmoadgens, Tumca

im pasuxismgeblobasac gulisxmobs, romelic kreditoris mier SeZenili uflebis eqvivalenturi

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iqneba. kreditoris dakmayofileba movalis Tavisufali Tanamonawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. mova-

lis uari, Seasrulos savaldebulo qmedeba, aqcevs mas zogadi wesebis damrRvevad da kredi-

torisadmi formalur morCilebas gamoiwvevs.

arqaul epoqaSi pasiuri mxaris araTavisufal mdgomareobas sayovelTao xasiaTi eniWeboda magiisa da

religiis meSveobiT. Per aes et libram (spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT) an ficiT ganmtkicebuli

ritualis Sesruleba, romelsac Tan sdevda msxverplis Sewirva (sponsio), kreditorisagan potenciuri

damokidebulebis Seqmnas uwyobda xels da movalesa da garants erTmaneTSi aigivebda. Tu val-

debuleba dadgenili iqneboda per aes et libram (libraluri aqtis) meSveobiT, nexum-iT _ movale

Sedioda kreditoris pirad morCilebaSi, rac movalis mimarT, xelis dadebis (manus iniectio) formasa

da misi kreditoris saxlSi (secum ductio) wayvanaSi gamoixateboda. Tavdapirvelad, arqaul periodSi

kreditori TviTneburad uswordeboda movales, xolo XII dafis kanonebis miRebis Semdeg, piradi

gasworeba ganpirobebuli iyo sasamarTlo magistratis addictio-Ti (magistratis gadawyvetilebis erT-

erTi saxeoba – mxareTa SeTanxmebis mowoneba), romelic afiqsirebda, rom movalisaTvis damcvelis

daniSvna (vindex) ar momxdara. garda amisa, kreditori 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi valdebuli iyo movale,

sabazro dReebSi, gamoeyvana savaWro moedanze, raTa mas, SeZlebisdagvarad, vinme gamosarCleboda. Tu

movales ar gamouCndeboda damcveli, kreditori maszed iZenda srul Zalauflebas da amis Semdeg

SesaZlebeli iyo movalis, tibrosis napirebs gaRma, monad gayidva (trans Tiberium). Tu movales

gamouCndeboda damcveli, is ixdida movale piris vals (iudicatum) da amis Semdeg damcvelis mdgo-

mareoba utoldeboda kreditoris statuss. gamosyiduli movale (depensus) Sedioda damcvelis xeli-

suflebaSi da misi morCilebidan gaTavisufleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod libraluri formis –

solutio per aes et libram _ meSveobiT.

Sponsio _ es aris stipulaciis, valdebulebis verbalur formaSi dadgenis uZvelesi forma. am dros

vali da movaleoba erT pirs ekisreba. Tu es piri ar Seasrulebs moTxovnas, miyenebuli zianis

anazRaureba mimarTuli iqneba sponsorisaken (garigebis mxare) da amisaTvis gamoiyeneba legis actio per

iudicis postulationem (Semoklebul iqna mxolod actiones in personam mimarT, kerZod, XII dafis kanonebis Za-

liT, verbaluri kontraqtebidan aRmocenebuli sarCelebis mimarT (sponsio, stipulatio). Tu mopasuxe uars

ambobda mosarCelis moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze, maSin mosarCele (yovelgvari formalobebis gareSe)

pretors SesTavazebs mosamarTlis daniSvnas (iudex, arbiter).

II. valdebulebaTa klasifikacia

romis samarTalSi valdebulebaTa klasifikacia imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu rogori xasiTi eqne-

boda valdebulebis aRiarebas samarTlis sistemis mier. amis Sesabamisad, valdebuleba iyofoda Sem-

deg jgufebad: 1) obligationes civiles (civiluri valdebuleba); 2) obligationes honorariae (pretoruli

valdebuleba); 3) obligationes naturales (naturaluri valdebuleba) (D. 20,1,5).

sawyis stadiaze arsebobda mxolod is valdebulebebi, romlebic civiluri sarCelebiT iyo uzrun-

velyofili. Gaius Tvlida, rom “sarCeli aris piradi, Tu Cven warvudgenT mas im pirs, romelic Cvens

winaSe movalea raime kontraqtis an deliqtis ZaliT; anu, roca Cven moviTxovT imas, rac unda mogv-

cen, gagvikeTon an mogvaniWon (dare, facere, praestare oportare). termini oportere, civiluri samarTlis mi-

xedviT, yovelTvis valis mimarT gamoiyeneba.

im urTierTobebSi, romlebsac icavs pretori, saubaria im pasuxismgeblobaze, romelic dadgeba

actiones teneri-is safuZvelze. klasikuri samarTlis periodSi, iurisprudenciis gamoyenebis farglebis

gafarToebam, valdebulebad miiCnia pirebs Soris warmoSobili is urTierTobebic, romlebsac pre-

toruli sarCelebi icavdnen. qr. S-mde I s-dan moyolebuli, pretorebma SeimuSaves in factum sar-

Celebis mTeli sistema im pirTa dasjis mizniT, romlebic boroti ganzraxviT moqmedebdnen. Ziri-

Tadad, aRniSnuli sarCelebi sajarimo xasiaTis iyo; maTi erTi nawili unda ganvixiloT, rogorc va-

lidan warmoSobili sarCeli, meore nawili – rogorc keTili sindisis sarCeli, an sarCeli dava-

lebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb, an rogorc depozitis gamo aRmocenebuli sarCeli.

Tumca, ar arsebobs valdebuleba, romelsac raime piradi sarCeli ar Seesabamebodes. aseT valde-

bulebas pretoruli valdebuleba (obligationes honorariae) ewodeboda. naturaluri valdebuleba daide-

boda monebis mier, mogvianebiT ki, im pirebis mier, romlebic paterfamilias xelisuflebaSi Sediodnen.

am valdebulebebs ar gaaCndaT sasarCelo dacva, ris gamoc warmoiSoboda iuridiuli Sedegebi: Tu

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xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali ukve gadaxdili iyo, maSin dauSvebeli iyo valis Tanxis ukan

dabruneba, arasavaldebulo qmedebis Sesrulebis motiviT (solutio retentio: gadaxdilis dakaveba). SesaZ-

loa, “obligatio naturales” cneba iulianusis dros damkvidrda, da momdevno periodis iuristebi axseneben

mas rogorc iseT valdebulebas, romelmac sakuTari saxelwodeba SeiZina sayofacxovrebo enaSi misi,

garkveulwilad, boroti gamoyenebis Sedegad.

iseTi mniSvnelovani efeqtis garda, rogoric miRebuli anazRaurebis TavisTan datovebaa, naturalur

valdebulebas sxva Sedegic gaaCnda: 1) naturaluri valdebulebis Sedegad warmoSobili vali, civi-

luri valdebulebis mimarT, SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo; 2) es vali SeiZleboda novaciis obieqti

gamxdariyo, da maSin maTi civilur valdebulebaSi konvertireba moxdeboda; 3) es vali delegatio et

constitutem obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo; 4) am valis garantireba SeiZleba momxdariyo marwmuneblis

mier, an giraosa da ipoTekis meSveobiT; 5) naturaluri valdebulebis gaTvaliswineba savaldebulo

iyo pekuliumis moculobis gazrdis an Semcirebis dros; 6) monis an xelisuflebaSi myofi piris

mier Sesrulebuli SenaZeni kanonier safuZvlad CaiTvleba, sakuTrebis uflebis xandazmulobis va-

diT (usucapio), SeZenis dros. iustinianes dros, naTesaur kavSirebsa da moralur principebze damya-

rebuli valdebulebebi, romlebsac sasarCelo dacva gaaCndaT, araCveulebriv naturalur valde-

bulebad iTvleboda. mas is efeqtic gaaCnda, rom gadaxdilis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna dauSvebeli

iyo. maT ricxvSi Sedioda, iseTi Sesasruleblad arasavaldebulo moTxovnebi, rogoric iyo: zogi-

erTi naTesavisaTvis saarsebo sarCos micema; partniorisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva, Tu gaazatebulma

amis Sesaxeb specialuri fici ar dado; colisaTvis mziTvis dadgena, agreTve kanonieri memkvid-

risaTvis samkvidrodan kanonieri wilis (legitima) gamoyofis valdebuleba; naTesavTa dakrZalvis

xarjebis gaweva.

III. valdebulebis Sinaarsi

valdebuleba gadacemis (dare), Sesrulebis (facere) da miniWebis (praestare) movaleobaSi (oportere)

mdgomareobs.

1) gadacema (dare) niSnavs: raime nivTis mesakuTred qcevas an sanivTo uflebis dadgenas, agreTve raime

momsaxurebis gawevas; 2) Sesruleba (facere) niSnavs: yvela moqmedebas, romelic garkveuli moqmedebis

Sesrulebas gamoxatavs an moqmedebaze uaris Tqmas (facere an non facere), an nivTis misi mesakuTrisaTvis

gadacemas (reddare); 3) miniWeba (praestare) niSnavs: raimes garantirebas an uzrunvelyofas da amisaTvis

sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas (marwmunebels (praedes) Seexeba). roca saubaria valdebulebis

saganze, miniWeba xasiaTdeba Semdegi rekvizitebiT: miniWeba unda iyos Sesrulebadi, kanonieri,

zustad gansazRvruli da qonebrivi xasiaTis matarebeli.

valdebuleba SeiZleba iyos gayofadi da ganuyofeli: 1) gayofadia iseTi valdebuleba, romelic

nawil-nawil an proporciulad SeiZleba Sesruldes da am dros ar icvleba misi ekonomikuri daniS-

nuleba. gayofadi valdebuleba SeiZleba ramdenime kreditorsa da movales Soris gadanawildes;

2) Tu valdebulebis gayofa SeuZlebelia, mas ganuyofeli valdebuleba ewodeba. Cveulebriv, gayo-

fadia iseTi valdebuleba, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia raimes gadacema (dare), vinaidan sakuTreba

da sanivTo uflebaTa didi nawili swored gayofadi xasiaTisaa. raimes Sesrulebis valdebuleba

(facere) yovelTvis ganuyofelia. ganuyofeli nivTis miniWebis valdebulebas solidaruli xasiaTi

aqvs (in solidum), vinaidan valdebulebis subieqtTa simravlis SemTxvevaSi (ramdenime kreditori da mo-

vale), valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba TiToeul kreditors gaaCnia, iseve rogorc

nebismier movales evaleba misi Sesruleba.

IV. valdebulebis wyaro

Obligatio, rogorc civiluri sarCeliT daculi, subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis Tavdapirveli mniSv-

neloba, aisaxa valdebulebaTa klasifikaciaSi, maTi warmoSobis (wyaros) mixedviT (causa obligationem)

_ piradi (valdebulebiTi) efeqtis mqone iuridiuli faqtebi. amis Sesabamisad, valdebulebaTa wyaro

iyofa: sakontraqto valdebulebad (ex contractu) da deliqtur valdebulebad (ex delicto). gaiusis azriT,

aseTi klasifikacia aris summa divisio (valdebulebaTa mTavari dayofa). Tumca, es klasifikacia pi-

radi xasiaTis subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis tipizaciis garkveul etaps asaxavs da amitom ver

iqneba amomwuravi.

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Contractus et delictum, rogorc valdebulebis modeluri wyaroebis gamoyofa, dakavSirebulia interesTa

im formalizaciasTan, romelsac adgili qr.S-mde I saukuneSi hqonda. valdebulebaTa or nair-

saxeobad (species) dayofas Seesabameba actiones in personam sarCelebis qonebriv (rei persecutoriae) da saja-

rimo (poenales) sarCelebad dayofa.

valdebulebaTa orwevriani klasifikaciis konservaciam ganapiroba misi SesaZlo srulyofa. aRmo-

savluri iuridiuli skolis profesorebma ganavrces valdebulebis wyaroTa CamonaTvali da miuTi-

Tes, rom kontraqtebisa da deliqtebis garda, arsebobdnen kvazi kontraqtebi (quasi ex contractu) da kva-

zi deliqtebi (quasi ex delicto). amrigad, gaiusisa da iustinianes SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romis

samarTalSi valdebulebaTa oTxwevriani dayofa damkvidrda, maTi warmoSobis safuZvlis mixedviT;

kerZod, Semdegi principis gaTvaliswinebiT: aut obligationes ex contractu suntaux quasi ex contractu aut ex

maleficio aut quasi ex maleficio.

maSasadame, ganasxvaveben: 1. kontraqtebs; 2. kvazi kontraqtebs; 3. deliqtebs; 4. kvazi deliqtebs.

1) kontraqti aris valdebulebiTi xelSekruleba, romelic ukve uZveles ius civile-Si arsebobda. kont-

raqtebi oTxi saxis iyo. kontraqtebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani – e. w. causa civilis _ imaSi mdgomareobda,

rom an unda warmoTqmuliyo garkveuli sityvebi (verba), an unda gamoyenebuliyo werilobiTi forma

(literae), an kreditoris mier garkveuli qmedeba unda Sesrulebuliyo (res), an kontrhagentebs Soris

araformaluri SeTanxmeba (consensus) unda momxdariyo. amitom, ganasxvaveben oTxi saxis xel-

Sekrulebas: 1) verbaluri – zepiri formis; 2) literaluri – dawerili formis; 3) realuri –

garkveuli moqmedebis (res) Sesrulebis aucileblobiT; 4) konsesualuri – SeTanxmebiTi kontraqtebi.

kontraqtebis pirveli ori saxeoba formalur xelSekrulebebs, bolo ori – araformalur anu mate-

rialur xelSekrulebebs ganekuTvneba.

$1. verbaluri kontraqti

verbaluri kontraqti ideboda im pirobiT, rom kontrhagentebs SeeZloT saubari da mosmena anu ar

iqnebodnen yru-munjebi da isini erT adgilas – xelSekrulebis dadebis dros – iqnebodnen. klasikur

samarTalSi cnobilia verbaluri kontraqtis sami nairsaxeoba: 1) stipulatio, 2) dotis dictio da 3) operarum

iurata promissio.

1) Stipulatio zepiri formiT ideboda. stipulatori, reus stipulatori (erTi kontrhagenti), uSualod,

zepirad dausvamda SekiTxvas meore pirs _ promissor, reus promittendi (kontrhagents), romelic aseve

zepirad scemda pasuxs. Tavdapirvelad, sityvaTa warmoTqma samarTliT iyo gansazRvruli, Tumca,

mogvianebiT mxareebs, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, SeeZloT sityvebis SerCeva. stipulaciis Sinaarsi

iseTive mravalferovani iyo, rogorc saerTod valdebulebis Sinaarsi. stipulacias SeeZlo

nebismieri saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis asaxva, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom es calmxrivi qonebrivi

faseulobis mqone xelSekruleba iqneboda: fulis gadaxda, sxva nivTebis gadacema, samuSaos

Sesruleba da sxva amgvari ram.

2) Dotis dictio iyo dos zepiri dadgena sityvebiT dot nurami tibi doti sunt; 3) Sponsio, stipulatio;

Sponsio – Tavisi arsiT aris sazeimo viTarebaSi dadebuli garigeba, romelic Seicavs dapirebasa da

gulisxmobs formalur SekiTxvas (erTi mxriv) da pasuxs (meore mxriv). mecnierebaSi kvlav mim-

dinareobs dava sponsio-s warmoSobisa da misi stipulatio-sTan kavSiris Sesaxeb.

Stipulatio, rogorc abstraqtuli aqti gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva saxis komerciuli garigebis dasadebad

da, amave dros, es instituti SeiZleba CaiTvalos romauli iuridiuli azris udides aRmoCenad.

gaiusis mier SemoTavazebuli, valdebulebis didaqtikuri klasifikacia cdilobda gaeTanabrebina

kontraqtebis yvela konkretuli tipi da Seerwya isini zogad formebTan – stipulaciasTan, romelic

yvela saxis SeTanxmebis mimarT, formis miniWebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda.

iuristebi mowmoben, rom uZvelesi sponsio gamoiyeneboda yvela saxis aRTqmisaTvis anu RvTaebisaTvis

msxverplSewirvis dapirebisas, sponsalia – anu qorwinebis dadebis sazeimo dapirebisas, agreTve

saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis dadebisas. Sponsio aris votum-is umniSvnelovanesi nawili, anu is formula,

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romlis meSveobiT: pirveli, sponsio – iuris civilis aqtia, romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeTa (cives)

wreSi gamoiyeneboda, maSin roca stipulatio – ius gentium institutia da misi gamoyeneba xdeboda, romis

moqalaqeTa da ucxoelebs Soris, garigebis dadebis dros, ris gamoc man garigebis struqturasa da

mniSvnelobaze didi gavlena iqonia. meore, Tu sponsio-s iuridiuli formalizmi axasiaTebda, xolo

misi rekvizitebi yovelTvis mkacrad daicveboda (iqamdec ki, rom Tu ramdenime saritualo frazas ar

warmoTqvamdnen an maT sxva frazebiT Secvlidnen, aqti baTilad cxaddeboda), stipulatio-s istoriuli

evoluciis Sedegad, iuridiul-religiuri formalizmi ganze dgeboda da gzas uTmobda axal,

SedarebiT moqnil formebs. garda amisa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s

sazeimo struqturebs, isini ganixileba rogorc conceptio verborum (sityvebis erToblioba) da abstraq-

tuli aqti; orive saxis garigeba obligatio verbis (zepiri valdebulebis) kategorias ganekuTvneba.

savaraudod, stipulacia jer pretorma aRiara, xolo Semdeg civiluri samarTlis sferoSi

gamoiyeneboda. rac Seexeba stipulaciis mier warmoSobil sarCelebs, legis actiones (legisaqciuri

sarCelis) epoqaSi, spitulatio certi (gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxa, an gansazRvruli nivTebis simravle)

legis actio per condictionem (abstraqtuli civiluri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis gaadvileba, romlis

dros mosarCele ubralod sTavazobs mopasuxes, romelic mis moTxovnas uaryofs, 30 dRis vadaSi (die

condicto – aqedan warmoiSva sarCelis saxelwodeba) kvlav pretorTan gamocxaddes, raTa man mosa-

marTle daniSnos) sarCeliT iqneboda daculi. Tu mopasuxe uaryofs mosarCelis moTxovnas yovel-

gvari formalobebis gareSe, is pretors mosamarTlis daniSvnas mosTxovs. aRniSnuli sarCeli, legis

actio sacramento in personam-Tan SedarebiT, ufro progresuli iyo da mosarCeles SesaZleblobas aZ-

levda sakramentaluri giraos Setanaze eTqva uari, Tu misi ufleba kreditze sponsio-dan gamom-

dinareobda.

a) stipulatio et obligatio verbis-is klasikuri struqtura

Stipulatio rogorc obligatio verbis-i, efuZneba garkveuli frazebis (verba) warmoTqmas, kerZod – SekiTxva

(interrogatio) da pasuxi (sponsio): “Spondes mihi dare centum? Spondeo” (mpirdebi, rom momcem 100 monetas?

gpirdebi). klasikur samarTalSi damkvidrda frazebis anu sityvebis (verba) mavalebiTi mniSvnelobis

principi. pomponiusi stipulacias gansazRvravs rogorc “sityvier formulas (conceptio), romlis Ta-

naxmad, erTi piri, romelic meoris SekiTxvas pasuxobs, valdebulia misces an Seasrulos is, rasac

mas sTxoven” (D.45,1,5,1). gaiusic amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqti daideboda SekiTxvisa da pasu-

xis meSveobiT. zepiri valdebuleba ar moiTxovs rekvizitebis did simravles. Tumca, maTi mkacri Ses-

ruleba savaldebulo xasiaTs iZens.

1. stipulaciis mTavari niSania misi zepiri xasiaTi. orive mxares erTmaneTis gageba unda SeeZlos

anu mxareebi yru-munjebi ar unda iyvnen. Jestebi da werilobiTi dokumentebi mxareTa zepir gancxa-

debebs ver Secvlian, amitom yru da munji, erTmaneTTan, valdebulebas stipulaciis meSveobiT ver

dadeben. amave dros, Tavisufalia stipulaciis dadebis ena: verba SeiZleba warmoiTqvas laTinur an

berZnul enebze. romaeli iuristi sabinusi Tarjimnis monawileobasac dasaSvebad miiCnevda (D.45,1,1,6).

2. zepiri valdebulebis dasadebad savaldebuloa ori mxaris piradi monawileoba da proceduris

Catarebis uwyvetoba. gaiusi amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqtis dadeba dauSvebelia, Tundac

erTi mxaris, ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi; igives moiTxovda pavlusic (D.45,1,134,2). amis garda, auci-

lebel moTxovnas uwyvet reJimSi moqmedeba (unitas actus) warmoadgenda, im aspeqtSi, rom interrogatio et

responsio erTmaneTis miyolebiT unda ganxorcieldes, droSi wyvetis gareSe.

3. garda amisa, savaldebuloa interrogatio et responsio Soris azrobrivi Sesabamisoba da Sesityveba.

adamiani debs pirobas bunebriv Zalebs saCuqari uZRvnas da am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom RvTaeba

Seasrulebs mis Txovnas an gascems im wyalobas, romlis Sesaxeb mas SesTxovs piri. Reus voti (aRTqmis

mixedviT mopasuxe piri), RvTaebis mimarT, garkveul valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebs; roca uze-

naesi Zalebi Seasruleben mis Txovnas, is voti damnatus-ad gadaiqceva da mas evaleba danapirebis

Sesruleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli RvTaeba mis mimarT Surs iZiebs. Sponsio-dan warmo-

Sobili sakraluri valdebuleba, votum-is farglebSi, moiTxovs imave elementebis arsebobas, rac

civiluri valdebulebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. votirebadi piri sakuTar Tavze iRebs raime

valdebulebis Sesrulebas da Tavisufldeba misgan, valdebulebis Sesrulebis Semdeg (Ulp. D.50,12,2).

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titus liviusisa da gaiusis gadmocemiT, sponsio gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sferoSi:

kerZod, antikurma tradiciam daafiqsira ramdenime SemTxveva, roca romaeli jarebis sardloba, ama

Tu im, mtrulad ganwyobil xalxTan foedus (samSvidobo xelSekrulebis) gaformebis uSedego mcde-

lobis Semdeg, sponsio (dapirebas) debda imis Sesaxeb, rom samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ratificirebas

moaxdenda TviT senati. aseTi sponsio-s erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia konsul postumusis mier samni-

tebis tomTan dadebuli samSvidobo zavi, kavdinusis xeobaSi romaelTa damarcxebis Semdeg. titus

liviusi aRniSnavda, rom aseTi sponsio-dan warmoiSveboda, erTdroulad, sakraluri da iuridiuli

valdebuleba, romlis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda TviT sponsor-s,

romlis mimarT deditio (mtrisaTvis gadacemis) procedura gamoiyeneboda. qr. S-mde 136 w. konsulma

mancinusma, sponsio-s meSveobiT, sazavo xelSekruleba gaaforma numancielTa tomTan, Tumca, es xel-

Sekruleba ar iyo ratificirebuli senatis mier, ris gamoc mancinusi mtrisaTvis unda gadaecaT

(deditio). Tumca, mis miRebaze TviT numancielebma uari Tqves.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, sponsio, Tavdapirvelad, valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis

uZvelesi saxeoba iyo. Sponsor movale ar iyo, mas mxolod marwmunebloba evaleboda. Sponsor-i, mova-

lis mxridan valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas, pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebda. am Teoriis

Tanaxmad, romelic sponsio-s (piradi garantiis) – Tavdapirveli funqciidan gamomdinareobs, forma

verbis (zepiri forma), mogvianebiT, gamoiyeneboda rogorc zogadi principi, romelic gulisxmobda

movalis mimarT, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, valdebulebiTi borkilebis dadebas maSin, roca ter-

mini sponsor kvlav gamoiyeneboda marwmuneblis aRsaniSnavad. Spondere-s da sponsio-s cnebebi, zogadad,

movalis davaldebulebis aqts aRniSnavdnen.

Tumca, sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo, ramdenime parametris mixedviT.

romaul iurisprudenciaSi SeiniSneba garkveuli evolucia: SekiTxvasa da pasuxs Soris formalur

Sesatyvisobas cvlis Sinaarsobrivi Sesatyvisoba, kerZod, evolucia verba-dan voluntas-ken, anu

sityvidan nebisaken (Tanxmobisaken)

b) stipulaciis Sinaarsi da misi saxeebi

stipulaciis dadebisas, mis Sinaarssa da nairsaxeobas gansazRvravs mastipulirebadi piri, maSin,

roca movale piri ubralod iRebs SemoTavazebul Sinaarssa da nairsaxeobas.

1) valdebulebis dadebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia samomavlo da ucnobi movlenebisadmi damo-

kidebuleba, romelTa dadgoma TviT valdebulebis arsebobas gansazRvravs. 2) valdebulebis dadeba

SeiZleba garkveuli droiT gadaivados: manam, vidre ar iqneba Sesrulebuli piroba an ar amoiwureba

vada, valdebuleba ararsebulad iTvleba, xolo, Tu fuladi vali droze adre daifara, is SeiZleba

gamoTxovnil iqnas, rogorc “arasavaldebulo”. xolo, Tu arsebobs pirobis Sesrulebis imedi, maSin

valdebuleba ganixileba, rogorc arsebuli im aspeqtSi, rom aRniSnul viTarebaSi, SesaZloa, adgili

hqondes novacias, Tavdebobasa da valis gaqviTvas _ acceptilatio (miReba; verbaluri an literaluri

kontraqtidan valis gaqviTvis sazeimo aqti mis sapirispiro formaSi) meSveobiT. 3) valdebuleba

warmoiSveba pirobis Sesrulebis momentidan da misi valdebulebiTi efeqti stipulaciis dadebis

droze ar vrceldeba. Tu valdebuleba warmoiSva, is SeiZleba Sewydes SesagebliT, Tumca, mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sesrulebis Ddroeblivi SezRudvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas adgili hqonda an daiTqva

valdebulebis Sewyveta misi pirobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. 4) Tu stipulacia gulisxmobs

Sesrulebis ramdenime vadis arsebobas, maSin is daiyofa im wilebis odenobis mixedviT, Sesrulebis

ramdeni vadac aris miTiTebuli. 5) valdebuleba stipulaciaSi miTiTebul adgilas unda Sesruldes.

mosarCele, romelic sxva adgilas iTxovs Sesrulebas, SeiZleba aRmoCndes moTxovnis gadametebis

(pluris petitio) viTarebaSi. xolo, Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili miTiTebuli ar aris,

mosarCeles SeuZlia nebismier adgilas moiTxovos misi Sesruleba.

g) Acceptilatio (valis gadaxdis aRiareba)

Acceptilatio aris sakredito valdebulebis gaqviTvis abstraqtuli da zepiri (verbis) forma. es forma

warmoSobilia stipulaciis mier da mis sawinaamdegod gamoiyeneboda. Tavdapirvelad, acceptilatio iyo

realuri gadaxdis aRiareba da miReba. mogvianebiT, is gadaiqca savalo valdebulebaTa Sewyvetis

zogad formad, imis miuxedavad, Sesruldeboda Tu ara savalo valdebuleba.

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Acceptilatio rogorc formaluri da kanonieri aqti, arc vadebs da arc pirobebs gulisxmobda.

Acceptilatio-s Sedegad wydeboda mxolod is valdebuleba, romelic stipulatio-s dadebis Sedegad

warmoiSveboda. erTi piris mier, meoris mimarT, arsebuli sxvadasxva vali, romelic, SesaZloa, arc

ki yofiliyo mxolod verbaluri valdebulebebidan warmoSobili, erTaderT lokalur stipulatio-Si

(novatio) SeiZleboda gaerTianebuliyo da warmoiSveboda iseTi valdebuleba, romelic acceptilatio-s

meSveobiT gaiqviTeboda. aseT lokalur acceptilatio-s stipulatio Aquiliana ewoda, misi Semqmnelis, respub-

likuri periodis iuristis – gaius aqvilus galiusis saxelidan gamomdinare.

d) stipulaciis dasasruli

klasikuri stipulatio abstraqtuli da zepiri aqti iyo da misi daqveiTeba ori paraleluri

mimarTulebiT _ formisa da safuZvlis mixedviT _ mimdinareobda. araromauli iuridiuli praqtikis

gavleniT, stipulaciam dakarga pirvandeli struqtura da, TandaTanobiT, literaluri kontraqtis

forma SeiZina.

Stipulatio-Si, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneboda, testatio dros, mamtkicebeli dokumenti. Tumca, postklasikuri

samarTlis evoluciam stipulaciur dokuments valdebulebis dadgenis xasiaTi mianiWa, rac aRmo-

savluri provinciebis samarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisobad miiCneva. ukve ciceronis dros stipulatio

werilobiTi formiT dgeboda: cautio stipulatoria (stipulatio-s Sesaxeb dokumenti) (testatio _ werilobiTi

mowmeoba, mowmeebis mier xelmowerili) an chyrographa ( sakuTari xeliT Cawerili, savalo val-

debuleba (xelwerili) iuridiuli aqtis WeSmariti ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, Tanac mowmeebis gareSe).

es formebi mtkicebulebis martiv saSualebad iTvleboda. romauli samarTlisa da aRmosavluri

tradiciebis urTierTgavlenis Sedegad (imperator karakalas 212 w. ediqtis Semdeg), stipulacia

kontraqtebis zogad punqtad iqca. stipulaciis verbaluri forma mxolod igulisxmeboda, Tumca, si-

namdvileSi stipulatio-s uZvelesi zepiri forma werilobiTi formiT Seicvala.

imperatori iustiniane sakuTar samarTlis wignTa krebulSi ori tendenciis mimdevari iyo: igi tra-

diciul, klasikur samarTals pativs miagebda da arsebul, moqmed samarTals zedmiwevniT misdevda

da aviTarebda. erTi mxriv, is sakuTar instituciebSi (3.15-20) klasikuri samarTlis iuristTa Txzu-

lebebs gadmoscems da gaiusis msjelobas stipulaciis, rogorc verbaluri (verbis) valdebulebis

Sesaxeb, iziarebs; meore mxriv, drois moTxovnis Sesabamisad, adgens, rom mxolod 2 wlis vadaSia

SesaZlebeli exceptio doli (interdiqtul warmoebaSi mosarCeles SeeZlo exceptio-s winaaRmdeg sapi-

rispiro azris gamoTqma, analogiurad, im axali garemoebebis safuZvelze, romlebic savaldebulo

Zalas arTmevdnen eqscepcias); am vadis amowurvis Semdeg valdebulebis damdgeni werilobiTi doku-

menti savaldebulo Zalas iZenda.

stipulaciis abstraqtuli xasiaTi dokumentze gadadis, Tu is kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi ar iqna

gaprotestebuli. I. Inst.3.21 SemuSavebul iqna obligatio litteris Sesaxeb axali warmodgena: “dResac ase

xdeba: roca me saCivari ar SemiZlia sxva xerxiT Sevitano, me valdebulebas werilobiTi formiT vi-

yeneb da misgan is kondiqcia warmoiSveba, romelic zepir valdebulebas Sewyvets”. iTvleboda, rom

valdebuleba da condictio rogorc sarCeli, romelic valdebulebas icavs, warmoiSveba ara sityve-

bidan, aramed werilobiTi dokumentis safuZvelze. Conceptio verborum (sityvieri gadawyvetileba)

iustinianes mier aRiqmeboda rogorc mera subtilitas (udidesi iuridiuli simaxvile) da man gadawyvita,

rom iuridiuli Sedegebi dokumentis safuZvelze unda warmoiqmnas. amrigad, stipulatio rogorc

abstraqtuli iuridiuli aqti kvdeba da mis adgils abstraqtuli dokumenti ikavebs.

e) Transacriptio nominum (sakredito valdebulebebis gadawera)

“valdebuleba werilobiTi aris, Tu, magaliTad, is Semosaval-gasavlis wignebSi Seitaneba. es Cana-

weri orgvarovania: an nivTidan pirisaken, an piridan pirisaken. nivTidan pirisaken Canawers maSin aqvs

adgili, roca is, rac Sen Cemi gmarTebs nasyidobis, qiravnobis an amxanagobis xelSekrulebis mixed-

viT, me Sens saxelze Cavwer rogorc CemTvis gasacemi. valis Caweras saangariSo wignSi piridan piri-

saken maSin aqvs adgili, roca is, rac me mergeba ticiusisagan, me wignSi Semaqvs rogorc SenTvis

gadaxdili Tanxa, anu TiTqos ticiusis vali Senze gadmoiwereba”. gaiusis inststituciebSi 3.128-130

saubaria werilobiTi garigebis Sesaxeb, romelic mdgomareobda valdebulebis damdgen CanawerSi.

aseT Canawers paterfamilias an ufro xSirad bankiri sakuTar sabuRaltro wignSi axorcielebda. Zvel

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droSi Semosavlebisa da gasavlebis sabuRaltro wignebi (codex accepti et expensi) arsebobda, romlebSic

acceptum grafaSi Caiwereboda Semosuli da miRebuli, xolo expensum grafaSi – gasuli da gacemuli

Tanxebi.

es sabuRaltro Canawerebi ayalbebdnen valdebulebas uwindeli valdebulebis axal valdebulebiT

Secvlis meSveobiT. axali valdebuleba warmoiSveboda axali sabuRaltro CanaweriT.

amrigad, xdeboda valdebulebis ganaxleba (novatio), anu uwindeli valdebulebis Sewyveta da misi

axali valdebulebiT Secvla. arsebobda valis gadaweris (transcriptio) ori nairsaxeoba: 1) nivTidan

pirze; 2) piridan pirze.

Transcriptio, iseve, rogorc stipulatio abstraqtuli iuridiuli aqti iyo, ius civile CarCoebSi moqceuli,

Tumca, stipulaciisagan gansxvavebiT, is ver daideboda ganusazRvreli nivTis miniWebiT da, agreTve,

vadisa da pirobis dadgenas ar gulisxmobda. sabuRaltro Canawerebis Semcveli wignebi val-

debulebis warmomSob iuridiul dokumentebad iTvleboda, ris gamoc maT mimarT cenzoruli

inspeqtireba xorcieldeboda. verbalur kontraqtTan SedarebiT, literaluri kontraqtis ZiriTadi

upiratesoba swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xelSekrulebis dadebisas orive mxaris adgilze yofna

saWiro ar iyo, rac kidev ufro amartivebda savaWro brunvis ganxorcielebas. literaluri kont-

raqtis Seusrulebloba iTvaliswinebda actio certi waedgenas. literaluri kontraqtebi farTod gamoi-

yeneboda qr. S-mde I – qr. S-is I saukuneebSi da gaiusis epoqaSi TiTqmis gamovidnen xmarebidan. Inst.Iust.

(3.21) maT Sesaxeb saubroben mxolod warsul droSi, radgan istoriul warsulad miiCnevian. sabu-

Raltro Canaweris gansakuTrebul tipad sakaso wignidan warmoSobili kreditebi (nomina arcaria)

iTvleboda. maTzec gaiusi saubrobs (Inst.Iust. 3, 131-132): `sxva mniSvneloba sesxis samaxsovro Canawerebs

(nomina arcaria) hqondaT. es Canawerebi warmoSoben ara werilobiT, aramed sanivTo valdebulebas,

vinaidan araviTari mniSvneloba gaaCniaT manam, sanam vinmes garkveuli fuladi Tanxa ar gadaecema,

xolo fulis gadacema swored sanivTo valdebulebas waemoSobs.

v) Chyrographa (subieqturi) da Synographa (obieqturi sakredito dokumentebi)

Gai., (3.134) wers, rom chyrographa et syngrapha – iyo ucxoelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli werilobiTi

sabuTebi, romlebic pirveli an mesame piris saxeliT dgeboda da romlebSic cxaddeboda, rom “vinme

piri aris sxva piris movale an mas raime unda gadasces”. erT-erT teqstSi weria, rom chyrographum

valis aRiarebis erTaderTi dokumentia, romelic kreditoris gankargulebaSi rCeba da mowmobs gari-

gebis dadebis Sesaxeb.

Syngraphum mesame piris saxeliT unda Sedges, or egzemplarad da xelmoweril iqnas dainteresebuli

mxareebis mier. TiToeuli mxare inaxavda sakuTar egzemplars, rac garigebis dadebis Sesaxeb mtki-

cebulebas warmoadgenda. aRmosavleTSi gabatonebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis gavleniT, am

dokumentebma romSic moipoves aRiareba da mtkicebulebis utyuar saSualebas warmoadgendnen.

z) baTili da arara stipulaciebi

imisaTvis, rom stipulacia aRiarebul iqnas romis ius civile mier, savaldebuloa iseTi rekvi-

zitebis arseboba, romlebsac qmedunarianobasTan, formasa da SinaarsTan hqondaT urTierToba. baTi-

li stipulaciebs Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi klasi: 1) arara stipulaciebi (nullius

momenti est), Tu amgvari garigebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli savaldebulo rekvizitebi ar arseboben;

2) baTili stipulaciebi (inutilis), romlebic formaluri TvalsazrisiT namdvil stipulaciad iTvleba,

Tumca ar warmoqmnian valdebulebas raime mniSv nelovani xarvezis gamo. arara stipulaciasTan

dakavSirebuli viTareba gansxvavdeba baTili stipulaciisagan: radgan baTrili stipulaciis dros

Tumca ki stipulacias adgili hqonda. is braldebulebas ar warmoSobda.

baTili da arara stipulaciis SemTxvevebi: 1. stipilaciis SeuZlebloba: dainteresebul mxareTa

qmedunarianobis xarvezebi. stipulacias ver dadebda yru, munji da ugunuri. monas stipulireba

SeeZlo, dapirebas ki maSin miscemda, roca sakuTar Tavze naturalur valdebulebas iRebda. In patria

potestas pirebis mimarT aRiarebulia maTi ufleba sakuTar Tavze valdebuleba aiRon. 2. SekiTxvisa da

pasuxis erTmaneTisadmi SeuTavsebloba (araraoba). es SeiZleba moxdes: a) stipulaciis sagnis mimarT.

(Gai., 3.102) `stipulacia maSin iTvleba ararad, roca vunme ar pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvas. “an Tu me

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vastipulireb upirobod, Sen ki mpirdebi garkveuli pirobiT”. ararad iTvleba stipulacia, Tu misi

obieqti SeuZlebelia, an stipulatio xorcieldeba Seusrulebeli pirobiT”; b) mesame piris sasargeblod

dadebuli stipulacia. (Gai., 3.103) „ stipulacia ararad iTvleba, Tu Cven vastipulirebT, raTa raime

gadaeces mesame pirs, romlis xelisuflebis qveS Cven ar vimyofebiT. aqedan ismis SekiTxva, namdvilia

Tu ara is stipulacia, romelic daideba sakuTari Tavisa da im mesame piris mimarT, romlis xeli-

suflebaSi Cven ar vimyofebiT”.

$2. stipulaciis baTiloba

stipulaciis baTiloba: dapireba Sesrulebis Sesaxeb gardacvalebis Semdeg: `da bolos, baTilia is

struqtura, romelic Semdegi sityvebiT daido: Sen mpirdebi, rom momcem Cemi sikvdilis Semdeg, an

Seni sikvdilis Semdeg”. da piriqiT, namdvilia Semdeg formaSi dadebuli stipulacia: Sen mpirdebi,

rom momcem Cemi gardacvalebis momentSi an Seni gardacvalebis momentSi? anu ise, rom valdebulebis

Sesruleba gadatanili iyo stipulatoris, an pirobis mimcemis gardacxvalebis momentisaTvis.

amrigad, arasworad iTvleboda stipulaciiT warmoSobili valdebulebis memkvidreze gadatana. sti-

pulaciis sagnis mimarT arsebuli baTiloba dgeba: a) Tu stipilaciis sagani ukanono an uRirsia, an

stipulacia mocemulia msgavsi xasiaTis pirobiT; b) Tu Tavdapirvelad stipulaciis Sesruleba

SesaZlebeli iyo, mere ki misi Sesruleba SeuZlebeli gaxda; g) Tu Secdomis gamo SeuZlebelia

ganisazRvros stipulaciis obieqti, SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom stipulirebul iqna is nivTi, romelic

ganisazRvreba gvarobiTi niSniT; xolo, Tu SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros nivTis gvarobiTi niSani,

valdebuleba ar warmoiSveba; d) Tu stipulaciuri valdebuleba miRebulia arasrulwlovani pirisa

an qalis mier, maTi meurvis sanqciis gareSe (auctoritas tutoris: Gai., 3. 115-117).

a) ganusazRvreli obieqtis stipulacia

stipulaciuri dapireba, ganxorcielebuli iseTi sagnis mimarT, romelic veraviTar SemTxvevaSi iqne-

boda gansazRvruli, baTilebad iTvleba. da piriqiT, is stipulaciebi, romelTa sagnebi raime aqtiT

mainc iyo gansazRvruli, namdvilad iTvleba. maT Soris unda aRvniSnoT: 1. gvarobiTi niSnis mqone

sagnis Sesaxeb stipulacia: dapirebis mimcemma movalem unda miuTiTos nivTze da is gamohyos, nivTTa

gansazRvruli da ganusazRvreli gvarobiTobis, ricxvidan; 2. alternatiuli stipulaciebi: movale

valdebulia damoukideblad airCios valdebulebis sagani sxvadasxva klasis nivTebs Soris, masti-

pulirebadma kreditorma SeiZleba moelaparakos imis Sesaxeb, rom is TviTon airCevs obieqts, da Tu

movale ar Seasrulebs sakuTar valdebulebas, mis winaaRmdeg waradgens actio certi-is actio incerti-is

magivrad, ganusazRvreli obieqtis Sesaxeb. alternatiulma stipulaciam unda daicvas kreditori

nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvisagan, rac gaaTavisuflebs movales valdebulebisagan; 3. sajarimo sti-

pulacia.

erT (ukve dadebul) stipulacias SeiZleba meorec daumato, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini

sxvadasxva sagnebs gulisxmoben: winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi meore stipulacia ararad CaiTvleba (Pomp.)

pomponiusi werda, rom ìs, vinc orjer dapirdeba erTi da igives, ar aris valdebuli Seasrulos da-

pireba erT jerze metad” (D. 45. 1.18).

sajarimo stipulacia damatebiT stipulaciur dapirebas gulisxmobs, romelic fulis gansazRvruli

Tanxis gadaxdas varaudobs. Tanac, gadaxda ganpirobebuli iyo uwindeli valdebulebis Seusru-

leblobiT. amrigad, saxezea erTi – ZiriTadi valdebuleba, romelic moqmedebas ganagrZobda da

meore valdebuleba, romelic ganpirobebulia pirvelis SesrulebiT. Tu movale Seasrulebs pirvel

valdebulebas, man aRar unda Seasrulos meore, xolo movale, Tu ar Seasrulebs danapirebs, maSin

man jarima unda gadaixados; Tumca, mas kreditoris winaaRmdeg exceptio doli wardgena SeuZlia, Tu

mastipulirebadi piri mis winaaRmdeg, ZiriTadi valdebulebisagan gamomdinare, sarCels waradgenda.

$3. Novatio (novacia)

`novacia aris Zveli valis axal civilur an naturalur valdebulebaSi transformireba (gardaqmna),

roca warmoiSveba axali valdebuleba, romelic Zvels wyvets. saxelwodeba “novacia” warmoiSva

sityvidan “axali” da axali valdebulebis (warmoqmnisagan) Ulp. (D. 46. 2. 1). stipulacia, romelic

identuri sagnis mimarT warmoSobs axal valdebulebasa da, amave dros, Zvel valdebulebas Sewyvets,

sakuTar TavSi raime siaxles unda Seicavdes. valdebulebis ganaxleba moxdeba rogorc pirebis, ise

valdebulebis sagnis (obieqtis) mimarT: 1. pirebis mimarT novacias hqonda adgili, roca icvleba

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kreditoris an movalis pirovneba. am SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, saubaria aqtiuri an pasiuri dele-

gaciis Sesaxeb. aqtiuri delegacia yovelTvis mesame pirisaTvis raime davalebis (iussum) micemas gu-

lisxmobda. movalis Secvla axali movalis mxridan kreditoris mimarT dapirebis micemas

gulisxmobda, rom is uwindeli movalis davalianebas (expromissio) dafaravda; 2. valdebulebas obieq-

tis (sagnis) mimarT maSin hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia daideba imave pirebis mier, Tumca axali

obieqtis mimarT. am dros adgili hqonda: a) safuZvlis Secvlas: Tu axali dapireba ar miekuTvneba

stipulaciidan warmoSobil valdebulebas, vinaidan es stipulacia dadebulia axali garemoebis mi-

marT (nasyidoba, ijara, davaleba); b) valdebulebis maxasiaTeblebis Secvlas: icvleba valdebulebis

Sesrulebis pirobebi da vadebi, agreTve Sesrulebis adgili.

formalurad, novaciis ganxorcieleba xdeba axali stipulaciis dadebiT, Tumca, novacia SeiZleba

moxdes sakredito valdebulebis xelaxali gadaweriT (transcriptio nominum). am SemTxvevaSi, weri-

lobiTi garigebis abstraqtuli xasiaTi gulisxmobda axali valdebulebis warmoSobas, uwindeli

valdebulebis namdvilobis miuxedavad.

axali stipulaciis forma namdvilad unda mowmobdes imis Sesaxeb, rom adgili hqonda uwindeli

valdebulebis ganaxlebas. mas Semdeg, rac zepiri stipulaciebi werilobiTi dokumentebiT Seicvala,

novacia valdebulebis Secvlis ganzraxvaze (animus novandi) damokidebuli gaxda. iustiniane

(I. Ins.3.29.3), am ganzraxvis (animus), werilobiTi formiT gamoxatvas moiTxovda da miuTiTebda, rom,

valdebulebiTi efeqtis mqone, nebismieri garigeba SeiZleba novinirebul iqnas, Tu uwindeli val-

debulebis, Sesabamis, Sewyvetas eqneba adgili. novaciur efeqtTa Soris igulisxmeboda val-

debulebis sagnis Secvlac. 3. pirTa simravle da solidaroba.

stipulaciis aqtSi, Cveulebriv, monawileobas iRebdnen mastipulirebadi kreditori da dapirebis mim-

cemi movale. Tumca, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca garigebaSi ramdenime mastipulirebadi da dapirebis

mimcemi piri erTdroulad monawileobda. amas stipulaciis subieqtTa simravle ewodeboda. pirTa

simravle Semdegs gulisxmobda: Tavdapirveli simravle arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda pirTa Tan-

mimdevruli Secvlisagan, anu, roca stipulacias debdnen erTni, xolo garigebis Sesrulebaze pasu-

xismgebloba ekisreboda sxva pirebs. ase xdeboda maSin, roca adgili hqonda an mastipulirebadi, an

dapirebis mimcemi pirebis memkvidreobiTobas, roca an erTis, an meoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, val-

debulebis Sesruleba, memkvidreobiT, gadadioda maT STamomavlobaze.

subieqtTa simravlis pirobebSi, dapirebis reJimi imazea damokidebuli, iyo, Tu ara valdebuleba

gayofadi an ganuyofeli. Tu valdebuleba gayofadia, maSin igulisxmeba, rom is iyofa idealur

wilebad. am SemTxvevaSi, es Tu is kerZo kreditori uflebamosilia moiTxovos mxolod kreditis

sakuTari nawili, xolo movale valdebulia gaqviTos valis mxolod sakuTari wili. Tu val-

debuleba ganuyofelia, maSin saWiroa gamoyenebul iqnas solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis principi:

nebismier kreditors SeuZlia valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna, Tanac sruli moculobiT. Tumca,

am uflebiT aRiWurveba mxolod erTi – romelime kreditori. valdebuleba wydeba maSin, roca erT-

erTi kreditori waradgens sarCels da movalis mimarT iwyeba litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena)

procedura. zustad aseve, nebismieri movale valdebulia gaqviTos mTeli vali: amave dros, Tu erTi

movale gadaixdis mTel vals, sxva Tanamovaleebi valdebulebisagan Tavisufldebian. solidarobas

maSinac hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia (formalurad mainc) erTiani, oRond valdebuleba _ gayo-

fadi iyo da garigebaSi monawileobda, mastipulirebadi da dapirebis mimcemi, pirTa simravle. aqtiu-

ri solidaruli valdebuleba maSin warmoiSveba, roca ramdenime mastipulirebadi kreditoris (correi

stipulandi) SekiTxvaze pasuxs iZleva erTi dapirebis mimcemi movale (Promitto _ gpirdebi). pasiuri

solidaruli valdebuleba warmoiSveba maSin, roca erTi stipulatori Tanmimdavrulad ekiTxeba,

TiToeul dapirebis mimcem, pirs da isinic an yvela erTad, an saTiTaod (Tanmimdavrulad) mas

pasuxoben.

valdebuleba Sewyvetilad iTvleba, Tu erT-erTi stipulatori valdebulebis Sesrulebas miiRebda

an erT-erTi dapirebis mimcemi _ aqviTavda mas, an Tu erT-erTi maTgani waradgenda sarCels stipu-

laciis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc litis contestatio proceduris ganxorcielebas, eqneba adgili.

$4. rwmunebuleba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa.

upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT: a) is rwmunebuleba, romelsac rwmunebuli

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gascems dapirebis mimcemis sasargeblod (adpromissio) da romelic axali movalis an Tanamovalis

mxridan dapirebis micemas gulisxmobda da b) axali adstipulatori (adstipulatio) kreditoris Careva,

romelsac adgili hqonda iseTi stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gardacvalebis Semdeg unda

Sesruldes. Adprombissio warmoiSveba iseTi stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelSic rwmunebuli igives

hpirdeba, rasac hpirdeboda movale, uwindel stipulaciaSi. axali valdebulebis Tanaxmad,

warmoiSveba axali viTareba – pasiuri solidaroba, roca mastipulirebad kreditors SeuZlia arCe-

vanis gakeTeba: sarCeli ZiriTadi movalis, Tu misi warmomadgenlis mimarT iqnas Setanili. stipu-

laciis gamo ori saxis piradi rwmunebuleba arsebobda: sponsio et fideipromissio. gansakuTrebuli

struqtura da xasiaTi fideiussio-s gaaCnda. es warmomadgenloba fideipromissio warmoSobis Semdeg gav-

rcelda, Tumca, klasikur periodSi mas farTod gamoiyenebdnen. iustinianes samarTalSi mxolod

fideiussio SemorCa. masSi Serwymuli iyo piradi rwmunebulebis uwindeli formebi.

stipulaciis gamo, piradi rwmunebulebis klasikuri formebi (memkvidreobiT ar gadaecemoda) Semdegi

TvisebebiT xasiaTdebodnen: 1. Sponsio: es iyo, arqaul civilur samarTalSi damkvidrebuli, sakuTari

Tavis davaldebulebis, zogadi forma. Sponsio gamoiyeneboda im stipulaciebis uzrunvelsayofad, rom-

lebic mxolod romael moqalaqeebs Soris daideboda xolme; 2. Fideipromissio: dapireba, romelic

ndobaze (fides) iyo dafuZnebuli da misi gamoyeneba peregrinebisa da ucxoelebis wridan gamosul

warmomadgenlebsac SeeZloT. iseTi dapirebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic piradi garantiiT miecemoda,

kreditori uflebamosili iyo sarCeli erTi rwmunebulis, xolo Semdeg movalis winaaRmdeg Seetana,

radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, or, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel valdebulebas, hqonda adgili, Tumca ki,

erTi da igive sagnis mimarT. erT-erTi maTganis mimarT, valdebulebis Sesruleba, an litis contestatio

proceduris ganxorcieleba, rwmunebulis valdebulebis Sewyvetas uwyobda xels; 3. Fideiussio.

Fideiussio iyo piradi rwmunebulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da srulyofili forma, romelic

gamoiyeneboda ex contractus yvela saxis valdebulebis mimarT, agreTve im SemTxvevaSi, roca saubari

civiluri da naturaluri valdebulebebis uzrunvelyofas exeboda. Fideiussio – stipulaciis msgavsi

da fides (piradi patiosneba da Rirseba) dafuZnebuli zepiri formis _ iuridiuli aqtia: fideiussor

igives hpirdeba, rasac ZiriTadi movale. vinaidan fideiussio dros, rwmunebulis mier miRebul, stipu-

laciur valdebulebas ar hqonda adgili, arc novaciuri efeqti warmoiSveba da arsebobas ganagr-

Zobs garantiamicemuli werilobiTi, valdebuleba. piradi rwmunebulebis sxva formebisagan gansxva-

vebiT, fideiussio: 1. gadaecema memkvidreebs; 2. ar gaaCnia xandazmulobis vada (SewyvetisaTvis). Fideipro-

missio msgavsad, es garigeba xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) sferos miekuTvneba da misi dadeba ucxoe-

lebsac SeuZliaT. fideiusori – rwmunebuli pasuxs agebda ZiriTadi movalis yvela valdebulebis

mimarT. fideiusorisa an ZiriTadi movalis mimarT ganxorcielebuli litis contestatio procedura val-

debulebis Sewyvetas iwvevda. msgavsi uxerxulobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, fideiussio rwmunebuleba

vrceldeba mxolod im Tanxaze, romelic kreditors ar SeuZlia gamoiTxovos ZiriTadi movalisagan

misi gadaxdauunarobis (valaulobis) gamo (fideiussio indemnitatin).

fideiusors ar gaaCnda im movalis mimarT regresuli sarCelis (moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb) ward-

genis ufleba, romlis nacvlad man gadaixada vali. romaelma iuristebma gadawyvotes, rom fidei-

usors unda mieniWos, movalis mimarT, davalebis xelSekrulebidan sarCelis wardgenis (actio mandati)

ufleba, Tu man movalisagan valis gadaxdis davaleba miiRo, an waradginos sarCeli davalebis gare-

Se sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis Sesaxeb (actio negotiorum gestorum), Tu man vali sakuTari iniciativiT

gadaixada. imperator adrianes konstituciam fideiussio-s mimarT, gaavrcela pasuxismgeblobis gada-

nawilebis principi. Tu kreditori erT-erTi fideiusoris (ramdenime piris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) mi-

marT waradgenda sarCels, fideiusors SeeZlo exceptio wamoyeneba letis contestatio momentSi, yvela gada-

xdaunariani fideiusoris mimarT, romelSic moiTxovda sakredito valdebulebis wilobriv gayofas.

$5. Intercessio (intercesia)

zogadad, intercesia piradi garantiis micemas gulisxmobda. es termini iurisprudenciam qr. S-mde

46 wels SeimuSava, roca gamoica Sesabamisi SC Velleiani. intercesiis (intercessio) ufleba mxolod mama-

kacebs mieniWaT, kerZod, bankirebs, sakuTari profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. Romae-

li iuristi kalistratusi werda: `savaldebuloa ganisazRvros, rom qalebi ver dakavdebian bankiris

profesiiT, radgan es mamakacis saqmea”.

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senatoruli akrZalvis Sesabamisad, romaelma iuristebma gansazRvres sxvisi valis mimarT, piradi

rwmunebulebis, anu intercessio – Semdegi saxeebi: 1. sxvisi valis sanivTo garantiiT uzrunvelyofa;

2. solidaruli movalis poziciaze Sedgoma; 3. TviT movalis adgilis dakaveba (adgilmonacvleobiT),

im pirobiT, rom Sewydeba movalis valdebuleba (expromissio); 4. sakuTar Tavze raime valdebulebis

aReba, im mizniT, rom is sakuTar Tavze mesame pirs ar aeRo (intercesia gaCumebis Sesaxeb).

$6. piradi rwmunebuloba iustinianes samarTalSi.

iustinianes samarTalSi fideiussio-m mTlianad Secvala sponsio et fideipromissio, xolo rwmunebuloba,

mTlianobaSi, ganixileboda rogorc subsidaruli da damatebiTi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis mimarT.

Litis contestatio Semwyveti efeqtis arsebobis gamo, valdebuleba arsebobas ganagrZobda pirvel rigSi

movalis, agreTve misi rwmunebulis mimarT. iustinianem rwmunebuls Semdegi privilegiebi mianiWa:

1. valdebulebidan gaTavisuflebis privilegia: kreditors, pirvel rigSi, sarCeli ZiriTadi movalis

winaaRmdeg unda Seetana: rwmunebuls SeeZlo uari eTqva valis gadaxdaze, Tu ZiriTadi movale ga-

daxdaunariani iyo; 2. gayofis privilegia (upiratesoba): kreditors sakredito valdebulebis gayofa

SeuZlia im yvela gadaxdaunarian rwmunebuls Soris, romelic aseTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

gamotanis momentisaTvis, miiCneva; 3. sarCelis xelaxali daTmobis upiratesoba: valis gamqviTavi

rwmunebuli nebismier SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosilia waradginos is sarCeli, romelic adre kreditors

eniWeboda movalis mimarT; aseTi moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb sarCels, regresuli sarCeli

ewodeboda.

$7. Dotis dictio

Dotis dictio (iustinianes xanaSi ukve gamosuli iyo gamoyenebidan) iyo dos (mziTvis) zepiri dadgena,

romelic, Cveulebriv, Semdegi frazis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeboda: tot nurami tibi doti sunt _ ramdeni

patarZali, imdeni mziTvi Sen.

$8. Operarum iurata promissio

Operarum iurata promissio, gaazatebulebi, Tavisuflebis mopovebisas, Cveulebriv, patrons, stipulaciisa

an ficiT dadebuli dapirebiT, raime momsaxurebis ganxorcielebas hpirdebodnen.

$9. Nomen transcripticium (literaluri kontraqti)

Nomen transcripticium (literaluri kontraqti) iustinianes droSi TiTqmis gamovida xmarebidan.

literaluri kontraqti daideboda fuladi sesxebis codex expensi et accepti (Semosaval-gasavlebis wigni,

romelSic romaelebi, TveSi erTxel, mimdinare Canawerebis rveulebidan ZiriTad monacemebs

gadawerdnen xolme.

$10. Re (realuri kontraqtebi)

iustinianes samarTalma ori saxis realuri kontraqtebi icoda: e. w. conttractus nominati et contractus

innominati (Sesabamisad, saxeliani, saxelis miTiTebiT da usaxelo xelSekrulebebi).

1. Contractus nominati: zogierTi realuri kontraqti (kerZod, romlebic in genere (imave wesiT) an in specie

(kerZo, konkretul pirobebSi) raimes dabrunebisaken iyo mimarTuli. aseT kontraqtebs gane-

kuTvneboda: sesxi (mutuum); commodatum (individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis usasyidlod sesxad

gadacema sargeblobis mizniT da im pirobiT, rom misi dabruneba naturiT unda moxdes); depositum

(pirisaTvis nivTis deponireba; deponentis interesebis Sesabamisad, nivTis Sesanaxad gadacema); (pignus)

giravnobis xelSekruleba, romlebic iuridiuli garigebebis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoad-

gendnen. swored amis gamo iuridiuli garigebis aRniSnuli saxeoba jer kidev respublikis periodSi

contractus nominati saxelwodebiT moixsenieboda. am xelSekrulebebs iuridiuli Zala gaaCndaT, Tumca,

miRebuli nivTis, ukan dabrunebis dapireba, araformaluri xasiaTis iyo.

2. Contractus innominati (usaxelo kontraqtebi). Tu erTi piri, meoris sasargeblod, raime moqmedebas

asrulebda da amave dros, arsebobda araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom movale zemo-

qmedebas ganaxorcielebda, respublikuri samarTliT dadginda, rom moqmedebis mimRebis mimarT val-

debuleba ar warmoiSveboda. amrigad, Tu moqmedebis mimRebi nebayoflobiT ar Seasrulebda dana-

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pirebs, wina qmedebis ganmxorcielebel pirs, misgan mxolod miRebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna

SeeZlo (condictio ob causam datorum – sarCeli, vinmes mier Sesrulebis, ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb, vinai-

dan arsebobda Sesrulebis Sedegis molodini, romelic ar damdgara – ganxorcielebula), vinaidan,

wina moqmedebis ganmxorcielebeli piri, motyuvda sakuTar molodinSi, zemoqmedebis Taobaze.

esec ar kmaroda, da misi arCevanis ufleba imdenad SeuzRudavi iyo, rom mas miRebulis ukan dabru-

nebis moTxovna SeeZlo ara marto mimRebis gaumarTavobis gamo, aramed, zogjer zemoqmedebis SeuZ-

leblobis SemTxvevaSi (ob causam non secatum) da marTebuli, Tumca, mravali iuristis mier sadaod miC-

neuli, TviTnebobis gamo (e. w. ius poenitedi), umal, nebayoflobiTi zemoqmedeba Sewyvetda, Tu ara ius

poenitendi. am kategorias mikuTvnebulma xelSekrulebebma, umeteswilad, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ver

moipoves gansakuTrebuli saxelwodeba (maT usaxelo kontraqtebi ewodaT) da amitom isini oTx did

kategoriad daiyo:

Permutatio – do ut des (gaZlev, raTa momce) – iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis pirveli

forma, romelic fulis an qonebis, fuladi an qonebrivi dakmayofilebis dapirebis qveS, gadacemis

dros gamoiyeneboda da usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba iyo); do ut facias _ (gaZlev, raTa

gamikeTo) (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis meoTxe forma, romelic facio ut des (mesame

formis) sawinaaRmdego da amave dros usaxelo kontraqtis erT-eraTi nairsaxeoba iyo; facio ut des _ va-

keTeb, raTa momce (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis mesame forma) – usaxelo kont-

raqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba; facio ut facias _ vakeTeb, raTa gamikeTo (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli

dakmayofilebis meore forma) – usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba. am kontraqtebma Tanda-

TanobiT SeiZines iuridiuli Zala: pavlusic ki ar aRiarebda usaxelo kontraqtebis mesame kate-

gorias. Tumca, sxva klasikosi iuristebi oTxive kategoriis kontraqtebis namdvilobas aRiarebdnen.

$11. Consensu (konsensualuri kontraqtebi)

araformaluri SeTanxmebiT, uZvelesi ius civile ZaliT, warmoiSveboda oTxi namdvili valdebuleba:

emptio-venditio _ yidva-gayidva; locatio conductio _ qiravnoba; societas _ amxanagoba; mandatum _ davalebis

xelSekruleba. konsensualuri Setanxmebis dros, kanonieri Zalis mqone (nudas contractus) xel-

Sekrulebis dadebisaTvis, savsebiT sakmarisia concensus araformaluri gamoxatva. es xelSekrulebebi

(postklasikur periodSi ki – yvela savalo xelSekruleba) maTTan Serwymuli yvela valde-

bulebiTurT SeiZleboda gauqmebuliyo araformaluri urTierTSeTanxmebiT (contrarius consensus; mutuus

dissensus).

sxva araformaluri SeTanxmebebi (pacta) ar warmoSobdnen valdebulebebs, maT Soris naturalursac,

garda erTi _ pactum usurarum, romelic naturalur valdebulebas qmnida. samarTalganviTarebis Semd-

gomma etapma, iustinianes kodofikaciamde paqtebis mimarT cota ram Tu Secvala.

V. Re (realuri kontraqtebi)

Mutuum, mutui datio, pecunia credita (sesxis xelSekruleba); foenus nauticuni, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi);

commodatum (sesxi); depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba); sequestratio (sekvestracia); fiducia (fiducialuri

xelSekruleba); pignus datum (giravnobis xelSekruleba); iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri marTl-

msajulebis aRsruleba); actio bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebi).

Re kontraqtebis kategoria ganisazRvreboda maTi dadebis formis mixedviT: mxareTa SeTanxmebis gar-

da, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis, movalisaTvis nivTis gadacema iyo savaldebulo. es moTxovna

Zvel magiur warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelTa mixedviT, sxvis nivTTan TviT Sexebac ki,

nivTis aRiarebuli mepatronis mimarT, pirad damorClebas iwvevda.

nivTis mpyrobelis pasuxismgebloba nivTis miRebis ZaliT – re teneri iyo gansazRvruli da mas, deliq-

turi xasiaTis viTarebaSic hqonda adgili (magaliTad, furtum rei _ qurdobis dros); aseTive pasu-

xismgebloba pirs ekisreboda saerTo sakuTrebis (TanasakuTrebis) (res communis) dros, roca, mis mona-

wileebs Soris, avtomaturad, valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi warmoiqmneboda xolme. valdebulebis

klasikuri cnebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, realuri kontraqtebis specifikuri forma movalisaTvis,

Tavisebur, garantiad iqca, vinaidan garigeba mxolod maSin iTvleboda dadebulad da valdebuleba

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warmoSobilad, roca SeTanxmebis obieqti movalis xelSi gadavidoda.

$1. Mutuum, mutui datio – (sesxi)

Mutuum, mutui datio (sesxi) – ius civile-s instituti iyo. sesxis xelSekrulebiT warmoiSveboda calmxrivi

valdebuleba: movale (sesxis mimRebi, msesxebeli) sakuTrebaSi iZenda, kreditoris (gamsesxeblis)

kuTvnil, gvarobiT nivTs (genus) da valdebuli iyo daebrunebina (dare oportere), Sesabamisi nivTebis

aseTive odenoba. kreditorisagan miRebuli nivTis mesakuTre movaled xdeba da sakuTari Sexedu-

lebisamebr, SeuZlia misi gankargva. sesxis xelSekrulebis obieqti iyo ara konkretuli nivTi, aramed

misi msgavsi gvarobiTi (genus) nivTebi, amitom nasesxebi nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupva warmoSobili

valdebulebis Sewyvetas ar gamoiwvevda. kreditoris mxareze maSinve warmoiSveba actio certi (Zvelad –

legis actio per condictionem)-iT daculi moTxovnis ufleba: actio certae creditae pecuniae (gansazRvruli

fuladi Tanxis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romelic, sxvadasxva qmediTi RonisZiebebis meSveobiT, uzrun-

velyofda sasarCelo warmoebis daCqarebasa da am gziT fuladi meurneobis, kerZod sesxis, ganvi-

Tarebas uwyobda xels. es sarCeli mxolod sesxis xelSekrulebidan warmoiSveboda) an condictio certae

rei (garkveuli nivTis an sxva cvladi nivTebis (da ara fulis) garkveuli simravlis ukan dabrunebis

Sesaxeb).

Ulp., D.12,1,9,9: “Deposvi apud te decem <milia> postea permisi tibi ut: Nerva Proculus efiam antequam moveantur, condicere quasi

mutua tibi hace posse aiunt, et ese verum, ut et Marcello videtur:animo enim coepit possidere. Ergo transit periculum ad eum, qui

pecuniam mutuam rogavit et poterit ei condici – me mogeci Sen Sesanaxad 10 000 da Semdeg neba dagrTe

gamogeyenebina es Tanxa: nerva da prokulusi ambobdnen, rom manamdec ki, vidre es Tanxa daxarjuli

iqneboda, me SemiZlia misi ukan gamoTxova kondqciuri sarCelis meSveobiT, rogorc sesxad mocemuli

da aRniSnuli debuleba swori iyo, rogorc amas marcelusic miiCnevda: vinaidan man, ganzraxvis meS-

veobiT, fulis msesxeblis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba kondiqciuri sarCelis wardgena.

vinaidan valis moculoba gamsesxeblisagan miRebuli Tanxis moculobas zustad Seesabameboda, sesxi

mxolod uprocento SeiZleboda yofiliyo. procentis daricxva daiSveboda mxolod aRsrulebis

gadacilebis (gadavadebis) SemTxvevaSi. procentis (usurae) daricxva SesaZlebeli iyo, xelSekrulebis

dadebis dros, specialuri stipulaciis – stipulatio usurarum meSveobiT; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pro-

centis Sesaxeb SiSveli SeTanxmeba – nudum pactum _ mxolod obligatio naturalis warmoSobda (D.46,3,5,2).

sajaro xelisufleba mevaxSeTa usazRveo sixarbis SezRudvas cdilobda da, sakanonmdeblo wesiT,

sesxze maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTis dadgenas afiqsirebda. ukve XII dafis kanonebma (VIII, 18)

daadgina maqsmaluri 12% (foenus unciarum). am sakanonmdeblo moTxovnis damrRvev mevaxSeTa mimarT,

gamoiyeneboda jarima, miyenebuli zianis oTxmagi odenobiT da xelis dadebac iyo dasaSvebi (legis actio

per manus iniectionem). principatis periodSi procentis normaluri odenoba wliur 12%-ian ganakveTs,

anu TveSi 1%-s Seadgenda. amrigad, iseTi stipulacia, romelic ufro met procents iTvaliswinebda,

arara iyo. iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, qristianuli zneobis gavleniT, maqsimaluri saprocento

ganakveTi orjer Semcirda da mxolod 6% -s Seadgenda.

$2. Foenus nauticum, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi)

foenus (procenti), foenus nauticum (sazRvao an saxomaldo sesxi, romlis dros kapitalis daRupvis

riski gamsesxebels awevs; Tumca, mas nebismieri procentis moTxovna SeeZlo (iustinianes dros

araumetes 12%) gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis ZaliT, romelic garkveulwilad, sadazRveo premias Sei-

cavda da mxolod daniSnulebis adgilze xomaldis Casvlis Semdeg gaicemoda).

fuladi sesxebi an sxva genus nivTebi SesaZlebeli iyo gansakuTrebuli sakredito SeTanxmebis obieq-

tebad gadaqceuliyo. aseTi SeTanxmeba sazRvao vaWrobis praqtikiT iqna ganpirobebuli, roca

kreditors, nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riski awveboda da mas sarCelis Setana SeeZlo mxolod

movalis xomaldis portSi dabrunebis Semdeg. Tumca, amave dros, xelSekruleba gansazRvruli ode-

nobis procentis (foenus) daricxvasac iTvasliswinebda. ivaraudeboda, rom movale _ vaWarma, sesxad

aRebuli TanxiT, momgebiani sazRvao-savaWro operacia ganaxorciela da amitom, Semosavalic kredi-

torTan erTad unda gaenawilebina. Periculum (sakontraqto riski) kreditorze im momentidan gada-

dioda, roca xomaldi zRvaSi Sevidoda (D.22,2,3) da, aRniSnuli mdgomareoba manam grZeldeboda, vidre

movale, ukan dabrunebisas, vadas ar gadaacilebda (Pap. D.22,2,4pr). aRniSnuli xelSekruleba societas

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unius rei (negotii) _ (saerTo komerciuli miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili erToblivi sawarmo) Tavisebur

nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda. am TvalsazrisiT, sakontraqo riskis gadanawileba kreditorisaTvis

wamgebiani iqneboda: movale (vaWari) riskavda sakuTari xomaldiT, Sromas gaswevda da wageba-mogebis

ganawilebaSi monawileobda.

kreditoris moTxovnis dacva uzrunvelyofili iyo specialuri sarCelis – actio pecuniae traiecticiae meS-

veobiT (D.15,1,3,8), romelic, savaraudod, peregrinebis pretorma daawesa. amis garda, Cveulebriv

(labeonis azriT, - Labeo, D.22,2,9), stipulatio poenae daideboda, romliTac daculi iyo kreditoris inte-

resebi nivTis, movalis braleuli qmedebiT, daRupvis SemTxvevaSi.

$3. Commodatum (sesxi)

Commodatum (sesxis xelSekruleba, romelic individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis, droebiT

usasyidlo sargeblobaSi, gadacemas gulisxmobda); actio contraria (Sesagebeli sarCeli); furtum usus

(sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba); actio commodati (sesxis xelSekrulebidan ward-

genili sarCeli).

sesxis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, sameurneo sargeblobisaTvis mouxmari, individualurad gan-

sazRvruli nivTi (species), droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi, sxva pirs gadaecemoda (sesxis mimRebs,

commodatarius _ komodatariuss). Tu sesxad gaicemoda moxmarebadi nivTi, maSin dauSvebeli iyo misi

daniSnulebisamebr gamoyebeba, magaliTad, roca egzotikuri xili sesxad gaicemoda ara sakvebad, ara-

med mxolod sazeimo magidis mosarTavad gansakuTrebuli pompezurobisa an saCveneblad, ikrZaleboda

misi sakvebad gamoyeneba. garda amisa, labeoni miiCnevda, rom sesxad gaicemoda mxolod moZravi niv-

Tebi, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sargeblobas (usus) da ara sesxs (commodatum) eqneboda adgili.

aRniSnuli SezRudva kasiusma daZlia (D.13,6,1,1).

sesxis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba, potenciurad, ormxrivi iyo: Cveulebriv, am xel-

SekrulebaSi kreditori iyo sesxisgamcemi; Tumca, Tu sesxismimRebma, nivTis Sesanaxad da gasaumjo-

beseblad, garkveuli xarjebi mainc gaswia, mas, kreditoris mimarT, Sesagebeli sarCelis (actio

commodati contraria) meSveobiT, zianis anazRaurebis ufleba eniWeboda. meore mxriv, sesxis gamcems, dad-

genil vadamde, gasesxebuli nivTis dabrunebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. mas amis ufleba maSinac ar hqon-

da, roca msesxebeli dasaxuli sameurneo miznis miRwevis SesaZleblobas dakargavda (magaliTad, ro-

ca gasesxebuli iyo morebi, romlebic saxlis gasamagreblad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli). aseT SemTxve-

vaSi, komodatariuss actio contraria ufleba (Sesagebeli sarCeli mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg) eniWeboda

(D.13,6,17,3). Commodatum xelSekrulebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo sargeblobis usasyid-

loba, vinaidan is megobrul urTierTobebs (amicitia) efuZneboda. Tu komodatariusi nivTis mepatrones

nasesxebs unaklo mdgomareobaSi daubrunebda, commodatum-dan warmoSobili valdebuleba Sewyve-

tilad iTvleboda. msesxeblis uflebamosilebaTa farglebi mkacrad izRudeboda nivTiT sargeb-

lobis miznebiT: Tu is nivTiT arajerovnad, an sxvagvarad sargeblobda, vidre es xelSekrulebaSi

iyo miTiTebuli, is furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofas – qurdobas)

sCadioda. vinaidan commodatum gamsesxeblis interesebsac Seesabameboda, is pasuxs agebda ara marto

dolus, aramed culpa-s gamoc.

Commodatum xelSekrulebidan warmoqmnil sarCels (actio commodati) ori formula hqonda: in ius et in

factum concepta (Gai.,4,47). In ius formula ganekuTvneboda iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri marTl-

msajuleba) tips da misi condemnatio Semdegi moculobiT iyo dadgenili: yvelaferi, rac am saqmis

gamo unda mieces, ganxorcieldes keTilsindisierad. In factum concepta formula iyo stricti iuris (sar-

Celi, romlis gadawyvetis dros, sasamarTlo, zedmiwevniT zustad, icavda kanonis an xelSekrulebis

moTxovnebs) sarCeli. Tumca, am tipis sxva sarCelebisagan gansxvavebiT, misi condemnatio Semdegs ad-

genda: ra eRireboda aRniSnuli nivTi, da ara ra Rirs aRniSnuli nivTi?

rogorc Cans, peregrinebis pretori (qr. S-mde II saukuneSi) aRniSnuli sarCelis dadgenisas, iTva-

liswinebda sazogadoebaSi ukve Camoyalibebuli, gamsesxeblisa da msesxeblis urTierTobebis mare-

gulirebeli, bona fides principze dafuZnebuli, normebis aucileblobas, vinaidan es kriteriumebi

SemuSavebul iqna fiducialuri garigebis (fiducia cum amico) farglebSi.

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$4. Depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba).

Depositum (Sesanaxad gadacema); amicitia (megobroba); neglegentia (daudevroba); pecunia obsignata (danomrili

fuli); crimen perfide (veragobis danaSauli).

Depositum xelSekrulebis mixedviT, uxrwneli, moZravi nivTi sxva pirs Sesanaxad gadaecemoda.

valdebuleba potenciurad ormxrivia: Cveulebriv, kreditorad gamodioda deponenti (Sesanaxad mim-

cemi); Tumca, Sesanaxad mimRebma (depozitariusma), SeiZleba, deponentisagan moiTxovos nivTis Sena-

xvisa da movlis xarjebis anazRaureba, Sesagebeli sarCelis _ actio depositi contraria meSveobiT.

Depositum principulad usasyidlo xelSekrulebaa da is megobrobas (amicitia) efuZneba. depo-

zitariusi, Sesanaxad mibarebul, nivTs ar flobda, Tumca mis pyrobas axorcielebda (D.16,3,17,1). is

movale iyo Seenaxa nivTi da ar hqonda am nivTiT sargeblobis ufleba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi depo-

zitariusi furtum usus-s Caidenda.

depozitariusi valdebuli iyo deponentisaTvis daebrunebina Sesanaxad micemuli nivTi, yovelgvari

naklis gareSe da pirvelive moTxovniT. Periculum (nivTis ganadgurebis an dazianebis riski) deponents

awva. da imis miuxedavad, gvarobiTi (genus) iyo Tu ara, depositum-is obieqtad qceuli nivTi, is mainc

species-ad ganixileboda da misi daRupva an gaqroba depozitariuss pasuxismgeblobisagan aTavi-

suflebda. depozitariusi pasuxs mxolod dolus-is gamo agebda. mxolod postklasikur periodSi dad-

ginda pasuxismgebloba culpa lata-s (uxeSi Secdoma) an magna neglegentia-s (uxeSi daudevroba) gamo. dau-

devroba (neglegentia) ar warmoSobda depozitariusis pasuxismgeblobas Seusruleblobis gamo

(D.44,7,1,5). Tu Senaxvis xelSekrulebis obieqti aRwerili fuli (pecunia obsignata) iyo da depo-

zitariusi, daTqmul droSi, Tanxas ver abrunebda, maSin mas procenti ericxeboda. xolo, Tu fulis

mesakuTre Tanaxma iyo, rom depozitariuss esargebla Sesanaxad micemuli fuliT, maTi urTierToba

sesxis xelSekrulebaSi gadadioda im momentidan, roca depozitariusi fuls daeufleboda da mas

gamoiyenebda (D.12,1,9,9). Senaxvis xelSekrulebis gamo wardgenil sarCels (actio depositi) ori formula

hqonda: in ius et in factum concepta (Gai.,4,47). In ius-i bonae fidei sarCelebis kategoriaSi Sedioda da Sesa-

bamisi intentio-c (moTxovnis ufleba) hqonda; in factum concepta mkacri samarTlis sarCeli iyo (actio stricti

iuris). aRniSnul sarCelSi sabraldebo gadawyvetileba depozitariusis mxareze arsebuli dolus malus-

ze iyo damokidebuli. peregrinebis pretoris mier SemoRebul sarCelSi, dolus malus-ze miTiTeba,

saSualebas iZleoda ius gentium-is aRniSnuli instituti damokidebuli gamxdariyo, samoqalaqo brun-

vaSi damkvidrebuli, fides principis mimarT.

$5. Fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba)

Fiducia cum amico (fiducialuri SeTanxmeba megobarTan); fiducia cum creditore (fiducialuri SeTanxmeba

kreditorTan); fiduciarius (fiducialuri nivTis mimRebi piri); fiducians (fiducianti, nivTis mimcemi,

kreditori); remancipatio (nivTis dabruneba xdeboda sapirispiro mancipaciis gziT).

fiducialuri xelSekruleba mancipatio-s an in iure cessio-s (sasarCelo daTmoba, yvela kvirituli uf-

lebebis SeZenisa da daTmobis formaluri da abstraqtuli xerxi) formiT, sxvadasxva miznebis misaR-

wevad ideboda (Gai.,2,60). gaiusi fiducialur SeTanxmebaTa or nairsaxeobas gamohyofda: megobarTan –

fiducia cum amico da kreditorTan – fiducia cum creditore (contracta).

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, fiducia Senaxvis, commodatum (sesxi), davalebis xelSekrulebebs aformebda, xo-

lo meore SemTxvevaSi _ fiducia valdebulebis realuri garantiis dadgenas emsaxureboda. aRniS-

nulis funqcionaluri diferencireba meorexarisxovania, radgan kontraqtis struqtura, yvela

SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovania. nivTis mimRebi piri _ fiduciarius (fiducariusi), ndobiT aRWurvili, mesa-

kuTre xdeba da movalea, garkveuli pirobebis dadgomisas, nivTi kreditorisaTvis (fiducians - fiduciants)

daebrunebina. nivTis dabruneba sapirispiro mancipaciis – remancipatio formiT xdeboda.

vinaidan fiducia cum creditore, formiT, fiducia cum amico-sagan ar gansxvavdeboda, fiduciantis moTxovna,

yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovani sarCeliT – actio fiduciae iyo daculi. aRniSnuli sarCeli, bonae fidei

sarCelTa Soris, erT-erTi uZvelesi da, Sinaarsobrivad, universaluri iyo.

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$6. Pignus datum (giravnoba)

realuri giravnobis dros, mouxmari nivTi gadadioda giraos mimRebi piris mflobelobaSi im pi-

robiT, rom man, giraos mimcem pirs, nivTi unda daubrunos ZiriTadi valdebulebis SesrulebisTanave.

giraosTan mimarTebaSi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis kreditori, movaled xdeba, xolo, ZiriTadi val-

debulebis movale – kreditoria.

giravnobis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba aqcesoruli xasiaTisaa da is Sewydeba Ziri-

Tadi valdebulebis SewyvetisTanave, radgan iTvleba am valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad

da agreTve, kreditoris mier, Sesrulebis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi.

giraos mimReb pirs ekrZaleboda giraod miRebuli nivTiT sargebloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adgi-

li eqneboda furtum usus. Tumca, Tu giraos mimcemi piri ZiriTadi valdebulebis moTxovnebs ver Seas-

rulebda, giraos mimRebi piri uflebamosili iyo daekmayofilebina sakuTari moTxovna, giraod mice-

muli nivTis xarjze da is mesame pirisaTvis (ius distrahendi) mieyida. giraos mimcemi piris moTxovna,

ZiriTadi valdebulebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic swored giraod micemuli nivTiT

aris uzrunvelyofili. amgvari potestaturi (nebidan gamomdinare) pirobis Sesrulebis Sedegad, gi-

raos mimcemi, giraos mimRebi piris winaaRmdeg, actio pigneraticia (in personam) – sarCelis wardgenis uf-

lebas iZenda. aRniSnuli sarCeli gamoiyeneboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tu garaos mimRebisagan im nametis

anazRaurebas moiTxovda, romelic man, giraod micemuli nivTis gayidvis Sedegad miiRo. es viTareba,

ki logikurad, in ius formulis Semcveli sarCelis wardgenas gulisxmobda.

giraos mimRebi actio pigneraticia contraria sarCelis wardgenis uflebas flobda, raTa aenazRaurebina

nivTis Senaxvis xarjebi.

$7. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi da xelSekrulebebi

Actio bonae fidei et iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebis wardgenis dros keTilsindisier

sasamarTloSi) mosamarTles, farTo uflebamosilebis farglebSi, SeeZlo mosarCeles moTxovnis

Sedareba keTilsindisierebis kriteriumebTan (oportere ex fide bona). meurveobisa da mziTvis sakiTxebis

gamo wardgenili, keTilsindisieri sarCelebis garda, yvela sarCeli, romelic ex fide bona formulas

Seicavda, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare sarCelad iTvleboda. amis Sesaxeb gaiusi werda (Gai.,4,62):

keTili sindisis sasamarTloebis gansjadobas miekuTvneboda is sarCelebi, romlebic nasyidobis,

qiravnobis, sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis, davalebis, Senaxvis, fiducialur xelSekrulebebs exeboda.

aseTi sarCelebis wardgena saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi xdeboda xelSekrulebebis mimarT, rom-

lebic, ius gentium-is farglebSi, peregrinebis pretoris mfarvelobis qveS ideboda. keTilsindisieri

sarCelebisadmi miZRvnili, mudmivi ediqtis XIX-e titulSi, fiducialuri kontraqtebis Semdegi

saxeebia miTiTebuli: fiducia; depositum; societas, emptio-venditio, mandatum.

VI. brali xelSekrulebaSi

keTilsindisierebaze damyarebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesruleba kontrhagentebisgan gansakuTrebul

zrunvas moiTxovda.

klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciam braleuli qmedeba gansazRvra diligentia-ad, anu aseTi qmedeba

arajerovan mzrunvelobad miiCnia. Diligentia-s kriteriumi, gansakuTrebiT, mniSvnelovani iyo iseT val-

debulebebSi, romlebic warmoSobili iyo, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis xel-

Sekrulebidan, Tumca, mogvianebiT es kriteriumi yvela urTierTobaze gavrcelda, sadac, saval-

debulo moTxovnad swored bona fides iTvleboda. mzrunvelobis an mcdelobis ararseboba kontraqtis

Sesrulebis dros “saxelSekrulebo bralad” Seiracxa.

“saxelSekrulebo brali” deliqtebSi arsebuli “arasaxelSekrulebo bralisagan” imiT gansxvav-

deboda, rom, es ukanaskneli, zianis miyenebas niSnavda da zianis miyenebidan warmoSobili valde-

bulebebis Sesrulebas ganapirobebda.

romaeli iuristebi borot ganzraxvas (dolus) axasiaTebdnen rogorc gaazrebul ganzraxvas, an sur-

vils imoqmedo ise, rom SeuZlebeli iyos xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesruleba.

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gaufrTxileblobiT brals maSin aqvs adgili, Tu raime moqmedeba arajerovnad aris Sesrulebuli

(culpa in faciendo), an Tu dakargulia raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba (culpa in non faciendo).

braleulad iTvleba piri, romelic keTilsindisierad ar moqmedebda, an romelmac ar gamoiCina

keTilsindisieri paterfamilias-aTvis damaxasiaTebeli yairaTianoba. bralis sakiTxi dgeba ara marto

Seusruleblobis, aramed Sesrulebis gadacilebis (vadis gadacilebis) SemTxvevaSi, ris gamoc bra-

leuli mxare dazaralebuls pirgasamtexlos uxdida. roca saubari iyo im moZravi nivTis Senaxvis

valdebulebaze, romelic Semnaxvels nivTis mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina, iuristebi pasuxis-

mgeblobas nivTis Senaxvis gamo adgendnen (custodia). kerZod, gaiusi (Gai.,3.205-206), pasuxismgeblobis am

saxes, tipiuri SemTxvevebis magaliTze ganixilavda: mkeravma, sesxis mimRebma pasuxi unda agon, maT-

Tvis mibarebuli nivTis datacebis gamo.

infamirebadi sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba dolus-is (ganzraxvis) gamo dgeboda, xolo actio

bona fidei braleuls culpa-s (brali) gamoc sjida. meore mxriv, pasuxismgebloba ar dgeboda im SemTxve-

vaSi, roca dauZlevel Zalas, an kontrhagentis nebisagan damoukideblad (misi kontrolis farglebs

miRma), Seqmnil viTarebas hqonda adgili.

iuristebi agreTve saubrobdnen dauZlevel Zalaze (vis maior), an dauZlevel garemoebaze, romelsac

ver SeebrZolebi adamianuri bunebis sisustis gamo (D.44,7.1.4). dauZleveli Zalis valdebulebis cneba,

rogorc bunebriv movlenebs (wyaldidoba, miwisZvra, sikvdili), ise iuridiul faqtebs (nivTis wminda

qonebaSi gadacema, ris Sedegad is res extra commercium-ad iqceva) moicavda. aRniSnuli cneba sxva pirTa

moqmedebebsac moicavda, kerZod, mZarcvelTa SemoWra an monaTa gaqceva (savaldebulo iyo maTi

kreditorisaTvis dabruneba).

romaeli iuristebi agreTve miuTiTebdnen periculum anu nivTis daRupvis riskis Sesaxeb, roca ar arse-

bobda braleuli qmedeba. riski, rogorc wesi, nivTis mesakuTres awva. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi,

riski im pirsac awva, vinc movale iyo daebrunebina nivTi, an im pirs, vinc nivTis beds mesame piris

moqmedebaze damokidebulad xdida.

VII. Consensu (konsensualuri xelSekruleba)

mxareTa martivi SeTanxmebidan warmoSobili xelSekrulebis cneba, romelic raime saxis for-

malobebs ar moiTxovda, klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani monapovaria.

xelSekrulebis formalobebisagan gaTavisuflebam da misi mxolod fides principebze dafuZnebam, xel-

Sekrulebis universaluri modelis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. nebismier formaSi gamoxatuli Tanxmoba

(usityvo, mxolod moqmedebiT), romelic xelSekrulebis dadebas ganapirobebda, konsensualur xel-

Sekrulebas (consensu) daedo safuZvlad. Aam xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRar iyo saWiro mxareTa sa-

valdebulo daswreba da xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisi iyo Tanxmobis werilobiTi

formiT an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT gamoxatva.

Gai., (3,136) konsensualur xelSekrulebebs formalur SeTanxmebebs (verbis et litteris) upirispirebda.

iustinianes instituciebSi (I. Inst. 3.22) consensu Sepirispirebulia re-sTan (realur xelSekrulebebTan):

Consensu fiunt obligationes in emptionibus venditionibus locationibus conductionibus, societatibus, mandatis.

1. Ideo autem istis madis consensu dicitur obligatio contrahi, guia neque scriptura neque praesentia omnimodo opus est, ac ne dari

quicquam necesse est, ut substantiam capiat obligatio, sed sufficit eos qui negotium gerunt consentire.

2. Unde inter absentes quoque talia negotia contrahuntur ueluti per epistulam aut per nuntium.

3. Item in his contractibus alter alteri obligatur in id, quod alterum alteri ex bono et aequo praestare oportet, cum alioquin in verborum

obligationibus alius stipuletur, alius promittat.Kkonsensualur valdebulebebs adgili aqvT yidva-gayidvis,

amxanagobis, qiravnobis dadebis dros.

1. amboben, rom valdebuleba daideba am SemTxvevaSi, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT, imitom rom saWiro ar

aris werili an kontrhagentebis yofna. zustad aseve ar aris saWiro gadacema, raTa valdebuleba

namdvilad CaiTvalos. aramed sakmarisia mxolod im pirTa Tanxmoba, romlebic garigebas deben.

2. ai, ratom aris SesaZlebeli aseTi valdebulebis dadeba adgilze ar myofi kontrhagentebs

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Sorisac: maT SeuZliaTYerTmaneTs misweron an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT SeTanxmdnen.

3. aseT valdebulebebSi TiToeuli mxare, meoris winaSe, samarTlian moqcevas kisrulobs, maSin, roca

verbalur valdebulebebSi erTi mxare aris stipulatori, meore _ dapirebis mimcemi.

konsensualuri xelSekrulebis warmoSobas iuristebi ius gentium-s miawerdnen, romelic romaelebsa

da ucxoelebs Soris urToerTobebs awesrigebda. Ius gentium-s peregrinebis pretori (praetor peregrinus)

kurirebda. mogvianebiT, consensus-i ius civile-Sic Seitanes, ramac xeli Seuwyo mis gamoyenebas romis

moqalaqeebs Soris.

xelSekrulebis aRniSnuli saxis Taviseburebad misi ormxrivoba iTvleboda, anu consensu, misi mona-

wile mxareebisaTvis, urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebs warmoSobda, romelTa dacva iseTi sar-

CelebiT iyo SesaZlebeli, romlebsac orive mxare iyenebda valdebulebebis damrRvevi piris mimarT.

$1. Emptio-venditio (yidva-gayidva)

Emptio - venditio (yidva-gayidva); merx (saqoneli); pretium (gasayidi fasi); vacua possessio (wynari mflo-

beloba); arra (be); emptio rei speratae (momavali nivTis yidva); emptor (myidveli); venditor (gamyidveli).

yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba aformebda SeTanxmebas nivTis sasyidliani SeZenis Sesaxeb. romis samar-

TalSi gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom myidvelisaTvis garkveuli nivTi – merx

(saqoneli) – wynar mflobelobaSi (vacua possessio) gadaeca, xolo myidvelis movaleobaSi, fulis gark-

veul Tanxaze, sakuTrebis uflebis gadatana – fasis gadaxda (pretium) igulisxmeboda.

aRniSnuli kontraqti sinalagmaturia: valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas, mxolod ormxrivad da Ti-

Toeul mxares, Tanabrad SeuZlia sarCelis wardgena, Tumca im pirobiT, rom, TiToeuli maTgani,

sakuTari valdebulebis Sesrulebas ukve Seudga. am aspeqtTan dakavSrebulia bes (arra) instituti.

romis samarTalSi be sulac ar iyo valdebulebis dadebis realuri garantia (rogorc amas berZnul

samarTalSi iyenebdnen). Arra nivTis fasis im nawils warmoadgenda, romlis gadaxda xelSekrulebis

dadebis dros xdeboda, imis dasturad, rom SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris miRweuli iyo (“argumentum est

emptionis et venditionis contractae” – Gai.,3,139). bes Setanis momentidan, myidvels gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg,

mis mier sakuTari movaleobis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenis ufleba eni-

Weboda.

yidva-gayidvis saqonlad nebismieri in commercio, sxeulebrivi da usxeulo - res corporales et res in

corporales – nivTi gamoiyeneboda. servitutis yidvisas, SeZenis obieqti servitutis dadgenis ufleba

iyo, xolo gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom, saservituto uflebis aRmoceneba, misi

SemZenis mxareze daeSva (D.19,1,3,2). dadgenili servitutis SeZena, nivTis gareSe, SeuZlebelia. xolo

dadgenili uzufruqtis yidva ara TviT uzufruqtis SeZenas, aramed uti - frui uflebis mopovebas

gulisxmobda, romelic memkvidreobiTac ki gadaecemoda (D.18.6,8,2).

yidva-gayidvis obieqti SeiZleba momavali nivTic gamxdariyo: miwis nakveTidan miRebuli nayofi, pi-

rutyvis namati da sxva. interpretatorebma aseT garigebas emptio rei speratae uwodes.

amrigad, konsensualuri kontraqtis dadebisas, sakontraqto valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis sakma-

risia mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebis (consensus) miRweva da ar moiTxoveba sxva formalobani. amrigad, kon-

sensualuri xelSekrulebis dadeba adgilze armyof pirebsac SeuZliaT (inter absentes), magaliTad,

werilis an macnes meSveobiT (Gai.,3,136; D.44,7,2; Ins.Iust.3,22,1,2). SeTanxmebis miRwevis niSnad gamodgeboda,

mag., yidva-gayidvis dros arra (be) micema.

Mod., D. 17, 2, 4: Societatem coire et re et verbis et per nuntium posse non dubium non est. (ueWvelia, rom amxanagobis

xelSekrulebis dadeba Cven SegviZlia nivTis gadacemiT, sityvebiT da macnes meSveobiTac ki).

TiToeul mxares sakuTari valdebuleba (Tu mis Sesaxeb moTxovna ukve Sevida ZalaSi) keTil-

sindisierad unda Seesrulebina, raTa meore mxaris winaaRmdeg sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenis

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SesaZlebloba hqonoda. am moTxovnas amyarebda is principi, rom konsensualuri xelSekrulebebi val-

debulebaTa, funqcionaluri ormxrivobiT, gamoirCeoda (sinalagmaturoba). gamonakliss mxolod

davalebis xelSekruleba warmoadgenda, romelic potenciurad ormxrivi iyo. yvela konsensualuri

kontraqti negotia bonae fidei-s (keTilsindisieri garigebebi) kategorias warmoadgenda.

yidva-gayidva aris konsensualuri kontraqti, romlis meSveobiT erTi mxare _ gamyidveli movalea,

nivTiT daubrkolebel mflobelobaSi, Seiyvanos meore mxare – myidveli, romelic Tavis mxriv mova-

lea gamyidvels gadauxados fulis garkveuli Tanxa. am kontraqtis warmoSoba gayidvis uZveles

formas, kerZod gacvlas, anu erTi nivTis meoreTi, martiv Secvlas efuZneba. TandaTanobiT, isto-

riulma evoluciam is gamoiwvia, rom fasi ara liTonis woniT, aramed im momentiT gamoixata,

romelsac mancipatio-s ritualis dros iyenebdnen, roca kerZo sakuTrebaSi mancipirebadi nivTebis

gadacemas exeboda saqme. aramancipirebadi nivTebis (res nec mancipi) yidvisas, xelis meSveobiT gacvlas

hqonda adgili, romelic nivTis fasze gacvlas gulisxmobda.

ueWvelia, rom klasikur xanaSi yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba, rogorc konsensualuri kontraqti,

xalxis samarTalis (ius gentium) mixedviT viTardeboda da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT

gamoirCeoda, rac arsebiTad ganasxvavebda mas sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis sxva saSualebebisagan:

1. am xelSekrulebiT warmoSobili urTierTobis ormxrivi da urTierTdakavSirebuli xasiaTi. sau-

bari iyo ori urTierTdakavSirebuli garigebis Sesaxeb, romelsac icavda ori sxvadasxva sarCeli:

yidvis (emptio) – gayidvis (venditio) Sesaxeb, saidanac gamomdinareobs sarCelebis dasaxelebac: actio

empti – actio venditi;

2. aRniSnuli urTierTobis valdebulebiTi xasiaTi: xelSekrulebis mixedviT, valdebuleba iqmneboda

mxolod mxareebis mimarT, da nivTze an fasze ar gadadioda. SesaZloa, urTierTobis aRniSnuli xa-

siaTi iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom istoriulad, yidva-gayidva warmoiSva, ori damoukidebeli

stipulatio-s, dakavSirebis Sedegad.

a) yidva – gayidvis Semadgeneli elementebi iyo: 1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba, 2) xelSekrulebis

sagani (nivTi) da 3) fasi.

1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba

Paul., (D. 18. 1, 1, 2): “Est autem emptio iuris gentiam et ideo consensu peragitur et inter absentes contrari potest et per nuntium et

per litteras” (yidva miekuTvneba xalxis samarTals da amitom SeTanxmebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, da

yidvis xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes armyof pirTa Soris, an macnes an werilis meS-

veobiT).

Tanxmobis gamoxatva nebismieri formiT iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo, Tu gamoiyeneboda werilobiTi for-

ma, mas mxolod mtkicebulebis mniSvneloba hqonda. romaeli iuristebi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas swo-

red ganzraxvas, anu nebas aniWebdnen. Secdomis (SecdomaSi Seyvanis) sakiTxis gadawyvetas, isini saku-

Tar mravalricxovan kazusebSi cdilobdnen.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SecdomaSi Seyvana xelSekrulebis sagans (error in corpore) exeboda, anu, Tu gamyid-

velis neba erTi sagnis gayidvisaken iyo mimarTuli, xolo myidvelis neba sxva sagnis SeZenisaken, an

Tu mxareTa neba gansxvavdeboda gasayidi sagnis fasis mimarT, iuristebi miiCnevdnen, rom mxareebma

SeTanxmebas ver miaRWies da xelSekrulebac dadebulad ar CaiTvleboda. xolo, roca saqme nivTis

xarisxis (error in substantia) Sesaxeb, myidvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanas exeboda, maSin SeTanxmebis

misaRwevad arsebuli winaaRmdegoba daZleulad miiCneoda da xelSekrulebis namdviloba eWvgareSe

iyo. Tumca, gamyidveli movale iyo myidvelisaTvis aenazRaurebina is ziani, romelic am ukanasknels

miadga naklovani nivTis SeZenis gamo, miTumetes, rom misTvis ar iyo cnobili nivTis xarvezis

Sesaxeb. samagierod, iulianusi Tvlida, rom Tu orive mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili nivTis arse-

biTi xarisxis Sesaxeb, xelSekruleba baTilad unda CaTvliliyo.

iulianusis aRniSnuli mosazreba postklasikuri periodis romaelma iuristebma Secvales da Camoa-

yalibes axali zogadi wesi: xelSekruleba ararad miiCneoda, Tu erT-erTi mxare SecdomaSi iyo

Seyvanili gasayidi nivTis arsis (substantio) gamo.

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1. Res (nivTi) _ savaWro xelSekrulebis jerovan sagnad saqoneli (res) gamodioda. saqoneli,

garkveuli saxis, cvalebadi nivTebiT iyo warmodgenili. dasaSvebi iyo momavali nivTebis yidva-ga-

yidva, romelTa mimarT xdeboda maTi Semdegi nairsaxeobebis gamijvna: a) momavali nivTis yidva

(emptio rei speratae): am SemTxvevaSi mxareebi xelSekrulebas nivTis arsebobis faqts uqvemdebarebdnen:

Tu sayideli nivTi jer ar arsebobs, arc misi fasis gadaxdaa savaldebulo; mag., jer ar aRebuli

mosavali.

b) Emptio spei (imedis yidva): imis imedi, rom arsebuli nivTi iyo xelSekrulebis sagani, xolo imis

riski, nivTi namdvilad arsebobda Tu ara, swored myidvels awva, romelsac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda evaleboda. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sagnis wreSi Sevida res mancipi,

Tumca mancipatio gamoyenebis gareSe, da agreTve res incorporales nivTebis kategoria da uflebebi nivTze.

namdvilad miiCneoda sxva nivTis gayidvac. Tumca, baTili iyo myidvelis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli,

nivTis gayidva (Pomp., D. 18, 1, 16 – 18), agreTve is nivTebi, romlebic gardacvlils ekuTvnoda, Tu piri,

xelSekrulebis dadebamde, an misi dadebis momentSi, gardaicvleboda.

2) fasi

principatis periodis dasawyisSi, Zvel romSi, sabinianelTa da prokulianelTa skolebs Soris

warmoiSva doqtrinuli xasiaTis dava: sabinianelebi Tvlidnen, rom nebismieri nivTi, yidva-gayidvis

xelSekrulebaSi, fasis daniSnulebas asrulebda; prokulianelTa azriT, mxolod fulis meSveobiT

unda ganxorcieldes nivTis yidva-gayidva. swored am mosazrebam moipova aRiareba da momavalSi

iustinianes kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda.

klasikuri periodis samarTalSi fasis gansazRvra savaldebulo moTxovnad iqca. Tanac, fasis gan-

sazRvra mesame piris nebaze ar unda yofiliyo damokidebuli. iustinianes azriT, gayidva maSinac

SeiZleba namdvili iyos, rica mesame pirs daevala gasayidi nivTis fasis dadgena (Inst.Iust. 3. 23. 1).

nivTis fasi namdvilad unda arsebobdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi yidva-gayidvas ki ara, Cuqebas eqne-

boda adgili, vinaidan mxolod Cuqebis drosaa SesaZlebeli gamsxvisebelsa da SemZens Soris

SeTanxmebis miRweva, rom, es ukanaskneli, meore mxares nivTis safasurs ar gadauxdida. klasikuri pe-

riodis iuristebi mkacrad ar iTxovdnen fasis samarTlianobasa da mis adekvaturobas, nivTis Rire-

bulebis mimarT. aRniSnuli moTxovna mxolod iustinianes samarTalSi Cndeba. masSi saubari iyo im

axali wesis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovnad azianebda uZravi qonebis gamsxviseblis interesebs, ro-

ca mas qonebis gasxvisebas, Rirebulebis naxevarze ufro dabal fasSi, avalebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi

gamsxvisebeli, sasamarTlos gziT, uflebamosili iyo piri eSala meore mxarisaTvis, Tu es ukanask-

neli damatebiT fass ar gadaixdida.

yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dacva ori keTilsindisieri sarCelis meSveobiT xdeboda: actio empti et

actio venditi. yidvidan-gayidvidan warmoSobili sarCelis ZaliT, SemZeni, gayiduli nivTis, misTvis gada-

cemas iTxovda. garda amisa, mas SeeZlo gamyidvelisagan moeTxova nivTis upirobo flobis uzrun-

velyofa (habere licere) da sarCelis ZaliT, sakuTari Tavisa da nivTis dacvis uzrunvelyofa, Tu niv-

Tis gamyidveli misi mesakuTre ar iyo. Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, nivTi nayofs an namats

iZleoda, gamyidveli movale iyo gadaeca isini myidvelisaTvis. amrigad, aRniSnuli sarCelis meS-

veobiT, xdeboda nivTis gasayidi da SesaZeni fasisa da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saprocento gana-

kveTis moTxovnis uzrunvelyofa.

b) myidvelisa da gamyidvelis movaleobani

yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, mxareTa movaleobebis gansazRvra, keTilsindisierebis principis

safuZvelze xdeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom TiToeul mxares erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli mova-

leobebi gaaCndaT, am movaleobebs mainc urTierTdakavSirebulad miiCnevdnen, radgan TviTon xel-

Sekruleba ormxrivi iyo. praqtikis mdidar monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romaelma iuristebma daam-

kvidres is principi, romelic orive mxares unda mkacrad daecva, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dade-

bisas: bona fides et aequitas. swored amitom, mosamarTle, mxareTa qmedebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb gamotanil

gadawyvetilebaSi, farTo uflebamosilebiT iyo aRWurvili.

myidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda, anu mas gamyidvelisaTvis sakuTrebaSi

im monetebis gadacema evaleboda, romlebSic nivTis Rirebuleba iyo gamoxatuli. garda amisa, gam-

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yidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. myidvelisaTvis gayiduli nivTis gadacema (tradere). aseTi gadacema

nivTis upirobo gankargvis (habere licere) da ara maszed mxolod sakuTrebis gadatanis (dare) uzrun-

velyofas gulisxmobda. ueWvelia, rom bona fides-Si gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom gamyidveli yvela

Rones ixmarda, raTa myidveli SeZenili nivTis mesakuTre gamxdariyo. iustinianes samarTalSi gan-

mtkicda norma, romlis ZaliT, nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba ar gadaicemoda manam, vidre myidveli niv-

Tis safasurs ar dafaravda, an gamyidvels sakmaris garantias ar miscemda safasuris gadaxdis Tao-

baze, an Tu gamyidveli myidvelis keTilsindisierebas ar miendoboda. 2. gamyidveli pasuxs agebda

dolus (boroti ganzraxvis), xolo, klasikur periodSi, _ culpa (bralis gamo), sakuTari movaleobebis

arajerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu gayidul moZrav nivTs vinme moiparavda, gamyidveli

custodia-s gamo isjeboda. Custodia-s gamo pasuxismgebloba gamyidvels maSin exsneboda, Tu myidveli,

gamyidvelis mier SemoTavazebul nivTze, uars ityoda. 3. pasuxismgebloba eviqciis gamo maSin dge-

boda, roca myidveli sasamarTlo process nivTis namdvil mesakuTresTan waagebda. 4. gamyidveli

pasuxismgebeli iyo nivTis faruli naklis gamo.

g) Periculum (nivTis daRupvis (ganadgureba-dazianeba) riski). roca gayiduli nivTi dauZleveli Zalis

zemoqmedebiT nadgurdeboda, misi Sedegebi myidvels awva (periculum est emptoris). aRniSnuli debuleba

Semdegnairad unda iqnas gagebuli: Tumca, myidveli nayid nivTs kargavda, mas mainc evaleboda nivTis

SesaZeni fasis gadaxda. am debulebas esaWiroeba mniSvnelovani ganmarteba: gamyidvelis pasu-

xismgebloba nivTis dauzianeblad SenaxvisaTvis mkveTrad aris SezRuduli dauZleveli Zalis zemo-

qmedebiT, razec pasuxs myidvelic agebda. amis Sesaxeb mxareebs TviT kontraqtSi unda gaekeTebinaT

daTqma. dadgenili wesi ar gamoiyeneboda, Tu nivTi eqspropriacias daeqvemdebareboda, an misi brun-

vidan amoReba moxdeboda. riski myidvelze mxolod maSin gadava, roca moxdeba nivTis gayidva; nivTis

gayidvas ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca cnobilia gasayidi nivTis sagani, xarisxi da raodenoba; dad-

genilia misi fasi da gayidva martivad (upirobod) ganxorcielda (Paul, D.18,6,8 pr). Digesta-s amave teqs-

tis Tanaxmad, Tu nivTis gayidva garkveuli pirobebiT moxda, nivTi ar iTvleba gayidulad manam, vid-

re moxdeba daTqmuli pirobebis Sesruleba.

d) Evictio (evikcia) – maSin hqonda adgili, roca myidveli nivTis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZ-

velze kargavda im piris sasargeblod, romelic nivTis namdvili mesakuTre iyo. amis mizezi ki is

iyo, rom myidvelma nivTi SeiZina im pirisagan, romelic Tavs nivTis mesakuTred asaRebda xandaz-

mulobis vadis (usucapio) amowurvis gamo, Tumca sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenisaTvis dadgenili xandaz-

mulobis vada jer ar iyo gasuli. mesakuTris mier wardgenili actio vindicatio moTxovnis Sesas-

ruleblad, myidvels SeZenili nivTi mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina, an misTvis nivTis safasuri

gadaexada. gamyidvelis valdebuleba, eviqciis SemTxvevaSi, myidvelisaTvis miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, Tavdapirvelad, konsensualuri xelSekrulebidan ar warmoSobila. arqaul

periodSi miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis garantia mancipatio-dan ganviTarda da, actio auctoritatis Za-

liT, mancipaciis gziT nivTis gamsxvisebels, miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobis anazRaureba eva-

leboda. xolo, roca mancipacia abstraqtul moqmedebad iqca, sagarantio stipulaciam pova gavr-

celeba da, misi meSveobiT, gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli iyo actio ex stipulatu (sarCeli stipu-

lacidan) wardgena. evikciis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis saSualebad garkveuli SeTanxmeba

(pacta de non praestanda evictione), an xelSekrulebis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeoba iTvleboda. imisaTvis,

rom eviqciis gamo gamyidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi damdgariyo, myidveli movale iyo gamyid-

velisaTvis ganecxadebina arsebuli moTxovnis, an sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb (litem denuntiare), raTa

misgan daxmareba mieRo, an sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros gamyidvels dacvis saSualeba hqonoda.

e) nivTis dafaruli nakli

gamyidveli pasuxs agebda gayiduli nivTis faruli naklis, an defeqtis gamo. Tu mancipaciis gziT

(mancipatio), nivTis gayidvisas, mmancipirebadi piri nivTis xarisxis, miwis nakveTis fardobis an nak-

lis ararsebobis Sesaxeb cru gancxadebas gaakeTebda, motyuebul myidvels miecemoda sababi, rom mas

gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg actio auctoritatis, an actio de modo agri (sarCeli miwis nakveTis moculobis Sesaxeb)

Seetana sasamarTloSi. arqauli periodidan moyolebuli, gayidvis aqts emateboda stipulacia, ro-

melic garantias iZleoda imis Sesaxeb, rom nivTs garkveuli Tvisebebi, an raime nakli, an konkre-

tuli defeqtebi hqonda. gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu namdvilad arsebobda nak-

li, romlis Sesaxeb man damala, an uaryo stipulaciaSi, rac Cveulebriv, evictio-sTan erTad ga-

momJRavndeboda.

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ciceronis droidan moyolebuli, iurisprudenciam aRiara, rom bona fides principis Sesabamisad, gam-

yidveli pasuxs agebda yvela im naklze, romelic man myidvels, winaswari ganzraxviT, daumala. gam-

yidveli, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, pasuxs agebda imis miuxedavad, stipulatio-s hqonda Tu ara adgili. dama-

luli naklis gamo pasuxismgebloba dgeboda Semdegi pirobebis arsebobisas: 1. saubari unda iyos

arsebiTi naklis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc nivTis Rirebuleba, an monis sargeblianoba, an gayiduli pi-

rutyvis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda; 2. nakli aucileblad dafaruli unda iyos, radgan, Tu nakli

aSkaraa da yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo, dauSvebelia pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb saubari; 3. nakli unda

warmoSobiliyo manam, vidre myidveli nivTs SeiZenda da, Tanac, myidvels amis Sesaxeb ar unda scod-

noda.

Tu gamyidvelma naTlad ar ganacxada nivTis naklis Sesaxeb an, Tu nivTis gayidvis Semdeg iqna aRmo-

Cenili, misi faruli nakli, edilis ediqtiT, myidvels mieniWa ufleba gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg ori

sarCeli waredgina: 1) actio redhibitoria (yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis CaSlis Sesaxeb), nivTisa da sa-

qonlis fasis ukan dabrunebis gziT da 2) actio aestimatoria (sarCeli fasis daklebis Sesaxeb), romlis

ZaliT gayiduli nivTis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda, nivTis faruli naklis Sesabamisad.

qr. S. I saukunis iurisprudenciam, savaraudod, aRiara, rom, nivTis dafaruli naklis gamo, miye-

nebuli ziani unda anazRaurebuliyo actio empti (sarCeli nivTis yidvis Sesaxeb) gziT. am sarCelis

upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is ar iyo droSi SezRuduli da dazaralebul mxares nebis-

mier dros SeeZlo aRniSnuli sarCelis wardgena. iustinianes samarTalSi edilis sarCelebi nivTebis

yvela kategoriaze Tanabrad gavrcelda.

v) Arra (be)

Arra-s instituti elinuri yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebas (arrhabon) ganekuTvneboda.

Zvelma romaulma sakontraqto praqtikam aRniSnuli fenomeni gadmoiRo yidva-gayidvisa da qiravnobis

xelSekrulebebis sferoSi. klasikuri epoqis samarTalSi arra xelSekrulebis dadebis dadastu-

rebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda (arras confirmation). sakmaod sadaoa bes instituti iustinianes samarTalSi.

erTi mxriv, savaraudod, dasturdeba misi mxolod mtkicebulebiTi xasiaTis mniSvneloba, rac mas

klasikuri periodis samarTalSi mieniWa; meore mxriv – be xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis alternativas

warmoadgenda, raTa maT daedoT, elinur samarTalSi gavrcelebuli, bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romlis

ZaliT, xelSekrulebis calmxrivad CamSlel mxares, garigebis darRvevisaTvis ekisreboda pasuxis-

mgebloba (e. w. sajarimo bes saxiT).

Tu bes mimcemi, xelSemkvreli mxare, uars ityoda sakuTari valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, is bes kar-

gavda da, piruku, Tu bes mimRebi mxare, calmxrivad CaSlida xelSekrulebas, – miRebuli bes safa-

surs ormagad gadaixdida.

$2. Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba)

Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba); procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori); dominus negotii (marw-

munebeli, principali).

Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba) – usasyidlo konsensualuri kontraqtia, romlis meSveobiT

dominus negotii (marwmunebeli, principali), procurator-s (rwmunebuls, prokurators) raime moqmedebis

Sesrulebas an garigebis dadebas avalebda, sakuTari an mesame piris interesebis Sesabamisad.

a) Mandatum damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: 1. davalebis xelSekruleba – konsensualuri kontraqti iyo, anu

valdebulebis warmoSoba kontrhagentebis SeTanxmebas efuZneba. amitom, davalebis miReba SesaZ-

lebeli iyo an macnes meSveobiT, an werilis gamogzavnis gziT. pavlusis azriT, davalebis xel-

Sekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba gadaivados, an raime pirobis Ses-

rulebaze iyos damokidebuli (D. 17, 1, 1 pr. – 3); 2. Mandatum _ usasyidlo kontraqtia. `davaleba ara-

rad iTvleboda, Tu usasyidlo ar iyo, vinaidan is movaleobidan, an megobrobidan gamomdinareobs,

xolo safasuris gadaxda movaleobas ewinaaRmdegeba; Tu Semodis fuli, maSin saqme ganixileba,

rogorc qiravnoba” (D. 17, 1, 1, 14). aseTi debulebis miuxedavad, mainc daiSveboda, rwmunebulis mier,

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anazRaurebis miReba, upiratesad, madlierebis niSnad da ara rogorc Semxvedri miniWeba; 3. auci-

lebeli piroba iyo marwmuneblis, an mesame piris interesebiTa da saxeliT moqmedeba. dauSvebelia

sakuTari saxeliT raime davalebis Sesruleba, an moqmedeba; 4. davalebis xelSekrulebis obieqti

SeiZleba yofiliyo raime moqmedeba, an iuridiuli xasiaTis garigeba, an sxva nebismieri moqmedeba,

mxolod im pirobiT, rom daculi iqneboda usasyidlobis moTxovna, maSinac ki, Tu rwmunebuls,

anazRaurebis saSualebad, qoneba qiravnobaSi eqneboda gadacemuli. davalebis obieqti ar unda ata-

rebdes akrZalul xasiaTs da keTilsindisierebas ewinaaRmdegebodes; davaleba SeiZleba Seexos im

qonebas, romelic, nawilobriv, rwmunebulis sakuTrebaSi imyofeboda.

b) Mandatum-dan warmoSobili sasarCelo ganacxadi (actio mandati) keTilsindisieri sarCelis (bonae

fidei) nairsaxeoba iyo da mis safuZvelze dasjili piri infamia-Ti (uRirsoba) isjeboda (Gai., U, 182; Inst.

Iust4.16.2). aRniSnuli sarCeli, marwmuneblis mier, rwmunebuls waredgineboda im mizniT, rom, am uka-

nasknels, uzrunvelyo, davalebis xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sesaxeb, sruli anga-

riSi da marwmuneblisaTvis gadaeca, rwmunebiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela saxis Semosavali.

g) Procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori)

davalebis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, uZvelesi droidan dadginda zogadi xasiaTis rwmunebuleba,

romelsac rwmunebuli (procurator) asrulebda. prokuratori is piri iyo, romelsac, Cveulebriv, gaaza-

tebulTa rigebidan irCevdnen. mas evaleboda marwmuneblis qonebis marTva (procutator omnium bonorum),

riTac is im prokuratorisagan gansxvavdeboda, romelsac mxolod konkretuli sakiTxis gadawyveta

daevala (procurator unius rei). pretori aRiarebda procesualuri warmomadgenlis (procurator ad litem) fi-

guras, romelsac is procesSi mxaris rwmunebulad ganixilavda. yovelTvis, roca qonebis marTvis

davalebas hqonda adgili, klasikuri periodis romaeli iuristebi ori saxis sarCelis: mandatum-is

safuZvelze da negotiourum gestio-dan (davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebidan) konkurencias

ganasxvavebdnen. iustinianes krebulSi meurveoba davalebis xelSekrulebaSia areuli. Tumca, zogjer

marwmunebeli moklebuli iyo am uflebamosilebas, xolo prokuratori, qonebis marTvas, faqtiurad,

sakuTar Tavze iRebda da maSin mas davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis mmarTvelad miiCneven

(negotiourum gestor). swored amis gamo, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen namdvil prokurators (anu im

pirs, vinc davalebis saxiT, miiRo sxvisi saqmeebis marTva) da im pirs, vinc davalebis gareSe moq-

medebda (misi moqmedeba, samarTavad gadacemuli meurneobis, mepatronis mowonebas moiTxovda).

d) mxareTa movaleobani

rwmunebulis movaleoba misgan moiTxovda: 1) davalebis Sesrulebas marwmuneblis miTiTebis Sesa-

bamisad da, garigebis dasadebad saWiro, rwmunebis bunebidan gamomdinare; 2) marwmunebels warud-

ginos angariSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Sesaxeb da mis sasargeblod gadaitanos, mis mier dade-

buli garigebis iuridiuli Sedegi; 3) marwmuneblis winaSe pasuxi agos dolus da culpa gamo, vinaidan

davalebis xelSekruleba efuZneboda bona fides principebs da mxolod marwmuneblis interesebs icav-

da. marwmunebeli, Tavis mxriv, pasuxs agebda im xarjebze, romlebic rwmunebulma gaiRo davalebis

Sesrulebis gamo, maT Soris, aRniSnuli davalebis Sesrulebis dros, miyenebuli zianis anaz-

Raurebis TvalsazrisiT.

e) davalebis xelSekrulebis Sewyveta

davalebis xelSekrulebis moqmedeba wydeboda: 1) Tu rwmunebuli davalebis Sesrulebas jer ar

Sesdgomia: a) marwmuneblis mier uflebamosilebaTa ukan gamowvevis gziT, rasac maSin hqonda Zala,

Tu rwmunebuli gamowvevis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebuli iyo; b) rwmunebulis mier davalebis Sesrulebaze

uaris TqmiT; 2) Tu davalebis Sesruleba dawyebuli iyo, marwmunebeli movale iyo angariSi gaewia

davalebis SedegebisaTvis, xolo rwmunebuli movale iyo daesrulebina davalebis SesrulebiT;

3) marwmuneblis an rwmunebulis gardacvalebiT. marwmuneblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi

memkvidreebis mimarT, rwmunebuls sarCelis wardgenis ufleba eniWeboda im sababiT, rom memkvid-

reebma mas ar Seatyobines marwmuneblis gardacvaleba, mis mier davalebis Sesrulebis periodSi.

v) Mandatum pecuniae credendae (fuladi sesxis miniWebis Sesaxeb micemuli davaleba)

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aseTi davalebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: rwmunebuli, mesame piris sasargeblod, fuladi Tanxis

garkveul odenobas sesxad gascemda an kredits xsnida. aseT viTarebaSi, marwmunebelsa da mesame

pirs Soris sesxis xelSekruleba ideboda. Marwmunebeli, praqtikulad, movalis garantad gamodioda,

vinaidan, am ukanasknelis mxridan, valis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, marwmunebeli rwmunebulis wi-

naSe pasuxs actio mandati contraria-s (Sesagebeli sarCeli davalebis xelSekrulebidan) safuZvelze

agebda.

$3. Societas (amxanagobis xelSekruleba)

Societas omnium bonorum (amxanagobis monawileTa mTeli qonebis gaerTianeba); societas unius negotiationis –

unius rei (mxolod komerciuli sawarmos an qonebis gaerTianeba).

1) Societas _ konsensualuri kontraqti, romlis mixedviT ori an meti monawile, urTierTvaldebulebas

iRebda, qonebis an samuSaos gaerTianebis gziT, ewarmoebinaT erTiani saqme da erTmaneTSi gaena-

wilebinaT miRebuli mogeba da gancdili danaklisi.

1. Societas namdvilobis pirobebi: a) rogorc konsensualuri kontraqti, societas daideba, nebismieri

formiT gamoxatuli, SeTanxmebis gziT. stabiluri kavSiris damyareba SesaZlebeli iqneboda xangrZ-

livi da uwyveti SeTanxmebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. wyaroebi mowmoben, rom amxanagobis Sesaqmnelad

saWiro iyo, misi monawile mxareebis, ganzraxva; b) savaldebulo iyo daTqmuli qonebis an samuSaos

gaerTianeba. aRniSnuli moTxovna yvelasaTvis Tanabrad savaldebulo ar iyo. zogierTisaTvis sakma-

risi iyo mxolod saqmianobis ganxorcieleba (Gai., 3, 149); g) amxanagobis TiToeuli monawilis saqmia-

noba mxolod mTlianad amxanagobis mimarT hqmnida uflebebsa da movaleobebs, Tumca SenaZeni da

sargebeli mis TiToeul monawilezec vrceldeboda. saubari iyo SidasaxelSekrulebo kavSirze da,

rogorc korporaciisa da asociaciis SemTxvevaSic, amxanagobis mimarT iuridiuli piri ar arse-

bobda.

2) amxanagobis xelSekrulebidan aRmocenebuli sarCeli – (actio pro socio) bonae fidei sarCelebis kate-

gorias miekuTvneboda da mas im SemTxvevaSi iyenebdnen, roca mosawesrigebeli iyo, amxanagobis mona-

wileTa Soris arsebuli, davalianeba, romelic amxanagobis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSveboda. Sasa-

marTlo gadawyvetileba, romelic boroti ganzraxvis Sedegi iyo, infamia-s iwvevda. Tumca, amxa-

nagobis monawile piri pasuxismgebeli iyo mxolod sakuTari Semosavlebis farglebSi. Societas arse-

bobis dros SeZenili, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofa, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofis Sesaxeb wardgenili

sarCelis safuZvelze xdeboda.

3) Zmebis konsorciumi

amxanagobis yvelaze Zveli forma iyo Zmebis konsorciumi, romelic Sedgeboda ojaxis mamamTavris

gardacvalebis Semdeg. masSi ojaxSi darCenili yvela Zma Sedioda. aRniSnuli amxanagoba soli-

darobis principebis dacviT, wesrigdeboda da ojaxis nebismier wevrs SeeZlo saerTo monis gaaza-

teba, an saerTo sakuTrebis gasxviseba. saojaxo amxanagobis arqauli tipi maleve qreba, Tumca is gav-

lenas axdens klasikuri periodis universalur amxanagobaze.

1. amxanagobis saxeebi:

a) universaluri amxanagoba, anu mTeli qonebis gaerTianebiT Seqmnili societas (societas omnium bonorum).

aseT amxanagobaSi Sedioda mTeli arsebuli da samomavlo qoneba. saojaxo consorcium msgavsad, igi

Zmobis urTierTobebis zogierT niSans inarCunebda; b) garkveuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad

Seqmnili amxanagoba (societas unius rei; societas unius negotiationis). misi obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo erTi

konkretuli, an ramdenime erTgvarovani saqme, im pirobiT, rom aRniSnuli saqmianobis mizani kano-

nieri iyo. amxanagobis aRniSnuli nairsaxeobisaTvis savaldebulo ar iyo amxanagobis qonebis mimarT

saerTo sakuTrebis gavrceleba.

4) amxanagobis monawileTa movaleobebi: a) amxanagobis wevrma amxanagobas unda gadasces SeTanxmebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli qoneba da imoqmedos bona fides principebis Sesabamisad; b) amxanagobis wevri mova-

lea saerTo fondSi Seitanos nebismieri SenaZeni da uflebamosilia moiTxovos im zianis anazRau-

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reba, romelic mas, sakuTari saqmianobis procesSi, miadga; g) igi pasuxs agebs dolus da culpa gamo.

iustinianes samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pasuxismgebloba culpa in concreto-s gamo, anu mxolod

sakuTari qonebis mimarT yairaTiani damokidebulebisaTvis.

5) amxanagobis Sewyveta

Societas solvitur ex personis, ex rebus, ex voluntate, ex actione. Ulp., D. 17, 2, 63, 10 (15): amxanagobis Sewyvetis mizezi

SeiZleba iyos pirebi, nivTebi, neba da moqmedeba.

1. pirTa mizeziT: piris gardacvalebis an amxanagobis wevris mimarT capitis deminutio maxima et media

Sedegad. gardacvalebaSi igulisxmeba amxanagobis erT-erTi wevris qonebis gayidva, Tu is valauval

movaled gamocxaddeboda. 2. nivTebis gamo: roca miRweulia amxanagobis mizani an dakarguli, an

brunvidan amoRebul iqna amxanagobis saerTo qoneba. 3. nebis mizeziT: roca dgeboda daTqmuli vada;

amxanagobis yvela wevris erTsulovani TanxmobiT, an, erT-erTi maTganis mier, uaris Tqmis an xel-

Sekrulebis gawyvetis SemTxvevaSi. 4. moqmedebis safuZvelze: roca stipulaciis Sedegad, an sasa-

marTlo procesis meSveobiT, Seicvleboda TviT amxanagobis safuZveli.

$4. Locatio - conductio (qiravnoba, ijara).

Locator (meijare); conductor (moijare, ijaradari); locatio (qiravnoba); conductio (ijara); locatio conductio rei

(ijariT aReba; sacxovrebeli saxlis daqiraveba); locatio conductio operis _ nardoba (gadazidvebis CaTv-

liT); locatio conductio operarum (samuSao Zalis qiravnoba).

1) ijara – konsensualuri kontraqti iyo, romlis Tanaxmad, erTi mxare, kerZod meijare (locator) nivTs

an samsaxurs droebiT gadascemda meore mxaris, anu moijares (conductor) gankargulebaSi. moijare, Ta-

vis mxriv, ìRebda” nivTs, da meijares sasargeblod, ùkuminiWebas” axorcielebda, naturaluri ren-

tis an fuladi gadasaxadis saxiT. romaelebi am kontraqtSi or urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebas gu-

lisxmobdnen: qiravnobasa (locatio) da ijaras (conductio); orive valdebulebas specialuri sarCeli

icavda. es sarCelebi yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebidan aRmocenebul sarCels hgavda da maTi Ses-

ruleba msgavsi iuridiuli normebiT iyo mowesrigebuli.

1. ijaris xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi niSnebi iyo: a) ijara konsensualuri kontraqti: “locatio-conductio –

aris bunebrivi xelSekruleba, romelic yvela xalxma aRiara (kontraqtad), ara sityvebis, aramed

yidva-gayidvis msgavsad, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT dadebulad (Paul., D. 19. 2, 1); Locatio et conductio cum naturalis

sit et omnium gentium, non verbis, sed consensu contrahitur, sicut emptio et venditio; b) xelSekruleba imaSi mdgo-

mareobda, rom raime nivTi an samuSao, droebiT, saijaro fasis an anazRaurebis sanacvlod, gadae-

cemoda meore piris gankargulebaSi; g) am xelSekrulebis mizani sxvadasxvanairi iyo. Sesabamisad,

saijaro urTierTobebic mravalferovani iyo. saijaro xelSekrulebis yvelaze Zveli nairsaxeoba

nivTebis qiravnoba iyo: moZravi nivTebis, pirutyvis an uZravi qonebis daqiraveba. saijaro urTi-

erTobebis klasikuri reJimi, aRniSnuli epoqis socialur-ekonomikur moTxovnebs, pasuxobda. am pe-

riodSi gavrcelda sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebisa da qalaqSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli saxlebis

daqiraveba (ijariT aReba).

klasikur epoqaSi, ZiriTadad, monis Sroma gamoiyeneboda. saijaro urTierTobebi ori saxis sarCels

warmoSobda: in ius et bonae fidei kategoriidan: a) ijariT gadacemulidan warmoSobili sarCeli (actio

locati), meijaris (locator) sasargeblod, raTa mas SesZleboda, ijariT gadacemuli nivTis ukan dab-

runeba, an moijares (conductor) mxridan, sakuTar Tavze aRebuli, nebismieri valdebulebis Sesrulebis

moTxovna; b) sarCeli qiravnobaSi miRebulis Sesaxeb (actio conducti), romelic moijares sasargeblod

iyo dadgenili, raTa meijaresagan moeTxova maszed dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesruleba.

2. saijaro urTierTobebis saxeebi

Locatio-conductio-s urTierTobebi or nairsaxeobad iyofa: 1) nivTebis ijara, rac momsaxurebis qirav-

nobasac gulisxmobda; 2) nardoba.

nivTebis ijara (locatio-conductio rei) da momsaxurebis qiravnoba (locatio-conductio operarum).

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am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, meijare uZravi an mouxmari moZravi qonebiT sargeblobis uflebas moi-

jare pirs uTmobda. miwis nakveTebis moijares – koloni, xolo sacxovrebeli saxlebis moijares _

inkvilinusi ewodeboda. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis nakveTebis ijaras gankargavda cenzori, romelic

am nakveTebs ijariT gascemda, Cveulebriv, sajaro auqcionis gziT, xuTwliani vadiT (lustrum).

xelSemkvreli mxareebis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. meijare (locator) movale iyo: moijares gankar-

gulebaSi `gadaeca” nivTi da mieniWebina misTvis nivTiT sargeblobis da misgan nayofis miRebis

ufleba. moijare nivTis ubralo mpyrobelad, anu naturalur mflobelad iTvleboda (Ulp. D.10,3,7,11),

romelic nivTs meijares saxeliT gankargavda da romlis mimarT mas mxolod kontraqtidan war-

moSobili, valdebuleba gaaCnda. Tu meijare nivTs gayidda, myidvels SeeZlo nivTis flobis ga-

moTxova, saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvamde. `gayidva wyvets ijaris xelSekrulebas” _ we-

sis Tanaxmad (emptio tollit locatum). aRniSnul viTarebaSi, meijare moijaris winaSe pasuxs agebda miye-

nebuli zianis gamo. 2. ijariT gacemuli nivTis saTanado mdgomareobaSi Senaxva, saijaro xel-

Sekrulebis moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi, raTa moijares mieces, aRniSnuli nivTiT, normaluri sar-

geblobis saSualeba. nivTis saTanadod SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi meijarem unda gaiRos,

Tu, damatebiTi SeTanxmebiT, sxva ram ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. meijares awva periculum (nivTis da-

Rupvis riski) gamo pasuxismgebloba, dauZleveli Zalis garemoebaTa dadgomis SemTxvevaSi. 3. meijare

pasuxs agebda moijaresaTvis miyenebuli nebismieri zianis gamo.

moijare (conductor) movale iyo:

1. ganuxrelad Seetana saijaro gadasaxadi. gadasaxadis gadaxda myarad gansazRvruli, fuladi Tan-

xiT xdeboda. Tumca, gadasaxadis gadaxda miRebuli nayofis nawilis, anu naturaluri formiTac xde-

boda. 2. nivTiT esargebla, misi bunebrivi Tvisebebisa da bunebrivi daniSnulebis Sesabamisad. moi-

jare culpa-s gamo pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man arajerovnad isargebla nivTiT, an is aramiz-

nobrivi daniSnulebiT gamoiyena. amis garda, moijare pasuxs agebda nivTis SenaxvisaTvis (custodia)

gamo, nivTis qurdobis (furtum) gamo. 3. meijerasaTvis daebrunebina nivTi saTanado mdgomareobaSi,

saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg.

3. saijaro xelSekruleba wydeboda: a) Tu gansazRvruli iyo xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada:

1. saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg; 2. moijaris mxridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, Tu

nivTis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda (Gai., D. 19, 2, 25, 2); b) Tu saijaro xel-

Sekrulebis moqmedebis vada ar iyo dadgenili: 1. moijares an meijares mxridan uaris Tqmis SemTxve-

vaSi; 2. xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas xelSemkvreli mxaris gardacvaleba ar iwvevda, radgan kontraqti

memkvidreebze “gadadioda”. samuSao Zalis qiravnoba (locatio conductio operarum) dasabams iRebda monebis

gaqiravebis praqtikidan; aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sagani – fizikuri Sroma iyo, romelsac fuladi

safasuris gadaxdis sanacvlod axorcielebdnen. regulirebis gansakuTrebuli reJimi Tavisufali

profesiis pirebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. ciceroni xelovnebas anu saqmianobas (operae) or jgu-

fad: Tavisufal da araTavisufal saqmianobad hyofda. Tavisufali profesiis pirebi sakuTari saqmia-

nobisaTvis, gasamrjelos saxiT, saCuqrebs an naboZvars iRebdnen, romelsac honorari (honor – pativi)

ewodeboda.

2) Locatio conductio operis (nardobis xelSekruleba)

mocemul SemTxvevaSi saubari, damkveTis mxridan (locator), garkveuli samuSaos Sesrulebis dakveTas

exeboda: damkveTi, aRniSnuli mizniT, samuSaoebis mwarmoebels (conductor) garkveul nivTs gadascemda.

samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg monardes fulad anazRaurebas uxdidnen, xolo samuSaos damkveTi

damzadebul nivTs iRebda. monarde ar iyo valdebuli piradad Seesrulebina SekveTa da, amitom,

dasaSvebi iyo qvemonardis gamoyeneba. am ukanasknelis movaleobaSi Sedioda, samuSaos damkveTisaTvis,

Sesrulebuli samuSaos (facere) mTlianad da ara _ nawilobriv gadacema. damkveTis movaleobaSi Se-

dioda monardis, samuSaosaTvis saWiro masaliT, uzrunvelyofa an mTlianad, an nawilobriv. xolo

Tu damkveTs, saWiro masaliT, mTlianad uzrunvelyofda monarde, maSin saxeze iqneboda ara nar-

dobis, aramed yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba.

samuSaos Sesruleba unda momxdariyo, kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis sruli dacviT,

teqnikuri normativebis Sesabamisad (raTa ar dadgindes teqnikuri defeqti) da dadgenil vadaSi.

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Periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski), forsmaJorul viTarebaSi, menardes awva. xolo, Tu zianis bra-

leulad mimyenebeli monarde iyo, pasuxismgeblobac masve ekisreboda. samuSaos daqiravebas adgili

hqonda warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva sferoSi (tvirTis gadazidva, mSenebloba, sxvadasxva

nawarmis warmoeba, saremonto samuSaoebi, avadmyofis movla).

VIII. Quasi ex contractu (kvazi kontraqtebi)

fsevdo xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebis (quasi ex contractu) cneba SemoRebul iqna

iustinianes instituciebSi ( Inst.Iust 3, 27). Tumca, jer kidev klasikuri periodis iurisprudencia val-

debulebis wyaroTa Soris ganasxvavebda kontraqtul da deliqtur, agreTve TiTqos kontraqtul

valdebulebebs, kerZod sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoebas (negotiorium gestio) da arasa-

valdebulos gadaxdas (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebulebas _ solutio indebiti), Sec-

domiT Sesrulebulis gadaxdas.

$1. Negotiorium gestio (sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba).

Utiliter gerere (gestio) (mizani iyo mesakuTris sameurneo sargebeli); prohibitio (mesakuTres SeeZlo saku-

Tar saqmeebSi Caurevlobis moTxovna); actio negotiorium gestorum.

Dominus negotii (sxvisi saqmis warmoeba) davalebis (mandatum) arsebobis gareSe, zogjer, potenciurad

ormxrivi, valdebulebis warmoSobis wyaro xdeboda. aRniSnuli valdebuleba actio negotiorium gestorum-

iT iyo daculi: dominus negoti-is, nebayoflobiTi prokuratorisagan angariSis moTxovna SeeZlo, mis

mier gaweuli samsaxuris Sesaxeb, xolo negotiorium gestor-i – moiTxovda xarjebis anazRaurebas Sesa-

gebeli sarCelis (actio negotiorium gestorum contraria) meSveobiT.

Negotiorium gestio ZiriTadi niSnebi (rekvizitebi): 1.savaldebulo iyo, rom warmoebis obieqti namdvi-

lad yofiliyo sxva piris saqme; 2. gestor-s Segnebuli unda hqonoda aRniSnuli faqti, anu animus alieni

negotia gerendi-s (ganzraxva awarmoos sxva piris saqmeebi); 3. gestio-s mizani mesakuTris (dominium negotii)

sameurneo sargebelSi unda mdgomareobdes _ utiler gerere; 4. usasyidlo momsaxureba.

aRniSnuli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mesakuTre valdebuli iyo mieRo gestor mier gaweuli sa-

muSao, imis miuxedavad, Tu samuSaos praqtikuli Sedegebi ararad iqceoda, SemTxeviTobis an dauZ-

leveli Zalis zemoqmedebis gamo.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca mesakuTre ar iyo dainteresebuli momsaxurebis gawevaSi, mas SeeZlo aekrZala

sakuTar saqmeebSi Careva (prohibitio), radgan daTvuri samsaxuri negotiorium gestio-d ver iqneba miCneuli.

davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba daculi iyo actio negotiorium gestorum (sarCeliT), romelsac

ori formula hqonda: in ius concepta et in factum concepta. pirveli formula bona fides princips efuZneboda

da Seicavda intentio (yvelaferi, rac am saqmis gamo unda mieces, keTilsindisierad unda gakeTdes _

quiquid ob eam rem dare facere oportet ex fide bona) da Sesabamiss condemnatio, romelic saSualebas iZleoda

gaTvaliswinebuliyo mosarCelis dadebiTi interesi condemnatio-Si (ra eRireba es nivTi - quanti ea res

erit).

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nebayoflobiTi prokuratoris pasuxismgebloba subieqturi faqtorebiT gani-

sazRvreboda: dolus et culpa (D. 3,5,3,9; 3,5,10).

$2. Solutio indebiti (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili fsevdo xelSekruleba)

Condictio indebiti (kondiqciuri sarCeli Sesrulebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, valis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi);

Condictio sine causa (kondiqciuri sarCeli gadacemulis gamoTxovnis Sesaxeb, marTlzomieri safuZvlis

ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi); Condictio ob turpem causam (kondiqciuri sarCeli mankieri safuZvliT gada-

cemulis Sesaxeb); Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta (kondiqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli niv-

Tis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar damdgara (rogorc gacvlisas, misi do ut des

kontraqtad aRiarebamde).

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I. usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba SecdomiT, fsevdokreditoris sasargeblod,

ganxorcielebul Sesrulebas da, Semsruleblis mxareze, civiluri moTxovnis aRmocenebas gu-

lisxmobda, raTa, am ukanasknels, ukan gamoeTxova Sesrulebis Sedegi. dazaralebul pirs fsevdo-

kreditorisagan kondiqciuri sarCeli (condictio) icavda. usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli fsevdo-

kreditoris valdebuleba imasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom man, Tavis sasargeblod, SeiZina SecdomiT

Sesrulebis Sedegebi, riTac, obieqturad, gaauaresa SecdomiT Semsruleblis mdgomareoba.

Pomp., D. 12, 6, 14 Tvlida, rom: Nam hoc natura aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento fieri locupletiorem (vinaidan

bunebis moTxovnebs pasuxobda, rom aravin gamdidrebuliyo sxvisi mdgomareobis gauaresebis xarjze)

da Quod indebitum per errorem solvitur, aut ipsum aut tantundem repetitur (is, rac SecdomiT, valis ararsebobis

pirobebSi, iyo miniWebuli, ukan gamoiTxoveba an naturiT, an imave moculobiT).

saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebulebis, Semdeg

nairsaxeobebs ganasxvavebdnen: 1.Condictio indebiti – kondiqciuri sarCeli Sesrulebulis ukan ga-

moTxovis Sesaxeb, valis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi; 2.Condictio sine causa – kondiqciuri sarCeli, marTl-

zomieri safuZvlis arsebobis pirobebSi, gadacemuli sikeTis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb; 3.Condictio ob

turpem causam – kondiqciuri sarCeli, (aramarTlzomierad) mankieri safuZvliT, gadacemulis Sesaxeb;

4.Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta _ kondiqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli nivTis ukan ga-

moTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar ganxorcielebula (rogorc permutatio (gacvla)

dros xdeboda, misi do ut des (usaxelo kontraqti) cnobamde).

1) Solutio indebiti ZiriTadi rekvizitebi

sakuTriv condictio indebiti-s, gaaCnia Semdegi rekvizitebi: 1. valis ararseboba (arc namdvilis da arc

moCvenebiTis); 2. mxareTa Secdoma valis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, anu valis ararsebobaSi cru darwmu-

neba.

Tu ararsebuli vali Segnebulad sruldeboda, miniWebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna dauSvebeli

iyo; Tu Sesruleba arakeTilsindisierad iyo miRebuli, fsevdo kreditori qurdobas sCadioda da

pasuxs actio furti et no condictio ex causa furtiva mixedviT agebda.

Condictio sine causa im SemTxvevaSi miecemoda, Tu: 1. miniWeba, romelic ganxorcielda abstraqtuli gari-

gebis an delegatio (kreditorebis Secvla) gziT, moxda iusta causa-s (samarTlebrivi safuZveli) gareSe; 2.

miniWebis marTlzomieri safuZveli gahqra (D. 12,7,4). mag., datio ob dotem (gasxviseba mziTevis dadgenis

mizniT) dros gamsxvisebeli uflebamosili iyo condictio sine causa-ze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodneli

qorwineba ar Sedgeboda.

Condictio ob turpem causam im SemTxvevaSi iqneba miniWebuli, Tu: 1. sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanis safuZ-

veli keTilznes arRvevda (contra bones mores). Tanac, mankieri ganzraxva (turpitudo) mxolod sargeblis

mimRebis mxareze unda SeiniSnebodes (D. 12,5,4,2). mag., roca fuladi Tanxa im mizniT aris gadaxdili,

rom mkvleloba yofiliyo Cadenili (SekveTili mkvleloba) (D.12,5,3, 4.1).

IX. Pacta (paqtebi)

Pactum – paqti; exceptio pacti conventi (sasarCelo uaryofis formiT daculi, kerZo SeTanxmeba); expatre rei

(mxolod mopasuxis mxareze gamomJRavnebuli dacvis uaryofiTi Sedegi); ex patre actoris (mosarCeles

mxareze sasarCelo dacvis SesaZleblobis zemoqmedeba); pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis

dadebis momentSi, damatebuli SeTanxmeba); pacta adiecta ex intervallo (SeTanxmeba, dadebuli garkveuli

drois gasvlis Semdeg); pacta nuda (SiSveli, an sasarCelo dacvis gareSe darCenili paqtebi, romlebic

mxolod exceptio-Tvis safuZvels qmnida); pacta vestita (Semosili paqtebi – sarCeliani dacviT uzrun-

velyofili SeTanxmebebi); pacta praetoria (pretoris mier Seqmnili da sarCeliT daculi axali samarT-

lebrivi figurebi da valdebulebebi); pacta legitima (postklasikurma samarTalma sxva sasarCelo val-

debulebebic Seqmna, romlebic dacvis uflebas imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT iZendnen); constitutum

debiti (Tavisufal formaSi dapirebis micema, garkveul vadaSi valis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb); actio de

pecunia constituta (sarCeli valis aRiarebidan, in factum kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, ro-

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melmac ar Seasrula constitutum – dapireba); receptum arbitri (mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momri-

gebeli mosamarTlis rolis aReba, roca mxareebma erTmaneTTan arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba dades imis

Sesaxeb, rom maTi dava arbitrs ganexila _ compromissum); receptum argentrarii (constitutum debiti alieni -

mesame piris valis, rogorc valdebulebis garantiis, gansakuTrebuli formis dadasturebis SesaZ-

leblobis gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva, roca bankiri – argentarius, Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze

iRebda misi klientis movaleobas mesame pirs gadauxados aRniSnuli klientis vali); reseptum

nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum (gansazRvravs xomaldis (nauta), sastumros an duqnis (caupo), qarvaslis

an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas, mgzavrebis, an mdgmurebis nivTebis xel-

Seuxeblobis gamo).

romis samarTalSi garigebebis mimarT dadgenili formaluri moTxovnebi da kontraqtebis mkacri

tipizacia imas ganapirobebda, rom mxareTa Soris dadebuli martivi SeTanxmeba mxolod im SemTxve-

vaSi iwvevda valdebulebiT efeqts, Tu causa obligationis (valdebulebis safuZveli) erT-erT konsen-

sualur kontraqts Seesabameboda. mxolod pretorma mianiWa, Tavisufal formaSi dadebul, pactum –

(SeTanxmebas) iuridiuli aRiareba, rac specialur ediqtSi “De pactis et conventionibus” aisaxa (D. 2,14, 7, 7):

“Pacta conventa, quae neque dolo malo, neque adversis leges, plebiscita, sentus consulta, edicta, decreta principum neque quo fraus

cuicorum fiat facta erunt, servabo” (me mivcem dacvas im paqtebs, romlebic ar aris dadebuli boroti gan-

zraxviT da kanonebis, plebiscitebis, senatis dadgenilebebis, ediqtebis da princepsis dekretebis sa-

winaaRmdegod da aRniSnuli (normatiuli aqtebidan) romelimes gverdis avliT). Tavisufal formaSi

dadebuli kerZo SeTanxmebebis dacva, sasarCelo uaryofis formaSi – exceptio pacti conventi xor-

cieldeboda, anu negatiuri iyo da mxolod mopasuxes mxareze (exparta rei) gamomJRavndeboda xolme,

vinaidan, causa obligationis ararseboba, sarCelis wardgenis SesaZleblobas dauSveblad miiCnevda (Ulp, 4

ad, ed., D. 2, 14, 7, 4):

Sed cum nulla subest causa, propter conventionem hic constat non posse constitui obligationen: igitur nuda pactio obligationem non

parit, sed parid exceptione (Tumca, roca ararsebobs raime kanonieri safuZveli, gadawyvetilia, rom, msgavsi

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, dauSvebelia valdebulebis dadgena. maSasadame, SiSveli paqtebi ver hqmnian

valdebulebas. Tumca, sasarCelo uaryofis uflebis warmoSobas xels uwyoben). miuxedavad amisa, is

damatebiTi SeTanxmeba, romlis dadebis mizans garigebis Sinaarsis modificireba warmoadgenda, Ziri-

Tadi valdebulebis uSualod dadgenis momentSi, TviT garigebis struqturaSi (piroba, vada) Sedioda

da zegavlenas axdebnda sasarCelo dacvis saSualebaze – ex parte actoris (mosarCeles mxareze).

aseTi gavlena gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo im garigebebis mimarT, romlebic iudicia bonae fidei meS-

veobiT daidebodnen, roca, mosamarTlis Sexeduleba da keTilsindisierebis zogadi principebisadmi

Sesabamisobis moTxovna, formalur sasarCelo uaryofas cvlida. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pactum Sinaarsi

uSualod Sedioda, ZiriTadi garigebidan warmoSobil, sasarCelo moTxovnaSi. Ulp. (4 ad ed., D. 2, 14, 7, 5)

Tvlida:

Quin immo interdum format ipsam actionen, ut in bonae fidei iudiciis: solemus enim dicere pacta cinventa inesse bonae fidei iudiciis.

Sed hoc sic accipiendum est, ut si quidem ex continenti pacta subsecuta sunt, etiam ex parte actoris insint: siex intervallo, non inerunt,

nec valebunt, si agat, ne ex pacto actio nascatur( maSin ratom axdends (paqti) zogjer gavlenas TviT sasarCelo

moTxovnaze, rogorc es keTilsindisieri sarCelebis dros xdeba xolme: Cven xom miveCvieT imaze

saubars, rom damatebiTi SeTanxmeba Sedis keTilsindisieri sarCelebis SinaarsSi). Tumca, aRniSnuli

ise unda aRviqvaT, rom, Tu paqtebi umalve iqnen damatebuli ZiriTadi xelSekrulebisadmi, maT Zala

TviT mosarCeles mxarezec ki gaaCniaT; xolo, Tu paqtebi (damatebuli) iqnen garkveuli drois gasv-

lis Semdeg, isini garigebaSi ar Sedian, da maT sarCelis wardgenis dros ar eqnebaT Zala, vinaidan

paqtidan sasarCelo moTxovna ar warmoiSveba. Pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis dadebis mo-

mentSi miRweuli SeTanxmeba) gansxvavdeba pacta adiecta ex intervallo (garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg

damatebuli SeTanxmebisagan) imiT aris arsebiTi, rom aq adgili hqonda im principis simkacres, rome-

liTac SiSveli SeTanxmeba sasarCelo moTxovnas ar warmoSobda. roca pactum uSualod Sedis bonae

fidei garigebis struqturaSi, is ZiriTadi kontraqtis nawili xdeba da amiT mas gancalkavebuli Se-

Tanxmebis Tviseba ekargeba.

Pacta nuda (SiSveli paqtebidan) unda ganvasxvavoT Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli iseTi SeTanxme-

bebisagan, romlebmac, droTa ganmavlobaSi, SeiZines sasarCelo dacvis ufleba, an ius honorarium (e. w.

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pacta praetoria), an postklasikuri saimperatoro kanonmdeblobis (pacta legitima) ZaliT. Pacta praetoria-s

ricxvs miekuTvneba valis dadastureba (constitutum debiti) da is sxvadasxva figura, romelic pasuxis-

mgeblobas warmoSobda, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebis aRebis, SemTxvevaSi (recepta); pacta legitimia-s

jgufs ki miekuTvneba Cuqeba da valdebulebiTi efeqtis mqone mziTvis dadgena.

Constitutum debiti warmoadgenda Tavisufal formaSi micemul dapirebas, rom movale, arsebuli valis,

gadaxdas garkveul vadaSi Seasrulebda. vali fuladi TanxiT an mosaxmari nivTebis saxiT unda

yofiliyo warmodgenili. daiSveboda ara marto sakuTari valis (constititum debiti propri), aramed mesame

piris valis (constitutum debiti alieni) dadastureba, rac valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantiis Tavisebur

formas warmoadgenda.

Constitutum debiti uwindel valdebulevbas ar ganaaxlebda Tumca, exceptio pacti conventi – saxiT, dad-

genil vadamde, Sesrulebis moTxovnis winaaRmdegobas uqmnida, agreTve aadvilebda valis anazRau-

rebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg: aadvilebda valis anazRaurebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis

Semdeg kreditors eniWeboda pretoruli sarCeli infactum – actio de pecunia constituta _ sarCeli valis

aRiarebiT, romelic kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, romelmac ar Seasrula constitutum –

dapireba. imperatorma iustinianem actio de pecunia constituta im moTxovnevzec gaavrcela, romelTa

obieqts mxolod fuladi an moxmarebadi nivTebi ar Seadgendnen.

Reseptum arbutri – niSnavda mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli mosamarTlis rolis aRe-

bas, Tu am mxareebma arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba dades imis Sesaxeb, rom maT davas arbitri

(compromissum) ganixilavda. momrigebeli mosamarTlis rilis amRebi piri, valdebuli iyo ganexila

saqme da gamoetana am saqmeze gadawyvetuleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pretori mas sajarimo sanqciebs

(multae) daakisrebda. pasuxismgeblobis aRniSnuli saxe pretoruli ediqtis specialuri rubrikiT iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli (D. 4, 8, 3, 1-2).

Receptum argentarii – constitutum debiti alieni gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva iyo, roca bankiri (argentatius) Tavi-

sufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi klientis valis gadaxdas, mesame piris mimarT. bankiri

valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis pasuxs agebda specialuri sarCelis – actio recepticia safuZvelze.

Tanac, constitutum-isagan gansxvavebiT, bankiris pasuxismgebloba ar iyo damokidebuli, klientis mxa-

reze, valis WeSmarit aresbobaze. iustinianes dros reseptum argentarii mTlianad constitutum debiti alieni

figuras gautolda.

Receptum nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum gansazRvravda xomaldis (nauta), sastumris an samikitnos

(caupo), qarvaslisa an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas maTi mgzavrebis, an mdgmu-

rebis qonebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo (D. 4,9,1,2). Locatio conductio (qiravnoba) da depositum (Senaxva) xel-

Sekrulebebis safuZvelze warmoSobili civiluri sarCelebisagan gansxvavebiT, receptum – is gamo

pasuxismgebloba, sakuTar TavSi ufro custodia-s (movaleoba gamoiCino gansakuTrebuli) yairaTianoba,

romelic pasuxismgeblobis ufro maRal xarisxs warmoSobs), vidre culpa _ Seicavda da labeonis az-

riT, mxolod maSin gaTavisufldeboda am pasuxismgeblobidan, Tu daamtkicebda, rom dauZleveli Za-

lis zemoqmedebas (damnum fatale) hqonda adgili. (D.4,9,3,1).

amrigad, daskvnis saxiT unda ganimartos, rom imperatorma iustinianem, samarTalganviTarebis Tval-

sazrisiT, cotaodeni cvlilebebi Seitana konsesualuri kontraqtebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi:

1. man zogierT pacta mianiWa sasarCelo dacvis ufleba: nawilobriv iuristebis samarTlis, nawi-

lobriv – ki pretoruli da saimperatoro kanonSemoqmedebis safuZvelze. kerZod, iuristebis samar-

Tali icavda pacta adiecta in conventi, romlebic daideboda uSualod bonae fidei garigebebis dros, anu

maTi gaformebos momentSi. pretotuli samarTali icavda e. w. pacta praetoria-s (constitutum, pactum

iurisiurandi _ SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareTa Soris davas gadawyvetda ficis dadeba iusiuranmum).

xolo imperatoris kanonebi icavda e. w. pacta legitima (pactum dotis – mxareebs (meuRleebs) SeeZloT

mziTvis Sesaxeb, wvrilmani sakiTxebis daTqma specialuri SeTanxmebiT gaeformebinaT, Tumca, im piro-

biT, rom isini dotaciuri reglamentaciis ZiriTad principebs daicavdnen (kerZod, ar gauaresdeboda

colis mdgomareoba da qmaric Semosavlis wyaros ar dakargavda, pactum donationis da 500 solidi – Se-

Tanxmeba im nivTebis samomavlo Cuqebis Sesaxeb, romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba 500 solidze naklebs

Seadgenda (oqros monetebi) da iustinianes kanonmdebloba, nivTis gadacemis Sesaxeb moTxovnis

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uSualo safuZvels warmoadgenda; 2. Tu pactum mimarTuli iyo urTierTmoqmedebisaken da erT-erTma

mxarem Seasrula dapirebuli moqmedeba, warmoiSveboda usaxelo realuri kontraqti: doutdes, do ut

facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias; 3. imperatorma zenonma daadgina konsensualuri kontraqtis – contractus

emphyteuticarius –axali nairsaxeoba.

X. Delictum (deliqti)

Delictum (deliqti); crimen (danaSauli); vindicta (SurisZieba); talio (taloni); infamia (Seuracxyofis

miyeneba – uRirsad miCneva); noxae deditio (samarTaldamrRvevis dazaralebulisaTvis gadacema); actio de

pauperie (sxvisi cxovelis mier miyenebuli ziuanidan warmoSobili sarCeli); furtum (qurdoba); furtum

usus (sargeblobis uflebis moparva); furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis moparva); furtum

proprietatis (sakuTrebis uflebis moparva); furtum manifestum (naqurdaliT xelSi qurdis dakaveba); furtum

nec manifestum (dafaruli qurdoba); actio furti (sajarimo pasixismgebloba qurdobisaTvis, romelic per

formulas procesis CarCoebSi xorcieldeboda) furtum oblatum (naqurdalis damalva); furtum conceptum

(aSkara qurdobas utoldeboda is garemoeba, roca naqurdali nivTi aRmoCndeboda saritualo

Cxrekvis Catarebis dros); crimina extraordinaria (imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili qurdobis

danaSauli, romelic Zalzed mkacr sasjels iwvevda – sikvdilis dasjis CaTvliT); crimen expilatae

hereditatis (samkvidros moparva); rapina (Zarcva); actio vi bonorum raptorum (Zarcva idevneboda pretor

lukulusis mier qr. S-mde 76 w. SemoRebuli sarCeliT, romelic gulisxmobda, Zalis gamoyenebiT,

naZarcvi qonebis amoRebas); damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba); actiones legis

Aquiliae (per formulas procesis farglebSi warmoSobili sarCeli, romelic lex Aquilia-s Tavebze iyo

dafuZnebuli); actio servi corrupti (monis garyvnis Taobaze Setanili sarCeli); dolo malo vi hominibus armatis

coachsve damnum datum (qr. S-mde I saukuneSi pretorma SemoiRo specialuri sarCeli SeiaraRebul

pirTa jgufis devnis Sesaxeb, romelmac zianis ganzraxviT miyeneba Caidina); iniuria (pirovnebis

Seuracxyofa); membrum ruphem (asoTmiReba); os fraectum (sxeulis mZime dazianeba (Zvlis motexa); iniuria

(pirovnebis nebismieri Seuracxyofa); lex Cornelia de iniuriis (qr. S-mde 81 w. SemoRebuli kanoniT,

pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevebi, ganixileboda rogorc

crimina - danaSauli); quaestio de iniuriis (principatis periodSi cognito extra ordinem farglebSi sisxlis

samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo sarCelis alternativad, Camoyalibebuli sajaro samarTalwarmoeba);

convicium adversus bonos mores (patiosani qcevebis sawinaaRmdego gamoxtomebi, romlebSic muqara an sxva

uxamsi sityvebi igulisxmeboda); adtemptata puditicia (Seuracxyofili umankoeba, romelic, maRali wris

qalebis mimarT, TavdasxmaSi, an, orive sqesis mcirewlovanTa mimarT, uxeS moqcevaSi igulisxmeboda);

edictum de effusis et deiectis (pretori ediqtiT awesebda pasuxismgeblobas fanjridan raimes gadagdebis an

gadaqcevis gamo); actiones populares (sarCeli, romelic nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo waredgina imis gamo,

rom mravalbiniabni saxlis mobinadrem, an nebismierma mesame pirma fanjridan raime isrola an

gadaaqcia, riTac sxeulebrivi dazianeba miayena gamvlels, an fanjrebs qveS mdgar pirs); edictum de

positum (gulisxmobda gamvlelTaTvis mxolod safrTxis Seqmnas); culpa in eligendo (daudevroba

TanamSromeli piris SerCevis dros).

$1. Delictum cneba da pirobebi

deliqti iseTi akrZaluli qmedeba iyo, romelic valdebulebis warmoSobas iwvevda. yovelgvari de-

liqti gulisxmobda: a) marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebas (da ara martiv windauxedaobas);

marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba unda Seicavdes, zogadi wesiT, dolus (faruli, boroti ganzraxva), xolo

erT SemTxvevaSi (damnum iniuria datum) – culpa-s (gaufrTxilebloba, gaufrTxilebeli brali, gaufrTxi-

lebeli gadacdoma); deliqtunariani SeiZleba iyos mxolod Sesacxadi piri; b) Delictum raime adamia-

nuri sikeTis xelyofas an dazianebas gulisxmobda (sxeuli, Tavisufleba, qoneba, pativi da Rirseba).

Delictum, rogorc kerZo xasiaTis samarTaldarRveva, dazaralebulis mxareze orgvari xasiaTis

interess warmoSobda: zianis mimyeneblis dasjis survilsa da miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis

aucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, ex delicto-dan kreditori flobda or moTxovnas, romlebic, kumu-

laciurad, ori tipis sarCelebiT iyo daculi: sajarimo sarCeliT (actio poenalis) da arasajarimo

sarCeliT (actio rei persecutoria), romlis meSveobiT xdeboda qonerbrivi interesis dakmayofileba.

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amrigad, jarimis gadaxdis valdebuleba imas gulisxmobda, rom, ius civile-s mixedviT, zogierTi qmedeba

(e. w. delicta privata – kerZo samarTaldarRveva) isjeboda ara sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, aramed,

dazaralebuli mxaris sasargeblod, jarimis gadaxdevinebiT, romelsac es ukanaskneli samoqalaqo

sarCelis wardgenis meSveobiT moiTxovda; imperiis xanaSi, pirvelad, delicta privata sferoSi

dazaralebuli mxare arCevanis winaSe iyo dayenebuli: an moeTxova kerZo jarimis gadaxda

samoqalaqo sarCelis safuZvelze, an moeTxova xelmyofis sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasja, e.w. crimen

extraordinarium-is gamo, xolo miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis valdebuleba xorcieldeboda

mxolod maSin, Tu qonebrivi zaralis miyenebas hqonda adgili.

romis samarTlis specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom samarTaldamrRvevi idevneboda da

isjeboda kerZo piris iniciativis safuZvelze da mas jarimis gadaxda ekisreboda dazaralebuli

piris sasargeblod. swored amaSi mdgomareobda delictum-is (kerZo samarTaldarRvevis) crimen-gan

(sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisagan) gansxvaveba, vinaidan es ukanaskneli ara kerZo piris interesebs

xelyofda, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. samarTlis wyaroTa udidesi nawi-

li swored imaze metyvelebs, rom Zvel romSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba delicta privata-s eTmoboda,

razec TviT sasamarTlo ganxilvebic metyvelebda, romelTa iniciatorebi kerZo pirebi gaxldaT.

Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulic calkeul moqalaqeTa iniciativis safuZvelze idevneboda:

quivis de populo (nebismieri xalxidan) – nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo sisxlis samarTlis procesis

aRZvra, sajaro sasamarTlo ganxilvebis (ordo iudiciorum publicorum) wesis Sesabamisad; am dros jarimis

gadaxdevineba romaeli xalxis sasargeblod xdeboda. samarTaldarRvevisaTvis dadgenili samarT-

lebrivi devnis dispoziciuroba, romauli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, kerZo avtonomiisa da

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gansakuTrebul dones asaxavda.

sajarimo devnis, kerZo piris interesad miCneva, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, calkeuli individis

aqtiur monawileobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc, dazaralebuli piris qoinebrivi interesi,

sazogadoebaSi dadgenili qcevis wesebis mxolod erT saxeobas warmoadgenda, romelsac samarTal-

damrRvevi piris winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen, TviT individebis kerZo moTxovnebidan gamomdinare da sajaro

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. TiToeuli moqalaqis mier marTlwesrigis dacva, sakuTar TavSi, Ti-

Toeuli moqalaqis samarTlebriv aqtiurobas Seicavda, im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, rom yvela

samarTaldamrRvevs sakuTar danaSaulze pasuxi unda ego. Zvel romis sazogadoeba miiCnevda, rom

nebismieri samarTaldarRveva TiToeuli moqalaqis avtonomias, mis samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas xel-

yofda da, Sesabamisad, samarTaldamrRvevic moqalaqis sasargeblod isjeboda. formalizaciis

(samarTlebrivi Sualobis) aucilebeli xarisxi jarimis fuladi xasiaTiT miiRweva –

e.i. Rirebulebis sayovelTao eqvivalentis formiT.

samarTalSi damkvidrda Sexeduleba, rom uZveles droSi samarTaldarRvevisaTvis dazaralebuli mxa-

re xelmyofis winaaRmdeg SurisZiebas (vindicta) axorcielebda, romelic TandaTanobiT kompoziciis

(samarTaldarRvevis gamo xelmyofTan kompensaciis (pactio) Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romelsac es uka-

naskneli dazaralebulis ojaxs uxdida) sistemiT Seicvala.

aRniSnuli warmodgena mTlad zustad ver asaxavs urTierTobaTa mogvarebis namdvil suraTs,

vinaidan kerZo SurisZieba arasamarTlebriv movlenad ganixileba. Tumca, pasuxismgeblobis am, ganuvi-

Tarebel, formaSi ukve iyo gamoxatuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mogvarebis

aucilebloba.

formaluri Tanasworobisa da warmodgenaTa Tanazomierebis samarTlebrivi principi, pirvelad,

talionis (talio) sistemaSi povebs gamoxatulebas da ganisazRvreba Semdegi principiT: `Tvali Tvalisa

wil, kbili kbilisa wil”. damnaSavis adekvaturi dazianebiT dakmayofilebulia ara marto Suris-

Ziebis grZnoba – tanjvis anazRaureba da, miyenebuli zianis TvalsazrisiT, SedarebiTi Tanasworobis

aRdgena, aramed aRdgenilia urTierTobaTa zogadi harmonia. aseTi SurisZieba, misi uxeSi natura-

lizmis miuxedavad, Tanazomierebis kriteriumidan gamomdinareobda: SurismaZiebeli sayovelTao

samarTlianobis iaraRad gvevlineba. Zvelad SurisZiebis idea religiuradac iyo gaformebuli da,

amgvarad, xdeboda sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi misi sayovelTao avtoritetis aRiarebis auci-

lebloba. xelmyofi ganixileboda ara marto zianisa da sayovelTao SfoTis wyarod, aramed cod-

vilad, im pirad, romelmac, sakuTari qmedebiT, Tavi Caiyena sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisa da

wesrigis sistemis farglebs gareT, ris gamoc mas ufro dabali (uRirsi) bedis adamianad miiCneven

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da mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda statusi: sacer (RmerTisadmi miZRvnili) – kanongareSed gamocxadebuli;

improbus intestabilisque (uRirsi da mankieri) ndobadakarguli piri, romelsac mowmeobis ufleba Ca-

moerTva. mas Semdeg, rac xelmyofi Tanacxovrebis zogad wesebs daarRvevda, is sakuTar Tavs kar-

gavda, sakuTari pirovnebis safuZvlebs angrevda.

klasikur epoqaSi is piri, romelic samarTaldarRvevas Caidenda, arsebiTad izRudeboda samarTal-

subieqtobis TvalsazrisiTac da amis gamoxatuleba iyo infamia (uRirsoba, upatiebeli qmedeba,

saxelis Sercxvena), romelic gamoyeneboda im piris mimarT, romelsac sajarimo sarCeli Seefarda.

codvad ganixileboda is samarTaldarRvevac, romelsac Caidenda xelisuflebaSi myofi piri da es

qmedeba sayovelTao sircxvilad miiCneoda im ojaxis mimarT, romlis wevric aRniSnuli piri iyo,

amitom ojaxi mis mokveTas cdilobda. ojaxidan mokveTa capitis deminutio minima iwvevda da samarTal-

damrRvevi, praqtikulad, daucveli rCeboda. mokveTis garda, samarTaldamrRvevi dazaralebulis

morCilebaSi gadadioda, riTac, uZveles droSi, ganxorcieldeboda xolme pasuxismgeblobis idea.

amitom, samarTaldamrRvev pirs, romelsac paterfamilias xelqveiTi iyo dazaralebul mxares ga-

dascemdnen, samarTaldarRvevis kompensaciis pirobiT (noxae deolitio). Tumca, mamamTavars SeeZlo

samarTaldarRvevis piradi aspeqtis neitralizeba, kompensaciis gadaxdis gziT (poena), romelic daza-

ralebul mxares unazRaurdeboda. amgvarad, xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier, Cadenili samarTal-

darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mas ekisreboda da sajarimo movaleobis saxiT iyo aRqmuli (in

obligatione), maSin, roca noxae deditio - aRsrulebis fakultatur Secvlas warmoadgenda. piradi pasuxis-

mgeblobis uZveles saxes Semdegi wesi warmoadgenda: noxa caput sequitur (SurisZieba pirovnebas Tan

sdevda). aRniSnuli wesis Tanaxmad, noqsaluri pasuxismgebloba, samarTaldarRvevis gamo, ekisreba

ara im pirovnebas, visi xelisuflebis qveS imyofeboda piri, deliqtis Cadenis momentSi, aramed im

paterfamilias-ze gadadis, romelsac braldebuli piri, sarCelis Setanis momentSi, eqvemdebareboda.

msgavsi wesi XII dafis kanonebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli iyo im SemTxvevaSic, roca, zianis (pauperies)

mimyenebeli iyo, res mancipi-s kategoriaSi Sesuli, moSinaurebuli cxoveli: actio de pauperie-Ti, mepat-

rone valdebuli iyo dazaralebulisaTvis zarali aenazRaurebina, an misTvis zianis mimyenebeli

cxoveli gadaeca. Actio de pauperie-is mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobis rekvizitad iTvleboda cxovelis

uecari siSmage, Tumca ki, misi buneba sulac ar iyo aseTad cnobili da misTvis mSvidi moqmedeba iyo

damaxasiaTebeli.

pasuxismgebloba dgeba cxovelis saqcielis gamo da obligatio propter rem-s warmoadgenda; Tumca, es

principi emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom aseT cxovelebs gaaCniaT garkveuli neba, isini maTi patronis

moTxovnebs emorCilebian, rac arsebiT pirobad miiCneoda res mancipi nivTebis mimarT.

$2. Furtum (qurdoba)

qurdobis, rogorc sxvisi moZravi qonebis marTalsawinaaRmdego miTvisebis cneba, romis iuridiul

azrovnebaSi sakmaod adre, jer kidev respublikur xanaSi Camoyalibda, da masSi Tavmoyrili iyo

samarTaldarzRvevaTa fasrTo wre, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo qonebrivi zianis miyenebasa, an, sxva

piris xarjze, marTlsawinaaRmdego gamdidrebasTan. TandaTanobiT, damnum iniuria datum (marTl-

sawinaaRmdego zaralis miyeneba) cnebis CamoyalibebiT (SemoRebul iqna qr. S-mde 286 w. Lex Aquilia da

aRniSnuli kanonis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToebasTan erTad, miTumetes, rom ius civile da ius praetorium

ayalibebda delictum axal saxeobebs, furtum mniSvneloba mkveTrad SeizRuda, Tumca, Tanamedrove

gagebiT, qurdobis cnebasTan SedarebiT, kvlav Zalzed farTo mniSvnelobas inarCunebda. masSi sxvisi

qonebis Zalismieri miTvisebis garda – Zarcva (rapina), iseTi saxis qmedebanic Sevida, rogoric iyo: 1.

Furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba), roca sesxis an Sesanaxad gada-

cemuli nivTis mimRebi, gadaametebda sakuTari uflebamosilebis farglebs, sxvisi nivTiT sargeb-

lobis an misi pyrobis mimarT; 2. Furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego

xelyofa), roca giraos mimcemi piri, TviTneburad daeufleboda giraoSi micemul nivTs (gaiusi, am

viTarebaSi, normalur qurdobas xedavda – furtum rei da ambobda, rom aq nivTis mesakuTre sakuTari

nivTis qurdobas sCadioda – furtum suae rei – Gai., 3, 204); 3. Furtum proprietatis (sakuTrebis uflebis

marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca uzufruqtuariusi nivTis sameurneo daniSnulebis Secvlas

axdenda.

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Paul., D. 47, 2, 1, 3 Camoayaliba qurdobis cneba: Furtum est contrectatio rei fraudulosa lucri faciendi grafia vel ipsius rei vel

eiam usus eius possessionisve (qurdoba aris nivTis amoReba, Cadenili motyuebiT da gamdidrebis mizniT,

iqneba es TviT nivTis (amoReba, misiT sargebloba, Tu misi daufleba).

qurdobis SemadgenlobisaTvios arsebiTi pirobebi iyo: 1) TviT nivTis sasargeblo Tvisebebis miT-

viseba, nivTis mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod; 2) misgan sargebelis miReba; 3) mizanmimarTulad:

animus furandiu _ am deliqtis aucilebel subieqtur rekvizitad miiCneoda (D.47,2,33). Tumca, amavdrou-

lad, mxolod marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis safuZveli, qurdobis klasifikaciisaTvis ar iyo sakma-

risi; savaldebuloa, agreTve, materialuri moqmedebis, sxvisi nivTis datacebis ganxorcieleba

(contrectatio). ukve XII dafis kanonebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen aSkara qurdobas, roca qurdi

naqurdaliT xelSi iqneboda dakavebuli – furtum manifestum da farul qurdobas _ furtum nec

manifestum. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qurdi gairozgeboda da dazaralebulis xelisuflebaSi gadaecemoda

(Tavdapirvelad uSualod, mogvianebiT – sasamarTlo magistratis adictio safuZvelze). qurdi dazara-

lebulis monad cxaddeboda (veteres). Furtum nec manifestum SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima

naqurdalis ormagi Rirebulebis odenobiT. XII dafis kanonebi aSkara qurdobasTan aTanabrebdnen im

mdgomareobas, roca naqurdali nivTi saritualo Cxrekis dros aRmoCndeboda _ furtum conceptum, rac

naqurdalis gadamalvis Sedegic SeiZleba yofiliyo _ furtum oblatum. am SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis kano-

nebi jarimis sammag odenobas iTvaliswinebdnen.

qurdobis oTxi dasaxelebuli nairsaxeobidan (es sistematizacia jer kidev mazurius sabinusma da

servius sulpiciusma SeimuSaves) labeoni mxolod pirvel or nairsaxeobas cnobda da furtum

conceptum et furtum oblatim-is damoukidebeli Semadgenlobis mniSvnelobas uaryofda (Gai.,3,183).

Per formulas procesis farglebSi, qurdobisaTvis sajarimo pasuxismgebloba dadgenili iyo actio furti

(manifesti an nec manifesti) meSveobiT. aRniSnul sarCels aniWebdnen gaqurdul pirs, Tanac ar hqonda

mniSvneloba imas, iqneboda Tu ara es piri nivTis mesakuTre an mflobeli. amis miuxedavad,

moqmedebda principi, rom sarCeli unda miscemoda nivTis xelSeuxeblad SenarCunebaSi dainte-

resebul nebismier pirs (D.,47,2,77,1).

$3. Rapina (Zarcva)

Prudentes, Zalis gamoyenebiT, sxvisi qonebis marTlsawinaaRmdego amoRebas rapina (Zarcvas) uwodebdnen

da mas kvalificiur qurdobad miiCnevdnen: papiniane rapina-s furtum manifestum-is Semadgenlobas

miakuTvnebda (D.47,2,81,4). Zarcva qr. S. 76 w. prokonsul lukulusis mier SemoRebuli sarCeliT – actio

vi bionarum raptorum (sarCeli Zalis gamoyenebiT amoRebuli qonebis Sesaxeb) idevneboda. sarCelis

Setana danaSaulis Cadenidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. jarima, amoRebuli qonebis,

oTxmag odenobas gulisxmobda. (D.47,8,2 pr). erTwliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg dasaSvebi iyo mxolod

miyenebuli zianis martivi anazRaureba (in sinplum).

sarCelis pretoruli xasiaTis miuxedavad, Zarcvas – klasikosebi, xolo mogvianebiT iustinianes

kanonmdebloba, mainc deliqtad, kerZo (civiluri) samarTaldarRvevis erT-erT saxed miiCnevdnen.

(Gai., 3,209; D. 47,8,1; 2,10; 4,2,14,2; I. 4,2 pr). Zarcvas qurdobisagan qmedebis farulobis ararseboba

ganasxvavebda. (D. 47,9,5). klasikosTa nawili, Zarcvis gamo, Setanil sarCels Sereulad miiCnevda

(Gai.,4,8). es Sexeduleba SemdgomSi iustianemac gaiziara (Inst.Iust.4,6,19).

$4. Damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba)

qmedebis aRniSnuli Semadgenloba, ganzogadebis Zalzed maRal dones moiTxovda, ris gamoc uZvelesს

epoqaSi is ucnobi iyo.

XII dafis kanonebi ramdenime specifikur hipoTezas gulisxmobda, romelTa Soris cnobilia xeebis

TviTneburi gaCexva, sxvisi monisaTvis miyenebuli dazianeba (os fractum). marTlsawinaaRmdegod miye-

nebuli zianis gamo, pasuxismgeblobam damoukidebeli axsna-ganmarteba qr. S.-mde 286 w. miRebul, akvi-

liusis kanonSi (lex Aquilia) SeiZina. kanoni sami Tavisagan Sedgeboda: meore Tavi gulisxmobda dama-

tebiTi kreditoris devnas (manus iniectio _ movaleze “xelis dadeba” – formiT), stipulaciidan

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warmoSobili valis gamo ZiriTadi kreditoris sawinaaRmdegod acceptilatio (verbaluri an literaluri

valdebulebidan warmoSobili valis sazeimo gaqviTva mis sapirispiro formaSi. klasikur epoqaSi am

saWiroebis dakmayofileba actio mandati (in ius, in personam, incerta, bonae fidei _ davalebis xelSek-

rulebidan warmoqmnili sarCeli, rogorc wesi urTierTangariSsworebis Sesaxeb) meSveobiT (Gai.,3,216)

moxda. pirveli Tavi gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas sxvisi monis an pirutyvis mkvlelobis gamo, rac

ganadgurebuli nivTis Rirebulebis umaRles fas Seadgenda erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. mesakuT-

risaTvis jarmis gasdaxdis movaleoba (damnas esto dare – D.9,2,2,pr; Gai.,3,210) sanqcionirebuli iyo manus

inectio meSveobiT.

mesame Tavi nebismieri nivTis yovelgvar dazianebas exeboda: braleuls (kvlav manus iniectio muqariT)

mesakuTrisaTvis jarimis gadaxdis movaleoba ekisreboda nivTis umaRlesi fasis odenobiT,

ukanaskneli 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi (Gai.,3,2,18).

Per formulas procesis farglebSi in ius sarCelebi warmoiqmna, romlebic akviliusis kanonis calkeul

Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli – actiones legis Aquiliae. Tu mopasuxe sakuTar braleulobas uaryofda, misi

pasuxismgebloba ormagdeboda, Tu ara – sarCelis formula mosamarTles mouwodebda uSualod gane-

xorcielebina aestimatio (nivTis Rirebulebis Sefaseba), mopasuxis aRarebis (confessio) safuZvelze

(D.9,2,23,10;26). am SemTxvevaSi, in simplum miniWebas hqonda adgili: sanqciis sajarimo xasiaTi imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom mxedvelobaSi miiReboda nivTis ara nominaluri Rirebuleba, aramed misi umaR-

lesi fasi ukanaskneli wlis an Tvis ganmavlobaSi. akviluris kanonis safuZvelze pasuxismgeblobis

Sefardeba subieqtur xasiaTs atarebda: iniuria-Si (marTlsawinaaRmdegod), ukve respublikis xanaSi,

igulisxmeba rogorc braleuli qmedeba _ culpa, da ara mxolod qmedebasa da miyenebul zarals So-

ris obieqturi kavSiri, iseve daudevrobac – culpa levissima (D.9,2,44 pr). braleuli qmedeba Sesabamisi

kontraqtis safuZvelzec idevneboda. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi miiReboda “iure”, anu ius civile sasar-

Celo sistemis farglebSi, miyenebuli ziani. akvilusis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod pir-

dapiri dazianebis Sedegad damdgari pasuxismgebloba. aseTi dazianebis miyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo bra-

leulis fizikuri moqmedebis Sedegad: damnum corpore corpori datum (ziani, romelic sxeuls sxeuliT

miadga). sxva SemTxvevaSi pretori, sakuTari decretum safuZvelze dazaralebul mxares mianiWebda in

factum an actiones utiles (actiones ad exemplum) sinonimi. maT pretori iZleoda, TiToeul axal SemTxvevaSi,

analogiuriT da ukve gamoyenebuli formulis gavrcelebis meSveobiT), romlebic analogiis gamo-

yenebas efuZnebodnen – ad exemplum legis Aquiliae. gadawyvetilebis miReba aRniSnul qmedebaze lamis

SemTxveviTobas warmoadgenda. amitom iuristebis mosazrebebma, aRniSnul sakiTxze, pretorul

ediqtSi asaxva ver hpoves.

qr. S-mde I s-Si pretorma SemoiRo specialuri sarCeli, romlis safuZvelze idevneboda pirTa jgu-

fis mier miyenebuli ganzraxi dazianeba – dolo malo vi hominbus armatis coactisve damnum datum.

sarCeli miyenebuli zianis oTxmag anazRaurebas gulisxmobda, Tu sarCeli braleuli mxaris wi-

naaRmdeg dazianebidan erTi wlis vadaSi iqneboda wardgenili, da martiv anazRaurebas (in simplum),

Tu am vadis gadacileba moxdeboda.

$5. Iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa)

XII dafis kanonebma piradi Seuracxyofis sami hipoTeza gamohyves:

1. Membrum ruphum (asoTmiReba), os fractum (motexili Zvali, sxeulis mZime dazianeba), iniuria _

pirovnebis nebismieri Seuracxyofa. qmedebis Semadgenlobis gaurkvevloba da ganzogadebis sxvadasxva

xarisxi yvela SemTxvevaSi imaze miuTiTebda, rom XII dafis kanonebma gaaerTiana samarTaldarRvevis

regulirebis mravalsaukunovani da sxvadasxva epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamocdileba. kerZod,

asoTmiRebis dros, kompoziciis SesaZleblobis gverdiT, normalur sasjelad, talonis (talio) prin-

cipiT gaTvaliswinebuli, SurisZiebac miiCneoda. danarCen SemTxvevebSi, samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT,

jarima iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: os fractum-is gamo 300 asi, xolo iniuria-s SemTxvevaSi – 25 asi.

qr. S-mde 81 w. miRebuli lex Cornelia de iniuariis mixedviT, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansa-

kuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba crimina-d (danaSaulad) miiCneoda da iudicia

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publica-s ZaliT idevneboda. principatis epoqaSi, cognitio extra ordimen farglebSi, SemoRebul iqna

quaestio de iniurii-is (sakiTxebi pirovnebis Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saq-

meebze, kerZo sarCelis sajaro alternativa. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli hipoTezebis

(romlebic dajarimasac gulisxmobdnen), rekuperatorTa (recuperatores) sasamarTlo ganxilvas gadaeca.

maT mier Sefardebuli anazRaureba, bonum et aequum-is (keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) safuZvelze,

Sefasebas eqvemdebareboda. aRniSnuli, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli naklebad mZime xelyofa,

saerTo sarCelis – actio iniuriarum aestimatoria (ganawyenebis Sesaxeb SedarebiTi sarCeli) wardgeniT

idevneboda, romelic pretorul ediqtSi qr. S-mde II saukuneSi iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. Iniuria –

civiluri deliqti iyo (Gai., 3, 182). Tumca, dacvis pretoruli xasiaTi imaSi aisaxa, rom, actio iniurarum,

intentio-s iyo moklebuli: demonstratio-s maSinve condemnatio mosdevda, romelic rekuperatorTa sa-

samarTlos mouwodebda iseTi ganaCenis gamotanas, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneboda mosarCeles mier

dasaxelebuli Tanxa (aestimatio). aRniSnuli Sefaseba formulaSi iyo miTiTebuli da SesaZlo mini-

Webis maqsimalur zRvars asaxavda (taxatio). sarCelis wardgenis ufleba pirovnul SeuracxyofasTan

iyo dakavSirebuli da memkvidreobiT ar gadaecemoda: (Gai.,4,112). zogadi iniuria-s garda, pretoruli

edictiactio iniurarum, samarTlebriv safuZvlad kidev sam hipoTezas iTvaliswinebda. es hipoTezebi

piradi Seuracxyofis, rogorc pirovnebis pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli qmedebis, cnebis per-

manentul damkvidrebas gamoxatavdnen: 1. convicium adversus bonos mores (keTili Cvevebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli Tavdasxmebi), romlis mixedviT idevneboda muqara da bilwsityvaoba; 2. adtemptata puditicia

(Selaxuli umankoeba), romelsac didgvarovani qalbatonis mimarT Tavdasxmas an uxeSi mopyrobas,

agreTve, orive sqesis mcirewlovani bavSvis mimarT, aRniSnuli qmedebis ganxorcielebas mie-

kuTvneboda; 3. ne quid infamandi causa fiat (dae, ar ganxorcieldes qmedeba saxelis gatexvis mizniT),

romelic moraluri zianis yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas gulisxmobda, romlis drosac pativisa da

Rirsebis xelyofas hqonda adgili.

XI. Quasi ex delicto (kvazideliqtebi)

TiTqos deliqtidan (obligationes quasi ex delicto) warmoSobili valdebulebebi, iustinianes instituciebis

sistematizaciis Sesabamisad (Inst.Iust.4,5) braleuli qmedebis hipoTezas Seicavdnen, aseTi valde-

bulebebi pretoruli sarCelis meSveobiT idevneboda. aRniSnuli viTarebis SerCevis kriteriumi

dRemde ucnobia.

mosamarTle, sasamarTlo procesis sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg warmmarTvelad, iTvleboda (iudex qui

litem suam fecerit) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi gadawyvetileba (sententia), mxareebis mier moyvanili faqtebis

an formulis mimarT, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda, agreTve, mxareTa interesebidan gamomdinare, sasa-

marTlo ganxilvis dros, Tu dadgenili wesrigis nebismier ganzrax darRvevas eqneboda adgili (“dolo

malo” – D.5,1,15,1). dazaralebuli Tavs icavda in factum sarCelis meSveobiT, romelSic condematio, mosa-

marTleTa Tanazomieri Sexedulebisagan damokidebulebaSi, iyo Cayenebuli (in bonum et aequum - sikeTe

da samarTlianoba).

pretoruli sarCeli Seicavda muxls, saxlis fanjridan gadaRvrili an gadayrili nivTebis gamo, pa-

suxismgeblobis Sesaxeb (edictum de effusis et deiectis), romelic in factum condematio-sTan erTad, gu-

lisxmobda sarCels, miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobiT (in duplum), anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnul viTarebaSi, Tavisufali adamianis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo fiqsi-

rebuli jarima 50 aTasi sesterciis odenobiT, xolo sxeulebrivi dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, mosa-

marTlis gadawyvetilebiT, dazianebis Tanazomieri jarimis gadaxda iyo dadgenili (in bonum et

aequum). pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo obieqturi faqtis arsebobis gamo, imis miuxedavad,

TviT mcxovrebma, Tu mesame pirma Caidina aRniSnuli qmedeba. sarCeli Sedioda e. w. actiones populares

kategoriaSi da misi wardgenis ufleba nebismier moqalaqes hqonda miniWebuli.

gamvlelTaTvis martivi safrTxis Seqmnis gamo, pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebda edictum de positum

(D.9,4,5,6), romlis mixedviT habitator (saxlis damqiravebeli), 10 solidis moculobiT, nebismieri moqa-

laqis winaSe pasuxs agebda, actio in factum (igive actio popularis) mixedviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxlis sa-

xuravze an lavgardanze (karnizze) iseTi sagani iqneboda damagrebuli, romlis, SemTxveviT Camo-

vardnisas, SesaZlebeli iyo zianis miyeneba. pasuxismgeblobis obieqturi xasiaTi Semsubuqebul iqna

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noqsaluri pasuxismgeblobis (colis garda paterfamilias in patria potestates mier Cadenili deliqtis an

kvazideliqtis gamo, romelsac dazaralebuli paterfamilias winaaRmdeg waradgendas) daSvebiT im

SemTxvevaSi, roca, sazogadoebrivi safrTxis SeqmnaSi, braleulad mona iqneboda miCneuli.

mesame piris qmedebis gamo pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo actio furti et actio damni adversus nautas

caupones stabularios mixedviT, romlebic pretorul ediqtSi, actio furti et actio legis Aquilia-sTan Sesa-

bamisobaSi, arian moyvanili. xomaldis, sastumrosa da qarvaslis mepatrone in duplum pasuxs agebda im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu vinme, mosamsaxureTa an masTan mcxovrebTa Soris (mgzavrebis an mogzaurTa garda),

qurdobas Caidenda, an mgzavrs, an mdgmurs qonebriv zians miayenebda. Sua saukuneebSi aseTi saxis qme-

deba gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas, TanamSromelTa SerCevisas, braleuli daudevrobis gamo (culpa in

eligendo), Tumca, antikur xanaSi pasuxismgebloba bralis gareSec dgeboda – mesame piris qmedebis

gamo. Tu qurdobas mona Caidenda, misi batoni pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufldeboda maSin, Tu noxae

deditio (monis gadacema) ganaxorcielebda, dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod.

Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali

Zveli romis sisxlis samarTalma, kerZo samarTlis msgavsad, ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi ganvlo:

martivi kvirituli qcevis wesebidan moyolebuli, vidre imperiis xanis kanonmdeblobamde.

pirveli, arqauli xanis Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali xasiaTdeboda saero samarTlis (ius), Cveu-

lebebisa (mos) da RvTaebrivi sakraluri normebis (fas) urTierTTanamSromlobisa da urTierT-

paeqrobiT. am periodSi erTmaneTs konservatiuli da progresuli sawyisi ebrZoda. gvarovnuli Cveu-

lebebi didi mondomebiT aRiqmeboda romaeli Temis (civitas) mier, mdumare Tanxmobis formiT (usus

consuetudo), Tumca yovelgvari Canaweris gareSe da amitom am Cveulebebs ius non scriptum (dauwereli

samarTali) ewodeboda. Consuetudo-s kanonis (lex) Tanabari samarTlebrivi Zala gaaCnda da is am uka-

nasknelTan erTad dadebiT samarTals (ius positivum) qmnida.

arqauli (uZvelesi) periodi – sakraluri normebisa da sakraluri iusticiis batonobis epoqa iyo.

religiuri Tvisebis danaSauls miekuTvneboda: qalRmerT vestas qurumi qalebis mier 30 wlis asa-

amde qalwulobis ficis darRveva, patronis mier klientis winaSe nakisri movaleobebis Seusru-

lebloba, ficis, sasazRvro samanebis moSla. TviT sasamarTlo warmoeba saimedod iyo gaxveuli sai-

dumloebis safarvelSi da mxolod pontifices (qurumebi) adgendnen, samarTal-warmoebisaTvis misaRebi

dReebis kalendarsa da masSi Sesul saidumlo monacemebs saimedod inaxavdnen. mxolod qurumebma

icodnen dies fasti (sarCelis wardgenis) da dies nefasti (sarCelis warsadgenad akrZaluli) dReebi da

mkacrad asaidumloebdnen maT. oficialuri marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mxolod dadgenil

dReebSi iyo SesaZlebeli, roca modave mxareebs, sanukvar sityvebs, qurumi ucxadebda: do, dico, addico

(samarTals viZlevi, gadawyvetilebas viReb, davaSi gamarjvebas vaniWeb).

yovelive zemoTqmulis Sesaxeb cnobebs titus liviusic iZleoda: dawerili wignebis, sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli ediqtebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, iuridiuli garigebebisa da procesebis codna pontifices

saidumlo mecnierebad iqca; didi procesualuri mniSvnelobis kalendris Sesaxeb zusti cnobebi

mxolod maT hqondaT.

Pontifices mier monopolizebuli aRmoCnda, im droisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani, civitas Romani-s momavlis

winaswarmetyvelebis funqcia, rac tomTaSorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigebaze arsebiT gavlenas ax-

denda. miTumetes, rom aseTi urTierTobebis mogvareba fas da ara ius meSveobiT xdeboda: RvTis mowmed

mowveva, gasisxlianebuli Subis saritualo styorcna, momijnave tomis teritoriaze, omis ga-

mocxadebis SemTxvevaSi da sxva.

religiuri dogmebisa da akrZalvebis damrRvevs (homo sacer) mkacri ormagi da orgvari sajeli eloda:

mis mimarT SurisZieba Temis simSvidis darRvevisa da RmerTebis ganrisxebis gamo xdeboda. erT-

droulad religiuri da saero devna (sacratio capitis) Zalzed mkacri iyo. Fas mgmobeli Sesabamisi taZ-

ris sasargeblod qonebis konfiskaciasa (conservatio bonorum) da eqsorias (gaZevebas) eqvemdebareboda,

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ris Semdeg mas, rogorc ucxotomelsa da mters – nebismieri piri (TanamoZme an ucxoeli) dausjelad

gauswordeboda. da saerTodac, samarTaldarRvevis sxvadasxva saxe, romelic mogvianebiT sisxlis-

samarTlebriv qmedebad iqna miCneuli, Tavdapirvelad an sakraluri, an kerZo xasiaTis delictum war-

moadgenda: magaliTad, qurdoba, sxeulis dazianeba, romelTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSi samarTaldamrRvevis

mimarT ius talionis (talio) – SurisZieba, talionis principi moqmedebda.

sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis sferoebSi SeuzRudavad batonobda TviT-

gasamarTleba (Tavdasxmis mogerieba) da damnaSavis mimarT danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze, TviT-

gasworeba: “Tu Ramis saaTebSi qurdobis Camdeni (adgilze) iqneba mokluli, (misi) mkvleloba marTl-

zomierad CaiTvleba” (XII dafis kanonebi, VIII tabula). Tavdamsxmelis, adgilze TviTgasworebis

principiT, dasjis praqtika ara Tu marTlzomier qmedebad, aramed sazogadoebis interesebisa da ofi-

cialuri xelisuflebis moTxovnaTa dacvad iTvleboda.

arqaul periodSi yvela samarTaldarRveva or kategoriad iyofoda: 1) delictum privatum (kerZo)

parricidium – pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli: qurdoba, Zarcva, mkvleloba, sxvisi qonebis dazianeba

an ganadgureba da sxva; 2) delictum publium (sajaro) – perduellio ukve danaSaulad iTvleboda (poli-

tikuri, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli): janyi, saxelmwifos Ralati, romis samxedro

mowinaaRmdegisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena, cecxlis wakideba, crumowmeoba, xelisuflebisadmi Seia-

raRebuli (Zaladobrivi) winaaRmdegobis gaweva da sxva. samarTaldarRvevis pirvel kategorias

specialuri Tanamdebobis pirebi (quaestores parricidii) iZiebdnen; xolo meore – danaSaulis saqmeebze,

gamoZieba Rex-is Sexedulebisamebr, warmoebda: mas damoukideblad SeeZlo sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo

funqciebis ganxorcieleba, an saqmis gamoZieba gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo gamomZieblisaTvis -

duumviri perduellionis daevalebina.

arqauli periodis sisxlis samarTlis erT-erT Taviseburebas is garemoeba warmoadgenda, rom populus

Romanus (cives) e. w. provocatio anu comitia curiata mimarT apelirebis ufleba moipoves im ganaCenis mimarT,

romelic duumviri perdullionis an consul-is mier iqneboda gamotanili, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis

irgvliv. aRniSnuli verdiqti aRsrulebas ar eqvemdebareboda, vidre apelaciis Sedegebi cnobili ar

iqneboda. amrigad, romaul sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda dacvis sajaro procedurebi, romelTa gamo-

yeneba aequitas (samarTlianobisa) da – bona fides (keTilsindisiereba) principebis damkvidrebas gana-

pirobebda.

arqaul periodSi Zveli romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mwvervalad XII dafis kanonebi _

Leges duodecim tabularum gvevlineba, romelSic, uSualod, sisxlis samarTlis normebi, ganxilulia

mxolod or _ VIII da IX dafaSi. Tumca, normebis aseTma simwirem, sazogadoebis mzardi interesebis

Sesabamisad, samarTaldarRvevaTa didi nawilis swored danaSaulad _ crimina – dakvalificirebas

ver SeuSala xeli. aRniSnulma sakanonmdeblo Zeglma safuZveli Cauyara ara marto ius positivum (dawe-

rili, pozitiuri samarTali), aramed igi erTdroulad ius publicum et ius privatum mTavar wyarod miiC-

neoda da, amavdroulad, ius scriptum (dawerili goni) iyo.

XII dafis kanonebis normebis arseboba imaze metyvelebda, rom sajaro qcevis wesebi, uciloblad,

gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: Tumca, jer kidev didi iyo gvarovnuli wesebis gavlena.

Vindicta privata (kerZo SurisZieba) nela, Tumca ganuxrelad uTmobda adgils vindicta publica (sazo-

gadoebrivi sasjeli). ganagrZoben Tanaarsebobas talio da fuladi jarima, provocatio ad populum da dam-

naSavis sikvdiliT dasja da asoTmiRebiTi sasjeli, da Res publica (respublikuri suliskveTeba) da

sasjelis barbarosuli saxeebi, romelTa mizani adamianis (pirovnebis) daSinebis idea iyo (maimunTan,

ZaRlTan an gvelTan erTad, tomaraSi Casmuli, damnaSavis wyalSi daxrCoba, praecipitium – maRali

xididan Tavdayira gadagdeba, pedis abscissio – fexebis mokveTa da, gansakuTrebiT odiozuri sasjeli –

tarpeas kldidan (Saxum Tarpeium) qurdi monis gadagdeba. tarpeas klde (Saxum Tarpeium), imdroindeli

romis centrSi, kapitoliumis borcvis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare cicabo daRmarTi iyo. sikvdiliT

dasjis aRniSnuli adgili axlos mdebareobda q. romis centralur moedanTan, sadac xdeboda marTl-

msajulebis aRsruleba. damnaSavis dasjaSi monawileobas iRebda ara mxolod dazaralebuli mxare,

aramed moedanze SemTxveviT mosuli brbo. Tavdapirvelad, tarpeas klde iyo mxolod damnaSaveTa

dasjis adgili, xolo mogvianebiT, am adgilidan xramSi isrodnen udanaSaulo adamianebsac –

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fizikuri defeqtis mqone pirebs (monstrum).

XII dafis kanonebis VIII dafaSi saubari iyo, yvela delictum, ramdenime kategoriad dayofis Sesaxeb;

Tumca, pirvel yovlisa unda gamovyoT: 1. iniuria (pirovnebis winaaRmdeg) da 2. furtum (sakuTrebis wi-

naaRmdeg) mimarTuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba. Tavis mxriv, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, kanonis Sesabamisad, or kategoriad kvalificirdeboda: 1. iniuria

verbalis – sityvieri Seuracxyofa paskvilis formaSi (carmen famotum) an sajaro Seuracxyofa (ountare);

2. iniuria realis (fizikuri Seuracxyofa) – cema, gvema, sxeulis dazianeba.

VIII dafis fragmentebi sisxlissamarTlebriv normebs Seicaven (dRemde brwyinvale), romlebSic gamo-

xatulia saxelmwifos reaqcia, qonebis datacebis danaSaulis mimarT. Furtum (qurdoba) aucileblad

iyo dakavSirebuli angarebiT motivTan (lamis saxelmZRvanelo donis debulebaa, romlis Sesaxeb Gai.

werda), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qmedeba dakvalificirdeboda rogorc pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tuli kerZo wyena. Tumca, romauli kanonmdebloba ganixilavda mesakuTrisaTvis zianis miyenebas

nivTis mitacebis (dauflebis) niSnebis gareSe, kerZod: cxeniT gaseirneba daTqmul adgilze ufro So-

ri manZiliT, giravnobis sagniT sargebloba, romlebic furtum (qurdoba) cnebiT iyo moculi. Leges

duodecim tabularum-Si Zalzed dawvrilebiT aris diferencirebuli furtum-is gamo pasuxismgeblobis

sakiTxi: 1. drois mixedviT: furtum diarnum (dRisiT) da furtum nocturnum (RamiT) Cadenili qurdoba. pir-

vel SemTxvevaSi xelmyofi piris mimarT gamoiyeneboda sxeulebrivi sasjeli da dazaralebulis ma-

mulSi monad gamweseba (addictio), meoreSi ki – gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, damnaSavis mimarT, dauyov-

neblivi TviTgasworebis gamoyeneba; 2.subieqti niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT – gansxvavebuli wesiT isje-

boda qurdobis Camdeni cives (Tavisufali romaeli), servi (mona) (sikvdiliT sjidnen) da arasrul-

wlovani piri (garozgviT isjeboda); 3.ganasxvavebdnen furtum manifestum (aSkara qurdoba) da furtum nec

manifestum (faruli qurdoba), Tanac – bolo varianti sakmaod msubuqad isjeboda. damnaSave, jarimis

saxiT, naqurdalis mxolod ormag Rirebulebas ixdida.

imperiis (postklasikuri) periodi tradiciulad ius gentium ayvavebis xanasTan aris gaigivebuli. amas

ramdenime garemoeba uwyobda xels, romelTa Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovnad, iTvleboda: romis

imperiis geografiuli moculoba da amiTve ganpirobebuli misi adgili antikuri samyaros kul-

turul cxovrebaSi, msoflio vaWrobis ganviTareba, politikuri centris aRmosavleTisaken gadatana,

xolo gansakuTrebul movlenad, mainc, pretorTa samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba SeiZleba miviC-

nioT.

romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mesame etapis novaciad Semdegi saxis miRwevebi unda miviC-

nioT: a) danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris Sesaxeb moZRvrebis gavrcobam bralis, kidev erTi formis –

gaufrTxileblobis, Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. Culpa (gaufrTxilebloba), dolus-sa (ganzraxva) da

casus-s (pasuxsmgeblobis miRma darCenili SemTxveva) Soris Sualedur adgils ikavebda; b) mosaubre

da mrCeveli iurisprudenciis wiaRSi, yalibdeba danaSaulis mcdelobis (conatus) cneba, romlis mi-

marT, Semsubuqebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoyeneba, iyo mizanSewonili;

g) danaSaulis Cveuli da gavrcelebuli saxeebis gverdiT (crimina legitima), TandaTanobiT, gvxvdeba

danaSaulis axali saxeebi (crimina extraordinaria), kerZod: qristianobis gmoba, ficis gatexva, muc-

ladmyofi nayofis moSoreba; d) sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis – sasjelis – farglebSi siax-

les warmoadgenda zemoqmedebis Zalzed rTuli da mrisxane, xSirad barbarosuli, sasjelis sistema,

kerZod: gadasaxleba uflebebis CamorTmeviT (aquae et ignis interdicto), gadasaxleba, aRniSnuli, damam-

Zimebeli garemoebis gareSe (deportatio in insulam); maRaroebSi katorRuli samuSaoebis warmoeba

(condemnatio ad metallum). sasjelis mizani damnaSavis daSineba da misTvis samagieros mizRva ar iyo;

e) mudmivi armiis SemoRebasTan erTad, samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi, samxedro danaSaulic Semodis,

kerZod: brZolis velze iaraRis dakargva, mxedarTmTavris, an ufro dabali rangis samxedro

meTauris, Seuracxyofa, mowinaaRmdegis sasargeblod Ralatis Cadena; v) imperatoris absoluturi

xelisuflebis pirobebSi, sasjelis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgenda sajarimo sanqcia,

kerZod – qonebis konfiskacia. aRniSnuli sasjelis mizani iyo mudmivad mzardi samoxeleo aparatis

Sesanaxad, damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaros mobilizeba, ramac romis imperiaSi metad Taviseburi Sedegi

gamoiRo: daSinebuli senatorebi da mxedrebis wodebis warmomadgenlebi, TviTonve cdilobdnen, saku-

Tar memkvidreebad imperatorebi daesaxelebinaT, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT qonebis konfiskaciis mwa-

re xvedri, vinaidan qveyana erTeulebis TviTnebobam da samarTlebrivma qaosma moicva.

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1) moZRvreba sisxlis samarTlis kanonze misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmiT iwyeba.

Zveli romaelebisaTvis, romlebsac mxolod martivi sisxlissamarTlebrivi debulebebi gaaCndaT,

aRniSnuli sakiTxi sulac ar iyo ubralo garToba an Tundac, Teoriuli an istoriuli ganyenebuli

azrovnebis sfero. dRes aRiarebulia, rom “oficialuri”, “arsebuli” sisxlis samarTali yvela xal-

xis cxovrebaSi maSin iwyebs Camoyalibebas, roca xalxi saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTrebis garkveul

dones aRwevs, vinaidan saxelmwifo moiazreba civilur universalur movlenad. rasakvirvelia, ada-

mianTa Soris konfliqtebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gvarovnul-tomobriv etapzec hqonda adgili,

ris Sesaxebac uamravi miTi da legenda, ganadgurebisagan zedmiwevniT daculi, religiuri dogmebi

metyveleben. saxelmwifoebrivi da tomobrivi sawyisebi, piradi da sazogado-saxelisuflo interesebi

saukuneebis manZilze Tanaarsebobas ganagrZobdnen. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac gaZlierda calkeuli mi-

webis erT gansakuTrebul organizmad _ saxelmwifod gaerTianebis tendencia da savaldebulo gaxda

erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba, sajaro sawyisi upirobod imarjvebs Zvel sagvareulo da

saTemo Cveulebebze da CveulebiTi samarTali gamoiyeneba mmarTvelobis mza instrumentis saxiT.

adamianTa cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva, saWiro wesebis arsebobis aucilebloba Zvelma

romaelebma sami mniSvnelovani garemoebiT gaamarTles: SeTanxmebulobiT, aucileblobiTa da Cveu-

lebiT (omne ius aut consensus fecit, aut necessitas constituit, aut firmavit consuetudo _ mTeli samarTali SemoRebulia

SeTanxmebiT, an dadgenili aucileblobiT, an ganmtkicebulia CveulebiT). savaraudod, am debulebis

pirveli elementi mimarTulia samoqalaqo samarTlisadmi, xolo bolo ori _ sisxlis samarTals

ganekuTvneba. laTinebi iZulebulebi iyvnen pativi miegoT winaparTa Cvevebisadmi, vinaidan wina-

saxelmwifoebrivi periodi arc ise Sors iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia Semdegi debulebis arsi:

inveterata consuetudo pro lege non immerito custoditur et hoc est quod dicitur moribus constitutum (Cveuleba cvlis kanons

da CveulebiT samarTlad iwodeba _) an optima est legum interpres consuetudo (Cveuleba kanonis saukeTeso

ganmartebaa _ Paul. D. 1,3,37) TiToeuli Temis mier damoukideblad, saxelmwifoebrivi organoebis ga-

reSe, Seqmnili debulebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli morCileba da pativiscema, romaelebma principebad

da utyuar WeSmaritebad gadaaqcies. Luc. D.1,3,20.: Non omnium quae a maioribus constituta sunt ratio reddit potest

(SeuZlebelia moviyvanoT winaparTa mier dadgenili yvela normis dasabuTeba).

Sit, sed si maiori parti prospiciat, utilis est _ saeWvoa Seiqmnas iseTi kanoni, romelic TiToeulisaTvis iqneba

moxerxebuli, xolo, Tu is kargia umravlesobisaTvis, maSin is – sasargebloa.

2) sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis mTavar daniSnulebas, laTinebi samoqalaqo mSvidobis

SenarCunebaSi (Tanac, ar gamoricxavdnen adamianTa socialuri energiis, sasargeblo mimarTulebiT,

iZulebis wesiT warmarTvas) xedavdnen. maTi azriT, daucveli personebi Tavs usafrTxod unda

grZnobdnen agresiuli mezoblebis winaSe, vinaidan kanonebi imisaTvis iqmneboda, rom, ufro Zliers

Tavi yovlisSemZled ar egrZno (inde dafae leges ne fortior omnia posset). amisaTvis kanonebi xelisuflebas

uflebamosilebas aniWeben ganaxorcielebina brZaneba, akrZalva, uflebis miniWeba, dasja (legis virtus

haec est imperare vetare permittere punire – Mod. D. 1, 3, 7).

3) romaelebma adreve uaryves sisxlis aRebis Cveuleba, vinaidan sakuTari mware gamocdilebiT,

gaacnobieres, rom, grZnobebis moTokvis aRniSnuli xerxi, Temis WeSmaritad, TviTganadgurebis saSua-

leba. administraciulma organoebma kerZo pirs CamoarTves iniciativa da dahpirdnen mas, rom sazo-

gado morCilebis sanacvlod, kerZo piri, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivad da samarTlianad da-

culi iqneboda (maSinac ki, roca dazaralebuli agresors alal bedad Cabardeboda).

Ab assuetis non fit iniuria – (iuridiuli uflebebis darRveva) aseTad rCeba maSinac, roca winaaRmdegobis

gawevas ar hqonda adgili. aRniSnuli debulebidan gamomdinareobda didebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

koleqtiuri wesrigi da simSvide, zogadsavaldebulo normebze, didad iyo damokidebuli. xolo cal-

keuli pirebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT sayovelTao aRiareba moipoves, ar arian uflebamosili erT-

pirovnulad Seufardon pirs sasjeli, radgan maT mier, individualurad gansazRvruli, samarT-

lianobisa da marTlmsajulebis kriteriumebi, advilad SesaZlebelia, eWvis qveS dadges an Seiryvnes

kidec, rac qveyanaSi qaosis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxdeba. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zogadi wesebisadmi

erTsulovani rwmena imdenad didi iyo, rom xalxisa da iuridiul SegnebaSi damkvidrda amayi

gamoTqma: prius vitiis laboravimus, nunc legibus – (adre Cven mankierebiT viyaviT daTrgunuli, axla ki –

kanonebiT varT). mmarTvelobis sajaro da mudmivi sistema, romelic mkveTr sawyisebs efuZneboda,

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mowedebuli iyo Seecvala usafuZvlo rwmena pirovnebis utyuarobis mimarT (reqsis, imperatoris,

magistratis uZleveloba da samarTlianoba, vinaidan: kanoni ufro samarTliania, vidre adamiani

(aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis); kanoniT ganxorcielebuli gankarguleba ufro mZlavri da

samarTliania, vidre adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli dadgenileba (fortior efaequior est dispositio legis quam

hominis); da kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro Zlieria, vidre adamianebis mier (fortior est custodia legis

quam hominis).

4) iuridiuli romi kanonis Sinaarsis nawilSi xelmZRvanelobda metad martivi mcnebiT: patiosnad

icxovre, sxvas araferi dauSavo, TiToeuls mianiWa is, rac mas ekuTvnis (praecepta iuris sunt haec honeste

vivere alterum non laedere suum cuique tribuere – Ulp.D.1,1,10). moralistebma aRniSnul debulebaSi, SesaZloa,

`zneobriobis oqros wesic” dainaxon da es gasagebicaa, vinaidan, gvarovnuli wyobidan, saxelmwi-

foebrivad mowyobili, sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze, xorcieldeboda koleqtiuri pasuxis-

mgeblobidan, calkeuli adamianis individualuri pasuxismgeblobisaken istoriuli gadasvla, ris ga-

moc icvleboda socialuri regulirebis formebi.

swored am gardamaval epoqaSi, daaxloebiT qr. S-mde I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, msoflios sxva-

dasxva kuTxeSi, gansxvavebul kulturul regionebSi, yalibdeboda humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis

ideebi, ris upirveles gamovlinebad `zneobriobis oqros wesi” unda miviCnioT. amrigad, romaulma

kanonmdeblobam, sakuTar debulebebSi, ganamtkica kacobriobis sulieri ganviTarebis Sedegebi,

SeinarCuna mSvidobis ZiriTadi mcnebebi (`maxabxarata” – qr. S-mde V s, konfuZis moZRvreba – qr. S-mde

VI-V ss.; budizmi – qr. S-mde VI-V ss da sxva). yovelive zemoaRniSnulma, gavlena moaxdina sisxlis

samarTlis ramdenime principis Camoyalibebaze: 1. sjobs danaSauli dausjeli darCes, vidre daisa-

jos udanaSaulo piri (satius esse impunitum reliqui facinus quam innocenten damnari – Traianus et Ulp. D. 48, 19, 5, 5); 2.

aravis SeuZlia gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba samarTaldarRvevis (danaSaulis) Cadenis gziT

(Nemo ex suo delicto meliorem suam condicionem facere potest – Ulp. D.50,17,134,1); 3. danaSauli ar SeiZleba darCes

dausjeli (Neque impunita maleficia esse oporfeat – Iul. D.9,2,5,1,2); 4. dasjadia moqmedeba, warmoTqmuli da dawe-

rili sityva, rCeva-darigebani (Aut facta puniuntur aut dicta aut scripta aut consilia – Claud. Sat. D.48,19,16 pr.).

roca romis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes

sisxlis samarTlis kanonis savaldebulo Sefardebisa da gamoyenebis garkveuli wesi: anu is, rasac

Tanamedrove kanoniT da iuridiuli mecnierebiT miiCneva sisxlis samarTlis moqmedebad droSi, sivr-

ceSi, pirTa wris mimarT da eqstradiciad, Zvelma romaelebma sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba

danaSaulis Cadenis adgilTan (locus criminis), sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis teritoriasTan

dakavSirebiT, Zalzed mokle frazebiT gamoxates: danaSauli Tan iTrevs adamians (crimen franit

personam) – aRniSnuli poziciis axsna-ganmarteba ufro gansjadobis teritoriuli principis sasar-

geblod gamoiyeneba. axla CamovayaliboT Zv. romauli ufro zusti miTiTebani sisxlis samarTlis

kanonmdeblobis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT: debet quis iuri subiacere ubi delinquit (piri unda daeqve-

mdebaros danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze moqmed kanons); statuta suo clauduntur territorio, nec ultra territorium

disponut (kanoni izRudeba sakuTari teritoriiT, is ar moqmedebs sakuTari teritoriis farglebs

gareT); ubi quis delinquit ibi punientur (pirma sadac Caidina danaSauli, iqve unda daisajos).

Locus criminis-gan gansxvavebiT, Zveli romaelebi droebliv pozitivs ufro erTgvarovnad ayalibebdnen:

lex prospict, non respicit (kanoni mxolod win icqireba, is sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ar moqmedebs); lex de

futuro; iudex de praeterito (kanoni moqmedebs samomavlod, mosamarTle ganixilavs warsuls); sisxlis

samarTlis ukuqmedebis Zala (nunc pro tunc) ukve cnobili iyo, Tumca mxolod ukidures zomad ganixi-

leboda, Zalzed iSviaT SemTxvevebSi: leges quae retrospiciunt raro, et magna cum cautione sunt adhibendae neque

enim Ianus locatur in legibus (kanoni, romelsac ukuqmedebis Zala gaaCnia, iSviaTad da didi sifrTxiliT

gamoiyeneba, radgan ianusis adgili ar aris samarTalSi).

sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis, swori da erTgvarovani gamoyenebis aucilebel da ucvlel,

pirobad misi axsna-ganmarteba iTvleba, rac sazogadoebaSi arsebul mRelvarebas yvelaze ukeT

daacxrobs. Zv. romSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonis sajaro axsna-ganmarteba romaeli iuristebis aq-

tiuri monawileobiT xorcieldeboda. Tu romaeli pontifikosebi, sakuTar Tavs, RmerTebis nebis

ganmcxadeblebad miiCnevdnen da ar zrunavdnen sakuTari konsultaciebis motivaciis Sesaxeb, saero

iuristebi ara Tu motivirebul konsultaciebs iZlevian, aramed samarTlis normebis interpretatio

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(axsna-ganmartebas) axdenen, cdiloben Caswvdnen aramarto calkeuli normis arss, aramed Seiswavlon

romis samarTlis sistema, mTlianobaSi, da daadginon samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. sisxlis sa-

marTalSi damkvidrda iuridiuli prezumfciis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba.

sisxlis samarTlis prezumfcia gulisxmobda, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi àdgili aqvs keTil-

sindisierebas, Tu ar dadginda boroti ganzraxva” an `TiToeuli CvenTagani keTilsindisier pirad

iTvleba, Tu ar damtkicda sapirispiro mdgomareoba” (Paul).

I. sisxlis samarTlis principebi

im mravalricxovani samarTlebrivi saSualebebidan, romlebic mowodebuli arian ganamtkicon sazo-

gadoebrivi Tanacxovreba, gamoiyofa iseTebi, romlebsac generaluri (zogadsavaldebulo) mniSvne-

loba da JReradoba gaaCniaT, romlebic kerZo samarTlis normebis Sinaarssa da tonalobas koordi-

nireben, sasamarTlo praqtikas akeTilSobileben, samarTlebriv ideologias asaxaven. am samarT-

lebrivi reglamentebis saxelwodebaa – samarTlis principi, romelic kerZo moTxovnebs ganamtki-

cebda. samarTlis principebis roli da mniSvneloba SeiZleba erTi fraziT CamovayaliboT: samarT-

lis principi aris ideasa da sinamdviles Soris arsebuli kompromisi.

$1. kanonierebis principi

kanoniereba – zogadsamarTlebrivi idealia, romelic, yovelgvar gamonaklisebs, mTlianad uaryofda.

Zv. romaelebma STamomavlobas erTgvarovani samarTlebrivi maqsimebi dautoves saxelmZRvanelod: fiat

iustitia, pereat mundus (marTlmsajuleba unda aRsruldes, mTeli samyaroc rom daiRupos) da dura lex, sed

lex (kanoni mkacria, magram es kanonia). kanonierebis sayovelTao principis damkvidrebam, TviTnebobis,

analogiiT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis, usamarTlo da dausabuTebeli gadawyvetilebis

aRmofxvras Seuwyo xeli. romaelebma Tavidan aiciles kanonierebis reJimis darRveva da, kanonis

mkacr da mSral erTgvarovnebas, mianiWes upiratesoba individualuri midgomebis mimarT, rac, mom-

devno Taobebis iuristebisaTvis, Tavisebur gafrTxilebad, mowodebad iqca.

$2. moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi

moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi aris iseTive mudmivi idea, rogorc mudmivia TviT

buneba. adamianebma didi xania daijeres da ganuxrel WeSmaritebad miiRes, garSemo myofTa, an indivi-

dualizmi, an mTeli samyaros uferuli erTgvarovneba.

Ulp. (D. 50, 17, 32) ambobda: ... quod adius naturale affinet, omnes homines aequales sunt (...bunebiTi samarTlis mixed-

viT, yvela adamiani Tanasworia). Tumca, samarTali (da gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTali) politikur

doqtrinebs eqvemdebareba, cvlis memkvidreobis sakiTxebis reglamentacias, da cdilobs, qonebriv

sanqciebsa da Tavisuflebis CamorTmevas Soris, moZebnos alternativa.

zogadad, qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis sferom, kastobrivi kuTvnilebis arseboba, yvelaze

metad ganicada. pirvelebma aRniSnuli viTareba swored romaelma iuristebma SeniSnes. maTi azriT,

erTi mxriv, kanoni yvelasaTvis erTi piriT saubrobda (lex uno ore omnes alloquitur) da Tanasworoba

samarTlianobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa (prima pars aequitatis aequalitas). magram, meore mxriv,

pirvelive kritikuli viTarebis arsebobam, romaeli iuristebi daaeWva da maT gamoTqves aseTi mosaz-

reba: quinon habet in crimena luat in corpore, ne quis peccetur impune (is, visac safuleSi groSi ar udevs, unda

daeqvemdebaros sxeulebriv sasjels, radgan kanonis damrRvevi dausjeli ar darCes).

amrigad, ufro zusti iqneba, aRniSnuli principi, Camoyalibdes Semdegi cnebiT: yvela piri kanonisa

da sasamarTlos winaSe aris Tanaswori, yovelgvari faqtobrivi garemoebebis arsebobis miuxedavad,

asakisa da Seracxadobis, anu im Semadgenlobis niSnebis garda, romlebic danaSaulis subieqtisaTvis

aris damaxasiaTebeli. sisxlissamarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi, swored danaSaulis Semad-

genloba, adamianTa iuridiuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo da gamocdili instru-

menti iyo. amrigad, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi braldebuli pirebi gaTanabrebuli da stan-

dartizebuli arian.

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$3. braleulobis principi

braleulobis principi Zvel romaul definiciaSi daaxloebiT ase JRerda: ubi culpa est, ibi poena subesse

debet (sadac bralia, iqve sasjelic unda iyos). bralis principis arseboba ganpirobebuli iyo sami

faqtoriT: a) brali humanuri iaraRi iyo, zianis momtani qmedebis Camdeni, nebismieri avtoris dasjis

winaaRmdeg, maT Soris iseTi pirebis dasjis winaaRmdeg, vinc sazogadoebrivi zneobiT ar iyo gamarT-

lebuli; b) brali – samarTlebrivi miznebis miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa, rac mxolod xeli-

suflebasa da damnaSaves Soris gaazrebuli dialogis arsebobis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli (ganzra-

xuli Canafiqrisa da nebelobiTi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, am aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, samarTliani

dasjis Sesaxeb, gamosworebisa da valis gadaxdis Sesaxeb da sxva); g) brali _ pasuxismgeblobis

individualizaciis damatebiTi kriteriumia. braleulobis moTxovna, xelisuflebis mier, mimarTuli

mxolod bralis kondiciuri matareblebisadmi, romelTa qveS igulisxmeba garkveuli asakis miRweva

(romelic usafrTxo sazogadoebriv moqmedebas uzrunvelyofs) da biologiuri maCveneblebi (fsiqi-

kuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT, adekvaturad aRiqvas sazoga-doebrivi cxovreba, unaris mqone

nebismieri fizikuri piri).

amrigad, asaki da Seracxaoba bralisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis mTavari wina-

pirobaa. brali – danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqturi mxaris niSania, romelic, nebismieri sisxlis

samarTlis saqmeze, mtkicebis sagans warmoadgenda da axlac warmoadgens. mravali saukunis ganmav-

lobaSi braleulobis principi dakavSirebuli iyo faqtebis swor asaxvasTan, qmedebis sazoga-

doebrivi mniSvnelobis (saSiSroebis) gagebasTan. marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da danaSaulis akrZalvis

Segnebas ar aqvs iuridiuli mniSvneloba. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat (kanonis arcodna aravis epa-

tieba) – romaelebma es principi gaiTavises ZvelTaganve. romis xelisufalni, romis senatisa an ma-

gistratebis iuridiulad mniSvnelovan da zogadsavaldebulo aqtebs, sayovelTao gacnobisaTvis fo-

rumis moedanze gamofendnen xolme, tabulae publicae saxiT, an damatebiT gaaxmovanebdnen kidec.

$4. samarTlianobis principi

samarTlianobis principi uZveles zogadsakacobrio idealsa da imeds gamoxatavda. rogorc nebis-

mieri moraluri moTxovna, samarTlianoba gansxvavdeba Sinaarsobrivi moqnilobiT. TiToeuli epoqa

da TiToeuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba samarTlianobis sakuTari gagebis mimarT, garkveul imedebs

gamoxatavda. Zvelma romaelebma maleve gaacnobieres, rom yvelasaTvis misaRebi kanoni saerTod ar

arsebobs da amitom saWiroa gansakuTrebuli koeficientebis SemuSaveba. romaelebma aqcenti aequitas-

ze (samarTlianoba) gadaitanes, romelic, maTi azriT, mkacri kanonierebis erTaderTi da mudmivi opo-

nentia. maTi SexedulebiT, mxolod aequitas iyo zesamarTlebrivi imperativi, gadamrCeni instrumenti,

romelic sisxlis samarTals adamianebisaTvis misaRebad aqcevda. romaelebma zneobrivi iuridiuli

Cixidan erTaderT gamosavlad perpetuae lex miiCnevdnen. swored aman ganapiroba romaelTa RvTaebrivi

aRtkineba samarTlianobis mimarT: ius respicit aequitatem (samarTali angariSs uwevs samarTlianobis

mosazrebebs); lex respicit aequitatem (kanoni pativiscemiT ekideba samarTlianobis moTxovnebs), an lex

aequitate gaudet (samarTali samarTlianobiT tkbeba). Zveli romis iuristTa zneobrivi monapovrebis

ZiriTadi kalapoti kanonis samarTlianobaze gaSuqeba iyo, riTac maT daamtkices, rom moraluri

kriteriumi biwierze ufro maRalia da amitom xelisuflebis miswrafebani arasrulyofilia.

iuristebi kanonmdeblobisagan zomierebas moiTxovdnen (tantum habent de lege, quantum habent de iustitia

(kanonisaTvis mniSvnelovani is aris, rac samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiTac mniSvnelovania), aqve iyo

pretorebis mimarT mowodeba, rom maT kanonis kerZo wesebSi gamoeZebnaT samarTlis suliskveTeba

zogadad (aequitas naturalis preferenda est rigori iuris – bunebrivi samarTlianoba ufro sasurvelia, vidre

kanonis simkacre); iudex aequitatem semper spectare debet (mosamarTlem samarTlianoba mudam mxedvelobaSi

unda iqonios). romis samarTalSi samarTlianobis principis kerZo axsna-ganmartebad Semdegi daTqma

iTvleboda: nemo bis punitur pro eodem delieto, nemo debet bis puniri uno delicto (aravin ASeiZleba orjer

daisajos erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis).

$5. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi

piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi Cadenili qmedebisaTvis, nel-nela, xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da

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centralizaciis zrdasa da mis xelSi sadamsjelo funqciebis gadasvlasTan erTad, sisxlis aRebis

Cveulebis, cxovelebis dasjis, sisxlis samarTlis Temur-koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobisagan uaris

Tqmis paralelurad, ikafavda gzas. Zvel romaelebTan aRniSnuli principi mouwodebda danaSaulis

Sedegebi memkvidreebze ar gavrcelebuliyo (in heredes non solent transire actiones quae poenales ex maleficio sunt

(sadamsjelo xasiaTis sarCelebi, romlebic danaSaulis Cadenis faqtidan warmoiSveba, ar gadadis

memkvidreobiT). aseve erTmniSvnelovania kidev erTi anonimuri sentencia _ nemo punitur pro alieno delicto

(aravin daisjeba sxvisi danaSaulisaTvis).

Ulp.D.16,3,1,18 azriT, samarTaldarRvevisa da zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxs agebda piradad samarTal-

damrRvevi (et delicta et noxae caput seguuntur). Tumca, Zv. romaulma ideologiurma da samarTlebrivma

konstruqciebma am principidan gamonaklisic dauSves: kerZod, Ulp. (D.48,4,11) Tvlida: Crimen

extinguiturrimen mortalitate, nisi forte quis maiestatis reus fuit (danaSauli daifareba damnaSavis sikvdiliT, Tumca

erTi gamonaklisiT: Tu saxelmwifo Ralats ar hqonda adgili. amrigad, saxelmwifos moRalate naTe-

savis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxs misi memkvidre agebda da is sasjelisaTvis unda gamza-

debuliyo. amave seriidan SeiZleba gamovyoT normebi sxvisi braleulobis gamo pasuxismgeblobis Se-

saxeb: mepatronis pasuxismgebloba mosamsaxuris samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (iniuria servi dominum pertingit),

anu adamianis pasuxismgebloba monisa an Svilis samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (ob alterius culpam tenetur, sive

servi, sive liberi).

$6. dasjadobis gardauvalobis principi

sasjelis gardauvalobis principi romaelebma bunebriv samarTlianobad miiCnies, radgan, maTi azriT,

es principi mniSvnelovan prevenciul saSualebad, TiTqmis aqsiomad, miiCneoda.

upirveles yovlisa, es moTxovna damnaSavis antisazogadoebriv gamoxtomaze reagirebis amocanas dau-

kavSirda: neque impunita maleficia esse oporteat (danaSauli dausjeli ar unda darCes) – Iul. (D.9,2,51,2).

gansakuTrebiT miesalmebodnen im azrs, rom danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris uryevi kavSiri arsebobda

da samagieros mizRvis gardauvalobas win veraferi daudgeboda.

Ulp. (D.4,5,2,3) Tvlida, rom aravin SeiZleba gaTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan Cadenili samarTal-

darRvevis gamo (nemo delictis exuitur). sisxlissamarTlebrivi qmedebisaTvis sasjelis gardauvalobis

principi, yvelaze xSirad, axali danaSaulis Cadenisagan Tavis aridebis zrunviT an danaSaulisagan

Tavdacvis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

romaelebi saubrobdnen saxelmwifo interesebis (interest reipublicae ne maleficia remaneant impunita – sa-

xelmwifos interesebSia, rom damnaSaveni dausjeli ar darCnen) Sesaxeb; imis Sesaxeb, rom daus-

jeloba mudam waaxalisebda damnaSaveT (impunitas cotinuum affectum tribuit delinquendi), rom dausjeloba mud-

mivad acdunebs pirs danaSaulis Cadenisaken (spes impunitas continuum Affectum tribuit delinquendi).

II. danaSauli romis samarTalSi

danaSauli (Tanamedrove gagebiT), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis cneba da instituti, romaul iuris-

prudenciaSi ver Camoyalibda. savaraudod, maTze gavlena moaxdina, mkacrad Teoriuli xasiaTis da

mSrali, sworad Camoyalibebuli definiciebis mimarT, romaelTa sayovelTao siZulvilma. winaswar

Semowmebuli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ romaelebi upirtesobas brZanebebis zust da mokle

formulebs, qcevis receptebs aniWebdnen. Zv. romma ukve icoda marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa da

gadacdomis (commissum), samarTaldarRvevisa (delictum) da sakuTriv danaSaulis (crimen) diferen-

cireba.

danaSauli, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda sxvadasxva saxeebad: 1. saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dana-

Sauli – vis publica an de maestate; 2. Zaladobrivi danaSauli – devi; 3. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

danaSauli _ raptus; 4. Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli – ambitus da sxva.

aRniSnuli epoqis danaSaulis kerZo saxeebi Semdegnairad iyofoda: a) peculatos (saxelmwifo sakuT-

rebis dataceba, gaflangva); b) plagium (Tavisufali adamianis, marTlsawinaaRmdegod, monad gayidva);

g) repetundae (romis mokavSireebis qonebis mitaceba); d) veneficia (SxamiT mowamvla); e) sicaria (daqira-

185

vebuli mkvleloba – angarebiT mkvleloba); v) homicidium (ganzrax mkvleloba); z) perduellio (sa-

xelmwifos Ralati); T) furtum (qurdoba); i) calumnia (ciliswameba); k) falsum (crumowmeoba); l) captio an

fraus (TaRliToba); m) convicium (Seuracxyofa); n) verberatio (cema, gvema) da sxva.

romaelma iuristebma, pirobiTad, savaraudod, aRiares marTlwinaaRmdegoba danaSaulis aucilebel

niSnad: Ulp. (D. 50, 16, 131 pr) Tvlida, rom poena sine fraude esse non potest (dauSvebelia sasjelis arseboba

danaSaulis gareSe).

romaelebma gansazRvres danaSaulis kategorizaciis Canasaxebic: 1. minora crimina _ naklebad mniSvne-

lovani danaSauli; 2. maT mier ganisazRvra danaSaulebrivi aqtis dasrulebis momentis dadgenis

aucilebloba (flagrans crimen).

III. brali

danaSauli warmoadgens garkveul fsiqofiziologiur erTobliobas, anu brali aris azrebsa da qme-

debas, sulsa da sxeuls, ganzraxvasa da Sedegs Soris arsebuli uwyveti kavSiri. piris Sinagani su-

lieri samyaros is mciredi nawili, romelic danaSaulebriv aqts uSualod asaxavda da xsnida da

bunebrivad iwvevda kanonmdeblisa da iuristis interesebs, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqtur

mxared iwodeboda. aRniSnuli cneba cnobili iyo romaeli iuristebisaTvis, romlebic mas mens rea

(sulieri saqme) uwodebdnen. Tanamedrove mecniereba mens rea-Si gamohyofs mizansa (avtorisaTvis

sasurveli Secodebis Sedegi) da motivs (Segnebuli an gauazrebeli Sinagani aRtkineba), Tumca, dana-

Saulis Semadgenlobis subieqturi mxaris mTavar komponents mainc brali warmoadgens. bralis ga-

reSe miyenebuli zarali sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT ar idevneba da isjeba. Zvelma laTinebma imTa-

viTve moaxdines danaSaulis klasificireba SemTxveviT, ganzrax da emociebze damyarebul qmedebad:

Modestinus (D.48,19,11,2) azriT, delinquitur aut proposito aut impetu aut casu (adamianebi samarTals ganzrax,

grZnobebis mowoliT an SemTxveviT arRveven). nebismieri samarTaldamrRvevi fsiqiurad indi-

vidualuria, xolo nebismieri danaSauli, agreTve, samyaros individualuri fsiqologiuri asaxvis

sferos warmoadgens da, amavdroulad, danaSaulSi TviT samarTaldamrRvevis pirovnebaa gamoxatuli.

danaSaulis subieqturi mxarisa da bralis Sesaxeb codnas Zveli romaelebi sisxlissamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebisaTvis iyenebdnen. maT mier moZiebul iqna danaSaulebrivi fsiqo-

logiis axal-axali gamyofi xazebi, ris Sedegad damkvidrda mtkiceba, rom danaSaulis sxvadasxva

saxe erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ganzraxviT da miznebiT (violuntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia). ag-

reTve moxda Tanamedrove iuridiuli suliskveTebisaTvis nacnobi cnebebis – Tanabari brali (par

delictum), winaswar Secnobili ganzraxva (malitia praecogitata) _ kultivireba. swored aqedan gamomdi-

nareobs miTiTeba uxeSi gauazreblobisa da zianis ganzraxi miyenebis Sesaxeb (lata culpa dolo

aequiparatur _ uxeSi daudevroba ganzraxvas uTanabrdeba an magna culpa dolus est – uxeSi gaufrTxi-

lebloba ganzraxvis Tanabaria.

amrigad, imdroindel sisxlissamarTlebriv konstruqciebSi ukve iyo ganzraxvis, gaufrTxi-

leblobisa da daudevrobis adgili. damnaSavis inteleqtualur-nebelobiTi Zalisxmeva da SesaZ-

leblobani, sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi, mxedvelobaSi ori mimarTulebiT miiReboda: Cadenili

qmedebisadmi (moqmedeba an umoqmedoba) fsikuri damokidebulebiT da am qmedebis SedegebiT. Tumca,

Zvel romaul sakanonmdeblo teqstebsa da traqtatebSi ar iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba bralis ori

formis – ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis Sesaxeb, magram ukve arsebobda miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb,

rom alkoholi did gavlenas axdenda danaSaulis Cadenaze, kerZod: qui peccaf ebrius, luat sobrius (vinc

Caidenda danaSauls simTvraleSi, daisjeboda maSin, roca fxizeli iyo). Zvelromaulma samarTal-

mcodneobam swrafad gaiazra, rom erTmaneTisagan unda gaemijnaT SemTxveva da Secdoma. Ulp. azriT: a)

casus a nullo praestatur (SemTxvevis (dauZleveli Zalis) gamo pasuxs aravin agebs) (D. 50, 17, 23); b) fortuitos

casus nullum humanum consilium providere potest (araviTar adamianur windaxedulobas SeuZlia SemTxve-

visagan dacva (D. 4, 4, 11, 5).

Secdomas ki error uwodebdnen. Secdoma sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba yofiliyo, kerZod: romaelebi iuri-

diul da faqtobriv Secdomebs ganasxvavebdnen. gansxvavebis arsi ki metad sworxazovani iyo: ignorantia

facti excusat, ignorantia iuris (haund) non excusat (faqtis arcodna sapatioa, xolo samarTlis arcodna (aravi-

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Tar SemTxvevaSi) (aravis) epatieba). aRniSnulis Taobaze mniSvnelovania Paul. mosazreba: regula est iuris

quidem ignorantia cuique nocere, facti vero ignorantium non nocere (samarTlis arcodna yvelasaTvis sazianoa, faq-

tis arcodna ar aris saziano) (D.22,6,9pr).

$1. Seracxaoba

brali samarTaldamrRvevis jansaRi fsiqikis moqmedebas gulisxmobs: Tu piri fsiqiurad daava-

debulia (WkuasustobiT an gonebaClungobiT) gamoiricxeba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da

piri mxolod iZulebiT samedicino mkurnalobas daeqvemdebareba, Sesabamis samkurnalo dawese-

bulebaSi. romaelma iuristebma, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da samedicino daxmarebis

mizniT, samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi SemoiRes Seuracxaobis cneba, romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba

Tanamedrove samarTalSi.

sakuTriv iuridiuli wesebi metad sworxazovania: Modestinus azriT, sufficit furore ipso furiosum puniri

(uWkuo sakmarisad dasjilia uWkuobiT. D. 48, 9, 9, 2), anu fsiqiurad avadmyofi pirebis mier Cadenili

eqscesebis gamo, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Sefardeba SeuZlebeli iyo. Tanac, im pe-

riodSi, met-naklebad mowesrigebuli, fsiqiatriuli klinikebis arseboba warmoudgeneli iyo, ris

gamoc, suliT avadmyofi piri bolomde “Tavisufali” iyo da iZulebiTi xasiaTis samedicino Ronis-

Ziebas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis samarTalSi arc sakanonmdeblo wesiT gadawyvetili Seuracxaobis

definicia arsebobda, romelic Rirseul samedicino da biologiur safuZvels daefuZneboda. amis

gamo Seuracxadi da suliT avadmyofi pirebis gansxvaveba martivi wesiT xdeboda: fortus praesumitur qui

in proprio nomine errat (Seuracxadia is, vinc Secdomebs sakuTar saxelSi akeTebda).

$2. danaSaulis obieqturi mxare

subieqturi Seracxvis, bralis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis, Secdomisa da Seuracxaobis didi mniSvnelobis

miuxedavad, Zveli romaelebisaTvis danaSaulis advilad damamtkicebel mowmeobas mainc misi gare-

gani, obieqturi niSnebi (maxasiaTeblebi) warmoadgenda, romlebic ufro Zlier argumentad iTvle-

boda, vidre sityvebi (facta sunt potentiora verbis).

romaeli iuristebi Tvlidnen, rom mxolod azrebis gamo piris dasja SeuZlebeli iyo, rom ganzraxva

ar iyo dasjadi (cogitationis poenam nemo patitur – Ulp. D. 48, 19, 18). am droidan moyolebuli, qmedeba da mi-

si Sedegebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani garegani koordinatebis garemocvaSia (danaSaulis Cadenis adgi-

li, dro, xerxi, garemoeba, iaraRi, saSualeba da sxva) moqceuli, danaSaulis im energetikul birTvs

warmoadgenen, romelic danaSaulis Semadgeblobis obieqturi mxaris saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.

Zalzed primitiulad iyo gadawyvetili danaSaulis damTavrebis sakiTxi. am TvalsazrisiT, sainte-

resoa gaiusis mosazrebani qurdobis damTavrebasTan dakavSirebiT: manifestum furtum quidam id esse dixerunt,

quod dum fit deprehenditur. Alii vero ulterius, quod eo loco deprehenditur ubi fit. ... Alii ... donec perferret eo, quo perferre fur

destinasset. Alii ...quandoque eam rem fur tenens visus fuerit (zogierTebis azriT, qmedeba mTavrdeba, Tu damnaSave

danaSaulis Cadenis dros iqneba waswrebuli; sxvebi Tvlian. ...Tu is waswrebulia danaSaulis ad-

gilze; mesameni ...vidre qurdi ar waiRebs nivTs iq, sadac Caifiqra, da, bolos, sxvebi Tvlian...roca

qurds nivTiT xelSi xedaven (Gai., 3, 84).

$3. danaSaulis Cadenis stadiebi

romaelma iuristebma ar icodnen, Tanamedrove gagebiT, danaSaulis momzadebis cneba, maT ver SeZles

damTavrebuli danaSaulis, rogorc damoukidebeli stadiis, gamoyofa da ver hyofdnen danaSaulis

Secadebas calkeul nairsaxeobad (rogorc Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSia). damTavrebul xel-

yofas upirispirdeboda mxolod Secadeba (mcdeloba), romelsac romaelebma yvelaze meti sentencia

miuZRvnes. maTi nawili sadReisod CvenTvis miuRebeli da sazianoc ki aris, kerZod: in lege Cornelia dolus

pro facto accipitur (korneliusis kanonis Tanaxmad (adamianis mkvlelobis), mcdeloba mkvlelobas

uTanabrdeba (Paul. D. 48, 8, 7); In atrocioribus delictis punitur affectus licet non sequitur effectus (ufro mZime danaSaulis

mcdeloba mainc dasjadia, Tundac Sedegi ar yofiliyo damdgari).

187

$4. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba

romaulma warCinebulma sazogadoebam Zalzed adre gaacnobiera danaSaulis jgufuri formebis mome-

tebuli safrTxe, arsebuli wesrigisadmi korporaciuli winaaRmdegobis gansakuTrebuli saSiSroeba

(mezobel tomebTan permanentuli brZola, plebs-is politikuri bunti, monaTa gaxSirebuli ajanyebebi,

provinciebSi arsebuli mRelvareba).

yovelive zemoTqmulma, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb, moZRvrebis aqtiur ganxilvas, Seuwyo

xeli. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis problema, kanonmdeblobaSi, dacviT reaqciad iqca.

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTli, danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas, Semdegi qmede-

bebisaTvis adgens: uSedego wamqezeblobisaTvis; amave dros, Tanamedrove sisxlissamarTlebrivi

kanonmdebloba, gansakuTrebulad ixilavs danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis iseT problemebs, rogo-

ricaa: eqscesis individualizirebuli statusi: organizatoris, wamqezeblis, damxmaris mier danaSau-

lebriv qmedebaze nebayoflobiT uaris Tqma; rolebis gancalkaveba; TiToeuli Tanamonawiles mimarT,

sasjels Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis gamoyeneba da sxva.

aRniSnul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, romaelebi sakmaod sworxazovnad iqceodnen: maT dainaxes, rom

jgufuri xelyofis dros, Sedegis dadgoma, saboloo jamSi, amsruleblis finalur Zalisxmevaze iyo

damokidebuli da swored amsrulebels miiCneven jgufuri danaSaulis mTavar RerZad, mTavar

damnaSaved: ubi non esf princiupalis, non potest esse accessorius (sadac ar aris mTavari braleuli (amsrulebeli),

iq arc Tanamonawileobaa), an accessorius (Tanamonawileoba) sequitur naturam sut principalis (Tanamonawileoba

Tansdevs mTavar braleuls) anu dauSvebelia Tanamonawilis braldeba ufro mZime danaSaulis Cade-

naSi, vidre mTavari braleulis danaSaulebrivi qmedeba.

Tanamonawileoba jer kidev ar iyo daCrdiluli Semxeblobis institutiT. samagierod, ukve moxda,

jgufurad Cadenili danaSaulis, qmedebis drois mixedviT, iuridiuli SezRudva: nullus dicitur felo

principalis nisi actor, aut qui praesens est, abettans auf auxilians actorem ad feloniam faciendam - mTavar damnaSaves aravis

uwodeben, amsruleblis, an im piris garda, romelic danaSaulis Cadenis adgilas imyofeboda da

danaSaulis Cadenisaken aqezebda, an amaSi mas exmareboda).

rogorc Cans, imis miuxedavad, rom Tanamonawileobis subieqturi safuZvlebisadmi ukve arsebobda

sayovelTao ltolva, danaSaulis an damnaSavis dafarva arasrulyofilad iyo Camoyalibebuli; sau-

bari exeba mxolod damxmares codnas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo amsruleblis Zalisxmeva, Tumca,

araferia naTqvami, damxmaresa da amsrulebels Soris arsebul urTierTSeTanxmebaze.

apeninebze Camoyalibebul sisxlis samarTalSi garkveuli warmatebebic gvxvdeba: gamoyofilia da

gamoiyeneba danaSaulSi Tanamonawilis cneba (particeps criminis); farTod gavrcelda debuleba, ro-

melsac dRes, zianis SualobiT miyenebas vuwodebT (qui per alium facit per seipsum facere videtur _ is, vinc

moqmedebs sxvisi meSveobiT, TviTon uSualod moqmedebis Camdenad iTvleba).

pozitiuri movlena TviT TanamonawileTa klasificireba iyo, ama Tu im figuris SedarebiTi

mniSvnelobis gansazRvriT. gansakuTrebuli sasjeli swored wamqezebels ekisreboda: is yovelTvis

ufro braleuli iyo, vidre amsrulebeli (plus peccat autor quam actor), kerZod: ulpianes azriT, “persuadere

plus est quam compelli atque cogi sibi parere (waaqeze – ufro boroti ganzraxviTia, vidre morCilebisadmi

iZuleba (D. 11, 3, 1, 3)).

$5. danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi, aRniSnuli moqmedebani, romlebsac danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamom-

ricxavi garemoebani ewodeba, subieqtebis mier eqstremalur viTarebaSi xorcieldeba: 1.zianis miye-

nebis viTareba maT mier ar igegmeboda; 2. am garemoebas iZulebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da pirs ar SeeZlo,

drois ukmarisobis gamo, sakuTari sapasuxo moqmedebebis gaazreba, an sasargeblo rCevebis miReba;

3. Tu aRniSnuli pirobebis garda, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo aqciebsac eqneba adgili (iZulebis

qveS, zianis miyenebis SemTxvevis garda), aseTi adamianebis mimarT, xelisuflebis mxridan, Sebra-

lebiTi damokidebulebis aucileblobaze SeiZleba visaubroT.

188

rasakvirvelia, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, jer ver iqneboda romaul sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli,

vinaidan aRniSnuli moTxovnebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis monapovaria. Tumca, zianis marTlzomieri

miyenebis garemoebebi, mainc iqna aRiarebuli da nel-nela gavrcelda romaelTa sazogadoebaSi. maT

SesZles erTmaneTisagan gaemijnaT actus Dei, vis maior, vis divina (RvTiuri saqmeebi) da socialuri fors-

maJoris garemoeba, romelsac aucileblobis cneba mieniWa.

aucilebloba cvlis kanons da mis gauTavebel sirTuleebs dascinis (neccessitas vincit legem; legum vincula

irredet; aucilebloba amarTlebs imas, risi gakeTeba iZulebis wesiT moxda (quod necessitas cogit, defendit);

aucilebloba kanonierad aqcevs imas, rac sxva pirobebSi dauSvebeli iqneboda (quod alias non fuit lecitum

necessitas licitum facit) da arc ki cnobs sazogadoebis kanonebs (necessitas non habet legem).

a) Zveli romis socialuri fors-maJorTa jgufis saTaveSi aucilebeli mogerieba idga. Tanamedrove

sisxlis samarTlis msgavsad, romis samarTalSi ganxiluli, aucilebeli mogeriebis Sesaxeb

moZRvrebis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti: 1) marTlzomierebis pirobebi; 2) eqscesi; 3) provokacia;

4) dro da mxareTa SesaZleblobani... es gasagebicaa, vinaidan Tavdacvis ufleba (gansacdelSi

Cavardnili TanameTemisaTvis gadaudebeli daxmarebis aRmoCeniT) adamianTa Tanacxovrebis aucilebel

elements warmoadgenda da xelisuflebac iZulebuli iyo mas Segueboda. Tanac, aRniSnuli sazoga-

doebrivi movaleoba, ganmtkicebuli iyo zneobriobiT da saxelmwifomac dauSva sakuTari uflebebis

nawilobrivi daTmoba rigiTi wevris sasargeblod, raTa uzrunvelyo borotmoqmedebis aRkveTa.

1. aucilebeli mogerieba bunebriv da keTil saqmed gamocxadda: quod cunque aliquis ob tutelam corporis sui

fecerit iure id fecisse videtur (yovelive is, rasac adamiani sakuTari Tavis dasacavad sCadis, kanonierad

iTvleba). aucilebeli mogeriebis dros dasaSvebad miiCneva nebismieri Sedegi, maT Soris Tav-

damsxmelis mokvla (homicidium se defendendo); 2. TavdamsxmelTan Setakeba garkveuli pirobebiT izRudeba.

Zaladoba Semxvedr Zaladobas unda Seesabamebodes (vim vi repellere lecef) (Cassius et Ulp. D. 43, 16, 1, 27). xolo

Tavdamsxmelis daWra SesaZlebelia Tavdacvis dros da ara SurisZiebis gamo (illum qui vim infert, ferire

conceditur, si tuendi dumtaxat, non etiam ulciscendi causa factum sit. Paul. D. 2, 45. aRniSnuli sentencia unda imgvarad

aixsnas, rom TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis marTlzomiereba, droebliv CarCoebzea damokidebuli

(mogeriebis dros) da dauSvebelia misi gamarTleba, Tavdasxmis aRkveTis interesebis garda (da ara

SurisZiebiT); 3. imviria non excusat iniuriam (zianis miyeneba yovelTvis rodi amarTlebs (sapasuxo) zianis

miyenebas); a) dauSvebelia Zaladobis SeniRbva samarTlis safarqveS – est autem vis legem simulans. aseve

akrZalulia Tavdasxmis provocireba. Paul. Tvlida, rom ne cui dolus suus, per occasionem iuris civilis, contra

naturalem aequitatem prosit (boroti ganzraxva, samarTlis sababiT, aravisTvis sargeblis momtani unda

iyos, bunebrivi samarTlianobis sawinaaRmdegod).

b) damnaSavis dakavebisa da saTanado organoebSi gamwesebis RonisZiebani, danaSaulebriobasTan brZo-

lis yvelaze bunebrivi da absoluturad aucilebeli fragmenti iyo nebismier qveyanaSi. danaSaulSi

eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakavebis dros maT SesaZloa, zianic miayenon. amave gziT ganviTarda

danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakaveba romis sisxlis samarTalSi. am mxriv niSandoblivia

Semdegi sentencia: furem, si aliter capi non posset, occidere permittunt – (nebadarTulia qurdis adgilze mokvla,

Tu sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia misi dakaveba).

g) adamianisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevebi, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis gavleniT.

gamamarTlebeli mniSvneloba, iZulebiTi moqmedebis motiviT, SeiZleba mieniWos adamianisaTvis zianis

miyenebis SemTxvevebs, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis gavleniT. Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobiT, Zala-

doba unda iyos gardauvali (dauZleveli), riTac, msxverplad qceuli, piri kargavs SemoqmedebiTi

moqmedebis SesaZleblobas da mas sakuTari nebis (contra voluntas) sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebas aiZuleben.

ueWvelia, rom, am mxriv, upiratesoba fizikur iZulebas eniWeba, romelic adamianis organizmTan

uSualo kontaqtiT xorcieldeba cemis, gvemis, gakoWvis an sxva xerxebis meSveobiT.

fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT pirs erTmeva moqmedebis SesaZlebloba: mas aRar SeuZlia TviT-

daWris, gagudvis imitaciis, TviTmkvlelobis ganxorcieleba. romaeli iuristebi nakleb mniSvnelobas

fsiqikur Zaladobas, an Zaladobis muqaras aniWebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebloba nebis parali-

zebis gansakuTrebul mtkicebulebebs moiTxovda, vinaidan dausabuTebeli SiSi, gamamarTlebeli ver

iqneba – vani timoris iusta excusatio non est (Cel. D. 50, 17, 184). mxolod maSin SeiZleba visaubroT zianis

189

miyenebis gamarTlebaze, roca, garegnuli iZulebiTi zemoqmedeba, sakmarisad Zlieri iyo: actus me invito

factus, non est meus actus (moqmedeba, romelic Cemi nebis sawinaaRmdegoa, ar aris Cemi moqmedeba).

IV. sasjeli

$1. sasjelis cneba da misi miznebi

romaeli iuristebis aqsiologiuri (samarTlebrivi faseulobebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) Ziebani pena-

logiis (sasjelis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) sferoSi, maTi warmodgenebi saxelmwifos sadamsjelo saqmia-

nobis Sesaxeb, sakmaod misaRebi aRmoCnda Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlisaTvis – maT gansazRvres

sasjelis gamoyenebis prevenciuli da aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi. swored amgvarad moqmedebdnen

imdroindeli mosamarTleebi. maT urCevdnen mudam scodnodaT, rom causa in praeterium, poena in furtum

confertur (danaSaulis mizezi warsuls ekuTvnis, xolo sasjeli samomavlod iniSneba. Ulp.35,1,12).

swored amitom miaCndaT maT usargeblod represiuli RonisZiebebis mibma, ukve Cadenili danaSaulis

garemoebebsa da Sedegebisadmi; momavlisken xedva pasuxismgeblobis Sefardebas niSnavda sazoga-

doebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Poena extenditur quandoque ratione rei publicae (zogjer sasjelis

gamkacreba saxelmwifos interesebis Sesabamisad xdeba). romaeli iuristebi sasjelis prevenciul

daniSnulebas calsaxad aRiarebdnen. im dros gavrcelebuli iyo sentencia: nemo prudens punit ut praeterita

revocentur, sed ut futura praeveniantur (brZeni adamiani sjis ara imisaTvis, rom gaabaTilos Cadenili

moqmedeba, aramed Tavidan aicilos samomavlod). mkacri sasjeli naklebad efeqturi aRmoCnda

danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesakaveblad, vidre darwmuneba imaSi, rom nebismieri borotmoqmedeba,

gardauvalad, dasjadi iqneba.

amis gamo, maT SeimuSaves recepti: cum non remitti poenam facebe publice intersit, ne ad maleficia temere quisquam

prositiat (dausjeli ar darCes danaSauli – sazogadoebis interesebSia, raTa aravin ganizraxos dana-

Saulis Cadena. C. 9,47,14).

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi sasjeli damnaSavis mier Cadenili arasasurveli moqmedebis Sede-

gebis gamo, damdgari iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa.

sasjelis ganusxvisebel Tvisebas damnaSavisaTvis tanjvis miyeneba, garkveuli uflebis CamorTmeva an

SezRudva warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gareSe, sasjeli sakuTar daniSnulebas dakargavda da

mxolod samagieros mizRvad, an profilaqtikur RonisZiebad aRiqmeboda. sisxlis samarTlis

sasjeli, rogorc iZulebiTi RonisZieba, damnaSave pirs fizikur da zneobriv-fsiqologiur tanjvas

obieqturad uwesebda. Tumca, ciceronis azriT, prevenciuli da pedagogiuri Zalisxmevis Sejerebisas,

swored aRmzrdelobiT RonisZiebebs unda mieniWos upiratesoba. manve gamoTqva cnobili aforizmi:

SiSi movaleobis aramyari maswavlebelia.

$2. sasjelis daniSvna. danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis problema

romauli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom danaSaulis CadenisaTvis, saboloo Sedegi sasamarTlo

darbazSi sabraldebo ganaCenis formiT dgindeba. sasjelis saxeobisa da zomis SerCeva braldebis

mxaris, TviT sasamarTlos da damcvelTa saqmianobis Sedegia.

Zveli romis kanonmdebloba jer ver axdenda sisxlis samarTlis masalis diferencirebas zogad da

kerZo nawilebad da praqtikosi iuristebi aequitas moZiebas, kerZo deliqtebis doneze axorcie-

lebdnen. mosamarTlis Tvalwin yovelTvis samarTlianoba unda mdgariyo (iudex aequitatem prae oculis

semper habere debet). samarTlianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasjelis individualizaciasTan iyo gaigivebuli:

bonus iudex varie ex personis causisque constituet (kargi mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas sxvadasxvagvarad iRebs,

saqmis garemoebaTa da masSi monawile pirTa gaTvaliswinebiT Celsus. D. 6, 1, 38).

XII dafis kanonebi, sxva sakanonmdeblo ZeglebTan erTad, lex talionis batonobasTan myarad asocirdeba.

`Tvali _ Tvalisa wil, kbili _ kbilisa wil, fexi _ fexisa wil, gantexa _ gantexisa wil~ (membrum

pro “membro”) _ primitiuli debuleba _ sayovelTaod moqmedebda, Tumca mxolod kvirituli

samarTlis (ius Quiritum) periodSi.

190

ganmtkicebuli saxelmwifo xelisufleba (jer konsulebisa, xolo Semdeg – keisarTa), romelzec

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen mzardi ekonomikuri brunva, migraciuli talRebi da danaSaulis

mravalferovneba, iZulebuli iyo gaerTulebina iZulebiTi wesebi, da maTSi sazogadoebrivi da

saxelmwifo interesebi Caeqsova. es wesebi, TviT danaSaulis kerZo garemoebebisa da misi monawileTa

qmedebisagan, Zalzed Sors idga.

instiqtebsa da saritualo RonisZiebebze damyarebuli iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi (praecipitium – tarpeas

kldidan (Saxum Tarpeium) damnaSavis gadagdeba da pedis abscissio – qveda kidurebis mokveTa)

TandaTanobiT gamoidevna qonebrivi sanqciebiTa da damnaSavis dapatimrebiT.

romis samarTalSi SenarCunebul iqna, Tanamedrove samarTlisaTvis, erTi uCveulo Canaweri, sisxlis

samarTlis arsis gagebis Sesaxeb. klasikuri Sexeduleba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis am sferos sas-

jelTan aigivebda; xolo samarTalSi Camoyalibebuli axali azri sisxlis samarTlis meore insti-

tutis – danaSaulis mimarT, yuradRebis gamaxvilebas moiTxovda. sityva-sityviT es Semdegnairad

JRerda: lex pure poenalis obligat tantum ad poenam, non item ad culpam; lex poenalis mixta et ad culpam obligat et ad poenam

(wminda sisxlis samarTali ZiriTadad sasjels da ara danaSauls ucqeris; Sereuli sisxlis samar-

Tali ucqeris rogorc danaSauls, ise sasjels). mTavari aq is aris, rom, e. w. `Sereuli sisxlis

samarTlis” gareSe, samarTliani sasjelis problema gadauWreli darCeba. Culpae poena par esto (dae, sas-

jeli Cadenil danaSauls Seesabamebodes) danaSauli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas unda

Seesabamebodes, kerZod: pro mensura cuiusque delicti constituendum est(sasjeli nebismieri samarTal-

darRvevisaTvis Tanazomieri unda iyos. Divus Pius et Calligula D. 48,10,31); VIII dafiT dadgenilia sisxlis

samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis sakanonmdeblo diferencireba, danaSaulis saxis Sesabamisad (jarima

zeda kidurebis motexvisaTvis, talioni – asoTmiRebisaTvis, sikvdiliT dasja – ciliswamebisaTvis),

an misi gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (kvalificiuri Semadgenloba) – sikvdiliT

dasja sxvisi qonebisaTvis cecxlis ganzrax wakidebisaTvis da mxolod zianis martivi anazRaureba,

cecxliT gaufrTxileblad zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi.

Tavisuflad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom romaelma iuristebma, terminologiur doneze, ar icodnen

danaSaulis simravlis Sesaxeb. cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam maT ukarnaxa danaSaulebrivi qmedebis

diferencirebis aucilebloba, pasuxismgeblobis niSnis mixedviT. praqtikulma saqmianobam SeiZina

ramdenime rCeva – sentencia: multiplicita transgressione crescat poenal inflictio (samarTaldarRvevaTa gamravlebis

SemTxvevaSi, unda gaizardos sasjelis gamoyeneba). mxolod is unda ganesazRvraT, Tu rogor SeiZ-

leboda danaSaulze reagireba, danaSaulis simravlis SemTxvevebSi – STanTqmiT, SekrebiT, marTla

gamravlebiT (pirdapiri gagebiT). Cvenamde moRweuli maqsima adasturebs, rom naklebad mkacri sas-

jelis ufro mkacri sasjeliT STanTqmis wesi, romaelebma uaryves upirobod. Ulp. amtkicebda, rom

numquam plura delicta concurrentia faciunt, ut ullius impunitas detur (ramdenime paralelurad Cadenili samarTal-

darRveva ar iwvevs imas, rom erT-erTi maTgani darCes dausjeli. D.47,1,2pr). aRniSnuli moTxovna

mxolod STanTqmis principze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda. dResdReobiT Paul erTi sen-

tencia did davas iwvevs: nunquam crescit ex post facto praeteriti delicti aestimatio (momdevno samarTaldarRveva ar

amkacrebs sasjels uwindeli samarTaldarRvevis gamo D.50,17,138,1). Tumca, es mxolod erTi SexedviT.

momdevno xelyofa, rasakvurvelia, ver imoqmedebda pirveli danaSaulis gamo Sefardebul pasuxis-

mgeblobis zomaze. Tumca, saboloo sasjelis zoma ufro mkacri iqneboda, vidre TiToeuli xelyofa

cal-calke aRebuli – sasjelis Sekrebis principis meSveobiT.

da bolos, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis sakiTxi. romaelebi, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

xelmZRvanelobdnen martivi, Tumca sakamaTo wesiT: ex frequenti delicto aeqetur poena (sajeli mkacrdeba

aRniSnuli saxiT danaSaulis sixSiris (gavrcelebis) gamo).

$3. sasjelidan gaTavisuflebis wesi, Sewyaleba

romis sisxlis samarTalSi moqmedebda mkacri moTxovnebi sasjelis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.

dauSvebeli iyo raime saxis sisuste marTlmsajulebis mxridan, zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan gadax-

veva da damnaSavis mimarT gamotanili sasjelis aRsrulebaze, gavlenis moxdena: actus perfectus nullo casu

superveniente tollitur (damTavrebuli samarTlebrivi qmedeba ar uqmdeba raime Semdgomi movleniT), anu

postkriminaluri movlenebi, dazaralebulisaTvis fulis dabruneba) (liberata pecunia non liberat offerentum

191

(fulis dabruneba dambrunebels ar aTavisuflebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobidan), mxareTa

momrigebluri SeTanxmeba – non valet si convenerit, ne dolus praestetur (dauSvebelia raime SeTanxmebam aR-

mofxvras pasuxismgebloba boroti ganzraxvisaTvis - Ulp. D. 50, 17, 23), vinaidan sajaro samarTali ver

gauqmdeba calkeul pirTa SeTanxmebis Sedegad (ius publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest). mxolod gaupa-

tiurebis danaSaulis SemadgenlobisaTvis dadginda gamonaklisi, Tumca pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavi-

suflebis safasuri Zalzed maRali iyo – dazaralebulTan qorwinebis aucilebloba, vinaidan

matrimonium subsequens tollit peccatum praecedens (damdgari qorwineba STanTqavs manamde Cadenil danaSauls).

Sewyaleba, rogorc zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan individualuri gadaxveva da uzenaesi xeli-

suflebis atributi, didi xnis win dadginda da dRemde mniSvnelovan instituts warmoadgens.

romaeli iuistebi Sewyalebis instituts Zalzed mikerZoebulad ekidebodnen da am institutisadmi

frTxil damokidebulebas sakmaod damajereblad asabuTebdnen. kerZod:

a) Fortior est custodia legis quam hominis – (kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro myaria, vidre adamianis mier

miniWebuli); b) aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis (kanoni ufro samarTlianad wyvets, vidre adamiani);

g) venia facilitas incentivum est delinquendi (Sewyalebis gaadvileba aris danaSaulis waqezeba).

$4. arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani

romis samarTalma gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebrivi zrunva gamoiCina romauli sazogadoebis ara-

srulwlovani wevrebis mimarT. samarTalSemfardeblebis mimarT gacemuli Cvenamde moRweuli rCe-

vebis, dadgenili wesebisa da sentenciebis didi nawili Semdegs qadagebda: succurritur minori; facilis est

lapsus inventutis (axalgazrda kacisadmi Semwynareblebi unda viyoT; axalgazrdoba advilad cdeba) an in

omnibus poenalis iudiciis, et aetati et imprudentiae succurritur (yvela sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis

miRebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba axalgazrduli asaki). garda imisa, rom axalgazrdobis mimarT

Semwynarebloba aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda, romis samarTalma akrZala arasrulwlovanTa

mdgomareobis gauareseba srulwlovan pirebTan SedarebiT (meliorem conditionem suam facere potest minor,

deteriorem nequaquam (arasrulwlovanma SeiZleba gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba, Tumca yovlad

dauSvebelia misi mdgomareobis gauareseba); da bolos Paul TanamoZmeebs, sisxlis samarTlis

aspeqtSi, kidev erTi rCeva misca: Fere in omnibus poenalibus iudiciis et aetasti et imprudentiae succurritur (TiTqmis

yvela sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, braleulobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebas, axalgazrduli asaki

da piris gamoucdeloba warmoadgens. Paul. D. 50, 17, 108).

ra Tqma unda, oficialur sisxlissamarTlebriv kanonmdeblobaSi, an pretorul samarTalsa da

imdroindel sentenciebSi ar saubrobdnen axalgazrda da zrdasruli damnaSaveebis cal-calke

moTavsebis Sesaxeb, xandazmulobisa da nasamarTleobis vadebis Semcirebis, sasjelis calkeuli

saxeebis gamoyenebisa da arasrulwlovanTaTvis aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi zomebis gamo-

yenebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan es sakiTxebi mxolod momdevno epoqebis monapovari iyo. Tumca, zogadad

humanizmis ideebi arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa dasjis problemas namdvilad Seexo. romis samarTlis

monapovari iyo axalgazrdis gardamavali fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswineba.

romis samarTalSi arsebobda zogadi wesi, rom am periodSi arasrulwlovans pasuxismgebloba ar

ekisreboda, anu minor non tenetur respondere durante (aetas legitima) zRvari 25 wlis asakze modioda, anu

samarTlis yvela minori actati (arasrulwlovani pasuxismgeblad ar iTvleba sakuTari arasrul-

wlovanebis ganmavlobaSi).

Tu Tanamedrove gagebiT, zrdasrulobis asaki 16 wlamde grZeldeba, xolo CI mixedviT, srul-

wlovanebis dargis samarTalsubieqtobisaTvis, sisxlis samarTlis garda, dadgenili iyo 25 weli;

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ki 14 wlis asakidan dgeboda. amavdroulad, kanonmdeblobiT

ganmtkicda mcirewlovnebis asaki (aetas infantiae proxima – aTwlinaxevris asakamde), romlis mimarT yov-

lad dauSvebeli iyo sisxlis samarTlis sasjelis gamoyeneba. da bolos, sqesobrivi simwifis dad-

gomamde asakobrivi jgufis pirebisaTvis (aetas pubertati proxima – aTwlinaxevridan 14 wlis asakamde)

sasamarTlo uSvebda sasjelis Sefardebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miiCnevda arasrulwlovans

sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobaunarian pirad (dolicapax – asakobrivad unariani Cadenili qme-

192

debisaTvis agos pasuxi.

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ak. uruSaZem. Tbilisi. 1975 7. gariSvili m. personaliebi romis samarTalSi. Tbilisi. 2005 8. dernburgi h. pandeqtebi. zogadi nawili. germaulidan Targmna al. andronikaSvilma. Tfilisi. 1928 9. xoferia m. `pirovnebis samarTlebrivi statusi Zvel romSi~, Jurn. `samarTali~ #4_5, 2000. 110-115. 10. xoferia m. `romis samarTalSi mziTevis gankargvis wesi qorwinebis periodSi~. Jurn. `samarTali~

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