ebsng nh chu trnh k..

ng phn dng cis ca fumarate)...

CNG N TP SINH HA1. Sinh ha hc v nhim v ca ngnh sinh ha

2. Khi nim ,cu to, tnh cht ca cc monosaccharide ,oligosaccharide v polysaccharide:

A-MONOSACCHARIDE:

1. Khi nim:

- Monosaccharide l ng n , v mt cu to Monosaccharid l dn xut aldehyde hay cetone ca mt ru a chc( polyol).

-Oxy ha alcal nht ca glycerol cho ra mt glucid c cu to aldehyde gi l glyceraldehyde, cn oxy ha alcal nh th cho ra mt glucid dng cetone gi l dihydroxy- Acetone.

-Monosaccharide c cu to l aldehyde gi l Aldose, cn monosaccharide c cu to cetone th gi l cetose.

-Cng thc tng qut:

Aldose: CH2OH-(CHOH)n-CHOCetose: CH2OH-CO-(CHOH)n-CH2OH-Ph thuc vo s C trong phn t m gi tn cc monosaccharide tng ng: + (triose c 3C ), Tetrose (c 4C ) , Pentose (c 5C), Hexose (c 6C) . mi nhm trn u c 2 nhm ng n vi tn gi tng ng: Aldotetrose v cetotetrose ,aldopentose v cetopentose.

2.Cu to

- Dng mch thng: gm 2 dng Aldose v cetose.

+ Ngoi dihydroxy- acetone, tt c monosaccharide u cha t nht 1C bt i xng. k hiu C*+ Tn ti cc ng phn quang hc khc nhau. s ng phn c tnh bng 2n (n l s C*).

+ ng phn c nhm OH pha phi C* gi D , bn tri gi L, trn trc thng ng.

+ S c mt ca cc nguyn t C* lm cho cc phn t ng c kh nng quay mt phng nh sng phn cc sang phi(+) hoc sang tri(-).

- Dng vng:

+ Trong t nhin, c bit dng dch lng , ng n thng dng mch vng c cu trc vng 5 cnh( furanose) hay 6 cnh (pyranose ) c to bi lin kt O ca nhm OH vi nhm cacbonyl trong cng phn t to hemiacetal hoc hemicetal.

3. tnh cht.- D tan trong nc, khng tan trong dung mi hu c. -Thu c dng tinh th khi c c dung dch monosaccharide, phn ln c v ngt.

-Do c cha nhm CHO, C=O.-OH nn monosaccharide c tnh kh mnh, l tnh cht c trng ca nhm ny.

a.tc dng ca cht oxy ha:

- D b oxy ha , ty thuc vo iu kin v cht oxy ha s to ra nhiu phn ng khc nhau.

- Khi dng tc nhn c kh nng oxy ha va phi nh dung dch Cl, Br hay I trong mi trng kim hay oxy ha nh trong mi trng acid. Nhm CHO ca glucid dng aldose s b oxy ha thnh COOH to ra cc acid andonic. Ngc li , cc cetose bn vng trong iu kin trn.

- Vi tc nhn mnh hn nh HNO3 th c 2 nhm CHO v OH bc 1 ca aldose u b oxy ha thnh COOH (acid dicacboncylic) gi l acid aldaric..

- Nu bo v nhm CHO dng thng hay OH- hemiacetan dng vng bng cch methyl ha hay acetyl ha trc khi oxy ha th ta s nhn c acid uronic. V oxy ha ch xy ra nhm ru bc 1 ( CH2OH ) cc acid uronic c vai tr sinh hc quan trng.

b. tc dng ca cht kh. Khi kh monosaccharide s to thnh polyol (ru a chc )tng ng hay cn gi l alditol .Khi nhm CHO ,C=O chuyn thnh nhm ru(-OH).c.To ester:

- Nhm alcan bc 1 OH glucosid ca monosaccharide tham gia vi acid to ester, trong quan trng nht l phn ng to thnh ester photphat ca monosaccharide. Chng l nhng sn phm trung gian quan trng ca nhiu qu trnh trao i cht, quang hp, h hp tng hp , tinh bt, glucose nh: D_glyceraldehyde_3photphate.D_glucose_1photphat.D_fructose_1,6bisphotphate.

d. s to glucosid:

-Nhm OH hemiacetal (OH C1 i vi aldose :OH C2 i vi cetose)d dng tham gia phn ng vi ru to thnh ete tng ng gi l glucosid.

-Trong thc t, cc phn ng ng u c kh nng thng qua mt s kiu lin kt glucoside(O_glucoside, S_glucoside, N_glucoside, v C_glucoside). Lin kt qua nguyn t O,S,N v C to ra cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc khc nhau. in hnh nht l cc phn t glucose ni vi nhau bng lien kt glucosid to thnh polysac nh tinh bt , glucogen v cellulose.

e.tc dng vi acid to fufural:

- Di tc dng ca acid m c , cc aldopentose to thnh furfural v aldohexose bin thnh hydroxymethylfurfural.

-Cc sn phm ny khi cho tc dng vi cc phenol cho amuf c trng nh: -naphthol cho vng mu tm(Molisch). y l phn ng nhn bit ng vi cc cht khc. Nu ng 5C s cho mu xanh cm thch vi orcinol (Bial).

CC MONOSACCHARIDE TIU BIU :

1. Hexose(monose c 6C )

a. D_glucose: L monosaccharide ph bin thc vt v ng vt, n l thnh phn ca nhiu oligo v polysac quan trng nh tinh bt, glucogen, cellulose l ngun nng lng ch yu ca c th sinh vt.

Glucose c nhm OH hemiacetal t do C1 nn c tnh kh mnh.

Cng thc:

2.pentose (monose c 5C )

*D_ribose: l ng pentose tiu biu , tham gia trong thnh phn ca acid nucleic,vitamin, coenzyme (NaOH2),t tn ti trong dng t do.dn xut D_2deoxyribose tham gia cu to AND.D_ribose l mt dng aldose dng purannose.

B- OLIGOSACCHARIDE

- Oligosaccharide c to thnh t mt vi (2-20) gc monosacchride lin kt nhau bng lin kt O_glucosid, cn gi c mt s tnh cht ca monosacchride nh c v ngt, tan c trong nc, d kt dnh .ty thuc vo s phn t monosaccharide c trong phn t oligosaccharide m chia chng thnh disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide. Trong thc vt ph bin nht l disaccharide nh maltose, saccharide ng vt l lactose.

1. Disaccharide

- L oligosaccharide n gin nht do 2 monosaccharide lien kt nhau qua lin kt O_glucosid, cc gc monosaccharide trong phn t disaccharide c th ging hoc khc nhau.

- Disaccharide c to ra t s lin kt gia 2 nhm OH_hemiaxetal t do ca 2 monosaccharide th to thnh mt disaccharide khng kh (khng cn OH- hemiaxetal t do vd: saccharose).

-Lin kt gia mt nhm OH_hemiacetal t do ca mt monosaccharide ny vi mt nhm OH khc (khng phi l hemiaxetal) ca mt monosaccharide khc s to thnh disaccharide kh (do cn OH_hemiacetal t do).VD :maltose, lactose.

( cc disaccharide quan trng :

Saccharose: l mt disaccharide ph bin trong t nhin, c cu to t _D_glucose v _D_fructose kt hp vi nhau bng lin kt 1,2 gia 2 nhm OH_hemiacetal nn khng cn tnh kh na.

+ Cng thc nguyn: C22H22O11.+ Saccharose c nhiu trong thc vt, c bit c nhiu trong c ci ng 10-20%, trong nc ma t 14-25%.

+ Saccharose ha tan tt trong nc, d b thy phn.

+ Di tc dng ca enzyme( Invertase) hoc acid. Saccharose b thy phn to thnh glucose v fructose.

- Maltose (ng mch nha) : c cu to t 2 gc _D-glucose lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1,4- glucosid tc l lin kt glucosid to thnh gia OH_hemiaxetal ca 1 _D-glucose vi OH C4 ca gc glucose th 2. Do Mantose vn cn mt nhm OH_hemiacetal nn vn gi c tnh kh nhng ch bng mt na ca glucose.

+ Manotse c trong mm thc, mm i mch sinh ra do amylase thy phn tinh bt. maltose b thy phn thnh 2 glucose khi s dng enzyme hay acid

- Lactose : c cu to t s kt hp ca 2 gc _D glucose v _D-galactose qua lin kt glucosid to thnh gia OH_hemiacetal t do ca galactose vi OH C4 ca glucose. V vy, lactose vn cn tnh kh (do vn cn nhm OH_hemiacetal t do).

+ Di tc dng ca _galactosidase hay acid, lactose b thy phn thnh glucose v galactose. Ch c mt s loi nm men mi s dng c lactose.

- Cellobiose: l Disaccharide c trong thc vt l n v cu thnh nn Cellulose, t gp dng t do.

+ Cellulose c cu to t 2 gc _glucose qua lin kt 1_4 O-glucosid.

+ Do cn mt nhm OH_hemiaxetal t do nn Cellulose l mt ng kh.

- Trehalose l disaccharide c trong nm, ru v mt s thc vt khc nn cn gi l ng nm.

+Trehalose c to thnh do 2 phn t _D glucose ni vi nhau bng lin kt 1-1-O-glucosid.

+ Trehalose khng cn OH_hemiaxetal t do nn mt tnh kh.

2.trisaccharide.

-Trisaccharide do 3 monosaccharide to nn. Trisaccharide ph bin nht l rafinose c trong r ng, ht bng v c ci ng. rafinose c cu to t 3 monosaccharide l galactose, glucose v fructose.

-Cc nhm OH_hemiaxetal ca chng u tham gia to lin kt glucosid (1-6) gia glucose v fructose v (1-2) glucosid gia glucose v fructose nn khng cn tnh kh.

- ngt thp v tan c trong nc.

Trisaccharide :rafinose 3.Tetrasaccharide.

-L oligosaccharide c 4 gc monosaccharide.

Tetrasaccharide tiu biu l stachiose c cu to t 2 gc galactose, mt gc glucose v mt gc _fructose.

-Stachiose cng khng cn tnh kh v mi nhm OH_hemiaxetal u tham gia to lin kt glucosid.

-Stachiose ph bin cy h u vsf mt s ht khc , tp trung ht ,c v r.

Tetrasacchride:stachiose: C- POLISACCHARIDE1. nh ngha

-Polisaccharide l nhng cht cao phn t c to thnh t vi chc cho n hng nghn gc monosaccharide, lin kt nhau bng lin kt 1-4-O-glucoside, 1-6-O-glucoside i khi cn lin kt 1-2 v 1-3 glucosid.-Da vo cu to ca cu t thnh phn chia :2 loi

+Polysaccharide ng th (homopolysaccharide ): trong cu to ch c cc monosaccharide cng loi hay khc loi to nn ,ni cch khc l ch c glucosid cng loi hay khc loi to nn, ni cch khc l ch c glucosid trong thnh phn.

+Polysaccharide d th( heteropolysaccharide): trong thnh phn ngoi glucid cn c cc glucid nh cc gc axid acetic, photphoric, sulfuric.v cc nhm khc.

a. Polysaccharide ng th (homopolysaccharide)

Tinh bt: -L polysaccharide quan trng nht , ng vai tr d tr yu ca thc vt. trong cc ht nh la, go, bp, la m.

- Tinh bt tch t trong t bo di dng ht , hnh cu, hnh bu dc hay hnh a gic. * Amylose: C cu to mch thng khng phn nhnh, gm khong 200-1000 gc _1-4 glucosid. To xon theo kiu l xo, mi vng xon c khong 6 n v glucose. Amylose to mu xanh m khi kt hp vi iod.

* Amylopectin: L polysaccharide phn nhnh, ngoi lin kt (1-4)l ch yu cn mt s lin kt (1-6). cu trc phn t amylopectin gm mt mch phn t trung tm do cc _D- glucose lin kt nhau bng lin kt 1-4-O-glucosid. T mch ny pht ra cc nhnh di chng vi chc gc glucose v ch phn nhnh l lin kt 1-6-O glucosid.

Cellulose :L polisaccharide cu trc ph bin trong thc cht hu c, thnh phn chnh ca vch t bo thc vt.

- Cellulose c cu trc mch thng , dng si cu to t cc gc _D-glucose , lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt _1-4O-glucosid. - Khi thy phn bng H2SO4 hay HCl c, nhit cao, cellulose b thy phn thnh _glucose , cn vi iu kin nh nhng hn th ch to cellobiose.

- mt s nghin cu cho thy cellulose c vai tr iu ha hot ng ca h tiu ha. Chng to bn ng vt nhai li, c th tiu ha c cellulose do trong ng tiu ha ca chng c cha h vi sinh vt to cellulose thy phn cellulose.

b. polysaccharide d th (heteropolysaccharide).

pectin:

- Pectin l glucid cao phn t gm mch thng chnh, c cu to t s kt hp ca cc gc _D-galacturonic acid lin kt nhau bng lin kt _1-4O-glucosid cn gi l acid polygalacturonic hay acid pectin.

- Pectin cha nhiu trong thnh t bo cc m v trong thc vt, pectin tn ti 2 dng :

+Dng protopectin khng tan, tn ti thnh t bo vi dng lin kt polysaccharide khc nhau nh araban, tinh bt, cellulose, galactan

+Dng pectin ha tan, ch yu trong dch t bo.

- c tnh quan trng ca pectin l kh nng to thnh cht keo trong mi trng acid vi nng ng cao. Pectin t ngun gc khc nhau v kh nng to keo v cng khac nhau v s nhm th metoxyl_OCH3.

- Pectin ha tan di tc dng ca kim pha long hay pectase, cc methoxy b kh to thnh ru methylic v acid pectic t do. Acid pectic +Ca2+( pectat_Ca kt ta , tnh cht ny c s dng nh lng pectin.

- Cht pectin c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh chn ca qu, khi qu xanh, protopectin phn tn u trong thnh t bo. Khi qu chn,di tc dng ca acid hu c v protopectinase, phn ln protopectin chuyn thnh pectin ha tan lm qu mm dn, lng protopectin gim dn ngc li pectin tng dn.

3. Khi nim, tnh cht,cu to ca Lipid, Glycerid, Steroid v photpholipid.

a.Lipid:

- Khi nim: Lipid l nhng cht chuyn ha ca acid bo v tan c trong dung mi hu c. Lipid ph bin t bo ng, thc vt.

- Cu to: + Lipid n gin: trong phn t ch cha C, H, O. V cu to ch l ester ca ru v acid bo. VD: glycerid, sp, steroid

+ Lipid phc tp: ngoi C, H, O cn c 1 s nguyn t khc nh N, P, S. Khi thy phn, ngoi ru v acid bo cn thu c base nito, lu hunh, glucid, Nhm ny c 3 nhm chnh: Phospholipid, glycolipid v lipoprotein.-Chc nng sinh hc:+ Thnh phn cu to mng t bo, cu trc di t bo nh ti th, nhn,.. dng glipoprotein.+ Cung cp nng lng cho c th.+ Bo v c th.+ Dung mi ha tan mt s vitamin :A, D, F,

- Tnh cht

+ nhit phng Lipid ng vt (m), thng trng thi rn (m b,m cu...) . Lipid loi ny cha ch yu cc gc axit bo n. Mt s t Lipid ng vt trng thi lng (du c ...), do thnh phn gc axit bo khng no tng ln.+ Lipid thc vt (du thc vt) hu ht trng thi lng (du lc,du da...) do cha ch yu gc axit bo khng no.+ Cc lipid u nh hn nc,khng tan trong nc,nhng tan nhiu trong cht hu c benzen, xng, cloform,

+ L cht k nc khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong cc hp cht dung mi hu c khng phn cc:ether etylic,ether petrol (ether du ha),hexan,toluen,acetone,ben zencc phn ng c bn:phn ng x phng ha,phn ng kh,to ester,oxy ha,halogen ha.

b.Glycerid(Acylglyceride):

- L este ca glycerol v acid bo bc cao; tn thng thng l du v m.

- Cu to: c to thnh t glycerol v acid bo

- Tnh cht:

+ Nhit nng chy: ph thuc vo cu to gc R (gc R cha nhiu ni i, ni ba th nhit nng chy thp).+Tnh ha tan: Khng tan trong nc ,tan trong dung mi hu c:ete, benzene,alcol,

Ph thuc vo s cc nhm a nc v k nc.

Ti v tr ni i ca gc R, d c bo ha bi Halogen( I,Br,..) => phng php xc nh tr s ni i trong glycerid.

+ Phn ng thy phn:

Glycerid b thy phn thnh glycerin v acid bo trong mi trng acid c nhit cao, hay bi lipase

Trong mi trng kim, glycerid b savon ha thnh glycerin v mui. ng dng sn xut x phng

+ S oxy ha cht bo: Cht bo d b h di tc dng ca oxy khng kh, nh sng, nhit , vsv hay enzyme lipooxydase to aldehyd, ceton, ru, epoxid..

c. Steroid: - c c trng bi b khung cyclopentanopherhydro- phenantren gi tt l steran.- Cu to steran gm 4 vng lin kt lin vi nhau, do kt qu ngng t ca Cyclopentane v Phenantren c hydrogen ha hon ton

- Tnh cht:

Khng b thy phn

C hot tnh sinh hc nh acid mt

d. Photpholipid : Khi nim: Phospholipid l nhm lipid phc tp m trong thnh phn, ngoi glycerin, acid bo cn c H3PO4v mt s nhm cht khc Cu to: l este ca ru a chc vi acid bo bc cao v thm phn ph nh nh gc H3PO4, base nit Tnh cht chung:+ L cht rn, v sc d b oxy ha do cc ni i trong thnh phn, s chuyn thnh sm mu.+ Tan trong ete du, chloroform..khng tan trong nc nhng c th to huyn ph bn, dung dch keo.+ To phc vi protein, tham gia trong hnh thnh v t bo, mng ni t bo.+ m bo tnh thm 1 chiu ca mng cu trc di t bo (to thnh vng k nc v a nc).Phn loi:- glycero- photpholipit hay phosphatid-Inozid- photpholipid-Sphingophospholipid

Glycero- phospholipid hay phosphatid: + L este ca glycerin v ru bc cao, trong ester c gc acid phosphorid v base nit. + Cu trc chung:

+ Ty cu to ca X ta c cc loi glycerophospholipid khc hauolipid .+

nhau

+ Lecithin: Lc X l choline nn lecithin cn c gi l choline phosphatid. Lecithin c nhiu trong lng trng g,u nnh, mu v cc dy thn kinh.+ Phosphatid c th b thy phn bng acid, kim hay enzyme:

Thy phn bng acid:tt c cc lin kt ester u b ct t.

Thy phn bng kim: vi kim nh ch c th ct lien kt ester gia glycerin v acid bo. Trong mi trng kim mnh, thu c acid bo dng mui, glycerol 3 phosphate.

Thy phn bng enzyme: c 4 loi enzyme phospholipase A,B,C v D tc ng ln cc lien kt ester khc nhau ca phosphatid.

Inozid- photpholipid: L ester ca glycerin v acid bo bc cao, trong thnh phn c thm 1 hoc 2 acid phosphorid, 1 ru vng inozid thay vo v tr ca base nit.

Sphingophospholipid: + L ester ca ru cha no sphingosine v acid bo. Acid bo lien kt vi ru sphingosine bng lien kt peptid.Ty theo X ta c cc loi sphingophospholipid khc nhau.

+ Sphingolipid c nhiu trong mng t bo ng thc vt, m thn kinh, no ,m..khng tan trong ete-ethylic.

4. Khi nim, thnh phn cu to acid nucleic. S phn gii acid Nucleic trong h tiu ha ng vt.-Khi nim:+Acid nucleic l nhng hp cht cao phn t ,ng vai tr quan trng trong hot ng sng ca sinh vt.

+Tham gia qu trnh sinh tng hp protein, sinh trng,..

+Tham gia cu to nhn, quyt nh tnh di truyn.-Thnh phn cu to:+Acid nucleic l vt cht mang thng tin di truyn ca h thng sng.

+L 1 polymer c hnh thnh t cc monomer l nucleotide.

+Trong nucleic acid c cha cc nguyn t C,H,O,N v P. Hm lng P t 8-10%.

+Mi nucleotide gm 3 thnh phn kt hp vi nhau theo t l 1:1:1 bao gm: nhm phosphate, ng pentose( l ng 5 carbon) v 1 base nit (nitrogen).

V base nit:Tham gia trong thnh phn ca acid nucleic thuc 2 nhm :nhm base dn xut pyrimidine v purine.

+Base pyridine: gm thymine,Cytosine v Uracil

+Base purine: Adenine, Guanine

V ng pentose: - L monose c 5C, gm 2 loi: Ribose(C5H10O5) v Deoxyribose (C5H10O4).

-Trong thnh phn acid nucleic, pentose dng -D-Furanose. Nucleotid: -L thnh phn c bn (monomer) xy dng nn phn t nucleic acid (polymer).

-Cu to: gm 3 thnh phn ng pentose, 1 base nit v acid phosphoric.-Lin kt gia ng v base nit l lin kt N-glucoside ,gia N th 3 ca pyrimine hay th 9 ca purin vi C1 ca pentose.-Lin kt ester to thnh gia pentose v H3PO4 C5 vi ribose v C3 vi deoxyribose

- S phn gii acid nucleid: Thy phn Nucleic acid:+ ng vt, cc acid Nucleic c trong thc n khng b tiu ha bi enzym trong d dy. Chng bt u b phn gii t trng di tc dng ca Nuclease tuyn ty.

+ Ribonuclease tuyn ty ch thy phn RNA to thnh mononucleotide, Pv v Oligonucleotide.

+ Deoxyribonuclease hot ng (khi c mt Mg2+ hoc Mn2+) thy phn DNA thnh oligonucleotide.

+ Ngi ta cho rng nim mc rut to ra diesterase c vai tr xc tc thy phn oligonucleotide thnh cc mononucleotide.

Phn gii Mononucleotide:+ Mononucleotide b phn gii bi tc dng ca cc phosphatase hoc nucleotidase to nn cc Nucleoside v H3PO4. Cc Nucleoside li tip tc b thy phn bi cc nucleosidase to base nit v pentose.

+ Cc sn phm ca qu trnh phn gii trn tip tc bin i:

H3PO4 tham gia vo cc qu trnh trao i saccharide hay cc qu trnh trao i cht khc.

Base Nit tip tc b phn gii to cc sn phm tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo.

Phn gii base purine

+ Adenine v guanine bin i thnh xanthine, t xa xanthine qua mt s phn ng tip theo to sn phm cui cng l ure v glyoxylic acid

+ Phn ng 1 v 2 do enzime desaminase xc tc, phn ng 3 do xanthineoxydase v phn ng 4 do allantoicase xc tc.

Phn gii base pyrimidine

+ Cc base pyrimidine b phn gii to nn sn phm cui cng l NH3, CO2, .amino isobutyric acid v alanine.

+ CO2, NH3 to ra trong cc qu trnh bin i trn c thi ra ngoi, cn alanine v .aminoisobutyric acid tip tc bin i nh cc amino acid khc.

5. Khi nim, phn loi, cu trc v tnh cht ca hormone. Hormone c bn cht protein v hormone c bn cht steroid.a) Khi nim:

+ l nhng cht ha hc tit ra t tuyn ni tit, c a thng vo mu v tun hon n cc m. Lng hormone c sn xut vi lng nh, c tc ng mnh n sinh l c th, hot ng m, iu ha nhiu qu trnh chuyn ha trong c th.

+Vai tr m bo kh nng t iu chnh ca sinh vt. c kim sot bi h thn kinh trung ng v no. + Hot ng ca h thng ni tit c s cn bng lin quan mt thit, tc ng tng h ln nhau.

b) C ch tc dng:

+ C ch iu ha chuyn ha ca nhiu hormone c thc hin bng qu trnh cm ng tng hp enzyme.

+ Hot ha trc tip ln enzyme. + Hormone nh hng n tnh thm ca mng t bo.

+ Hm lng AMP-vng.

c) Cu to: da vo thnh phn ha hc:

+Nhm 1: Hormone c bn cht l protein hay dn xut protein

+Nhm 2: Hormone c cu to l steroit

Hormone c bn cht l protein hay dn xut protein:

+Hormone tuyn yn:

Hormone tin yn:

-Somatotropin (STH):

Kch thch s pht trin ca c th, xng v c.

Vi chuyn ha glucid: tng ng huyt

Vi chuyn ha lipid: lm tng thoi ha lipid

Vi chuyn ha protid: gi Nit, kch thch tng hp protein

Vi chuyn ha mui khong: gi K, Ca, photphate.

-Gonadotropin B(LH, CH, Prolan B): l mt glucoprotein.

Kch thch rng trng v sn xut progesteron

Kch thch tinh hon sn xut testosteron. ngi hormon ny c tn vit tt l HCG

-Prolactin (LTH) (hay PRL) l mt protein tc dng kch thch to sa v sn xut progesteron

-Tireostemulin (TSH-tirotropin):

Cu to: l mt gluco-protein iu ha bi tit TSH trc tip l hocmone tuyn gip-Tyroxin

Kch thch s hot ng v pht trin ca tuyn gip, tng kh nng gn Iot.

-Corticotropin (ACTH): c bn cht l protid gm 39 a.a, l hormone kch thch tuyn v thng thn, tng hp v bi tit Corticosteroit

Tng o thi Nit, K, photphat

Gi Na, Clo, nc

Tng ng huyt

Tng lng acid bo trong mu

Kch thch tng hp Corticosteroit t cholesterol.

-Gonadotropin A (FSH): hay Prolan A l mt glucoprotein dng monomer hay dng dimer, tetramer

Kch thch ln tuyn sinh dc:

Kch thch nang bo pht trin sn xut Estrogen

Kch thch tinh hon pht trin sn xut tinh trng.

Hormone ca thy gia tuyn yn:

Bn cht l polypeptit, c 2 dng MSH v MDH

Thy gia sn xut MELANOTROPIN hoc INTECMEDIN lm tng tch t sc t Melanin da

Hormone ca thy sau tuyn yn: Thy sau tuyn yn sn xut ra 2 hormone l VASOPRETXIN v OXYTOXIN.

- Vasopretxin: tng huyt p lm li cho ng niu, tc dng ln thn. qu trnh ti hp th nc

- Oxytoxin: co bp t cung

- 2 hormone ny l peptid c 9 a.a, ch khc nhau a.a th 3 v th 8.

Vasopretxin: C46H65O12N15S2 Oxytoxin: C43H36O12N12S2- Hot ng ca cc tuyn ni tit chu s kim sot ca h thn kinh trung ng c bit ca v no. Nhiu t bo thn kinh vng di i tit ra cht c bn cht polypeptid kch thch s gii phng hormon tuyn yn v c yu t kim hm IF.

+Hormone tuyn gip trng-Thyroid:

Cu to:

Trong tuyn gip c 1 lp keo mu vng nht cha 0,5-1% Iod, mt loi glubulin.

L hormone ch yu ca tuyn gip, 0,21g/100g tuyn gip. l dn xut ca Thironin (C14H10O4NI4). Tc dng:

Tng cng oxy ha cc m, hormon tuyn gip c tc dng r rt trong qu trnh pht trin ca chng.

Thiu hormon tuyn gip s khng pht trin bnh thng, chm ln, chm pht trin

Thyroxin h tr cho tc dng ca STH

iu ha hormon tuyn gip (TSH) :

iu ha s tng hp v gii phng Thyroxin, hm lng hormon tuyn gip trong mu li iu tit s bi tit TSH.

iu ha Ca (gim Ca) tn l Caxitonin l mt polypeptid c 32 a.a

+ Hormone tuyn cn gip:

Sn xut hormon c bn cht polypeptid, trng lng phn t kh ln, tn l Parathormon. Tc dng iu ha nng Ca (tng Ca) v photpho trong mu v m, nng Ca trong huyt tng mu

iu ha tit hormon bi lng Ca huyt thanh

Tc dng trong cc qu trnh NADP ( NADP.H2, giai on oxy ha t acetyl-coA + Oxaloaxetic -> a.citric; Glutation dng kh ( dng oxy ha.

+ Hormone tuyn ty- Pancreas

Insulin:

L polypeptid M= 5733 c cng thc nguyn l C254H377O75N65S6 gm 2 chui polypeptid A v B. Gia A v B ni nhau bng lin kt S-S

Chui A c 21 a.a v c 1 lin kt S-S. Trong chui B c 30 a.a khng c lin kt S-S.

Insulin ca cc loi khc nhau, th khc nhau v thnh phn a.a

Tc dng: gim ng trong mu, tng ng gluco trong c th, tng chuyn ha gluco thnh lipid, tng tnh thm mng t bo vi a.a, lipid, K+, gluco, tng tng hp axit bo

Insulin cng lm tng tng hp protein t a.a

Insulin c tc dng lm gim nng lng c. AMP (AMP vng) tng lng GMP vng

Tng vn chuyn gluco t mu qua mng sinh cht, t bo m Insulin c nh hng n bin dng ca gan

Insulin km hm tng hp cc enzym nh: pyruvat- carboxylaza, fructo- diphotphataza li kch thch tng hp pyruvar- Kinaz, photphofructo- Kinaz

Khi mi tit ra, Insulin dng proinsulin khng c c tnh hormon

S chuyn proinsulin thnh insulin ct b bt 1 on polypeptid di tc dng ca peptidaza

Glucagon (HGF)

L mt polypeptid, M= 3483, gm 29 a.a, cng thc nguyn l C153H255O49 Glucagon c tc dng tng ng huyt, tng qu trnh phn ly glucogen gan do hot ha amilo 1,6- glucozidase; photphorilase, phn ct glycogen ra gluco 1- P hormon- c s a.a l 37 a.a

Glucagon c kh nng tng nng c- AMP (AMP- vng) trong t bo chuyn bit

Hot ha enzym amilo 1,6- glucozidase

+ Hormon tuyn thng thn

Hormon ty thng thn l Adrenalin v noadrenalin.

Hormon v thng thn c cu to steroid

Noadrenalin cu to ch khc adrenalin mt nhm CH3

Tc dng: lm co mch da, tng nhp tim

Lm tng ng huyt do hot ha photphorylase lm tng s phn gii glycogen ra gluco gan

Adrenalin km hm tng hp glycogen gan, kch thch phn gii glucogen c xng, kch thch lipaza, Noadrenalin ch yu lm co mch, tng huyt p

Hormon c cu to Steroid:

+ Hormon v thng thn (Adrenal cortex)

V thng thn tit cc hormon c bn cht l steroid

NHM 1: Gluco- corticoit l nhm hormon c 21 carbon:

Cortizol: C21H30O5 M= 362,47

Cortizon: C21H28O5 M= 360,43

Corticosteron: C21H30O4 M= 346,45

Tc dng:

Tng cng qu trnh to glucid mi t protid

Tng thoi ha protid, lipid

Tng s tit acid Clohydric v pepsinogen d dy

Cortizon v cortizol c tc dng chng vim, chng d ngcortizol

NHM 2: Mineralo- corticoit: c 21 C

Dezoxy- corticosteron

Aldosteron

Tc dng: tham gia iu ha chuyn ha mui v nc, tng ti hp th Naaldosteron

NHM 3: Androgen c 19C

Dhydro- epiandrosteron

Adrenosteron

Androstedion

11- Hydroxiandrostendion

Tc dng: tng t hormon sinh dc nam nhng yu hn

+ Hormon sinh dc:

Hormon sinh dc nam:

- C trong tinh hon v nc tiu, l dn xut ca h cu to a vng Androstan c 19C

Testosteron

Androsteron v dn xut

Dihydro- testosteron

Testosteron c hot tnh mnh nht, c tng hp t cholesteron v 17- Hydroxy-progesteron, nh hng ca LH.

Pht trin gii tnh, Androgen lm pht trin gii tnh ph Kch thch qu trnh ng ha

testosteron

Hormon sinh dc n:

C bn cht steroid, thay i tng giai on ca chu k kinh nguyt: PSH, LTH, LH.

Estrogen

Progesteron

Estrogen l nhng steroid c 18C

Tc dng ln s pht trin c quan sinh dc, km hm sn xut FSH

Estrogen thoi ha gan, o thi qua nc tiu.

Nhm ny gm: Estron, estradiol v estriolEstron

Progesteron: Thc y ni mc t cung pht trin

c ch rng trng v s bi tit LHProgesteron6. Vitamin, khi nim, phn loi, c tnh chung v tc dng ca vitamin A, B, C, E.

a) Khi nim:

- L yu t dinh dng khng th thiu c ca mi sinh vt, l nhng cht hu c c trng lng phn t nh, c hot tnh sinh hc.

- Vitamin khng c tng hp trong c th ngi v ng vt, tng hp nhiu thc vt

- Ch cn vitamin vi 1 lng rt nh nhng khng th thiu.

b) Phn loi:

- Da vo tnh ha tan ca vitamin chia lm 2 nhm ln:

+NHM 1: Nhm vitamin ha tan trong nc: B, C, H, P, PP,

+NHM 2 : Nhm vitamin ha tan trong cht bo: A, D, E, F, K

- Nhm 1 ch yu tham gia chc nng v nng lng(cc phn ng oxy- ha kh, phn gii cht hu c)

- Nhm 2 ch yu tham gia cc phn ng xy dng cc cht, xy dng cu trc c quan, cc m ngha l chc nng to hnh

c) c tnh chung:

- Vitamin c ngun gc t nhin ch yu t thc vt v vi sinh vt tng hp. ng vt v ngi (qua h vi sinh vt ng rut) cng tng hp mt s vitamin nhng liu lng khng ng k- Tnh cht l ha:

+ Khng bn di tc dng ca oxy, nh sng, ha cht, nhit cao, kim loi

+ Trng lng phn t 122/1300

+ S ha tan ca vitamin c xp theo 2 nhm ln: tan trong nc v trong cht bo

d) Tc dng ca 1 s vitamin thng dng:

- Vitamin A:

Chng bnh vim lot, kh gic mc ca mt, tng nhy ca mt

Gip dinh dng biu m, thng b, nui dng da

Tham gia vo mt s qu trnh trao i protit, lipit, gluxit, mui khong, oxy ha photphozyl ha.

Vitamin C:

Tham gia vn chuyn in t Chng bnh hoi huyt, chy mu chn rng, xut huyt di da

Tham gia chuyn ha cc cht, tng hp collagen

Gip hp thu lipid rut

Hp thu Fe v gi Fe2+ rut

To sc khng, chng nhim trng, chng stress

Lin quan n s hnh thnh hormon tuyn gip v thng thn

- Vitamin E:

nh hng ln qu trnh sinh sn ca ng vt

Thiu E s to phi s b ngn tr, teo c

Tham gia vn chuyn in t trong phn ng oxy- ha kh Cht chng oxy ha rt tt i vi caroten, axit linoleic

Chng ha gi. Kch thch cc phn ng min dch, chng c.

- Vitamin B:

+ Vitamin B1 (Thiamin):

Gip c th chuyn ha thc n thnh nng lng

ng vai tr trong hot ng ca h tun hon, truyn xung ng thn kinh.

+ Vitamin B2(Riboflavin):

Tham gia thnh phn nhm ngoi cc Enzym oxy ha- kh FAD: tham gia trong nhm ngoi: D- aminoaxit- oxydaza

+ Vitamin B6(Pyridoxin): duy tr chc nng v hot ng ca no, chng min dch, chuyn ha protein.

+Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin):

Sinh hng cu v ti to m, chuyn thymin thnh thymidin

Gip phn chia v ti to t bo, chuyn ha nhm methyl, tng hp protein, chuyn ha glucid, lipid

Bo v c th nhim c, nhim khun

+ Vitamin PP(hay B5):

Tham gia thnh phn coenzym NAD, NADP, chuyn ha glucid, protein to m, phn ng oxy ha- kh to nng lng v cc qu trnh sinh tng hp

Thiu B5 da kh, ri lon thn kinh ngoi bin

Cu 7:s trao i cht v nng lng. v d

Trao i cht v trao i nng lng:

c tnh quan trng ca sinh vt

Xy ra thng xuyn lin tc trong qu trnh sng ca sinh vt vi mc ch:

B p li cho c th cc cht v nng lng mt i trong qu trnh hot ng sng.

S trao i cht trong c th gm 2 giai on: ng ha v d ha xy ra ng thi v ho tr ln nhau.

- Qu trnh ng ha l qu trnh s dng v bin i cc cht t mi trng vo c th v chuyn thnh cc cht c trng hoc c hiu cho c th . Vd protein ( ngi.

- D ha l qu trnh phn gii cc cht thnh phn thnh cc sn phm n gin hn, to nng lng v o thi cc cht khng cn thit ra ngoi- Qu trnh ng ha hp th nng lng, qu trnh d ha s to ra nng lng (xy ra ng thi).

- Mi loi sinh vt c cch trao i cht ring.

- S trao i cht gm 3 giai on:

Giai on 1: tiu ha tc ng c hc ch yu thy phn trong c quan tiu ha.

Giai on 2: trao i trung gian, tip tc phn gii sn phm ca g 1 hoc tng hp (to cc sn phm trung gian).

Giai on 3: l bi tit: thi ra bn ngoi c th nhng sn phm cui cng khng cn thit.

- C nhng cht i vi c th ny l cht trao i. i vi c th khc li l sn phm cui cng.

V d: + acid lactic Trong qu trnh ng phn (glycolysis) th l cht trao i (Khng bi tit ra khi c th dng nguyn vn chy qua nhiu chuyn ha tip theo; oxy ha ( CO2 v H2O, tham gia tng hp glycogen).

1 s vsv l sn phm cui cng ca chng

+ acid ureic

l sn phm cui cng ca s trao i Pin ngi, chim v b st.

L cht trao i phn ln ng vt c v

nng lng ca s trao i cht. .- S trao i cht ca c th gn lin vi s trao i nng lng.

- Mi kha cnh biu hin khc nhau ca s sng u i hi nng lng, c th cn c cung cp nng lng mt cch lin tc.

c im nng lng ca s trao i cht

Nng lng ca qu trnh trao i cht sinh hc da trn 3 nguyn tc c bn phn bit n vi cc phn ng nng lng xy ra trong th gii v sinh

c im th nht ca nng lng hc trao i cht ca cc h sinh hc

+ L vic chuyn ha nng lng thnh cng v cc dng khc-khng cn chuyn n thnh dng nhit nng.+ H thng sng nh mt h ha ng hc, khng l ng c nhit.

c im th hai ca nng lng hc s trao i cht sinh hc cc cht.

+ L trong qu trnh oxy ha nng lng c gii phng dn dn, tng t mt trong c mt chui ca mt chui ca qu trnh ni tip nhau, cho n khi cc nguyn t hidro v cacbon chuyn ha thnh nhng sn phm cui cng ca s oxy ha l nc v kh CO2.

+ V d: khi oxy ha 1 mol ng thi ra 686 Kcalo(2881,2 J) h thng sng khng th no s dng ht trong mt khong khc ngn c.

c im th ba l nng lng c gii phng khi phn hy hydratcarbon, cht bo v cc cao phn t khc c th tch ly li trong cc cht khc ging nh cc bnh acqui sinh hc l nhng lin kt cao nng.

+ Vic gii phng nng lng trong s trao i trung gian c th chia thnh ba giai on c bn sau:

Giai on u cc cht cao phn t b thy phn thnh cc cht cht phn t nh hn: cc polysaccharide ( cc monosach, cc protein ( cc acid amin, . Nng lng gii phng ra k ng k ch bng 1 % d tr nng lng t do ca cc cht thi ra di dng nhit nng. Giai on 2 cc phn ng xy ra gn lin vi vic thi ra mt lng ln nng lng khi ng phn oxy ha cc acid bo v acid amin (khong 1/3 lng chung c trong thc n). Trong s ln cc sn phm thy phn hnh thnh giai on u th c 3 cht c ngha quan trng v mt nng lng: acetylcoenzym A, acid - cetoglutaric v acid oxaloacetic.

Chng b oxy ha giai on th 3 qua chu trinh kreps. Phn ln nng lng c gii phng giai on th 3 ny (khong 2/3) Trong giai on 2 v 3 khong 30-40 % ha nng chuyn thnh nhit, hn 60% dng cho cng vic tng hp cc cht c bit l cc hp cht cao nng. S trao i nng lng - C 2 quy lut c bn

+ Quy lut 1: cc dng nng lng khc nhau ( dng ny ( dng kia. S nng lng chung khng i.

+ Quy lut 2: nng lng c th tn ti di 2 dng: t do (c ch) v dng phn tn( dng nng lng k s dng). theo quy lut ny th trong bt k s bin i vt l no cng c khuynh hng lm gim nng lng t do dn n s phn tn v tng entropi.

Bt k mt h thng gii hn no cng c th tn ti 3 trng thi i vi mi trg xung quanh. nng lng t do- S thay i nng lng t do coi nh ch s quan trng ca hiu qu nng lng, h s tc ng c ch ca phn ng.

- S nng lng chuyn ng thnh cng nhit nht nh gi l nng lng t do.

- Biu th s thay i ny l F (Kcalo/1 mol) l hiu s gia s nng lng t do chung lc u phn ng v s nng lng khi t n trng thi cn bng.

lin kt cao nng v vai tr ca ATP trong qu trnh trao i nng lng

- Nhng lin kt cao nng.

- Nhng hp cht cao nng l dn xut ca photpho trong c th sng c th chia thnh 4 nhm:

+ Lin kt enolphosphat

+ Carboxyphosphat

+ Phosphoamin+Pirphosphat

(V d t ly)

Cu 8 : k/nim chung v s chuyn ha glucid trong c th sinh vt

1. Khi nim chung: - Glucidec cu to t cc nguyn t C, H, O theo t l 1C : 2H : 1O , gm glucide n gin v glucide phc tp. Glucide n gin nh glucoza, fructoza, galactoza, c cng thc C6H12O6.Glucide phc tp nh disaccharide, trisaccharide, c cng thc (C6H12O6)n. ng vt, glucide c d tr di dng glycogen gan v c. Cn thc vt, glucide c tch ly di dng cellulose v tinh bt. - Thc vt: qu trnh tng hp Glucid c xy ra qua qu trnh quang hp- VSV: c kh ng tng hp glucid vs lng nh- ng vt v ngi: + S dng glucid t thc vt theo con ng thc n

+ C kh nng tng hp 1 s polysaccharide t monosacharide vs liu lng nh- Qu trnh phn gii glucid ng vt v ngi phi qua qu trnh thy phn ban u thnh ng n gin trong ng tiu ha nh cc enzyme tiu ha.2. S phn gii cc polysaccharide v oligosaccharide

- T cc polysacharide qua tc dng ca enzyme to monosacharide vi liu lng nh

- Qu trnh phn gii glucid ng vt v ngi phi qua qu trnh thy phn ban u thnh ng n gin trong ng tiu ha nh cc enzyme tiu ha. VD: S thy phn nh phn gii tinh bt thnh glucose, maltose hay dextrin ty thuc vo tnh cht ca enzyme: (-amylase ch ct lin kt (-D-glucosidic-1,4 gia mch, (-amylase cng ch ct lin kt 1,4 u mch,( -amylase tng hp t vi sinh vt c kh nng ct lin kt 1,4 v ni 1,6 trong amylopectin v glycogen. - Cc polysaccharide b thy phn bi cac enzyme tng ng khc nh cellulose l cellulase, pectin l pectinase,... - Vi cc disaccharide s b phn gii thnh cc monose nh cc enzyme tng ng nh sucrose bi sucrase to thnh glucose v fructose, maltose bi maltase to thnh 2 phn t glucose...

3 . S thy phn monosaccharide

h tiu ha ngi, d dy PH khng ph hp vi nn khng thy phn oligosaccaride oligosaccaride xung rut non c thy phn bi h enzym amilaza tuyn ty thnh ng n gin thm qua mao mch rut mu c quan & m tip tc c chuyn ha cc cht k s dng c chuyn n rut gi o thi ra c th.

3.1 Qu trnh ng phn ( glycolisis )

- Qu trnh ng phn cn c gi l qu trnh Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, y l qu trnh chuyn ha hexose thnh pyruvate trong iu kin khng c oxy.- L qu trnh ph bin nht trong cc chuyn ha t monose, v hu ht cc qu trnh chuyn ha 1 monose giai on u u qua qu trnh glucose gii.Qu trnh ng phn gm 4 giai on chnh.

Giai on 1: phosphoryl ha glucose ( 3 p )

Phn ng 1:phosphoryl ha ln 1 vi s tham gia ca ATP.

Trong iu kin t bo y l phn ng mt chiu, c xc tc bi enzyme hexokinase.

Phn ng 2: ng phn ha glucose-6-P

Enzyme phosphohexose isomerase xc tc s chuyn ha ng phn glucose-6-P thnh fructose-6-P, bin mt aldose thnh mt ketose.

Phn ng 3: Phosphoryl ha fructose-6-P thnh fructose1,6 biphosphate ( nh ATP)

Giai on 2 ct t mch C ( 6C) thnh 2 phn t 3C

Phn ng 4: phosphoryl ha ln 1 vi s tham gia ca ATP

Phn ng 5: Chuyn ng phn ha gia 2 dng aldehyd v ceton

Gd 3 ( giai on ch yu ) oxy ha phospho aldehyd glyceric, km theo s gii phng nng lng.

Phn ng 6: Oxy ha 3-P glyceraldehyde thnh 1,3 biphosphoglycerate

Xc tc cho phn ng ny l enzyme 3-P glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, c coenzyme NAD+, trong trung tm hot ng c nhm -SHGd 4 : dephosphoryl ha v chuyn v ng phn

Phn ng 7: dephosphoryl ha:Trong phn ng ny gc phosphate cao nng ca 1,3 biphosphoglycerate chuyn cho ADP to 2 ATP ( oxy ha phosphoryl ha mc c cht) v 3P glycerate

Phn ng 8:ng phn ha ni phn t: Chuyn ha 3P glycerate thnh 2P glycerate (chuyn gc P ni phn t) nh enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase cn Mg2+ cho hot ng ca n. y l phn ng thun nghch:

Phn ng 9: 2P glycerate b loi nc to thnh phosphoenolpyruvate, l phn ng thun nghch c xc tc bi enzyme enolase.

Phn ng 10: Chuyn nhm phosphate t phospho-enol-pyruvate n ADP, phn ng c xc tc bi pyruvat kinase, to ATP v pyruvate.

kt lun: qu trnh ng phn to 2 NADH v 4 ATP nhng trong giai on u s dng ht 2 ATP ( ch nhn c 2ATP v 2 NADPglucose + 2NAD+ 2ADP + 2Pi ( 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP

1 NADH = 3ATP vy tng cng c 8ATP.3.2 S phn gii tip tc acid pyruvicQua qu trnh ng phn to acid pyruvic

3.2.1- ln men ru trong t bo nm men

- Trng hp cc loi polysaccharide v disaccharide phi qua qu trnh phn gii to monose.

- Vi cc di v trisaccharide th nm men c th phn gii nh cc enzyme to cc monose.

- Nm men thng khng c kh nng ln men trc tip polysaccharide nn cn b sung enzyme ca VSVv d amylase, cellulase

- T glucose s qua qu trnh ng phn to acid pyruvic

- T glucose s qua qu trnh ng phn to acid pyruvic (10 p)

- Phn ng 11: decarbonxyl ha acid pyruvic

- Phn ng 12: Acetaldehyde b kh thnh ethanol vi NADH + H+ to ethanol

- pH acid 4-5

- Khi mi trng acid kim,qu trnh ln men s theo hng #. Sn phm ch yu l glycerin.- NaHSO3 kim ha mi trng v tc dng vi acetaldehyd to thnh phc v cht nhn H+ t NaDH2 s l dioxyaxetolphosphat, sn phm to thnh l glycerin.- Mi trng ln men c NA2SO4, s to acid acetic v ethanol.- pH ng vai tr quan trng trong s ln men ca nm men.3.2.2 s ln men ym kh trong c, bp ( ln men lactate )

- Trong iu kin k kh, pyruvate c th ln men to lactic acid

- Trong c bp khng c Decarboxylase

- Ngoi ra, qu trnh ny cn xy ra vi trng hp ln men lactic bi vi khun lactic t ng

3.2.3 s phn gii trong iu kin hiu kh- chu trnh Krebs

- Chuyn ha pyruvate thnh acetyl- CoA.

- Oxy ha acetyl- CoA thng qua chu trnh Krebs (chu trnh citric acid): do trong chu trnh c mt cc sn phm trung gian l cc di- v tricarboxylic nn chu trnh Krebs cn c tn l chu trnh tricarboxylic, hay chu trnh acid citric. Bao gm 8 pPhn ng 1: L phn ng trng hp acetyl-CoA v oxaloacetate to thnh citrate. Nng lng cn cho s trng hp do s phn gii lin kt cao nng trong acetyl-CoA cung cp.

Phn ng 2: Citrate b bin i thnh isocitrate, l qu trnh thun nghch c xc tc bi enzyme aconitase.

Phn ng 3:

Kt qu ca s oxy ha di tc dng xc tc ca enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase l 2 nguyn t hydro c chuyn cho NAD(P)+ v 1 nguyn t C c tch ra khi c cht di dng CO2.

Phn ng 4: Sn phm ( ketoglutarate va b oxy ha va b kh carboyl ha di tc dng xc tc ca phc enzyme -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Ging nh phn ng 3, NADH+H+, CO2 v succinyl CoA c to thnh.

Phn ng 5:

Nng lng trong lin kt cao nng ca succinyl CoA c dng to ATP thng qua GTP. y l chng phn ng duy nht ca chu trnh Krebs xy ra s tch ly nng lng trong ATP.

Phn ng 6:

y c s km hm cnh tranh enzyme gia succinate v malonate. Coenzyme kh FADH2 qua chui h hp to ATP.

Phn ng 7: L phn ng hydrate ha fumarate to malate di tc dng ca enzyme fumarase.

Phn ng 8: Malate to ra phn ng 7 s tip tc b oxy ha cho ra oxaloacetate, enzyme xc tc cho phn ng ny l malate dehydrogenase.

ngha ca qu trnh ng phn v chu trnh Krebs 1/ L cc ng hng phn gii to ra cc sn phm trung gian to thnh cc c cht khc nhau cn cho s sng.

2/ To cc coenzyme kh v ATP.

Vic to ra nng lng, s dng nng lng v coenzyme kh qua qu trnh ng phn (glycolyis) v chu trnh Krebs c tm tt nh sau:

t 1 glucose qua ng phn to 8 ATP + 2 Pyruvic acid, 1 Pyruvic acid qua chu trnh krebs to 3NADPH2 + 1NADH2 +FADH2 + 1GTP = 15ATP Tng s ATP 2*15+8=383.2.4 chu trnh glyoxylate

- thc vt v mt s vi khun cn c ng hng khc trong vic chuyn ha acetyl-CoA. Cc phn ng ca s chuyn ha ny to nn chu trnh gi l chu trnh glyoxylate. Gia chu trnh ny v chu trnh Krebs c nhng giai an ging nhau:

- Trong giai on u: glucose -> acid pyruvic -> isocitric th ging nh chu trnh Krebs

- ngha : c vai tr chuyn ha acid acetic,khi phn gii acid bo

To sn phm 4C ( acid sucxinic ) tham gia qu trnh tng hp glucid.

3.3 Chu trnh pentose phosphate- s oxy ha trc tip- L s phn gii trc tip glucose 6 Phosphate khng qua qu trnh ng phn, gm 2 giai on oxy ha v ti to hexose phosphate.

PTTQ :

6gluco-6-phosphate + 12NADP + 7H2O ( 6CO2 + H3PO4 + 5gluco-6-phosphate +12 NADPH2 n gin

1gluco-6-phosphate + 12NADP + 7H2O ( 6CO2 + H3PO4 +12 NADPH2

V mt nng lng: 1 NADPH2 = 3ATP ==> tng cng c 36 ATP

NGHA :

To ngun nng lng ln cho c th.

Cung cp cc ng pentose l sn phm trung gian quan trng tng hp nucleic acid.

Ribose-5- phosphate c s dng trong qu trnh quang hp.

Tng hp qu trnh phn gii acid pyruvic

Mi tng quan gia qu trnh phn gii hiu kh v k kh.

Tr con ng pentose-P l oxy ha trc tip glucose,bt k chuyn ha glucid u theo con ng glycolysyis to thnh acid puryvic. S # nhau bt u t acid pyruvic..

Hiu kh: chu trnh Krebs, acid acetic.

Ym kh: lactic,ru, glycerin

To acid hu c.

9. Lipid v s chuyn ha Lipid trong c th sinh vt:

a.Lipid:- Khi nim: Lipid l nhng cht chuyn ha ca acid bo v tan c trong dung mi hu c. Lipid ph bin t bo ng, thc vt.

- Cu to: + Lipid n gin: trong phn t ch cha C, H, O. V cu to ch l ester ca ru v acid bo. VD: glycerid, sp, steroid

+ Lipid phc tp: ngoi C, H, O cn c 1 s nguyn t khc nh N, P, S. Khi thy phn, ngoi ru v acid bo cn thu c base nito, lu hunh, glucid, Nhm ny c 3 nhm chnh: Phospholipid, glycolipid v lipoprotein.-Chc nng sinh hc:+ Thnh phn cu to mng t bo, cu trc di t bo nh ti th, nhn,.. dng glipoprotein.+ Cung cp nng lng cho c th.+ Bo v c th.+ Dung mi ha tan mt s vitamin :A, D, F,

b. S chuyn ha Lipid:

S phn gii Lipid:

- S thy phn Lipid: khoang ming ch xy ra qu trnh nghin c hc, khng c enzyme thy phn. Trong d dy khng ph hp cho enzyme thy phn Lipid nn Lipid chuyn xung rut non. rut non, Lipid c thy phn thnh cc dng n gin (acid bo, glycerol) nh h enzyme lipase t tuyn ty. Vi s h tr ca mui mt v acid mt (nh tng ha Lipid) -> tg din tch tip xc gia Lipid vi enzyme.

- S thy phn lipid n gin: Lipid n gin ch l este ca glycerine v acid bo. in hnh cho Lipid n gin l glyceride.

- S thy phn Lipid phc tp:

+ Trong lipid phc tp ngoi thnh phn glycerine v acid bo cn c gc P v base Nit.

+ Mt i din ca Lipid phc tp l photphatit. C ti 5 enzyme tham gia thy phn cc lin kt trong photphatit. Cc ch ci A, B, C, D dng ch cc lin kt trong phn t. Ngi ta xc nh c v tr lin kt do cc enzyme tc ng, l:

Qu trnh oxy ha:

- Cc sn phm sau thy phn l glicerine v acid beosex chuyn ha theo nhng con ng khc nhau

- Sn phm cui cng l CO2, H2O v nng lng

- Oxy ha glycerine:

+ S oxy ha glycerin dc bt u t s phosphoryl ha glycerin nh ATP. Tri qa cc phn ng sau:

Phn ng 1:

Phn ng 2: Dehydrogen ha

Phn ng 3: phosphoryl ha ln 2

Phn ng 4: Dephosphoryl hah

Phn ng 5: ng phn ha (chuyn gc P t 3 -> 2)

Phn ng 6: chuyn dng enol pyruvic phosphate

Phn ng 7: Dephosphoryl ha

- Oxy ha acid bo:

Trong t nhin theo 2 quy trnh khc nhau:- Oxy ha: oxy ha ng v tr Carbon

Oxy ha: oxy ha ng v tr carbon

+ Oxy ha:

Mi ln oxy ha kh 2C

Phi hot ha accid bo trc khi oxy ha.

Nng lng to ra ca qu trnh oxy ha l 17 ATP cho 1 ln ct

Bao gm 2 giai on: 5 phn ng lp i lp li cho ht mch C

Giai on hot ha acid bo (1 phn ng)

Cc phn ng ca s - Oxy ha (4 phn ng)

Hot ha acid bo: trc tin, acid bo cn c hot ha thnh dng dn xut ca coenzyme A. S hot ha ny cn nng lng ATP

Cc phn ng ca s Oxy ha: qu trnh ny gm 4 phn ng lin tc

Phn ng 1: kh 2 Hydro C , nh coenzyme FAD.

Phn ng 2: Hydrat ha lin kt i to hydroxyl- acid

Phn ng 3: Kh Hydro nh L-- hydroaxil-coA-dehydrogenase to thnh dn xut - cetone

Phn ng 4: ct mch C (2C) dng hot ha ca acid acetic l acetyl CoA m gc acid bo cn li dng hot ha.

V mt nng lng: qua qu trnh -oxy ha to FADH2 v NADH b oxy ha nh h thng vn chuyn in t. S to ra tng ng vi 2 v 3 phn t ATP, Acetyl-CoA sau b oxy ha bi chu trnh Kreb s to ra 12 ATP. Nh vy s oxy ha hon ton mt cp 2C cho ta 17 ATP.

+ -oxy ha: Khng ph bin bng -oxy ha, thng gp thc vt.

Mi ln oxi ha kh 1C

Khng cn hot ha acid bo trc khi oxi ha

Nng lng to ra ca qu trnh oxy ha l 3 ATP cho mt ln ct

C s tham gia ca H2O2 2 phn ng lp i lp li cho n ht mch C

Phn ng 1: to aldehyd c s C bt 1C

Phn ng 2: Aldehyd b kh -> acid bo c s C bt 1C Acid bo mi tip tc vo phn ng 1 -> mch C gim dn sau mi ln oxy ha mch C ngn 1C, tip tc cho n ht mch C

V nng lng khi oxy ha tch 1C to c 3 ATP.

Tng hp cht bo:

- Tng hp Glycerin:

+ Nguyn liu tng hp Glycerin t glucid

+ Glucose chuyn ha theo glycolisis trong giai on u cho n khi to fructose 1,6- bisphotphate. Ct t mch cho 2 dng (3C) Aldehyd v Ceton

- Tng hp acid bo:

+ Nguyn liu tng hp acid bo l CH3COOH, i khi l acid malconic COOH- CH2-COOH

+ Cc enzyme tham gia:

E1 xc tc cho s trng hp acetyl- coA

E2 xc tc cho acetyl-CoA + Malonyl- CoA

+ C ch tng hp phc tp, tri qua cc giai on sau:

Phn ng 1: hot ha acid acetic

Acetyl-CoA c th c to ra:

Theo phn ng 1(t acetic)

C th l sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh glycolisis v oxy ha cht bo

Phn ng 2:

Phn ng 3: Acetyl CoA tc dng Malonyl-CoA mt i 1 CO2 to sn phm l aceto-acetyl CoA

Phn ng 4

Phn ng 5: phn ng dehydrate ha to 1 ni i

Phn ng 6: Thu 2C d bo ha ni i. Tip tc phn ng nh cc phn ng trn, mi ln lp li tng thm 2C cho n khi ht mch C khong 16-18C(acid bo trong t nhin)

V tiu tn nng lng: vd acid palmitic gm 16C/2C = 8 ln. Vy phi c 8 acetyl CoA cn 16ATP+ 16NADPH2Cc sn phm ph: 16 ADP, 16NADP, 16H3PO4

- Tng hp Triglycerid

+ Tng hp triglycerid cn glycerin v acid bo, tt c u phi c hot ha, qu trnh tng hp triglycerid xy ra gan, mng nhy rut non, tuyn sa v cc m m+ S tng hp cht bo t glucid xy ra rt d dng. Cn y oxy v nng lng ln. Qu trnh xy ra tng nc mt.

+ i vi acid bo phi c hot ha cn ATP v HS-CoA./.