6.1: Types of Nutrition6.2: Balanced Diet6.3: Malnutrition6.4:Digestion Process6.5:Process of Absorption & Assimilation

CHAPTER 6

6.6: Formation of Faeces & Defecation6.7: Good Eating Habits6.8:Importance of a Healthy Digestive System6.9: Importance of Macronutrient & Micronutrient in Plant6.10: Photosynthesis6.11:Mechanism of Photosynthesis6.12: The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 6.13:Technology used in Food Production6.14: Food Processing Technology

6.1 Types Of Nutrition AUTOTROPHSHETEROTROPHS

Def: consist of classes of food Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Roughage and Water.6 factors affecting daily E requirementAGESEXOCCUPATIONCLIMATEPREGNANCY & LACTATIONSIZE OR BODY WEIGHTP L Puan LelaAG Ambil Getah O Oren pakai S Sanggul S Silang yg C Comel6.2

VITAMINSFat-Soluble A, D, E , K stored in body fatWater-soluble B n C cannot stored in the body supplied in the daily diet

Sources, f(x) & effectsADEKB1B2B6Ascorbic AcidFolic Acid

Lack of ???Khagendra - Nepal

Symptoms of Deficiency

Vitamin / MineralCausesD / Calcium / PhosphorusRickets OsteomalaciaOsteoporosisB6 / MagnesiumRetarded growthE / K / IronAnaemiaB5 / Sodium (Na)/chlorine (Cl) ~NaClMuscle crampsFatigueB1 / PotassiumBeri-beriMuscular weaknessSulphurSymptoms of protein deficiencyFluorineTooth decayIodineGoitre

Roughage or dietary fibre

Unbalanced diet causes..6.3

Insufficient proteins Flaky skin, thin muscles, thin hairSweeling of the body ~ retention of fluid in tissues ~ stomachStunted/retarded growthKwashiorkorMarasmusOccurs in children aged btw 9 & 12Drastic loss of body weight Effects : very thin + wrinkled skin

Excessive intake of..

CARBOHYDRATESPROTEINSLIPIDS Cardiovascular disease High blood pressure Atherosclerosis ~ stroke & brain haemorrhage D.M cancersIncrease URIC ACID content in bloodCardiovascular diseases Atherosclerosis heart attackHypertension / HBP

Excessive intake of

MINERALSEFFECTS- Na & Ca- Kidney stones- Fe (iron)- Kidney damage

VITAMINSEFFECTSA- Hair loss, vomiting, bone ache, joint pain, liver & bone damageB6- Numb feet, poor coordinationB3Flushed face and hands Liver damageC Gastrointestinal upsetDCalcification of soft tissuesEKidney damageK Liver damage & anaemia

Starch + water6.4 FOOD DIGESTIONDigestion in the MOUTH

maltosesecretechewingtriggersrolled intoenters(by peristalsis)# epiglottis

Digestion in mouth

Digestion in Stomach- pH 1.5 2.0- Stops the xtvt of amylase- Kill bact. In foodProtein + water PolypeptidesCaseinogen + waterCasein

Digestion in duodenum

Starch + water maltose

Polypeptide + water peptides

Lipid droplets + water glycerol + FAPancreatic amylasetrypsinlipase

Digestion in small intestineIntestinal juice digestive enzymes F(x) digest of peptides & dissaccharides 1) Protein digestionPeptides + water amino acids

2) Carbohydrates digestion ( Ma La S )

Maltose + water glucose

Sucrose + water glu + fructose

Lactose + water glu + galactose

erepsinmaltase sucraselactase

Digestive System of Ruminants

1.243

How its work??1.RUMEN Largest compartment Cellulose broken down by cellulase (bact & protozoa)2.RETICULUM Further hydrolysis CUD its content Regurgitated bit by bit Soften & break down cellulose mouth 3.OMASUMReswallowed cudLarge small particles by peristalsisWater is removed4. ABOMASUMTrue stomach gastric juices protein & other FSmall intestineLembu Makan R RumputR Redah O Onak dan A Air Busuk

RodentsCellulose digested by cellulase-producing bact

Digestive SystemFaeces 1st batch soft & watery

2nd batch faeces drier & harder

Caecum & appendix = enlarged to store cellulase-producing bact products pass thru alimentary canal = TWICE

Comparison of cellulose digestion process in human, ruminant & rodentSimilarities1)2)Differences

AspectHumanRuminantRodentStomach chambersCellulase producing bactFood passes thru alimen. canalGastric juice is produced atSize of caecumUndigested cellulose

Problems related to food digestionIncomplete digestionLack of digestive enzymesGallstones

6.5 Absorption & AssimilationIlleum major site of nutrient absorption

VillusepitheliumlactealCapillary networkepithelial cellsVilli plural of villus

The VilliNumerous in numberThin-walled ( one-cell thick)Network of blood capillariesLacteal special structures

Absorption of digested foodGlucose & Amino acidsfrom lumen into the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusionremaining nutrients by active transportfrom epithelial cells absorbed into the bloodstream thru the blood capillaries in the villiconverge into the hepartic portal veinThen transported to all parts of the body Lumen(glu & a.a)facilitateddiffusionEpithelial cellsbloodstreamHepartic portal veinbloodcapillariesall parts of the body

2) Water

Lumen epithelial cells blood capillaries3) Water-soluble vitamins

Epithelial cells blood capillaries3) Fatty acids & glycerol

Epithelial cells (tiny droplets) lacteals lympatic system

Right lymphatic ductThoracic duct Bloodstream Subclavian veins

ASSIMILATIONDefinitionthe conversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorptionoccurs in the LIVER and the CELLS

Assimilation in the LIVER7 Functions of the LIVER1) Regulation of blood glucose concentration2) Production of bile3) Protein synthesis4) Iron storage5) Deamination of amino acids6) Detoxification7) Heat production

Assimilation in the LIVERsynthesisconverts glucoseexcessDEAMINATIONurea kidney

Assimilation in the CELLSAMINO ACIDSGLUCOSEAMINO ACIDSLIPIDS new protoplasm repair of damaged tissues Synthesis of hormones & enzymes Synthesis of ptns of PM Phospholipids & cholesterol fats stored in adipose tissue reserve E

release E during cellular respiration E for chem. process i.e muscle contraction & synthesis of ptns.Excess = Glycogen in muscles

Formation of Faeces Contents of intestinal:Mixture of waterUndigested food substancesDead cellsDead bacteriaIndigestible fibre (cellulose)Colonlarge intestinalReabsorbs almost 90% of water & minerals into the bloodstream

Contents of Faeces:indigestible residue of food dead cells shed from the intestinal lining & bile pigments & toxic subtances eliminated from the bodybinds to the mucus that secreted by the colons wall and lubricates the movement of faeces along the colon

DefaecationHow its work??the elimination of faecescontrolled by muscles around the anus, the opening of the rectumWhen rectum is full, the muscles of the rectal wall contract to eject the faeces via the anus

RectumThe process of defecation (thru anus)Colon

6.7 Evaluating Eating HabitsBad Eating HabitsGastritisAnorexia nervosaBulimiaObesity

6.8 The Importance Of A Healthy Digestive System6.9 The Importance Of Macronutrient & Micronutrient in Plant

6.10 PhotosynthesisLeaf Structure and functionCross section

CUTICLE

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