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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CELL CONCEPT MAP
CELL
Consists of
Cel wall (plant cell)
Cell membrane Protoplasm Vacuole (plant cell )
of two parts
NucleusCytoplasm
contains Consists of
Nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasma
contains
Chromatin substances / chromosomes
Consists of
Protein (histone)
DNA
Cell organelles
Mitocondrion Chloroplast (in green plant)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER Smooth ER
Golgi Body
Fluid medium, (containing nucleotides and enzymes)
Grana StromaRibosome
Basic unit of life. All organisms consists of cell
Procaryote and eucaryote- 2 types
Microbodies contained in the cytoplasm, carrying out specific functions for the cell activities
Processing and packaging proteins/ other molecules to form cell secretions
Contains water, nutrients, mineral salts, waste (nitrogenous) substances
The site for protein synthesis
Generates energy for the cell
The fluid mosaic hypothesis- the bilayer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules in it / over the surface
Made up from cellulose, porous to micro- and macromolecules like sugar and starch
Contains chlorophyll
Contains enzymes With
ribosomesNo
ribosomes
What do you know about the cells?
PLANT CELL
1. What organelles can be seen under the light microscope and electron microscope?
If examined under light microscope
If examined by electron microscope
Cell wall
vacuole Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplast
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Cell membrane
Tonoplast
MitochondrionGolgi body Nucleolus
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell membrane
Nucleus
B……………………………..
C……………………….
D……………………...
…………………E
…………………………….F
…………….G
H……………………………………………………….…………………..K
…………………L
3. Name all the parts labelled A to L in the figure.
4. Which parts of the cell are not found in animal cell?
5. Describe the function of the parts labelled A, C, E, G and H
PLANT CELL
1. Describe the structure of the nucleus and its function.
2. Where are the organelles C, E and G mostly found plant cell and animal cell? Explain ?
A:……………………………
STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL PLANT CELL
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF A PLANT CELL
A TYPICAL PLANT CELL
Mitochond rion
Tonoplast
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
Plasma membraneCell wall
Golgi body
Vesicle
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Cell wall
CELL STRUCTUREThe cell structures consist of :
1.Cell membrane :
Structure: phospholipids bilayer with (pore and carrier ) protein molecules
Function : partially permeable,regulates passage of substances into/ out of cell
2.Nucleus :
Structure : …………………………………
Function :…………………………………..
3.Mitochondrion
Structure :………………………………..
Function : …………………………………
4.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure: has ……………………………
Function……………………………………
5.Smooth ER
Structure: has no………………………..
Function:………………………………….
6.Golgi body
Function………………………………….
7.Chloroplast
contains…………………………………
Function………………………………….
8.Ribosomes functions in …………
……………………………………………
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
P:
Q:
R:Protoplasm
S:
T:
U:
P:
Q:
R:
STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL
Centriol
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Vesicle (containing secretions)
A TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF AN ANIMAL CELL
Nucleus Ribosome
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Golgi body
CELL ORGANELLES
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
mitochondrion
chloroplast
Cell wall
Smooth ERvacuole
PROTEIN TRANSPORT IN CELL
NUCLEUS
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma membrane
(Secretory) vesicle
e
Transport vesicle
Golgi body
cytoplasm
Excretion of substances produced in cell
Protein like enzymes are synthesized in ribosomes. Then they are transported in the lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). At one end, the RER , having the proteins buds off forming transport vesicle.
Transport vesicle moves to Golgi body, unites with it and forms part of the Golgi body. In that way the proteins / enzymes are contained in the Golgi body where it is further processed, modified and finally packed off as secretory vesicle. The secretory vesicle containing secretions moves to plasma membrane, unite with it and thereby eliminates the secretions.
FUNCTION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
GOLGI BODY
1. Where is the protein synthesised in a cell?
2. What is the function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum?
3. How is the protein carried away from RER to the Golgi body?
4. What happen to the protein thus produced in Golgi body? ( the function of Golgi body )
5. Golgi body produces secretions like enzyme (a protein ). How is the secretion passed out of the cell?
6. By refering to the diagram, describe the process by which an enzyme like amylase, produced in a pancreatic cell, is carried out to the duodenum for digestion process.
FUNCTION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND GOLGI BODY IN SECRETION
CELL MEMBRANE- THE FLUID MOSAIC HYPOTHESIS
O2 , CO2
Glukosa ion
(Membentuk tapak penerima dengan protein pembawa)
The lipid molecules are moving to make the bilayer fluid in nature.
Cholesterol in the membrane helps to make the ‘lipid fluid’ more viscous in the cell membranel
Allows small, nonpolar and fat soluble molecules to pass through it eg. water, fatty acid, gas
The carrier and channel proteins help to move polar/ charged and bigger molecules through the membrane eg. ions, glukose, amino acid
Explain the fluid – mosaic hypothesis of the cell membrane.
polysaccharides Channel in protein molecule
Phospholipid bilayer
Protein molecules scattered throughout and moving in / outside the menbrane forming mosaic structure
External of the cell
Internal of the cell
cytoplasm protein
cholesterol
Carbohydrate(sugar)
Channel protein
CELL MEMBRANE
cytoplasm
Plasma membrane based on fluid – mosaic hypothesis
EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME CELL ORGANELLES
EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF CELL ORGANELLS
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION / FREQUENCY OF ORGANELLES IN BODY CELL
Why are there many mitochondria found in a sperm cell ?
Name other cells in animal that possess a large number of mitochondria.
Give example of cells that contain a large number of the following organelles . Explain why.
a) Chloroplast
b) Golgi body
c) Ribosome
MitochondrionNucleus
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria in a sperm cellElectron Micrograph of a sperm cell showing mitochondria in a neck region of the cell.
head
neck
tail
CELL ORGANELLES
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi body
Ribosome
structure function
It contains 1.………… and 2……………… surrounded by 3…………….………………… Chromosomes consists of DNA that carries 5.………………… for the inheritance.
It controlls 23…………… of cell
Consists of membrane system which is very much folded in the cytoplasm. It contains 6. …..………. on the outer surface.
Its function is 7…………………….. ……………………….
It is located on the surface of RER . Its function is in the synthesis of 8…………………… in cell.
It has the same structure as RER but contains no 9…………….. on the surface. The function of SER is 10..……………………… …. …….
The Fluid Mosaic Hypothesis
Bilayer of 11………………….. which is mobile and contains 12…………………molecules scattered throughout in it.
It is a 13…………. …. layered structure containing grana (that contains 14……….……) and 15……..………… (which contains 16……… .) for photosynthesis
Receives 17 ..….. ......like enzymes, 18…………………, packing them to form 19….………
It is bounded by two layers of 20…………… The inner membrane is folded in the foem of stacks. Mitochondrion is considered as 21………… of a cell because its function is to generate energy for cell metabolism.
Active cells like 22…………. contains a lot of mitochondrion
24 …….. Reaction takes place in the stroma
Light reaction takes place in the 25…………
CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLES
mitochondrionNucleus
H J
A
G
C B D
F E
K
INVESTIGATING CELL STRUCTURE
Task :
Design an experiment to investigate the structure and shape of the onion epidermal cell by refering to the steps shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
1. Write down the hypothesis of the experiment.
2. Suggest the technique used in the experiment.
3. How are you going to record the results?
4. What is the purpose of using iodine drop in the experiment ?
Water droplet Scale leaf of
onion
scalpel Epidermis of onion Forceps
Epidermal tissue
Water droplet
Mounting needle
Cover slip
slide
iodine droplet
Filter paper
Observing Plant Cell
Observing Animal Cell
PENYEDIAAN SLAID SEL PIPI MANUSIA
Differentiate between plant and animal cell.
What is the purpose of using blue methylene solution in the exp.?
dropper
Distilled water
Glass slide
Tooth pick
Mounting needle
Cover slipMethylene blue Filter
paper
PENYEDIAAN SPESIMEN KERATAN BATANG
1. Make a labelled drawing of a cross section and a longitudinal section through a dicotiledonous stem and a monocotiledonous stem.
2. List out the differences between them.
CELL 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE
Amoeba
Protozoa- Unicellular and free living in fresh water. How do these animals :
--feed
-move
-reproduce
-regulate their body osmosis
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
1. Name all structures labelled A – J
2. State the function of each organelle
4. Name all structures from A to G
3. Describe nutrition, movement and reproductionin Amoeba
Paramecium
5. Explain water regulation, movement and reproduction in Paramecium
CELL ORGANISATION
Binary fission in Amoeba sp.
Cell organisation in multicellular organism
CELL ORGANISATION
Diagnostic test
1. Name the parts labelled A,C,D,E,F and G.
2. State the function of the parts labelled A,B, C,D dan G.
3. Paramecium sp. is more advanced structurally than Amoeba sp. Explain any of the special features of Paramecium sp. that reveals it.
4. Describe how a Paramecium sp.
a) reproduces
b) regulates its osmotic balance.
c) carried out digestion process.
5. Name the organism in Figure 2 .
B
Figure 1 Figure 2
6. Describe how the locomotion, reproduction and nutrition in the microorganism in Fig.2 take place.
VARIETY OF CELLS
EPITHELIAL TISSUE SPECIALISED CELL
Egg cell ( ovum ) is being fertilised by the sperms. Only a single sperm is capable of penetrating the ovum.
Epithelial cells in the renal tubules ( of kidney) lumen
Epithelial cells form a layer of epithelial tissue in lining of the renal tubules.
HUMAN CELLS AND FUNCTION
SPECIALISED CELLS
Cross section of a dicot. leaf showing various cell types in the leaf.
Nerve cell ( neurone)
White blood cells- agranulosite
CARDIAC MUCLE
Skletal muscle
Differentiate between an afferent neurone and an efferent neurone
Describe the organisation of cells in a leaf.
MUSCLE TISSUE
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Describe the location and function of each muscle type.
Describe the structure and roles of each type of blood cells
Impulse
Granulosite
Red blood cell
BLOOD
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Darah
Rawan
ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTION
ORGANS FUNCTION
ORGANS FUNCTION
ORGANS FUNCTION
PLANT TISSUES
1. Describe the important characteristics of a meristematic tissue
2. Name the two types of meristematic tissue
3. Explain the importance of the meristematic tissues in 2 above.
4. Name the vascular tissues A and B. What are their functions?
5. State all the important characteistics of both tissues A and B
Vascular Tissue
A:……………..
B:……………..
6. Where are the tissues A, B and the meristematic tissue found in a plant?
PEMBAHAGIAN SEL MITOSIS
A
B
C
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
PLANT CELLS
p
Q
R
S
T
U
………………1
……………....2
………………3
......................4
……………....5
Diagnostic exercises on Plant Tissues
Guard cellLeaf vein air space
P
Q
(xylem and phloem)
R
S
1. Name the structures P,Q,R and S.
2. Explain the structure and organisation of the palisade and spongy mesophyll in a leaf for the benefit of leaf function ( photosynthesis process).
3. Explain the role played by a guard cell in a leaf.
4. How are water and food substances eg. sucrose transported in a plant?
5. Explain how the a mesophyll cell differs from an epidermal cell.
6. Explain how water moves from xilem in leaf vein until it forms water vapour in air spaces of the spongy mesophyll.
1. Explain the function of xilem and phloem.
2. What are the differences between dicot. root and dicot. stem?
3. How does monocot. root differ from monocot. stem?
4. Explain:
(i) the components of xilem that are involved in transport of water.
(ii) the components of phloem that are involved in translocation.
CROSS SECTION OF PLANT ROOT
1. Identify the differences between dicot. root and monocot. root based on diagrams (a) and (b).
2. Explain the supporting tissues in plants based on the above diagrams.
3. List out the differences between dicot. and monocot. root.
CROSS-SECTION OF DICOT. AND MONOCOT. STEM
1. What are the differences between dicot. and monocot. stem?
2. Why is wood present in dicot. plant and not in monocot.?
3. What are the significance of paranchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and endodermis tissues?
HOMEOSTASIS
What?
Maintainance of a relatively constant internal environment
Internal environment
The physical and chemical factors that affect the physiology and metabolism of the body
pH
temperature
Osmotic pressure
Glucose concentration
comprises
Blood plasmaTissue / interstitial fluid
Why it must be kept constant?
An organism may have greater
environmntal freedom and greater
geographycal range
Salt concentration or salinity
Their living is not very much restricted by
temperatureWater supply
Saline conditions
And therefore better access to
foodwater
shelter
Constant environment means
Constant or small changes in the internal environment i.e within the tolerance of the body
How it is achieved ?
negative feedback mechanism
What are the consequences if there is no homeostasis or negative feedback mechanism?
through
A mechanism that slows down a process when there is overproduction of a substance and speeds up the process when there is underproduction of the substance.
normal normal
Above normal
Below normal
increasing
decreasing
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
Chemical or nervous coordination
or There is a positive feedback, instead
Positive feedback tends to deviate further the process from normal and finally will destroy or cause harmful effect to the system.
Chemical / hormonal
nervous exa
mp
les Regulation of blood glucose
by insulin and glucagon
Regulation of body temperature during cold and hot days.
Blood pressure
Enable body cells to function optimally
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Erector muscles relax, hairs on on skin tend to fall down/ lowered, thus trapping thin layer of air for less insulation of body heat.
Erector muscles contract, hairs on skin is raised and traps thick layer of air for insulating body heat
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION
THE PANCREAS
1. Explain the function of pancreas as an endocrine organ as well as exocrine organ.
2. Name hormones and hydrolytic enzymes produced by pancreas.
3. How are those hormones and enzymes from pancreas are transported to their target organs?
OSMOREGULATIONRegulation of body fluid osmotic pressure and concentration of salts (NaCl) in blood.
Normal Blood osmotic
pressure
Normal Blood osmotic
pressure
Increase in osmotic pressure decrease in
osmotic pressure
decrease in osmotic pressure
Increase in osmotic pressure
More salt intake Less water intake
Corrective mechanism
1. Pituitary gland releases more ADH to kidney, causing more reabsorption of water in kidney
2. No aldosterone released
Corrective mechanism
1. Pituitary gland releases less ADH to kidney, causing less reabsorption of water
2. Adrenal gland releases aldosterone
excess intake of water
Less salt intake
1. Less reabsorption of water in kidney
2. More reabsorption of salts ( NaCL)
Dilute blood
concentrated blood
homeostasis
REGULATION OF BLOOD OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE(regulation of breathing)