bio f4 c2 cells

7/30/2019 bio f4 c2 cells

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2.1 Cell Structure & Function2.2 Cell Organisation

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1. Draw & label an animal cell and a plant cell

2. Identify the cellular components of an animal

cell & a plant cell

3. State the functions of the cellular components

in an animal and a plant cell

4. Compare & contrast an animal cell with a plant

cell

5. Relate the density of certain organelles with

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HISTORY Robert Hooke (1665) was first

discovered the cell structure of plant

He examined fine slices of cork with aprimitive microscope

He saw many box-like structures , then

he called cells, from Latin for littlerooms.

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THE CELL THEORY

(Schleiden M & Schwann T)

All living organisms are made up of one ormore cells

New cells are formed by the division ofpre-existing cells

Cells contain genetic material of an

organism which is passed from the parentcells to daughter cells

Cells are the basic unit of structure &function in living things

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ORGANELLES specialised

structures which are eachsurrounded by its own membrane &perform specific function

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PLASMAMEMBRANE

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RIBOSOME

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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VACUOLE

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LYSOSOMES

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CENTRIOLES

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COMPARE & CONTRAST

ANIMAL CELL SIMILARITIES PLANT CELL

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ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES PLANT CELL

SIZE

SHAPE

CELL WALL

CHLOROPLAST

VACUOLES

FOOD STORAGE

CENTRIOLES

CILIA & FLAGELLA

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF

AN ANIMAL CELL & A PLANT CELL

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The number of specific organelles in a cell

varies on __________and its _________.

Active cellmany ____________to provide

enough ____________for its activities. Eg. :

______________________________________

Cell in __________________________________

Green plantsmore ___________to carry out

_________________such as __________________

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EXERCISE 2.1

1. What are the organelle structures of a cell?

2. What are the functions of each structure

describe above?

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

Predict the state of certain cells

without a particular component.

Illustrate that most cells are

specialised for the job that they

perform.

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A living cell is a basic unit of life.

Cells are characterised by both uniformity & diversity interms ofstructure & function.

Living cells resemble one another in fundamental ways :

-

- -

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The diversity of cell structure & function aredue to cellular specialisation & division of

labour. For example, -

-

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THE SECRETION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES IN AN

ANIMAL CELL

1. DNA on chromosome in nucleus carries genetic information.

2. Production of mRNA

3. ___

4. Proteins are _________

5. Proteins transported by _________.

6. Proteins depart from ER wrapped in ________

7. Transport vesicles fuse with ____________________whichmodifies & packages the proteins.

8. ___________________contain inactive enzyme

(proenzyme).

9. Secretory vesicles fuse with the PM & enzymes are secreted__________________

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STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR

CELLULAR COMPONENTMISSING ORGANELLE/

CELLULAR COMPONET

CONDITION OF THE CELL

NUCLEUS No protein & enzyme synthesis Cellular activities cannot becarried out.

No cell division

Cell dies

RIBOSOME

No protein synthesisGrowth isinhibited

Enzymes, antibodies & some

hormones cannot be produced.

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CELLULAR COMPONENTMISSING ORGANELLE/CELLULAR COMPONET


MITOCHONDRION No aerobic respiration

Energy not released for cellularactivities

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

Transportation of proteins

synthesised by ribosome does not

occur.

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MISSING ORGANELLE/

CELLULAR COMPONET


SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

synthesis & transport of lipids

cannot be carried

GOLGI APPARATUS Cell cannot secrete digestive

enzymes, hormones & mucin.Lysosomes cannot be produced.


CELLULAR COMPONENT

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CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/

CELLULAR COMPONET


LYSOSOMES No intracellular digestion of food,

worn out organelled, old ordamaged cells.

VACUOLES Plant cell loses its shape &turgidity

No space to store soluble food &

waste products

CHLOROPLAST No photosynthesis

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MISSING ORGANELLE/

CELLULAR COMPONET


CELL WALL Plant cell lost its shape, absorbwater & burst.

PLASMA MEMBRANENo regulation of substances


CELLULAR COMPONENT

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

To state the necessity for cell specialisation

in multicellular organisms as compared to

unicellular organisms

To describe cell specialisation in

multicellular organisms

To describe cell organisation in theformation of tissues, organs & systems in

multicellular organisms.

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Organisms are divided into 2 : unicellularorganisms& multicellularorganisms

Unicellular organisms :- single-cell organisms such asAmoeba sp. & Paramecium sp.

Each cell is able to carry out all the functions of life

independently. Multicellular organisms :- larger organisms with

more than one cell

Need many different types of cells to carry out all the

different functions of life Each cell has to change in shape & form during cell

specialisation to become specific cells in order toperform different functions

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2.2 CELL ORGANISATION

UNICELLULAR

ORGANISMS

Simple organismsconsisting of only one

cell each

Able to carry out allliving processes in

order to survive Examples :Amoeba

and Paramecium(protozoa)

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Amoeba sp.

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Organisms that have more than onecell

More complex than unicellular

organisms Need many different types of cells to

carry out their life process.

Achieved throughcell specialisationandcell organisation.

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CELL SPECIALISATION

Achieved through the process ofDIFFERENTIATION ___________________________________________________________________________________

Each type of cell performs only onespecific function. This is known as divisionof labour.

Through these, different functions in the

body can be performed at the sametime and can be carried out smoothlyand efficiently.

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Basic units of life in all organisms.

The structural features of cells arerelated to their functions.

Cells undergo differentiation toacquire special structures and

become specialised cells withspecific functions.

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TISSUES

A group of similar cells that work together toperform a specific function

Four main types ofanimal tissues : epithelialtissues, nervous tissues, muscle tissues &connective tissues.

Mnemonic(EN.MyC)

The four main types ofplant tissues :

epidermis tissue, meristem tissue, vasculartissue & ground tissue

MNEMONIC EM..VideoGames!

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Muscle tissues Consisting of muscle

cells which can

contract to perform

work

3 types :

Cause body

movement

Connective tissues Consist of

Blood,

Join together body

structures, as well as

protect,

Can store

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Types of plant

tissues

Characteristic Functions

Epidermis

tissue

Consisting of one

layer of cellsExamples :

Covers the entire surface of the

plantProtect underlying tissues from

Reduces

Epidermal cells of leaf

differentiate to become guard

cells while those at the root,

become ___________

Meristem tissue Consists if

undifferentiated

cells which are

able to divide

Occurs at

Produces new cells by

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Vascular tissue Consists of xylem

tissues & phloem

tissues

Transport water & mineral salts

from roots to the stems & leaves

by

Transport dissolved nutrientssuch as glucose from the leaves

to the roots & stems by

Xylems tissues

Ground tissue Consists of Produces food

Provides

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1. Ground tissue whose main function is to

2. Parenchyma includes cells that

3. Collenchyma forms the

4. Sclerenchyma is

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A group of different tissues that work togetherto perform a specific function

Examples of organs in animal: heart, kidneys,

lungs, skin & stomach.

Examples of organs in plant : leaves, stems,

roots & flowers.

Certain organ perform more than onefunction.

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Several organs which work together to carryout a specific function

The human body has twelve different

systems All the system work together to form an

organism

Flowering plant has two main systems : rootsystem, shoot system

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MAJOR SYSTEMS IN HUMANS

Integumentary

Circulatory

Endocrine Lymphatic

Nervous

Digestive

Muscular

Excretory

SkeletalRespiratory

Reproductive

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THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF


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THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

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EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:

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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID


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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID :

HOMEOSTASIS : the process to regulate the

physical & chemical factors in the internal

environment so that it is always constant &

at its optimal condition for the cells tofunction efficiently

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A multicellular organism consists of all the

different organ systems, each specialised to

carry out certain functions.

They work together as an integrated &

coordinated unit.

To stay alive, the cells in a multicellular organism

must remain bathed in a FLUIDthat offers

nutrients & carries away metabolic wastes.

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Th bi d t ib ti f


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The combined contributions ofindividual cells, organs & organ

systems help maintain theSTABLEINTERNAL ENVIRONMENTrequired forindividual cell survival.

Any increase in the value of a physicalor chemical factor will trigger the

homeostatic mechanism to bring itback to normal (negative feedbackmechanism)

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE


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FACTORS AFFECTING THE

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

PHYSICAL FACTORS

CHEMICAL FACTORS

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Body temperature

Blood glucose level

Blood pH

Concentration of oxygen & carbon dioxide in theblood

Osmotic pressure of blood

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BODY TEMPERATURE

To regulates & maintains human bodytemperature at 37oC.

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Excretion and Homeostasis

Excretion means the removal of waste products from cells


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- Excretion means the removal of waste products from cells.

- There are five important excretory organs in humans:

1. Skin :excretes sweat

2. Lungs : excrete

3. Liver ; excretes bile,

4. Gut : excretes

(The bulk of faeces comprises plant fibre andbacterial cells, which have never been absorbed into

the body, so are not excreted but egested.)

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