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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW Bernama BM Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA.........................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 26.................................................................................................................................................................................. 26Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
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Executive Summary of Key Results for BERNAMA BAHASAMALAYSIA
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Bernama Bahasa Malaysia, we found the followingtrends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The ruling BN coalition and its parties were given the most coverage overall by a significant
margin.
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (42%), followed by the positive and negative categories (34%and 22% respectively).
The ruling BN coalition and its parties were given the most positive coverage overall by asignificant margin, while PR and its parties were given the most negative coverage andattacks by significant margins.
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was relativelyequitable overall, however:
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used the most often (51%), followed by the positive category (27%) thenthe negative category (18%).
BN politicians were given the most positive coverage by a very significant margin, while PRpoliticians were given the most negative coverage and attacked the most by very significant
margins.
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Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Of all the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin weremost commonly used as sources, with their combined use as sources larger than that of the restof the top 10 sources combined, and representing over 60% of all source usage tracked.
Due in large part to this dominance, BN politicians were used much more often as
sources overall than PR politicians, who were used as sources under 1% of the time -notably less than independent political figures.
Muhyiddin Yassin was the source carrying out the highest proportion of all 'attack politics' bya significant margin, followed by Najib Razak.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
In fact, PR politicians were never used as attack sources.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic status was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage by a very significant margin (43.19%), followed at adistance by PR (13.22%), then PAS, DAP & PKR.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
BN
PR
PAS
DAP
PKR
UMNO
MCA
Other
MIC
Gerakan
SAPP
PBS
PSM
PBB
SUPP
PRS
SPDP
UPKO
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
43.19
13.22
10.97
8.23
6.48
5.69
3.84
3.49
1.30
0.95
0.60
0.45
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.05
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the BN coalition again received themost coverage by a significant margin (56.61%), as opposed to PR (38.9%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
56.61
38.90
1.00
3.49
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (42%), followed by the positive and negative categories (34%and 22% respectively).
7 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
2%
22%
42%
34% Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
PR was the most negatively covered (42.6%) and attacked (66.67%) party/coalition by avery significant margin.
PAS and DAP were second and third most negatively covered, and second and fourth mostattacked, respectively.
BN was fourth most negatively covered but received no attacks, while PKR was fifth mostnegatively covered and also received no attacks.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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PR
PAS
DAP
BN
PKR
UMNOOther
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PBB
SPDP
PBS
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SUPP
UPKO
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (83.41%) and neutral (29.77%) coverage by a very significantmargin, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PAS
DAP
PKR
MCA
OtherUMNO
PR
MIC
SAPP
Gerakan
PSM
PBS
SUPP
PBB
UPKO
PRS
SPDP
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesvery clear that BN's coverage was very significantly positive, while PR received the mostnegative coverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.04 34%Neutral 1 : 0.9 42%
Negative 1 : 4.6 22%
Attacked 1 : 34.1 2%
10 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2.56
17.31
47.75
96.04
87.18
80.18
43.62
3.38
10.26
2.51
8.63
0.59
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(31.59%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Muhyiddin Yassin and Mahathir Mohamad, with AnwarIbrahim coming in with fifth most mentions overall.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin YassinMahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Musa Aman
Hadi Awang
Azmin Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Nizar Jamaluddin
Taib Mahmud
Tian ChuaBernard Dompok
Chua Soi Lek
Khalid Samad
Hishamuddin Hussein
Ibrahim Ali
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
31.59
9.55
7.737.05
5.91
4.32
4.09
2.95
2.95
2.73
2.05
2.05
2.05
1.82
1.821.59
1.36
1.36
0.91
0.91
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas skewed slightly towards BN.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
12 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
57%
41%
2%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muyiddin Yassin were mostcommonly used as sources by a huge margin - their combined use as sources represents over60% of all source use - with the bulk of this coming from Razak's huge 41.99% of all sourceuse.
This dominance flows on to the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.
Interestingly, while Muhyiddin was spoken about relatively little, he was used as a source or
allowed to speak very often. Opposition politicians were used as sources very rarely, with both the EC Spokespeople and
Vox Pop opinions from the rakyat used significantly more often.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
13 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Vox Pop Male
Election Commission Spokesperson
Vox Pop Female
Chua Soi Lek
Musa Aman
Hadi Awang
Public Opinion/Vox Pop General
Mahathir Mohamad
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
41.99
19.26
18.54
6.10
5.38
3.35
2.39
0.84
0.84
0.72
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (68.18%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR, whose politicians received under 1% use as sources.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
14 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
73%
1%
26%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used the most often (51%), followed by the positive category (27%) thenthe negative category (18%).
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27%
51%
18%
4%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Lim Kit Siang received themost negative coverage (16.88%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Karpal Singh, Hadi Awang,and Nizar Jamaluddin.
Nik Aziz was overwhelmingly the most attacked political figure (52.94%), followed by AnwarIbrahim, Nizar Jamaluddin, and Tian Chua, all in second equal position. Khalid Ibrahim andAlfred Jabu are the third equal most attacked.
Notably, BN political figures were very rarely attacked or covered negatively.
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Lim Kit Siang
Anwar Ibrahim
Karpal Singh
Hadi Awang
Nizar Jamaluddin
Khalid Ibrahim
Azmin Ali
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Nik Aziz
Tian Chua
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Alfred Jabu
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Bernard DompokChong Chieng Jen
Chua Soi Lek
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (55.75%) and neutral coverage (35.05%) by a very significant margin.
Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (17.7%), followed by MahathirMohamad (15.04%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
17 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
Najib RazakLim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Musa Aman
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Taib Mahmud
Bernard Dompok
Chua Soi Lek
Nik Aziz
Khalid Samad
Hadi Awang
Ibrahim Ali
Rosmah Mansur
Azmin Ali
Hishamuddin Hussein
Tian Chua
Baru BianKhalid Ibrahim
Liow Tiong Lai
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, much more positive coverage was given to BN politicians (over 98%), while PRpoliticians were given much more negative coverage (92.21%) and attacks (94.12%).
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
Ratio Type BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.02 26%
Neutral 1 : 0.6 49%
Negative 1 : 11.8 18%
Attacked 1 : 16 4%
18 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/Other
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
5.88
7.79
61.68
98.23
94.12
92.21
34.58
1.77
0.00
0.00
3.74
0.00
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Najib Razak (43.75%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by MuhyiddinYassin (31.25%). Male members of the rakyat were third most likely to be given space tovoice political attacks.
The opposition leaders did not register, showing that they were a) rarely given the chance toappear as sources, and b) when they did so, they were not quoted as attacking.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
19 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Vox Pop Male
Nazri Aziz
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Anwar Ibrahim
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Mahathir Mohamad
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
43.75
31.25
18.75
6.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
Indeed, PR politicians were never used as attack sources.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
20 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
81%
19%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Significantly more coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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44%
56%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention,followed by the Economy & Development; Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security; thenReligion.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
22 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
37%
1%
32%
7%
0%
11%
0%
11%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Socioeconomic Status was given the most coverage,followed by Electioneering and then Ethnicity.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
23 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
19%
4%
18%
34%
0%3%
22%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 8023
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 277
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 8.9
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
24 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 43.192
DAP 8.2294
Gerakan 0.94763
MCA 3.8404
MIC 1.2968
PAS 10.973
PBB 0.29925
PBS 0.44888
PKR 6.4838
PR 13.217
PRS 0.1995
PRM 0.049875PSM 0.34913
SAPP 0.5985
SPDP 0.1995
SUPP 0.29925
UMNO 5.6858
UPKO 0.1995
Other 3.4913
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 43.192
BN 56.60851
Gerakan 0.94763
MCA 3.8404
MIC 1.2968
PBB 0.29925
PBS 0.44888
PRS 0.1995
SPDP 0.1995
SUPP 0.29925
UMNO 5.6858
UPKO 0.1995
PR 13.217
PR 38.9032DAP 8.2294
PAS 10.973
PKR 6.4838
PRM 0.049875
Independent 0.997505PSM 0.34913
SAPP 0.5985
Other 3.4913 Other 3.4913
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 0 10.478 29.769 83.407 123.654
DAP 7.6923 12.301 12.272 0.88106 33.14636
Gerakan 0 0.45558 1.0936 1.1747 2.72388
MCA 0 0.45558 6.1968 3.5242 10.17658
MIC 0 0.45558 2.1871 0.88106 3.52374
PAS 12.821 18.451 15.188 1.0279 47.4879
PBB 0 0.22779 0.48603 0.14684 0.86066
PBS 0 0 0.60753 0.44053 1.04806
PKR 0 6.8337 11.543 0.73421 19.11091
PR 66.667 42.597 4.6173 0.73421 114.61551
PRS 0 0 0.24301 0.29369 0.5367
PRM 0 0 0.12151 0 0.12151
PSM 0 0 0.85055 0 0.85055
SAPP 0 0 1.4581 0 1.4581
SPDP 0 0.22779 0.12151 0.29369 0.64299
SUPP 0 0 0.60753 0.14684 0.75437
UMNO 2.5641 5.0114 5.9538 5.7269 19.2562
UPKO 0 0 0.48603 0 0.48603
Other 10.256 2.5057 6.1968 0.58737 19.54587
Parties &Coalitions
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26 BERNAMA BAHASA MALAYSIA
TABLE 4
BN
A ttacked 2.5641
Negative 15.71719
Neutral 4 7.75194
Positive 96.03545
PR
A ttacked 87.1803
Negative 80.1827
Neutral 43.6203
Positive 3.37738
A ttacked 10.256
Negative 2.5057
Neutral 8.62696
Positive 0.58737
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.45455
Alfred Jabu 0.45455
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Anwar Ibrahim 5.9091Azmin Ali 2.0455
Baru Bian 0.45455
Bernard Dompok 1.5909
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 1.3636
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.45455
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0
Hadi Awang 2.7273
Hassan Ali 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.90909
Ibrahim Ali 0.90909
James Masing 0.45455
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Karpal Singh 4.0909
Khalid Ibrahim 2.0455
Khalid Samad 1.3636
Lim Guan Eng 2.9545
Lim Kit Siang 9.5455
Liow Tiong Lai 0.45455
Mahathir Mohamad 7.0455Maximus Ongkili 0.45455
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.45455
Muhyiddin Yassin 7.7273
Musa Aman 2.9545
Najib Razak 31.591
Ng Yen Yen 0
Nik Aziz 4.3182
Nizar Jamaluddin 2.0455
Nurul Izzah 0.22727
Rafizi Ramli 0.22727Rosmah Mansur 0.90909
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0.22727
Taib Mahmud 1.8182
Teresa Kok 0
Tian Chua 1.8182
Tony Pua 0
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
Percentage(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 1.81815
BN 57.27284
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0
Alfred Jabu PBB 2.27275Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.45455
James Masing PRS 0.45455
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 50.68194
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 1.5909
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 16.5909
PR 40.90926
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 11.59097
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 12.72739
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0
1.81818
Hassan Ali Independent 0
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.90909
Rosmah Mansur 0.90909
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/Ot
her'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 3.3493
BN 68.18177
Mahathir Mohamad 0.7177
Muhyiddin Yassin 19.258Musa Aman 2.3923
Najib Razak 41.986
Nazri Aziz 0.47847
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0
PR 0.95694
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0.83732
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0Lim Kit Siang 0.11962
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 23.9238Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 18.541
Vox Pop Female 5.3828
Percentage(source)
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 1.7699
Alfred Jabu 5.8824 0 0.46729 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0
Anwar Ibrahim 11.765 12.987 4.2056 0
Azmin Ali 0 5.1948 1.4019 0.88496Baru Bian 0 0 0.93458 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 2.8037 0.88496
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 0 2.8037 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 2.5974 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0
Hadi Awang 0 10.39 1.8692 0
Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 1.4019 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 1.8692 0
James Masing 0 0 0 1.7699
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0
Karpal Singh 0 12.987 3.7383 0
Khalid Ibrahim 5.8824 7.7922 0.93458 0
Khalid Samad 0 1.2987 2.3364 0
Lim Guan Eng 0 5.1948 3.7383 0
Lim Kit Siang 0 16.883 9.8131 0
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.93458 0
Mahathir Mohamad 0 5.1948 4.6729 15.044
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0.93458 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 1.2987 0.46729 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 2.5974 5.6075 17.699
Musa Aman 0 0 3.7383 4.4248
Najib Razak 0 0 35.047 55.752
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0
Nik Aziz 52.941 3.8961 2.3364 0.88496
Nizar Jamaluddin 11.765 7.7922 0 0
Nurul Izzah 0 0 0.46729 0
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0.46729 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 1.8692 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0.46729 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 3.271 0.88496
Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0
Tian Chua 11.765 3.8961 1.4019 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 81.25
Mahathir Mohamad 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 31.25
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 43.75
Nazri Aziz6.25Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0
PR 0
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Ki tingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 18.75
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 18.75
Vox Pop Female 0
0
0
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 5.8824
Negative 7.7922
Neutral 61.68245
Positive 98.22952
PR
Attacked 94.1184
Negative 92.208
Neutral 34.57942
Positive 1.76992
Attacked 0
Negative 0
Neutral 3.7384
Positive 0
Independent/
Other
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 11.349
Policy Issues 30.512658
Environment 0.34843
Economy/Development 9.7063
Education 1.991
Foreign Policy 0.049776
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.4843
Oppressive Legislation 0.099552
Health 0
Religion 3.4843
Ethnicity 7.6157
39.47273
Religion 1.5431
Democracy & Human Rights 6.9189
Socioeconomic Status 13.39
Mudslinging 0.14933
Gender 1.0951Electioneering 8.7606
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other