World EnglishesLexical Aspect

Variability

Variability can be observed on each level of the language and it is an ontological and universal feature of any language

Variant

The variable unit is understood as a model or norm. The term “variant” is understood as a modification of that norm or deviation from it

Norm vs. Varieties

 British English illustrates the norm, and varieties of English are the variants of this norm.

The varieties of English show the deviation from the normative British English.

English: Three Main Directions

English as a native language English as a language of the official

communication English as a foreign language.

Kachru’s Three-Circle Model

Inner Circle

Inner Circle is represented by the US, Britain, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand, where English is used primarily as a first language.

Outer Circle groups together countries such as the Philippines, Singapore, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, where English functions primarily as an institutionalized additional language

Expanding Circle

Expanding Circle counts as members Japan, China, South Korea, Indonesia, among others, where English is used primarily as a foreign language.

Language and culture are inseparable The reality is expressed trough the

language Each speaker is a culture bearer National and cultural specificity is most

widely expressed through the lexical units

Inner Circle Varieties

Specific vocabulary refers to the following word-groups

Religion Customs Traditions Clothing Political system and etc.

Australian EnglishPlants, animals and

toolsNational holidays and governmental system

People and different rituals

Dingo dog Canberra Day

celebration of the official naming of Canberra

Gin a woman

Jumbuck small ship Anzac Day day of remembrance in Australia

Koradji deals with traditional medicine

Waratah a tree with large red flowers

Borroloola Show Day

holiday for the documented region around Borroloola.

Myall a stranger, wild aboriginal

Geebung a bush with fruit

The Australian Greens

Australian Political party

Nulla - nulla a military club

Boomerang thrown tool The High Court of Australia

Australian Court Waltzing and Matilda

Carry one's swag

Examples

My old folks used to call me him a myall, he was very remote all the time

This gin in a shop was arguing with the manager so furiously, I thought she was about to blow up.

Matilda was a mock-romantic word for a swag, and to waltz matilda was to hit the road with a swag on your car

Kangaroo

Animals Plants Food Social life Political Sphere

Kangaroo fish Kangaroo bush

Kangaroo steamer

Kangaroo route

Kangaroo Court

Kangaroo rat Kangaroo apple

Kangaroo bar Kangaroo marriage

Kangaroo grass

Examples

Kangaroo Court or Competent Tribunal?: Judging the 21st Century Military Commission

How can you even bear the smell of this kangaroo steamer? I can’t even look at it, you know

This old damn car gave me a kangaroo start, and it’s like that every morning!

15%

38%9%

6%

6%

6% 10%

plants, animals andtoolskangaroo

notionas ofeveryday lifepolitical sphere

people and rituals

natural phenomena

governmentalsystem

New Zealand EnglishFood and Drink National Holidays

and Governmental System

Plants, animals and birds

Social Life and everyday items

Hops New Zealand beer

Dominion day

the Memorial day

Kiwi flightless birds

Drango a fool

Warehou New Zealand fiish and chips

Waitangi Day

Celebration of the legal arrangement between Maori and the UK

Kea a parrot Old chum immigrant from the UK

Hangi atraditional New Zealand Maori dish

United Future

Political party

Hoiho a yellow eyed penguin

Tall poppy A succefull man

Lolly cake cake with lollies or pieces of candy

Māori Party Political party

Hopuku a sea fish Chip a basket for fruit

Anzac dinner biscuit

a biscuit made from wheat flour,

New Zealand First

Political party

Kakariki a jumping sparrow

Tupperware a plastic container for food

The sneaky process that resulted in Dominion Day's assassination is certainly a story worth retelling

She brought the anzac biscuits with her, like we were going to have a picnic or something

My mom said they come from the old chum family, and they are still proud to be the first ones...

15%

25%

10%18%

8%

12%12%

notions of social life

plants, fish, animals

Aussie borrowings

food and drink

national holidays

items of clothing

governmentalsystem

Indian English

Unique Items used only in India

Food and Spices Religion

Kirana store grocery store Mutton do-piaza

a dish of lamb with onions

Dharma spiritual protection

Shamiana decorative tarpaulin made of cloth

Chota A small measure of alcohol

Asana Yogic posture:

Shikakai vegetable extract used for wishing hair

Bhel puri Indian fast food dish

Yoga

Bandah a closure of all shops and institutions in a place

Rasam mulligataway soup

Puja ritual prayer

Crore ten million Kari Traditional Indian spice

Sadhvi woman spiritual aspirant

The police has put up a 'shamiana' at the scene of the blast in order to facilitate the work of investigators and forensic experts

I had bhel puri in Kailash Parbhat once and totally loved it. Since we went for lunch buffet, the chaat items were unlimited

She became a Sadhvi after she was widowed

Dharma

behaviors that are considered to be in accord with order that makes life

and universe possible

cosmic law and order

 teachings of the Buddha

teachings of the Jians

the body of doctrine

pertaining to the purification and

moral transformation of human beings.

Examples

The study of Dharma helps us to find happiness within ourself.

Therefore they say of a man who speaks truth, "He speaks the Dharma,"or of a man who speaks the Dharma, "He speaks the Truth.

Dharma and Adharma do not go around saying, ‘‘That is us.’’ Neither do gods, nor gandharvas, nor ancestors declare what is Dharma and what is Adharma.

24%

12%10%5%7%7%

13%

22%

unique objects

food and spices

no particulartheme based groupclothing

political system

music, dancetheatreplaces and people

religion

Singapore English

Food and Drink Everyday Situations Social Life

Angkat curry flavor Pakat collobarate in secret, get into an alliance

Buaya To flirt

Rojak a traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish

Rugi Make a loss Ketuk trick someone into paying for a meal

Chai tea Bedek lie Atas have a taste for expensive things

Kampong Chai Chee

a special sort of tea

Kucing kurap small or insignificant/idiom

Tekan pressured or pushed to the limit

Buat bodoh feign ignorance/idiom

Kacau disturb

Examples

I think the contractor bedek u lah, only 245A is completed.

Eh, don’t ketuk me lah. People there are very atas. Don’t pakat against me.

MakanEveryday Situations Social Life

Makan food Makan siphoned

Makan To eat Makan to take advantage of

Chari makan a gathering at which food is served

Makan session a communal meal

Examples

The money that Durai makan from NKF, no need to return, ah

Want to makan? There’s makan there, what. I am a very naïve one, first day at work

sure makaned by lao jioas.

6%21%

66%

7%

foodsituationssocial lifeholidays

China EnglishFestivals Religion Social Life

Spring Festival Chinese New Year

Mogwai - monster Beijing Opera -

Chinese opera

Dragon Boat festival

traditional Chinese holiday

Fenguang - mythological bird

Paper tiger - something that seems threatening

Blue Dragon Festival

holiday tasks can be organized using special calendar

Li qi numerology Iron rice - an occupation with guaranteed job

Double Seventh Festival

Star festival Sheng - birth Putonghua - a standardized variety of Chinese

Shangsi Festival

a festival to ward off misfortunes

Fengshui gomeopacy Dazibao big-character poster, commonly used during the Cultural Revolution

27%

12%

18%14%

29%holidayspolitical systemmusicsocial lifereligion

European English

The famous linguist Berns suggests his own theory of concentrating circles, which covers the European countries. This theory gives the following classification:

-the Inner circle: Great Britain and Ireland; -the outer circle: Holland, Germany, Luxemburg; -the expanding circle: Belgium, Denmark,

France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain

European English

Political System Borrowings from European Language

Peculiar use of British words

Democratic deficit -

a gap between the powers of the EU and the power of its citizens to influence EU

Biro - ballpoint pen Actual current

Subsidiarity - : EU principle that decisions should be taken as closely as possible to the citizen

Handy phone Eventual - possible

Co-decision - the means by which the European Parliament shares decision-making with the European Council

Bonnet - hood: Transmit - foresee

Eurocrat - a staff member of the administrative commission of the European Union

Courgette zuchinni Thousand million billion

Examples

Don’t forget that we need courgetter to make this. Can you pass the biro, please? The Cohesion Fund is aimed at Member States whose

Gross National Income (GNI) per inhabitant is less than 90 % of the EU average.

The eurocrat pioneers joined just before the easily won referendum on Harold Wilson's sham “renegotiation”.

63%8%

29% political system

peculiar use of BritishWordsborrowings fromdifferent languages

European English British English

On the other hand On the other side

Make do

Have Other verbs

Examples

I think it is in all fairness probably best not to have a definitive judgment at this point .

My first son is an economist, the second makes research in biology.

EU makes many wrong things but this problem doesn’t come from EU.