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Malayalam TitleKKeerraallaa VViikkaassaannaamm:: EEddaatthhuuppaakksshhaavvuumm MMaaddhhyyaammaannggaalluumm

byMM.. SSuurreennddrraann© Kerala Press Academy. Some rights reserved.

The e-book edition of this work is licensed by Kerala Press Academy under CC BY 4.0. The work is to be attributed to M. Surendran.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, on paper or any non-electronic form, without the prior written permission of the copyright-owner.

M. Surendran asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work.

Published byKerala Press Academy,Kakkanadu, Ernakulam

Cover and design : Shameesh Kavungal

Published in April 2014E-book edition not for sale.

3

tIcfhn-Ik\w-:CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Fw- kptcμ≥-

tIcf ]kv- A°m-Zan-Im-°\m-Sv-,- FdWm-Ipfw-

2

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Fw- kp-tcμ≥-1964 sabv- Bdn-\p- Be∏p-g Pn-√bn-seIm-bw-Ip-fØp- P\n-®p.-

A—≥-: sI am[h≥.-AΩ: sI sN√Ω.-

Im-bw-Ip-fw- Kh.- t_m-bv-kv- sslkv-Iqƒ,-Im-bw-Ip-fw- Fw-Fkv-Fw- tIm-tfPv,- -sIm-√w- io-\m-cm-bW tIm-tfPv-,-Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw- Kh.- tem- tIm-tfPv-F∂n-hn-Sßfn¬- hn-Zy-m- ym-kw.

1993 am¿-®n¬- tZim- n-am-\n-bn¬- tN¿-∂p.-FdWm-Ip-fw,- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw,- tIm- bw,- sIm-√w,-Be∏p-g F∂n-hn-Sßfn¬- tPm-en- t\m-°n.-Ct∏mƒ- tZim- n-am-\n- sIm-√w- _yq-tdm- No- v.-

`m-cy-: Fkv- Kn-cn-P.-a°ƒ-: A`n-Pn-Xv,- e£v-an.-

hn-em-kw:]p-fn-aq- n¬- lu-kv,-Nn-d°Shw,-Im-bw-Ip-fw.- ]n.-H.-Be∏p-g Pn-√.-sam-ss_¬- t- m- -: 9446283656.

]-km-[-I Ip-dn-∏v

tI-c-f ]-kv A-°m-Z-an kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m-dn-s‚ [-\-k-lm-b-tØm-sS

\-S-∏m-°n-b -K-th-j-W ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS -e-am-Wv Cu ]-_-‘w. 2008˛09 h¿-

j-sØ kw-ÿm-\-_-P-‰n-em-Wv k¿-°m¿ K-th-j-W ]-≤-Xn-°v Xp-I h-I-bn-

cp-Øn-b-Xv. ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-I-cn¬ \n-∂v A-t]-£ kzo-I-cn-°m-\pw A¿-l-cm-

b-h-sc Xn-c-s™-Sp-°m-\pw k-a¿-∏n-® ]T-\-\n-K-a-\-ßƒ Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-°m-\pw

k-a-b-sa-Sp-Øp. 2012 ¬ ]T-\w ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n ]-_-‘w k-a¿-∏n-®-h-cn¬ H-

cm-fm-Wv io Fw. kp-tc-μ≥. 2013 P-\-h-cn-bn¬ £-Wn-°-s∏-´ k-Z- n-\v ap-

ºm-sI A-h-X-cn-∏n-®v Aw-Ko-I-m-cw t\-Sn-. tI-c-f-hn-I-k-\w-˛ C-S-Xp-]-£-hpw

am-[y-a-ß-fpw F-∂-Xm-Wv io kp-tc-μ-s‚ ]T-\-hn-j-bw.

K-th-j-W \n-K-a-\-ß-fn-te-°v I-S-°p-∂n-√. Xo¿-®-bm-bpw A-h-tbm-Sv

tbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-cpw hn-tbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-cpw Im-Wpw. A-sX-¥p-X-s∂- B--bm-

epw Cu K-th-j-W-h-Øn-s‚ \n-K-a-\-ßƒ tI-c-f-Øn-se ]-X-am-[y-a-cw-K-

Øpw cm-jvv-So-b-˛ _u-≤n-I cw-K-ß-fn-epw ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h¿ Ku-c-h-]q¿-

hw Nn-¥m-hn-j-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. K-th-j-W \n-K-a-\-ßƒ A-e-am-d-I-fn¬

]q-ń-sh-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ hy¿-∞-X-sb Ip-dn-®v R-ßƒ-°v ]q¿-W-t_m-[y-ap-≠v.

A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmv-Wv ]-c-am-h-[n B-fp-I-ƒ F-Øp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ Cu ]-

_-‘-ßƒ C _p-°p-I-fm-bn ]-kv A-°m-Z-an ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. A-®-

Sn-® ]p-kv-X-I-ß-tf-°m-tf-sd C-∂v C _p-°p-I-fm-Wv tkm-jy¬-ao-Un-b-bn-

eq-sS-bpw a-‰pw A-Xn-th-Kw A-[n-I-a-[n-Iw hm-b-\-°m-cn-te-s°-Øp-∂-Xv.

A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS C _p-°v ]-km-[-\ kw-cw-`-Øn-se B-Zy-]p-kv-X-I-ß-

fn-sem-∂m-Wv C-Xv. hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°pw hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn-\pw

Rm≥ C-Xv k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p.

F≥.]n.cm-tP-μ≥

sN-b¿-am≥, tI-c-f ]-kv A-°m-Z-an

sIm-®n

15 G-]n¬ 2014


5

ka¿-∏Ww-

Fs∂,- Rm-\m-°n-bFs‚ A—\Ωam¿-°pw-

Kp-cp-hcy∑m¿-°pw.--

7

BapJw

""G‰hpw- alØm-b Iem-]h¿-Ø\w- F∂m¬- cm-„ob]h¿-Ø\a√m-sX as‰m-∂p-a√...''˛ Ko-°v- Nn-¥I≥-,- alm-\m-b tπt‰m-bp-sS hm-°p-Iƒ.- Hm-tcm- Im-eØpw- \n-ehn-ep-≈ kaq-lsØ am-‰Øo¿-°p-I,- -cm-„]p-\¿-\n¿-Ωm-WØn-\p- bXv-\n-°p-I,- AXn-\p- \n-bXhpw- ss\Xn-Ihp-am-b N´°q-Sp-Iƒ-°p≈n¬- \n-∂psIm-≠v- Np-°m≥- ]n-Sn-°p-I˛ CXsX cm-„o-b]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ B[p-\n-Iam-b s]mXp-kz-cq-]w.- Cu-b¿-YØn¬-,- cm-„o-bhp-ambn- At`Zy-amw-hn-[hpw- \n-c¥chp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p- In-S°p-∂p- B[p-\n-I am-[y-a]h¿-Ø\hp-w.-

Chn-sS ]t£,- i≤n-t°≠ Hcp- ][m-\Im-cy-ap-≠v-.- am-[yaßfp-sS DSaÿ\m-tcm,- At±lØn-s‚ hm-Wn-Py--]chpw- cm-„obhp-am-b Xm¬-]cy-ßƒ-Iq-Sn- At±lØn-\p- Io-gn¬- ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ am-[ya]h¿-ØI¿-°p- ]Xn- en-∏n-t°≠n- hcp-∂p F∂Xm-Wv- hkv-Xp-X.- am-[y-a]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ B[p-\n-I s]m-cp-ƒ- At\z-jn-°p-∂ Gh¿-°pw C°m-cy-w- t_m-[y-s∏Spw.- AYhm,- AØcw- Imcy-ßƒ-°p-Iq--Sn- kzm¿-Y`cn-Xam-b Xm¬-]cy-ßfp-≈ am-[y-aap-X-em-fn-Xs‚ Io-gn¬- ]Wn-sbSp-°p-∂hsc D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-

F¥m-Wv- CXn-\¿-Yw?- G‰hpw- alØm-b Ie F∂p- cm-„o-bsØ\n-co-£n-® As√¶n¬- Aßs\ \n¿-hNn-® tπt‰m-bp-sS hm-°p-Iƒ-°p- Im-tXm¿-°m-sX cm-„o-bsØ Xßfp-sS k¶p-Nn-Xam-bXm¬-]cy-ßƒ-°pth≠n- am-[y-aap-Xem-fn-am¿- C∂p- hy-m-]Iam-bn-Zp-cp]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p F∂m-Wv- CXn-\¿-Yw.-

am-[y-aßƒ-, - ap-Xem-fn -Øho-£WtIm-Wn¬-, - "D¬-]∂w'-Xs∂bm-Wv.- D¬-]∂w- F∂m¬- em-`w- D≠m-°m-\p-≈ D¬-]∂w.-am-[yaßfp-sS cm-„o-bXm¬-]cyw- F∂Xn-\p- c≠p- n-∂ap-Jßfp-≠v.- H∂v-: D¬-]∂w- F∂\n-ebn-ep-≈ km-ºØn-I em-t`—bn¬-A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b ap-Jw.- c≠v-: cm-„o-bXm¬-]cyw- h®p-]p-e¿-Øp-∂Xn-\m¬- `cWh¿-KØn-s‚ Bib˛cm-„o-b ]Xy-bim-kv-Xßtfm-Sp- tN¿-∂p-\n-∂v- t\´ßƒ- D≠m-°p-∂ hn-Ir-Xap-Jw.- ap-Xem-fn-Ø N´°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬- ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ GsXm-cp- "_n-kn-\kv'-ÿm-]\sØbpw-t]m-se,- am-[y-aßfn¬- Hcp-hn-`m-Kw- ÿm-]\h¬-Icn-°s∏ń-cp-°p-∂p F∂¿-Yw.-

8


CXns\m-cp- adp-hiw- Iq--Sn-bp-≠v.- ap-Xem-fn-Ø km-aq-ly-hy-hÿbn¬- em-t`—tbm-sS ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ am-[y-aßfn¬- Gdn-bIqdpw- CSXp-]£hn-cp≤Pz-cw- ]S¿-Øm≥- ian-°p-∂p F∂Xm-Wv- AXv.- CXp- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-Wv.- CØcsam-cp- Zim-k‘n--bn¬tIcfØn-se Np-h∂ cm-„ob`q-an-Ibnse am-[ya]h¿-Ø\sØhn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂Xm-Wv- "tIcf hn-Ik\w-: CSXp-]£hpw- am-[yaßfpw'- F∂ Cu- ]pkv-XIw. am-[yatIkcn-Ifm-b kz-tZim- n-am-\n- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bp-sSbpw- tIkcn- _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈bp-sSbpw- \m-ń¬-Xs∂bm-Wv- CSXp-]£Øn-s\Xn-sc Cu- am-[y-aBIaWw- \S°p-∂Xv.- CXp- Ncn-XØn-s‚ Ip-Xq-lew-Xs∂.-

tIcfw- C∂sØ\n-ebn-¬- ]p-tcm-KXn-bp-sS ]Shp-Iƒ- Xm-≠n-sbØn-bXv- Iayq-Wnkv-‰v- ]ÿm-\ßfp-sSbpw- Ah t\Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂ CSXp-]£Øn-s‚bpw- A[zm-\-êw- sIm-≠m-Wv.- kz-m-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- -Cu- ]cn-iaØn¬- FXn¿-∏p-Ifpw- ASn-®a¿-Øep-Ifpw-t\cntS≠n-h∂n- p-≠v- Cu- ]ÿm-\ßƒ-°v.- sFIy-tIcf∏n-dhn-°p-tijap-≈ tIcfØn-se CSXp-]£ ]ÿm-\ßfp-sS Ncn-Xhpw-hn-Ik\]cn-t]£y-hpw- Hs´m-s° mw-Kn-bm-bn- Cu- ]pkv-XIØn¬-hn-iZo-Icn-°p-hm≥- ian-®n- p-≠v.-

CXn-s\m-∏w,- Cu- Ncn-Xk‘n-bn¬- heXp-]£ am-[y-aßƒ-CSXp-]£tØm-Spw- AhbpsS hn-Ik\Im-gv-N∏mSp-Iƒ,- \bkao-]\ßƒ- F∂n-htbm-Sp-w- FSp-Ø,- FSp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn--°p-∂ \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- hn-iZo-Icn-°p-∂p-≠v.- 1957˛59 Im-esØ H∂mw- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Im-ew-ap-Xep-≈ GXm-\pw- kw- hßƒ- Bkv-]Zam-°n-bm-Wv- Cu- Zu-Xyw- \n¿-hln-°m≥- ian-®n-´p-≈Xv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ t]m-cm-bv-aIƒ- \n-gen-t®°mw.- AXp- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-Wv.-

FdWm-Ip-fw- Pn-√bn-se Im-°\m-Sv- ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ tIcf ]kv-A°m-Zan- \¬In-b am-[ya kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏n-s‚ klm-btØm-sSbm-Wv- Cu- kw-cw-`w- ]q¿-Øn-bm°n-bXv.- A°m-Zan- ap≥- sNb¿-am≥-io.- Fkv- B¿- i‡n-[c≥-,- Ct∏m-gsØ sNb¿-am≥- io.- F≥-]n- cm-tPµ≥,- A°m-Zan- skI´dn- io--aXn.- tcWp-I,- a‰v- kv-‰m-^v-Aw-Kßƒ- F∂nh¿-°v- Fs‚ kv-t\lkm-µam-b \µn- ]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p.-

]p-kv-XIw- Cu- \n-ebn¬- ]q¿-Øn-bm°m≥ \n-ch-[n- t]cp-sS klm-bw- e`n-®p.- ssIsøgp-Øp-]Xn- t\m-°n- th≠ Xn-cp-Øep-Iƒ- \n¿-tZin-® kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ,- F\n-°p- hgn-Im- n-b "tZim- n-am-\n'- Atkm-kn-tb‰v- FUn-‰¿ io.- ]n- Fw- at\m-Pv,- ssS∏v- sk‰n-Mn-\p- klm-bn-® hn- Sn- Po-hcm-Pv,- ]n- tPym-Xn-kv,- Fkv- ]ho¨,- kn- B¿- em¬,-]q^v- t\m-°n-b sI Fkv- em-en-®≥- Xp-Sßn-bhtcm-Spw- F\n-°p-≈ kv-t\lhpw- \µn-bpw- hm-°p-Iƒ-°Xo-Xw.-

Im-bw-Ip-fw-,- kv-t\l]q¿-hw-20˛07˛2012.- Fw- kp-tcµ≥

9

D≈S°w-

hm¿-Ø ]hn-Xam-Wv-; A`n-]m-bw- kz-X¥hpw ........................... 11

am-[y-aßƒ- C¥y-bn¬- ......................................................................... 15

am-[y-aßƒ tIcfØn¬- ..................................................................... 19

am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- kzm-[o-\w- ................................................................... 23

sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn- ............................................................................... 27

B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- ........................................................ 31

B-Zy-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- `-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- .............................................. 38

]p-Xp-bp-K-∏n-d-hn- ..................................................................................... 43

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- tI-fn-sIm-´v- ................................................. 47

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-te-°v- .................................................................... 54

P\Io-bm-kq-XWhpw- am-[y-aßfpw- .............................................. 59

sXcs™Sp-∏pw- am-[y-aßfpw- ......................................................... 64

tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aß-fpw- ..................................................... 77

11

A[ymbw-˛1

"hm¿-Ø ]hn-Xam-Wv-;A`n-]m-bw- kz-X¥hpw-'-

B[p-\n-I tIcfw- kr-„n-°p-∂Xn¬- sNdp-X√m-Ø

]¶p-hln-® ÿm]\ßfm-Wv- \Ωp-sS \m-ń-se am-[y-

aßƒ.- ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ- Gsdbp-s≠∂v-- Adn-bm-sXb√

"am-[y-aßƒ'-- F∂p- ]tbm-Kn-®Xv.- Im-cWw,- kz-m-X¥y

]q¿-h C¥y-bn-¬- ]q-¿-Wam-bpw- kzm-X¥y-m-\¥c

C¥y-bn-¬- BZy- aq-∂c]Xn-‰m-t≠m-fhpw- P\Po-hn-

Xhp-am-bn- \n-c¥cw- kw-hZn-®n-cp-∂Xv- Zn-\]Xßfpw-

Hcp-]cn-[n-hsc tdUnt-bm-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv-

sSen-hn-js‚ IS∂p-hchv.- Cu- Ncn-XkXyw- Adn-bm-

sXb√ B[p-\n-I tIcf kr-„n-bn¬- "am-[y-a-ßfp-sS

]¶n'--s\∏‰n- ]d™Xv.-

B[p-\n-I Im-eL´Øn-¬- am-[y-aßsf∂p- s]m-

Xp-sh hn-h£n-°p-∂Xv- Zn-\]Xßƒ,- tdUn-tbm-,- kn-

\n-a,- -sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- F∂n-hsbm-s°- tN¿-

Øm-Wv.- C∂n-t∏mƒ- Cu- \n¿-hN\Øn-\pw- s]m-fn-

s®gp--Øv- th≠n-h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.- C‚¿-s\‰v,- C˛sabn¬,-

Hm¿-°q-´v,- tªm-Kp-Iƒ,- Szn-‰¿,- s^bv-kv-_p-°v,- sam-

ss_¬-t^m¨,- Fkv-Fw-Fkv- F∂n-hsbm-s° B[p-

\n-I am-[y-aßfp-sS hn-hn-[ ap-Jßfm-bn- \Ωp-sS Po--

hn-X]cn-kcßfn¬- hen-btXm-Xn¬- kzm-[o-\w- sNep-

Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p.- Chbn¬- GsX¶n-epw- Ht∂m,- Nn-

eL´ßfn¬- H∂n-e[n-Itam- am-[y-aßsf Bibn-°m-

sX \ap-°p- Zn-\cm-Xßƒ- X≈n-\o°m≥- Ign-bn-√

F∂ph∂n-cn-°p-∂p.-

12


Chn-sS ]k‡am-b Hcp- tNm-Zyw- Dbcp-∂p--:

F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Zn-\]Xßfpw- sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Ifpw-

\Ωp-sS Pohn-XØn¬- CXtbsd kzm-[o-\w- sNeØp-∂Xv?-

DØcw- efn-Xw.-am-[y-aßƒ- Ahbp-sS hn-]W\X¥Øn¬- hen-b hn-Pbw-

ssIh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- a\p-jy-s\ Xn-I®pw- àm-flIam-sbm-cp- tem-ItØ°p- \bn-°m-\pw- Ahs\ Hcp-Xcw- acW°p-cp-°n¬- Xfbv-°m-\pw- \n-c¥cw- \SØn-hcp--∂ ]Nm-cWtIm-em-leßƒ-hgn- am-[y-aßƒ°p- Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.-

CXp-]t£,- ]iv-\Øn-s‚ Hcp-hiw- am-Xw-.- hn-]W\X¥w-F∂Xp- ap-Xem-fn-ØØn-s‚ ASbm-fam-Wv.- Nc°p-Ifp-sS D¬-]m-Z\w,-hn-XcWw,- hn-‰gn-°¬- F∂n-hbn¬- ap-Xem-fn-Øw- acym-Zbp-sSbpw- kzm-`m-hn-I\o--Xn-bp-sSbpw- IWn-I Im- n-√. ap-Xem-fn-Øtem-IsØ am-[y-aßfpw Cu- hgn-bn-eq-sSXs∂ k©cn-°p-∂p.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw-am-[y-aßfp-sS hn-]W\X¥Øn¬- A¤p-Xw- tXm-t∂≠ Im-cyhp--an-√.-

C°m-cy-ßƒ- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ a[y-ZiIßfn¬-Xs∂ Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kpw- sÛdn-Iv- Gw-K’pw- im-kv-Xo-b-am-bn- ]cn-tim-[n-®n-cp-∂p.- 1845˛46¬- Ccp-hcpw- tN¿-s∂gp-Xn-b "P¿-Ω≥- ]Xybim-kv-Xw'- F∂ KŸØn¬- Cu- ]iv-\w- N¿-®sNøp-∂p.- Ah¿-]dbp-∂p:

""`cWh¿-K Bibßƒ- Xs∂bm-Wv- AXXp- Im-eL´Øn-se- ta[m-hn-Øw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ Bibßƒ.- F∂p-h®m¬,- GXp-h¿-Kw- kaq-lØn¬- ta[m-hn-Øw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ i‡n-bm-bn- ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-thm-,- B i‡n-Iƒ -Xs∂bm-bn-cn-°pw A°m-esØta[m-hn-Øw- ÿm-]n-°p-∂ _u-≤n-Ii‡n-bpw...''-

Iay-q-Wn-kv-‰v- am-\n-s^kv-t‰m-bn-epw- C°m-cyw- am¿-Iv-kpw- Gw-K’pw- \n-co-£n-°p-∂p-≠v.-

am-\n-s^kv-t‰m- ]dbp-∂p-:""ùXn-tIm-¬--]m-Z\w- am-dp-∂Xn-\p-kcn-®v _p-≤n-]cam-b D¬-]m-

Z\hpw- am-dp-∂p≠t√m.- Hm-tcm- Im-eL´Øn-sebpw- `cn-°p-∂Bibßƒ- F√m-bv-t]m-gp-w- A∂sØ cWm-[n-Im-cn-h¿-KØn-s‚Bibßfm-bn-cp-∂p.-''-

CXn¬-\n-∂p- Hcp- Im-cyw- hy-‡am-Ip-∂p.- -Hm-tcm- Im-eL´Øn-sebpw- `cWh¿-Kßfpw- Ahbp-sS Io-gn-ep≈ _u-≤n-Ii‡n-Ifpw- kaq-lØn¬- ta[m-i‡n-Ifm-bn- am-dp-∂p. Ah XØz-Øn-epw- ]tbm-KØn-epw- kaq-lØn-se- _lp-`q-cn-]£w- hcp-∂ ASn-

13

®a¿-Øs∏Sp-∂h¿-°pw- km-[m-cW°m¿-°pw- Xn-I®pw- FXn-cp-am-

bn-cn--°pw.- At∏mƒ- AXXp- kaq--lØn¬- AXn-\n¿-Wm-bI kzm-

[o-\w- sNep-Øp-∂ am-[y-aßfp-sS ÿnXn-sb∏‰n- ]tXy-Iw- FSp-

Øp-]dtb≠Xn-√.- `cWh¿K ]Xy-bim-kv-Xhpw- \bßfpw-

]Xn-ên-∏n-°p-∂ IÆm-Sn-Ifm-bn- h≥-In-S am-[y-aßƒ- am-dp-∂p-

F∂Xm-Wv- h¿-Øam-\Im-e bm-Ym¿-Yy-hpw- A\p-`hhpw.-

e≠\nse ]kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-® ao-Un-b kv-‰m≥-tU¿-Uv- Skv-‰v-

F∂ kz-Im-cy- am-[y-aw- ASp-ØIm-eØv- im-kv-Xobam-b Nn-e

]T\ßƒ- \SØp-Ibp-≠m-bn.- am-[y-aßfp-sS ]h¿-Ø\co-Xn,- hm¿-

Øm-hn-\ym-kw,- km-am-\y- P\ßfp-sS \n-Xy-Pohn-Xw- t\cn-Sp-∂ ]iv-

\ßfn¬- Ah kzo-Icn-°p-∂ \n-e]m-Sv- F∂n-hsbm-s° Skv-‰v-

\SØn-b ]T\ßfp-sS KthjW]cn-kcßfm-bn-cp-∂p.- sRń-∏n-

°p-∂ ]e hkv-Xp-XIfpw- Cu- ]T\w- ]p-dØp-sIm-≠p-h∂p.- Ah

bn¬- ]eXpw- \Ωp-sS h¿-Øam-\Im-eØv- am-[y-aßƒ- kzo-Icn-

°p-∂ P\hn-cp-≤Xbv-°pw- Ahsb Kkn-®n-cn-°p-∂ Po¿-WXbv-

°pw- ASn-hcbn-Sp-∂Xm-bn.-

am-[y-aßfn-se aq-ey-Nyp-Xn-,- Xßfp-sS Xm¬]cy-ßƒ- kw-

c£n-°p-∂Xn-\p kw-`hßsf sX‰m-bpw- hfs®m-Sn-®pw- hIo-Icn-

®pw- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sNøp-I,- hy-‡n-hn-tcm-[w- Xo¿-°m≥- am-[yaßsf

Zp-cp-]tbm-Kn-°p-I,- hm-b\°m-sc àn-∏n-°p-∂ XcØn¬- kw-

`hßsf Atßb‰w- sk≥-tkjWem-bn- AhXcn-∏n-°p-I,-

P\ßfp-sS kz-Im-cy-Xbv-°p-ta¬- IS∂p-Ibdp-I Xp-Sßn-b Ip-

X¥ßfnte°v-- _lp-`q-cn-]£w- am-[y-aßfpw- FSp-sØdn-bs∏ń-

cn--°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- Skv-‰n-s‚ ]T\ßfn¬- shfn-s∏´Xv-.- h¿-Øam-

\Im-esØ am-[y-aßfp-sS co-Xn-im-kv-Xw- C∆n-[w- A[:]Xn-®Xv-

Ghscbpw- Bi¶bn-emgv-Øpw- F∂p-d∏m-Wt√m.-

am-[y-aßfp-sS C∂sØ ÿn-Xn-sb∏‰n- Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ-

h¿-Øam\Im-esØ km¿-htZio-b ]cn-kcßfpw- tem-Ikm-

ºØn-IIahpw- ]cn-KWn-t®Xo-cq-.- 1990Ifp-sS Xp-S°Øn¬- tkm-

hn-b‰v- bq-Wnbs‚ XI¿-® AXphsc \n-e\n-∂ tem-IIaØn¬-

hºn-® Ań-adn-bm-Wv- kr-„n-®Xv.- Ggp-]Xn-‰m-t≠m-fw- \n-e\n-∂

tkm-hn-b‰v- bq-Wn-bs\- XI¿-°m≥- Atacn-°≥- km-am-Py-Øn-s‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬- temIap-Xem-fn-Øw- \n-c¥cw- Ań-adn-iaßƒ-

\SØn-.- CXn-s\m-Sp-hn-em-Wv tkm-hn-b‰v- bq-Wn-b≥- tKm¿-_t®m-

hn-s‚ Im-eØv- XI¿-∂Xv.- CtXm-sS tem-IIaw- Io-gvta¬- adn-

™p.- BtKm-fh¬-IcWØn-s‚ Xp-S°w- Chn-sS\n-∂m-Wv.- BtKm-

"hm¿-Ø ]hn-Xam-Wv-; A`n-]m-bw- kz-X¥hpw'-

14


fh¬-IcWw- F∂m¬- Atacn-°≥- km-am-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚ BtKm-

fhym-]\hpw- AXn-\p-th≠n-bp-≈ A[n-\n-thißfp-a√m-sX

as‰¥m-Wv?- "kΩXn-Ifp-sS \n¿-Ωn-Xn: _lp-P\am-[y-aßfp-sS A¿-

Yim-kv-Xw' (Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy ofThe Mass Media) F∂ hn-Jym-Xam-b KŸØn¬- t\mw- tNm-w-kv-

Inbpw- FtUz¿-Uv- sl¿-Ω\pw- C°m-cyw- kaKam-bn- ]Xn-]m-Zn-

°p-∂p-≠v.-

15

A[ym-bw˛2-

am-[y-aßƒ- C¥y-bn¬-

C¥y-bn-se A®Sn- am-[y-aßfp-sS Ncn-XØn-\p- 230

h¿-jsØ ]g°tabp-≈p.- _n-ójv- `cWØn≥-Io-

gn¬- 1780 P\p-hcn-bn-em-Wv- cm-Py-sØ BZy-sØ ]Xw-

"_w-Km-ƒ- Kk‰v'- ]kn-≤o-IcWw- Xp-Sßn-bXv.- CXn-

\p- "I¬-°Ø P\d¬- AUz-¿-ssSk¿' F∂pw- t]cp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- _w-Km-fn-se skdw-]p-¿- an-j≥- ]kn-¬-

A®Sn-® CXn-s‚ BZy-]Xn-∏v- 1780 P\p-hcn- 29\m-Wv-

]p-dØn-dßn-bXv.- Cw-•o-jn-en--dßn-b CXn-s‚ Np-cp-

°t∏cm-bn-cp-∂p- _w-Kmƒ- Kk‰v- F∂Xv.- _w-Kmƒ-

Kk‰n-s‚ ÿm-]I≥- Cw-•≠p-Im-c\m-b Pbnw-kv-

BKkv-‰v-kv- ln-°n-sb "C¥y≥- hrØm-¥]Xßfp-

sS ]n-Xm-hv-'- F∂p- hn-tijn-®n-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.-

1785¬- ]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn-b Zn- aZm-kv- sIm-

dn-b¿- BWv sXt°bn-¥y-bn-se BZy-]Xw.-- 1789em-

Wv- t_m-w-s_bn¬- \n-∂p-≈ BZy- ]Xw- shfn-®w-

I≠Xv-˛ t_mw-s_ sldmƒ-Uv.- ASp-Øh¿-jw- t_mw-

s_ sIm-dn-b¿- F∂ ]Xw- ]p-dØn-dßn.- t_mw-s_

sIm-dn-b¿- BWv- ]n¬-°m-eØv- ssSw-kv- Hm-^v- C¥y-

F∂t]cn¬- ]kn-≤am-bXv.- BZy-sØ C¥y≥- `m-

jm-]Xhpw- _w-Km-fn¬ \n-∂p-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1818

sabv- 23\p- BZy-]Xn-∏p- ]p-dØn-d°n-b "kam-Nm¿- Z¿-

∏¨-'- BWn-Xv.-

Xp-S¿-∂v,- 1822 Pq-sse H∂n-\p- t-_m-w-s_bn¬- \n-

∂p-Xs∂ BZy- Kp-Pdm-Øn-]Xw- "t-_mw--s_ kam-Nm¿'-

16


shfn®w- I≠p.- BZy- ln-µn- ]Xam-b "Du-X‚ v- am¿-Øm-fiv'- 1826¬-

Xp-Sßn.- 1878 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 20\p- sNss∂bn¬-\n-∂p- Pn- kp-

_“Wy- Aø¿- "Zv- ln-µp-'- ]Xw- Xp-Sßn.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]Xßfp-sS

h≥-\n-cXs∂ cm-Py-Øv- ]kn-≤o-IcWw- Bcw-`n-®p.- Chbn¬- C•o-

jpw- C¥y-≥- `m-jIfm-b adm-Øn,- Kp-Pdm-Øn,- I∂S,-- sXe¶v,-

Xan-gv,- Hdn-b,- Bkm-ao-kv-,- aebm-fw- Xp-Sßn-b `m-jm-]Xßfpw-

Dƒ-s∏Spw.- -45 Cw-•o-jv- ]Xßƒ- Dƒ-s∏sS 225 Hm-fw- ]Xßƒ-

C¥y-bn¬- C∂p- ]Nm-cØn-ep-≠v.- Chbv-s°√mw- Iq-Sn- 99 Zie£w-

tIm-∏n-Ifp-ap-≠v.-

1923 Pq--Wn-em-Wv- BZy- tdUn-tbm- kv-t‰j≥- cm-Py-Øv- ÿm-]n-

®Xv.- t_m-w-s_bn-se tdUn-tbm- ¢∫v- Bbn-cp-∂p- AXv.- 1926¬-

"C¥y≥- t_m-Uv-Im-kv-‰n-Mv - Iº\n'- F∂t]cn¬- kz-Im-cy-

taJebn¬ tdUn-tbm- ]t£]Ww- Xp-Sßm≥- A∂sØ _n-ó-

jv C¥y- k¿-°m¿- A\p-aXn- \¬-In.- Cu- kz-Im-cy-Iº\n- t_mw-

s_bn¬- 1927 Pq-sse 23\pw- I¬-°´bn¬- B h¿-jw- Hm-Kkv-‰v-

26\pw- tdUntbm- kv-t‰j\p-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-®p.- F∂m¬- 1930 am¿-®v-

H∂n-\p- Cu- Iº\n- en-Izn-tU‰p- sNbv-Xp.- Bkv-Xn-˛_m-[y-XIƒ-

k¿-°m¿- Gs‰Sp-ØSpØ--Xn-s\Xp-S¿-∂v "C¥y≥- kv-t‰‰v- t_m-Uv-

Im-kv-‰n-Mv- k¿-ho-kv-'- (sFFkv-_n-Fkv)- F∂ t]cn¬- ]co-£Wm-

Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬- 1932 sabv-hscbp-≈ c≠p-h¿-jw- ]t£]Ww-

\SØn.- 1932 Pq¨- Fń-\p- CXv- "Hmƒ- C-¥y- tdUn-tbm-'- F∂

t]cp kzo-Icn-®p.- 1937¬- Hmƒ- C¥y- tdUn-tbm- "BIm-ihm-Wn-'-

F∂p- t]cp- kzo-Icn-®p. -alm-Ihn- cho-µ\m-Y Sm-tKm-dm-Wv- Cu-

t]cp- \n-¿-tZin-®Xv.- cm-Py-w- kzm-X¥yw- t\Sp-∂L´Øn¬- C¥y-

bn¬- Bdp- tdUn-tbm- kv-t‰j\p-Iƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- U¬-ln,- t_m-

w-s_,- I¬-°´,- aZm-kv,- eIv-t\m,- Xn-cp-®n F∂n-hn-S-ßfn-em-bn-cp-

∂p- Ah.-

kzm-X¥y\m-¥cw- 1959¬- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t]jWw- sU¬-

ln-bn¬-\n-∂v- Bcw- n-®p.- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t]jWØn-s‚ Ip-ØI

BZy-L´Øn¬- tIµk¿-°m-cn¬- \n-£n-]v-Xam-bn-cp-∂p.- CXn-\m-

bn- Zq-cZ¿-i≥- F∂ Iº\n-bpw- ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- BIm-ihm-Wn-

bp-sSbpw- Zq-cZ¿-is‚bpw- ]h¿-Ø\ßƒ- \n-b¥n-°m≥- tIµk¿-

°m-cn-\p- Io-gn¬- C≥-^¿-taj≥- B‚ v- t_m-Uv-Im-kv-‰n-Mv- a¥m-

ebhpw- ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- Cu- hIp-∏m-Wv- cm-Py-sØ kz-Im-cy- sSen-

hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Ifp-sSbpw- ]h¿-Ø\w- \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xv.-

17

Chn-sS i≤n-t°≠ Hcp- kw-KXn-bp-≠v. - tZio-b kzm-

X¥y]ÿm-\Øn-s‚ Dt]m¬-]∂am-Wv- C¥y-bn--se am-[yaßƒ.-

kzm-X¥y-]q¿-h L´Øn¬- Ahbv-°p- s]m-Xp-hm-sbm-cp- e£y-ap-

≠m-bn-cp∂p˛ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ kz-m-X¥yw- F∂ e£yw.- Cu-b¿-

YØn¬- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ- C¥y-bn-se am-[y-aßƒ-°p- as‰m-

cp- khn-tijXIq-Sn- Is≠Øm-\m-Ipw. C¥y≥-- am-[y-aßƒ- A°m-

eØv- Db¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-® km-am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤Xbm-Wv B khn-tijX.-

CXp-]t£- kzm-X¥y-]m]v-Xn-tbm-sS ssItam-iw- h∂p- F∂Xv-

as‰m-cp- Im-cyw!

F∂n-cp-∂m-epw-,- s]m-Xp-sh C¥y-bn-se am-[y-aßƒ-˛ BZy-

L´Øn¬- A®Sn- am-[y-aßƒ-˛ \m-Sn-s‚ kzm-X¥y-Øn-\pw- P\m-

[n-]Xym-hIm-ißƒ-°pw- ]u-ckzm-X¥y-Øn-\pw- th≠n- \n-esIm-

≠p- F∂p- Im-Wm≥- hn-jaan-√.- CXn-\p- Hcp- ]cn-[n-hsc klm-bn-

®Xv-,- P\m-[n-]Xy-kaq-lØn¬- am-[y-aßfp-sS ]¶v- hy-‡hpw-

i‡hp-am-bn- Xn-cn-®dn-™ alm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS khn-tijam-b

CSs]Sem-bn-cp-∂p.- bMv- C¥y,- \hPo-h≥,- lcn-P≥- Xp-Sßn-b

]kn-≤o-IcWßfn-eq-sS Km-‘n-Pn- \SØn-b tZikv-t\l]tNm-

Zn -Xam--b ]Nm-cWw-, - kzm-X¥yw- t\tS≠Xn-s‚ Bhiy-

IXsbbpw- AXn-\p- kzo-Icnt°≠ am¿-Kßsfbpw- Ip-dn-®v- \n-

c¥cw- P\ßsf t_m-[h¬-Icn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.-

as‰m--c¿YØn¬,- tZio-b kzm--X¥y-]ÿm-\Øn-s‚ Nq-Spw-Nq-

cpw- G‰p-hm-ßn-bm-Wv- C¥y-bn¬ ]Xßƒ- hf¿-∂ph∂Xv.- kzm-

X¥y-]q¿-hIm-eØv- C¥y≥- ]Xßƒ-°p- P\ßfp-sS hn-izm-ky-

X Gsd B¿-Pn-°m≥- Ign™Xv- C°m-cWØm-em-Wv.- _n-ó-jp-

Im-cp-sS Im-eØv- C¥y-bn-se hn-hn-[ \m-´p-cm-Py-ßfn-¬- Db¿-∂p-

h∂ \thm-∞m-\]ÿm-\ßfm-Wv- bYm¿-YØn¬- cm-Py-Øv- kzm-

X¥ym-`n-em-jw hf¿-Øp-∂Xn-\p-≈ hn-Øp-Iƒ-- ]m-In-bXv.- Cu-

ss]Xr-Iw- G‰p-hm-ßn- hn-hn-[ tZißfn¬- hy-Xy-kv-Xcq-]Øn¬-

\m-Sn-s‚ tam-N\w- e£y-am-bn- ]Jy-m-]n-®v- Ht´sd kw-LS\Iƒ-

cq-]w-sIm≈p-Ibpw- hn-hn-[ ]h¿-Ø\ßfn¬- G¿-s∏Sp-Ibpw-

sNbv-Xp.-

tZio-bkzm-X¥yw- F∂- e£yw- km-£m-Xv-Icn-°m-\m-Wv- cq-

]w-sIm-≠ \mƒ-ap-X¬- ]Xßfpw- ian-®p-t]m-∂Xv.- Ahbn¬- m-

jm-]Xßsft∂m- tZio-b]Xßsft∂m- D≈ hy-Xym-kta

am-[y-aßƒ- C¥y-bn¬-

18


]ISa√m-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm-X¥y-Øn-\p th≠n-bp-≈ A`n\n-thiw-

cm-Py-Øv- hf¿-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- AXn-s\ C¥y-°m-cp-sS lr-Zbhn-Im-

cam-bn- \n-e\n¿-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- \Ωp-sS ]Xßƒ- hln-®n-´p-≈ ]¶v-

tZio-bkzm-X¥y- ]ÿm-\Øn-s‚ Ncn-Xhp-am-bn- At`Zy-amwhn-

[w- CgtN¿-∂n-cn-°p-∂p F∂¿-Yw.

19

A[ym-bw-˛3

am-[y-aßƒ tIcfØn¬-

P¿-a≥-Im-c\pw- m-jm-]fin-X\p-am-b tUm.- sl¿-a≥-

Kp-≠¿-´v- (1814˛1898)- Xp-Sßn-b "cm-Py-kam-Nm-cw'- BWv-

BZy- aebm-f ]Xw.- ]p-tcm-ln-X\m-bn-cp-∂ At±lw-

an-jWdn- ]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ m-Kam-bn- Xeticn-bn-se

C√n-°p-∂n¬- Xm-a-kn-®phcsh, 1847 PqWn-em-Wv- cm-

Py-kam-Nm-cw- Bcw-`n-®Xv.- C√n-°p-∂n-se _m-k¬-

]≈n-tbm-Sp- tN¿-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ I√®n-em--bn-cp-∂p-

aebm-fØn-s‚ BZy-]XØn-s‚ "]n-dhn.'-

sl¿-a≥- Kp-≠¿-ń-s‚ in-jy≥- F^v- ap-≈dp-sS

]Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- ]p-dØn-dßn-b "]iv-Nntam-Zbw'-

BWv- ae-bm-fØn-se c≠m-aØ ]Xw-.- cm-Py-kam-

Nm-cw- ssIkv-Xhn-izm-kw ]Ncn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p- Du-

∂¬- \¬-In-bt∏mƒ- ]iv-Nntam-Zbw- Ip-td°q--Sn- hy-Xy-

kv-XX ]p-e¿-Øp-Ibpw- s]m-Xp-Im-cy-]k‡n-b≈

D≈S-°Øm¬- i≤n-°s∏Sp-Ibpw- D≠m-bn.- ssIkv-

X]p-tcm-ln-X¿- ap-≥-ssIsbSpØp-- ]kn-≤o-Icn-®

⁄m-\\n-t£]w,- hn-Zym-kw-Klw- Xp-Sßn-b am-kn-

IIfpw- ]n-∂o-Sp- shfn-®wI≠p.

F∂m-¬,- aebm-fØn-se BZy- hm¿-Øm-]Xw-

AYhm,- hr-Øm-¥]Xw- 1866¬- sIm-®n-bn¬-\n-∂p- ]p-

dØp-h∂ "shkv-t‰¨-kv-‰m¿'- F∂ Cw-•ojv- ]Xam-

Wv.- sXm-´p-]n-∂m-se BZy- aebm-f Zn-\]Xw- "]iv-Nn-

aXm-cI'-bpw- AtXXp-S¿-∂v- tIcf]Xm-I,- kµn-„hm-

Zn,- kXy-\m-ZIm-lfw-,- \km-Wn- Zo-]n-I (C∂sØ

20


Zo-]n-I ]Xw-) Xp-Sßnbhbpw- ]Ncn-®p-Xp-Sßn. 1887 G]n¬- 15\p-

C∂sØ ]Ø\w-Xn-´ Pn-√bn-se am-∂m-\Øp- \n∂m-Wv- \km-

Wn- Zo-]n-I ]p-dØn-dßn-bXv.- -

]n-∂o-Sv- tIcfan-Xw,- aebmf at\m-ca,- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n,-

tIkcn,- am-Xr-`q-an,- ]`m-Xw-,- tZim-`n-am-\n,- P\bp-Kw,- Iu-ap-Zn,-

tIcfIu-ap-Zn,- Nµn-I,- aw-Kfw,- am-[yaw,- kn-dm-Pv,- tXPkv- Xp-Sßn-

b ]Xßfpw- ]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn.-

cm-Py-Øn-s‚ at‰Xp- ]tZisØ At]£n-®v km-£cXbn¬-

Gsd ap-∂n-em-sWt√m- tIcfw.- A®Sn- am-[y-aßƒ- ]Np-c]Nm-

cw- t\Sn-b-Xn-\p- tIcfØn-s‚ khn-tijam-b Cu-sbm-cp- ]iv-Nm-

Øew- Hs´m-∂p-a√ klm-bn-®Xv.- CXn-s\m-cp- adp-hiw- Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.-

kzm-X¥y-]q¿-hL´Øn¬-,- hn-tijn-®v- 20˛mw-\q-‰m-≠n-s‚ BZy-]Ip-

Xn-bn¬- tIcfØn-se am-[yaßƒ-°p- c≠p- [m-cIfp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.-

_n-ó-jv- ta¬-t°m-bv-asb Aw-Ko--Icn-°p-∂hbpw- AXn-s\ \Jin-

Jm-¥w- FXn¿-Øv- cm-Pyw- kzm-X¥y-Øn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b ]p-ecn-bn-te°p-

\o-ßWw- F∂m-Kln-®hbpw.-

]Xy-£Øn¬- \m-Sn-t\m-Sp- Iq-dv- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p- F∂p- \Sn-°p-

Ibpw- D≈S°Øn¬- _n-ó-jv- tIm-f\n-hm-gv-Nbv-°p- hn-Sp-]Wn-

sNøp-Ibp-am-bn-cp-∂p- BZy-KWØn-se ]Xßƒ.- aebm-fat\m-

ca,- Zo-]n-I F∂n-h Cu- tiWn-bn¬- hcpw.- Zo-]n-Ibv-°p- hØn-

°m-t\m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p- ]Xn-]Øn- Iq-Sp-X¬.- AØcsam-cp- ]Xw- _n-

ó-jv- tIm-f\n-hm-gv-Nsb ]n-¥m-ßn-bn-s√¶n-te A¤p-XØn-\p-

AhIm-iap-≈q.- aebm-fat\m-cbpw- Cu- Zn-ibn¬-Xs∂ \o-ßn.-

a-dp-hiØv-,- Hcp-]‰w- ]Xßƒ- tZio-b kzm-X¥y-]ÿm-

\Øn-s‚ ap-t∂‰Øn¬- Bthiw- sIm-≈p-Ibpw- \m-Sn-s‚ tam-N\w-

km-£m-Xv-Icn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ ]h¿-Ø\ßƒ-°p- Du-¿-Pw- ]Icp-

Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- sI ]n- tIihtat\m≥- Xp-Sßn-b am-Xr-`q-an- Cu-

KWØn¬- A∂p- F¥p-sIm-≠pw- khn-tijam-b ÿm-\w- t\Sp-

IXs∂ sNbv-Xp.- tIkcn- _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈ Xp-Sßn-b tIkcn-,-

CFw-Fkv- ap--≥-ssIsbSp-Øp- sjm¿-Wq-cn¬\n-∂p- Xp-Sßn-b ]`m-

Xw,- tIm-gn-t°m-Sp-\n-∂p- B-cw`n-® tZim-`n-am-\n F∂n-hbpw- Ahn-

`‡ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-ń- sIm-√Øp-\n-∂p- Bcw-`n-® P\bp-Khpw-

c≠m-asØ KWØnepƒ-s∏Sp-w.- AXn-][m-\hpw- Ncn-X]chp-

am-b ÿm-\w- Ch Ae¶cn-®p.

Chbv-s°√mw- ]p-dsa Xn-cp-hn-Xm-w-Iq-¿,- sIm-®n,- ae_m¿-

]tZißfn¬- Ht´sd- ]kn-≤o-IcWßfpw- kzm-X¥y-]t£m-

21

`Øn-\p- Bthiw- ]I¿-∂p- ]Ncn-®n-cp-∂p.-

20˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ ap-∏Xp-Ifn-te°v- cm-Pyw- ISs∂Øn-bXv-

kzm-X¥y-tam-ln-Ifp-sS BthiIchpw- D-Pz-ehp-am-b ]t£m-

`Øn-s‚ Xo-®q-fbn-te°m--bn-cp-∂p-.- \n- lIcW]ÿm-\w,- Zfin-

bm-X,- D∏p-kXy-Klw- Xp-Sßn- FÆa‰ kacßƒ- A°m-eØv-

tZihym-]Iam-bn- kzm-X¥y-kacsØ Pz-en-∏n-®p.- kq-cy-\kv-Xan-

°mØ km-am-Py-am-b _n-´s‚ C¥y≥- ta¬-t°m-bv-a Ahkm-\n-

∏n-°m≥- \n-ch[n-bm-b P\Io--b]t£m-`ßƒ-°p- cm-Pyw- km-£yw-

hln-® \m-fp-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.-

cm-Py-am-sI kzm-X¥y-Øn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b ]`m-XØn-te°p- \o-

ßm≥- shº¬-sIm-≠ B L´Øn-epw- _n-´-s\ ]n-¥p-W®v- Chn-

sS aebm-fat\m-ca,- Zo-]n-I Dƒ-s∏sS Nn-e ]Xßƒ- \n-esIm-

≠p- F∂Xv- \n-km-cam-bn- Im-tW≠Xn-√.- ]n¬-°m-eØp- Im-´m-\n-

cp-∂ Atßb‰w- A]ISIcam-b cm-„o-bsshIr-Xßfp-sS Ukv-

dn-tlgv-kem-bn-cp-∂p- AsX∂p-am-Xta Ct∏m-ƒ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p.

kzm-X¥y-e_v-[n-tbm-sS ]Xßfp-sS cm-„o-bIm-gv-N∏m-Sv- Iam-

\p-KXam-bn- am-dn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.- m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬- sFIy-tIcfw-

cp-]o-Icn-°s∏´Xv- Chn-Sp-sØ cm-„o-bm-¥co-£Øn-epw- hen-b am-

‰ap-≠m-°n.- kw-ÿm-\cq-]o-Ic-WØn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ i‡n-bm¿-

Pn-®n-cp-∂ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-ń tIcfØn¬- _lp-P\]n-¥p-Wbp-

≈ I£n-bm-bn- hf¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.- sFIy-tIcf cq-]o-

IcWØn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ Iayp-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-ń-sb- `cWIq-Shpw-

P∑n-˛`q-]`p- h¿-Khpw- Ahcp-sS Kp-≠m-∏Sbpw- \n-c¥cw- th´bm-

Sn-.- CXn-s‚ eam-bn- ]m¿-ń-°p- \n-ch[n- ]h¿-ØIsc _en-sIm-

Spt°≠n-h∂p.-

Cu- BIaWØn-s‚ Db¿-∂cq-]am-bn-cp-∂p- 1957¬- _m-e‰v-

bp-≤Øn-eq-sS tIcfØn-¬- A[n-Im-cØn¬-h∂ CFw-Fkv- k¿-

°m-cn-s‚ Xm-sgbn-d°m≥- \S∂ Ip-]kn-≤am-b hn-tam-N\kacw.-

tIhesam-cp- k¿-°m-cn-s\ Xm-sgbn-d°m≥- \S∂ ]t£m-àm-bn-

cp-∂n-√ CXv.- adn-®v,- tIcfsØ ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- cm-„o-b˛km-ºØn-

I Nm-en-eq-sS \bn-°m-\p-≈ cm-„o-biaßƒ-°pw- AXn-\p- ]q-

cIam-b- ]ptcm-Ka\- hn-Ik\\bßƒ-°pw- FXn-sc \S∂ Ań-

adn- iaam-bn-cp-∂p- AsX∂p- Im-Wp-∂Xn¬- sX‰n-√.-

B[p-\n-I tIcfw- ]n-dhn-sIm≠Xv- \q-‰m-≠p-Ifm-bn- Iam-\p-

KX-am-bn- hf¿-∂p-h∂ km-aq-ly- ]cn-h¿Ø\Øn-s‚ eam-bn-´m-

Wv.- CXn-s‚ Db¿-∂cq-]ßfm-bn-cp-∂p- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-

am-[y-aßƒ- tIcfØn¬-

22


\tØm-sS cq-]w-sIm-≠ \thm-∞m-\]ÿm-\ßƒ.- tIcfw- ]n-

∂o-Sv- km-£yw-hln-® km-aq-ly-˛cm-„o--b ]ÿm-\ßƒ-°p- _o--

Phm-]w- sNbv-XXv- \thm-∞m-\]ÿm-\ßfm-Wv.- \thm-∞m-

\]ÿm-\ßfp-sSbpw- ]n¬-°m-eØv- cq-]w-sIm-≠ km-aq-ly-˛cm-

„o-b kw-LS\I-fp-sSbpw- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-s‚ s]m-Xp-cq]w- CXm-

bn-cp-∂p:

Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿,- sIm-®n,- ae_m¿- F∂n-ßs\ hn-LSn-®p- In-

S∂,- aebmf`m-j kw-km-cn-°p-∂ P\X A[n-hkn-°p-∂ ]tZi

ßƒ- Iq-ń-t®¿-Øv- sFIy-tIcfw- cq-]o-Icn-°p-I.-

Cu- e£y-tØm-sS P\-ßƒ-°n-Sbn¬- ]h¿-Øn-®Xn-s‚ Kp-

Wêam-bn-cp-∂p- "57se BZy- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- tIcfØn¬- Iayq-

Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- t\Sn-b hn-Pbw.- P\m-`n-em-jØn-s\m-Øhn-[w-

`cWw- \bn-® A∂sØ k¿-°m-cn-s\ Xm-sgbn-d°m≥- Pm-Xn-˛aX

kw-LS\Iƒ- H∂n-®p- \SØnb hn-tam-N\kacØn¬- Hcp-]‰w- am-

[y-aßƒ- hln-® ]¶v- ]ecpw- ]n¬-°m-eØv- ]T\hn-t[bam-°n-.-

tIcfØn-s‚ am-[ya-Ncn-Xw- tXSp-∂ GsXm-cmƒ-°pw- AX

s]s´∂p- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\m-hp-∂X√ hn-tam-N\ kac\m-fp-Ifn-se

]Xßfp-sS s]m-bv-ap-Jw.- AXta¬- Pp-Kp-]v-km-hlambn-cp-∂p-

Ahbp-sS hm¿-Øm-hn-\ym-kco-Xn.

tIcfØn-s‚ ]p-tcm-KXn-bn¬- CSXp-]£w- hln-® ]¶v-

Fs¥∂p- hn-ebn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ- C°m-cyw-Iq-Sn- ]cn-KWn-t°≠n- hcn-

I kzm-`mhn-Iw-.-

23

A[ym-bw-˛4

am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- kzm-[o-\w-

C-cp-]-Øn-sb-´p- kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ- Iq-Sn-t®-cp-∂- C-¥y-

bn¬- a-s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øpw- sN-ep-Øm-Ø- kzm-[o-

\-am-Wv- am-[y-a-ßƒ-°p- tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- A-

®-Sn-am-[y-sa-t∂m- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-sa-t∂m- im-hy-am-[y-a-

sa-t∂m- hy-Xym-k-an-√.- am-[y-a-ßƒ- h-≥tXm-Xn¬- kzm-

[o-\w-sN-ep-Øp-∂- q-an-I-bm-Wv- tI-c-fw- F-∂¿-Yw.- c-

Pn-kv-Sm¿- t^m¿- \yq-kv- t]-t∏-gv-kv- t^m¿- C-¥y-bp-

sS- G-‰-hpw- H-Sp-hn-e-sØ- I-W-°p-]-Im-cw- C-¥y-bn¬-

H-cp-e-£w-t]¿-°p- i-cm-i-cn- 1300 tIm-∏n- ]-Xw- A-®-

Sn-°p-∂p.- tI-c-f-Ønem-Is´,- c-≠-c-U-k-t\m-fw- ]-X-

ß-fp-sS- 42 e-£w- tIm-∏n-Iƒ- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-

∂p.- k-aq-l-Øn-se- Xm-tg-X-ń-ep-≈- G-Xp- km-[m-c-W-

°m-c-\pw- ]-X-ßƒ- A-]m-]y-a-√- F-∂¿-Yw.

]-s≠m-s°- td-Un-tbm-bv-°p- k-aq-l-Øn¬- h-en-

b- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øm-≥ I-gn-™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- C-

∂v- B- ÿm-\w- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ßƒ- F-∂p- s]m-Xp-sh-

hn-h-£n-°p-∂- Sn-hn- Nm-\-ep-Iƒ- ssI-ø-S-°n.- tI-c-f-

Øn¬- C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-®- I-W-°p-Iƒ- B-cp-sS-bpw- s\-

‰n-Np-fn-°pw.-- HºXv- kz-Im-cyI-º-\n-I-fp-sS- \n-b-¥-W-

Øn-ep-≈- 15 Nm-\-ep-Iƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-

∂p.- Bdv- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- C-hn-sS-bp-≠v.- ssI-

c-fn- ]o-∏nƒ-kv,- a-t\m-c-a- \yq-kv,- G-jym-s\-‰v- \yq-kv,-

C-¥ym-hn-j-≥,- dn-t∏m¿- ¿,- Pbv-ln-µv- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- hm¿-

Øm-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ.- C-h-bv-°p-]p-d-sa- Uk≥-I-W-°n-\p-

24


]m-tZ-in-I-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ-- tI-c-f-Øn¬- D-S-\o-fw- ]-h¿-Ø-\-irw-J-e-

ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v.-

Zn-\-]-Xw,- a-[ym-”- -km-bm-”- ]-X-ßƒ- F-∂n-h- hm-ßm-≥ tI-

c-fo-b¿- H-cp-h¿-jw- i-cm-i-cn- 440 tIm-Sn- cq-]- sN-e-hn-Sp-∂p.- tI-

_nƒ- Sn-hn- h-cn-kw-Jy-bm-bn- 490 tIm-Sn-bpw.- 71.-5 e-£w- Ip-Spw-_-

ß-fp-≈- tI-c-f-Øn¬- 54 e-£w- ho-Sp-I-fn-epw- Sn-hn- D-≠v.- C-h-bn¬-

36 e-£w- ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v- tI-_nƒ- I-W-Iv-j-\p-ap-≠v.- sam-ss-_¬- t^m-

¨- tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-°-fp-sS- I-W-°p-]-Im-cw- 1800˛-2000 tIm-Sn-cq-]-h-

sc- ]-Xn-h¿-jw- a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ- sam-ss_¬-t^m-Wn-\p- sN-e-hn-Sp-∂p.-

a-s‰m-c¿-Y-Øn¬- ]-X-Øn-\p- H-‰-Zn-h-kw- H-cp-tIm-Sn- 20 e-£w-cq-]-

bpw- sam-ss_¬-t^m-Wn-\v- H-cp-Zn-h-kw- 5.-35 tIm-Sn- cq-]-bpw- a-e-bm-

fn-Iƒ- sN-e-hm-°p-∂p.-

C-Xp- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- am-Xw- B-[p-\n-I- am-[y-am-\p-`-hw.- aq-∂mw-

tem-I-cm-Py-ß-fn¬- ap-∂n¬-\n¬-°p-∂- C-¥y-bp-sS- m-K-w-am-X-am-

b- H-cp-sIm-®p- kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv- tI-c-fw.- aq-∂ct°m-Sn- P\ßƒ- D≈

tIcfØn¬- Hcp tIm-Sn-bn-tesdt∏¿- Kƒ-^v- cm-Py-ßƒ- Dƒ-

s∏sSbp≈ hn-tZicm-Py-ßfn-epw- C¥ybpsS a‰v- kw-ÿm-\ßfn-

epam-bn- tPm-en-sbSp°p∂p.- c≠ct°m-Sn-tbm-fw- t]cm-Wv- Ct∏mƒ-

tIcfØn¬- A[n-hkn-°p∂Xv.- hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚- G-X-f-hp-tIm¬-

h-®p- t\m-°p-tºm-gpw- C-X-c- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p- A-Sn-

ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn- th-dn-´p-\n¬-°p-∂p- tI-c-fw.- km-º-Øn-I-h-f¿-®,- cm-

jv-So-bm-ht_m-[w-,- -c-W-ÿn-c-X,- hn-Zym-`ym-k-˛-B-tcm-Ky- ta-J-e-

I-fn-se- A-kq-bm-h-l-am-b- h-f¿-®,- kv-Xo-im-‡o-I-c-W-Øn-epw- A-

[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-c-W-Øn-epw- t\-Sn-b- D-Pz-e-am-b- ap-t∂-‰w,- C-Xn-

s\-√mw- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-In-b- D-b¿-∂- km-£-c-X-˛- C-sXm-s°- tI-c-f-

Øn-s‚- am-Xw- k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn- ]-cn-e-kn-°p-∂p.-

C-Xn-s\m-∏-am-Wv,- am-[y-a-ßƒ-˛-A-®-Sn,- Zr-iy,- im-hy- am-[y-a-

ßƒ- sN-ep-Øp-∂- kzm-[o-\w-.- F¥m-Wn-Xn-\¿-Yw-?- tI-c-fw- am-[y-a-

ßƒ-°p- A-Xn-th-Kw- Io-gv-s∏-Sp-∂p- F-∂-t√-?- hm¿-Øm-hn-kv-t^m-S-

\w- F-s∂m-s°- ]-d-bm-hp-∂-X-c-Øn¬,- tI-c-f-Øn¬- \n-c-¥-cwam-

[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-S-s]-S-en-eq-sS- hm¿-Ø-Iƒ- "kw-`-hn-®p'--sIm-≠n-cn-°p-

∂p.-- km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬- A-\p-\n-an-jw- D-≠m-Ip-∂- Ip-Xn-®p-I-b-

‰w- G-‰-hpam-Zyw- ]-co-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv.- C-

Ø-cw- km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS- A-I-º-Sn-tbm-sS,- I-Æ-©n-∏n-°p-∂-

hm¿-Øm-hn-\ym-k-co-Xn-bm-Wv,- A-Y-hm- hm¿-Øm-kw-t]-£-W- co-

Xn-bm-Wv- A-®-Sn- -Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ßƒ- \-Ωp-sS- \m- n¬- s]m-Xp-hn¬- kzo-

25

I-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv.-

im-kv-X-˛-km-t¶-Xn-I-im-kv-X- cw-K-ß-fn¬- A-`q-X-]q¿-h-am-b-

Ip-Xn-®p-I-b-‰-Øn-s‚- Im-e-am-W-t√m- C-Xv.- Iw-]yq-´-dpw- C-‚¿-s\-

‰pw- sam-ss_¬-t^m-Wpw- ]-Np-c-]-Nm-cw- t\-Sn-b- c-≠p- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-

I-fm-Wv- I-S-∂p-t]m-b-Xv.- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-ßƒ-s°m-∏w- C-h-Iq-Sn- I-S-

∂p-h-∂-tXm-sS- tem-Iw- am-[y-a-ßƒ-°p- ]q¿-W-am-bn- A-Sn-s∏-´p- F-

∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xn¬- sX-‰n-√.- km-£-c-X-bn-epw- km-º-Øn-I-h-f¿-®-bn-

epw- sXm-gn¬-e-`y-X-bn-epw- h-cp-am-\-Øn-epw- ap-∂n¬-\n¬-°p-∂- tI-

c-f-w- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- ]n-Sn-bn¬- A-a¿-∂Xn-\p- Cu-sbm-cp- ]iv-Nm-Øew-

Hs´m-∂p-a-√ Im-cWam-bXv.- kzm-X-¥y-]q¿-h-L-´-Øn¬- Xp-S-ßn-b-

am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- "-C-S-s]-S¬- ]-In-b-',- km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS- Ip-Xn-

®p-I-b-‰w- kw-`-hn-°p-∂- C-∂-sØ- Im-e-Øv- tI-c-f-Øn-epw- AXn-

i-‡-am-bn- Xp-Scp-∂p--.-

am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-∂-sØ- "-co-Xn-im-kv-Xw-'- ]-e-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬-

\n-∂v- hn-a¿-i-\-_p-≤ym- ]-T-\-hn-t[-am-bn-´p-≠v.- A-Ø-cw- ]-T-\-ßƒ-

C-t∏m-gpw- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- am-[y-a-ßƒ- s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-Øn¬-

C-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-t\m s]m-Xp-t_m-[w- kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m A-Xn-\m-bn-

s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-]m-bw- kzmw-io-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m- B-cpw- F-Xn-cp-\n¬-

°p-I-bn-√.- a-dn-®v,- A-Ø-cw- ]-hr-Øn-I-sf- «m-Ln-°p-I-bpw- sN-

øpw.- F-∂m¬- \-Ωp-sS- ap-∂n-ep-≈- ]-[m-\-]-iv-\w- C-Xm-Wv-:-

tI-c-f-Øn-se- am-[y-a-ßƒ,- s]m-Xp-hn¬,- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂- \n-e-

]m-Spw- hm¿-Øm-hn-\ym-k-co-Xn-bpw- \n-jv-]-£-hpw- \o-Xn-]q¿-h-I-hp-

am-tWm-?- A-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- D-d-∏n-®p-]-d-bm-\m-Ipw-˛- am-

[y-a-ß-fp-sS- co-Xn-im-kv-Xw- k¿-Km-fl-I-tam- In-bm-fl-I-tam- A-√.-

a-dn-®v,- A-Xv- A-tß-b-‰w- A-]-I-S-I-c-hpw- ]-£-]m-Xn-Xzw- \n-d-™-

Xpw- Nn-e-L-´-ß-fn¬- Zp-cq-l-hpw- a-‰p-Nn-e-t∏mƒ- Pp-Kp-]v-km-h-l-hp-

am-Wv.-

F-¥p-sIm-≠v- C-ß-s\-?- D-Ø-cw- H-t∂-bp-≈p-:- am-[y-a-ß-fn¬-

ap-Jy-]-¶n-s‚-bpw- D-S-a-ÿ-X-bpw- \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-hpw- Ip-Ø-I-

ap-X-em-fn-am¿-t°m- tIm¿-∏-td-‰v- aq-e-[-\-i-‡n-Iƒ-t°m- B-Wv.- kzm-

`m-hn-I-am-bpw- C-°q-´¿-°v- -c-W-h¿-K-\-b-ß-fpw- \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpw- D-

b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- A-Xm-b-Xv,- B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-t‚-Xm-

b- C-∂-sØ-Im-e-Øv- `-c-W-h¿-K-\-b-ß-fp-sS- h-‡m-°-fpw- kw-c-

£-I-cp-am-Wv- am-[y-a-ß-fn¬- q-cn-]-£-Øn-t‚-bpw- D-S-a-ÿ¿.- c-≠p-

Iq-´-cp-sS-bpw- \-b-ßƒ- As√¶n¬- Xm¬-]cy-ßƒ- H-∂m-Wv- F-∂-

Xn-\m¬,- am-[y-a-ap-X-em-fn-am¿-°v- ]-Yyw- -c-W-h¿-Km-\p-Iq-e- \n-e-

am-[y-aßfpsS kzm-[o-\w-

26


]m-Sv- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I- F-∂-Xp-am-X-am-Wv.-

C-Xn-s‚- -e-am-bn,- tI-c-f-Øn¬- "-hm-¿-Øm-hn-hm-Z -hy-h-km-bw'-

F-∂-\n-e-bn¬- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-S-s]-S¬- ]£]m-X]cam-bn am-dn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- -c-W-h¿-K-ßƒ- h-e-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-So-bw- ssI-

Im-cyw- sN-øp-∂p- F-∂-Xn-\m¬,- A-h-sc- ]n-¥p-W-bv-°p-∂ ap-Jy-

[m-cm-am-[y-a-ßƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- B-I-a-W-Øn-s‚- Ip-¥-ap-\- Xn-cn-®p-

h-bv-°p-∂-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]-ÿm-\-ßƒ-°p-t\-sc-bpw- A-h¿- \-

bn-°p-∂- C-S-Xp-]-£-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy- \n-c-bv-°p-t\-sc-bp-am-Wv.-

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- ]-kn-≤-am-b- H-cp- D-≤-c-Wn- C-hn-sS- ]-

k-‡-am-Wv.-

"-Hm-tcm- Np-h-Sp-h-bv-]n-epw- i-cn-bm-bn- tXm-∂n-b-Xp- kzo-I-cn-°p-

I-bpw- a-dn-®p-≈-Xp- X-≈n-°-f-bp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- Rm-≥

]-h¿-Øn-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≈-Xv.- F-s‚- ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- _p-≤n-°pw- lr-Z-

b-Øn-\pw- Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw- Im-ew- A-h-bv-°m-[m-

c-am-b- B-Zy-sØ- \n-K-a-\-ß-fn¬- Rm-≥ A-Sn-bp-d-®p-\n¬-°-Ww.-'-

(a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-:- F-s‚- k-Xym-t\z-j-W-I-Y- B-ap-Jw-).-

Km-‘n-Pn--bp-sS- hm-°p-Iƒ- Hm¿-an-®p-sIm-≠v- \-ap-°p- tNm-Zn-°m-

\m-Ipw-:-

tI-c-f-Øn-se- am-[y-a-ßƒ- C-∂p- sN-øp-∂-Xv- B-Z¿-i-\n-jv-T-hpw-

kIn-bhp-am-b- k-Zv-]-hr-Øn-bm-tWm-?- A-√- F-∂m-cpw- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-

d-bpw.- Im-c-Ww- A-X-ta¬- o-I-c-am-Wv- am-[y-a-ßƒ- C-∂n-hn-sS- kr-

„n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- A-\p-`-h]cn-kcw.-

27

A[ym-bw-˛5

sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-

tem-I-Øn-se- G-Xp- P-\-k-aq-l-Øn-epw- F-∂-t]m-

se,- tI-c-fo-b- k-aq-l-Øn-epw- ]m-cw-`-L-´w-ap-X¬- ]-

cn-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°p- t]-c-I-am-bn- Nn-e- A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-

S-I-ßƒ- cm-k-Xz-c-I-am-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-®p-t]m-∂p.- "-tI-c-

f- \-thm-∞m-\w-:- H-cp- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-Ww-'- F-∂-

Ir-Xn-bn¬- ]n- tKm-hn-µ-]n-≈- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-

"-G-Xp- ssP-h-]-Xn-`m-k-Øn-s‚-bpw- F-∂-t]m-se-

a-\p-jy-k-aq-l-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\pw- A-Sn-ÿm-

\-t]-c-Iw- B-¥-cn-I-L-S-I-ßƒ- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- B-¥-

cn-I-L-S-I-ßƒ- X-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L¿-j-hpw- kw-L-´-\-

hpw- B-Wv- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°p- ]-tNm-Z-\w- \¬-Ip-

∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬-,- Cu- B-¥-cn-I-L-S-Iß-fp-sS- N-e-\-

ß-sf- a-µo-`-hn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw- F-

√mw- sN-øp-∂-Xn¬- _m-ly-L-S-I-ßƒ-°pw- ]-¶p-≠v...-'-

(A-[ym-bw- \m-ev- -sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬- hm-gv-N-bpw- km-aq-ly-

am-‰-hpw-).-

Cu- am-‰-ß-fn¬- Nn-e-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kv-

hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-:-

"-_n-ó-jv- -c-Ww- h-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc- C-hn-sS- C-√m-Xn-

cp-∂- ]-e- ]p-Xn-b- P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂n-´p-

≠v.- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cp-sS-X-s∂- ]-hr-Øn-kz- m-h-hpw-

A-h¿-°p- \m- p-Im-tcm-Sp-≈- _-‘-hpw- am-dn-bn- p-≠v.- hm-

kv-X-hw- ]-d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬,- \-Ωp-sS- km-aq-ly-L-S-

\-bm-sI- am-dn-a-dn-™v- B-fp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬-Ø-Ωn-ep-≈-

28


_-‘w- ap-gp-h-≥ I-S-]p-g-In-bn-´p-≠v...-'- (C- Fw- F-kv- k-ºq¿-W-Ir-

Xn-Iƒ,- k-©n-I- 9 t]-Pv- 214).-

c-≠v- D-≤-c-Wn-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw-- hy-‡-am-Ip-∂- H-cp- Im-cy-ap-≠v.- kzm-

X-¥y-]q¿-hL-´-Øn¬- A-Xm-b-Xv,- _n-ó-jv- sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬- hm-gv-

N-°m-e-Øv-,- cm-Py-sØ- a-s‰-√m-bn-S-sØ-bpw- F-∂-t]m-se-,- tI-c-f-

Øn-epw- Iam-\p-KXam-b km-aq-ly-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w- D-≠m-bn.- A-Xn-

\v- t]-c-I-am-bn- Nn-e-L-S-I-ß-fpw- C-hn-sS- ]-h¿-Øn-®p-h-∂p.- Cu-

am-‰-ßƒ- kzm-X-¥y-]m-]v-Xn-°p-ti-j-hpw- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-°p-

ap-ºpw- i-‡-am-b- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-epw- kw-L¿-j-ß-fn-epw- I-em-in-

®p.- sF-Iy-tI-c-f- cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v- Cu- L-S-I-ßƒ- F-√m- A-`n-

]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fpw- am-‰n-h-®p- tbm-Pn-®n-cp-∂p- F-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bpw-

hn-kv-a-cn-°m-h-X-√.- B e£yw- km-[n-®tXm-sS,- A-Xn-\m-bn- th-

≠n-am-Xw- H-∂n-®- Cu- t]-c-I-L-S-I-ßƒ- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-cp-sS- h-gn-

°p- ]n-cn-bp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Cu- t]-c-I-L-S-I-ß-fn¬- hm-kv-X-h-

Øn¬- Nn-e- _m-ly-L-S-I-ß-fpw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂p-Im-Wmw.- C-

h-bn¬- ]-[m-\w- A-∂-sØ- ]-ap-J- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-ßƒ- A-Y-h,- h¿-

Ø-am-\-]-X-ßƒ- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

h¿-Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- D-b¿-∂p-h-cp-∂- hn-hn-[- hn-

j-b-ß-fn-epw- ]-iv-\-ß-fn-epw- ap-Jy-[m-cm- am-[y-a-ß-f-sS- "-C-S-s]-S-

en-s‚- co-Xn-im-kv-Xw-'- \mw- I-≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m.- s]m-

Xp-a-fi-e-Øn-se- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-S-s]-S¬- kw-_-‘n-®v- kw-hm-Z-

ß-fpw- hn-hm-Z-ß-fpw- D-b¿-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.- C-Xv- C-∂-sØ- Im-e-L-´-

Øn-s‚- k-hn-ti-j-X.- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- tI-´p-tIƒ-hn- C-

√m-Xn-cp-∂,- sF-Iy-tI-c-f∏n-d-hn-bp-sS- L-´-Øn-epw- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-

hp-ap-≈- ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v- B-tem-Nn-®m-tem-?- km-am-\y-bp-‡n-°pw-

_p-≤n-°pw- \n-c-°m-Ø-\n-e-bn¬- A-∂-sØ- Nn-e- ]-X-ßƒ- s]m-

Xp-a-fi-e-Øn¬- C-S-s]-´p-t]m-∂-Xn-s‚- F-X-tbm- D-Z-l-c-W-ßƒ-

\-ap-°p-ap-∂n-ep-≠v.- A-Ø-cw- C-S-s]-S-ep-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-T-\-ßƒ- F-

X-tbm- \-S-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.-

tem-I-]-i-kv-X-\m-b- A-ta-cn-°-≥ Nn-¥-I-≥ t\mw- tNm-w-kv-In-

F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-

"-20˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- N-cn-X-Øn-se- ap-Jy-hn-j-

b-ß-fn¬- H-∂v- tIm¿-]-td-‰v- ]-Nm-c-Ww- B-sW-∂-Xn¬- kw-i-b-

Øn-\-h-Im-i-an-√.- A-sXm-cp- h-º-≥ hy-h-km-b-am-Wv...- Xp-S-°w- ap-

X¬-X-s∂- A-Xn-s‚- e-£yw,- Ir-Xy-am-bpw- ]-c-ky-am-bpw- t_m-[-

]q¿-h-hp-am-b- e-£yw,-- "-s]m-Xp-a-\-kn-s\- \n-b-¥n-°p-I-'- F-∂-Xm-

29

bn-cp-∂p...- Cu- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚- (A-Xm-b-Xv- C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚-˛-

K-Ÿ-I¿-Øm-hv-)- Xp-S-°w- ap-X¬-X-s∂- tIm¿-]-td-‰p-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-a-

\-kn-s\- (Public mind) G‰-hpw- h-en-b- ò-j-Wn-bm-bm-Wp- I-≠-

Xv...-- (t\mw- tNmw--kv-In-˛-]-Nm-c-W-hpw- s]m-Xp-a-\-kn-s\- h-cp-Xn-bn-

em-°-epw-˛-te-J-\w-).-

kzm-X-¥y-]m-]v-Xn-tbm-sS-,- AXm-b-Xv- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-°p-

ap-ºp-X-s∂,- C-¥y-bn¬- ap-X-em-fn-Øw- i-‡n-s∏-´p- Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-

∂p.- C-Xn-s‚-^-e-am-bn- ]p-Xn-b- Nn-e- hn-`m-K-ßƒ,- \mw- t\-c-sØ-

I-≠-Xp-t]m-se,- D-b¿-∂p-h-cm-≥ Xp-S-ßn.- C-h¿-°p- a-X-]-c-hpw- Pm-

Xo-b-hp-am-b- kzm-[o-\-˛-k-Ω¿-±-ßƒ-°p- A-Sn-s∏-tS-≠n-bpw -h-∂p.-

a-X-hpw- Pm-Xo-b-hp-am-b- kzm-[o-\-ßƒ-°p- A-Sn-s∏-Sp-I-bpw,- A-tX-

k-a-bw-X-s∂- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚- am¿-K-Øn¬- k-º-Øp¬-]m-Z-\-

hpw- hn-X-c-W-hpw- hn-]-W-\-hpw- ssI-ø-S-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-h-cm-bn-

Cu- ]p-Xn-b-hn-`m-Kw- I-ta-W- am-dn.- C-h-cp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ-s°m-

Ø-hn-[w- Nn-e- _m-ly-i-‡n-I-fpw- k-lm-b--ta-In- \n-e-sIm-≠p.- C-

h-cn¬- ]-[m-\n-Iƒ- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn¬-X-s∂- ]-

[m-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- h¿-Ø-am-\-]-X-ßƒ.-

Cu- km-l-N-cyw- kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn¬- kzm-X-¥y-]q-¿-h-L-´-Øn¬-

tI-c-f-Øn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂- q-hp-S-am-k-º-Zm-bw- sN-dp-X-√m-Ø- ]-

¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.- A-tX-∏-‰n- C- Fw- F-kv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-

s\-bm-Wv.-

"-Cw-•o-jv- I-º-\n-°m¿- -c-Ww- ssI-øm-fn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂- ]-tZ-

i-ß-fn-epw- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-epw- A-h¿- h-cp-Øn-b- H-cp -]-[m-\-am-

‰w- q-hp-S-am-_-‘-ß-sf- kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv.- ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b- km-aq-

ly-_-‘-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- cq-]-s∏-ń-cp-∂- h¿-W- (Pm-Xn-)-

hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS- m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-tX-h-sc- q-hp-S-am-_-‘w...- C-Xn¬-

A-Sn-ap-Sn- am-‰w-h-cp-Øn-b-Xv- Cw-•o-jv- I-®-h-S-°m-cp-sS- -c-W-\-b-am-

Wv.- (C- Fw- F-kv-˛-th-Z-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv,- t]-Pv- 36).-

C-∏-d-™- L-S-I-ß-fp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-co-Xn- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- H-

cp-Im-cyw- hy-‡-am-Ipw.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Nn-e- ]p-Xn-b- h¿-K-ßƒ- ]p-

Xp-Xm-bn- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂p.- C-h¿-°p- _n-ó-jv- tIm-f-\n-hm-gv-N-tbm-Sp-

B-`n-ap-Jy-hpw- A-h-cp-sS- hn-I-k-\-˛-I-®-h-S-X-¥-ß-tfm-Spw- \-b-ß-

tfm-Spw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-X-s∂- tbm-Pn-∏p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- -c-W-

h¿-K-\-b-ß-fp-sS- kw-c-£-I-cm-bpw- \-S-Øn-∏p-Np-a-X-e-°m-cm-bpw- Cu-

]p-Xn-b-h¿-Kw- A-∂p- ]-Xo-£-tbm-sS- I-≠-Xv- ]-[m-\- h¿-Ø-am-\-

]-X-ß-sf-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- X-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ- kw-c-£n-°m-≥

sFIy-tIcf∏n-dhn-

30


Cu- ]-X-ß-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-se- i-‡n-bpw- Hm-P-kp-ap-≈- a-s‰m-cp- _m-

ly-L-S-I-sØ-bpw- A-∂-p-b¿-∂p- h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ ]p-Xn-b-h¿-Kw-

I-≠n-cp-∂p-an-√.-

Cu- ]p-Xn-b-h¿-K-Øn-s‚-bpw- A-h¿- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂- -

c-W-h¿-K- Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- t\-sc- F-Xn¿-Zn-i-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p- tI-

c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-bpw- a-‰n-S-Xp-]-£- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- k-

©-cn-®-Xv.- km-aq-ly-am-‰w-˛-k-a-K-am-b- km-aq-ly-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w.- C-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- hn-I-k-

\-]-cn-t]-£y-Øn-s‚- Im-X¬.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-

\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°p- A-∂p- c-≠v- ]-[m-\-ap-J-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-

H-∂v-:- \n-e-hn-se- q-hp-S-am-_-‘-ßƒ- Dƒ-s∏-sS- C-g-tN¿-∂p- kr-

„n-®- km-aq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-sb- ]m-tS- am-‰n-a-dn-°p-I.-

c-≠v-:- _n- o-jp-Im-cp-sS- -c-W-Øn-≥Io-gn¬,- q-hp-S-am-_-‘-ßƒ-

X-I¿-∂v- ]p-d-Øp-h-cn-I-bpw- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-\-b-ßƒ- ap-dp-sI- ]n-Sn-°p-

I-bpw- sN-bv-X- ]p-Xn-b- -c-W-h¿-K-ß-fp-sS- \-b-ß-tfm-Sv- k-‘n-bn-

√m-sX- G-‰p-ap-´p-I.-

Cu- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬- Du-∂p-∂- cm-jv-So-b-˛-km-º-Øn-I-˛-km-aq-ly-

\-b-ßƒ-°p- sF-Iy-tI-c-f- cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-X-s∂- I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- cq-]w- \¬-In.- Cu- \-b-ßƒ- P-\-ß-fn¬- h-en-b- a-Xn-∏p-

f-hm-°n.- X-ßƒ- t\-cn-Sp-∂- km-aq-ly- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ßƒ- A-h-km-\n-

∏n-°m-\pw- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- km-aq-ly-I-aw- kr-„n-°m-\pw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-

‰v-]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- \-b-ßƒ- k-lm-bn-°p-sa-∂v- hn-hn-[- A-Sn-ÿm-\- P-\-

hn-`m-K-ßƒ- D-d-®p-hn-iz-kn-®p-;- A-h¿- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bn¬- h-

en-b- ]-Xo-£- A¿-∏n-®p.- P-\-ß-fn¬-h-∂- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b- Cu-

am-‰w- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bn-epw- h-en-b- B-th-iw- P-\n-∏n-®p.- Xn-cp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿,- sIm-®n,- a-e-_m¿- ]-tZ-i-ßƒ- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®v- a-e-bm-

f`m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂- P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°m-bn- sF-Iy-tI-c-fw- cq-

]o-I-cn-°-Ww- F-∂p- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- B-h-iy-s∏-´-Xpw- A-Xn-

\p-≈- ]-Nm-c-th-e-I-fn¬- G¿-s∏-´-Xpw- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-Xo-£- h¿-

[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°n.- C-Xn-s\m-Sp-hn-em-Wv- 1956 \-hw-_¿- H-∂n-

\v- sF-Iy-tI-c-fw- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv.-

31

A[ym-bw-˛6

B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v-

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-bpw- ap-Jy- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fpw- X-

Ωn-ep-≈- t\-cn-´p-≈- G-‰p-ap-´-en-s‚- B-Zy-th-Zn-bm-bn-cp-

∂p- ]-kn-≤-am-b- 1957se BZy- tIcf \n-bk`m-

sXcs™Sp-∏v.- '-57 G-]n¬- A-©n-\v- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-

bn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-

Øn.- _m-e-‰v- bp-≤-Øn¬- t\-Sn-b- D-Pz-e-hn-P-bw.- `m-

jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ- cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏- -ti-

jw- tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- \-S-∂- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-

s™-Sp-∏v- F-¥p-sIm-≠pw- k-hn-ti-j-X- \n-d-™-Xm-

bncp-∂p-.-

`-c-W-h¿-K-Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS- h-‡m-°-fpw- A-Ø-

cw- \-b-ßƒ- sN-dp-Øv- P-\-]-£- cm-jv-So-bw- D-b¿-Øn-

∏n-Sn-°p-sa-∂p- ]-Xn-⁄-sN-bv-X- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-

bpw- X-Ωn-em-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- BZy-- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-

s™-Sp-∏n¬- G-‰p-ap-ń-b-Xv.- tIm-¨-K-km-bn-cp-∂p- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- ap-Jy-i-Xp.- F-∂m¬,- tZ-io-

b- kzm-X-¥y-]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ss]-Xr-Iw- ]n-¥p-S-cp-

∂-Xn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-cm-P-b-am-sW-∂v- kzm-X-¥y-e-

œn-°p-ti-j-ap-≈- ]-Øp-h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬- P-\-ßƒ-

Xn-cn-®-dn-™p.- 1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- kzm-X-¥yw- t\-Sp-

tºmƒ,- AXn-\p-ap-ºv- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ- \o-≠p-\n-∂- kzm-

X-¥y-]-t£m-`-L-´-Øn¬- cm-Pyw- s\-t©-‰n-b- kz-]v-

\-ßƒ- km-£m-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-Spw- F-∂p- P-\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ-

D-d-®p-hn-iz-kn-®p.-

32


F-∂m¬,- 1947\p- ti-j-hpw- 1957\p-ap-ºp-ap-≈- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- Cu-

kz-]v-\-km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\m-bn- ]-Xo-£-tbm-sS- Im-Øn-cp-∂- P-\-

ßƒ- \n-cm-i-cm-bn.- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-L-´-Øn¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- hn-

hn-[- k-tΩ-f-\-ßƒ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- ]-ta-b-ßƒ- (D-Zm.-:- A-[n-Im-c-hn-

tI-µo-I-c-Ww,- q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- Km-a-kz-cm-Pv,- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- kv-

Xo-]-¶m-fn-Øw,- F-√m-h¿-°pw- ku-P-\y-hpw- \n¿-_-‘n-X-hp-am-b-

hn-Zym-`ym-kw-)- \-S-∏n¬- h-cp-Ø-≥ tI-µ-Øn-tem- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-

tem- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂- tIm-¨-K-kv- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- B- ]-Øp-

h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬- i-an-®n-√.-

Cu- A-\p-`-hw- A-∂-sØ- tI-c-fo-b- s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw- ]-¶p-

sh®p-.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- tI-c-f-L-S-Iw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn- cq-]o-I-

cn-®v- c-≠p-Z-im-–-ßƒ-°p-≈n¬-X-s∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- kw-ÿm-

\-Øv- B-Zy-sØ- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-Xv.- B-

sI-bp-≈- 126 ko-‰n¬- 65 ko-‰v- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-Xn-s‚-

kz-X-¥-∑m-cpw- t\-Sn.- C-Xv- tIm-¨-K-kv- A-Jn-te-¥ym-t\-Xr-Xz-sØ-

bpw- A-h¿- \-bn-°p-∂- tI-µ-k¿-°m-cn-s\-bpw- sX-s√m-∂p-a-√- A-

tem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.- ]-fin-‰v- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp- ]-[m-\-a-

¥n.- a-Iƒ- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- tIm-¨-K-kv- A-[y-£.- A-∂-sØ- tZ-

io-b- cm-jv-So-b-km-l-N-cyw- tI-c-fw-t]m-sem-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-Xn-s‚- t]-cn¬- C-f-In-a-

dn-tb-≠-X-√.- ]t£,- kw-`-hn-®-Xv- a-dn-®m-Wv. tIm-¨-K-kv- tZ-io-b-

t\-Xr-Xz-hpw- tI-µ-k¿-°m-cpw- A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬- A-kz-ÿ-cm-bn.-

Cu- km-l-N-cy-sØ-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kv- C-ß-s\- F-gp-Xn-:-

"-I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-h-tcm-Sv- Iq--´p-tN¿-∂- kz-X-¥-∑m-

cpw-Iq-Sn- tI-h-e- q-cn-]-£w- t\-Sn-b-Xv- tI-µ- K-h- -sa-‚n-s\-bpw- tIm-

¨-K-kn-s‚- A-Jn-te-¥ym- t\-Xr-Xz-sØ-bpw- C-Xn-I¿-Ø-hy-Xm-aq-

V-X-bp-sS- s]m-dp-Xn-tI-Sn-em-°n...- A-Ø-cw- H-cp- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- cq-]o-

I-c-Ww-aq-ew- cm-Py-Øm-I-am-\-ap-f-hm-Ip-∂- I-\-Ø- Xn-cn-®-Sn-;- sh-

√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-w- -sh-√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-Im-Ø-Xp-am-b- C-¥y-

bn-se- -c-W-I-£n- F-∂-\n-e-bn-ep-≈- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- ]-Xn-Om-

b- X-I¿-°pw.- C-Xp- a-lm-am-cn-t]m-se- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-So-b- i-

co-c-Øn¬- k-aq-ew- hym-]n-s®-∂pw- h-cmw...-'- (C- Fw- F-kv- tI-c-f-

N-cn-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn¬.- t]-Pv- 330).-

tIcfØn¬- Cu- km-l-N-cyw- D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂-Xn¬- I-ayq-

Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- P-\-ßƒ-°p-ap-∂n¬-h-®- _-Z¬- cm-jv-So-b-˛-km-º-

33

Øn-I-˛-km-aq-ly-\-b-ßƒ- h-en-sbm-c-f-hn¬- k-lm-bn-®p.- Cu- \-b-

ß-fn¬- sX-fn-™p-\n-∂- P-\-]-£-cm-jv-So-b-hpw- A-Xn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-

am-b- am-\-hn-I-X-bpw- a-d-®p-h-®v,- t\-c-sØ- \mw- I-≠- `-c-W-h¿-K-

cm-jv-So-b- Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cpw- A-h-cp-sS- ]n-¥p-W-°m-cm-b- tI-c-f-Øn-

se- Nn-e- ]-X-ß-fpw- A∂p kzo-I-cn-®- \n-e-]m-Sv- ]-t£,- Xn-I-®pw-

\n¿-`m-Ky-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.- -c-W-h¿-K- Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ-°pw- \bßƒ-

°pw- _Zem-bn- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-ń- ap-t∂m-´p-h® -\-b-ßƒ- F-s¥m-

s°- F-∂p- a-\- n-em-°p-tºmƒ- am-Xta A∂sØ Nn-e- ]-X-ßƒ-

B-Zy- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- kzo-I-cn-®- \n-e-]m-Sn-se- P-

\-hn-cp-≤-X- a-\- n-em-°m-\m-Iq.-

F-s¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- 19-57se-

sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-L-´-Øn¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se- P-\-ßƒ-°p-ap-∂n¬- A-h-

X-cn-∏n-®- \-b-ß-fpw- ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw-?- A-h-sb- C-ß-s\- Np-cp-°n-∏-d-

bmw.-

H-∂v-:- q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\p- Du-∂¬- \¬-Ip-∂- k-a-K-am-b- Im¿-

jn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww.- Ir-jn-`q-an- I¿-j-I-\pw- Ip-Sn-bm-\v- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏pw-

F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- \-b-Øn-s‚- Im-X¬.-

c-≠v-:- I-®-h-S-°-tÆm-sS- k-aq-l-Øn-se- ta-em-f-∑m¿- A-S-°n-

hm-Wn-cp-∂- hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn-se- k-a-K-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-

J-hp-am-b- A-gn-®p-]-Wn.-

aq-∂v-:- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS- B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-

hpw- ]p-\x-kw-L-S-\-bpw.-

\m-ev-:- s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- hy-h-km-b-hn-I-k-\w.-

A-©v-:- kz-Im-cy- \n-t£-]-I-sc- B-I¿-jn-°p-∂- B-[p-\n-I- hy-

h-km-b-\-bw.-

Bdv-: sXm-gn¬-kacßfn¬- P∑n-am-cp-sSbpw- hy-hkm-bn-Ifp-

sSbpw- K≠m-∏St]m-se- ]h¿-Øn-®p-h∂ s]m-eo-kn-s\ P\Io-

bh¬-Icn-°m-\p-≈ \bw.-

Xn-I-®pw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- B-[p-\n-I- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ap-t∂m-

´p-≈- Ip-Xn-∏n-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-Ip-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- \-

b-ßsf∂p- hy-‡w.- C-h- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bm-

Wv- F-∂-Xn-\m¬- G-Xp-hn-t[-\-sb-bpw- A-Xn-s\- F-Xn¿-°p-I- F-

∂- \n-e-]m-Sv- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- kzo-I-cn-®p.- Im-c-Ww- X-ßƒ-

]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fm-tbm- Nn-e-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \q-‰m-≠p-I-fmt-bm- (D-Zm-l-

c-Ww- q-an-bp-sS- ta-ep-≈- ssI-h-im-h-Im-iw-)-A-\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂- A-

BZy-\n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp∏v-

34


h-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- \-„-s∏-Sp-I- F-∂-Xv- Cu- hn-`m-K-°m¿-°p- A-

Nn-¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

C-tX-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kv- F-gp-Xn-:- "-Cu- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- (I-ayq-

Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v-˛-K-Ÿ-I¿-Øm-hv-)- \-S-]-Sn-sb- ]-√pw- \-

J-hpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- F-Xn¿-°m-≥ q-]-`p-h¿-Kw- X-øm-dm-bn.- A-Xn-

\p- tIm-¨-K-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- ]-Xn-]-£w- ]q¿-W-]n-¥p-W-

\¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xzw- tIm-¨-K-kn-

\m-I-bm¬- B- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- A-Jn-te-¥ym- t\-Xr-Xz-hpw- C-Xn¬- C-S-

s]-´p...-'- (C- Fw- F-kv- ˛ C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]-ÿm-\w-˛-1920˛-

1998.- t]-Pv-˛-120).-

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈- Xn-cn-®p-h-c-thm-sS- B-

W-t√m- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- i-‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- Xp-S¿-∂n-

tßm-´v- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- hn-hn-[- k-tΩ-f-\-ßƒ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- ]-ta-

b-ß-fp-≠v.- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- kzm-X-¥y-]m-]v-Xn-°p- kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-

am¿-K-ßƒ,- kzm-X-¥yw- e-`n-®m¬- tZ-io-b- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- \-S-∏n¬-h-

cp-tØ-≠- ap-≥K-W-\m- hn-j-b-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- Cu- ]-ta-b-

ß-fp-sS- A-¥x-k-Ø-bv-°p-- ]p-Ø-≥am-\-ßƒ- \¬-In.- A-h-bp-sS- D-

≈-S-°-Øn-s‚- c-Xv-\-®p-cp-°w- C-Xm-Wv:

cm-Pyw- cm-jv-So-b-kzm-X-¥yw- t\-Sn-°-gn-™m¬- P-\-ß-fp-sS- km-

aq-ly-hpw- cm-jv-So-b-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b- A-`yp-∂-Xn-°p- \m-\m-

hn-[- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ- \-S-∏m-°pw.- q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- hy-h-km-b-hn-

I-k-\w,- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS- km-aq-ly-]-Z-hn- D-b¿-Ø¬,- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-

µo-I-c-Ww,- Pm-Xym-[n-jv-Tn-X-hpw- a-X-]-c-hp-am-b- A-‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ-

s°-Xn-cm-b- t]m-cm-´w,- Pm-Xym-[n-jv-Tn-X- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ßƒ- A-h-km-

\n-∏n-°¬.

Cu- ap-≥K-W-\m-hn-j-b-ßƒ- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬- 1947 B-K-kv-Xv-

15\v- kzm-X-¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xp-ap-X¬- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- tI-µ-Øn-se- tIm-

¨-K-kv- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ-°p- I-gn-™n-√.- Im-¿-j-n-I- k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bp-

sS- h-f¿-®-bv-°pw- B-[p-\n-I- hy-h-km-b-ßƒ- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ F-Sp-

Ø- Nn-e- \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw- s\-lv-dp- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s‚- ]-Øp-h¿-j-sØ-

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- P-\-ß-fn¬- ]-Xo-£- D-f-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu-

k-Xyw- Im-Wm-sX-b-√- ta¬-∏-d-™- hn-a¿-i-\w.- ]-t£,- tZ-io-b-

kzm-X-¥y-]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚- \m-fp-I-fn¬- D-b¿-Øn-b- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-

]-tNm-Zn-X-am-b- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂v,- kzm-X-¥yw-

e-`n-®v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn-b-tXm-sS,- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]n-t∂m-°w

-t]m-bn.-

35

Cu- km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- '-57se- B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-

`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-- _-Z¬-\-b-ßƒ- P-\-ßƒ-

°p- ap-∂n¬-h-®-Xv.- Cu- ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I-bp-sS- cm-jv-So-b-]m-[m-\yw-

tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv- C-ß-s\- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.-

"-sF-Iy-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k-\- A-P-≠- cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂- Im-

cyw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- F-X- Ku-c-h-am-bn-´m-Wv- F-Sp-Ø-sX-∂-Xn-

s‚- sX-fn-hm-Wv- C-Xp- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- 1956¬- Xr-iq-cn¬- tN¿-

∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- hn-ti-jm¬- k-tΩ-f-\w.- tI-c-f-Øn-

s‚- hn-I-k-\w- kw-_-‘n-®- H-cp- tc-J- Cu- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- Aw-Ko-

I-cn-°-s∏-´p.- Cu- tc-J-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv- '-57se- sX-c-

s™-Sp-∏v- am-\n-s^-kv-t‰m- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-°p-

am-X-am-Wv- A-∂v- H-cp- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- am-\n-s^-kv-t‰m- D-≠m-bn-cp-

∂-Xv.- tIm-¨-K-kv- Dƒ-s∏-sS- H-cp-]m¿-Sn-bpw- H-cp -]-cn-]m-Sn-tbm- ]-

kv-Xm-h-\-t]m-ep-tam- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-√.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p- am-\n-s^-kv-

t‰m-bp-sS- tIm-∏n-Iƒ- P-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-

°p- I-gn-™p.- (hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-ßƒ-˛-t]-Pv- 28,-

30.- aq-∂mw-]-Xn-∏v-).-

Cu- ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I-bn-te-°p- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- F-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p-≈- aq¿-Ø-am-b- Nn-e- km-aq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ- tI-c-f-Øn-epw-

C-¥y-bn-epw- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-X-s∂- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂n-cp-∂p.- A-tX-°p-dn-

®v- C- Fw- F-kv- F-gp-Xn-:-

"-`q-an-b-S-°-ap-≈- u-Xn-I-kz-Øp-°-fn-t∑¬- A-h-Im-i-hpw- \n-

b-¥-W-hp-ap-≈-h-cp-sS- kz-Øp-°-fpw- h-cp-am-\-ß-fpw- A-h-cp-sS- kz-

¥w- Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b-Xn-s\-°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- h-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬- an-®w-h-cp-∂-Xv- a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v- hn-‰v- A-Xn-\p-hn-e-bm-bn- In-´p-∂-

k-º-Øv,- A-s√-¶n¬- \m-Wyw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- X-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-ap-≈-

Xpw- a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS- ssI-øn¬- an-®-am-bn- h-cp-∂-Xp-am-b- N-c-°p-Iƒ-

hm-ßp-I-sb-∂- A¿-Y-Øn¬- hym-]m-cw- h-f¿-∂p-h-cm-≥ Xp-S-ßn.-

A-ß-s\- Ir-jn,- ssI-sØm-gn¬,- I-®-h-Sw- F-∂- aq-∂p- ap-Jy-hn-`m-

K-ß-fp-≈- km-º-Øn-I-Po-hn-Xw,- A-Xn-s‚- \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw- c-£-bv-

°p-am-h-iy-am-b- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛- C-Xp-c-≠pw- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv-

C-¥y-≥ k-aq-l-sa-∂p-h-∂p-'.- (C- Fw- F-kv- th-Z-ß-f-sS- \m-Sv.-

t]-Pv- 26).-

C-∏-d-™- aq-∂p-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- k-Po-h-km-∂n-[yw- tI-c-f-

k-aq-l-Øn-epw- k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn-\p-]p-d-sa,- a-s‰m-cp- k-hn-

BZy-\n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp∏v-

36


ti-j-am-b _m-ly-L-S-I-hpw- tI-c-f-Øn¬- k-Po-h-am-bn- C-S-s]-´p.-

a-‰n-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- A-X- k-Po-h-a-√m-Ø aXk\yq-\-]-

£-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS- hn-in-jym,- ItØm-en-°m- k`bp-sS C-S-s]-S-em-

bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- C- Fw- F-kv- Nq-≠n-°m-ń-b- aq-∂p-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬- c-

≠n-epw- A-Xm-b-Xv,- Ir-jn,- I-®-h-Sw- F-∂n-h-bn¬- ssI-kv-X-h-P-\-

hn-`m-Kw- tI-c-f-Øn¬- A-Xn-\-Iw- k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.- H-∏w,- a-‰v- hn-

`m-K-ßƒ- A-X-I-≠v- i-≤-]-Xn-∏n-°m-Xn-cp-∂- hn-Zym-`ym-kw,- B-tcm-

Ky-kw-c-£-Ww- F-∂o- ta-J-e-I-fn¬-Iq-Sn- Cu- \yq-\-]-£-hn-`m-Kw-

tI-c-f-Øn¬- k-Po-h-am-bn- C-S-s]-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn-s‚- -e-

am-bn- C- Fw- F-kv- hn-h-£n-®- aq-∂p-hn-`m-K-ßƒ-s°m-∏w- ssI-kv-

X-h- hn-`m-Khp-w- sF-Iy-tI-c-f- c-]o-I-c-W-L-´-Øn¬-X-s∂- C-hn-sS-

h-f-sc- k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂p-Im-Wmw.-

Np-cp-°-Øn¬-,- B-[p-\n-I- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- k-a-K-hn-I-k-\-Øn-

\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw- tI-c-f-sØ- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw-

e-£y-an-´m-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- '-57se- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-I-S-

\-]-Xn-I- X-øm-dm-°n- P-\-ßƒ-°p-ap-∂n¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.- Cu- ]-

I-S-\-]-Xn-I-bv-°p-≈- Aw-Ko-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-^-ew.-

B-sI-bp-≈- 126 ko-‰n¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- a-’-cn-®-Xv- 100 ko-‰n-

em-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn¬- 60 ko-‰n¬- ]m¿-Sn- P-bn-®p.- ]n-¥p-W-®- A-©v-

kz-X-¥-∑m-cpw- P-bn-®p-h-∂p.- A-ß-s\- 65 ko-t‰m-sS- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-

]m¿-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-˛- c-≠p-t]-cp-sS- `q-cn-]-£-Øn¬.- 124

ko-‰n¬- a-’-cn-®- tIm-¨-K-kv- t\-Sn-b-Xv- 43 ko-‰p-am-Xw.- 62 ko-

‰n¬- a-’-cn-®- ]n-F-kv-]n-°p- H-º-Xpw.- 28 ko-‰n¬- a-’-cn-®- B¿-F-

kv-]n-°v- H-cp-ko-‰p-t]m-epw- In-ń-bn-√.- ap-…nw-eo-Kv- F-´v- ko-‰n¬- hn-

P-bn-®p.- at©iz-cw- ko-‰n¬- I¿-Wm-SIkan-Xn- am-Xta a’cn-®p-

≈p-.- Ahcp-sS ÿm-\m¿-Yn- Fw- Dtajv- dm-hp- kz-X¥\m-bn- Pbn-

®p-h∂p.-

c-≠p-t]-cp-sS- q-cn-]-£w- am-X-ap-≈- k¿-°m-cm-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-

ta-‰-bp-S-≥ Im¿-jn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\pw- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏-h-Im-i-Øn-\pw-

\n-b-aw- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv.- hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-Kw- k-aq-e-am-bn- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-

°m-\p-≈- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- \-S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n-√v-. -

sXm-gn¬-k-a-c-ß-fn¬- s]m-eo-kv- C-S-s]-Sn-s√-∂p- ]-Jym-]n-®v- s]m-

eo-kv- tk-\-sb- P-\-ß-fp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- kw-c-£-I-cm-bn- ]p-\x-kw-

L-Sn-∏n-®p.- hy-h-km-b- A-¥-co-£w- B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-cn-®p.- kz-Im-

cy- hy-h-km-bn-I-sf- Dƒ-s∏-sS- tI-c-f-Øn-te-°p- sIm-≠p-h-∂p.-

37

[¿-am-ip-]-XnIƒ- F-∂p-hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂- k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-Xn-

Iƒ- B-[p-\n-I-h¬-I--cn-®v- ]p-Iƒ-s]-‰- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-tcm-Ky-

kp-c-£m- tam-U-en-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-In.- C-ß-s\- ]-Xo-£-bp-sS-

]-®-Øp-cp-Øn-te°p- a-e-bm-fn- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- bm-X-bv-°p- Xp-S-°-an-

´p- F-∂-Xm-Wv- 1957 G-]n¬- A-©n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- ]-Y-a- C- Fw-

F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Jym-Xn- tem-I-sa-ßpw- F-Øn-®-Xv.- ]-Xo-£-

bp-sSbpw- ]Xym-ibp-sSbpw-- ]p-Xp-∏-p-e-cn-°p- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Xp-S-°-

am-bn- F-∂¿-Yw.-

38


A-[ym-bw-˛7

B-Zy-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- `-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- Fw-F¬-F-am-cp-sS-bpw- ]m¿-Sn- ]n-

¥p-W-tbm-sS- P-bn-®- kz-X-¥mw-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \n-b-a-

k-`m-I-£n-tbm-Kw- tN¿-∂m-Wv- \n-b-a-k-`m-I-£n- t\-

Xm-hm-bn- C- Fw- F-kv- \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s\- sX-c-s™-

Sp-Ø-Xv.-

F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- J-Zo-Pm- _n¬-Un-Mv-kn¬- B-Zyw- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-]m¿-Sn- s]m-fn-‰v- _yq-tdmbpw- kw-ÿm-\- I-

Ωn-‰n-bpw- tbm-Kw- tN¿-∂p.- 1957 am¿-®v- 22\m-bn-cp-∂p-

Cu- tbm-Kw.- K-h¿-W¿- £-Wn-®m¬- ]m¿-Sn- a-¥n-k-`-

cq-]o-I-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- sXm-´-Sp-Ø- cm-Xn- ]m¿-Sn- P-\-d¬-

sk-I-´-dn- A-P-b-tLm-jv- ]-Jym-]n-®p.- am¿-®v- 25\m-

bn-cp-∂p- \n-b-a-k- m-I-£n-tbm-Kw.- A-\m-tcm-Ky-aq-ew- ]n-

hn- Ip-™p-Æn-\m-b¿- tbm-K-Øn-s\-Øn-bn-√.- ti-jn-®-

64 t]-cpw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- \n-b-a-k-`m-I-£n- t\-Xm-hm-bn-

sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- -ti-jw- \n-bp-‡- ap-Jy-a-¥n- C- Fw-

F-kn-s‚- B-Zy-]-X-k-tΩ-f-\w-.- kp-]-[m-\-am-b- Nn-e-

]-Jym-]-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw- ]-X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬-

\-S-Øn-b-Xv.-

`q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n¬,- -c-W-]-cn-jv-

Im-cw- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- X-s‚- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-

h-∂m-ep-S-≥ \-S-∏m-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- \n-bp-‡- ap-Jy-

a-¥n-bp-sS- BZy-]-Jym-]-\w.- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-b-

D-S-≥ H-s∂m-∂m-bn- C-h- \-S-∏m-°m-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-

Xz-cn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-bn.- tI-c-fw- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- bp-K-∏n-d-hn-

BZy-k¿-°m-cn-s‚ cW\S]Sn-Iƒ-

39

I-≠p-W-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- B- Im-gv-N.-

1957 G-]n¬- A-©n-\v- ]-Y-a- tI-c-f- k¿-°m¿,- C- Fw- F-kv-

\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.- 11 Aw-Kßfm-bn-

cp-∂p- a¥n-k`bn¬.- Sn- hn- tXm-akv- (Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v-,- sXm-gn¬),-

kn- ANyp-Xtat\m≥- ([\w),- sI kn- tPm¿-Pv- (`£yw,- h\w),- sI

B¿- Ku-cn- (dh\yq),- tUm.- F B¿- tat\m≥- (Btcm-Kyw),- hn-

B¿- Ir-jv-Wø¿- (\n-baw)-,- Sn- F aPo-Zv- (s]m-Xp-acm-aØv),- ]n- sI

Nm-Ø≥- (Xt±ikz-bw-`cWw),- sI ]n- tKm-]m-e≥- (hy-hkm-bw),-

tPm-k^v- ap-≠ticn- (hn-Zym-`ym-kw-)- F∂n-hcm-bn-cp-∂p- a‰p- a¥n-

am¿.-

a¥n-am-cp-sS cm-„o--b]ivNm-Øehpw- km-aq-ly-ho-£Whpw-

A\p-`hhpw- BZy- C Fw- Fkv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Jy-m-Xn- \m-sSßpw-

]cØn.- B[p-\n-I tIcfØn-s‚ kr-„n-°p-th≠ I¿-Ω]≤Xn-

Iƒ- kw-_‘n-® Dƒ-°m-gv-Nbpw- Ah kab_‘n-Xam-bn- \S∏m-

°m-\p-≈ [n-jWbpw- B¿-Phhpw- ap-Jy-a¥n-bn-epw- a‰p- a¥n-am-

cn-epw- H∂n-s\m-∂p- sa®s∏´ \n-ebn¬ -]ISam-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xp-sIm-

≠m-Wv,- "-B-Zy- C- Fw- F-kv- a-¥n-k-`-t]m-se- C-X-b-[n-Iw- ]-K-

¤-a-Xn-Iƒ- H-cp-an-®v- A-Wn-\n-c-∂- a-s‰m-cp- a-¥n-k-`- A-Xn-\p-ap-tºm-

]n-tºm- tI-c-f-Øn-se-∂-√,- a-s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-epw- D-≠m-bn-

ń-√-'- F-∂-v- ]n- tKm-hn-µ-∏n-≈- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.-

t\-c-sØ- \mw- I-≠-Xp-t]m-se-,- kzm-X-¥y-]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚-

L-´-Øn¬- tZ-i-hym-]-I-am-bn- D-b¿-∂- P-\-Io-b-]-t£m-`-ß-fp-sS-

Im-X¬- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ-˛-`q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hpw- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-

c-W-hpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS-˛-tI-c-f- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- "-Np-h-∂- q- -an-

I-bn¬-'- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-

Xv.- Cu- cm-jv-So-b- A-P-≠-- ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I-bn¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-

Im-cyw- ap-ºp- kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.-

G-]n¬- A-©n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- a-¥n-k-`,- \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS-

]-Y-a-tbm-Kw- hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°m-≥ K-h¿-W-tdm-Sp- ip-]m¿-i- sN-bv-Xp.-

Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- k-Xy-]-Xn-⁄- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- Im-cy-ßƒ- ]q¿-Øn-

-bm-t°-≠-Xn-\m¬- \n-b-a-k-`m-k-tΩ-f-\w- ssh-Ipw- F-∂- ÿn-Xn-

bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬- ]-[m-\-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- Hm¿-Un-\-≥kv-

sIm-≠p-h-cn-I- F-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- k¿-°m¿- e-£yw.- C-Xn-\m-bn-

Nn-e- _n-√p-Iƒ-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰v- Zn-h-k-ßƒ-°p-≈n-¬- k¿-°m¿-

cq-]w- \¬-In.-

A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰v- B-dmw-Zn-h-kw- G-]n¬- 11\v- F-√m-hn-[- Ip-Sn-sbm-


40


gn-∏n-°-ep-I-fpw- \n-tcm-[n-®v- k¿-°m¿- C-d-°n-b- Hm¿-Un-\-≥km-bn-

cp-∂p- C-Xn¬- B-Zy-tØ-Xv.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- k¿-°m¿- A-\m-h-iy-am-

b- [r-Xn-Im-ń-sb-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- tIm-¨-K-kv- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- ]-Xn-]-

£-Øn-s‚- B-tcm-]-Ww.- ]-Y-a- \n-b-a-k-`m- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- Ip-Sn-

sbm-gn-∏n-°¬- \n-tcm-[-\-_n-√v- sk-e-Œv- I-Ωn-‰n-°v- A-b-bv-°m-≥ A-

h¿- ]n-Sn-hm-in-Im-ń.- k¿-°m¿- h-g-ßn-bn-√.- ]n-∂o-Sv- sa-bv- A-©n-\v-

]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚- C-d-ßn-t∏m-°n-\n-S-bn¬- k-`- _n-√v- ]m-km-°n.-

tI-c-f- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- cq-]o-I-cn-°m-≥,- A-∂v- \n-e-hn-en-cp-∂-

Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- \n-b-a-Øn-\p-≈- t`-Z-K-Xn- _n-√pw-

Xp-S¿-∂v- hn-Jym-X-am-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n-√pw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p.- kz-

Im-cy- h-\-kw-c-£-W-_n-√pw- k¿-°m¿- C-Xn-\n-sS- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.-

F-∂m¬,- Cu- Zn-i-bn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- th-K-ta-dn-b- \-S-]-Sn-sIm-≠v-

G-‰-hpw- i-t≤-b-am-b-Xv- k¿-°m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘-

_n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1957 Un-kw-_¿- 21\v- d-h-\yp-a-¥n- sI- B¿- Ku-cn-

b-Ω- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘-_n-√v- k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.-

kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bn-se-X-s∂- G-‰-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- \n-b-

a-\-S-]-Sn-bpw- Im¿-jn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- \n-b-aw- F-

¥m-bn-cp-∂p- 1957se- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘-_n-√n-s‚- N-cn-X-]m-[m-\yw-?-

P-∑n-am-cn¬-\n-∂pw- q-hp-S-a-I-fn¬-\n-∂p- q-an- ]m-´-Øn-s\-Sp-Ø- F-

√m-Ø-cw- I¿-j-I-sc-bpw- "-Ip-Sn-bm-≥'- F-∂- \n¿-h-N-\-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-

[n-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂p- F-∂-Xm-Wv- Cu- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- N-cn-X-]-c-am-

b- k-hn-ti-j-X.- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- ]n-≥_-e-Øn¬- 20 e-£-tØm-fw-

Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿-°v- A-h-cp-sS- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏p-`q-an-bn¬- ÿn-cm-h-Im-i-hpw-

ssI-h-im-h-Im-i-hpw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p- k¿-°m-cn-\p- I-gn-™p.-

C-tX-°p-dn-®v- tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "-F-

√m- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿-°pw- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏p-`q-an-bn¬- ÿn-cm-h-Im-iw- \¬-

In.- A-\ym-b-am-bn- Ip-Sn-sbm-gn-∏n-°-s∏-´- Nn-e-bn-\w- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿-

°v- q-an- ho-s≠-Sp-°m-\p-≈- hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]m-´w- K-Wy-

am-bn- Ip-d-®p.- a-cym-Z-∏m-´w- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- K-Wy-am-bn- sh-ń-°p-d-®-

]p-Xn-b- ]m-´-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- I-W-°m-°p-∂- Xm-c-X-tay-

\- Ip-d-™- hn-e-bv-°v- D-S-am-h-Im-iw- hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿-

°v- A-h-Im-iw- \¬-In-'- (tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv,- hn-tam-N-

\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-ßƒ- aq-∂mw-]-Xn-∏v-˛-t]-Pv- 33).-

C- Fw- F-kv- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- C-ß-s\- F-gp-Xn-:- "-tI-c-f-Øn-se-

tbm- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- m-K-sØ-tbm- tIm-¨-K-kv- K-h-¨-

sa-‚p-Iƒ- A-Xn-\p-ap-sºm-cn-°-epw- \¬-In-bn-ń-√m-Ø- X-c-Øn-ep-≈-

41

]-cn-c-£-Iƒ- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿-°pw- (]m-´-ÿn-c-X,- Ip-d-™-]m-´w,- D-S-

am-h-Im-iw- hn-e-bv-°p-hm-ßm-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw-)- q-c-ln-X-cm-b- sXm-

gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pw- _n-√n¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-cp-∂p.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- K-h-

¨-sa-‚ v- Cu- \n-b-aw- \-S-∏m-°n-bm¬- A-Xv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-sb- i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂p-am-X-a-√,- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-

b- q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈- B-h-iy-sØ- sN-dp-Øp-\n¬-

°m-≥ a-‰v- kw-ÿm-\- K-h-¨-sa-‚p-Iƒ-°v- _p-≤n-ap-´m-Ip-I-bpw- sN-

øpw-'.- (C- Fw- F-kv- tI-c-f- N-cn-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn¬-

˛-t]-Pv- 338).-

Np-cp-°-Øn¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se,- 1947\p-ap-ºv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿,- sIm-

®n,- a-e-_m¿- ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se-,- \-thm-∞m-\- ]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS- B-

i-b-`n-em-j-ßƒ-s°m-Øhn-[w- k-aq¿-Ø-am-b- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-

K-Xn-th-Kw- ]-I¿-∂m-Wv- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m¿- C- Fw- F-kn-

s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- ]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂p- hy-‡w.- B-[p-\n-I-

tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- `-Z-am-b- `m-hn-°p- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-I- am-X-a-√- B-

k¿-°m¿- sN-bv-X-Xv.- m-j-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- sF-Iy-tI-c-fw- cq-]o-I-cn-

®-ti-jw,- B-Zy-]-Yn-I-cp-sS- ]m-X- ]n-¥p-S-cm-\pw- am-Xr-I-bm-°m-\p-

a-n-√m-sX- kz-bw- am-Xr-I- kr-„n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C- Fw- F-kv- K-h-

¨-sa-‚ v.- "Will not force is the basis of state" (B-bp-[-_-e-a-√,- a-dn-

®v,- C-Om-i-‡n-bm-Wv- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\w-)- F-∂- hn-Jym-

X- Cw-•o-jv- Nn-¥-I-≥ Sn- F-®v- Ko-\n-s‚- hm-°p-Iƒ- A-£-cm¿-Y-

Øn¬- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- ap-Jy-ap-J-

ap-Z-bm-bn.-

k¿-°m¿- kzo-I-cn-®- ssh-hn-[y-]q¿-W-am-b- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-

ß-fp-sS- B-sI-Øp-I,- ]p-tcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-hpw- B-Z¿-im-[n-jv-Tn-X

-am-b- H-cp- \-h-tI-c-f-sØ- hm¿-sØ-Sp-°m-≥ A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´p- F-∂-

Xm-Wv.-

Xn-I-®pw- t£m-`-P-\-hpw- ]-tIm-]-\-]-c-hp-am-b- H-cp- km-aq-ly-

km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv- ]-Y-a- tI-c-f- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-Xv.-

P-∑n-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-Ø-˛-ap-X-em-fn-Ø km-aq-ly-I-a-Øn¬,- A-Xn-s‚-

\n-b-a-]-c-hpw- cm-jv-So-b-hp-am-b- N-´-°q-Sn-s\-Xn-sc- _-Z¬-\-b-ßƒ-

D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I- Xn-I-®pw- i-a-I-c-am-Wv.- A-tß-b-‰w- t_m-[-]q¿-

h-am-b- Cu- i-a-ßƒ- k-In-b-am-Ip-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-tX-k-a-bw,-

\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- km-aq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bp-am-bn- C-gp-In-t®¿-∂- P-\-k-

aq-l-sØ- i-‡-am-b- cm-jv-So-b-t_m-[-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-eq-sS- th-dn-´-

Nn-¥m-[m-c-bn-te-°p- \-bn-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-tß-b-‰w- i-a-I-c-


42


hpw- cm-„o-bhpw- _p-≤n-]-chp-am-b- A-[zm-\w- B-h-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-

I-bpw- sN-bv-X- Cu- ]-In-b- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- I-e¿-∏n-√m-Ø-

km-aq-ly-]-Xn-_-≤-X-tbm-sS- hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n.-

C-Xn-s‚- Kp-W-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p- '-57se- B-Zy-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-

]m¿-Sn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- t\-Sn-b- hn-P-bw.- Sn- F-®v- Ko-≥ ]-d-™- hm-°p-

I-fp-sS- i-cn-bm-b- ]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu-- t\- -Øn-\p- \n-Zm-\w.- 19˛mw-

\q-‰m-≠n-s‚- A-h-km-\- c-≠p--Zi-I-ß-fn¬- Xp-S-ßn- 20˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-

s‚- ]-Ip-Xn-h-sc- \o-≠- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Z-i-bp-sS- Np-°m-≥ I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- i-‡-am-bn- G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xn-s‚- ]-cn-W-X-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p-

Cu- t\-´w.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øp- C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-®p- \-S-∂- ]-T-\-ßƒ- \n-

c-h-[n.- F-√m-Øp-d-bn-se-bpw- \n-c-h-[n-t]¿- Cu- ]-T-\-ß-fn¬- m-K-

`m-°m-bn.- A-h-sc-√mw- F-Øn-t®¿-∂- \n-K-a-\-ß-fp-sS- B-sI- Xp-I-

C-Xm-Wv-:- ]-Y-a- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- B-Wv- B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-

Øn-\p- cm-jv-So-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-In-b-Xv.- c-k-c-am-b- kw-K-Xn,- I-ayq-

Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-sb- cq-]o-I-c-W-L- w-ap-X¬- F-Xn¿-Øp-t]m-cp-∂- tIm-

¨-K-kv- t\-Xm-°-fpw- sshIn-bm-sW¶nepw- Cu- \n-K-a-\-Øn¬- F-

Øn- F-∂-Xm-Wv.- '-57¬- -c-W-ta-‰- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Jym-

Xn-°p- C-Xn¬-∏-cw- sX-fn-sh-¥n-\v-?-

43

A-[ym-bw-˛8

]p-Xp-bp-K-∏n-d-hn-

hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬,-- c-≠-c-h¿-j-Øn-\-Iw- C-X-tb-sd- ]p-

tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- In-bm-fl-I-hp-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- ]p-Xp-

Xm-bn- cq-]o-I-cn-®- H-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Ø k¿-°m¿- kzo-

Icn-®p- F∂Xv- Ahn-iz-k\o-bam-bn- tXm-∂mw. -

F∂m¬- A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- bm-Ym¿-Yyw.- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn \n-

ehn¬-h∂ kw-ÿm-\Øn--s‚- ap-t∂m-´p-≈- ]-bm-W-

hpw- A-Xn-s‚- m-hn-bpw- F-s¥-∂p- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-≥

tI-c-f-Øn-se-∂-√- a-s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øpw- AXn-\n-

sS Hcp- k¿-°m-cn-\pw- I-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√.- "-1957se- k¿-

°m-cn-s‚- t\-´-ß-fn¬- a‰p- Nn-e-Xp-Iq-Sn- a-\- n-em-°n-

bm-te- Cu- Nn-Xw- ]q¿-W-am-Iq.- A-h-bn¬- G-Xm-\pw-

D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒ- C-Xm.-

H-∂v-:- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c- I-Ωn-‰n-

tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-k¿-°m-cn-\v-,- H-c¿-Y-Øn¬,-- ssI-am-

dn-In-ń-b-Xv- _n-ó-jv- -c-W-Øn-s‚- Nq-Spw-Nq-cpw- G-‰p-

hm-ßn-b- D-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-

Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- -c-W-X-e-Øn-epw- cm-jv-So-b-X-e-Øn-

epw- A-]-am-Zn-Øw- Im-´p-∂- H-cp-hn-`m-K-am-bn- A-∂-sØ-

D-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m-\w- am-dn-.- kzm-X-¥y-]m-]v-Xn-°p-

ti-jw- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- kw-ÿm-\-Øpw- a-e-_m-dn-epw- C-

Xn-s‚- Xn-c-t\m-´w- A-\p-`-h-s∏-´p.- C-Xp-Iq-Sn- I-W-°n-

se-Sp-Øv,- ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I-bn¬- D-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m-

\w- A-gn-®p-]-Wn-bp-sa-∂pw- A-Xn-\m-bn- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-

44


c- I-Ωn-‰n- cq-]o-I-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- hm-Kv-Zm-\w- sN-

bv-Xp.- Cu- D-d-∏p-]m-en-°m-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-bp-S-≥ k¿-

°m¿- kzo-I-cn-®p.- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kv- C-ß-s\- F-gp-Xn.-

"-"-tZ-io-b- kzm-X-¥yw,- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- kw-tbm-P-\w,- sF-

Iy-tI-c-f- cq-]o-I-c-Ww,- c-≠mw- ]-©-h¬-’-c]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°w-

Xp-S-ßn-b- km-l-N-cy-ßƒ- D-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬- A-gn-®p-

]-Wn- A-\n-hm-cy-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hpw- I-a-k-am-[m-\-]m-

e-\-hpw- am-X-a-√- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- e-£y-sa-∂p-h-∂p.- a-dn-®v,- F-√m-

hn- m-K-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- P-\-ß-fp-sS- hn-in-jym- ]m-h-s∏- -h-cp-sS- t£-

a-hpw- D-∂-Xn-bp-am-Wv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- e-£y-ß-sf-∂pw- B-I-bm¬- -

c-Ww- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-I-W-sa-∂pw- F-∂- Nn-¥- h-f¿-∂p.- kzm-X-

¥yw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc- D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS- Iq-dv- A-¥n-a-hn-i-I-e-\-

Øn¬,- hn-tZ-i-i-‡n-tbm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m-en-\n-ap-X¬,- D-tZym-K-ÿ-

hr-µ-Øn-s‚- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-Xn-\n-[n-I-tfm-Sm-bn-cn-

°-W-sa-∂- \n-e-h-∂p.- Cu- am-‰w- D-tZym-K-ÿ-hn-`m-K-Øn-\p- ]p-Xn-

b- I-S-a-I-fpw- Np-a-X-e-bpw- kr-„n-®p.- Cu- km-l-N-cy-am-I-s´,- A-h-

cp-sS- I-m-gv-N-∏m-Sn-epw- a-t\m-`m-h-Øn-epw- -c-W-ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-Øn-epw-

]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-epw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-hpw- k-aq-ehp-am-b- A-gn-®p-]-Wn-

A-\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo¿-Øp...-'- (C-Fw-F-kv- -tI-c-fw -]-iv-\-ß-fpw- km-

[y-X-I-fpw-˛ teJ\w-).-

Cu- e-£y-tØm-sSbm-Wv- ap-Jy-a-¥n- C- Fw- F-kv- A-[y-£-

\m-bn- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰n- cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xv.- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bn¬-

tI-µ-k¿-°m-cn-t\m- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m-cn-t\m- Cu-

Zn-i-bn¬- Nn-¥n-°m-≥t]m-epw- I-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√- F-∂p- a-\- n-em-°p-

tºm-tg,- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Cu- \-S-]-Sn-bp-sS- N-cn-X-]-c-

am-b- ]m-[m-\yw- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\m-Iq.- hn-Zym- ym-k-a-¥n- s]m- .- tPm-

k-^v- ap-≠-ti-cn,- No-^v- sk-I-´-dn- F-≥ C- F-kv- cm-L-hm-Nm-cn,-

]n- F-kv- \-S-cm-P-]n-≈,- "-C-°-tWm-an-Iv- dn-hyq-'- F-Un-‰m-bn-cp-∂- F-

®v- Un- am-f-hy,- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- No-^v- sk-I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Pn- ]-c-

ta-iz-c-≥]n-≈,- sI- F-kv- ta-t\m-≥,- ]-ªn-Iv- A-Uv-an-\n-kv-tS-j-≥

C-≥kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- ]-Xn-\n-[n- hn- sI- \-µ-≥ta-t\m-≥ F-∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-

∂p- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c -I-Ωn-‰n-bn-se- a‰v- Aw-K-ßƒ.-

c-≠v-:- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-c-Ww-

- ap-Jy-a-¥n- A-[y-£-\m-b- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- ]-h¿-

Ø-\w- am-Xr-Im-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ap-Jy-a-¥n- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- F-´w-K-

45

ß-fpw- ]-K-¤-a-Xn-I-fpw- [n--j-W-im-en-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂n-cn-s°,-

X-ß-fp-sS- A-]-am-Zn-Ø-sam-∂pw- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬-

ÿm-]n-°m-≥ A-h¿- X-øm-dm-bn-√.- a-dn-®v- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰n-

bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- G-‰-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn- \-S-Øm-\m-Wv- A-

h¿- Xp-\n-™-Xv.-

C-Xn-s‚- m-K-am-bn- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-Øn-\p- kzo-I-cn-t°-≠- \-

S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏-‰n- hn-i-Z-am-sbm-cp- tNm-Zym-h-en- I-Ωn-‰n- X-øm-dm-°n.- C-

Xn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- k-a-K-am-b- N¿-®-bpw- A-`n-]m-b-ti-J-c-

W-hpw- \-S-∂p.- Np-cp-ßn-b- \m-fp-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬- G-‰-hpw- ][m-\s∏´

]-In-b-bv-°v- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c- I-Ωn-‰n- Xp-S-°-an-´p.- sX-c-s™-Sp-

∏p- ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I-bn¬- D-d-∏p-\¬-In-b- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-c-Ww-

F-∂- Zo¿-L-hpw- k-¶o¿-W-hp-am-b- ]-In-b-bv-°m-Wv- I-Ωn-‰n- Xp-S-

°-an-´-Xv.-

`-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- Cu- ip-]m¿-i-bp-sS- A-\-¥-c-

^-ew- F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p-?- C-¥y-bn¬- kzm-X-¥y-]m-]v-Xn-°p-ti-jw- A-

Xn-\-Iw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- tI-µ-k¿-°m-cn-t\m- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw-

kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ-t°m- kz-]v-\w- Im-Wm-\m-Im-Ø,- hn-kv-a-

bm-h-l-am-b- am-‰-Øn-\m-Wv- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰n- A-[n-Im-c-hn-

tI-µo-I-c-W- ]-In-b-h-gn- Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv.- A-Xn-s‚- -e-am-bn- ]-©m-

b-Øp-cm-Pv,- \-K-c-k-`-Iƒ- kw-_-‘n-®p-≈- c-≠p- kp-]-[m-\- _n-

√p-Iƒ- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p.- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-¥y-]-

t£m-`-L-´-Øn¬- tIm-¨-K-kpw- kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥-cw- -c-W-L-S-\-

bpw- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- A-[n-Im-c-hn--tI-µo-I-c-W-am-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- -

e-h-Øm-Im-≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- X-t±-i-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- F-

∂p-am-Xw- A-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂- ÿm-]-\-ß-sf- Cu- _n-√p-I-fn¬- X-t±-

i- kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-- (Local-Self Government) F-∂v- ]p-

\¿-\n¿-h-Nn-®p.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 73,- 74 t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-h-gn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ]-©m-

b-Øo-cm-Pv,- \-K-c-]m-en-Im- \n-b-a-ßƒ- ]m-_-ey-Øn-em-Ip-∂-Xn-\v-

40 h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-ap-ºm-Wv- tI-c-fw- X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-ß-

sf- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-c-Ww-h-gn- "-`-c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ-'- B-°n- am-‰n-

sb-Sp-Ø-Xv- F-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ- N-cn-X-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ- B-iv-N-cy-s∏-´p-

t]m-Ipw.- t]-cp-sIm-≠p-am-Xw-- -c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ- F-∂p- hn-h-£n-°p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂n-√,- a-dn-®v- hn-]p-e-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- ssI-am-dn- A-h-

sb- b-Ym¿-Y- -c-W-kn-cm-tI-µ-ß-fm-°m-\m-Wv- c-≠p-_n-√p-I-fpw- hn-

`m-h-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.- A-Xn-\m-bn- km-º-Øn-I,- km-aq-ln-I-˛-Im¿-jn-

]pXpbpK∏n-dhn-

46


I- cw-K-ß-fp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- F-√m- tk-h-\-ß-fpw- q-\n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-

°-epw- d-h-\yp-tc-J-I-fp-sS- kq-£n-∏pw- A-S-°-ap-≈- hn-]p-e-am-b- A-

[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ- A-h-bv-°p- ssI-am-dm-\pw- _n-√n¬- hy-h-ÿ-

sN-bv-Xp.- Xm-tg-Ø-ń¬- ]-©m-b-Øpw- \-K-c-k-`-bpw- A-h-bv-°p-ap-I-

fn¬- Pn-√m-X-e-Øn¬- Pn-√m- Iu-¨-kn-epw-˛- C-ß-s\- c-≠p-X-´p-≈-

(Two tier system) X-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv- _n-√p-Iƒ-

h-gn- k¿-°m¿- e-£y-an-´-Xv.- cm-Py-Øv- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-c-W- ]-

In-b-bv-°v,- a-‰v- Nn-e- ]-[m-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬- F-∂-t]m-se,- tI-c-fw-X-

s∂- h-gn-Im-ń-bm-bn- F-∂p-w- N-cn-X-Øn¬- tc-J-s∏-SpØ-s∏-´p.-

47

A-[ym-bw-˛-9

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- tI-fn-sIm-´v-

1957 G-]n¬- A-©n-\v- C- Fw- F-kn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-

Øn¬- ]-Y-a- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m¿- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-

Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-ta¬-°p-tºmƒ- C-hn-sS- ]-Nm-c-W-Øn-

ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- 19 a-e-bm-f-]-X-ßƒ-.- A-h-bv-s°-√mw-

Iq-Sn- A-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- k¿-°p-te-j-≥ ]-Xn-Zn-\w- c-

≠-c-e-£w- tIm-∏n.- 1959 Pq-sse- 31\v- C- Fw- F-kv-

k¿-°m-cn-s\- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 356˛mw- h-Ip-∏p-]-Im-

cw- tI-µw- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-tºmƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- a-e-bm-f-

]-X-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- 30!- ]-Xn-Zn-\- k¿-°p-te-j-≥ B-

dp-e-£-hpw-!-!

c-≠-c-h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬- Cu-- Ip-Xn-®p-I-b-‰-Øn-\p-

Im-c-W-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p-?- H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬,- k¿-°m-cn-s‚-

]-Nm-c-I-cm-bn- ]-X-ßƒ- am-dn-sb-∂m-Ipw- \-ap-°p- tXm-

∂p-I.- Im-c-Ww,- c-≠-c-h¿-jw-sIm-≠v- A-X-ta¬- P-\-

Io-b-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- m-hn-h-f¿-

®-bv-°v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b- F-Æ-a-‰- -c-W-]-cn-

jv-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- \-S-

∏m-°n-b-Xv.-

F-∂m¬,- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cp-sS-bpw- ap-X-em-

fn-Ø-˛-P-∑n-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚-bpw- Xm¬-]-

cy-ß-fpw- h¿-K-]-c-am-b- D-≈-S-°-hpw- \n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa-

∂v- C-∂m-ń-se- ]-am-Wn-h¿-Kw- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p-d-∏n-®p.- A-

Xn-≥^-e-am-bn,- F-s¥-√mw- \-√- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-

®n-´pw- A-∂-sØ- ]-X-ßƒ- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-

48


s\-Xn-sc- A-Wn-\n-c-∂p- - A-h¿-°n-S-bn-se- A- n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ-

X¬-°m-ew- a-d-∂p-sIm-≠v.-

C-Xp- a-\- n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬,- a-s‰m-cp- I-W-°n-te-°p- I-tÆm-

Sn-°-Ww.- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- F-Øp-tºmƒ- A-Xn-s\- ]q¿-

W-am-bn- ]n-¥p-W-®-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- ]-X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂- "-tZ-

im-`n-am-\n-'- (tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-),- "-P-\-bp-Kw-'- (sIm-√w-)- F-∂n-h-am-Xw.-

A-∂v- tIm-gn-t°m-´p-\n-∂p- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂- "-am-Xr-`q-an-'- H-c-f-

hp-h-sc- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- \-b-ßƒ-°p- ]-¥p-W-tb-In-bn-cp-∂p.- e-Øo-

≥ I-tØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-sS- "-tI-c-f- ssSw-kpw-'- B-Zy-L-´-Øn¬- H-c-

f-hp-h-sc- \n-jv-]-£-X- ]m-en-®p.-

k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- "-hn-tam-N-\-k-

a-cw-'- ]-Jym-]n-®-tXm-sS- ]-X-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- s]-cp-In.- A-h-bp-sS-

k¿-°p-te-j-\pw- h-≥tXm-Xn¬- h¿-[n-®p.- A-t∏m-gpw- k¿-°m-cn-s\-

]n-¥p-W-bv-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- ]-X-ß-fm-bn-

cp-∂p-˛- tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpw- P-\-bp-K-hpw.-

tem-I-sØ-√m-bn-S-Øpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-

h¿-K- ]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xpw- i-‡n-]m-]n-®-Xpw- -c-W-

Iq-S-Øn-s‚-bpw- a¿-Z-I-≥am-cp-sS-bpw- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-∏-cy-°m-cp-sS-

bpw- In-cm-X-am-b- a¿-Z-\-ap-d-Iƒ- t\-cn-´p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-bpw-

tI-c-f-hpw- C-Xn¬-\n-∂p- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-√.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-bp-

sS- tI-c-f-L-S-Iw- cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xp-ap-X¬- A-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-b- B-I-a-W-

ßƒ- H-fn-™pw- sX-fn-™pw- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- \-S-∂p-h-∂p.- C-Xn-s\-

sbm-s°- t\-cn-´pw- A-Xn-Po-hn-®p-am-Wv- tI-c-fw- 1957¬- Np-h-∂-Xv.-

kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-s°-Xn-cm-b- B-I-a-W-Øn¬-

ap-∂n¬-\n-∂-Xv- ]-X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1959se- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- C-Xn-

s‚- D-b¿-∂- cq-]w-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

hm-kv-X-hw-]-d-™m¬,- ]-Y-a-tI-c-f- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-cm-b-

_-lp-P-\-]-t£m-`-tam- P-\-Io-b-ap-t∂-‰-tam- H-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√-

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw.- X-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ- \n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa-∂pw-

A-h-bv-°p- kw-c-£-Ww- th-W-sa-∂pw- A-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-b- H-∂n-s\-bpw-

h-®p-s]m-dp-∏n-°n-s√-∂p-ap-≈- H-cp-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚-˛- A-h-cn¬- F-√m-

k-ap-Zm-b-]-am-Wn-am-cpw- Ah¿-°p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In- tIm-¨-K-kpw-

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-˛ Kq-V-\o-°-am-Wv- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-\p- Xn-cn-

sIm-fp-Øn-b-Xv.- A-h¿-°p- ]-Nm-c-W-am-b- ]n-≥_-e-ta-In-b-Xv-

]-X-ß-fpw-.-

B-kq-Xn-X-hpw- t_m-[-]q¿-h-hp-am-b- \p-W-]-Nm-c-Ww-˛- A-Xm-

49

bn-cp-∂p- ]-X-ßƒ- A-h-ew-_n-®- am¿-Kw.- "-hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-\p-

]n-∂n¬- C-X-b-[n-Iw- P-\-ßƒ- A-Wn-\n-c-∂-Xv- F-¥p-sIm-≠v-?- ap-

Jy-¥n-]-Z-sam-gn-™- C- Fw- F-kn-t\m-Sv- ]-X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- D-

b¿-∂- tNm-Zy-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv.- C- Fw- F-kn-s‚- a-dp-]-Sn- "-\p-W-]-d-

™n-´v-'- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- adp-]Sn- A-∂p-\-S-∂- A-cp-Xm-Ø- F-

√m- Im-cy-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s°m-≠p.

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-bp-S-≥ tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-cp-]-

Nm-c-Ww- sIm-Sp-ºn-cn-sIm-≠p.- tIm-¨-K-km-Wv- A-Xn-\p- Xn-cn-sIm-

fp-Øn-b-Xv.- ]-Nm-c-Ww- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-:- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-a-k-am-[m-

\w- X-I¿-∂p-!- (1987¬- c-≠mw- \m-b-\m¿- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-Xn-

s‚- sXm-´-Sp-Ø-Zn-h-kw,- ]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv- sI- I-cp-Wm-I-c-s‚- ]-

Jym-]-\-hpw- C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-a-k-am-[m-\w-

]m-tS- X-I¿-∂p- F-∂v-!-).- I-a-k-am-[m-\-X-I¿-®-bv-°p-]n-∂m-se- '-57¬-

a-s‰m-cp- B-tcm-]-W-hpw- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂p-˛- s]m-eo-kv- kv-t‰-j-\p-Iƒ-

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- sk-√p-I-fm-bn.- sk¬-`-c-W-am-Wv- ]m¿-Sn- tI-c-

f-Øn¬- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv.-

N-cn-Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂- G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw- ]-Y-a- C- Fw- F-

kv- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- ]-Xn-]-£-tam- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- kw-L-S-\-tbm-

k-ap-Zm-b-ß-tfm- ]-Xy-£-k-a-cw- kw-ÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- \-S-Øn-

bn-s√-∂p- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- H-‰-s∏-´tXm- ]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn- \S-∂-tXm-

B-b- Nn-e- kw-`-h-ßƒ- s]m-Sn-∏pw- sXm-ß-epw-h-®p- ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn-s\m-s°- s\-Sp-\m-b-I-Xzw- h-ln-®-Xv- ]-X-ßƒ-X-

s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- ]-Nm-c-Ww- sIm-Sp-ºn-cn-sIm-≠- L-´-Øn-em-

Wv- I-≈p-jm-∏p-Iƒ- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ-°p-

hn-´p-\¬-Im-≥ k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv.- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬- C-Xn-s\-Xn-

cm-b- k-a-c-am-Wv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- B-Zy-am-bn- D-b¿-

∂- k-a-cw.- Xr-iq¿- ko-Xm-dmw- an¬-kn-se- k-a-cw.- (Cu- k-a-c-tØm-

sS-bm-Wv- sI- I-cp-Wm-I-c-≥ sF-F-≥Sn-bp-kn-bp-sS-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- tIm-

¨-K-kn-s‚-bpw- t\-Xm-hm-bn- D-Z-bw-sIm-≠-Xv-).- ae_m-dn-se Nn-dbv-

°¬- Aw-iØv- ]p-gm-Xn-tZisØ Im-´m-º-≈n-bn¬- 7.-5 G-°¿-- ]p-

d-tºm-°p- q-an- ssI-tb-dn-b- k-a-cw- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- ]m-tZ-in-I-

X-e-Øn¬- \-S-∂- k-a-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-

\p-W-bpw- I-≈-hpw- k-am-k-aw- tN¿-∂v- kw-ÿm-\-X-e- ]-Nm-c-

Ww- \-S-Øn- C-h-bv-s°m-s°- h-en-b- ]m-[m-\yw- \¬-Im-≥ ]-X-

ßƒ- a-’-cn-®p.- In-fn-sIm-√q¿,- N-µ-\-tØm-∏v- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se- I-

ip-h-≠n-^m-Œ-dn-Iƒ-°p-ap-∂n¬- \-S-∂- sh-Sn-h-bv-∏pw- C-Xn-s‚- A-Sp-

hn-tam-N\kacØn-s‚ tIfn-sIm-´v-

50


Ø-L-´-am-bn- ]-X-ßƒ- G-s‰-Sp-Øp.-

F-∂m¬,- \-S-°m-Ø-tXm,- k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\w- F-Sp-Øn-ń-√m-

Ø-tXm- B-b- a-s‰m-cp- ]-iv-\w- ]-X-ßƒ- Du-Xn-s∏-cp-∏n-®-Xv- \m-

ń¬- A-¤p-X-X-cw-Kw-X-s∂- kr-„n-®p.- k-Xy-Øn-s‚- I-Wn-I-

ehteian-√m-Ø k-a-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- "-H-c-W-k-a-cw-'- F-∂-t]-cn¬- ]n¬-

°m-e-Øv- N-cn-X-Øn-s‚- m-K-am-b-Xv.-

Ip-´-\m-ń-se- H-cp- t_m-´p-I-S-hn-em-Wv- Cu- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- ]n-d-

hn.- tI-c-f- kv-‰p-U-‚ v-kv- bq-Wn-b-≥ F-∂- sI-F-kv-bp- Cu- k-a-c-

Øn-s‚- k-¥-Xn-bm-Wv.- F- sI- B-‚-Wn,- h-b-em¿- c-hn,- D-Ω-≥Nm-

≠n Xp-S-ßn-b-h-scm-s°- t\-Xm-°fm-bn- am-dn-b-Xpw- H-c-W-k-a-cw-h-

gn-bm-Wv.- h¿-j-ß-fm-bn- Ip-´-\m-ń¬- hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v- H-c-W-bm-bn-

cp-∂p- I-S-Øp-Iq-en.- C-Xv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- ]-Øp-ss]-k-bm-

°n- h¿-[n-∏n-®p- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- ]-Nm-c-Ww.- hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬- A-ß-

s\-sbm-cp- Xo-cp-am-\w- k¿-°m¿- F-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-√.- B- Zn-i-bn¬- B-

tem-N-\-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- F-∂n-´pw- k-a-cw- i-‡n-s∏-´p.- \m-

ń-em-sI- k-a-c-k-tµ-iw- F-Øn-°m-≥ ]-X-ßƒ- ]-c-kv-]-cw- a-’-cn-

®p.- am-t\-Pv-sa-‚ v- kv-Iqƒ- D-S-a-Iƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ- Zn-h-k-

ß-tfm-fw- A-S-®n-´v- hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-sf- sX-cp-hn-en-d-ßn- k-a-cw-sN-øm-≥

t]-cn-∏n-®-Xpw- H-c-W-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- m-K-am-bn- tI-c-fw- I-≠p.-

C-Xn-s‚- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn-cp-∂p- hn-Zym- ym-k-_n-√n-s‚- A-h-X-c-Ww.-

1957 Pq-sse- G-gn-\v- k¿-°m¿- ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n-

√v- Pq-sse- 13\p- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- _n-√n-se- hy-h-ÿ-

Iƒ- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn- hn-Zym-`ym-k- I-®-h-Sw-

\-S-Øn-h-∂- Nn-e- am-t\-Pv-sa-‚p-Iƒ-°v- Z-ln-°m-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

F-∂m¬,- _n-√n-se- \n¿-tZ-i-ß-tfm-Sv- ]-Xn-]-£-Øn-\v- i-‡-am-bn-

F-Xn¿-∏p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- L-´-Øn-em-Wv- k¿-°m-cn-s\- A-ń-a-dn-

°m-\p-≈- \-s√m-cp- h-Sn-bm-bn- I-tØm-en-°m-k-`- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n-

√n-s\-Xn-sc- cw-K-sØ-Øn-b-Xv.- A-tXm-sS- ]-Xn-]-j-sØ- A-`n-]m-

b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ- A-]-Xy-£-am-bn.- A-h-cpw- _n-√n-s\-Xn-sc- H-∂n-

®-Wn-\n-c-∂p.

k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-cm-b- ]-Nm-c-th-e- sIm-Sp-ºn-cn-sIm-≠- a-s‰m-cp-

L- -am-bn-cp-∂p- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-\n-b-a-k- m- D-]-sX-c-s™-

Sp-∏v.- tZ-hn-Ip--fw- a-fi-e-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-

bn-se- tdm-k-Ω- ]p-∂q-kpw- tIm-¨-K-kn-se- _n- sI- \m-b-cpw- ap-

Jy-F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ.- tXm-‰m¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- -c-Ww- Xp-em-kn-em-Ipw.-

51

Im-c-Ww- 64 Aw-K- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- tªm-°n¬- H-cmƒ- kv-]o-°¿.- ]-

Xn-]-£-Øn-\v- 62 Fw-F¬-F-am¿.- _n- sI- \m-b¿- P-bn-®m¬- ]-Xn-

]-£w- 63se-Øpw.- -c-W-]-£w- 63.- F-¥n-\p-ta-Xn-\pw- kv-]o-°-dp-

sS- Im-kv-‰n-Mv-thm-´m-Ipw- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- m-hn- \n-iv-N-bn-°p-I.- ]-t£,-

tZ-hn-Ip-fw- ssI-hn-ń-√.- 1958 sa-bv- 16\v- thm-s´-Sp-∏p- \-S-∂p.- A-∂v-

C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \n-b-a-k-`m-a-fi-e-am-bn-cp-∂- tZ-hn-Ip-

f-Øv- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- 1,-58,-768 thm-´¿-am-cn¬- 84 i-X-am-\w-t]-

cpw- thm-´p-sN-bv-Xp.- sa-bv- 19\v- thm-s´-Æn- -ew--]-Jym-]n-®p-˛- tdm-

k-Ω- ]p--∂q-kv- P-bn-®p-;- q-cn-]-£w- 7089.-

C-\n-bm-Wp- c-kw.- ]n-t‰-Zn-h-kw- ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b- ]-X-ß-fn¬-

a-lm-`q-cn-]-£-hpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- Cu- hn-P-b-Øn-s‚-

Xn-f-°w- Ip-d-bv-°m-≥ X-ß-fm-em-Ip-∂-Xp- ap-gp-h-≥ sN-bv-Xp.- Nn-e-

km-ºn-fp-Iƒ- C-Xm.-

B¿-F-kv-]n-bp-sS- ap-J-]-Xw- Iu-ap-Zn- F-gp-Xn-:- "-tZ-hn-Ip-f-sØ-

A-£-cm-`ym-k-an-√m-Ø- ]m-h-s∏-´- X-an-g¿-°p- tI-c-f-hp-am-bn- ssh-

Im-cn-I-_-‘-sam-∂p-an-√.- C-Xv- H-cp- k-∂-≤-ssk-\y-Øn-s‚- hn-P-b-

am-Wv-'.-

F≥-F-kv-F-kn-s‚- ap-J-]-Xw- a-e-bm-f-cm-Pyw-:- "-Cu- sX-c-s™-

Sp-∏n-s‚- ]m-[m-\yw- C-X-I-≠v- A-\m-h-iy-am-bn- h¿-[n-∏n-®v- tIm-¨-

K-km-Wv-'.-

tI-c-f-`q-j-Ww- F-gp-Xn- "-H-cp- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- P-bn-s®-∂p-

I-cp-Xn- kw-ÿm-\- -c-Ww- P-\-ßƒ- A-∏-Sn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-sa-∂p- hym-

tam-ln-°-cp-Xv'-.-

C-∂-sØ-t]m-se-X-s∂- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- A-∂pw- F-gp-Xn-: "-I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- P-\-kzm-[o-\w- K-Wy-am-bn- Ip-d-™p-sh-∂m-

Wv- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-^-ew- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- 1957se- q-cn-]-£w-

9686 thm-ń¬-\n-∂v- C-t∏mƒ- 7089 thm-´m-bn- C-Sn-™p-!-'.-

F-∂m-en-h-bp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- I-tØm-en-°-k-`-bp-sS- ]-X-am-b-

"-Zo-]n-I-'- F-¥p-sIm-≠pw- ap-ºn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- tZ-hn-Ip-fw- D-]-sX-c-s™-

Sp-∏n¬- A-h-cp-sS- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- te-J-I-≥ sI- kn- sk-_m-kv-

‰y-≥ sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-cw-Kw- t\-cn-´v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv- F-ß-s\-

sb-∂p- t\m-°p-∂-Xp- \-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.- C-Xm,- H-cp-Zm-l-c-Ww-!-

"-tIm-¨-K-kv- tI-µ-ß-fn¬- ]-W-Øn-\p- \-t∂- _p-≤n-ap-´v- A-

\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- tI-µ-ß-fn¬- C-t∏m-gpw- ]-Ww- hm-cn-

sb-dn-bp-∂p...- ]m-º\m-dn-em-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- ap-Jy-sX-


52


c-s™-Sp-∏v- Hm-ô-kv.- B-d-c-a-Wn-°v- R-ß-sf-Øp-tºmƒ- 10 h-≠n-

Iƒ- A-hn-sS- In-S-∏p-≠v.- ]mº-\m-dn¬- Im-dpw- ]-W-hpw- C-´Sn-®n-´pw-

h-en-b- B-im-h-l-am-b- \n-e-]m-Sv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿-°n-√.- A-hn-sS-

\n-∂pw- A-[n-Iw- A-I-se-b-√m-sX-bm-Wv- tIm-¨-K-kv- Hm-ô-kv.- Im-

dp-Iƒ- H-∂p-t]m-epw- A-hn-sS-bn-√.- F-¶n-epw- D-’m-l-ap-≈- tIm-¨-

K-kv- ]-h¿-Ø-I¿- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im-cp-sS- Im-dn-t\m-Spw- ]-W-tØm-

Spw- a-√-Sn-®p- ]-h¿Øn-°p-∂p...-'-

tZ-hn-Ip-fw- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p- -e-tØm-sS- tI-c-f-cm-jv-So-bw-

\n¿-Wm-b-I-am-b- h-gn-Øn-cn-hn-se-Øn.- F-√m- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-I-fpw- hn-

Zym-`ym-k-_n-√v- A-h-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw- q-cn-]-£w- k-ap-Zm-b-kw-

L-S-\-I-fpw- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w- ]-X-ß-fpw- H-∂n-®-Wn-\n-c-∂n-´pw- tZ-

hn-Ip-f-Øv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-sb- tXm¬-∏n-°m-\m-bn-√.- A-Xn-s‚-

Pm-fyw- H-cp-h-i-Øv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- Cu- \n-e- Xp-S¿-∂m¬- X-

ß-fp-sS- Im¬-®p-h-ń-se- a-Æv- H-en-®p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂- Xn-cn-®-dn-hv- a-dp-

h-i-Øv.- C-ß-s\- h-√m-sØm-cp- A-¥-cm-f-L-´-Øn-em-bn- I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-Iƒ.-

A-h¿-°p- kw-L-Sn-°m-\pw- tbm-Pn-∏p- hn-]p-es∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈-

km-l-N-cyw- Ip-sd-°q-Sn- i-‡-am-bn- ]-I¿-∂p-\¬-Ip-∂-Xm-bn- aq-hm-

‰p-]p-g- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-se- hn-P-bw.- B-sI-bp-≈- 16¬-

H-º-Xp-ko-‰pw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- t\-Sn.- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- i-‡n-

Zp¿-K-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b- C-hn-sS- A-Sn-sX-‰p-sa-∂v- A-h¿- kz-]v-t\]n- hn-

Nm-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√.- sXm-´p-ap-ºp -\-S-∂- ]-©m-b-Øv- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-

aq-hm-‰p-]p-g- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- tIm-¨-K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- sI- Fw- tPm¿-Pn-

s‚- a-fi-e-Øn¬- c-≠v- kz-X-¥-ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Iƒ- am-X-am-Wv- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- _m-\-dn¬- P-bn-®p-h-∂-Xv.- A-hn-sS-bm-Wn-

t∏mƒ- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿- sh-∂n-s°m-Sn- \m-ń-b-Xv.- F-ß-s\- k-ln-

°pw- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-Iƒ-!- B- hn-P-b-Øn¬- k-ln-°-h-øm-sX- Iu-

apZn- F-gp-Xn-:-

"-I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s\- A-k-`yw-sIm-≠v- A-`n-tj-Iw-

sN-øp-∂- ]-kw-K-ß-fpw- ]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw -am-Xw- P-\-ß-fp-sS- I-

Æn¬- s]m-Sn-bn-Sm-≥ t]m-Ip-∂-h-bm-sW-∂p-≈- hym-tam-lw- ]-cn-Xy-

Pn-°m-\m-Wv- aq-hm-‰p-]p-g- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-^-ew- ]-Xn-]-£-ß-tfm-Sv-

B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv...-'-

AWn-bdbn¬- A-c-sßm-cp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂¿-Yw.- F-X-

sbm-s°- ]-tIm-]-\w- kr-„n-®n-´pw,- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-Iƒ-

tbm-Pn-t∏m-sS- \n-∂n-´pw- \n-£n-]v-X- Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿-°p- P-bn-°m-\m-

53

Ip-∂n-√.- a-dn-®v- A-Sn-°-Sn- ]-cm-P-b-Øn-s‚- ]-c-º-c-I-fpw-!- C-sXm-

∂pw- ]-t£,- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-I-sf- X-f¿-Øn-bn-√.- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-

s‚- Im-l-fw-ap-g-°n-bp-≈- Nn-e- U-kv- dn-tl-gv-k¬- A-Xn-\-Iw- \-S-

Øn-sb-¶n-epw- ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m- -ew.- ]-t£,- B- X-I¿-

®-bv-°n-S-bn-epw,- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-hn-cp-≤- i-‡n-Iƒ°p-- B-fl-hn-izm-k-

hpw- ]-tNm-Z-\-hpw- Du¿-P-hpw- \¬-Ip-∂- Nn-e -i-‡n-Iƒ- C-hn-sS- D-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- ]-X-ßƒ-!- h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂- \m-fp-Iƒ- ]-X-ßƒ- \-S-

Øm-≥t]m-Ip-∂- s\-dn-sI- - ]-Nm-c-W-ß-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW-∂v- B¿-°pw-

Du-ln-°m-≥t]m-ep-am-bn-√.-


54


A-[ym-bw-˛-10

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-te-°v-

]-i-kv-X- Nn-¥-I-≥ tUm.- sI- F-≥ ]-Wn-°¿- F-gp-

Xn-:- "-kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥-cwam-[y-a-tem-I-Øpw- kw-`-hn-®-

H-cp-am-‰w- a-tX-X-c-Xz-hpw- h¿-Ko-b-X-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- B-

i-b-k-a-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.- H-cp- a-tX-X-c-cm-jv-Sw- sI-ń-∏-Sp-

°m-\p-≈- i-a-Øn¬- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- H-cp-h-en-b-hn-`m-

Kw- I-£n-tN¿-∂p.- ap-≥Xq-°w- a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-t‚-Xm-

bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv- am-‰w- kw- -hn-°p-∂-Xv.- h¿-

Ko-b-X- cm-jv-So-b-am-bn- B-I-a-tWm-’p-I-am-Ip-∂-tXm-

Sp-Iq-Sn- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- k-ao-]-\-Øn-epw- am-‰w- kw-`-hn-

°m-≥ Xp-S-ßn.- a-tX-X-c-Xz-sØ-bpw- h¿-Ko-b-X-sb-bpw-

k-am-\-am-bn- Im-Wp-∂-Xm-Wv- Xp-S-°w.- ]n-∂o-Sv- a-tX-X-

c-Xz-Øn-\v- kn-≤n-®n-cp-∂- C-Sw- Np-cp-ßn-®p-cp-ßn-t∏m-bn.-

Cu- C-Sw- h¿-Ko-b-X- ssI-ø-S-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- H-cp-

L-´w-h-∂-t∏mƒ- a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-\v- C-S-an-√m-Ø- h¿-Ko-

b-X- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂- A-h-ÿ-bm-bn...--'- (tUm.- sI-

F-≥ ]-Wn-°¿.- s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw- am-[y-a-ß-fpw-˛-te-

J-\w-).-

F-¥m-Wn-X-n-\¿-Yw-?- a-tX-X-c-k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬-\n-∂p-

am-[y-a-ßƒ- h¿-Ko-b-X-bn-te-°p- Xn-cn-™p- F-∂-t√.-

1959¬- tI-c-f-Øn¬- A-c-tß-dn-b- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn¬-

am-[y-a-ßƒ-˛-A-∂-sØ- ]-X-ßƒ-˛-h-ln-®- ]-¶n-s\- Xp-

d-∂p-Im-´p-∂-Xm-Wv- sI- F-≥ ]-Wn-°-cp-sS- ta-ep-≤-cn-

®- \n-co-£-Ww.-

kzm-X-¥y-]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚- L-´-Øn¬- cm-Py-Øp-

55

b¿-∂- ti-jv-T-am-b- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-ß-fp-sS- km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\p- i-

an-®- ]m-c-º-cyw-t]-dn-b- Nn-e- ]-X-ß-fpw- tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≠v.- H-∂mw-

C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cpw- cm-jv-

So-b- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fpw- A-gn-®p-hn-´- ]-Nfi-am-b- Ip-]-Nm-c-W-ßƒ-

G-s‰-Sp-°m-≥ B- ]-X-ß-fpw- sIm-≠p-]n-Sn-®p -i-an-®p.- C-Xn-s‚- -

e-am-bm-Wv- I-tØm-en-°m- ]-≈n-I-fpw- F-≥F-kv-F-kpw- ap-…nw-kw-

L-S-\-I-fpw- tIm- -K-kv- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- cm-jv-So-b-]m¿-Sn-I-fpw- t_m-

[-]q¿-hw- B-kq-X-Ww- sN-bv-X- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- F-∂- cm-jv-So-

bm-`m-kw- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- "-Np-h-∂-a-fi-e-Øn¬-'- A-c-tß-dn-b-Xv.-

hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬,- ]-Y-a-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- \-S-

]-Sn-Iƒ-t°m- \-b-ßƒ-t°m- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ-t°m- F-Xn-cm-bn-

cp-∂n-√- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw.- a-dn-®v,- A-Øcw- P-\-Io-b-ap-J-ap-≈- t£-

a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-h-gn- tI-c-fw- sF-iz-cy-]q¿-W-am-sbm-cp- ]p-Xn-b- tem-I-

tØ-°p- I-S-°p-sa-∂- \n-e-h-∂p.- A-Xn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]n-¥p-W- t]¿-Øpw-t]¿-

Øpw- t\-Sp-sa-∂pw- A-Xp-h-gn- ]m¿-Sn- B¿-°pw- tNm-Zyw- sN-øm-\m-

Im-Ø- cm-jv-So-b-i-‡n-bm-bn- am-dp-sa-∂pw- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m-

cpw- Kq-V-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cpw- -b-s∏-´p.-

A-h¿- -b-s∏-´-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- \-S-∂-Xpw.- tZ-hn-Ip-fw- D-]-sX-c-

s™-Sp-∏pw- aq-hm-‰p-]p-g- \-K-c-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏pw- A-Xn-\n-S-bn¬-

\-S-∂- G-Xm-\pw- X-t±-i-kz-bw- -c-W- ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se- D-]-sX-c-s™-

Sp-∏p-sam-s°- A-h-cp-sS- -b-Øn-\v- i-‡n-h¿-[n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-

Xn-s‚- c-Xv-\-®p-cp-°w- C-Xm-Wv-:- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- tI-c-f-Øn¬-

A-\n-tj-[y-i-‡n-bm-Ip-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- ]m¿-Sn-sb- F-ß-s\-bpw-

X-I¿-°-Ww.- A-Xn-\p- kzo-I-cn-®- Ip-’n-X-am¿-K-am-bn-cp-∂p- hn-tam-

N-\-k-a-cw.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-So-b-N-cn-Xw- A-t\z-jn-°p-∂- B¿-

°pw- aq-°-Øp- hn-c¬-h-®p-sIm-≠p-am-Xta A-∂-sØ- cm-jv-So-b-

\m-S-I-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- A-h-bv-°v- D-fp-t∏-Xp-an-√m-sX- ]-X-ßƒ- \¬-

In-b- I-Æp-a-S-®p-≈- ]n-¥p-W-bn-eq-sS-bpw- k-©-cn-°m-\m-Iq-!-

hn-Jym-X- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- Zm¿-i-\n-I-\pw- C-‰m-en-b-≥ I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- P-\-d¬- sk-I-´-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂- A-t‚m-Wn-tbm- Kmw-jn-

(1891˛-1937)- bp-sS- ]-kn-≤-am-b- kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv- "-ta¬-∏p-c- kn-≤m-

¥w-'- A-Y-hm- sl-Pn-a-Wn.- ta¬-∏p-c- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- c-Xv-\-®p-cp-

°w- C-ß-s\-:-

"-\n-£n-]v-X- Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS- tI-Zm-c-am-b- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\v- P-

\-ß-fp-sS-ta¬- \n-b-¥-Ww- sN-ep-Øm-≥ B-bp-[-_-ew- am-X-a-√-

hn-tam-N\kacØn-te°v-

56


B-i-bw.- \n-c-h-[n- a-‰p-am¿-K-ß-fpw- A-h¿-°p-ap-∂n¬- Xp-d-∂p-In-S-

°p-∂p.- C-Xn¬- _u-≤n-I-am¿-K-ßƒ- k-hn-ti-j-am-b- ÿm-\w- A-

e-¶-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- _-e-]-tbm-Kw-Iq-Sm-sX- Zm¿-i-\n-I- am¿-K-ß-fpw-

`-c-W-Iq-Sw- B-i-bn-°pw.- cm-jv-So-b-I-£n-Iƒ,- k-∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-

Iƒ,- ]-≈n-Iƒ,- hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- Cu- _u-≤n-I-

am¿-K-ß-fmWv.- Cu- Zm¿-i-\n-I-]-tbm-Kw- h-gn-bm-Wv- A-h¿- P-\-ß-

sf- \n-b-¥n-°p-I.- C-h-bp-sS- k-a¿-Y-am-b- ]-tbm-K-km-[y-X-bn-eq-

sS- kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- "-cm-jv-So-b-k-Ω-Xn-'- B-Wv- P-\-ß-fn¬- \n-b-

¥-Ww- D-≠m-°m-≥ -c-W-Iq-Sw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.-

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv,- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- A-∂-sØ-

]-X-ß-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- \-S-Øn-b- ]-Nm-c-W-am-b- B-i-b-tIm-em-

l-ew- Kmw-jn--bp-sS- \n-co-£-Ww- ]m-tS- i-cn-h-bv-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-h-gn-

kr-„n-°-s∏-´- cm-jv-So-b-k-Ω-Xn-bm-Wv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s\-

]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂- 1959 Pq-sse- 31s‚- \-S-]-Sn-bn-te-°p- \-bn-®-Xv.-

sI- F-≥ ]-Wn-°-cp-sS--bpw- Kmw-jn-bp-sSbpw-- \n-co-£-W-w-- tN¿-

Øp-hm-bn-®m¬,- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-L-´-Øn¬- \n-£n-

]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- X-ß-fp-sS- "-cm-jv-So-b-Z¿-i-\w-'- \-S-∏m-°m-≥ ]-

X-ß-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-sX-∂p- Im-Wmw.- I-tØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-sS- ]-

X-am-b- "-Zo-]n-I-'- A-°m-e-Øp- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- G-Xm-\pw- hm¿-Ø-

I-fp-sS- X-e-s°-´p-Iƒ- am-Xw- \-ap-°p- ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.-

H-∂v-:- B-e-∏p-g-bn¬- A-cn-hmƒ-∏-S-bp-sS- B-I-a-Ww.-

c-≠v-:- I-Æn¬-°-≠-h-sc-sb-√mw- sIm-√p-∂p.-

aq-∂v-:- In-g-t°- I-√-S-bn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-cm-Pv.-

\m-ev-:- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-´m-fw- C-d-ßm-≥t]m-Ip-∂p.-

A-©v-:- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿- sN-øp-∂- sIm-Spw-Iq-c-X-bp-sS- I-Y-

Iƒ- tI-´v- cm-jv-S-]-Xn- I-c-™p.-

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- k-a-b-hpw- Xo-b-Xn-bpw-h-®p-≈- ]-cn-tim-

[-\- C-hn-sS A-]-k-‡-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- A-∂-sØ- kw-`-h-ß-fp-

am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- a-‰p- Nn-e- ]-X-ßƒ-Iq-Sn- F-ß-s\- s]-cp-am-dn,- hm¿-

Ø-Iƒ- Fßs\ ssI-Im-cyw- sN-bv-Xp- F-∂-dn-b-Ww.- k-a-cw- i-

‡-am-bn- \-S-°-sh,- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚- tI-

c-f-k-µ¿-i-\w.- 1959 Pq-¨- 22\v- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-

Øn-se-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- cm-Pv-`-h-\nem-Wp- X-ßn-b-Xv.- F-Øn-b-Xn-

s‚- c-≠mw-Zn-h-kw,- Pq-¨- 24\v- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- F-∂- a-e-bm-f-]-

Xw- H-cp- ap-J]-kw-Kw- F-g-Xn-˛- Cw-•o-jn¬-!- a-e-bm-f- hm-b\°m¿-

°v- Cw-•o-jv- ap-J]kw-Kw-!! s\-lv-dp-hn-\v- B-cp-sS-bpw- k-lm-bw-

57

C-√m-sX- Im-cyw- a-\- n-em-I-W-a-t√m.- ap-J-]-kw-K-Øn-s‚- X-e-s°-

´v- C-ß-s\-:- `Kerala Agitation and constitution (tI-c-f-Øn-se- I-

em-]-hpw- -c-W-L-S-\-bpw-).- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- tI-c-f-k¿-°m-cn-s\- ]n-

cn-®p-hn-S-Ww- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- ap-J-]-kw-K-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w.- A-Xn-

\v- ap-J-]-kw-K-Øn-¬- B-dp-Im-c-W-ßƒ- A-°-an-´p \n-c-Øn-.-

Pq-¨- 25\v- as‰m-cp- aebm-f]Xw- tI-c-f-`q-j-W-hpw- Cw-•o-jv-

ap-J-]-kw-K-hp-am-bn- a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ-°p-ap-∂n¬- ]-Xy-£-s∏-´p.- a-e-

bm-fw-am-Xw- A-dn-bp-∂-h¿- A-∂-sØ- ap-J-]-kw-Kw- hm-bn-t°-s≠-

∂p- ]-X-ap-S-a-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p-I-f-™p-!- X-e-s°-´v- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-

:- We appeal to Pandit Nehru (]-fin-‰v- s\-lv-dp-hn-t\m-Sp- R-ß-fp-

sS- A-`y¿-Y-\-).-

Pq-¨- 25\v- s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚- a-S-°-bm-X-.- hn-am-\-Øn¬- I-b-dpw-

ap-ºv- ]-X-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sS- tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°p- A-t±-lw- a-dp-]-Sn- \¬-

In.- A-Xn¬-\n-∂p-≈- c-≠p-tNm-Zy-ß-fpw- A-h-bv-°p- \¬-In-b- D-Ø-

c-ß-fpw- C-hn-sS- tN¿-°mw.-

tNm-Zyw-:- tI-c-f- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- tI-µ- C-S-s]-S¬- C-t∏mƒ-

D-≠m-Ip-tam.-

s\-lv-dp-:- C-t∏mƒ- tI-c-f-Øn-¬- C-S-s]-Sp-I-b-√- D-t±-iw.- G-Xp-

kw-ÿm-\-Øpw- tI-µ- C-S-s]-S¬- ]-c-am-h-[n- Ip-d-bv-°pw.- ]-t£,-

tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]n-∂o-sS-¥p- \-S-°pw- F-∂p- C-t∏mƒ- ]-d-bp-I- h-ø.

tNm-Zyw-:- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- F-∂-t]-cn¬- \-S-°p-∂- e-l-f-I-sf-

∏-‰n- \n-c-h-[n- B-t£-]w- D-≠v.- Xm-¶ƒ- F-¥p-]-d-bp-∂p.-

s\-lv-dp-:- ]n-°-‰n-ßn-t\m-Sv- F-\n-°v- tbm-Pn-∏n-√.- kv-Iq-fp-I-fpw-

_-kp-I-fpw- ]n-°-‰v- sN-øp-∂-Xn-t\m-Sp- tbm-Pn-°p-∂n-√.- hn-Zym¿-Yn-˛-

hn-Zym¿-Yn-\n-I-sf- k-a-c-Øn-\n-d-°p-∂-Xpw- k-a-c-°m¿- _-kp-Iƒ- X-

S-bp-∂-Xpw- i-cn-bm-b- Im-cy-a-√.-

tNm-Zy-ßƒ- \n-c-h-[n- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h-bv-s°-√mw- A-t±-lw-

ku-ay-am-bn- a-dp-]-Sn- \¬-In.- G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- B-cpw- tNm-Zn-°m-

sX-X-s∂- A-t±-lw- a-‰p- Nn-e-Xp-Iq-Sn- ]-d-™p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- [o-

j-W-sb- \-an-°p-I-tb- \-ap-°p- am¿-K-ap-≈p.- tNm-Zn-°m-sX-X-s∂-

s\-lv-dp- ]-d-™-Xv- C-Xm-Wv:

"-tI-c-f-Øn-se- a-e-bm-f-]-X-ß-sf-∏-‰n- H-cp-Im-cyw- ]-d-bm-≥ Rm-

\m-K-ln-°p-∂p.- a-e-bm-f-]-X-ßƒ- A-h-bp-sS- i-‡n-°pw- Hm-P-kn-

\pw- A-∏p-d-ap-≈- m-j-bm-Wv- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p- F-\n-°p- tXm-

∂p-∂p.- G-Xm-\pw- ]-X-hm¿-Ø-I-fp-sS- X¿-P-a-I-fpw- Rm-≥ hm-bn-

®p.- Ip-sd-°q-Sn- ku-ay-am-b- m-j-bn¬- X-ß-fp-sS- A-`n-]m-bw- ]-I-

hn-tam-N\kacØn-te°v-

58


Sn-∏n-°m-≥ Cu- ]-X-ß-tfm-Sv- Rm-≥ A-`y¿-Yn-°p-∂p...-'-

a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bpw- tI-c-f-`q-j-W-hpw- Cu- Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬- F-

gp-Xn-b- Cw-•o-jv- ap-J-]-kw-Kw- A-t±-lw- hm-bn-®p-sh-∂p- D-d-∏v! hn-

tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-X-ßƒ- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv- G-I-

]-£o-b-hpw- `m-¥-hp-am-b- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv- F-∂-Xn-\v- C-Xn¬-∏-cw- sX-

fn-sh-¥n-\v-?

A-t∏mƒ- ]-iv-\w- C-Xm-Wv: C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ]-e- \-

S-]-Sn-I-fpw- P-\-t£-a-X¬-]-c-X-bpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-X-bpw- ]-Xn-

^-en-∏n-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-Ø-cw- \-b-ß-sf-bpw- A-h-sb- B-[m-

c-am-°n- k¿-°m¿- ssI-s°m-≠- -c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf-bpw- A-X-bv-°-

ßp- I-Æ-S-®p- F-Xn¿-°m-≥ ta-em.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- k¿-°m-cn-s\-bpw-

A-Xn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw -\¬-Ip-∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-sb-bpw- \-J-in-

Jm-¥w- F-Xn¿-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-Xn-s\-¥p- h-gn-?-

A-Xn-\p-≈- h-gn,- H-cp-sh-Sn-°p- c-≠p-]-£n-sb- ho-gv-Ø-em-Wv.-

A-Xn-\v,- I-≈w,- ]-®-°-≈w- ]-d-bp-I.- A-Xm-h¿-Øn-°p-I.- I-≈-Øn-

\v- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- t\-Xr-Øn-ep-≈- k¿-°m-cpw-

F-∂p- ap-Z-Nm¿-Øp-I-˛- Cu- Ko-_’n-b≥- X¥am-bn-cp-∂p- Ah¿-

]b‰n-bXv.- Cu- e-£yw- t\-Sm-≥ a-X-sa-¶n¬- a-Xw,- Pm-Xn-sb-¶n¬-

Pm-Xn,- k-ap-Zm-b-sa-¶n¬- k-ap-Zm-bw-˛- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-I-

fp-sS- ssI-øn-se- B-bp-[w.- _-en-jv-T-hpw- G-Xp-k-a-b-Øpw- ÿ-e-

Øpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂- Cu- B-bp-[-°q-ºm-c-ßƒ-

°p- k-ao-]w- F-¥n-\p-ta-Xn-\pw- X-øm-dm-bn- \n-e-sIm-≠- sh-Sn-s°-

´m-im-≥am-cm-bn- H-cp-]-‰w- ]-X-ß-fpw.-

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-\p- ]-iv-\-k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b- cm-jv-So-b-]-cn-k-

cw- kr-„n-®-Xv- Cu- ]-X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂p- N-cn-Xw- tc-J-s∏-Sp-

Øn.- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-ew- C-h-bv-°v- Nm-I-c-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-t£,-

A-hn-Sw-sIm-≠v- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-≥ Cu- ]-X-ßƒ- H-cp-°-am-bn-cp-

∂n-√.- tI-c-f-hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚- \n¿-Wm-b-L-´-ß-fn-sem-s°- ]-g-b-

B-bp-[-ßƒ-°p- aq-¿-®-tb-In- A-h- Im-Øn-cp-∂p-;- k-µ¿-`w- In-ń-b-

t∏m-sgm-s°- k-a¿-Y-am-bn- Cu- B-bp-[-ßƒ- ]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw-

sN-bv-Xp-!-

59

A[y-m-bw-˛11

P\Io-bm-kq-XWhpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

1996˛-2001 Im-eØv- tIc-f-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-

en-cp-∂- aq-∂mw- \m-b-\m¿- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Im-e-Øv- \-S-

∏m-°n-b- P-\-]-£- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-sf-bm-Wv- "-P-\-

Io-bm-kq-X-Ww-'- (People's Planning -)- F-∂p- s]m-Xp-

sh- hn-h-£n-®p-t-]m-cp-∂-Xv.- BtKm-f]ikv--Xn-bm-¿-Pn-

® "tIcf tam-U¬'- ]≤Xn-Ifp-sS AeIpw-]n-Sn-bpw-

]p-Xp-°n- AXn-s‚ ]n-¥p-S¿-® F∂\n-ebn¬- Ip-td°q-

Sn- P\Io-bam-b _Z¬- hn-Ik\]≤Xn- F∂ \n-ebn-

em-Wv- P\Io-bm-kq-XWw- hn-`m-h\ sNøs∏´Xv.-

C-¥y-≥ B-kq-X-W-Øn-s‚- hn-Pb]cm-Pb-ß-fp-

sS- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-hpw- A-\p-`-h-hpw- hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I,- A-

Xn-s‚- tIm-´-ßƒ- a-\- n-em-°p-I,- A-h- F-ß-s\- Xn-

cp-Ømw,- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- cm-Py-sØ- km-

ºZm-bnI- B-kq-X-Wco-Xn-imkv-XØn¬- -\n-∂p-am-dn-

P-\-ß-fp-sS- B-h-iy-hpw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-iv-\-ß-fpw- a-

\- n-em-°p-I-,- A-ß-s\- Hm-tcm- ]-tZ-i-sØ-bpw- k-hn-

ti-j-am-b- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq-

]w- \¬-Ip-I,- A-h-bp-sS- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\v- X-t±-io-b-

am-bn- e-`n-°p-∂- A-kw-kv-Ir-X- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- e-`y-am-

°p-I,- A-Ø-cw- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- ^-e-]-Z-am-b- ta¬-

t\m-´-Øn-\pw- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\pw- A-X-Xv- ]-tZ-i-sØ-

X-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬-

Ip-I,- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- km-º-Øn-I- k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\v-

Xt±iÿm-]\ß-fp-sS- k-l-I-c-Ww- D-d-∏m-°p-I,- ]-

60


≤-Xn- \n¿-hl-W-Øn-\v- kw-ÿm-\- _-P-‰n¬-\n-∂v- km-º-Øn-I-k-

lm-bw- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I...--

-P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-WØn-s‚ ]m-tZ-in-I-am-b- B-kq-X-W,- \n¿-

h-l-W- ]-In-b-bp-sS- Zo¿-L-ta-dn-b- Nm-ep-Iƒ- C-ß-s\- t]m-Ip-

∂p.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-b¬- e-

£y-an-´m-Wv- 1996˛-2001se- F¬-Un-F-^v- k¿-°m¿- P-\-Io-bm-kp-X-

W- ]-≤-Xn-°v- cq-]w-\¬-In- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.-

1995¬- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-- \-S-∂- tI-c-f- ]-T-\-tIm-¨-K-kv- Cu-

Zn-i-bn¬- i-t≤-b-am-b- Im¬-sh-∏v- \-S-Øn.- Xp-S¿-∂m-Wv- C- Fw- F-

kv- A-[y-£-\m-b- k-an-Xn- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-]≤Xn-°p- Np-°m-≥]n-

Sn-®-Xv.- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘ -_n¬,- A-[n-Im-chn-tI-µo-I-c-Ww,- hn-Zym-

`ym-k- ]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- km-£-c-Xm-]-ÿm-\w-.- kv-Xo-im-‡o-IcWw-

Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-s°- hn-hn-[Im-e-Øv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-˛-C-S-Xp-]-£- k¿-

°m-cp-I-fp-sS- an-I-®- P-\-]-£-hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚- am-Xr-I-I-fm-bn-cp-

∂p-h-t√m.- Cu- ti-Wn-bn-se- a-s‰m-cp- N-cn-X-]-c-am-b- Np-h-Sp-sh-∏m-

bn-cp-∂p- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-Ww.

H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬- CXp- h-f-sc- Bbm-kcln-Xam-b hn-I-k-\-]-

In-b- F-∂p-tXm-∂mw.- -e-Øn¬- A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√.- P-\-Io-

bm-kq-X-W- ]-In-b- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-c-W-Øn-s‚- m-K-am-bn-

cp-∂p.- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°pw- \-K-c-k-`-Iƒ-°pw-

Iq-Sp-X¬- A-[n-Im-cw- ssI-am-d-Ww.- C-Xn-\v- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv,- \-K-c-

]m-en-I- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- t`-Z-K-Xn- th-≠n-h-∂p.- A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- D-

tZym-K-ÿ- ]p-\¿-hn-\ym-kw- \-S-Øn.- Ah¿-°p- an-I® ]cn-io-e\w-

\¬-In.- k¿-°m¿- ^-≠v- _-P-‰p-h-gn- Xm-tg-Ø-ń-te-°v- ssI-am-dn.-

k-¶o¿-W-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- k-¶-e-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- P-\-Io-bm-

kq-X-Ww F∂p- Np-cp-°w.-

]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°-Øn¬-X-s∂- F-Xn¿-∏pw- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂p.- A-

Xv- kzm-`m-hn-Ihp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Im-c-Ww,- A-Sn-ÿm-\-hn-I-k-\-]-iv-\-

ßƒ-s°m-s°- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-≥ i-aw- \-S-Øn-bXv-

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-˛-C-S-Xp-]-£- k¿-°m-cp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p--h-t√m.- AØcw-

\bßƒ-s°Xnsc \n-£n-]v-XXm¬-]cy-°m¿- ap-ºpw- cw-KØp-h∂Xv-

,- t\scsØ- \mw- I≠p.- B \bßfp-sS Np-hSp-]n-Sn-®v- aq-∂mw- \m-

b-\m¿- k¿-°m¿- \-S-∏m-°n-Øp-S-ßn-b- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-W- ]-≤-Xn-

s°Xn-sc Xp-S-°w-ap-X¬- hn-hn-[ \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cpw- cw-K-

Øp-h-∂p.- A-h¿-°v- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In-b-Xm-I-s´,- a-s‰-√m- ]-iv-\-ß-

fn-epw- F-∂-t]m-se,-- am-[y-a-ßƒ- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-

61

]-cy-°m-cn¬- C-S-Xp-]-£-hn-cp-≤- cm-„o-b-°m-cpw- D-≠m-Ip-I- kzm-

`m-hn-Iw.- P\Io-bm-kq-XWØn¬- A-h-cp-sS- Ip-g-eq-Øp-Im-cm-bn-

H-cp-hn-`m-Kw- am-[y-a-ßƒ- am-dn-b-Xv- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k-\-N-cn-X-

Øn-se- k-am-\-X-I-fn-√m-Ø- G-Sm-Wv.

P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy-e-£yw- tI-c-fo-b-Km-a-ß-fn¬-

"-Km-a-kz-cm-Pv-'- ÿm-]n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- F-∂-

Xv- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-¥y-]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy-e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-

bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.- kzm-X-¥y-]m-]v-Xn-°p-ti-jw- 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26\v-

\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- C-¥y-≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- \n¿-tZ-i-I-X-Xz-ß-fn¬-

(Directive Principles of State Policy -)- Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- e-£y-am-bn- ]-

Jym-]n-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂n-tßm-´v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- tI-µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\-

k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- A-Xv- \-S-∏m-°m-≥ Xp-\n-™n-√ F∂Xp- Ncn-XØn‚

as‰m-cp- Iu-Xp-Iw.-

Cu-sbm-cp- A-\p-`-hw-Iq-Sn- ]-cn-K-Wn-®-ti-j-am-Wv- P-\-Io-bm-kq-

X-W -]-In-b-bv-°v- tI-c-fw- Xp-S-°w-Ip-dn-®Xv.- F-Xn¿-∏p-Iƒ- D-b¿-

∂-L-´-Øn¬- C- Fw- F-kv- X-s∂- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn-s‚- \n¿-

h-l-W-Øn¬- I-S-∂p-Iq-Sp-∂- B-im-ky-a-√m-Ø- ]-h-W-X-Iƒ- Nq-

≠n-°m-ń.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- s]m-Xp- D-≈-S-°-sØ-bpw- A-

h- k-^-eo-I-cn-°p-∂- km-aq-ly-am-b- D-t±-i-e-£y-ß-sf-bpw- A-t±-

lw- A-S-n-h-c-bn-´p- \ym-bo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-W- L-´-Øn-epw- ti-j-hpw- ap-Jy-[m-cm-am-[y-a-

ß-fp-sS- k-ao-]-\w- F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- \m-Sn-s‚- hn-I-k-\-]-iv-\-ß-tf-

m-Sp-≈- In-bm-fl-I- ]-Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p--thm- am-[y-a-ßƒ- C-°m-

cy-Øn-epw- ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xv-?- k-In-b-am-b- am-[y-aC-S-s]-S¬- F-∂- \n-

e-bn¬- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-W- ]-In-b-tbm-Sp-≈- am-[y-a-k-ao-]\-sØ-

hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-tam-?-

]-iv-\w- C-Xm-Wv-: tZ-io-b- kzm-X-¥y-]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚- Im-ew-

ap-X-te- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂- ap-Jy-ap-Zm-hm-Iy-am-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-

c-Ww.- C-Xn-s‚- Np-h-Sp-]n-Sn-®m-Wv- tI-c-f-hpw- B- Zn-i-bn-te-°v- \o-

ßn-b-Xv.- -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- F-gp-Xn-h-®- Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- k¶¬-∏w- bm-

Ym¿-Yy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp-∂p-- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-Ww.- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-

µo-I-c-W-]-In-b-bpw- Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- k-¶¬-∏-hpw- C-Xn-s‚- c-≠v- h-

i-ß-fm-bn- am-dn.- kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- -≠n¬-\n-∂v- 35˛-40 i-

X-am-\w-h-sc- _-P-‰p-h-gn- Xn-X-e- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- ssI-am-dn.- ]-Xn-\m-

bn-c-°-W-°n-\v- D-tZym-K-ÿm-\p-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-Øn-∏n-\v-

]-cn-io-e-\w- \¬-In.- tI-c-f-im-kv-X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv,-- Xn-cp-h-\-


62


¥-]p-c-sØ- sk-‚¿- t^m¿- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- kv-‰-Uo-kv- (kn-Un-F-

kv-)- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- Cu- N-cn-X-Zu-Xy-Øn-¬- m-K-`m-°m-bn.- tI-c-

f-sØ- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-bm-\p-≈- N-cn-X-Zu-Xyw- G-s‰-Sp-°m-≥,- A-Xn¬-

I-Æn-I-fm-Im-≥ G-h-cpw- a-’-c-_p-≤n-tbm-sS- ]-cn-i-an-®p.-

]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ]m-[m-\yw- hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xn-s‚-

kw-Lm-S-I-k-an-Xn.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- ap-Jy-a-¥n- C- Fw- F-kv-

B-bn-cp-∂p- k-an-Xn- A-[y-£-≥.- ap-≥ap-Jy-a-¥n-am¿,- ap-≥ -]-Xn-]-

£-t\-Xm-°ƒ,- F-√m- cm-„o-b]m¿-Sn-I-fp-sS-bpw- ]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ,- hn-

hn-[- P-\-Io-bkw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS- ]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-scm-s°- kw-

Lm-S-I-k-an-Xn-bn¬- Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-X-e- k-an-

Xn.- Iogv-Ø-´p-I-fn¬- cq-]o-I-cn-®- hn-hn-[- k-an-Xn-I-fn-em-bn- kw-ÿm-

\-sØ- ap-gp-h-≥ P\-ß-fpw- ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-bn.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k-

\-ap-t∂-‰-N-cn-X-Øn¬- ]p-Ø-\-[ym-bw- F-gp-Xn-t®¿-Øp- P-\-Io-bm-

kq-X-Ww- F-∂-Xm-Wv- k-Xyw.-

F∂m¬,- ]n-∂o-sS-¥p-≠m-bn-?- tI-c-f-im-kv-X-km-ln-Xy- ]-cn-

j-Øpw- kn-Un-F-kp-sam-s°- km-am-Py-Xz- In-¶-c-∑mbXv- FXth-

K-am-Wv- tI-c-fo-b¿- I-≠-Xv! C-t∏mƒ- Xn-cn-™p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ,- A-

Y-h- N-cn-Xw- Nn-I-bp-tºmƒ- C-sXm-s°- A-Xn-i-tbm-‡n- At-√- F-

∂m-tem-Nn-®v- Nn-e-sc-¶n-epw- s\-‰n-Np-fn-°pw.- F-∂m¬,- k-Xyw- A-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-Ww- ap-≥\n¿-Øn-bp-≈- am-[y-a-hn-a¿-

i-\-ß-sf- "-^-≠v- sse-≥"- ssZz-hm-cn-I- "-am-[y-a-ò-I-c-X-'- F-∂m-Wv-

hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.- -^-≠v- sse-≥ F-gp-Xn-:-

"-"-C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈- am-[y-a-ò-I-c-X- a-e-bm-fw- ]-X-ßƒ,-- sF-F-

kv-B¿-H- Nm-c-t°-kn-se-∂-t]m-se,-- Sm-°v- hn-t´m-Sp-∂- k-µ¿-`-ß-fn-

te- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bq.- Cu- Im--sº-bv-\n¬- cm-„o-b-°m-cpw- A-°m-Z-

an-Iv- ]-fin-X-∑m-cpw- ]-T-\-tI-µ-ß-fpw- kw-ÿm-\- Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ-

X-I¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ssI-tIm¿-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- P-\-hn-Im-cw- kr-„n-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- H-cp- i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p CXv-....''-- (^-≠v-sse-≥ ssZz-hm-

cn-I.- B-K-kv-Xv- 15,- 2003).-

F-¥m-Wv- C-Xn-\¿-Yw-?- P-\-Io-bm-kq-X-Ww- ]m-tS- s]m-fn-™p-

sh-∂v- ÿm-]n-°-m-\m-bn-cp-∂p-- ap-Jy-[m-c-am-[y-a-ßƒ- \n-c-¥-cw- i-

an-®-Xv F∂t√ CXp- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.- Cu- hn-hm-Z-ßƒ-°v- a-s‰m-

cp-h-iw- Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- '--90I-tfm-sS- B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-\-b-

ßƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-Øp-S-ßn--bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.- A-∂v- tI-µ-

Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xv- ]n- hn- \-c-knw-l-dm-hp-hn-s‚- t\-Xr-

Xz-Øn-ep-≈- tIm-¨-K-kv- k¿-°m¿.- Cu- a-¥n-k-`-bn-se- [-\-a-¥n-

63

bm-bn-cp-∂p- tUm.- a-≥tam-l-≥kn-Mv.- C-cp-h-cp-sS-bpw- -c-W-Im-e-Øm-

Wv- B-tKm-f- am-[y-aò-Ic∑m¿-°v- C¥y-bn¬- ]h¿-Ø\m-\p-aXn-

\¬-In-bXv.- AtXm-sS sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\¬-hn-πhØn-\v- C¥y-bnepw-

Xp-S°an- p.- CXn-s‚ Aesbm-en- tIcfØn-epw- D≠m-bn.- Hcp-]t£,-

Sn-hn- Nm-\ep-Ifp-sSbpw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\ep-Ifp-sSbpw- hchn-\p-tijw-

tIcfØn-se ap-Jy[m-cm-am-[y-aßƒ-°v- ho-Wp-In-ń-b "hn-hm-Zku-

`m-Ky-w'- Bbn-cp-∂p- P\Io-bm-kq-XW hn-hm-Zw.-

At\z-jWm-flI ]X]h¿-Ø\w- ]≠pw- C∂p- am-[y-a

cw-KsØ khn-tijap-Zbm-Wv. - F∂m¬,- At\z-jWm-flI

am-[y-a]h¿-Ø\w- F∂Xn-s‚ t]cn-tem- adhn-tem,- P\Io-bm-kq-

XWw- ap≥-\n¿-Øn- tIcfØn¬- \S∂,- Ct∏m-gpw- \S∂p-sIm-≠n-

cp-°p-∂ am-[y-aCSs]S¬- kIn-btam- In-bm-flItam- Bbn-cp-∂n-

s√∂v- Dd∏m-°m-\m-Ipw.- hn-hm-Zßfp-sS Fgps-∂≈n-∏m-bn-cp-∂p- CXn-

s‚ adhn¬- \S∂Xv.- CXn-\v- DZm-lcWßƒ- C\n-bpw- FXtbm-

D≠v.-


64


A[ym-bw-˛12

sXcs™Sp-∏pw- am-[y-aßfpw-

\mw- t\csØ I≠Xp-t]m-se,- 1957 ap-Xen-tßm-´v-

tIcfsØ ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- th-Zn-I-fm-bm-

Wv- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-sf- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- C-S-

Xp-]-£--]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw- k-ao-]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.- P-\-ß-fp-

sS- ]-iv-\-ßƒ- k-a-K-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-

_-lp-`q-cn-]-£w-h-cp-∂- A-[zm-\n-°p-∂- P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-

fp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-iv-\-ßƒ- N¿-®- sN-øm-\p-am-Wv- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- C-

S-Xp-]-£-hpw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p- ]Nm-cWß-fn-eq-sS i-

an-°p-∂-Xv.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p L-´-ß-fn¬- C-°m-c-W-

Øm¬-X-s∂- hy-‡-am-b- ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I- X-øm-dm-°n-

k-a-K-am-b- N¿-®-bv-°v- P-\-k-a-£w- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-I-fp-sS- kzm-`m-hn-I-]-h¿-Ø-

\-co-Xn-bm-Wv.-

kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]m¿-Sn- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]-d-bp-∂p-:-

"P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bpw- X-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-

cy-ßƒ- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bpw- \-S-Øn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p-∂- k-a-c-ß-fn¬- km¿-h-Xn-I- thm-´-h-Im-iw,-

]m¿-e-sa-‚ v,- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-sb- B-

bp-[-ß-fm-°m-≥ P-\-ßƒ-°v- I-gn-bpw.- C-¥y-bn-se- C-

∂-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- hy-h-ÿ,- _q¿-jzm-kn-bp-sS- h¿-

K-`-c-W-Øn-s‚- H-cp -cq-]-am-sW-¶n¬-X-s∂-bpw- P-\-ß-

sf- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw- ap-t∂-‰-Øn-s‚- H-cp-am¿-Kw-

A-Xv- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.- P-\-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ-

65

Im-Øp-c-£n-°m-\pw- H-c-f-hp-h-sc- -c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- C-S-s]-Sp-∂-

Xn-\pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\pw- km-aq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°pw- th-≠n-bp-≈-

k-a-c-ß-sf- ap-t∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn- P-\-ß-sf- A-Wn-

\n-c-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- A-Xv- Nn-e- A-h-k-c-ßƒ- ]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂p-≠v-

...'-- (kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]m¿-Sn- ]-cn-]m-Sn.- A-[ym-bw- 5 J-fin-I- 22).-

Cu- e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- 1957¬,- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-°p-ti-

jw- \-S-∂- B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- ap-X-en-tßm-´v- I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- C-S-Xp-]-£-hpw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- cm-„o-bw- ssI-Im-

cyw- sN-bv-Xp-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- 1957¬-

]-Y-a-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- Xn-I-™- hn-P-b-]-Xo-£- ]p-

e¿-Øn.- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fn-eq-∂n- \n-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈- k-a-K-am-b- ]-cn-

tim-[-\-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- tI-

c-f-L-S-Iw- C-hn-sS- hn-P-b-]-Xo-£- ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- I-ayq-

Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- B-Zyw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øp-I- B-‘m-]--tZ-in-em-

Ipw- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- B-‘-bn-se- ]m¿-Sn-L-S-Ihp-w- tI-µ-t\-Xr-Xz-

hpw- hn-iz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-‰-bv-°v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-

cm-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°v- sI¬-∏n-s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- A-∂-sØ- tI-

µ-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬.-

A-hn-`-‡- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xzw- A-∂v- CØc

sam-cp- \n-K-a-\-Øn¬- F-Øn-b-Xn-\v- H-cp- cm-„o-b-]-iv-Nm-Ø-ew- D-

≠mbn-cp-∂p.- 1952¬- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n-bn-epw- a-Zm-kv- ]-hn-iy-bp-sS- m-

K-am-bn-cp-∂- a-e-_m¿- Pn-√-bn-epw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.- tIm-¨-K-

kn-s\-Xn-sc- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- ap-∂-Wn- D-≠m-°n-bm-Wv- A-∂p-

a-’-cn-®-Xv.- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n-bn¬- B¿-F-kv-]n,- sI-F-kv-]n- F-∂n-h-

bm-bn-cp-∂p- I-ayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- k-Jy-I-£n-Iƒ.- a-e-_m-dn¬-

sI- tI-f-∏-≥ t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b- sI-Fw-]n-bp-am-bm-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- k-Jy-ap-≠m-°nb-Xv.- B kJy-ßƒ- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬-

t\´hp-ap-≠m-°n.- 1957se BZy- \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°v- k-Jy-I-£n-Iƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A°m-

cWØm¬ sXcs™Sp-∏p- kJy-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√.

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- H-‰-bv-°v- a-’-cn-°p-∂- km-l-N-cyw,-- B-

‘-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw- A-hn-`-‡- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- B-Zyw- A-[n-

Im-c-Øn¬- h-cn-I- F-∂- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬-˛- Cu- ]ivNm-Øe-am-Wv- H-

‰-bv-°v- a-’-cn-°p-∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°v- tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-I-I-

£n- `-c-Ww- ÿm-]n-°m-\m-In-√- F-∂- \n-K-a-\-Øn-te-°v- A-hn-`-

‡- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- tI-µ-t\-Xr-Xz-sØ- F-Øn-®-Xv.- ]m¿-Sn- P-

sXcs™Sp∏pw-- am-[y-aßfpw-

66


\-d¬- sk-I- -dn- A-P-b-tLm-jv- C-°m-cyw- a-d-®p-sh-®n-√.- sX-c-s™-

Sp-∏n-s‚- H-cp-L-´-Øn¬- ]-X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-P-b-tLm-jv- C-ß-

s\- ]-d-™p-:- "-tIm-¨-K-kn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- C-S-Xp-]-£- sF-Iyw- cq-]-

s∏-ń-ń-√m-ØXn-\m¬- tIcfØn¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-\m-Wv- hn-P-b-km-

[y-X-'.-

C-Xv- sX-‰m-sW-∂pw- H-‰-bv-°m-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- a-’-cn-

°p-∂-sX-¶n-epw- ]m¿-Sn- P-bn-®p-Iq-sS-∂n-s√-∂pw- C- Fw- F-kv- A-

tX-Xp-S¿-∂v- ]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn-d-°n.- am-X-a-√,- A-hn-`-‡- ]m¿-Sn- tZio-

b ap-J-]-Xw- "-\yq- G-Pn-'¬- C- Fw- F-kv- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- km-am-\yw-

Zo¿-L-am-sbm-cp- te-J-\w- F-gp-Xn.- A-Xn¬- C- Fw- F-kv- ]d™p--:-

"- sN-dn-b- B-fl-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS- Zo¿-L-Z¿-i-\w- sN-ømw.- I-

ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn,- ]n-F-kv--]n,- B¿-F-kv-]n,- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-bn¬-

Nn-¥n-°p-∂- hy-‡n-Iƒ- F-∂n-h¿- tN¿-∂- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ]-Xn-]-£-

Øn-\v- (tIm-¨-K-kn-s\-Xn-sc- Cu- i-‡n-Iƒ- H-‰-bv-s°m-‰-bv-°m-Wv-

a-’-cn-®-sX-¶n-epw- tIm-¨-K-kv- tIµ-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-em-Wv.-

B- \n-e-bn-em-Wv- C- Fw-F-kv- Cu- I-£n-I-sf- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ]-Xn-

]-£w- F-∂v- hn-fn-®-Xv.- A-√m-sX- k-Jy-am-bn- a-’-cn-°p-∂p-- F-∂-

hn-h-£-bn-√-˛- KŸI¿-Øm-hv-)- A-Sp-Ø- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- \-√- ]m-

Xn-\n-[yw- D-≠m-Ipw.- Cu- Iq-´p-sI-ń-\v- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- q-cn-]-£w

e-`n-°p-I- F-∂-Xpw- A-kw-`-hy-a-√-'- ( C- Fw- F-kv-- te-J-\w-.- \yq-

G-Pv,- s^-_p-h-cn- e-°w,- 1957).-

Cu- ]-h-N-\w- k-Xy-am-bn.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- kz-X-¥-cp-sS-

]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS-bm-sW-¶n-epw- B-Zy- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-

sF-Iy-tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- H-‰-I-£n-bm-bn-˛- c-≠v- Aw-K-

ß-fp-sS- q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS- 1957 G-]n¬- A-©n-\v- ]-Y-a- I-ayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- k¿-°m¿- tI-c-f-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.- C- Fw- F-kv- \-

ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- ]-Y-a- tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn.- Cu- k¿-°m-cm-Wv- B-

[p-\n-I- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- kr-„n-°v- N-cn-X-]-c-am-bn- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´-sX-

∂pw- B k¿-°m-cn-s\bm-Wv- Ip-]-kn-≤- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-eq-sS-

1959 Pq-sse- 31\v- A-ń-a-dn-®-sX-∂pw- \mw- t\-c-sØ- I-≠p.

1957˛-59 Im-e-sØ- B-Zy- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s\- t\-cn-´- co-

Xn-bn¬-X-s∂-bm--Wv- ]n-∂o-Sn-tßm- v- hn-hn-[-L- -ß-fnse sXcs™Sp-

∏p-Ifn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-˛-C-S-Xp-]-£-k¿-°m-cp-I-sf- h-e-Xp-]-£- ]-

X-ß-fpw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- ]-X-ß-fpw- Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- tN¿-∂- "-am-[y-a-

ßƒ-'- F-∂v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-h-bpw- t\-cn-´-Xv.-

67

C-°q- -Øn¬- k-hn-ti-j-i-≤-bm¿-jn-®- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fm-Wv-

1987,- 1991 \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fpw- 2009se- tem-Iv-k-`m- sX-

c-s™-Sp-∏pw.-

1987

tI-c-f-Øn-se- ap-∂-Wn- cm-„o-bw,- 1967\p-ti-jw- ]p-Xp-bp-K-

Øn-te-°v- Im-ep-h-®p-I-b-dn-b- cm-„o-b-am-‰-Øn-\p-- Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv- 1987

am¿-®p-am-kØn¬- \S∂ \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-t∏m-sS-bm-Wv.-

"67\p-ti-jw- h¿-Ko-b-cm-„o-b-I-£n-Iƒ- C-√m-Ø- C-S-Xp-]-£- P-

\m-[n-]-Xy- ap-∂-Wn- kn-]n-sF- Fw- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- tI-c-f-Øn¬-

A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-∂-Xv- Cu- sX-c-s™-Sp-t∏m-sS-bmbn-cp∂p.- 1967¬-

C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-≥ ap-…nw-eo-Kv- CSXp]£Øn-s‚bpw-- A-Xn-\p-ti-

jw- A-Jn-te-¥ym- ap-…nw-eo-Kv- C-S-Xp-]-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-∂-Wn-bp-

sS-bpw- m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

F-∂m¬,- 1987 B-Ip-tºm-tg-°pw- kn-]n-sF- Fw- A-Jn-te-¥ym-

ap-…nw-eo-Kp-am-bp-≈- _-‘w- ]m-tS- D-t]-£n-®p.- Xo¿-∂n-√,- Fw- hn-

cm-L-h-≥ F-∂- ]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hn-s\- ]p-d-Øm-°n-b-ti-jw- kn-]n-

sF- Fw- cm-„o-b-am-bn- £o-Wn-®p-sh-∂pw- F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ- hn-e-bn-

cp-Øn-b- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- '-87te-Xv.- A-Jn-te-¥ym- ap-

…nw-eo-Kv- C-√-;- Fw- hn- cm-L-h-s\- kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]p-d-Øm-°n.- C-

tXm-sS- F¬-Un-F-^v- Xo¿-∂p.- A-[n-Im-cw- A-h¿-°v- kz-]v-\w- am-X-

am-Ipw-˛- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- cm-„o-b- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fpw- A-h¿-°v- ]n-¥p-

W-tb-In-\n-∂- ]X-ß-fpw- s]m-Xp-th- ]-N-cn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂-Xv.-

Hc¿-YØn¬- Xn-I®pw- aX\n-ct]£am-b ap-Jap-Ztbm-sSbm-

bn-cp-∂p- '-87se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- kn-]n-sF Fw- t\Xr-

Xzw- \¬-In-b CSXp-]£ P\m-[n-]Xy-ap-∂Wn- a’cn-®Xv.- AJn-

te¥ym- eo-Kv- hn-´p-t]m-bXn-\m-epw- Fw- hn- cm-Lhs\t∏m-se Icp-

Ø\m-b t\Xm-hn-s\ ]p-dØm°n-bXn-\m-epw- kn-]n-sF Fw- \bn-

°p-∂ F¬-Un-F^n-\v hn-Pbkm-[y-X I¬-∏n-°m≥- ]Xßƒ- Hcp-

°am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- F∂p-am-Xa√,- sI Icp-Wm-Ic≥- \bn-°p-∂ bp-

Un-F^v- A[n-Im-cw- \n-e\n¿-Øp-sa∂p-Xs∂ A∂sØ ap-Jy[m-

cm- ]Xßfm-b aebm-f at\mc-abpw- am-Xr- q-an-bp-sam-s° \n-c¥cw-

]Ncn-∏n-®pt]m-∂p.-

1982˛'-87 Im-esØ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cns‚ Nn-e hn-Ie

\bßfpw- AXn-s\Xn-sc tIcfØn¬- \S∂ DPz-eap-t∂‰ßfpw-

êØn¬- F¬-Un-F^n-\v- A\p-Iq-eam-b cm-„o-bm¥co-£w- kr-


68


„n-®n-cp-∂p.- tIm-tfPp-Ifn¬-\n-∂v- ]o-Un-Kn- th¿-s]Sp-Øn- ]tXy-

I t_m¿-Un-\v- Io-gn-em-°m-\p-≈ A∂sØ bp-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cn-

s‚ Xo-cp-am-\w- hn-Zym-`ym-ktaJesb Atßb‰w- Iep-jn-Xam-°n-

bn-cp-∂p.- CXn-\p-]p-dsa kw-ÿm-\Øv- \n-ch[n- kz-Im-cy- t]m-fn-

sSIv-\n-Iv- Bcw-`n-°m-\p-≈ \o-°hpw- hn-Zym¿-Yn-kw-LS\Ifp-sS

FXn¿-∏v- hn-fn-®p-hcp-Øn.- A[ym-]I \n-ba\ßfn¬- ISp-Ø Agn-

aXn-bpw- tIm-gbpw- \n-d™n-cp-∂p.- Cu-sbm-cp- ]iv-Nm-Øew- hn-Zym-

`ym-kcw-KØv- FÆa‰ ]t£m-`ßƒ-°v- Xn-cn-sIm-fp-Øn.-

CXn-\p-]p-dsabm-Wv- \n-ba\\n-tcm-[\w- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn- A`y-

kv-Xhn-Zy-cm-b bp-hP\ßfp-sS sXm-gn¬- F∂ kz-]v-\w- A∂v- XI¿-

°s∏´Xv.- sXm-gn¬-\n-tj[Øn-s\Xn-sc a¥n-am-sc sXcp-hn¬-

XSbp-∂ ]t£m-`ßfS°w- tIcfØn¬- Actßdn.- Cu-sbm-cp-

kac`cn-Xam-b cm-„o-b]iv-Nm-Øew- Hcp-hiØv-; Hcp-hn-[ h¿-Ko-

b_‘hp-an-√m-sX Xn-I™ aX\n-ct]£ap-JtØm-sS F¬-Un-

F^v- \n-esIm-≈p-∂ cm-„o-bm-¥co-£w- adp-`m-KØv. CXp -c≠pw-

Iq-Sn- tN¿-∂t∏mƒ- tIcfw-- '-57,- '-67,- '-80 Im-esØt]m-se ho-≠pw-

Np-h∂p.- A©p-h¿-jsØ A[n-Im-cw-hn- v- bp-Un-F v- ]Xn-]£\n-

cbn¬- FØn.- ]Xn-]£Øp-\n-∂v- F¬-Un-F-^v- cW]£Øpw-

FØn.-

Chn-sSbpw- ]Xßƒ- Atßb‰w- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v-,- CSXp-]£

hn-cp-≤Xbm-Wv- ]ISn-∏n-®Xv.- cm-„o-bbm-Ym¿-Yy-ßsf hkv-Xp-\n-

jv-Tam-bn- hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- AXn-\\p-kcn-®p-≈ \n-e]m-Sv-

ssIs°m-≈p-∂Xn-\pw- ]Xßƒ- Xøm-dm-bn-√ F∂Xn-s‚ as‰m-cp-

an-I® DZm-lcWam-Wv- 1987se tIcf \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v.-

1991se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v-

]Xßfp-sS cm-„o-b[m¿-an-IX Agn-™pho-W as‰m-cp-

Lám-bn-cp-∂p- 1991se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v.- 1987 am-¿-®n¬-

A[n-Im-cØn-¬-h∂ c≠mw- \m-b\m¿- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ cWIm-ew-

tIcfØn-s‚ cm-„o-bap-t∂‰Øn¬- \q-X\am-b A[y-m-bw- Fgp-

Xn-t®¿-Øp.- "kºq¿-W km-£cXm- ]ÿm-\'-Øn-\v- tIcfw- cq-

]w-\¬-In-bXv- C°m-eØm-Wv.- cm-Py-Øm-Zy-am-bn- kºq¿-W km-

£cXbn-te°v- tIcfw- Np-hSp-h®p.- Cu- an-Ihv- ssIhcn-°p-∂ BZy-

kw-ÿm-\am-bn- am-dn- tIcfw.- CXn-\p-]p-dsa A[n-Im-chn-tIµo-

IcWw- Im-cy-£aam-°m-\p-≈ iaØn-s‚ m-Kam-bn- Pn-√m- Iu¨-

kn-ep-Iƒ- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-°n-bXpw- 1987˛'-91 Im-esØ C sI

69

\mb\m¿- k¿-°m-cm-Wv.- an-I® km-aq-ly-t£a ]≤Xn-Iƒ-°pw- km-

aq-ly- kp-c£m- ]≤Xn-Iƒ-°pw- B k¿-°m¿- cq-]w-\¬-In.- ]cºcm-

KX hy-hkm-bßfp-sSbpw- s]m-Xp-taJem- hy-hkm-bßfp-sSbpw-

kw-c£WØn-\pw- B k¿-°m¿- e]Zam-b \S]Sn- kzo-Icn-®p.-

kºq¿-W km-£cX,- A[n-Im-chn-tIµo-IcWØn-\m-bp-≈

Np-hSp-hbv-]n-s‚ m-Kam-bn- Pn-√m- Iu¨kn-ep-Ifp-sS cq-]o-IcWw,-

hy-hkm-b kw-c£Ww- Xp-Sßn-b t\´ßƒ- B¿-Pn-®Xn-s‚ Jym-

Xn-tbm-sS c≠mw- \m-b\m¿- k¿-°m¿- 1991 sabv-am-kØn¬- \S∂

\n-bak`m- D]sXcs™Sp-∏n-s\ t\cn- p.- F∂m¬,- ]Xßƒ- F¥v-

\n-e]m-Sm-Wv- B sXcs™Sp-∏n-¬- kzo-Icn-®Xv-?- Ncn-Xhn-Zym¿-Yn-

Iƒ-°v- G-sd KthjWw- \SØm-hp-∂ hn-jbw-Xs∂bm-Wn-Xv.-

ssh°w- kXy-KlØn-s‚ hm¿-jn-Iw- BtLm-jn-°p-∂

thfbn¬- C Fw- Fkv- Hcp-teJ\w- Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.- 1991se \n-

bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n-\v- hfsc \m-fp-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.-

ssh°w- kXy-KlL´Øn¬- hn-hn-[ kap-Zm-bt\Xr-Xzw- cm-

P`cWtØm-Sp- kzo-Icn-®n-cp-∂ ar-Zp-kao-]\sØ C Fw- Fkv- \n-

in-Xhn-a¿-i\Øn-\v- hn-t[bam-°n,- --B teJ\Øn¬.- Cu- ar-Zp-kao-

]\sØ FXn-¿-Øp-tXm¬-∏n-°m≥- kap-Zm-bw-Kßƒ,- Ncn-XØn-

s‚ A\n-hm-cy-X F∂t]m-se,- cw-KØp-h∂p-sh∂pw- Ahbp-sS

kΩ¿-Zam-Wv- ]n-∂o-Sv - ssh°w- kXy-Klw- t]m-ep-≈ Ncn-

Xkacßƒ-°v- _o-Phm-]w- sNbv-XsX∂pw- C Fw- Fkv- \n-co-

£n-®p.- F∂n-´v- At±lw- Hcp-Im-cyw- ASn-bhcbn-´p-]d™p˛- Fkv-

F≥-Un-]n-bp-sS BZy-Im-e t\Xm-°fn¬- Nn-e¿- cm-P`cWØn-s‚

]m-ZtkhIcm-bn-cp-∂p.- CXm-Is´,- Bcpw- AwKo-Icn-°p-∂ Ncn-

XkXy-hp-am-Wv.-

F∂m¬,- 1991se sXcs™Sp-∏n\p--- hfscap-ºv- C Fw- Fkv-

Fgp-Xn-b Cu- teJ\Øn¬- cm-Phm-gv-NIm-esØ Fkv-F≥-Un-]n-

t\Xm-°fn¬- Hcp-hn-`m-Kw- t\Xm-°fpsS kao-]\w- Xp-d∂p-Im-Wn-

®Xn-s\ aebm-fat\m-ca ]Xw- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\w- sNbv-Xp.- "Fkv-

F≥-Un-]n- t\Xm-°ƒ- cm-Pm-hn-s‚ ]m-ZtkhI¿-: C Fw- Fkv'-

F∂ Xes°ń¬- H∂mw-t]Pn¬-Xs∂ at\m-ca sXcs™Sp-∏p--

]Nm-cWØn-s‚ Hcp-L´Øn¬- hm¿-ØNa®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- AtX∏‰n-

Fkv-F≥-Un-]n- t\Xm-°fp-sSbpw- km-[m-cW]h¿-ØIcp-sSbpw-

hsc A`n-]m-bßfpw- A`n-ap-Jßfpw- Xp-S¿-®bm-bn- ]kn-≤o-Icn-

®p.- CXn-s‚ -eam-bn- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- thm- ¿-am¿- N¿-® sNtø≠

P\Io-b]iv-\ßƒ- CØcw- hn-hm-Zßƒ-°v- hgn-am-dn.- kºq¿-W


70


km-£cXm- ]ÿm-\w,- A[n-Im-chn-tIµo-IcWhpw- AXn-s‚ m-

Kam-bn- \S∏m-b Pn-√m- Iu -kn-ep-Ifpw-hsc Cßs\ sXcs™Sp-

∏v- Nn-XØn¬\n-∂p-- Hcp-]cn-[n-hsc t_m-[]q¿-hw- adbv-°s∏´p-;

AØcw- Im-cy-ßƒ- thm-´¿-am¿- N¿-®sNøcpXv- F∂ Hcp-Xcw- hm-

in-Xs∂ aebm-f at\m-ca Im-ń.- Cu- am-Xr-I am-Xr-`q-an- Dƒ-

s∏sSbp-≈ a‰p- ]Xßfpw- ]n-¥p-S¿-∂p.- c≠mw- \m-b\m¿- k¿-

°m-cn-s‚ cWt\´ßƒ- Gsd°p-sd thm-´¿-am-cp-sS a\kn¬-\n-

∂pw- t]m-bv-ad™p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-bp-sS c‡km-£n-Xzw-

Iq-Sn- h∂W™tXm-sS bp-Un-F^n-\m-bn- hn-Pbhpw- kw-ÿm-

\`cWhpw.-

A[n-Im-chn-tIµo-IcWtam- kºq¿-W km-£cXm-t\´tam-

H∂p-a√ \m-Sn-\m-hiy-sa∂pw- AØcw- t\´ßƒ- B¿-Pn-°m≥-

tIcfsØ ]m-]v-Xm-°n-b Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]ÿm-\sØbpw- AXv-

t\Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂ CSXp-]£sØbpw- \m-ń¬-\n-∂v- sI´p-sIń-

°p-Ibm-Wv- th≠sX∂p-ap-≈ A]ISIcam-b ktµiw-˛1991se

tIcf \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Db¿-∂Xv- CXm-Wv.- aebm-

fat\m-cabpw- "tZio-b Zn-\]Xw'- F∂ Jym-Xn- AhIm-is∏Sp-∂

amXr-`q-an-bpw- A∂v- ian-®Xv- Cu- hgn-]n-g® t]m-°n-\v- Du¿-Pw-

]Icm-\m-Wv.- AXphgn- km-ap-Zm-bn-Iam-b GIo-IcWØn-\pw- Cu-

]Xßƒ- hgn-hn-´v- ian-®p.-

bYm¿-YØn¬- A[n-Im-chn-tIµo-IcWhpw- km-£cXm- ]h¿-

Ø\hpw- G‰hp-a[n-Iw- klm-bIcam-bXv- Cu-ghmZn- ]n-t∂m-°

kap-Zm-bßƒ-°mWv.- AXv- ad®p-h®m-Wv-, - C Fw- Fkn-s‚

teJ\Øn-se Nn-e ]cm-a¿-ißsf hfs®m-Sn-®pw- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\w-

sNbv-Xpw- A∂v- ]Xßƒ- kn-]n-sF FΩn-\pw- F¬-Un-F^n-\p-

saXn-sc P\hn-Im-chpw- km-ap-Zm-bn-Ihn-Im-chpw- Cf°n-hn-Sm≥- ian-

®Xv.- Ncn-XØn-s‚ \n-tj[hpw- hkv-Xp-XIfp-sS im-kv-Xo-bm-

]KY\-an-√m-bv-abpw- CØcw- hm¿-ØIfp-sS s]m-≈Øcw- Xp-d∂p-

Im-´p-∂Xm-Wv.- F∂m¬,- tIcfo-bkaq-lØn¬- ]Xßƒ-,- hn-in-

jym-- heXp-]-£ Xm¬-]cy-°m-cm-b ]Xßƒ,-- B¿-Pn-® Zpx-kz-m-

[o-\Øn-s‚ sRń-∏n-°p-∂,- Ghscbpw- Nn-¥n-∏n-°p-∂ sXfn-hm-

Wv- 1991se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v-.- 1987˛91se bp-Un-F^v- k¿-

°m-cn-s‚ hn-Ik\t\´ßfp-sS bYm¿-Y Kp-Wt`m-‡m-°fm-b kam-

\y-P\ßsf k¶p-Nn-Xam-b km-ap-Zm-bn-Ihn-Im-cw- Ip-Øn-h®v- F¬-

Un-F^-n-s\Xn-cm-°m≥- \S∂ iaw- Ncn-XØn-s‚ as‰m-cp- IpXq--

lew-Xs∂.-

71

2009se tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v-

t\csØ \mw- I≠Xp-t]m-se CSXp-]£Øn-\pw- hn-in-jym-

Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°pw- FXn-cm-bn- ap-Jy[m-cm- am-[y-aßƒ-˛

AXn¬- Zn-\]Xßfpw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\ep-Ifpw- Dƒ-s∏Sp-w-˛ cm-„o-

b sshc\n-cym -X\_p-≤n -tbm-sS \n -e]m-sSSp -Ø as‰m-cp -

sXcs™Sp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p 2009 G]nen-¬-- \S∂ 15˛mw- tem-Iv-k`m-

sXcs™Sp-∏v.-

tem-Iv-k`bn-te°m-Wv- sXcs™Sp-∏v- F∂Xn-\m¬- kz-m-`m-hn-

Iam-bpw- thm-´¿-am¿- N¿-®sNøp-I tZio-bhpw- km¿-htZio-bhp-

am-b hn-jbßfm-Ip-at√m.- A°q-´Øn¬- tIcfcm-„o-bhpw- N¿-

® sNøs∏Spw.- CXp- kz-`m-hn-Iam-sbm-cp- cm-„o-b]In-bbm-Wv.-

km¿-htZio-b cw-Khp-am-bn- _‘s∏ v- C¥y-bp-sS hn-tZi\bw,-

A¥m-cm-„ ]iv-\ßfn-¬- ssIs°m-≈p-∂ \b\ne]m-Sp-Iƒ-,- hn-

tZicm-Py-ßfp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ \bX¥Xe _‘ßfn-se ho-gv-

NIƒ˛t\´ßƒ,- hn-tZicm-Py-ßfn¬- tPm-en-t\m-°p-∂ ]hm-kn-

Ifp-sS ]iv-\ßtfm-Sp-≈ kao-]\w,- BtKm-fh¬-°cWØn-t‚Xm-

b C∂sØ°m-eØv- Atacn-°≥- km-am-Py-Xzw- Dƒ-s∏sSbp-≈

ap-Xem-fn-Øcm-Py-ßtfm-Sp-≈ kao-]\hpw- Ahcp-am-bn- _‘s∏´v-

Chn-sS ssIs°m-≈p-∂ \bßfpw- X¥]cam-b \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw,--

AXn¿-Øn- cm-Py-ßfp-am-bp-≈ ]iv-\ßƒ- ]cn-lcn-°p-∂Xn-\v- FSp-

Ø \S]Sn-Ifpw- ]iv-\ßfpw- ho-gv-NIfpw-˛ Chsb AXo-hKu-

chtØm-sS thm-´¿-am¿- tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏p-thfbn¬- N¿-

®bv-°v- hn-t[bam-°pw.- CØcw- N¿-®Iƒ- Db¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-hcp-

∂Xn¬- tZio-b cm-„o-b]m¿-Sn-Ifpw- ]m-tZin-II£n-Ifpw-

Atßb‰w- i≤ sNep-Øm-dp-ap-≠v.-

CXn-\p-- ]q-cIam-bn-Xs∂ cm-Py-Øv- tIµk¿-°m-¿- kzo-Icn-

°p-∂ km-ºØnI˛cm-„o-b\bßfpw- hn-hn-[ taJeIfn¬- kzo-

Icn-°p-∂ \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- AXXv- Im-esØ a‰v- \n-¿-Wm-bI]iv-

\ßfpw- kPo-ham-bn- thm-´¿-am¿-°p-ap-∂n¬- Db¿-∂p-hcm-dp-ap-≠v.-

Db¿-∂ cm-„o-bkm-£cXbpw- cm-„o-bm-ht_m-[hpw- ssIhcn-®

tIcfw-t]m-semcp- \m-ń¬- Cu- ]iv-\ßƒ- AXn-kq-£v-am-b ]cn-

tim-[\bv-°v- hn-t[bamIm-dp-s≠∂Xpw- kp-hn-Zn-Xw.-

2009se tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v- Cu-b¿-YØn¬- cm-Py-sØ

khn-tij]m-[m-\yap-≈ sXcs™Sp-∏p-Ifn¬- H∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-

km¿-htZio-bhpw- tZio-bhpw- tIcfo-bhp-am-b \n-ch[n- au-en-

I]iv-\ßƒ- N¿-® sNbv-X sXcs™Sp-∏v- F∂Xn-\m-em-Wv- CXv-


72


i≤n-°s∏´Xv.-

km¿-htZio-b]iv-\ßƒ- F∂ \n-ebn¬- Fs¥m-s°bm-bn-

cp-∂p- B sXcs™Sp-∏v- N¿-® sNbv-XXv?- Ahsb Fßs\ kw-

Kln-°mw.-

H∂v-: 1991¬- cm-Py-Øp- Xp-Sßn-bXpw- \n-ehn¬- AXn-i‡hp-

am-bn- Xp-Scp-∂Xp-am-b Atacn-°≥- km-am-Py-Xzhn-t[bam-b BtKm-

fh¬-°cW\bw- \S∏m-°p-∂Xn-s‚ Zp-c¥w.-

c≠v-: 2008 Pq¨˛Pq-sse am-kßfn¬- ]m¿-esa‚ v- N¿-® sNbv-

X Ct¥m-˛Atacn-°≥- BWhIcm¿.-

aq-∂v-: aq-∂mw- tem-Icm-Py-ßƒ- Dƒ-s∏ń-cp-∂ tNcn-tNcm-]ÿm-

\w- Xm-ßpw-XWepw- \¬-In-t∏m-∂ ]ekv-Xo≥- P\Xsb XI¿-

°m≥- Ah¿-s°Xn-sc hn-cam-an-√m-Ø bp-≤ßƒ- \SØn-hcp-∂-

Cktb¬- F∂ o-Iccm-Py-hp-am-bn- C¥y- ÿm-]n-® X¥]cam-

b ssk\n-Ihpw- cm-„o-bhpw- \bX¥]chp-am-b _‘ßƒ.

\m-ev-: Iiv-ao¿- ]iv-\w- Dƒ-s∏sS \n-ehn¬- ]mIn-ÿm-\p-am-bn-

\n-e\n¬-°p-∂ ]iv-\ßƒ- ]cn-lcn-°p-∂Xp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p-≈

hn-jbßƒ.-

A©v-: A¬ -sJz-bv-Zm- F∂ ò-Ic]ÿm\sØ XI¿-°m-

s\∂ t]cn¬- A^v-Km-\n-ÿm-\n¬- \SØp-∂ bp-≤ßfpw- Cdm-Jn-

s\Xn-sc \SØn-b A[n-\n-thihpw- k±mw- lp-ssks‚ Zm-cp-W

sIm-e]m-XIhpw.-

Bdv-: kz-¥am-bn- BWh]≤Xn-Iƒ- hn-Ikn-∏n-®p- F∂Xn-s‚

t]cn¬- Cdm-s\Xn-sc Atacn-°bpw- kJy-I£n-Ifm-b bq-tdm-]y≥-

ap-Xem-fn-Øcm-Py-ßfpw- \SØp-∂ lo-\am-b \o-°ßƒ.-

Ggv-: Cu- ]iv-\ßfn-sem-s° tIµØn¬- \n-ehn-en-cn-°p-∂

tUm.- a≥-tam-l≥-kn-Mv- k¿-°m¿- Atacn-°≥- km-am-Py-Xzi‡n-

Iƒ-°pw- BtKm-f aq-e[\i‡n-Iƒ-°pw- A\p-Iq-eam-bn- \n-c¥cw-

kzo-Icn-°p-∂ \bßfpw- \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- AXn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬-

cq-]w-\¬-In-b ]p-Ø≥- km-am-Py-Xz-m-\p-Iq-e hn-tZi\bhp-w.

C\n- tZio-b ]iv-\ßfn-te°v- Xn-cn-™m-tem?- Ah C\n- ]dbp-

∂hbm-Wv.-

H∂v-: tIm¿-]td‰v- i‡n-Iƒ-°v- A\p-Iq-eam-bn- \S∏m-°p-∂,-

BtKm-fh¬-°cW A\p-Iq-e km-ºØn-I˛DZm-ch¬-°cW \b

ßƒ-.-

c≠v-: CXn-\\p-cq-]am-bn- hy-hkm-btaJebn-epw- Im¿-jn-Icw-

KØpw- \S∏m-°p-∂ XeXn-cn-™ heXp-]£ \bßƒ.-

73

aq-∂v-: Ct¥m-˛Atacn-°≥- BWhIcm¿ km-[y-am-°m≥- kzo-

Icn-® hgn-hn- am¿-Kßfpw- AXn-\p-th≠n- ]m¿-esa‚n¬- q-cn-]£w-

Dd∏m-°m≥- Hgp-°n-b tIm-Sn-°W°n-\v- cq-]bp-sS Agn-aXnbpw-.-

\m-ev-: I¿-jn-Icw-KsØ ap-cSn-∏pw- \n-c¥cw- Xp-Scp-∂ I¿-jI

BfllXy-bpw.-

CXn-\p-]p-dsa,- 2006 sabv- am-kw- ap-X¬- tIcfØn¬- A[n-Im-

cØn-en-cp-∂ F¬-Un-F v- k¿-°m¿- \S∏m-°n-b t£a]≤XnIfpw-

hn-Ik\\bßfpw-- AXp-hgn tIcfw- B¿-Pn-® t\´ßfpw- B

sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- kPo-ham-b N¿-®bv-°v- ]m-Xo-`hn-°p-sa∂pw-

]cs° ]Xo-£n-®p.-

F∂m¬,- bYm¿-YØn¬- kw-`hn-®Xv- F¥m-Wv? 2009¬- \S∂

tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Cu- hn-jbßsfm-∂pw- tIcfØn-

se ap-Jy-[m-cm-∏Xßƒ-°pw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\ep-Iƒ-°pw- hn-jbta

A√m-bn-cp-∂p-! AØcw- hn-jbßƒ- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- kPo-h N¿-

®bm-Ip-sa∂v- Icp-Xn-b ]m-hw- thm-´¿-am¿- \n-klm-bcm-bn.- ta¬-

∏d™ hn-jbßsfm-∂pw- tIcfØn-se am-[y-aßƒ- N¿-® sNbv-

Xn-√.- F∂p-am-Xa√,- Bhp-∂hn-[Øn-sem-s° AØcw- hn-

jbßfn-¬-\n-∂p- am-dn-\n¬-°m-\pw- P\ßƒ°p- Xm¬-]cy-an-√m-Ø

a‰p- Im-cy-ßfn-te°p- Ahcp-sS cm-„obi≤ Xf®n-Sm-\pam-Wv- am-

[y-aßƒ- B sXcs™Sp-∏n-¬- ian-®Xv.- AXn-sem-∂m-Wv- A–pƒ-

\m-k¿- av-AZ\n-bp-sS ]n-Un-]n- F∂ cm-„o--b]m¿-Sn-bp-am-bn- kn-]n-

sF Fw- Ft¥m- sXcs™Sp-∏p- kJy-ap-≠m-°n- F∂ XcØn-¬-

am-[yaßƒ- hen-b hm-in-tbm-sS ]Ncn-∏n-®Xv.

hm-kv-XhØn¬-,- Ct¥m-˛Atacn-°≥- BWhIcm¿- ]iv-\w-

Dƒ-s∏sS tIµØn-se H∂mw- bp-]n-F k¿-°m¿- kzo--Icn-® \b\n-

e]m-Sp-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p- t-Icfw- B sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Gsd N¿-

®sNtø≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv.- \hen_d¬- \bßfpw- AXn-s‚ êam-

bn- cm-Pyw- t\cn- p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ sISp-Xn-Ifpw- P\Po-hn-Xw- Zp- lam-

°p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- C°m-cWØm¬- tIµk¿-°mcn-s\Xn-sc

i‡am-b P\hn-Im-cw- Bfn-°Øp-∂ tZio-bcm-„o-bkm-lNcyw.-

AØcsam-cp- ]iv-Nm-ØeØn-em-Wv- 15˛mw- t-em-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-

∏p- \S∂Xv.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- Ah N¿-®sNøm-\pw- thm-´¿-am-sc

B \n-ebn¬- t_m-[h¬-Icn-°m-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p- tIcfØn¬- kn-]n-

sF Fw- t\Xr-Xzw- \¬In-b CSXp-]£˛P\m-[n-]Xy-ap-∂Wn- ian-

®Xv.-

F∂m¬-,- ]n-Un-]n- _‘w- Btcm-]n-®v- kn-]n-sF FΩn-s\ H‰Xn-


74


cn-™v- BIan-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- am-[y-aßfp-sS Xm¬-]cyw-.- AXm-

Is´ km-am-\y-acym-ZIfp-sS F√m-ko-aIfpw- ew-Ln-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-

Xp.- Pm-Xn- aX˛h¿-Kob ]ÿm-\ßtfm-Spw- A°q-- ¿- t\XrXz-w- \¬-

Ip-∂ cm-„o-b]m¿-Sn-Itfm-Spw- kn-]n-sF Fw- kzo-Icn-°p-∂ XXzm-

[n-jv-Tn-X \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ P\ßfn-¬- hen-b aXn-∏p-≠m°n-bXp-

1987se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- \mw- I≠Xm-Wt√m.- B ]m-

c-ºcyw--Xs∂ \n-e\n-¿-Øp-∂ kn-]n-sF Fw- \m-ep-thm-ń-\m-bn- av-

AZ\n-bp-sS ]m¿-ń-°p-]n-∂m-se t]m-bn- F∂p- hy-m-Jym-\n-°m-\m-

bn-cp-∂p- ap-Jy-[m-cm- am-[yaßfp-sS iaw.- A®Sn,- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßƒ-

C°m-cy-Øn¬- kn-]n-sF FΩn-s\Xn-sc H‰s°´m-bn- \n-e-sIm-≠p.

AXn≥^-eam-bn- H∂mw- bp-]n-F k¿-°m-cn-s‚ `cWsshIr-

Xßfpw- cW]cm-Pbhpw- thm-´¿-amcn¬-\n-∂p- ad®p-hbv-°s∏´p.-

cm-Py-hpw- P\ßfpw- D‰p-t\m-°n-b AXn-\n-¿-Wm-bIam-b Hcp-

sXcs™Sp-∏n¬ bYm¿-Y]iv-\ßƒ- thm- ¿-am-cn¬-\n-∂p- ad®p-h®

as‰m-cp- sXcs™Sp-∏pw- B[p-\n-I tIcfØn-s‚ Ncn-XØn¬-

shsdbn-√Xs∂.-

AXp-am-Xtam?- tIcfØn¬- A[n-Im-cØn-en-cp--∂ F¬-Un-F-

^v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ `cWt\´ßfpw- t£a]h¿-Ø\ßfpw- B

sXcs™ Sp-∏n¬- am-[y-aßƒ- t_m-[]q-¿-hw- ad®p-h®p.- ]Icw-

k¿-°m-cn-s‚ hn-hn-[ cw-KsØ \S]Sn-Isf∏‰n-bp-≈ A\m-hiy-

hn-hm-Zßƒ- Ip-Øn-s∏m-°m-\pw- AXn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬- k¿-

°m-cn-s\Xn-sc P\hn-Im-cw- DW¿-Øm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p- am-[y-aßfp-

sS i≤.- CXm-Is´ am-[y-aßƒ-s°Xn-sc hfsc k-hn-tijam-b

Hcp- Btcm-]Ww- Db¿-∂p-h∂ L´Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- F∂Xpw- i≤n-

°Ww.- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- DØct¥y-bn¬- tIm-¨-Kkn-s‚ Dƒ-

s∏sSbp-≈ ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Iƒ- Xßƒ-°n-„ap-≈ am-[y-aßfn¬- h≥-

tXm-Xn¬- tIm-g sIm-Sp-Øv- hm¿-Øhcp-Øm≥- (Paid News) Xp-\n-

™ sXcs™Sp-∏p- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- 2009se sXcs™Sp-∏v-. -

CXpIq-Sn- tN¿-Øp- hm-bn-°p-tºm-tg tIcfØn¬- am-[y-aßƒ- han-

∏n-® CSXp-]£hn-cp-≤ hn-jØn-s‚bpw--]Nm-cWØn-s‚bpw-

A]ISw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-Iq.-

F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ AXn-\Iap-≈ `cWt\´ßƒ-

Fs¥m-s°?-

H∂v-: I¿-jIcp-sS BfllXy- C√m-Xm-°n- Ahcp-sS t£aØn-

\p- Im¿-jn-I ISm-iz-m-kIao-j\pw- XZ\p-kcWam-b ]≤Xn-Ifpw-

\S∏m-°n- tZio-XXeØn¬-Xs∂ i≤ ]n-Sn-®p-]‰n.-

75

c≠v-: cm-Py-Øv- BZy-am-bn- I¿-jI¿-°p- s]≥-j≥- \S∏m-°n.-

aq-∂v-: hn-Z¿-` tam-U¬- ]m-t°Pn-s‚ am-Xr-Ibn¬- Ip-´\m-Sv,-

CSp-°n,- hb\m-Sv- ]m-t°Pp-Iƒ- t\Sn-sbSp-Øp.-

\m-ev-: \„Øn-em-b s]m-Xp-taJem- hy-hkm-bßsfbpw- ]Xn-

k‘n- Kkn-® ]c-ºcm-KX hy-hkm-bßsfbpw- kw-c£n°m-\pw-

]p-tcm-KXn-bn-te°p- \bn-°m-\pw- DXIp-∂p- hy-hkm-b\bw- \S

∏m-°n.-

A©v-: sFSn- taJebp-sS kaKhn-Ik\w- e£y-an -´ v -

tIcfØn-s‚ kz-]v-\]≤Xn-bm-b sIm-®n-- kv-am¿-´v-kn-‰n- ]≤Xn-°p-

Xd°√n-´p.-

Bdv-: kv-Xo-im-‡o-IcWw- e£y-an-´v- Xt±ikz-bw-`cW ÿm-

]\ßfn-se sXcs™Sp-∏n-¬- 50 iXam-\w- ko-‰p-Iƒ- h\n-XIƒ-

°p- kwh-cWw- sNbv-Xp-.-

Ggv-: hym-]Iam-bn- \S°p∂ s\¬-hb¬-˛\o¿-ØS \n-IØ¬-

XSbm-\p≈ kaKam-b \n-ba\n¿-am-Ww.-

2006 sabv-am-kØn¬- A[n-Im-cØn¬- h∂ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-

°m¿- 2009 G]n-en¬- \S∂ tem-Iv-k` sXcs™Sp-∏p- L´w-hsc

\S∏m-°n-b GXm-\pw- cW\S]Sn-Iƒ- am-XaWn-Xv.- Chbv-°p-]p-

dsa,- FÆa‰ a‰p- \S]Sn-Ifpw- B- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ kw-`m-h\bm-bn-

thm-´¿-am¿-°p- ap-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- CsXm-s° ad®p-h®m-Wv- am-

[y-aßƒ- Xßfp-sS kzm¿-Yem- w am-Xw- ap≥-\n¿-Øn- F¬-Un-F^n-

s\bpw- AXn-\p- t\Xr-Xzw-\¬-Ip-∂ kn-]n-sF FΩn-s\bpw- H‰Xn-

cn-®v- P\a[y-Øn¬- Icn-hm-cn-tØ°m≥- ian-®Xv.- CXm-Is´ tIm -

Kkv- Dƒ-s∏sSbp-≈ heXp-]£i‡n-Isf hgn-hn-´p- klm-bn-°p-

I F∂ ln-U≥- AP≠bp-sS m-Khp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Chn-sS i≤n-t°≠ as‰m-cp- hkv-Xp-XIq--Sn-bp-≠v.- km-[m-

cW°m-cm-b km-am-\y-P\X- t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- Po-hnX]bm-

kßƒ-°p- ]cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-\p-≈ _Z¬\-bßfp-sS ]co-£Wim-

ebm-bn- tIcfsØ am-‰m-\p-≈ cm-„o--b CSs]Sem-Wv- F¬-Un-

F^-pw- kn-]n-sF FΩpw- \SØn-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv.- B \bßƒ -

\S∏m-bm¬- Xßfp-sS Im-en-\Sn-bn-se aÆv- h≥-tXm-Xn¬- Hen-®p-

t]m-Ipw- F∂p- heXp-]£cm-„o-bi‡n-Iƒ- h√m-sX bs∏´p.-

AØcw- \bßƒ- \S∏m-°p-Ihgn- F¬-Un-F^v- tIcfØn¬-

i‡am-b- P\Io-bi‡n-bm-bn- am-dp-sa∂pw- Ah¿- i¶n-®p.- Ahcp-

sS DXv-IWv-T icn-hbv-°pw-hn-[am-bn-cp-∂p- F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cn-

s‚ ]IS\w- F∂Xpw- i≤n-°s∏´ hkv-Xp-Xbm-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu-


76


`bm-i¶Ifm-Wv- heXp-]£i‡n-Iƒ-°p- th≠n- h√m-Ø\n-

ebn¬,- \ym-bo-IcWtaXp-an-√m-Øhn-[w- am-[yaßƒ- \n-esIm-

≈m≥- CSbm-°n-bXv.-

c≠p- Im-cy-ßfm-Wv- CXn-ep-sS am-[y-aßƒ- km-[n-®Xv.-

H∂v-: BWhIcm¿- ]iv-\aS°w- tIµØn-se H∂mw- bp]n-

F k¿-°m-cn-s‚ tZitZm-lIchpw- P\hn-cp-≤hp-am-b \bßfpw

B k¿-°m-cn-s‚ cWsshIr-Xßfpw- thm-´¿-am-cn¬-\n-∂p- ad®p-

hbv-°p-I.-

c≠v-: _Z¬-\bßƒ- \S∏m-°n- tIcfsØ ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- Zn-ibn-

te°p- \bn-°p-∂ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ P\]£hn-Ik\

kao-]\w- ad®h®v- ]Icw- C√mØ ]iv-\-ßƒ- Ds≠∂p-hcp-Øn-

hn-hm-Zw- kr-„n-®v- thm-´¿-am-cp-sS i≤ Xn-cn-°p-I.-

Cu- e£y-ßƒ- km-[n-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- 2009se 15˛mw- tem-Iv-

k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- tIcfØn-se am-[yaßfn¬- alm-`q-cn-

]£hpw- t_m-[]q-¿-hw- ian-®Xpw- Hcp-]cn-[n-hsc hn-Pbn-®Xpw.-

CXm-Is´,- ]Ww- \¬-In- hm¿-Øhcp-Øm≥- ian-® hSt°bn-¥y≥-

am-Xr-Itb°mƒ- Xcw-Xm-W \S]Sn-bm-bn- Nn-Xo-Icn-°s∏´p.- hn-

tamN\kacL´Øn-se ]Xßfp-sS \n-e]m-Sn-t\°mƒ- I„Xcw-

Ft∂ Cu- \n-e]m-Sn-s\ hn-tijn-∏n-°m-\m-Iq.-

77

"-]m-iv-Nm-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- C-¥y-bn¬-sIm-≠p-h-

∂p- \-´p-]n-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≈- sN-Sn-I-fn¬- H-∂m-Wv- hr-Øm-

¥- ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\w.- tZ-ikm-fly-Im-c-W-Øm¬,- Cu-

a-dp-\m-S-≥ sN-Sn,- C-¥y-≥ a-Æn¬- \-√-h-Æw- ]n-Sn-®p-

X-g-®p-h-f-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- D-Æp-I,- D-Sp-°p-

I,- D-d-ßp-I- F-∂- D-Im-c-X-bw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- Po-hn-X-c-

£-bv-°v- F-X-tb-sd- B-h-iy-sa-∂p- hn-Nm-cn-°-s∏-ń-

cn-°p-∂p-thm-;- Cu- sN-Sn-bp-sS- P-∑- q-an-bn-se- P-\-ßƒ-

]-X-hm-b-\-sb-bpw- A-]-Im-cw-X-s∂- K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p...- Cu- ÿn-Xn-°v,- tem-I-Øn¬,- hr-Øm-¥- ]-X-

ßƒ-°p- \mƒ-°p-\mƒ- ]-Nm-c-hpw- ]p-„n-bpw- A-`n-hr-

≤n-bpw- I-b-dn-h-cp-∂-Xn¬- hn-kv-a-b-s∏-Sp-hm-\n-√...-'-

a-e-bm-f- ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚- -]n-Xm-a-l≥-- F-

∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p--∂-p- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI- cm-a-Ir-jv-

W-]n-≈sb.- At±lØn-s‚ "-hr-Øm-¥- ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-

\w-'- F-∂- hn-Jym-X-am-b- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚- H-∂m-w- A-

[ym-bam-b "-]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\-sØm-gn¬-'- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-

Xp- ta-ep-≤-cn-®- h-cn-I-tfm--sS-bm-Wv.- 1912¬, a-e-bm-f-

]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\w- ]n-®-h-®p- Xp-S-ßn-b- Im-e-Øm-Wv- kz-

tZ-im-`n-am-\n- Cu- \n-co-£-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.- ]-X-]-

h¿-Ø-\w- A-Y-hm- A-Xp-h-gn- kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- hm¿-

Øm-]-X-ßƒ- k-aq-l-Øn¬-˛- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-sa-t∂m- ]u-

c-kv-Xy-sa-t∂m- hy-Xym-k-an-√m-sX-˛- sN-ep-Øp-∂- kzm-

[o-\w- F-s¥-∂-Xn-\v- C-Xn¬-]-cw- sX-fn-hp-th-≠.-

A[ym-bw-˛ 13

tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aß-fpw-

78


"-P-\-ßƒ- ]-X-°m-c-s\- X-ß-fp-sS- ]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- I-cp-Xn- hn-

iz-kn-°p-∂p.- ]-X-°m-c-≥ A-h-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-sØ- .....- \-S-t°-≠-

Xn-\p- I-S-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-'- F-∂pw- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- Hm¿-an-∏n-°p-∂p.-

F-¥m-Wn-X-n-\¿-Yw-?- Zn-\-]-X-ßƒ-°v- P-\-ß-fn-epw- k-aq-l-Øn-

epw- sN-ep-Øm-hp-∂- au-en-I-am-b- kzm-[o-\-a-t√- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-

bp-sS- Cu- hm-°p-I-fn¬- sX-fn-bp-∂-Xv-?-

AtXkabw-,- km-aq-ly-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hpw- hn-π-h-I-c-am-b- ]-cn-

h¿-Ø-\-hpw- e-£y-am-°n- C-∂-sØ- am-[y-a-ßƒ- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂n-

s√-∂m-Wv- C-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈- \n-co-£-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p- \-ap-°p- a-\-

n-em-hp-∂-Xv.- B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- kr-„n-°p-th-≠n- 1957se-

]-Y-a- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-L-´-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- ap-

t∂m- p-h-®- am-\n-s -kv-t‰m- F-X-am-Xw- ]-k-Iv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw-

\mw- I-≠p.- tI-c-f-sØ- B-[p-\n-I-co-Xn-bn¬- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-

Xn¬- \n¿-Wm-b-I-hpw- N-cn-X-]-c-hp-am-b- kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv- B- am-\n-

s^-kv-t‰m- \n¿-h-ln-®-Xv.- C-Xp- a-\-kn-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬- \-thm-∞m-

\- I-hn-sb-∂- \n-e-bn¬- B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ]p-\x-kw-Lm-S-\-

Øn¬- kp-]-[m-\-am-b- ]-¶p-h-ln-®- a-lm-I-hn- Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚- \n-

co-£-Ww- i-≤n-°-Ww.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xn-:-

"-sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h¿- Xo-≠n-°q-Sm-Ø-h¿-

Zr-„n-bn¬-s∏-´m-epw- tZm-j-ap-t≈m¿-

sI-ń-√m-tØm¿,- X-Ωn-ep-Æm-tØm-cn-ß-s\-

sbm-´√tlm-- Pm-Xn-t°m-a-c-ßƒ!-

B-im-s‚- Cu- hm-°p-Iƒ- C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠n-s‚- B-Zy-]m-Z-

Ønse BZy-L´Øn¬- A-Xm-b-Xv,- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-¥y-]-t£m-`w-

i-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p sXm-´p-ap-ºv tI-c-fo-b- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-Xw- F-ß-

s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p- A-\m-h-c-Ww- sN-øp--∂p.- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\-th-

f-bn¬- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ tI-c-f-sam-cp- `m-¥m-e-bw- F-∂p- hn-

ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- sh-dp-X-b-√.- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- Xp-S-ßn,- 20˛mw- \q-‰m-

≠n-s‚- D-Ø-cm¿[w-h-sc- \o-fp-∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se- \-thm-∞m-\-]-ÿm-

\-Øn-\v- A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬- _o--P-hm-]w- sN-bv-X-Xv- I-ep-jn-X-am-b-

Cu- km-aq-ly-m-¥co-£-am-Wv.- AXn-\p- \n¿-Wm-bIam-b kw-`m-

h\Iƒ- \¬-In- Bim≥- Ir-Xn-Iƒ.-

Ip-am-c\m-im-s‚ Ir-Xn-Ifp-sS au-en-I kw-`m-h\sb∏‰n-bpw-

Ncn-X]cam-b ]m-[m-\y-sØ∏‰n-bpw- CFw-Fkv- FgpXn-:

"A∂p- \n-ehn-en-cp-∂ Pm-Xn-˛P∑n-˛\m-Sp-hm-gn- kaq-lØn-\pw-

kw-kv-Im-cØn-\p-saXn-cm-b Hcp- Iem-]ambn-cp-∂p- Bim≥- Ir-Xn-

79

Iƒ.- ho-W]q-hv- ap-X¬- Nfim-e`n-£p-In-bpw- Zp-chÿbpw- Icp-

Wbpw- hscbp-≈ F√m- Ihn-XIfn-epw- CXp- Im-Wm-w...'- (CFw-

Fkv-.- Bim-\pw aebm-f km-ln-Xy-hpw.- Nn-¥m- ]ªn-tjgv-kv-- c≠mw-

]Xn-∏v- t]Pv- 24).

kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\pw- Ip-am-c-\m-im-\pw- \n-co-£n-®- Zp¿-L-Sw-

]n-Sn-®- Cu- I-dp-Ø-Zn-\-ßƒ-°v- A-dp-Xn-h-cp-Øm-\m-Wv- '-57se- sX-

c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- P-\-Io-b-- _-Z¬-\-b-ßƒ-h-gn-

i-an-®-Xv.- Cu- \-b-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc-bm-Wv- A-∂-sØ- a-e-bm-f- ]-X-

ßƒ,- Pm-Xn-˛-k-ap-Zm-bnI-˛-a-X-i-‡n-I-fp-sS-bpw- tIm-¨-K-kv- Dƒ-s∏-

sS-bp-≈- cm-jv-So-b-I-£n-I-fp-sS-bpw- -c-W-Iq-Sm-\p-Iq-e- h-e-Xp-]-

£- i-‡n-I-fp-sS-bpw- Cw-Kn-X-Øn-\p- h-g-ßn-b-Xpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- hn-tam-

N-\-k-a-cw- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- _p-≤n-]-c-am-b- Du¿-Pw- ]-I¿-∂-

Xpw.- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-

"-k-Xy-Øn-s‚- I-Wn-I-t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø- Nn-e- hm¿-Ø-I-fpw- In-

kv-Xy-≥k-ap-Zm-b-sØ- e-£yw-h-®v- Cu- Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬- ]-N-cn-∏n-°-

s∏-´p.- hn-izm-kn-I-sf- C-f-°-em-bn-cp-∂p- D-∂w.- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-s°-

]-≈n-Iƒ- ]-cn-tim-[n-s®-∂p- ]-d-bp-I,- ]-≈n-°-I-Øp- s]m-eo-kv- I-

b-dn-sb-s∂-gp-Xp-I,- tXm-°p-Xn-c-™- s]m-eo-kn-\p- D-≠-In-ń- F-∂p-

]-cn-l-kn-°p-I,- C-\n- Aƒ-Øm-c-bn-epw- I-b-dp-tam- F-∂p- th-h-em-

Xn-s∏-Sp-I- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C-Ø-cw- hm¿-Ø-I-fp-sS- s]m-Xp-

kz-`m-hw.- ]-X-ß-fp-sS- hym-P-]-Nm-c-W-Øn-s\m-∏w- k-a-c-k-an-Xn-bp-

sS- t_m-[-h¬-°-c-W-hpw- ap-d-bv-°p-\-S-∂p.- "-]-≈n- e-£y-am-°n- s]m-

eo-tkm- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- Kp-≠-I-tfm- h-cp-∂p-t≠m-sb-∂p- kw-i-bw-

tXm-∂n-bm-ep-S-≥ a-Wn-b-Sn-°pw.- F-√m-h-cpw- ssI-øn¬- In-ń-b-sX-

√m-sa-Sp-Øv- Hm-Sn- h-t∂-°-Ww-!-'- Cu- t_m-[-h¬-°-c-W-am-Wv- ]n-

∂o-Sv- k-a-c-Øn-\v- Du¿-Pw-]-I¿-∂- tNm-c-°-f-ßƒ- kr-„n-®-Xv...-'-

(tUm.- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv-˛-hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-ßƒ.-

A-[ym-bw- aq-∂v-:- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Xp-S-°w.- aq-∂mw-]-Xn-∏v.-

t]-Pv-˛-86).-

tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s\- \-bn-®- ap-Jy-a-

¥n- C- Fw- F-kn-s‚- hm-°p-Iƒ-Iq-Sn- D-≤-cn-®m-te- A-∂-sØ- ÿn-

Xn-bp-sS- ]q¿-W-Nn-Xw- In-´q.

"-tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- (A-Xm-b-Xv- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-

lv-dp-˛-K-Ÿ-I¿-Øm-hv-)- Cu- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- h¿-Ko-b-Iq-´p-sI-ń-s‚-

k-Ω¿-±-Øn-\p- h-g-ßn- tI-c-f- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s\- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-I-bm-sW-

¶n¬- A-Xn¬-\n-∂p-f-hm-Ip-∂- ÿn-Xn-hn-ti-jw- t\-cn-Sm-≥ I-ayq-Wn-

tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

80


kv-‰v- a-¥n-k-`- X-øm-dm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xm-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tI-µ- K-h-

¨-sa-‚n-s‚- C-S-s]-S-en¬- sN-s∂-Øn-b-Xv.- (C- Fw- F-kv- C-¥y-≥

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]-ÿm-\w- 1920˛-1998.- t]-Pv- 136).-

"C¥y-sb Is≠Ø¬-'- F∂ tem-I]ikv-Xam-b KŸØn¬-

s\lvlp,-- \Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øn-s‚ Ncn-X]chpw- LS\m-]chp-w- (`q-

an-im-kv-X]cam-b)- -ssPh]chp-am-b ]cn-Wm-aßfp-sS hn-hn-

[L´ßƒ- A\m-hcWw- sNøp-∂p-≠v.- klkm-–ßfn-eq-sS

IS∂p-h∂ ]cn-Wm-aNIØn-s‚ sshhn-[y-hpw- khn-tijhp-am-

b hn-hcWw- s\lv-dp-hn-s‚ ]p-kv-XIØn-\p- Afh‰ kzo--Im-cy-X

e`n-°m-\pw- CSbm-°n.- B KŸØn¬- Nm-Xp-¿-h¿-Wy-hpw- AXn-

s‚ -eam-bn- ]n-∂o-Sv- hf¿-∂p-h∂ Pm-Xo--bam-b D®\o-NXz-ßfpw-

`m-cXØn-s‚ alØm-b Cu- q-an-Ibn¬- kr-„n-® hn-`P\hpw- kaq-

lKm-XØn¬- AtX¬∏n-® DWßm-Ø ap-dn-hpw- At±lw- hn-hcn-

°p-∂p.- Cu- ap-dn-hp- tIcfØn-epw- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- AXm-Wv- Ip-am-

c\m-im-\pw- hn-thIm-\µ\pw- Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bXv.-

Cu- ÿn-Xnbn¬-\n-∂p- tIcfw- Ftßm-´p- t]m-IWw?- -Cu- tNm-

Zy-Øn-\p-≈ DØcam-Wv- tIcf∏n-dhn-°p- ap-ºpw-]n-ºpw- Iayq-Wn-

kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- P\ßƒ-°n-Sbn¬- \SØn-b sshhn-[y-am¿-∂ ]h¿-

Ø\ßfneq-sS,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A[n-Im-cØn-seØn-b L´ßfn-se

P\t£a\S]Sn-Ifneq-sS ap-t∂m-´p-h®Xvv.- CXp- a\kn-em-°m-sX

Iayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im-cm-tWm- Ah¿- FXn-¿-°s∏tS≠h¿- F∂p- ap-≥-

hn-[n-tbm-sSbm-Wv- Hcp-]‰w- am-[y-aßƒ- tIcfØn¬- C°m-

eaXbpw- ]h¿-Øn-®p-h∂Xv.-

1787¬- _n-ó-jv- ]m¿-es‚n-s‚ At[m-k`bm-b lu-kv- Hm-^v-

tIm-a¨-kn¬- FUv-a≥-Uv- _¿-°v- F∂ Aw-Kam-Wv- BZy-am-bn-

]Xßsf P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ \m-emw-Xq-Wv- F∂p- hn-tijn-∏n-®Xv.-

k`bn¬- AwKam-bn-cp-∂ sa°m-sf ]`p- Hcp- N¿-®bn¬- ]s¶Sp-

°sh,- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ aq-∂p- ][m-\hn-`m-Kßfm-

b- \nba\n-¿-am-Wk`,- Im-cy-\n¿-hlWk`,- \o-Xn-\ym-bk` F∂n-

hbp-sS ]m-[m-\yw- hn-iZo-Icn-®p.- F∂n- v- At±lw- tNm-Zn-®p-: P\m-

[n-]Xyw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xv- Cu- aq-∂p- Xq-Wp-Iƒ- tN¿-∂m-Wv.- \ap-

°p- Cu- e£y-km£m-Xv-Im-cØn-\p- Hcp- \m-emw-Xq-Wp- tht≠?-

B L´Øn-¬- FUv-a≥-Uv- _¿-°v- CSs∏´p.- F∂n-´v- k`m-

\S]Sn-Iƒ- dn-t∏m¿-´p- sNøm-s\Øn- ]kv- Kym-edn-Ifn¬- CSw-]n-Sn-

® ]Xdn-t∏m¿-´¿-am-sc t\m-°n- ]d™p:

81

"AXm,- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn-s‚ \m-emw-Xq-Wv.- ]Xßfm-Wv- B-

\m-em-wXq-Wv.-..'-

sa°m-sf ]`p- AS°w- B k`bn¬- D≠m-bn-cp-∂ ap-gp-h≥-

Aw-Kßfpw- _¿-°n-s‚ A`n-]m-bØn¬- BÀm-Zw- ]ISn-∏n-®p.-

Chn-sS Xp-Sßp-∂p- "\m-emw-Xq-Wv-'- F∂\n-ebn-ep-≈ hr-Øm-

¥∏Xßfp-sS B[p-\n-INcn-Xw.- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn-s‚ Im-h¬- S≥,-

]u-cm-hIm-ißfp-sS kw-c£I≥,- km-aq-ly-am-‰Øn-s‚ hgn-Im-

ń,- Xeap-dIsf _‘∏n-°p-∂ IÆn F∂o-\n-eIfn¬- H-s° am-

[y-aßƒ- C∂v- kaq-lØn¬- khn-tijÿm-\w- Ae¶cn-°p-∂p.-

AtXkabw,- ap-Jy-[¿-Ωam-b hm¿-ØIƒ- ssIIm-cyw- sNøp-

∂Xn¬- Atßb‰w- ]£]m-Xn-Xzhpw- GI]£o-bhp-am-b \n-e]m-

Sp-Iƒ- ]Xßƒ- Dƒ-s∏sSbp-≈ am-[y-aßƒ- ssIsIm-≈p-Ibpw-

sNøp-∂p.- CXm-Is´,- am-[y-aap-Xem-fn-bp-sS "hy-m-hkm-bn-Ihpw- hm-

Wn-Py-]chp-am-b'- Xm¬-]cyßƒ-°p- am-Xw- hgßn-b√,- adn®v,- ap-

Xem-fn-bp-sS cm-„o-bXm¬-]cyw-Iq-Sn IW°n-seSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-≈

dn-t∏m¿-ń-Mv- co-Xn-bp-sS m-Kam-Wv.-

alm-flm-Km-‘n--bp-sS ]-kn-≤am-sbm-cp- A`n]m-b]IS\w-

Chn-sS ]k‡am-Wv.- At±lw- ]d™p-:

""Hcp- ]X]h¿-ØIs‚ ]tXy-Iam-b I¿-Øhyw- cm-„a\ v-

hm-bn-s®Sp-°p-Ibpw- kp-hy-‡hpw- \n-¿-`bhp-am-b co-Xn-bn¬

AhXcn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-I F∂Xm-Wv...-''- (tP¿-Wen-kw- C≥-

C¥y.- cw-Kkzm-an- ]m¿-Ykm-cYn.- t]Pv- 141).-

ln-µp- ]XØn-s‚ ]Xm-[n-]cm-bn-cp-∂ Fkv- Ikv-Xq-cn-cwK

Aø¶m-cp-sS Nn-Xw- A\m-Om-Z\w- sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- 1925¬- Km-‘n-

Pn- ]d™Xm-Wn-Xv.- -C∂sØ \Ωp-sS A\p-`hØn¬-\n-∂v-,- h¿-

Øam-\]Xßfpw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\epIfpw- ]n-¥p-Scp-∂ \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ-

Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS ho-£WtIm-Wn-s‚ t\tchn-]co-XZn-ibn¬- \n-∂p-

sIm-≠p-≈XmsW∂p- hy-‡am-Wt√m.

CXn-s\ Ip-td°q-Sn- hn-iZo-Icn-®v- Fw- hn- tXm-a-kv- Fgp--Xp-∂p:

""kzm-X¥y-eœn-°p-tijw- ]X]h¿-Ø\w- Hcp- h≥-_n-kn-

\km-bn- am-dn-bXn-\m¬- Cu- cw-KØp- em-t`m-∑p-Jam-b ]p-Xn-b kao-

]\ßfpw- ]p-Xn-b kahm-Iy-ßfpw- cq-]s∏´p.- CeIv-tSm-Wn-Iv- am-

[ya-ßfp-sS sh√p-hn-fn-Isf AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm-≠v- ap-t∂dn-bt∏mƒ-

an-° ]Xßƒ-°pw- \„am-bXvv- aq-ey-ßfpw- kap-∂Xm-Z¿-ißfp-

am-Wv.- kzm-X¥y-m-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬- ]XkzmX¥y-Øn-s‚ Kp-

Wêßƒ- Iq-Sp-Xem-bn- e`n-®Xv- t]\bv-°√; t]gv--kn-\m-Wv.- ASn-

tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

82


b¥cm-hÿ°m-eØv- ssItam-iwh∂ kmaq-ln-Im-`n-ap-Jyw- ho-

s≠Sp-°p-hm≥- \Ωp-sS ]Xßƒ-°p- ]n-∂o-sSm-cn-°epw- Ign-™n-

ń-s√∂p- s]m-Xp-sh ]dbm-hp-∂Xm-Wv....''- (`m-cXo-b ]XNcn-Xw.-

A[ymbw- F´v˛`m-cXo-b ]X]h¿-Ø\w- kzm-X¥y-eœn-°p-

tijw.- Fw hn-- tXm-akv.- tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v.- H∂mw

-]Xn-∏v-.- t]Pv- 83).-

sI Fw- tXm-akv- Nq-≠n-°m- p-∂ "em-t`m-∑p-Jam-b ]p-Xn-b kao-

]\ßfpw- ]p-Xn-b kahm-Iy-ßfpw'- am-[y-aßsf \n-jv-]£Xbn¬-

\n-∂p- kzm-¿-Y`cn-Xhpw- k¶p-Nn-Xhp-am-b Xm¬-]cy-ßfn-te°p- \bn-

°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- h¿-Øam-\Im-e tIcfØn-s‚ am-[y-am-\p-`hw.-

CXp- sXfn-bn-°m≥- FXtbm- DZm-lcWßƒ- C\n-bp-ap-≠v.-

tem-I am-[ya\n-cq-]WØn-\p- it≤bam-b kw- m-h\Iƒ- \¬-

In-b ^©v- Nn-¥I≥ gm-Mv- t_m-Zn-em¿-Uv- (1923˛2007)- \n-co-£n-®

"Hdn-P¬- C√m-Ø ]I¿-∏v-'- (Copy without Original)- F∂Xn-s‚

X\n-bm-h¿-Ø\w- BWv- tIcfØn-¬- s]m-Xp-sh am-[yaßƒ- CSXp-

]£tØm-Spw- AXn-s\ \bn-°p-∂ IayqWn-kv-v-‰v- ]m¿- n-tbmSpw- kzo-

Icn-°p-∂Xv.- C√m-Ø hm¿-ØIƒ- Ds≠∂p- hcp-Øp-I,- Ahbv-

°p- \n-c¥cw- ]Nm-cw- \¬-Ip-I,- D≠m-Ip-∂ kw-`hßsf,- Xßfp-

sS _n-kn-\kv-˛cm-„o-b Xm¬]cy-ßƒ ap≥-\n¿-Øn-- hIo-Icn-°p-

Itbm- hfs®m-Sn-°p-Itbm- sNøp-I,- ap-Jy-[m-cbn¬-\n-∂p- \n-c¥cw-

hy-Xn-Nen-®v- H‰s∏´ kw-`hßsf ]¿-hXo-Icn-°p-I,- GXp-Im-cy-

Øn-epw- GXp- kw-`hØn-epw- BIaWØn-s‚ Ip-¥ap\ CSXp-

]£Øn-\p-t\sc Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sp-I˛ CXm-bn-cn--°p-∂p- tIcfØn-se

ap-Jy-[m-cm- am-[yaßfp-sS ssZ\w-Zn-\ ]h¿-Ø\co-Xn.-

tIcfsØ C∂sØ\n-ebn¬- sIń-∏Sp-°p-∂Xn-\p- \n-iv-

NbZm¿-Vy-tØm-sS \n-esIm-≈p-Ibpw- ]h¿-Øn-°pIbpw- sNbv-

Xp-t]m-cp-∂ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-ń- Hm-^v- C¥y- (am¿-Iv-kn-‰v)- s°Xn-

sc \n-c¥cw- IS∂mIaWw- \SØp-∂- am-[y-aco-Xn-sb-Ip-dn-®v-

Ct∏mƒ-Xs∂ i‡am-b hn-a¿-i\ßƒ- Dbcp-∂p-≠v.- Cu- hn-a¿-

i\ßƒ- Xp-Scp-tºmƒ-Xs∂ ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- am-[yam-ht_m-[w-

AYhm,- am-[y-akm-£cX kz-bw- B¿-Pn-°p-I,- t_m-[]q¿-hw- AXp-

i‡n-s∏Sp-Øn- \n-e\n¿-Øp-I˛ Cu- k¶o¿-Wm-flIhpw- Bbm-

k]q¿-Whp-am-b am-\kn-Im-hÿbn-te°m-Wv- am-[y-aßƒ- C∂p-

aebm-fn-sb \bn-°p-∂Xv.- ]p-Xn-b am-[ya-km-£cX˛ AXp- am-Xam-

Wv- C∂sØ Im-eL´w- Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xv- F∂p- Np-cp-°w. -

83

KŸkq-Nn-

Bim-\pw aebm-f km-ln-Xy-hpw,-CFwFkv- 79

C- Fw- F-kv- k-ºq¿-W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 28

C¥y-sb Is≠Ø¬,-Phl¿-em¬- s\lv-dp 80

C¥y≥- IΩyq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]ÿm-\w 1920˛1998-CFw-Fkv- 34

F-s‚- k-Xym-t\z-j-W-I-Y,-Fw- sI Km-‘n- 26

Iay-q-Wn-kv-‰v- am-\n-s^kv-t‰m,-Im-d¬-- am¿-Iv-kv,- sÛdn-Iv- Gw-K¬-kv-- 12

tIcf Ncn-Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£WØn¬-CFw-Fkv- 32

tI-c-f- \-thm-∞m-\w-:- H-cp- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£Ww--,-]n- tKm-hn-µ]n-≈ 27

tI-c-fw -]-iv-\-ß-fpw- km-[y-X-I-fpw,- teJ\w,-CFw-Fkv- 44

P¿-Ω≥- ]Xybim-kv-Xw,-Im-dƒ- am¿-Iv-kv,- sÛdn-Iv- Gw-K¬-kv-- 12

tP¿-Wen-kw- C≥- C¥y,-cw-Kkzman- ]m¿-Ykm-cYn- 81

\yq- G-Pv,- teJ\w,- 1957CFw-Fkv-- 66

s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw- am-[y-a-ß-fpw,- teJ\w,-tUm.- sI F≥-- ]Wn-°¿- 54

]-Nm-c-W-hpw- s]m-Xp-a-\-kn-s\ hcpXn-bn-em-°epw --,- teJ\w,-t\mw- tNmw-kv-In,- 29

^-≠v- sse-≥,- dn-t∏m¿-´v- 62

`m-cXo-b ]XNcn-Xw,-Fw hn-- tXm-akv- 82

84


ta¬-∏p-c- kn-≤m-¥w,-At‚m-Wn-tbm- Kmw-jn- 55

th-Z-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv,-CFw-Fkv- 29

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-ßƒ,-tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-akv- sFkIv- 35

hr-Øm-¥- ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\w,-kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈- 77

kΩXn-Ifp-sS \n¿-Ωn-Xn: _lp-P\am-[y-aßfp-sS A¿-Yimkv-Xw,-t\mw- tNmw-kv-In-,- FUv-th¿-Uv- sl¿-a≥-- 14

kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]m¿-Sn- ]-cn-]m-Sn- 64

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w-keralamediaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Kerala-Vikasanam.pdf2 tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-Fw- kp-tc{μ≥-1964 sabv- Bdn-\p- Be∏p-g Pn-√bn-se Im-bw-Ip-fØp-