Bacteria or other microbes can be seen with a regular microscope without which the specific ways, for example by means of droplets depends, using dark field condenser and other. But observations of staining is more difficult and is not in use to view the parts of the cell carefully, because the cells of bacteria and other microbes transparent. Viewing and observing bacteria alive is very difficult, because in addition to the bacteria that are also transparent colorless and very little to solve it is developed a technique of staining bacteria, so that the cell can be seen clearly and easily observed. Therefore bacterial cell staining technique is one of the most important ways in microbiological studies (Dwijoseputro , 2005) Various stainingA. Negative StainingAt this coloring is an indirect staining because the paint is in the background, while not experiencing bacteria staining themselves . The dye used was nigrosin.B. Staining simpleSimple staining is staining that uses dyes that aims to identify a single bacterial cell morphology. At this coloring dyes we use are violet.C. Gram stainGram or gram staining method is one of the most important staining technique and widely used to identify bacteria. In this process, the spread of bacteria that have been fixed in solutions of the following substances stain crystal violet , iodine solution , a solution alcohol ( bleaching lye ) and staining substances such as dyes or water fucshin safranin . This method was named by its inventor, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938) who developed the technique in 1884 to discriminate between pneumococci and Klebsiela bacterial pneumonia. Bacteria that have been colored with this method is divided into two groups, namely, positive gram and gram-negative bacteria. Positive bacteria defends salt crystal violet dye and will therefore appear dark purple under the microscope. The gram-negative bacteria will lose crystal violet dye when washed with alcohol and when given that the rival dye substances or stain safranyn fucshin water will appear red. The color difference is caused by differences in the chemical structure of the cell wall ( Pelczar , 2007).Gram-positive bacteria are bakeries that maintain metal violet dyes during the Gram stain . This type of bacteria is blue or violet under a microscope , while Gram-negative bacteria will be colored red or pink .The difference between the two types of bacteria classification is primarily based on differences in the structure of the bacterial cell wall . Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the purple metal substances in the gram staining method . Gram- positive bacteria will dark purple color after washing with alcohol .While gram- negative bacteria do not . In a Gram stain test coloring ( conterstain ) added after methyl violet , which makes all the gram- negative bacteria become red or pink . This test is useful to classify these two types of bacterial cell wall structural differences . Many species of host organism , the nature of this pathogen usually associated with certain components of the cell wall of gram - negative mainly lipopolysaccharide layer ( Pelczar , 2007 ) .D. Stain of spores / flagellumBacterial spores are a form of bacteria that is in the running to secure themselves against the bad influence of out. Spore bacteria has the same function in the way that crystal amoeba , because the bacteria in the form of spores and amoebae in the form of crystal is a phase in which both the microorganisms that changes shape to protect yourself against external factors that are not advantages . Bacterial endospores present only in body wall is thick highly refractive , and very resistant . Produced by all species bacillus , clostridium , and Sporosarcina . Bacteria are able to form endospores can grow and reproduce for many generations so that vegetative cells . But at some stage in the its growth , new synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the vegetative protoplasm which are intended to become spores (Pelczar , 2007) .Spore form of some round , others long round . It depends by no endospores species smaller some are larger than the diameter of the stem cells . The location of the cells within the cell and not the same size in forming like all species . For example , the central few spores are formed in the middle of the cell , the second is the threshold established terminal , sub-terminal third is formed near the tip . In general, it is easy to sporulation medium occur if circumstances deteriorate and substances that arise as the exchange of substances piled substances and other factors beyond the harm but in some species are able to form spores though not disturbed by external factors . Sporulation can be prevented , if the removal of pets are always held to a new medium , some species of bacteria can lose its ability to form spores become bacteria can grow longer if circumstances beyond beneficial . At first the water soak into the spores , the spores then expands and the skin becomes cracked spores thus cracking can occur at one end . But it can also occur in the middle of spores . This is a hallmark for several species of Bacillus , if the skin is broken spores in the middle of each fraction will be a cap on both ends of the bacteria ( Pelczar , 2001) .The factors that affect the staining of bacteria as follows :1 . FixationFixation should be done prior to staining bacteria as useful glue bacterial cells on glass objects , kill bacteria , releasing granules ( granules ) proteins into clusters of reactive ( NH3 + ) makes the cells stronger , prevent autolysis of cells , change avinity , fixation can be done physically or with chemicals (Lay, 1994) .

2 . Laxative dyesLaxative useful dyes to produce better contrast on the microscope image . In general , cells are easily stained it's easier to color . While the cells are difficult to be more difficult stained color.3 . SubstrataAn acidic or basic dyes can react with certain compounds . Therefore , organic compounds such as proteins , carbohydrates , fats and nucleic acids will affect staining . Based on the type of dye is absorbed by cells , the cells can be distinguished three kinds , namely : acidophil cells , basodill and sudanofil .4 . Intensification of colorThe dye can be intensified by adding mordant , which is a chemical that can cause bacterial cells can be stained more intensely because the dyes are bound more strongly than the cell network . Mordan is divided into two kinds , namely mordant acid and alkaline . Mordant acid is reacting with alkaline dyes . While the base is mordant anion which reacts with acid dyes (Waluyo, 2004) .5 . The dye or dyes cover the opponentThe dye dyes opponent is a different base color with original dyes are used . The point is to give color to different cells with the dye color at first . The dye staining the cover is given at the end with a goal to provide a contrast to cells that do not absorb the dye main ( Sutedjo , 1991).

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Dwidjoseputro, D.2005.Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi.Jakarta: Djambatan.Lay, Bibiana.W.1994.Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium.Jakarta : RajawaliPelczar,M.J.2007.Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi. Jakarta: UI Press.Sutedjo,M.1991.Mikrobiologi Tanah. Jakarta: Rhineka Cipta.Waluyo, lud. 2004. Mikrobiologi Umum.Malang : UMM Press