]cn. adnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Whpw

k`bpsS {]t_m[\hpw ^m.sk_mkvddy³ Ipänbm\n¡Â

]cn. I\yImadnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ws¯¡pdn¨v k`bpsS HutZymKnIamb

{]Jym]\w \mw ImWp¶Xv 1950 \hw_À H¶mw XobXn ]{´WvSmw ]obpkv

amÀ]m¸bpsS ap\n^nsN´naqkv ssZhqkv (Fähpw Zbm\n[nbmb ssZhw) F¶

A¸kvtXmenI {]amW¯nemWv. 1950þse Pq_nentbmS\p_Ôn¨v tdman ]t{Xmknsâ

ssZhmeb¯nsâ apä¯v H¶n¨v IqSnbncp¶ A©p e£t¯mfwhcp¶ P\¯n\p

ap¼n \n¶v amÀ]m¸ ]cnip²I\yImadnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ww Hcp

hnizmkkXyambn {]Jym]n¨p. AatemZv`h ssZhamXmhv, \nXyI\yIbmb adnbw,

AhfpsS `uanIPohnXw ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXn\ptijw Bßicoc§tfmSpIqSn kzÀ¤ob

al¯z¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸«p. Cu A¸kvtXmenI {]amW¯nse hm¡pIfn ]cnip²

adnbs¯ kw_Ôn¨v It¯men¡mk`bpsS aäv aq¶p hnizmkkXy§fpw

DÄs¡mWvSncn¡p¶p F¶Xpw {it²bamWv. adnbw AatemÛhbmWv (9þmw ]obpkv

amÀ]m¸ 1854 Unkw_À 8), adnbw \nXyI\yIbmWv (649þse emäd³ kq\ltZmkv),

adnbw ssZhamXmhmWv (431þse Ft^kqkv kmÀh{XnIkq\ltZmkv) F¶nhbmWv

adnbs¯ kw_Ôn¨pÅ aäp hnizmkkXy§Ä. hnizmk kXyambn k` Hcp Imcyw

]Tn¸n¡p¶p F¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ AÀ°am¡p¶Xv k` ]Tn¸n¡p¶ B kXyw

k`mwK§Ä FÃmhcpw hnizkn¡m³ ISs¸«n¡p¶p F¶mWv. It¯men¡mk`bpsS

thZ]mT]pkvXIw 966 JWvUnIbnepw adnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ws¯¡pdn¨pÅ

k`bpsS HutZymKnIamb {]t_m[\w ImWphm³ km[n¡pw. AatemZv`hbmb I\yI,

DZv`h]m]¯nsâ FÃm IdIfn \n¶pw tamNnXbmbhÄ, AhfpsS `uanI PohnXw

Ahkm\n¨t¸mÄ, Bßicoc§tfmsS kzÀ¤ob al¯z¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸SpIbpw,

kIe¯nsâbpw cmÚnbmbn ssZh¯m DbÀ¯s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. A§s\ AhÄ

Xsâ ]p{X\pw, \mY·mcpsS \mY\pw, acWs¯bpw ]m]s¯bpw

hnPbn¨h\pambht\mSv IqSpX ]qÀ®ambn XmZmßys¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. ]cnip²

I\yIbpsS kzÀ¤mtcm]Ww, AhfpsS ]p{Xsâ D°m\¯nepÅ A\\yamb

]¦ptNcepw, FÃm hnizmknIfpw ]¦ptNcm\pÅ ]p\cp°m\¯nsâ ap³Iq«nbpÅ

]¦ptNcepamWv.

]cnip²I\ymImadnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ww Hcp hnizmkkXyambn k`

HutZymKnIambn {]Jym]n¨Xv 1950þÂ BsW¦nepw. BZy \qämWvSp apXÂ k`ma¡Ä

hnizkn¨ncp¶Xpw BtLmjn¨ncp¶Xpamb kXyamWnXv. k`bpsS BZy \qämWvSpIÄ

apXepÅ hnizmk ]mc¼cy¯nepw, k`m]nXm¡·mcpsSbpw, thZimkv{X

]WvUnX·mcpsSbpw {]t_m[\§fnepw, hnhn[ k`IfpsS {]mNo\amb

Bcm[\{Ia§fnepw ]cn. I\yImadnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ws¯¡pdn¨pÅ

{]Xn]mZ\§Ä ImWmw. \qämWvSpIfmbpÅ k`bpsS Cu hnizmkw henb

Hcp¡¯nsâbpw ]T\¯nsâbpw tijamWv It¯men¡m k` HutZymKnIambn

{]Jym]n¡p¶Xv. A¸kvtXmenI {]amW¯n ]dbp¶Xv adnb¯nsâ

`uanIhmk¯n\ptijw kzÀ¤obal¯z¯nte¡p FSp¡s¸«p F¶mWv.

At¸m{In^Â ]pkvXI§fmb bmt¡m_nsâ kphntijw, tXm½mbpsS

kphntijw, F¶o {KÙ§fn ]cn. adnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ws¯¡pdn¨pÅ

hnhcW§Ä DWvSv. At¸m{In^ ]pkvXI¯nse hnhcWa\pkcn¨v ]cnip² adnbw

CutimbpsS acWtijw sklntbm³ amfnItbmSp tNÀ¶ Pohn¡pIbpw, AhnsS

acn¡pIbpw, tPmk^m¯v Xmgvhmc¯v AS¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AS¡nb kab¯v

A¸kvtXme\mb tXmakv AhnsS CÃmbncp¶psh¶pw ]n¶oSv tXmakn\v adnbs¯

ImWp¶Xn\p thWvSn IÃd Xpd¶t¸mÄ AhnsS icocw IWvSnsöpw A§s\ adnbw

icoct¯mSp IqSn kzÀ¤¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸«p F¶pw hnizmkw DWvSmbn.

bmt¡m_nsâ kphntijw F¶ At¸m{In^Â ]pkvXIa\pkcn¨v, adnbw CutimbpsS

acWtijw Ipd¨p \mÄ A¸kvtXme\mb tbml¶msâIqsS (tbml 19, 27)

Ft^kqknte¡p t]mhpIbpw, AhnsS Ipd¨pImew Xmakn¨Xn\ptijw

Pdpkteante¡p Xncn¨phcpIbpw Pdpktean sklntbm³ aebn acn¨v

tPmk^m¯v Xmgvhmc¯v AS¡pIbpw sNbvXp. \memw \qämWvSn Pohn¨ncp¶

Pdpktean \n¶papÅ Xntam¯n F¶ k`m]nXmhnsâ thtZm]tZi¯nÂ

adnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ws¯ kqNn¸n¨psImWvSv ]dbp¶Xv AhfpsS DZc¯nÂ

hkn¨h³ Ahsf Btcm]W¯nsâ Øet¯¡p Iq«ns¡mWvSpt]mbn F¶mWv.

\memw \qämWvSp apX ]uckvXyk`Ifn adnb¯nsâ

kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯ncp\mÄ BNcn¨ncp¶Xmbn Ncn{XImc·mÀ IcpXs¸Sp¶p. BZyw

]uckvXyk`Ifnepw 6þmw \qämtWvSmSpIqSn ]mÝmXyk`Ifnepw

kzÀ¤mtcm]WXncp\mÄ BNcn¨ncp¶p. Zamkv¡kn \n¶pÅ hn. tPm¬ 755þÂ

]dbp¶Xv adnb¯nsâ icocw km[mcWcoXnbn AS¡nsb¦nepw AhfpsS icocw

AhnsS Bbncn¡p¶Xnt\m AgpIp¶Xnt\m CSbmbnà F¶pw AhÄ

kzÀ¤obh\¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸«p F¶pamWv.

kzÀ¤mtcm]Ws¯ kw_Ôn¨pÅ cWvSv ]mc¼cy§fpWvSv:

Pdpktew]mc¼cyhpw Ft^tkmkv ]mc¼cyhpw. Pdpktew ]mc¼cya\pkcn¨v adnbw

CutimbpsS acWtijw sklntbm³aetbmSp tNÀ¶p Pohn¨p F¶pw AhnsS acn¨

adnbs¯ A¶s¯ s]mXpkwkvImcØeamb sIt{Zm¬ Xmgvhmc¯v

kwkvIcn¡pIbpw AhnsS \n¶v kzÀ¤¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp F¶XmWv.

Cu ]mc¼cyw BZna\qämWvSp apX Pdpktean \n¡p¶Xpw, At¸m{In^Â

]pkvXI¯n hnhcn¡p¶XpamWv. adnb¯nsâ IÃd ChnsS DWvSv F¶XmWv Cu

]mc¼cy¯n\p {]m[m\yw IqSpXÂ e`n¡m³ ImcWw. BZna Imew apXÂ adnb¯nsâ

iq\yamb IÃd hW§nt¸m¶ncp¶p.

adnb¯nsâ IÃd DÄs¸Sp¯n Hcp ssZhmebw BZyambn \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv 5þmw

\qämWvSnemWv. 422þ458 ImeL«¯n Pdpkteanse ]m{XnbmÀ¡mbncp¶

bphms\knsâ Ime¯v sIt{Zm¬ Xmgvhmc¯v Hcp ssZhmebhpw AXnsâ {In]vänÂ

adnb¯nsâ IÃdbpw DWvSmbncp¶Xmbn Ncn{X¯n ImWmw. ss_skssâ³

N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ sXbtUmjykmWv ChnsS ssZhmebw \nÀan¨Xv. 1009þÂ

CÉmanI cmPmhmbncp¶ l¡oansâ B{IaW¯n \in¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xp hscbpw Cu

ssZhmebw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. 1130þ Ipcnipbp²¡mÀ ChnsS ssZhmebw ]p\cp²cn¨p.

C¶pw Cu ssZhmebhpw Cu ssZhmeb¯n\pÅnepÅ iq\yamb IÃdbpw ImWphm³

km[n¡pw. 14þmw \qämWvSpapXÂ Cu ssZhmebw {^m³knkvI³ sshZnIcpsS

ssIhiambncp¶p. 1757þ XpÀ¡nIfpsS `cWIme¯v Cu ssZhmebw HmÀ¯tUmIvkv

k`IÄ¡p ssIamdn. C¶v {Ko¡v HmÀ¯tUmIvkv, AÀta\nb³ HmÀ¯tUmIvkv F¶o

k`IfpsS A[o\XbnemWv. Cu IÃdbpw ssZhmebhpw ]cnip² I\yIbpsS

kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯nsâ Ncn{X Ahtijn¸mbn C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶p. FÃm ss{IkvXh

hn`mK§fpw, CÉmanIfpw Cu ]pWyØew hW§nt¸mcp¶p.

]cnip² I\yImadnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ws¯¡pdn¨v Ft^tkmkv

]mc¼cyhpapWvSv. Ft^tkmknepapWvSv ]cnip²I\yImadnb¯nsâ

kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯nsâ ssZhmebw. ]cnip² ssZhamXmhv Ft^tkmknte¡v

A¸kvtXme\mb tbml¶msâIqsS t]msb¶pw AhnsSh¨v CltemIhmkw

Ahkm\n¡pIbpw kzÀ¤¯nte¡v FSp¡¸SpIbpw sNbvXp F¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p.

]cnip² adnbw Gt^tkmknte¡p t]mbXmbn At¸m{In^Â ]pkvXI¯nÂ

tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pWvSv. F¶m adnbw Xsâ PohnXmhkm\t¯msS Pdpkteante¡p

Xncn¨pt]m¶p F¶pw Cu ]pkvXIw km£ys¸Sp¯p¶pWvSv. 431þse Ft^tkmkv

kq\ltZmkv \S¶Xv AhnsSbpWvSmbncp¶ ssZhamXmhnsâ \ma¯nepÅ

ssZhmeb¯nembncp¶p. C¶v Ft^tkmkn Cu ssZhmeb¯nsâ

XIÀ¡s¸«Xn\ptijapÅ AhinjvS§Ä am{Xta ImWphm\pÅp. adnb¯nsâ

kzÀ¤mtcm]Ww Ft^tkmkn \S¶Xmbn BZna k`‘IcpXnbncp¶Xmbn

km£ys¸Sp¯epIÄ H¶panÃ. F¶m B[p\nIIme¯v Ft^tkmkn\Sp¯v

adnb¯nsâ hoSv kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯nsâ Øeambn hW§nt¸mcp¶p. CXnsâ

ASnØm\w AKÌo\nb³ k¶ymkn\nbpw anÌn¡pamb I{Xo\ Fs½dnIv (1774þ1824)

F¶ PÀ½Imcnbmb hnip²¡v e`n¨ ZÀi\amWv. 12 hÀj¡mew `jWw Ign¡msX

]m\obhpw, hnip² IpÀ_m\bpw am{Xambn Pohn¡pIbpw

]©£X[mcWnbpambncp¶ hn. I{Xo\ Fs½dn¡ns\ 2004þÂ tPm¬t]mÄ cWvSma³

]m¸ hnip²bmbn {]Jy]n¨p hnip²bv¡v e`n¨ ZÀi\§fn ]cnip²

I\ymImadnb¯nsâ Cu temI PohnX¯nse Ahkm\ \nanj§sf¡pdn¨pÅ

ZÀi\§Ä DWvSmbncp¶p. I{Xo\ Fs½dn¡n\v e`n¨ ZÀi\a\pkcn¨v Ft^tkmknÂ

\n¶pw hfsc AIsebÃmsX _pÄ _pÄ UKv aebn adnb¯nsâ hoSv DsWvS¶pw B

ho«n adnbw Xmakns¨¶pw, adnbw AhnsS \n¶v kzÀ¤¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸s«¶pamWv

km£yw. adnb¯nsâ hoSv A¸kvtXme\mb tbml¶m³ \nÀ½n¨XmsW¶pw, B

Øe¯nsâbpw hoSnsâbpw Fähpw sNdnb hnhcW§Ä t]mepw I{Xdo\ Fs½dnIv

]dbp¶pWvSv. Hcn¡Â t]mepw kz´w cmPy¯p \n¶v ]pd¯p t]mbn«nÃm¯ I{Xo\

Fs½dnIv asämcp cmPy¯pÅ Dt]£n¡s¸« Hcp {]tZis¯¡pdn¨v

Ft^tkmkn\Sp¯v adnbw Xmakn¨ncp¶ Øew IrXyambn ]dbp¶pWvSv. ]cnip²

I\yIbpsS PohnXw F¶ ]pkvXI¯n AXp hnhcn¡p¶pWvSv. 1891þ I{Xo\

Fs½dn¡nsâ ]pkvXI¯n hnhcn¡p¶X\pkcn¨v Dt]£n¡s¸«p InS¶ncp¶ B

{]tZi¯v At\zjW¯nsâ ^eambn Ft^tkmkn\Sp¯v I{Xo\ Fs½dnIv

]dªX\pkcn¨pÅ Øehpw ]dªhn[¯nepÅ hoSpw IsWvS¯pIbpWvSmbn. B

Øew IsWvS¯nbt¸mÄ a\ÊnembXv AhnSw BZy\qämWvSpIfnÂ

D]tbmKn¨ncp¶XmsW¶pw ]n¶oSv Dt]£n¡s¸«XmsW¶pamWv. B Øehpw hoSpw

I{Xo\ Fs½dnIv ZÀi\¯n ]dbp¶ hn[¯Nâ IrXyambpÅXpambncp¶p. I{Xo\

Fs½dn¡nsâ ZÀi\¯n adnb¯nsâ Ahkm\ \nanj§Ä hnhcn¡p¶pWvSv. AXv

adnb¯n\v Ft^tkmknepÅ ho«nemWv kw`hns¨sX¶p ]dbp¶p. 1891þÂ Cu

Øehpw hoSpw IsWvSSp¯Xn\ptijw Cu Øew {]tXyIambn ]cnip²adnb¯nsâ

hoSmbpw kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯nsâ Øeambpw hW§nt¸mcp¶p. ss{IkvXhcpw

CÉmanIfpamb XoÀ°mSIÀ [mcmfambn AhntS¡v F¯p¶p. C¶v XpÀ¡n

Kh¬sasânsâ ssIhiamWv Cu XoÀ°mSItI{µw. 1891 apXemWv B[p\nI

temI¯n adnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯nsâ Øeambn Ft^tkmkv

hW§s¸Sp¶Xv. BZna k`bn adnbw Ft^tkmkn \n¶v kzÀ¤mtcm]Ww \S¶p

F¶Xn\v {]XyI ]cmaÀi§Ä H¶panÃ. F¶m adnbw tbml¶mt\mSpIqSn

Ft^tkmkn F¯nbncp¶p F¶ At¸m{In^ ]pkvXI¯nse hnhcWhpw I{Xo\

Fs½dn¡nsâ ZÀi\hpamWv kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯nsâ Ft^tkmkv ]mc¼cy¯n\v

ASnØm\w.

Pdpktew ]mc¼cyhpw Ft^tkmkv ]mc¼cyhpw H¶n¨p ImWpt¼mÄ GXmWp

icn F¶ tNmZyw kzm`mhnIamWv. ]qÀ®ambpw icnbmbn«pÅXmWv k`

hnizmkkXyambn ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xv. adnbw `uanIPohnX¯n\ptijw Bßicoc§tfmsS

kzÀ¤¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸«p. Pdpktew ]mc¼cyhpw Ft^tkmkv ]mc¼cyhpw CXv

Fäp ]dbp¶pWvSv. Pdpktew ]mc¼cy¯n\v BZna k`bn \n¶pÅ km£y§fpw,

Ncn{X¯n F¶pw hW§n t]m¶ncp¶ adnb¯nsâ iq\yamb IÃdbpw

kzÀ¤mtcm]W¯nsâ ssZhmebhpapWvSv. C\n ZÀi\¯nsâ ImcysaSp¯mepw

anÌn¡pIfmbncp¶ hn. {_oPo¯bpsS ZÀi\¯nepw, acnb hÄt¯mÀ¯bpsS

ZÀi\¯nepw ]cnip²I\ymadnb¯nsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Ww \S¶Xv

PdpkteanemsW¶mWv hnhcn¡p¶Xv F¶Xpw {it²bamWv. ]cnip² I\yImadnbw

CutimbpsS acWtijw sklntbm³ aebn Xmakn¨ncp¶p F¶pw AhnsS \n¶v

Ft^tkmknte¡v t]msb¦nepw Xncn¨v Pdpkteante¡v h¶p F¶pw

sklntbm³aebn acn¨p F¶pw XpSÀ¶v tPmk^m¯v Xmgvhmc¯v kwkvIcn¨p

F¶pw AhnsS \n¶pw Bßicoc§tfmsS kzÀ¤ob al¯z¯nte¡v FSp¡s¸«p

F¶papÅ ]mc¼cyamWv s]mXpsh Ncn{XImc·mÀ AwKoIcn¨p t]mcp¶Xv.

B´-cn-I-kzm-X{´yw ssIh-cn-¨mÂ

^m.tPmÀPv Zm\thenÂ

BKÊp ]Xn-\©v GsXmcp `mc-Xo-b\pw Gsd kt´m-j-¯nsâ Zn\-am-Wv. `mc-X-

ss{I-kvX-hsc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Cu Zn\w kt´m-jhpw A`n-am-\hpw {]Zm\w

sN¿p¶ ]pWy-Zn-\-am-Wv. ssZh-am-Xm-hnsâ kzÀ¤mtcm]Whpw amXr-cm-Py-¯nsâ kzmX-

{´y-Zn-\hpw Hcpan¨m-tLm-jn-¡p¶ ]pWy-Zn\w. kzmX{´yw F¶m Ft¸mgpw AsXmcp

_Ô-\-¯n \n¶p-apÅ tamN-\-amWv, CsXmcp hfÀ¨bm-Wv. Bbn-cn-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-

bnÂ\n¶pw DbÀ¶ Hcp Ah-Ø-bn-te-¡pÅ hfÀ¨. Cu hfÀ¨ A]-cn-jvIr-X-kw-kvIm-

c-¯nÂ\n¶p ]cn-jvIrX kwkvIm-c-¯n-te-¡p-Å-Xm-Ip-t¼mÄ \ma-Xns\ kmwkvIm-cnI

kzmX-{´y-sa¶pw A]-csâ B[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶p kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-i-¯n-te-¡p-Å-Xm-Ip-

t¼mÄ cmjv{So-b-kzm-X-{´y-sa¶pw Zmcn-{Zy-¯nÂ\n¶p k¼Âk-ar-²n-bn-te-¡p-Å-Xm-Ip-

t¼mÄ km¼-¯n-I-kzm-X-{´y-sa¶pw hnfn-¡pw. F¶m CXn-s\Ãmw D]-cn-bmb Hcp kzmX-

{´y-ap-−v. sFln-I-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ Bim-]m-i-§-fnÂ\n¶pw \nXy-X-bn-te-¡pÅ hfÀ¨.

CXmWv BXy-´n-I-amb kzmX-{´yw. Cu hfÀ¨ ssIh-cn¨ amXm-hn-s\-bmWv kzÀ¤m-tcm-]-

W-¯n-cp-\m-fn-eqsS \ma-\p-kva-cn-¡p-I.

kzmX{´yw F¶pw IjvS-¸m-Sn-eqsS am{Xta kz´-am-¡m³ Ign-bq. GsXmcp \mSn-

sâbpw kzmX-{´y-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¨m XymK-¯n-sâbpw I®o-cn-sâbpw cà-

¯n-sâbpw IY-IÄ AXn\p ]n¶n ImWmw. `uXn-I-kzm-X{´yw t\Sm³ C{X-tbsd IjvS-

¸m-Sp-IÄ Ds−-¦nÂ, AXn-tesd hne-s¸« BXy-´n-I-amb ^e-ap-f-hm-¡p¶ B´-cn-I-kzm-

X-{´y-¯n-\mbn hf-sc-tbsd XymK-§Ä¡p X¿m-dm-tI-−-Xp-−v. ]t£, Cu kzmX{´yw

ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-h³ FÃm-hn[ `bm-i-¦-I-fnÂ\n¶pw tamNn-X\pw B´-cn-I-k-am-[m\w A\p-

`-hn-¡p-¶-h\pw Bbn-cn-¡pw.

]e cwK¯pw \½psS amXr-`q-an -{i-t²-b-amb t\«-§Ä ssIh-cn-¨n-«p-−v. C¶p

cmjv{S-¯nsâ kzmX-{´y-¯n\p `oj-Wn-bmb {][m\ {]iv\w sshtZ-in-Im-{I-a-W-`o-Xn-bÃ

a-dn¨v ]uc-·m-cpsS hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯n D−m-bn-cn-¡p¶ [mÀ½n-I-Nyq-Xn-bmWv. kXyw,

Ak-Xyw, [À½w, A[À½w, sXäv, icn F¶o t`Zm-t`-Z-§Ä \ap¡v \jvS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p

CXn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶p-−m-bn-cn-¡p¶ Zpcn-X-§-fmWv C¶p \mSns\ Ae-«p-¶-Xv. Cu A[x-]-X\w

kmZm-]u-c-·msc am{X-aà t\Xm-¡-·m-sc-¡qSn _m[n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p F¶Xv {]iv\-¯nsâ

Kuchhpw hÀ²n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

_n.kn. F«mw \q«m-−n Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Gi-¿m-{]-hm-N-I³ P\s¯ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p.

"Xn·sb \·-sb¶pw \·sb Xn·-sb¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶-h\p ZpcnXw. {]Im-is¯ AÔ-Im-c-

sa¶pw AÔ-Im-cs¯ {]Im-i-sa¶pw KWn-¡p-¶-h\p ZpcnXw. a[p-cs¯ Ibv]mbpw

Ibv]ns\ a[p-c-ambpw Icp-Xp-¶-h\p ZpcnXw. ssI¡q-en-hm§n Ipä-hm-fnsb tamNn-¸n-¡p-

Ibpw \nc-]-cm-[n¡v \oXn \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶hÀ¡p Zpcn-Xw. Xo\m-f-¯n DW-¡-

¸p-Ãp-t]m-se, Aán-Pzm-e-bn ssht¡m¯pcp-¼p-t]mse Ah-cpsS thcv PoÀ®n-¡pw'(-

Gi.5:20þ24). temI-P-\-X-bpsS DbÀ¨bpw XIÀ¨-bpa-S-§nb am\-h-N-cn{Xw kq£va-]-T\w

\S-¯nb BÀt\mÄkv tSmbn³_n ]d-bpI, "Fhn-sSÃmw [mÀ½n-Im-[x-]-X\w kw`-hn-¨n-

«pt−m, AXnsâ ]n¶mse B P\-X-bpsS ]X\hpw D−mbn' F¶m-Wv.

kXyhpw kzmX{´yhpw X½n _Ôw D−v. "kXyw \n§sf kzX-{´-cm¡pw'

F¶mWv, Cutim ]Tn-¸n-¨Xv (tbm-l. 8:32) kXy-¯ne[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-X-¯n I]-SX,

h©\, AXn-tamlw, Al-¦mcw, hnj-bm-kàn Chbv¡p Øm\-anÃ. Ch DÅ-t¸mÄ

B´-cnI kzmX{´yw A\p-`-hn-¡m\pw Ign-bn-Ã. Cu Ah-Ø-bmWv Cutim ]d-ª-Xv,

]m]w sN¿p-¶-h³ ]m]-¯nsâ ASn-a-bm-sW-¶v.

kzÀ¤m-tcm-]n-X-bmb amXmhv B´-cn-I-kzm-X{´yw Bthmfw A\p-`-hn¨ hyàn-bm-

bn-cp-¶p. Xn·-bpsS ASn-a¯¯nÂ\n¶p \·-bpsS kzÀ¤-¯n-te¡p a\p-jy-hÀ¤s¯

\bn¨ Cutim-bpsS amXm-hm-Im³ BZyw Xsâ lrZ-bhpw ]ns¶ Xsâ DZ-chpw \evIm³

amXm-hns\ t{]cn-¸n-¨Xv Cu kzmX-{´ym-\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-¶p.

X\n¡p e`n¨ AhÀ®-\o-b-amb A\p-{K-l-¯n\p amXmhp \µn {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv

kvtXm{X-Ko-X-¯n-eqsS (eq¡m. 1:46þ47) Cu amXrI \ap¡v kz´-am-¡m³ km[n-¡p-

¶pt−m? C¶v F´n-emWv \msams¡ B\-µn-¡p-¶Xv? NneÀ X§-fpsS k¼-¶-X-bnÂ

B\-µn-¡p-¶p, NneÀ X§-fpsS A[n-Im-c-Øm-\-§-fn-emWv B\-µn-¡pI. NneÀ X§-fpsS

hnZym-`ym-k-¯ntem, tPmen-bntem B\µw tXSn-tb-¡mw. aäp Nne-cm-Is« k´m-\-§-fntem

_Ôp-_-e-¯ntem B\µw Is−-¯m³ {ian-t¨-¡mw.

]t£ bYmÀ° kt´mjw IpSn-sIm-ÅpI `uXn-I-h-kvXp-¡-fntem t\«-§-fntem

Aà F¶p ad-¡m-Xn-cn-¡mw. ssZh-¯n B\µw Is−-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶-h\p am{Xta

imiz-X-amb B\µw D−m-hp-I-bp-Åp. Hcn-¡epw \in-¨p-t]m-Im¯ im´nbpw, kam-[m-

\hpw \½n \nd-bv¡pI ssZh-amWv. krjvS-hkvXp¡sf amän-\n-dp-¯n, \½psS lrZbw

{kjvSm-hn-s\-s¡m−p \ndbv¡mw. krjvS-h-kvXp-¡-fn-epÅ B{ibw I®ocpw ZpxJhpw

BWp \ap¡p \evIpI. F¦n {kjvSm-hmb ssZh-¯n-epÅ B{ibw \ap¡p imizX

im´n \evIpw. Cu kXyw {Kln-¨-Xn-\m-emWv bmsXmcp sXäpw sN¿m-Xn-cp-¶n«pw kl-\-

¯nsâ Xmgvhc-bn¡qSn Gsd \S-t¡−n h¶-t¸mgpw hnizm-k-¯nsâ a\-¡-cp-¯mÂ

FÃm ZpxJ-§fpw Gäp hm§m³ amXm-hn\p Ign-ªXv. CXn\p e`n¨ {]Xn- -̂e-amWv

kzÀ¤m-tcm-l-W-`mKyw kzÀ¤m-tcm-]n-X-bmb amXmhv Cu ]pWy-Zn-\-¯n \ap¡p amXr-I-

bm-bn-cn-¡-s«.