ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK

KELOMPOK I

ADMINISTRATION

(Simon 1950)

Secara luas : administration as a cooperative group behaviour

(perilaku kerjasama kelompok)

Secara sempit : pattern of behaviour that are common to many

kinds of cooperating groups and that do not depend upon either

the specific goals toward which they are cooperating or the

specific technologhycal methods used to reach these goals

(pola perilaku yang umum untuk berbagai jenis kelompok

bekerja sama dan yang tidak tergantung pada baik tujuan spesifik

ke arah mana mereka bekerja sama atau metode teknis khusus

yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut)

ADMINISTRATION (Raj Kumar Pruthi, 2005)

Administration is that part of the activity of a body or

group of men which is concerned with the management

of the affairs of that body or group

Administrasi adalah bagian dari aktivitas seseorang atau

sekelompok orang yang peduli dengan pengelolaan

urusan seseorang atau kelompok tersebut

S P. Naidu (1996) :

Administration defined as a cooperative group effort to accomplish the common goals

Administrasi didefinisikan sebagai upaya kerjasama kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan bersama

John M. Pfiffner :

Administration maybe defined as the organization and direction

of human and material resources to achieve desired ends.

(Administrasi: organisasi & pengarahan sumberdaya berupa

manusia dan material utk mencapai tujuan akhir yang

diinginkan)

DEFINISI ADMINISTRASI

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Dwight Waldo (1955): Administration is a type of cooperative human

effort that has a high degree of rationality

(Administrasi adalah sebuah bentuk usaha kerjasama antar manusia yang mempunyai tingkat rasionalitas tinggi)

DEFINISI ADMINISTRASI

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Administrasi

Sistem yang didalamnya terdapat proses

2 orang atau lebih

Sumber daya

Pengorganisasian

Tujuan bersama

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DEFINISI PUBLIK Gripsrud (2010)

1. Public is refer to physical places (ruang terbuka untuk semua individu).

2. The term public is used as a social category with variations on the boundaries of a specific public.

3. Public means that something is the common interest to all those in a polity, while private lacks this quality.

4. 4) The term public is also used as an indication of the aggregation of individual views

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Kesimpulan

ada sesuatu sebagai domain publik, ruang publik, sektor publik, dan kepentingan umum. Istilah-istilah ini semua menunjukkan ada bagian terpisah dalam masyarakat dengan perbedaan karakteristik yang disebut dengan publik.

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

(Dwight Waldo, 1955)

Public administration is the organization and management of men and materials to achieve the

purposes of government (Administrasi publik adalah

organisasi dan manajemen dari manusia dan sumber

daya untuk mencapai tujuan pemerintah)

Public administration is the art and science of management as applied to affairs of state

(Administrasi publik adalah seni dan ilmu manajemen

yang diterapkan pada urusan negara)

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Public administration Marshall Dimlock 1983 (cited in Parashar 1997, p.142)

Public administration is the production of goods and services designed to serve the

needsof citizens-consumer

Administrasi publik adalah produksi barang dan jasa yang dirancang untuk melayani

kebutuhan warga - konsumen

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Public administration (Robert B.Denhardt dan Catlaw, 2008)

Public adminisration is concerned with managing change processes in persuit of

publicly defined societal values

Adminisration publik berkaitan dengan mengelola proses perubahan pengejaran dari

nilai-nilai sosial yang didefinisikan publik

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Public administration (Rumki Basu, 1994)

Public administration is th management of affairs of the government at all level-nation,

state, local (Administrasi publik adalah

pengelolaan urusan pemerintahan di semua

tingkat negara, negara bagian, lokal)

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Public Administration (Cole Blase Graham Jr.,1986)

In ordinary usage,public administration is a generic expression for the entire bundle of the activities that are involved in the establishment and implementation of public policies.

(Dalam pengertian umum, administrasi publik adalah ekspresi generik untuk seluruh rangkaian kegiatan yang terlibat dalam pembentukan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan publik)

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Teori Organisasi

1. Classical organization theory

a. Taylor's scientific management approach

b. Weber's bureaucratic approach

c. Fayol : Administrative theory

2. Neoclassical theory

3. Modern theories

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Taylor's scientific management approach (Bhosale, 2012)

Science

Scientific selection of the worker

Management and labour cooperation

Scientific training of the worker

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Weber's bureaucratic approach (Bhosale, 2012)

Concept of the formal organization :

1. Structure

2. Specialization

3. Predictability and stability

4. Rationality

5. Democracy

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Administrative theory Fayol (1949)

1. Division of work or specialization

2. Authority and responsibility

3. Discipline

4. Unity of command

5. Unity of direction

6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest

7. Remuneration of personnel

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8. Centralization

9. Scalar chain

10. Order

11. Equity

12. Stability of tenure of personnel

13. Initiative

14. Esprit de corps Pride

14 elements of administrative theory :

Neoclassical theory (Bhosale, 2012)

Principles of the neoclassical approach :

1. The individual An individual is not a mechanical tool

2. The work group : informal

3. Participative management

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Perbedaan Teori Klasik dan Neoklasik (Sarker & Khan, 2013)

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Points of distinction Classical approach Neoclassical approach

Focus functions and economic demand of workers Emotion and human qualities of workers

Structure Impersonal and mechanistic Social system

Application Autocratic management and strict rules Democratic process

Emphasize Discipline and rationality Personal security and social demand

Work goal of worker Maximum remuneration and reward Attainment of organizational goal

Concept about men Economic being Social being

Content about men Scientific management, administrative

management, and bureaucratic management

Hawthorne experiment , human relation movement

and organizational behavior

Relation Formal Informal

Nature Mechanistic Organistic

Modern theories (Bhasole, 2012)

a. Concept : Organization is a system which has to adapt to changes in its environment

b. Designed and structured process in which individuals interact for objectives

c. Classified into:

a. the systems approach,

b. socio-technical theory, and

c. a contingency or situational approach.

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Teori Administrasi Publik (Frederickson, Smith, Larimer, J. Licari, 2012)

1. Theories of Political Control of Bureaucracy

2. Theories of Bureaucratic Politics

3. Public Institutional Theory

4. Theories of Public Management

5. Postmodern Theory

6. Decision Theory

7. Rational Choice Theory and Irrational Behavior

8. Theories of Governance

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Public Administration (Felix A.Nigro and Llyod D.Nigro (1989), cited in Stillman (2010, p.2)

1. Coorporative group effort in a public setting

2. Cover all three branches executive,legislative,and judical, and their interrelationship

3. Has an important role in the formulation of public policy, and it thus part of the political process

4. Is different in significant ways from private administration

5. is closely associated with numerous private groups and individuals in providing service to the community

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Scope of Public administration (Denhardt, R.B & Denhardt, J.V, 2009)

Concerned with the management of public programs.

Public administrators work at all levels of government, and they manage non provit organizations

The substantive fields within which public managers work range across the varied interests of government and public affairs,

commitment to public service.

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PRINSIP ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK (Simon, 1946)

1. A specialization of the task among the group (spesialisasi tugas pada bidang tugas)

2. Arranging the members of the group in a determinate hierarchy of authority (Hirarki penentuan otoritas)

3. Limiting the span of control at any point in the hierarchy to a small number (Rentang kendali)

4. Grouping the workers, for (a) purpose, (b) process, (c) clientele or (d) place

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UNSUR MANAJEMEN PUBLIK (Allison, 1992)

Personnel Management

Work Force Planning

Collective Bargaining and Labor Management Relations

Productivity and Performance Measurement

Organization/Reorganization

Financial Management

Evaluation Research, and Program and Management Audit.

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Three Functions Of Government Are Related To Three Views Of The Role Of Public Administrators

(Rosenbloom)

1.The managerial approach to public administration,

a. connects to the executive function,

b. concerned with eficiency.

2.The political approach to public administration,

a. related to the legislative function in government

b. concerned about ensuring constitutional safeguards,

3. .........

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Three Functions Of Government Are Related To

Three Views Of The Role Of Public Administrators

(Rosenbloom)

3. The legal approach to public administration,

related to the judicial function,

a. emphasizes the administrators role in applying and

enforcing the law

b. It is also concerned with the adjudicatory role of

public organizations.

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Functional Elements (Luther M Gullick)

Planning

Organizing

Staffing

Directing

Co-Ordinating

Reporting

Budgeting

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Kesimpulan

Berkaitan dengan kebijakan publik

Menata organisasi, dengan fungsi POSCORB

Untuk mencapai kesejahteraan

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TIGA MASALAH DALAM ADMINSTRASI

PUBLIK ( Robert A Dahl )

Public Administration and Values normative

Public administration and human behavior

Public Administrasi and social setting

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No science of public administration is possible unless:

1. the place of normative values is made clear;

2. the nature of man in the area of public administration is better understood and his conduct is more predictable

3. there is a body of comparative studies from it may be possible to discover principles and generalities that transcend national boundaries and peculiar historical experiences

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KESIMPULAN

Penerapan administrasi publik di satu lingkungan tidak dapat diterapkan secara menyeluruh di

lingkungan yang berbeda.

Tidak akan ada generalisasi benar-benar universal tentang administrasi publik tanpa studi yang

mendalam dari berbagai karakteristik nasional dan

sosial pada administrasi publik.

studi administrasi publik harus di lakukan secara lebih luas, berdasarkan variasi historis, sosiologis,

ekonomi, dan lainnya

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Comparison Of Government Management And Private Business

John T. Dunlop

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No Comparasion Government Management Private Business

1 Time perspective Short time horizons dictated by political necessities

and the political calendar

A longer time perspective oriented toward market

developments/technological innovation and investment, and

organization building

2 Duration. The length of service of politically appointed top

government managers is relatively short

private managers have a longer tenure both in the same position

and in the same enterprise

3 Measurement of performance. Little on the standards and measurement of

performance

various tests of performance (financial return, market share,

performance measures for executive compensation

4 Personnel constraints. The civil service and political appointees, more under

the control of staff

much more authority, line responsibility

5 Equity and efficiency. Providing equity among different constituencies relatively greater stress is placed upon efficiency and competitive

performance.

6 Public processes versus private processes. To be exposed to public scrutiny and to be more

open

more private and its processes more internal and less exposed

to public review.

7 Role of press and media. Contend regularly with the press and media; its

decisions are often anticipated by the press.

Private decisions are less often reported in the press, and the

press has a much smaller impact

8 Persuasion and direction Variety of pressures and must often put together a

coalition of inside and outside groups; to many

superiors

private management proceeds much more by direction or the

issuance of orders to subordinates by superior managers with

little risk of contradiction; one higher authority

9 Legislative and judicial impact. Often subject to close scrutiny by legislative oversight

groups or even judicial orders

uncommon in private;

10 Bottom line. Rarely have a clear bottom line, have a clear bottom line : profit, market performance, and

survival.

PERBEDAAN PUBLIC DAN PRIVATE MANAJEMEN Rainey, Backoff dan Levine

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No Topic Proposition

I. Environmental Factors

1 Degree of market exposure (reliance reduction, operating) 1 Less market exposure results in less incentive to on appropriations)cost efficiency, effective performance.

2 Less market exposure results in lower allocational efficiency (reflection of consumer preferences, proportioning supply to demand, etc.).

3 Less market exposure means lower availability of market indicators and information (prices, profits, etc.).

2 Legal, formal constraints (courts, legislature hierarchy) 1 More constraints on procedures, spheres of operations legislature, less of autonomy of managers in making such choices)

2 Greater tendency to proliferation of formal specifications and controls

3 Political influences 1 More external sources of formal influence, and greater fragmentation of those sources

2 Greater diversity of intensity of external informal influences on decisions (bargaining, public opinion, interest group reactions)

3 Greater need for support of constituencies client groups, sympathetic formal authorities, etc.

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No Topic Proposition

III. Internal Structures and Processes

1 Complexity of objectives, evaluation : and decision criteria 1 Greater multiplicity and diversity of objectives and criteria

2 Greater vagueness and intangibility of objectives and criteria

3 Greater tendency of goals to be conflicting (more tradeoffs)

2 Authority relations and the role of the administrator 1 Less decision-making autonomy and flexibility on the part of the public administrators

2 Weaker, more fragmented authority over subordinates and lower levels (1. Subordinates can bypass, appeal to alternative authorities. 2. Merit system constraints.)

3 Greater reluctance to delegate, more levels of review, and greater use of formal regulations, More political, expository role for top managers

3 Organizational performance 1 Greater cautiousness, rigidity, less innovativeness

2 More frequent turnover of top leaders due to elections and political appointments results in greater disruption of implementation of plans

4 Incentives and incentive structures 1 Greater difficulty in devising incentives for effective and efficient performance

2 Lower valuation of pecuniary incentives by employees

3 Variations in personality traits and needs, such as higher dominance and flexibility, higher need for achievement, on part of government managers Lower work satisfaction and lower organization commitment

PERBEDAAN PUBLIC DAN PRIVATE MANAJEMEN Rainey, Backoff dan Levine

Perbedaan antara Presiden dan Chief Executive Officer (Richard E. Neustadt )

1. Time-Horizon

2. Authority

3. Career-System

4. Media relations

5. Performance measurement

6. Implementation

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