:
123456789
:
H, , Li(Li2.5×109)
2.1
H:
H H H
H H
(H3O) (H5O2)
H H
H H
H2O
:
A():B() A←B
LewisLewis
:
BX3AlX3
SnCl4(d )
()
()
()
:
Hg2InCl3
IH

HOMO(b),

()()
:

PearsonHCH3HgHCH3Hg

:
f| Z | /r3.0χ2.2
106 f0.5f0.5f0.50.5
, ,
00≈0
:
SHA∑In/n2.5Z*/r1
SHB∑In/n5.68Z*/r30.39
(∑In/n1)(2.5Z*/r)
, (5.68Z*/r),
:
(IEA)/2
IEA0


:
COPR3Na[Co1(CO)4]Pt0[P(CH3)3]4Co(1)
Pt(0)
:
:

, LiH2OFFH2OLiF, , ClBr I, LiH2OLiClLiBrLiI, LiX
, Ag,

:
2NH4NO3(1)CaO(2) →
HSO4 → H SO42 HPO42 → H PO43
NH4Cr(H2O)63:
: NH3H2O
: ,
NH3 → NH2 H NH3 H → NH4
H2PO4 → HPO42 H H2PO4 H → H3PO4

:
()
()
()()
HX(g) H2O(l) → H(aq) X (aq) solHm
:
hydHmθ(H, g)1 091 kJmol1
hydHmθ(X, g)
H2SO4()
() ()
H2SO4,
2.2.2 ()

()
H2O H2SO4 → H3O HSO4
CO(NH2)2 H2SO4 → H2NCONH3 HSO4
HAc H2SO4 CH3CO2H2 HSO4
:
()
HClO4H2SO4 ClO4 H3SO4

:
() ()
(HFHF HF2HF H2FF2HF HHF2, , FHHF, H)
H2OHNO3HF
:
() ()
HClO4HBrH2SO4HClHNO3
400 : 160 : 30 : 9 : 1
“”H3O,
“”(levelling effect)
NH3NH3:
KNH2NH4I → KI2NH3
:
NH3
NH4 EtOH() NH3 EtOH2
RNH2 EtOH() RNH3 EtO
G()G()
r200 pm Z1f
G()G()f[1/ ()1/()]
()78.5 ()24.3,
f
:

:
:OS(CH3)2 (DMSO )

:
2 SbCl3 SbCl2SbCl4
(n1)POCl3 POCl2[C1(POCl3)n]
2POCl3 POCl2POCl4
SbCl3POCl3 → POCl2 SbCl4

: Hg(C1O4)22KX → HgX22K2C1O4
:



:
:
:
EAHmθ(Hn1X, g)/kJmol1 ≤50 71 176 331
DHmθ(Hn1XH)/kJmol1 435 456 498 569
CH350F331281 kJ·mol1XH435569134 kJ·mol1, PAEAHmθ,
,
DHmθ /kJ·mol1 569 431 368 297
HFHI56929727233129734
:

:
ARn*, (, )
RH A RAAHHR
, RA(R), AR
A, H A R, A, HA, H, R,
:
ARn*HAA, , AR, A,
:
, HCF3
:
↑I ↑EA
H(g) C1(g)
431(355)1318
hydHmθ(H)hydHmθ(C1)EA(C1)
93 (kJ·mol1)

:
122 (kJ·mol1)
(307)(347)
122 (kJ·mol1)

NH3
:
(307)(347)
:
:
BH BH H0pKBH1og c(BH)/c(B)
HBBHBc(B)c(BH)BBHKBHBH

pHpKa1og c()/c()H0pHH0pHpH0(pH0)pH
H0, ; , H0,
:

:

:
E ∑ (2)0.53×1/√22.1213
m
E
(1) Emm, m1234,
(2) m, EEnA, nA, A, AH, , , AH, , pKaθ
:
pKaθ28.589226.3066 E21.3745 ρ
pKaθpKaθ
HClO4Cl7m3n3k1, Y
Y7×(310.5×3)×30.516.166
25pKa1θY, ,
pKa1θ12.231.22Y
(2) A/(n)0.5A(Z/r)YApKa1θ
:
Am
:
HNO3 pKa1.4
HCl pKa6.3
, pKi0pKi14
NH3
pKaH2OK1014pHpOH1414NH3 K5×
1027, pKp[NH2]p[NH4]26.3, 26.3 H2SO4,
3.5
:
NaOH

:

:
EACAAEB
EA CA EB CB
CHC13 3.31 0.15
NH3 1.36 3.46
B(CH3)3 6.14 1.70
C6H6 0.486 0.707
Hθ(EAEBCACB)×4.184 kJmol1
CHC13·NH3 CHC13NH3
H1θ[E(CHC13)×E(NH3)C(CHC13)×C(NH3)]×4.184
(3.31×1.360.15×3.46)×4.184
21.01 kJmol1
H2θ[E(B(CH3)3)×E(C6H6)
CHC13C6H6 CHC13·C6H6
(3.31×0.4860.15×0.707) ×4.184
7.17 kJmol1
B(CH3)3NH3 B(CH3)3·NH3
(6.14×1.361.70×3.46) ×4.184 59.55 kJmol1
rHmθ H1θ H2θ H3θ H4θ
21.0117.51(7.17)(59.55)
28.20 kJmol1
SbF5(900/0mol)HSO3F(100/0mol)
,
:
2 :
3 ?
(c) Si(OH)4Ge(OH)4
(d) HClO3HClO4
(e) H2CrO4HMnO4
(f) H3PO4H2SO4
2.0);
6 ?
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
M
0
½ðÊô
:
:
r
H
m
θ
´Ó
NH
3
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NH
3
ÔÚË®
NH
3
(aq)
r
H
m
θ
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´Ó
NH
3
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NH
3
ÔÚË®
NH
3
(aq)
r
H
m
θ
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