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:RO~S C. FIELDS

JEFFREY-Q.- GIRARD

Co!-Prtnripmal Investigators:Elton i A Prewitt i nd Ross C6 Fields

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INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32 (41EP325), KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT

A Multicomponent Archeological Site inWestern El Paso County, Texas

by

Ross C. Fields

and

Jeffrey S. Girard

with contributions by

Vance T. Holliday,

Mollie S. Toll

and

Anne C. Cullv

Co-Principal Investigators: Elton R. Prewitt and Ross C. Fields

REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS, NUMBER 21

Prewitt and Associates, Inc.Consulting Archeologists

Austin, Texas

March 1983

.4.

CONTRACT DATA

The preparation of this document was accomplished under Contract No. DACW47-82-C-0018with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, P. 0. Box 1580, Albuquerque,i .J

New Mexico 87103. All materials collected during this project, as well as all written and

photographic documentation, are curated at the El Paso Centennial Museum, The University

of Texas at El Paso.

I r

T . •

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...................................... xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ....... ............................ xiii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. .. .................. ............ 1

History of the Keystone Dam Project. .. .......................

Site 32 and the Work Accomplished. .. ....................... 2

Organization of the Report .. ...................... ..... 6

CHAPTER II: SCOPE OF WORK AND RESEARCH DESIGN. .. ................... 9

Sumrmary ot the Scope of Work .. .................... ...... 9

Theoretical Orientation .. ....... ...................... 10

Settlement Systems. ....... ......................... 10

Hypothesis 1: Foraging Settlement System. .. ................. 12

Hypothesis 2: Collector Settlement System, Residential Base..................1Hypothesis 3: Collector Settlement System, Field Camp .. ........... 12

Research Topics .. ...... ........................... 13

Discussion. ....... ............................. 14

CHAPTER III: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING. ..... ..................... 17

Geology, Geomorpbology and Soils. ...... ................... 17

Regional Geology .. ...... ........................ 17

Local Geology. ....... ......................... 17

Site Stratigraphy. ....... ....................... 18

Climate. .. .................. .................. 24

Hydrology .. ....... ............................. 28

Vegetation .. ................... ............... 28

Fauna. .. .................. ................... 32

S ummary and Discussion. ...... ........................ 34

CHAPTER IV: ARCHEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND. ....... .................. 37

Summary of the Cultural History .. ....... .................. 37

Paleoindian Period .. ...... ....................... 37Archaic Period .. ...... ......................... 38

Formative Period .. ...... ........................ 39

Previous Archeological Investigations .. ...... ............... 40

CHAPTER V: METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATIONS .. ................. 47

Phase I. .. .................. .................. 47

Phase II .. .................... ............... 48

Field Investigations .. ...... ...................... 48

Laboratory Processing. ...... ...................... 61

Phase III ................................... 61

Evaluation of the Methodology ......................... 62

CHAPTER VI: ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES ......... ......................... ... 65

Methods and Limitations ........... ............................ .. 65

Feature Descriptions ............ .............................. .... 66

Surface Features ........... ............................. .... 68 AFeatures in Block Excavations ........ ....................... .... 82

Feature Functions and Intersite Comparisons ....... .................. ... 120

Chronology and Site Function ........... .......................... ... 123

Chronology .............. ................................ ... 123

Site Function ............ ............................... .... 124

CHAPTER VII: CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS .......... ........................ ... 125

Discussion of the Artifact Samples ......... ....................... ... 125

Surface Collection ............ ............................ .. 125Systematic Sample Excavations ......... ....................... ... 125Block Excavations ............. ............................. 126

Surface Feature Excavations and Phase I Test Pits .... ............. ... 127Use of Samples in the Artifact Analyses ...... .................. ... 127

Description of the Collection .......... ......................... ... 127Unmodified Flakes, Chips and Angular Fragments ..... .............. .. 128

Edge-modified Flakes, Chips and Angular Fragments .... ............. ... 132

Unmodified Cores ........... ............................. .... 136Edge-modified Cores ........... ............................ .. 142Shaped Unifaces and Bifaces .......... ........................ ... 142

Manufacturing Technology ........... ............................ .. 160

Raw Material Types ............ ............................ .. 160General Reduction Model ........... .......................... ... 164

Tool Function ............. ................................. .... 168

Methods of Study ........... ............................. .... 168

Discussion of the Data .............. ............................. 170

Summary ............. ... .................................... ... 180

CHAPTER VIII: GROUND, PECKED AND BATTERED STONE ARTIFACTS ...... ............. 18

Raw Materials ............. ................................. .... 181

Description of Specimens ............ ............................ ... 184Ground, Pecked and/or Abraded Implements ...... ................. ... 184

Battered Stone Implements .......... ......................... ... 190Coarse-grained Debitage ........... .......................... ... 191

Distribution .............. .................................. ... 192

Discussion .............. ................................... .... 192

iv

CHAPTER IX: CERAMICS ................................ 201

Description .............. .................................. .. 201

Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

CHAPTER X: SPECIAL STUDIES ............................. 207

Radiocarbon Dating ............ ............................... .... 207

Macrobotanical Remains ........... ............................. ... 208

Palynological Analysis ........... ............................. ... 208

Faunal Remains ............. ................................. .... 209

CHAPTER XI: DISCUSSION OF SITE OCCUPATIONS ....... ..................... .... 211

Component 1 .............. .................................. .... 212

Component 2 .............. .................................. .. 216

Component 3 .............. .................................. .. 218

Component 4 .............. .................................. .. 222

Discussion .............. ................................... .... 224

CHAPTER XII: SUMMARY .......... ................................ .. 229

REFERENCES CITED ....... .................................. 235

APPEI1DIX A: GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONSVance T. Holliday ........ ..................... .. 247

Introduction .............. .................................. .... 249

Regional Geologic Setting ................... ............... 249

Local Geomorphic Setting ........... ............................ .... 254

Site Stratigraphy ............ ............................... .... 258

Summary and Conclusions ........... ............................ .. 261

References Cited ............. ................................ .... 262

APPENDIX B: MACROBOTANICAL REMAINS RECOVERED BY FLOTATION

Mollie S. Toll ........ ....................... .... 265

Introduction .............. .................................. .... 267

Methodology .............. .................................. .. 267

Results ............... .................................... .. 269

Features ............. ................................. .... 269

Nonfeature Controls .............. ............................ 270

Off-site Controls ........... ............................. .... 270

Discussion .............. ................................... .. 270

References Cited ............. ................................ .... 274

AVt,

APFENDIX C: POLLEN ANALYSIS

Anne C. Cully .................. ..... 277

Introduction .............. .................................. ... 279

Methodology .... .......... .................................. ... 279

Results and Discussion ........... ............................. .... 281

Features ............. ................................. .... 281

Control Samples ............ .............................. .. 281

Pre! Mrvation .............. .................................. .... 281

Woferences Cited ............. ................................ ... 283

APPENDIX D: HISTORIC APTIFACTS

Ross C. Fields ........ ....................... .... 285

APPENDIX E: TABULATION OF FUNCTIONAL ATTRIBUTES OF

MAJOR CHIPPED STONE TOOL CLASSES ....... .................... .. 289

APPENDIX F: PROVENI]NCES IN UNITS 1 AND 2 BY COMPONENT .... ............... .... 319

APPENDIX G: ARTIFACT TALLIES BY MINIMUM PROVENIENCE UNIT ..... .............. .. 325

I

VII

9v

LIST OF FIGURES

1. El Paso County, Texas, project location map ......... .................. 3

2. General site views .............................. 5

3. Site 32, topographic map ............ ........................... 7

4. Regional physiographic map .......... .......................... ... 19

5. General site views ........... .............................. .... 21

6. General site views ........... .............................. .... 23

7. Site 32, schematic stratigraphic cross section ..... ................ ... 25

8. Site stratigraphy................................................ 27 I,

9. Environmental zones ............... .............................. 31

IC. Surface feature investigation ......... ......................... .... 53

11. Backhoe trench excavation .......... ........................... .... 55

12. General views of Units 1 and 2 ......... ........................ ... 59

13. Features and fire-cracked rock densities, surface map ... ............. ... 67

14. Surface features ............ ............................... .... 73

15. Feature 8, plan map and cross section ....... ..................... .... 75

16. Feature 13, plan map ........... ............................. .... 77

17. Surface features ............ ............................... .... 79

18. Feature 16, plan map ........... ............................. .... 83

19. Dispersed scatters of fire-cracked rocks ...... ................... ... 85

20. Unit 1, plan map ............ ............................... .... 88

21. Unit 1 cross sections, densities of fire-cracked rocks ... ............ . 89

22. Unit 1 cross sections, zones of fire-cracked rocks ....... .............. 90

23. Unit 2, plan map ............ ............................... .... 91

24. Unit 2 cross sections, densities of fire-cracked rocks ... ............ . 93

25. Unit 2 cross sections, zones of fire-cracked rocks ....... .............. 95

26. Feature 5, plan map and cross section ....... ..................... .... 97

27. Features 17 and 21 ............ .............................. ... 101

28. Feature 21, plan map ........... ............................. .... 102

29. Feature 27, plan map and cross section ....... .................... ... 103

30. Features 27 and 31 ............ .............................. ... 105

31. Feature 31, plan map ........... ............................. .... 107

32. Feature 32 ............. ................................... .... 109

vii

33. Feature 33# plan up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34. Features 8 and 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

35. Unit I, distribution of fire-cracked rocks. .... . . . . . . . . . 116

36. Unit 2v distribution of fire-crcked rocks ................... 117

37. Unit 1, possible destroyed earths . .... ............... 118

38. Unit 2, possible destroyed hearths ........... ........... 119

39. Surface collections, distributions of unmodified

flakes, chips and angular fragments . .. . . . ................ 130

40. Unit 1, distribution of unmodified flakes, chips and angular fragments . . . 131 ,

41. Unit 2# distribution of unmodifled flakes, chips and angular fragments . . ... 133

42. Surface collections, distribution of edge-modified

flakes, chips and angular fragments ..... ... ...................... 134

43. Unit I, distribution of edge-modified flakes, chips and angular fragments . . . 135

44. Unit 2, distribution of edge-modified flakes, chips and angular fragments . . . 137

45. Surface collections, distribution of unmodified cores .... ............. 139

46. Unit # distribution of unmodified cores ....... .................... 140

47. Unit 2 distibution of unodified cores .... .. .................... 141

48. Surface ollections, distribution of edge-modified

coresm and shaped bfaces and uifacs ..... .. ..................... 144

49. Unit 1, distribution of edge-modified cores

and shped bifaces and unifaces ..... ... ........................ 145

50. Unit 2, distribution of edge-modified cores

and sbaped bifaces and unifaces ................................. 147

51. Selected cores with cross sections ..... ....................... .. 149

52. sapwd nifaces and projectile points ..... .. ..................... 151

53. Projectile points ....... ..... ............................... 155

54. Niscellaneous bifaces ..... .. . .. ........................... 159

55. General reduction model for chipped stone artifacts ..... .............. 165

56. N .......... .. ..................................... 187

57. Pastles, estate fragment and sandstone abrader ..... ................. 189

58. Surface collections, distribution of battered stones .................... 193

59. Unit I distribution of battered stones ..... .. .................... 194

60. Unit 2, distribution of battered stones ..... .. .................... 195

61. Surface collections, distribution of ground and pecked stones ... ......... 196

62. Unit l distribution of ground and pecked stones ..... ................ 197

63. Unit 2, distribution of ground and pecked stones ..... ................ 199

viii

$I,., .< - , . d

64. Surface collections, distribution of ceramics ..... ................. .... 203

65. Unit 2, distribution of ceramics ......... ....................... ... 205

66. Unit 2, Component 1, distribution of selected

artifact and feature categories ......... ........................ ... 217



68. Unit 2, Componehit 2, distribution of selected




70. Unit 2, Component 3/4, distribution of selected


71. Area physiographic map ........... ............................ .. 253

72. Mesilla Valley, diagrammatic cross section ...... .................. ... 255

73. Hillslope terminology .............. ............................. 256

74. Site 32 and surrounding area, topographic and geologic map .. .......... ... 257

75. Geomorphic development of Site 32, diagrammatic cross sections . ........ ... 259

ix

I

LIST OF TABLES

I. Major plant food resources. .......... ........................... ....

Data for estimating calendar date for onset of eolian deposition .... ........ 36

3. Major Phase II on-site tasks: comparison of level of

effort actually expended and Planning Document estimates .... ............ ... 49

4. Areas of controlled excavations .......... ........................ ... 62

Quantification of surface fire-cracked rock ........ .................. ... 68

t. futface features descriptive summary ........... ...................... 71

7. Summary of descriptive data for dispersed fire-crackedrock scatter: in block excavation units ..... .................... 87

8. Summary of descriptive data for fire-cracked

rock concentrations in block excavation units ..... ............. .. 96

9. Comparison of fire-cracked rock concentrations

tiom Sites 33 and 34 and Site 32 ....... ..................... .. 121

i. Provenience of unmodified flakes, chips and angular fragments .. ......... ... 129

11. Provenience of edge-modified flakes, chips and angular fragments .... ........ 132

12. Provenience of unmodified cores .......... ........................ ... 138

13. Provenience of edge-modified cores ......... ....................... ... 143

14. Provenience of shaped unifaces and bifaces ....... ................... ... 146

15. Major artifact categories by material type fol systematic sample units ..... ... 163

16. Unmodified cores by reduction group and rawmaterial type (systematic sample units) ........ .................... .. 164

17. Percentages of edge-modified cores by core types ..... ......... ......... 166

18. Functional data for categories of edge-modifiedflakes, chips and angular fragments ......... ...................... ... 171

i9. Functional data for categories of edge-modified cores .... ............. ... 172

209. Functional data for categories of shaped unifaces and bifaces .. ......... ... 173

71. Functional tool categories by raw material type ...... ................ .. 174

22. Cross tabulation of functional and technological classesincluding suggested activities and worked materials ..... .............. . 179

'3. Provenience of ground, pecked and battered stone artifacts ... ........... ... 182

24. Size and raw material types for ground, peckedand battered stone artifacts ........... .......................... ... 183

25. location and degree of battering on hammerstones ...... ................ ... 191

26. Comparison of relative abundance of grinding

tools at Site 32 and Sites 33 and 34 ......... ...................... ... 198

x

27. Provenience of sherds ........... ............................. .. 202

28. Radiocarbon dates ............. ............................... ... 207

29. Faunal remains ................ ................................. 21C

30. Densities of unmodified flakes, chips and angular fragments by component . ... 213

31. Densities of scattered fire-cracked rocks by component ...... ............. 213

32. Number and percentages of tools by component ...... .................. ... 214

33. Amount of debitage by component .......... ........................ ... 214

34. Number of appearances of use-wear scarring onedge-modified flakes and cores by component ......... .................. 215

35. Standard nomenclature descriptions of selected profiles .... ............ . 250

36. Laboratory data on soil samples from Backhoe Trench A profile .. ......... ... 251

37. Correlation of deposits and surfaces in the Las Cruces and El Paso areas . ... 252

38. Flotation results ............. ............................... ... 271

39. Wild plant taxa in flotation assemblages fromChihuahuan Desert archeological sites ........ ..................... ... 273

40. Scanned samples with little or no pollen ....... .................... ... 280

41. Pollen counts ............. ................................. .... 282

42. Provenience of historic artifacts ......... ....................... ... 287

xi

ABF TRA( T

Mitigation of the adverse effects or construction activities on Site 32 (EPCM:31:10f,:2:32, 41EP325) was carried out during May and June of 1982. The site is located in

th,- impoundment ,rea behind Keystone Dam, a part of the El Paso Flood Control Project,

.Northwest Area. The project was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque

'lite 32 appears to have been occupied predominantly during the Archaic period with a

trief early Formative period component also represented. Radiocarbon samples cbtained

from three fire-cracked rock hearths yielded uncorrected age assays of 3650 yrs. B.P. ±

85, 2465 yrs. B.P. ± 60, and 1375 yrs. B.P. ± 70.

Features encountered at the site consist of fire-cracked rock hearths, dark-stained

soil lenses probably representing disturbed hearthr, and a pit of unknown function. The

must common tool forms are simple flakes and unthinned cores with edge modification. AlLo

recovered are a small number of shaped unifacos and bifaces, ground stone tools, hammer-

stones and ceramics. Pollen and macrobotanical remains were poorly preserved in the sandy

site deposits.

The artifact and feature data suggest that Site 32 was occupied intermittently as a

multipurpose campsite, possibly on a short-term basis, throughout its occupation. A

narrowing in the range of activities carried out at the site from the mid to late Archaic

is evident and appears to have involved a reduction in the importance of leaf-succulent

processing, seed processing and possibly hunting.

xii

A

lp

ACKNOWLEDGME4TS

A number of people have contributed to the successful completion of this project.First, we would like to thank Jan Bif 'a of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque

District for her assistance, guidance and advice throughout the project. Secondly, ourstay in El Paso was made more pleasant and more productive by the hospitality and help of

the members of the El Paso Archeological Society, especially Carrol and Jack Hedrick, andthe staff of the Wilderness Park Museum. Fermin Dorado, the El Paso City Engineer, isalso thanked for providing information on the Keystone Dam specifications.

Consultation and special analyses were provided by Beta Analytic, Inc. of Coral

Gables, Florida (radiocarbon dating), Vance Holliday of the University of Colorado

(geology), Mollie S. Toll of the Castetter Laboratory for Ethnobotanical Studies at theUniversity of New Mexico (macrobotanical remains), Anne Cully of the Castetter Laboratory

(pollen), and Paul Storch of the Texas Memorial Museum at The University of Texas at

Austin (faunal remains). We appreciate their cooperation and advice. Tom O'Laughlln and

Rex Gerald of The University of Texas at El Paso shared with us what they knew about the

site, and Tom generously provided review comments on the draft of this report. We wouldalso like to thank others, in addition to Tom O'Laughlin and Jan Biella, who reviewed the

draft -- the Texas Historical Commission; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, SouthwestDivision; the National Park Service, Interagency Archeological Services Branch; and the

U.S. Army, Fort Bliss.

A ve y special thanks goes to all of the individuals who worked on the field andlaboratory crews: Max Miller and Darrell Creel (crew chiefs); Jerrilyn McLerran, PegiJodry, Margaret Howard, Jan Stokes, Susan Lisk, Mark Cartwright, Jan Guy, Jody Pevey, Bob

Stiba, Sandra Hannum Price and Cynthia Banks (crewmembers); Sue Andrews (laboratory super-visor); and Ranel Stephenson, Debbie Lebo, Ron Wendt and Martin Salinas (laboratory crew).

Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to Elton Prewitt for his advice and

editing skills, to Linda Nance Foster and Cris Emmons for their diligent efforts to pro-

duce the report, to Sandra Hannum Price, Ellen Atha and Kerza Prewitt for their many hours

of drafting, and to Linda Battles-Herron and Ellen Atha for the artifact illustrations.

xiii

*

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This report describes investigations carried out at a prehistoric archeological site

(EPCM:31:lO6:2:32), hereafter referred to as Site 32, in western El Paso County, Texas

(Fig. 1) by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque

District. The trinomial designation for the site is 41EP325. Site 32 will be in the

impoundment area behind, and will be used as borrow till to construct, a 4,950-ft-lonq and

56-ft-high earthen dam, called the Keystone Dar, which is to be part of the El Paso Flood

Control Project, Northwest Area. This flood control project is intended o protect the

City of El Paso from flooding resulting from runoff originating in the Franklin Mountains.

Site 32 will be destroyed during dam construction, and the investigations reported here

constitute a mitigation of these adverse impacts. The report presents a full accounting

of these mitigation efforts. This project has beer carried cut to meet requirements set

by the National Historic Preservation Act of ID66, as amended and 36 CFR, Part 800. This

introductory chapter contains an account of the history of the Keystone Dam Project, a

brief description of Site 32 and the work accomplished, and a,, outline of the organization

of the report.

History of the Keystone Dam Project

The El Paso Flood Control Project, Northwest Area will be comprised of four dams, two

diversion ditches, and an outlet conduit. The project is designed to control runoff over

an approximately 2-km2 area between the Franklin Mountains and the Rio Grande. The

Keystone Dam is one of these four dams. An archeological survey in 1976 of areas to be

affected by construction activities associated with this flood control project located

eighteen prehistoric sites, eight of which were assessed to be eligible for nomination to

the National Register of Historic Places (Gerald 1976). Site 32 was one of these eight

sites and, as originally recorded, was described as covering about 14,500 m2 , havinq two

fire-cracked rock hearths visible on the surface, and having a moderate density of chipped

stone tools and debitaqe on the surface (Gerald 1976:21).

The results of a second phase of archeological investigations at these eight sites

are presented in a report published by the El Paso Centennial Museum, The University of

Texas at El Paso (O'Laughlin 1980). This second phase involved surface mapping, surface

collection, and subsurface testing of three sites (EPCM:31:]06:2:29, 33 and 34). The

report provided an ". . . evaluation and recommendation of the potential adverse effects

on these three sites and five others (EPCM:31:106:2:31, 32, 35, 36 and 37). ."

(O'Laughlin 1980:1).

Sites 29, 33 and 34 were chosen for testing during this second phase because each

represented a different kind of site ('Laughlin 1()0:li. Site 29 appeared to be a typi-cal small site with a low artifact density. Site 34 was selected as being representative

of medium-sized sites with higher artifact densities than the small sites. Site 33 was

chosen because it was the largest of the eight sites and had high artifact densities,

numerous hearths, and evidence of structures.

I','E-TIGATIONS AT SITE 32

Ji; revisiting and reassessing Site 32 in the second-phase investigations, O'Laughlin

determined that: (1) the site had a denser scatter of artifacts than was previously

thought; (2) a small number of previously unnoticed brownware sherds were izesent on thesurface; (3) a greater number (possibly 13) of tire-cracked rock hearths than was first

recorded were present on the surface; (4) an a!.hy deposit (V-15 I m thick) was presert over

iart oi the site; and (5) subsurface features were likely to exist tt Sqite 32. O'Laughlin

tressed that the primary occupation ot Site 3. appeared to dat, to the Archaic perloo,

that Site 32 could relate temporally to Site 3. where Aichil structures were found, and~t " . a program of mitigation must lw designed to recover the maximum amount of

intormation possible" (O'Lauqhlin 3b'i:2la).

isased on O'Laughlin's assessments, the P.S. Army iorps ot Engiieers, Albuquerque

.,Ariiit, requested a Determination of Natioril Reqister Eligibility for Site 32 and four

rthers (Kites 33, 34, 36 and 37). The site Wda> d*rternet!fd <Ilqgible in Felruary 198C. The

Feystone Dam was then partially redesigned to, le.sseT, adver.;e impact: on Sites 33 and 34,

_id in the summer of 1981 a request t,.i proposals to tit miat ion ,t tort! at Site 32 was

issued by the Albuquerque District. A-s c, thlji writlit, no rnitio- i me.i sures have beer

undertaken at Sites 36 and 37.

In October 198l, Prewitt and Associatei, It( . :,iitmitted i r 1:oso t the mitigationwork at Site 32, and after some prop'osal reviL;,ic, tho, cotrawt was warded and r;otlce to

;proceed was given in late February l8. After a six-week plarrcl; phanv (hae :) and a

two-week review phase, fieldwork (Phase :) wa begu o May t, :om. 'or;leted on Juite

l4, iv, b. The 21-week analysis and reloit jitpdra' 10l1 jasc (P,:.. ]Ii:; ,rnenced on Jure

.1, l K2' and was completed with the s;ubmiss,,trio , the r!r,,:t I t. t.,.rt o; Nov eme 12,

Site 32 and the Work Accorsjlished

Site 32 is within the city limits of El Paso, TeXds, about ( m west of the peaks ofthe Franklin Mountains and 3 km northeast of the present coirse of the Rio Grande (Fig.

I). The site lies on a gently sloping dissected terrace about 18 m above the current Ric

Grande floodplain (Fig. 2). Cultural materials occur over a 1 ,epO-t area but aTe most

concentrated in the 6,000-m 2 central part of the site (Fiq. 3). Thr entral area iscovered with a mantle of loose gravelly sand up to 8 cm thick whi(h contains the cultural

deposits; the peripheral areas are largely covered with a gravel pavement, hove, been badlydeflated, and do not have subsurface cultural devpoits.

Fieldwork at Site 32 d during two periods -- a ten-day sit( viait in hatch and

the :.even-week intensive ion period in May and June. The ten-day ,ite visit was

part of the Planning Pha! nd wa:; intended to piov ide- 1itiormation On the hoil-

,ontal and vertical extent to ald il the ,I.parat ijol "t laninirq Inocumeit.

;'hi:; Planning Document ii program Ruesatch De Ioqn. 'I ask:, a r r le d out du? Inq

this Phase I site visit nclu abl sihinq two arbit rirv ,rid haslites, net ting f lvepermanent vertical reference systm data, makini . topoqraphi( Mal, n the It, and exca-

vating seven Ixl-m test pits.

The program Planning Document outliie! ,even m(iin on-sit,, ;,k to be 1, ompilshd

furing the Phase 11 intensive fieldwork. Two of tht:. , mapptro ar. ,-xtut,!ion of th, i,

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT Fgr

EL PASO COUNTY, TEXASPROJECT LOCATION MAP

3o 55Ne- Mexico I

. // Texas

535

- MOUN029N

Ne MOUcoNTIEDAINSE

ChthuSerro M E X I

kilometRes

T__. MN 0I 2 4

PROJ C T~ .SM

- - - -miles

CO~oOoO O~(>,rirtiu, Inter vak 200'

PSAI / si" 'a /5 1p 40 106 v, 1060

INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32 jFigure 2. General Site Views.

/1

tI

a. View to the north of the terrace containing the site from a lower

terrace, Franklin Mountains in background.

b. View to the south across the site and the Rio Grande floodplain.

90 4

Figure2

OWL. a

b

INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

were continuations of work begun in Phase I. The remaining five tasks were begun andcompleted during Phase II and involved (Fig. 3): II) a ItC percent surface :ollection ofa 6,032-m2 area covering the central part of the site and of 22 16-m 2 areas distributedsystematically around the site periphery; (2) mapping of 11 surface features and excava-tior of 20.75 m2 of trenches into these features; (3) excavation of 302 linear i o back-hoe trenches; (4) excavation ot 25 Ixl-m pits spaced systematically over the central por-tion of the site; and (5) excavation of 165.! m2 of the main site area in three block ,excavation units, Units 1, 2 and 3. Unit 1 covered 95.5 m2 (including 1 m2 excavated irl .,.Phase I); Unit 2 encompassed 72 m2 (including 7 m2 excavated during Phase I or ir. s;urfacefeature investigation); and Unit 3 covered 6 mA. Squares in Unit 1 were excavated to amean depth of 33 cm below ground surface; squares in Unit 2 averaged 42 cm in depth; aridUnit 3 squares averaged 59 cm in depth. The work accomplished in this pro;ram ILdescribed in more detail in Chapter V.

Organization of the Report

This report is composed of twelve chapters arid seven appendices. Chapter 1: summa-rizes the Corps of Engineers' Scope of Work, the theoretical orientation which has guidedthis research and the program research topics. Chapter III contains descriptions of the

environment of the project area in order to identify natural processes affectine the cul-tural remains and environmental parameters affectinq cultural adaptations in the area.Chapter IV discusses the culture history of tht, El Paso area and summarizes previousarcheological investigations. Chapter V describes a,:,! evaiuates the methods used for eachphase of the investigations and describes the work accomplished. Chapter VI describes thecultural features at Site 32, discusses tnp method-s and limitations of the feature analy-sis, compares these data to those from other sites., and uses the feature e,"ence inaddressing the research questions outlined in Chapter 1i. (iapter . VII through IX presentdescriptions and analyses for the three main artitact classes -- chipped stone; ground,pecked and battered stone; and ceramics. Chapter X presents the results of four specialanalyses -- radiocarbon dating, macrobotanical, pollen and taunal. Chapter XI synthesizesthe previous five chapters and focuses on the veitical distilbuttonf of the cultural re-mains to examine changes in s~te function through time. Implications tor subsistence andSettlement systems also are studied. Chapter XII summariies the previous chapters.Appendices A through G consist of the reports of the geologic, palynologlcal and tlotatior:sample analysis consultants; a description of the historical material recovered from the,ite; a tabulation of functional attributes, for the major chipped stone tool classes; alistinq of proveniences assigned to each o the site components; and a listing it the

numbers of artifacts recovered from each minimum provenienlce unit.

F ure 3

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTSITE 32

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

5-.-,'. S."

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phase Tos P" h"~o. T- o

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01- 1..-. 0

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t -, .... , /

NC'F f ' c* o oL f'*.

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PA [, EP 3,4P

:: =eto poec~eto

- \~4-

CHAPTER II

SCOPE OF WORK AND RESEARCH DESIGN

The purpose of this chapter is (1) to summarize the Scope of Work issued by the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, for the mitigation of Site 32; (2) to out-

line the theoretical orientation and particular settlement system models that have guided

the research; and (3) to present the research topics which are addressed in these investi-

gations.

Summary of the Scope of Work

A

Prior to the mitigation program, information concerning Site 32 was based on surface

investigations by Gerald (1976) and O'Laughlin (1980). Because of the widespread scatter

of lithic artifacts and relatively light scatter of ceramics, the site was recognized ashaving been occupied primarily during the Archaic period and briefly during the early

Formative period (Mesilla Phase). O'Laughlln (1980:229) proposed several research ques-

tions for investigation of Site 32. These questions, listed below, focus on comparison otdata from Site 32 with that obtained in the testing of Site 33 and 34.

1. Are the sites of roughly the same time period or not? Can a chronology be

developed for future testing?

2. Are the site contents different? Do they represent different types of sites

which are products ot different segments of the same organization or do they

represent different subsistence, social organization, and settlement patterns?

3. Do the spatial association of artifacts and facilities reflect similar types or

sizes of social groups, and if Site 33 represents a base camp, which seems pos-

sible, is an argument for central based wandering supported?

4. Do lithic procurement and reduction strategies reflect low or high mobility of

the social groups?

5. How important were leaf succulents in the subsistence base, and how importantwerc corn and other domesticates?

(. Is the Archaic more or less mobile and dependent upon a narrower or a broader

range of resources than are suggested for the later Mesilla phase? Are changesin subsistence, social organization, and settlement patterns due to increasing

population pressure, environmental change, or a combination of factors?

(O'Laughlin 1980:239).

The Scope of Work requested a three-phase mitigation program. The Planning Phase

(Phase I) consisted of: (1) a 10-day site visit to gather information concerning the

nature and extent of cultural remains and to do preliminary mapping and grid work; and (2)

preparation of a Planning Document (1D) outlining the testing results, the proposed

research design, and the proposed scheduling and logistical arrangments for the subsequent

phases.

0 kk r1EIDNG PAGE BLANK-NOT FjAj..U

1.¢.... SIKAI'iSAT SITE 32

'Ih( Fieldwork Phase (Phase II) was estimated te recrirc s e(n weeks for completions

-iar.g two crews and was scheduleo to start after a two week period fiollowinq Phase I

'luring which the Plannin Document was to be reviewed.

The Analysis and Repc;rt Preparation Phase Pt-so ll]) was te heqi ir, mediatel, tol-

lowiniq Phase II and was to require 21 weeks for completion. This phase was, to, res;Ilt ims a

comprehensive draft report describinq all phase, of the mitiqatit; progiram.

Theoretical Orientation-

The theoretical basis for this study involves two assumptior: - -- one concerns the

-tuze of culture; the other concerns the nature of the arche,!ocical record -- whi h.

,tructure the manner in which the research has been carried out.

First, culture is viewed as an adaptive system which is part of a larger ecosystem

and is composed of a number of subsystems (Clarke 1978; Watson et al. 197i). Elucidatio.of the way cultural systems operate is considered the ultimate goal of archeology, and the

subsystems of cultural systems are seen as useful units of stud. No attempt Is made hereto address questions concerning ultimate causes of cualtural change. However, this study

i directed toward the investigation of human interaction with the natural environment as

Lr important means for understanding and explaining the operation, through time, of cul-

tural systems. Our research focuses or. the technological subsystem, particularly subris-tence technology. We are concerned primarily with how prehistoric peoples acquired and

used natural resources, and how they organized themselves spatially in carrying out ti.C>

activities.

The second assumption is that patterned behavior results in atteining iT, the archeo-

lorical record. There has beer :onsideraile debate. in recent yotear ever thr, sLe, ard abusi

of thi" assumption, but it is, maintained htere that thf, assumptioni, when emp.olUd judi-

,iosly, is both useful and essential in studying prehistoric behavior. It is stressed,however, that patterning in the record may be artected by a wide variety of c-ultura] ar~d

r,orcultural factors and that potential factors mi;t be weighed ver, carefully in as.;(,sinc

any observed patterns or lack of patterninq.

bettlement Systems

The research questions proposed by O'Lauqhlin and presented in the Scope of Work arederived from his model of subsistence and settlement system chaniges during the Archaic and

early Formative periods, Briefly thiP model stats that:

(1) Archaic period populations in the proe 't area had a broad-spectrum gathering

and hunting subsistence and a settlement system involviig (a) larqe sites east of the Rio

1;rande which were situated to have access to a wid(, range of environmental zones and whichwere used as base camps and possibly ,s semiperm-nent residentijl sitr- during some part(1 the year, and (hi) small, widell :.atred camp1, situated tot the utilization of par-

t icular resources or sets of resources.

CHAPTER I: SCOPE OF WORK AND RESEARCH DESIGN

(2) Early Formative period (Mesilla Phase) groups had a mixed horticultural andgathering/hunting subsistence and a settlement system involving (a) semipermanent or per-manent residential sites west of the Rio Grande situated to take advantage of the most

favorable conditions for horticulture, and (1) small, widely distributed special-purposecamps.

Based on the size ot Site 32, its location on the bajada between the Rio Grande andthe Franklin Mountains and well away from areas thought to be best uited tor horticul-ture, and the nature or the artifacts and features on the surface, it was initially pro-

posed that the site was used during Mesilla Phase time!s on a short-term basis as aspecial-purpose camp (i.e., for the processing of leaf succulents obtained in the upperbajada and mountain zones east of Site 32), and during Archaic period times on a longerterm basis, perhaps as a base camp, where a wide variety of maintenance and extractive

activities were performed. However, during the fieldwork and analysis, it was discoveredthat most of the cultural materials resulted from Archaic period occupations and thatMesilla Phase remains were quite sparse. Thus, the research strategy was changed to focuson cultural systems during the Archaic period. ,.

Rather than employing a simple residential site-campsite dichotomy, O'Laughlin'shypotheses concerning Archaic period settlements in the project area are expanded hereusing Binford's (1980) ideas concerninq general organizational components of hunter-

gatherer systems. The generated hypotheses and test implications admittedly are overlysimplistic relative to the actual complexities involved in the formation of the Site 32archeological record, but hopefully they w4ll be useful as a step in the process of under-standing Archaic period addptations in the El Paso area.

Prtnford ha., ditferentiitd foraqs niArateqies involving high residential mobility inthe exploitation ot spatially dispersed resource areas from collector strategies involvingless mobile residences and logistically organized resource procurement parties. Foragers

gathei tood daily on an encounter basis with daily return to a residential base (BinfordV'fe::") . Two types ot archeologicil manifestations result. from foraging strategies. Thelrst type represent!, the residential base which is ". . . the hub of subsistence activi-ties, the locus out of which foraging parties originate and where most processing, manu-ta'turing, and maintenance activities take place" (Binford 19PO:9). Residential bases are

meved fr,.quently d, resources are exhausted or seasonally available. The second site typeis the location where extractive tasks are exclusiely carried out. Locations are occu-;led ontly for a very limited period of time, only limited materials are processed, and fewmaterial remains are left behind. Binford (1980:10) suggests that locations may be vis-il archeololically a, scattered isolated findis rather than as recognizable sites.

Collector strategies are characterized by: "() the storage of food for at leastpart of the year and (.) logistically orqanized food-procurement parties." This strategycenerates three site types in addition to residential bases and locations. First, is the

field camp where the task group ". . . sleeps, eats, and otherwise maintains itself whileaway from the residential tase." Stations ". . . are sites where special-purpose taskgroup! ar, locali7cd when engaged In intorrmatin gathering, for instance the observationof game movement or the observation of other humans" (binford 1980:12). Because resourcesfor large groups are- procured by smaller groups, temporary storage often is necessarywhich results In the third site type, caches.

11

* CI' WTIGATI(NS AT SITE 32

1 rtord em: hasi-zes that forager cind collector strateqies Frhould not h~e viewed

.r,; ir: opposition to orie another but rather they represent . a graded series fun~l

,., e !(ecmplex" It-rrtord liat: 12) . Also, employmenit of various, mixes of strateciec, ,

1,ift rent settings may resul t iii very, complex archeological pattern; rq on a long-btr

si. F i~iturd 198(.:: 1") .Nevrthieless, these- organi zaticrial comp onents mavc o Ot., (S ;

is. r,,q -, te underst anding ot Archaic, adapt ationis mi the proi ect r-

Forq~rr S t.lergent Snyste'm

Tl(tirst hyj oth1es Q dis Oi;a~te reces Ib ChIt c te 1 that Ar Ib C a j I(dal't ait. 1 r;t:ward- rofa I ng strat -, I t- Pei-sal cr05 wouid- !a-.'. 1eer. high>:rey e

a '-<' cat ions -aisonal 1V to 1 k .ivt t2e if - wi(! ih; rar~gt u i reFsources, thenT-

1'.. .a . s'mall foraqir~g :;ioui< maii liave stol s-ieiresourcu,-,, h~ iee ,,r ou

Cou rioat have had to wander r jr , ar i.t ir o y r r ocsat. 11esJrirccs away from camps

seid not have teen nec-ssrc it ; would ( Ie renot i rrsi do-t ial1 sitec in this

-rarlo, where a full rangqe ::resid.- r:tiiK it it i,: wel' 1~r re 11d (1,t includingq th-

rocessn toI procured !ood items. Th~e s ite wcul c lace hoe. ecupied irpeatedly vet

iriterrittently or. a eoasonal ,r probal ly ever, more ephemeral b asis. Expecte-d archeolo-

:i i.orrelate!s are: (1) rionpermarlernt trurcturiL itue to thie eph~emeral nature of the

-iat iceis; K.) a wile variety; ! eature arc( ztrtiract termrs due to the wide range of

ativitie-,s carried out at the s-ite; '31 ansence oi o spatially discrete midden area due to

iretoated short-term occupationis; k4) very complex padttern.ing of featturv and artifact dis-

ribut;cr.s also due to repeated occupations; and (f-I a range of perishable (focil) items

* Irited to those obtairnadlo Within a onie-day teragirg distance or thc -site. li'Lacghlinlo 8(: 34) notes that, in the winter , water and many plant andi animal res:ources arc avail-

ablie or more abundanit near the Plo Grande thatr in more d. Atclt area!; and suggests that

;.erh,!ps winter would have bee-n a likel% time tir residential groups to have occupied the

prro-;uct area.

Hypothesis 2: Collector Settlement System, Resident-ial Base

The second hypothesis is, that Archaic! adaptations tenided toward a collector strategy

with Site 32 representing a residential base. This hypothes-iF suqoests that residential

locales were less mobile, being occupied on at leas;t a seasonal b~asis. specialized

resource procurement parties traveled greater distances to extract and perhaps process and

.-tore resouirces before returnino to t-he residential hase. Probable Ircl~cological -orre-

lates include: (1) semipermanert or permanent structures; (2) a wide variety or feature

and artitact forms due to the wide range of activities carried out at the site; 13) po-

aitlev presenc-e of a spatially discrete midden area; (4) idertiriable horizontal pattcrrircq

Ie..fature and artifact di:;t rihut lons f ormed from lnnq-term occupat ions.; and (5) a wi d

angje of peris;hable items ini ni I r tess net avas lajl I within i {fay', a iorag intS (listance.

llypotlli-sis 3: Col Itct or Sett ler"enit System,' Fiel 1( ar

The ftird hypothes is al1;., pr,?ioct:5 that At chaic- adaiftati ens, I ended toward e I tat entc

it rategy , bit, in thi a ca c site 3t) rpresert. i a er ies of r leld camj,;ocuidI

_____________ AlI Lb} ii: .5 .1'P ; W{JbF ANt i-LSELA . ".{T,,

specialized members of the primary soilt] qroup durir,; ie ourc. (possil 1y u, land lea)succulents) procurement expeditions. The mair encampment of the. social jio,,; would ha-.,.been located some distance away in a zone offering a different se* of resource;. rir IUdomestic activities would have been carried out at Pite 32, lul resource ;rc:esslzg ascstorage might be represented if the site also served as a location. Occupations wOLit Ie.phemeral (duration of only a few days) and repeatS. Fxpected archeological corr.'ate>:include: (I) absence of structures; (2) a limited range of feature and artifac't formL, or

the dominance of a limited number of forms due t e ( pectalized nature: most actilv- 107ties; (3) absence of a spatially discrete midder area due to, numerous !.'crt-tcrm, over-lapping occupations; (4) complex patterning of feature and artifact dist-i.f.utior; also dueto numerous short-term, overlapping occupations; and (U) - very ]isited range of perish-able items due to the specialized nature of the procuremert a{ t'xtres.

The remaining logical possibilitieis for the :ole i aitc s, in this framework (i.f.,simple location, station or cache) all can be eliminated iumediately Lecaus, of the sizeard density of cultural materials at th:y, site.

Jeaearch Topics

Settlement system models in the El Paso area have been constructed ;rimarily usingdata from surface reconnaissance and very limited subsurface testing fe.c., C'Laughlin1979, 1980; Whalen 1980). Criteria used for classification of sites into categories rele-vant to the model in most cases necessarily assume an unchanging site function withinbroad temporal periods. An advantage of tne relatively extensive excavations at Site 32is that problems of intrasite chronology can be addressed in addition to problems of f--:nc-tion. Testing of the hypotheses stated above involves some separation of periods cf occu-pation as well as reconstruction of activities pertaining to the identified occupations.

Chronological problems at Site 32 are divided into two major areas of concern: (U)

identification and relative ordering of the major site occupations; and (2) relationshipsof the major occupations to the regional chronology. Because the site deposits are notwell stratified, discrete occupational episodes cannot be defined. However, in ChapterVI, variability in the vertical densities of tie-cracked rocks is used to define broad

occupational zones which are used in this study to investigate differential use of the

site through time. Relating the major occupations of Site 32 to the regional chronology

is carried out through presentation of C-14 dates obtained from three fire-cracked rock

features. These dates, projectile point styles, and the confinement of ceramics to the

surface and upper deposits firmly place the major site occupation in the Archaic period.

The range of activities carried out at Site 32 is investigated through analysis of

attributes and vertical distributions of artifacts and features. Although direct evidence

concerning the function of the features found at the site is lacking, O'Lauqhiin's (1980)

argument that fire-cracked rock hearths were special-function features and the verticaldistribution of these hearths and hearth by-products in the Site 32 deposits are employed

in this study to examine changes through time in the relative importance of certain acti-

vites at the site.

The study of site function through artifact analysis is based largely on O'Laughlin's

(1980:197-210) suggestion that: (1) chipped Ftone tools used in the processing of leaf

13

t-.VLSTIJAT ICNS ATXIT Fi 32

ccx OTI St~ cos r I ma I I\ cl re Iat ive I y LI i ge coarse cut t I noi, -hoppinq, , ari (I hre'dd no;

and w i ide r ran;qo , t toolIs , such as sma II it i Iz7ed I I a kes,, ro I ct i I e po J.rtU

.2 iound stone implements , would retlet a wider rangje ofr activities b)eingpe re.t:.iylsor the lithic tools from Site 32 is directed toward' detiT~itioL of the- vari ou!,

duc11t iOr: sPeqUenCe, Car ried out to pro~duce va.,ious tool f orms , and t oward class i 1 cat for.

t c ornis into funct ionallIy meaninct ul cateior ies ftor the o r se n r reconst ruct ion)

rarie o aclviies arred ut.Discussion

Posc-rii~ tior's anl( anialyses Presented in thu c'hapters winch a.,(, i intended to

.2es the research topic., ci tbite chronioloqy ar-rl_ sto function with the ultimate Mc~ f'

I inri the test implic:at ioras relot mg,( to the -set t-ement hypotheses.

T'Itc first test mi i c fat ion t lat,- to tie. reserree sir. natur- (,- riructuros at Site

A disctassed in Chapter V1, i. direct e'.i lcice of atpstlcaAan rt was encoun-

-r.,althougl(h thle possible presence of structures it tie- 5 te cannot lfe discounted corn-

.etelv bec-ause. of possirble lack ui ieservati rn However, thu negatlvr evidence argucs

:alost the 1!cpothesis that Site 3% lepreserits a residentral 1,ase is a ,7cl lector settle-

71ant sea .tern.

The second test implicationr concerns the variety et feature and artifact forms pre-

sent at the site. This intormation is p resented in Chapters V'l through IX, with differ-

erceb between occupational periods given in Chapter Xl. A L-ingle type of teature, fire-

rockedv~ rock hearths, clearly dominates at the cite although the number of hearths differs

significantly between different occupational periods. Investigations of activities asse-

-iated with these features have teen frustrated by pour preservation: of perishable mater-ials and pollen, and by a liick of demonstrably associated artifacts. Using O'Laughlin's_9db) soiqrerston that these features are Specialized toward the processinq of leaf succu-

lents, it oppears that this activity was of primary importance at Site 3; during one occo,-

at imnal component, but di fferences are obIservable through time (see Chap ter XI) . A small

:imltr r pit features hint that some caching ct perishables wis carried out , tut problems

it. prc.,rlvatlon make adequatc dietermination of this pofasibililyr impossible. Chipped andO

nst l at one ortiltact; iridfcat e thot ai variety of maintenance and process ing tasks; wcre

cudrl Pu out at theV Sitoe, alt hough only a small number of shaped, specialized tools are

r(eurt . There appears to be a great deal of redundancy ii the asselageqs for each comn-

orevrt, ilthounh d!i i erences inI quhantit ies o1 qround stone sugge(st that seed-processing

,I-t!Vitie.s vlries In importance. Ovrall, tie, reatune data provide general Support to the1.i;otfesis that Site 32 servedl as a fieldl -amp for the, piacesairi ; of leaf succulents atPast curing one Ococupational period. However, t he ,rtifact data s-uggest that a varied

)fet ci tctivitieS were carried out d1urinq; di occupational periods.

The third test implication concerns tile presence of a spatially discrete midden area.i trihutional maps presented in Chapter XI provide Some evidence that some, localized

dumping of cultural material may have ocurdduring at least one occupational period,

aiit wll-defined midder areas are al-sent at Site 32_. Thus, tihe evidence suggests that

ite 32 predominantly iepresensacei o intermitt ert, short-term oc,(cupat ions.

14

CHAI'TF I I: SCOPiE OF WORK AN[, PLAEAPCO DLSIGN

The fourth test implication concerns horizontal pattniiiri. ,f artifacts and features.

Distribution maps of selected artifact and feature categories are -r(vidcd in Chapter Xlfcr each component, and the raw data for each artifact class are provided by excavat(;nrlevel in Chapters VII through IX. The patterning is very complex and turther supports theidea that a series of intermittent, relatively short-term occupations occuircd at Site 3.

The final test implication relates to the nature f perILshable iters, particularl0food items, present in the site deposits. Unfortunately, the lack oi precrvation of suctmaterials (Chapter X) precludes evaluation (,t the components in terrias of this test imrsll-cation.

The data and analyses presented in the following charters appear to most strrncly

support the hypothesis that Site 32 represents a field camp in a settlement systcm rrl-

ented toward a collector strategy, although dif'crences between occupational periods ;Taybe present (see Chapter XI). However, the density of cultural material in some portions

of the site and the presence of a moderately widf range of tool forms suggest occupations

of relative intensity and long duration. Thus, a lorager-oriented strategy involvingrioccupation of Site 32 by a more inclusive social group cannot be (liscounted.

There are clear differences in the natures of the Archaic pericd occupations betweer

Sites 32 and 33. Very different projectile point torms and differences in. radiocarbor.

dates suggest that occupation of the sites may have Gnly partly overlapped terporally, andthat different settlement systems may be renresentee. legona settlement Iattcrn datapresented by O'Laughlin (1980:28-2c9) iindicate that Arclhaj, rel, esidentil -it-s ter'!

to be located near the Rio Grande. Altheuqb Archai( ':arrs ot,':. are tonud ir. .plan ar a-

(upper bajada, mountains), they also occur ir. the jewel ta3, adeas, ant the preserce ot

a repeatedly occupied field camp at Site 32 would net be anomalcus i. the rco-ect area.However, it is felt that published data concerning tl:e nature of ir.dividua' occupat -. it

sites in the area simply are not adequate to confidently assec the S-ettlement syster

hypotheses at this time. Hopefully, future excavations a', , rt!ac' .crv'ys wil. l;

clarify the role of Site 32 in reqional settlement .i'stem.

Iii~d'I EN{ Ill

ENV I RONM LWI AI, ;FTT 1N

This chapter desci ibes the geolog, geonr;,: lo , -01:, cl imatt-, hydrology, veqeta-tion and fauna of the prolect area. The mai- qo-, are t( ident:ly erivi rotental 1.ard-meters relevant to understanding cu Irural ti r ' t n ,t ::, .a'ura c( !c;soswhich might have affected the cultural rr,,alT-.

Geology, ecr.(ho o.v 5 _rid o!1s

This section draws heavily on the, result. s c., .iy' l :gataors at Sitf 32(Appendix A) and on O'Laughlin's (19PC:t-ll) de,,cription% the physirva geography of theEl Paso area. Relevant primary sources u e , Ly (Lol iy at,d f 'Laughl ir, iclude Kottlowskit1958), Strain (1966) , Metcal i ( 1 9), Hawley ,lisd , t iow, i (I, (1 , hawley ot al. (1969)

Hawley (1978), Gile (1971) and Gile et al . 1P-81).

Regional Geology

The Keystone Dam project area is located in the Mexican Highlands section of theBasin and Range physiographic province. The area has north-south-trending fault blockmountain ranges which are composed ot Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocksand which were faulted and uplifted during the Tertiary period. Detritus eroded fromthese uplifted mountains has filled the broad intermontane basins, often to great depth.

The dam site is located at the southern end of one of these basins, the MesillaBelson (Fig. 4). Until the mid-Pleistocene, this bolson was closed. The floor of thebasin at that time was about 90 m above the present Rio 3rande level and is representedtoday by the broad, level La Mesa Surface, located primarily on the western side of thebolson (Fig. 5a). In the mid-Pleistocene, the ancestral Rio Grande developed a t'.ough-drainage in the vicinity of El Paso which emptied the Mesilla Bolson (which hao beenoccupied by a part of Lake Cabeza de Vaca) and allowed the river to begin entrenchment.

Subsequent episodes of valley cuttinq and backfillinq have resulted in a series ofstepped surfaces (Fig. 5b) and deposits representing both depositional and erosional pro-cesses. Four of these major surfaces and deposits have beo: identified in both the ElPaso area (the southern end of the Mesilla holron) and the Las Cruces, New Mexico area(the northern end of the bolson). Holliday's investigations indicate that Site 32 lies onthe third-oldest of these, the Picacho-hold Hill, which was denosited some 25,000 to75,000 years ago.

Local Geology

The alluvial terrace containing the site rises about 18 m above the present flood-plain and is bordered on the northeast and southwest by older and yognqer terraces. The

17

k-iLC~iNGPAiL ALA&1( NT IUL -- 'U

Ic~ ,!,oisct ed t,~s 'i r itsh 01 not t eas-sl.t -t rend Itr.( ai e,,t t c) I ilocent

eFIq1. t i. site t- 1 ! 'Id r . a.r A !lt .e nilt 1 t ! , ar q,-, te&. a.i. t , 1 1ra rr~ iiOn t he zOUut lt 1,y t sna Ii ,r , pr orafll.' vsunqr, hrd t P r(y. oth of

theose Jdi naqe, ori q irate Ilet wet-i the pre,4 e It ('da di:1 J' " tr , .KIi II OTrI t daIls, t he 0 vrgit athout .4 kim, nor theas , t ci 1i it 3?2 iii.: t t. small Ir r on(-tout .ki rtortht-as: of t he

site area (these diStances: art- dJerived usirjq rur tour> rij the Sme t ertOWT), Texaos-New Mexi 0)

US"-" 7.-- toroqraphic map).

The portioii ot the tra-:oitaininq Site 2 sdifferent 1rom most of the nearbyterrace 6urfaces, in that it is covere-d by a tair iy ex tensa cc anid thick. mantle of eolia.,-rd. This sand mantle appears to have accumulated during the Middle and late Holocene in

l,.!nnel scoured into thte Picacho-Goid Hill surface.

Site Stratiqraphy

Of the tive stratigraphic units identifiedI at Site 31 by liolliday, th- three earliestIhtrata 1-3) are parts of the Picacho-Gold H(ill deposit while the latter two (Strata 4 and1,) are Holocene eolian sediment-s containing the -ultural materials (Fig. 7). The tormi-ricl~ogy used here, unlike the terminology used in: the field description,_ of backhaoe trench,roi les, differentiates; between depositional units (the five above) and soil horizons.

Stratum 1 is an ubiquitous gravel deposit er~countered at I it. or less below the groundsurface (Fig. 8). Cobbles of limestone, rhyolite:, metarnpiartitite anid chert (generally 5-20,:m in diameter) make up this deposit. This unit, which outcrops at the surface in thedeflated peripheral parts uf the site and along the terrace edge,- around the Site, servedas a major source of raw material for chipped >ftone tools anid hearthi rocks for the inhabi-!ants of Site 32.

Stratum 2 is a 10-20-cm-thick gravelly sand! deposit which overlies Stratum 1. Inrsome parts ot the site, Stratum 2 has been removed by the channel cutting which scouredthe Picacho-Gold Hill surface. In Backhoe Trench H, this stratumr underlies a grovel lens(Straturr 3) which is clearly a part Of the Picacho-Gold Hill deposit. Thus, Stratum, 2deposition must also date to the late Pleistocene arid predate the human occupation of Site32.

Stratum 3 is similar to Stratum 1 and consists of r-es. It is; most apparent atthe southern eInd of Backhoe Trench H hut had I)e'n ailmost entirelly removed over the rest ofthe, A.te during the late Pleistocene channel cutfting.

Stratum 4 is a cale-areous sand which Curftaini. the cultural remains. Although primar-ily eolian, this stratum also contains a moderate amount of small pebbles 11-2 cm in dia-meter) which apparently reflect SOME' colh1vial depesition. Stratum 4 occurs only over aiE3Ob-m2 central portion of Site 32 and has , maximum thicknesS of about 8() cm. This uinit

-is; extremely homogeneous and cannot be subdivided( into depositional unts. Thus, strati-uraphic correlations of the cuiltural depoedt within Stratum 4 are eszsentially precludedl.b-asedl p r i mari ly aro sub t le col or cha rqes , wea klIy 1devel Ioped 1c I her 171u S have beet (let i edvit hin St rat cm 4. As Hull iday notps, howeve, ,because; theel :rII! altre t-Ik ly dverlopel!Io,- niot nece.-sari ly indicate that th-y are very youngi.

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTREGIONAL PHYSIOGRAPHIC MAP

ILI

. /0,


Filqurr,. General Site Views.

a. View to the west-southwest across the site and the Rio Grande

floodplain; La Mesa escarpment in background. 0

b. View to the west-northwest oi the terrace containrng the site andthe dendritic arroyo east of the site.

J

d.

l~

Figure 5

10.

:NVI 77ATIONS AT SITE 3'

?i,;ur. 6. General Site Views.

a. View to the east across the south end of the site toward theFranklin Mountains; note gravel pavement on site periphery.

b. View of cobbles outcropping on the terrace edge around the site;

largest cobbles are 25-30 cm in diameter.

22

FIgure 6

I

~ ~a

~.

.N'v.STIGATlONS AT SIT 32

Stratum I consists ot cross-bedded and: ',it he s rt ,, , ,i .. ,t,. (. w.,

7t r mostly as recent accumulations around ('rcno-..eush and yuL(,I:.C

The most archeologically relevait facts .re.ted in thi. section 6r(: (I ); )

rest: ,. an alluvial terrace containing abundant lithic raw materials; (2) tl.- ..it are C

is '..ual in that it has an appreciable accumulation ot eolin .ands which I;robal ! r.o,!,

a avored occupational locale; (3) the cultural materials are within a hoirc,neon /

1,-i it and can seldom be correlated stratigraphilcally; (4) these coliar sands are e,'

;- :. are not conducive to the preservation of contextual inIrMatio. or 01 crganll

.:; aid (5) while the deposit containing the cultural materials reflects a t

1.,-.-';r.n of soil, it is impossible to isolate discrete deptasitionsI and erc,)is e1oI

i .i., ard thus to detail precisely the ef tects of threse proces es cri the archecIcqi l's.

*1

Climate

I'hi modern climate of the 1"i Paso area can be characterized! a:; havrnq a 1cuw totas

air;iual prrecipitation, high evaporation rate, high daytime summer tempe-ratures, low r ight-

'ire winter temperatures, a large diurnal temperature rante, and low relative humidity

-U.S. bepartment of Commerce 19e":331. The average annual iainfa! is .0.0 cm (7.89 in)with most rain comire in the form of thunderntorms i, July through Sep'ember. The mean

mcnthly raintall total ranges from 0.7 cm (0.29 in) to 3.1 cm f1.2? in). Recorded annualrai:;tall extremes are 3.t sm 11.4 in in 3957 and 46., cm 1.3 in) i, 1884 (Pigott 1977:

195). The average yearly relative humidity is '2 percent in the early mornings and 27

:,ercent ir, the late afternoons. The mean anual temperatute i s 17.4' C (63.30 F) with the

tage daily maximum being 25.10 C 177.20 F) (ranqe : 13.5' C [0i.SO F] to 35.2_ C [95.4

ar,d the average daily minimum being 9.7" C (49.4' F) (range -1.4' C [29.50 F] to

_'.50 C [68.90 F]). The highest and lowest recorded temperatures are 42.P' C (109' F) in

,tne and July of 1960 and -22.2' C (-S' F) in January of 1962. The average number of

:rost-iree days each year is 243. The prevailing winds in the area are from the north

(October through February), west-southwest (March through May), and south (June throughSeptember). The spring winds have the greatest average velocities.

Evidencc )f paleoclimat i," conditio,: In the proie -t area c',mt-; from a numbei ot

.ources:, ir,-Iuding studies of plant remaii): in woodrat nest:: (Van levender 1977; ta'n

itvendlr and Everitt 1977; Van Devender and Wi ,eman 1977; Van Devendex and Riskind 19T'h;

t 1 ,.vendei ond Spauldinq 1979), poll en (,i, 19o3; Martin 1963; Mehringer et ol.

6'; F r..emai: 1972; Pryant and Shater 1977; (1'laighlin 11i00), the geomurphological iecord

Arter; 114, 1q55; Haynes l9%b; 0'laughlin I91)0, and palu.Otauna (Van Devender andW,rtl irton Th 77). This wide variety ot Itudies ha. ,

not, however, yielded a consistentp9.,ti -)f how the climate of the area has changed over the last l0,C0.0 years.

Vi ;le there is general agreement that the late Wisconsin and early Holocene (prior to

-t Pf.()t years B.P. ) were marked by cooler tcmperatures arid greatez precipitation thanIt prrcert, and that the uplands supported pinyon-juniper and juniper-oak woodlands durin;

it,e . t imes;, there is some disagreement over suiseguent changes that have taken place.

Ahtev,. (I'49, 1955) and Haynes (1968) , among other;, have argued that the middle ltolocentip to ca. 4500 years B.P.) was hot and dry (the Altithermal) and that the subsequent

Medi t hr rmal (ca. 450C0 years F.P. to present) was cool.r and rllitr with a clirate

rit1×ximatinq that of today.

z LU Figure 7

0

C)

0 0a: cx

C) -

U C)

z 4


Fiqur, P. Site Stratigraphy.

/

a. View to the west of alluvial gravels (Stratum Il underlyingeolian sands in Backhoe Trench F.

P. View of alluvial gravels (Stratum 1) underlying eolian sands inUnit 1; note fire-cracked rocks in upper part of profile.

4 ,

F g ur e 8

INVEStIGATIONS A. S:ITE

Van Deac-uder 's studlies (-ce ret eretle above 0 a)t anCienlt wood r t !, -tt I ugosi , '.1

'treether hand, that the middle and Lat, lillcenc (ca. b~ob() year!; 1.". f" r~. emarkedi by ai. essentially modern climate wilth a trend toward inr~at~aridity. 1,

vidence further indicates that the middle Holocetne saw tie hdvelprllent kci

.ver such of the area and that the dryirs trend resulted in the es*tdA ishmor; e r f-t 1velv more xerophytic specicA

U'Lauqhlin's (198U0) limited palynelogI. al atrd qfomnrI loloqi(cal f'dt; romt f52

and 34 tends to support Van leven!er a; r-e t fstu '.. The Site, 3.;. T'~la~a 1i4a

not hell f'l in paleoclimatic reconstrua:t tor, 1 t tho eomorpeul;oic ov ic-toe Aces 1.1:'tI

dIrier crnditions starting at 499- tyears, ago. Thu- , 2t appear. rio.t thool.xt a

reatinof Site 32, the climate of the area war cto-nrally thr-ee a s its ris

riul e remembered, however, that this is . 4tnicral reconstruction wl~ich do U a

al cour:t for small-scale vdriatior, and that it i s imp:q eil, t o des Crt 11E t 1e Ci 1 17miy aiven time in the Occupation of Site 32.

Hydro logy

Protably one of the main reasons that Site 32 was favored for a c-upatilor over a 1c:.,

1-rrru or time was its proximity to ti~c orivy permanerS relisi w-Ar scurse L-i. t.e ea

-- the Pic) Grande. cos utPrior to tie ,ontrutn of EeatPritte iii 3r qtroar. ror- E' P-sac,the rive-r's flow shlowed d gro-t d ealI o s s oi a) v ,r ia, I it FE' I!t ro'r 1 1- 7,r a rlt

ijced ing) occurrin-g in thc- spriiig. Jt was iu h) l i line o cirot1. -a'ra

was most act ive in terms of lateral mi-jratior. so rc-s the sullyrm~t'h ei

some ,ears, the river rolporbeo;y dried Up c rqp eel . elit :I

Although in prehisoric tties playas were impo'rlt Ci crr air05 tIP

Franklins (Whalen 198la) and may have beer Important on the 1., Mtesa Su1rface wcLst of t.

Mesilla Valley (O)'Laughlirn 1980:29) , the only water source other than the river It. t k

imr'rdlate project area is short-lived runoff in the arroyos which drain the eastern, part

of the valley and empty directly onto the Rio Grande floodplain. Tlie monsoonal nature c:

the rtorms which deliver the rainfall and the coarseness of the sediment, in this part (;I

the volley nrevent the runoff from accumulating for ary appreciel le I(r~qth of tir,1

th~i. render it an ;nreliable source of water.

Studies: of ground-water resources in the Meeillla Bol son rear 7,a Cruces, New Mexic:

loave shown th~at the modern water table lies botwepr 18 iR (tOU it) an(' 171 r (5670 beo o

the resent land suirface ove-r all Of the l olsTon xcept the Pie COrdnde floodplain (Ci . ot

7 . 913: Fig. -0. With, tie exc'pt ion o)1.com( ap1r r~qs in I i~e mouintai ns , shallow c:rouij,_

wateir rould have b)er important prehistorically only on ~i, f loodp 1 at itselif (("ilk, Ml

Vve. t I lot

h ,1-tot ojr's lies wittin tllr' -*C1- I.IIIJ11ohuar. iic r evt.o I-sent-a

ctt loion o Ste 3a Cons ist> mal rly of creot.otol~l I~ar rea ',r 4lent ;t ) w th Se ttle o,

e I tc i j )I Pnlensi) oa;-t r (',yuo i a~:c !a, . *'C - :JatJ (Ir

tl torPe (Sit~e 3- !,; (0 t0 - 'I '11'"'1

listed above, rarrqe ra rtl, Krtm 1r r0 7 i'j '

lAr is tids. sp. t 1 u lf t i j r'dei 1. '' of'r.lrcpseed (Sporubolus Krp

veqetatton in this zonle M ' . -%.''~

Phis r i crophylla I ia '''cl, '* ,pt ' 4 ''.tt

Iiisrqute, wintetlo., ' Acr ___ I iS". ( rf,

(Padrthernium iOcatiuitJ , ' .I

It is general I -aor L,,' ':.Q;i' ea,. .Petrdile 19fCr; i''''nu'l ' T(.. . .. . V.' cf 4( I"

of the Fl Paso area Ila-- err: m r1 :.T-.' '. ' ' -. ~.'graz ira' and! pehas rouirit . 1., V,. 4.' it :5>ol

creosotehush and re:cuite at 'i.e Cx : : ' t 'p-f

late prehistoric: times, tlo 1 rc. tou t a.r f.r r'. . . a o'

shrub) area as it is, tod0.ay .

t, e r (1rtt . e >' 0 rg lt ,I .17 1

t coac es Especi al ylu niper . ~i I Orr, r

li1. Meurtains and ti', (. ra't f f' rq( tv

ostion, residentsa .. '%,' 7, 1< 1

-l i

:1,64; u Laughlin "

Noting t he' e- t, In ItC I1 kITit0

moderT; enivironmetrti C Itr( c'sr( * I I

the general prone -t wi ' i T.th

prehistoric s,.F itUtircc a'' Vt '" t ')

tat on is:m s iri 'ar t o t .0

:-ltmatological (I"at 'it' '>- oc ,rt w V1

7 a I

climate has cx sted' ' itt,_r ii- r

establIi shment of xrophy I I , , i ,T

The folilowin!(- summar;.. ' ~s .......... Loes

oral, prneutr ar' a u! itnd. it d (io i i ' .2 9 -'I o :'

W I frod and f her t cisle 1 1 tt ru. '1.: 1 ,1, "t 1

n .vies. 11k t~ ehnogracir. V. !at i '' 2' ti.Weri

tini ted St ites is surma.r izd to r i (j r 'A rI I tI l).0 i ( a. '

(1977) . Itr. t hisi d is-cuassit ion I'lsr I ii, 'T I. C.' .. '''. ntl;v s(* sd

alIt hougqh i t strcrl' Ie ,oealIi ced t ha' ti' h( 1:'' 7d Co r .r Tr1........

distributions aid topography, ;Aa fir, 'st "CnI "t ' .it pci. 'r I(

cal comrmunities., O' Laud:I~ii: Pj;: 4j. F' rl a'<' I i. ' c70' ' I'

and trendr!inrth-s-outh. '(hr O20l(-r I !t ' ~r 1 '.ri ...

'Pro monztair rOseP 1is tow'! t ~o art -,)f t i a.k Is ' ' '; ' I

,1t ouAt 146C tt (rs. 48100 ft) A( .bt me: ' I lds . 11' . C. a ie, 5 ' ' 7,

''xposed 1totrock and hav e tw 1 argoe (2.''rr,' I moot: x-t'; 1, ,p, : 1, 1-:

(Arravna lechU~i_ I1a), prick] y pc;r I t I' Mini t ;,. , of A ~ sQ it

wheoleItril andj jt'''otlr', Igre t,'. w,11-.r'u iftl i'' u.is ,-'

1 1i . N: AT bilI- 3., ___

w 1!,,w, wh ito hor n, ,nid Ai I-lIeafed h.ii, ,fix kberr y ibl srt~lttalgel it-

he r. er1 I i c I at! c tE-Fr as:-, Ind] t texans) , t ome oak or i 'or per can h(e fourd, at

f, ovao 1r " (,y rit ",-t ed colnvorts - T),- me.; t limport iti; t TIaijt o zO, e

wrbillec Fe (:12, tte. u t lowe-r, diit Leans , t Ot 0. 1i1 KS alid CrejqF.o , tIJ

t,.1 t- dat I, ' lucc:a hacat ta anid Y . t or rey I the - rowns, o f I (212., pi Il, t h,%e ru i ts j,O

:5 Y Ti rickly ;ear, and peihaips grass seeds ibouteioua .Spp. , uSrdri pp., -n~i

ani !d Sproeoluu sp;-.i.J Laugh 11 in Ii OS: I t, 17 notes, tftat only on( of these, acritis,

.sc:.-rs_ exc lusivcels. inr thib zore aid sre that pla!.t ,r1OCurlerieT.t it, the mrrtalns may

cIt rccuri ed mainly i thle jrinc iso ti CLa d l e,_:t s1;,ii lsrst I I rtdII d 0. t I rliits5 ard

st nitOr fal 11 f1ri :k j'ear ' 'rt4'i: ;U !te

I he upper bdaada :,!r.e inicludes thosse pai t-' u1 t tic Frank1i r, Your. ta ic ooti 1 I s wiath

I Ltj. slIopes and grave 11y soils. ireh istor i aI y , the vego-t at n rr a,, have beeT Gcr-

rise;.: I grass and mixed dtesert shrub, succu><snt comrponeits with. creel oteb~ust., ch

oco, ,a ti llo, prickly ieai, dlati i and fcotol orn ridetos S, aids I ta-i. er' it

lrt willow, wlitethorrt, siall-lea.Led sumrac, apaches plulme, 1'171 rt'tlllUS,' Jl drain-

ag Ces . lotentially' import art food! ;ljn ts i .this 2001 Oth :_ime ar those trund in, the

nO~~tIFSbut so0to , (dt jI <re: o'-i;'-'.' it rinera]t u, os ci T !I- t 1ne t.,i at

higher elevaticns.

I h( loser bhatadsi oc2! reI 020 L:e elit it Siop3.ir~ Co1ll al nd a Al 11v ialA de l,,i

etef,-: the hIotratiidu tliculain artd tlie Franiklin, Muitsiii;s tect?.illc. This zone, 1

which Si te 3- is located, generally 1ao leS-roCkY seiS U15 t 1tan ttw pper ;a5oe

escrt t ni-oa'lAy f iund i this zone are l isted ,it te1 euiinnir ci this st ;on.

-1 Ai. ' i I1~ ll->o) ,u,;(st s t ha~ I I e number ,i Icens it. Of !(t Ito fso Prt s

rciv :.,. Low arnd r Ii~t soap-tree yucco (f loweFs , st-alk! , riowr. sic trtnsirK_ ray licve toes

h( mc to importanlt. W4iti etlborni andc' mesquite podls, dat i and i r i pear t ruits , ane

ra> ee ds cou At lav e been q a t1,;Eored on, a 511711 scal, i slasy mostl Iy Ii:;I

7 LrimetC and1 ill

Nb' r , Vrr t I!(- ti;clues th~e iow lands or; soc adjac-ent fc t ,171. mer.,i1 10 Ft

Fi. retistor icily, this zone may have, Leer bordered WSt of ,taf shr.. arnd

:%,il: trees, s;uch as wolt!besry (Lyciu pal11ida )i , -seepweed (Suada sutfru l,,ens) cund fcuir

W 11. 'a Ithuabs, and! w i 1,S t anc, o.t torn 4l11o (rsis pubescens) and rre .,-; 1te. Tlhe flood-

adi iftelf _ rohoi!ly wi'. relat ivoly open with rsome saitilro. Ii,;t i'lssrc

"ott onwoocds (Pop+ulus rremor~ti I) ,willows Sal ix 2oodilii ar: d "x iii , egw Ils

bHast htlis lutiiosa) , cot to.I 12 yp~ha I at! fol id , aiid rseeur Ii'tram 1 ulnriu is S' The

raro i; at food plants ray liavi, been,, tai (shoots, s~teiN , lIowers, pol len arnd

i,;l-itii, raP , s;ulte (podls) and wojlftl,erry ai~s ' i tttails; cruld

eel 1_ ivee'_ reuc.'hout tie year, WOet Iort wuuic t re !;er:au le .1; lhe. late

irt~ -r 'arly slimmer, mln tornii lb and me,,quitte Icn; o't 1"o' 11ci h"reested In the

it I I baei, lrt; cl. asp'rr1(Cfteiopodiiursp oaartti;t (Anr atth tills

*i 711 I'i etLeoa oleraicea) and Rurrix op. , Aso mTn, fiavc tecen avail able in. this

'j''~rd ; ';i'ca' )(cupiea the I:. toi l; twst 1th uwiado andl east of

* c;,.o itro oltari sand.-; 1,redomijiior . t rj(, and i durie 1!- conoIne. These- !,and-

isv ct. .ei-tree y7 '0a, t iw WT, -. ltlus:.h, If r0o1 'al' I 1-d ioint f Ir

fiIur-1 , ahl t cmtluha Iliot atwe (Xi fclfobr rot brae) can

it ;witil Jr. y Ir, tIi- ;p,te i,.,i;te ii(OO 7 rel~ttivel v olin-

pi t in, ,iwmi rfo't t ain ti it- atitfo.

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT Figure 9

ENVIRONMENTAL- ZONES

rLoo

/ : ,' > oat ..

+~ +*P , ,

.. ++ + , . 4 - ,

4-

,' ,-,

L

++ +++ / . ~ '~+ ,

+

+ ', +-

h

"/ S. .

+ + + , V

',

+r,+++.

..''

-(

+,

. + * .. ..

-

. ...+'

-. -.

.

t,

.+.

..

. .

. ++ . . ._ .

. . . . . . .+

. . . .. . . . . ..

.44 4+ . . . . .r. . ..

+**44 i -N-

, + +L,. . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . .

: ... . .... . .+ t+ " . '4 . .

+ +~~~~~~+ + * . .+++++

+ * O '\ + ,.

.. + ... .. .. .. . .. ;.. .. X .%. ." .+. ,- \.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... --- _ +" +. + ., .+~

h .. .\ .+

+ 4+ + 4+ +

+ 4

I

++++++ .... .... +++ - + .. ' ' ] .. .l , 'v

... . . . . .+ ..+:- - --- • -+ +

*

'~~~ + + .- +-t,-"

V2

+ ++ 4

+4. VI

,*5.

'

IN\%ESTIGATIONS AT SITE 3-1__

The wes.,t mesa (,~ u~s the nearlI,,y I it 1,, t-.,I Sur I act, wri, !, ,x t nds r r( the

;'lc argil': w 'Stwlrd. Sot I' art qtea o 311a du1ni to; : IT tMOTI t erias L-ott

.shaillow depressed areas; 1S loccur, it'l t he may have 'er vet a: [,lad, It, wet wea-ther.eorior. %oqeta .r.n includk - .oad-tre tt' ica, 71.,'>5 t* a:: t ol I w r1 :0 ich. thSct

,oal-t te ylcC a alit r.'Osquite WOL1'! hae Ct<tO t Cl 1:. I oil( sour ' * Somt herlt i-(ous

:.;ecli-s, including ama! drith, ~'r~ea,.,! plei; silnf lower (If, 1i t.t 1.u-, ie~ oler is) , mcyhavfe hover ound ill e(t t*!-Wat or(' .ta. 0

la!lie , urmtiariz's Idata "n tlh p'rehar'Io' ticj .:oc"t :4 zeoiurc(' the El1,sIil' T0lh is irformat ion comes t rot. liar t ir~cztenr K ; irk (2975), 1Itt I- orca

'I'";id G"Lauqiiniii~( This ObVIOtiSly 1 r: ni' a COrn; .te 1 Ptet ic of a!' to, plants

it 1.1;Ide'S onli the.se which arf. l_-siumed t r have heen p'o,,t infer' arT-. pliif th' firnal1i.t *'t this coapter dealt, in Qr eatei detail wi tl the dii Sttit jut ton 01 in _-urcel irt-

:01 l o -ross t I vprotect ati , a t3 suasona i,,I;y t h iough ou t t he v'O(- I at 1-

I- Jky rve aiL t h,t: (1) plaiit foods ark? most ahundant at hi ithet c'as oeft ''~-' Site

in, the f lcodpl Ii n wr nt of tnde si te , and or. the Lc Mesa Surt ! c i, n,! a Iac c t L lopes

wooi t hc li atrsodo; (II?) spr og, summer and t all seem tn 1 i( wl.,t. te re: urce:. i

!r , '1,1i'iot , ,ttt oot Mao) ods are avalt ic it, t~t h(-W, t . i w . ; 3 moeet of

1,t -oeur cec, cat: i t,e ii a'tl " t ,-red , i thei tu Lst nc 'l I~ ,t :( ! - -t *4 lt

ti t i iIlo pocil , t-ta; I pollen--i and many of the t ruts or a' cake.{-g Io 1cse

iase'; aric hearts (' the loat -,u"Ccube nt S

Fauina

AT.I1, 1L, final I oceS -C mmTon inr h,- h ihu ahtian rlo;se rt a ro I s t (d it, i i I 5) id1av S

4) . Thoce f t hat werc. prof l1i; of qreatest. 1 r~mc i mportancef preh istor icallIy are mruit

lecer (odocoileus h inu),plrnghr (Artiloar artericafla) , dese(rt ceottot al

lago auduhoni) , tilack-toliled - ackijiit (Lfkpus_ cal fornicus( varitss ihe and perhaps

migriatory waterfowl.

t'Laughlili (1977h, I148O) hast argued, hasodl otti the- scarircty or t,,iir-.al remain~s in te

nerthe, project area., that hunt igi did not p'-iy a, very large role in, the, subsistence

YSt eMS Ot prOhs ttrI C ople it the HI looc Oo. h!oweve-r, het tho-lc.r descr ibes three,

;t~tte~il hli t in: Talor ito -- high1land, lowl and anti rive trio - - tht muay have See-n oripleyte

;:tIo I-reieitt Tea. The patter no ate aedon vat 1:11 lit y it; the ahiutidattico oh dii tir-

'i-t pet 1(5- 1, It i i t to[Oqt llij'tc atrit voel eat in cuilet. It Ic. emphasized.(, howevet,

t 1i! art iculot:;'le at( ti-' aliways rest rioted f(' tl 'monle enIvji timentoli 'oete ilxceIt

p ,I i, '!4 : e: ,at I,! I hit t Iif, '. "Iq :iig t de~ 'at tortic are, t hu qu!( It eIo ratl i1"'

The hi qh lard(. patt to inovelce: th( hunt joii ot deer anid cot tontail,; in) the mountains

tjear fte 1roject area. It r:. lcuggeated that deer could have, hone mootl eaSily hunted dur-

ing the wintter when they term herds anld that cot] entails could have 'teen hunted throughout

he year. Evidlence from FresTial S helter (humrani Svctem Research 1Y72, 1973; Wimberly and

'lent och 1981) i, tie lu larIc:a bdaaln tierth it A1,e preject area t uoge ts that deer woretisittj!y prie:eIat carps tl t I ti motnt attic atil t hiat iinly t tit' neat ari k ,tctl elements

Wilit ['1trit amoujnt of meat wet, t ratiooed ti ' otiriitpt ron el!3cwh tc.

The11 leon]!" pattertl trlviivec, t li- titlipq c:4 ark ahl itf , cottoitatIl and pronqhoto onl

Ii a do 1(,tw(-n the Frarlli too and tiw Pit' a iandt and en elevatedi areas; west of thli

TABLE 1

MAJOR ILANT FOOD RES;URCES

F,', r c mentdl

Zones wity

Seasons of Metrod cf with Greates*

Common Name Plant Parts Eaten Availaility Coc, k rc Aundancv '

Soap-tree flowers Slmmer raw, oiled lower bamda,

yucca flower stalks Sprinq boiled, roasted leeward slcpe,

leaf bases, hearts year-round, ;it-baked (can west me, abest i7s Spring Le dried)

trunks year-round, pit-baked ican

best in Spriig be dried)

lechuguilla fruits, flowers Summer, Fall raw, !oiled (can mountain, upp,,i1:, dried) ba lada

flower stalks S4rinI io,'Ite:leaf bases, hearts year-round, iC-laked (;_an

best in Sjrinq he dri d)

Sotol flowers umoer raw, luiled mountain, upper

flower stalks Spring 1 rasted bajada

leaf bases, hearts yeir-round, ;it -.

iked (car,

besit in STi-ng !e dried)

Datil fruits, flowers Siting, Summer, raw, boiled mountain, upper

Fall lcan be dried) bajada

flower stalks Sprina boilea, roasted

Prickly pear fruits late bummer, raw, boiled mountain, upperFall (can be dried bajada

pads year-round raw, hoiled,ra sted

Mesquite pods Fall raw, boiled, riverine,

used as flour leeward soCe,

west mesa

Tornillo pod, Fall raw, 1o led, riverine

used as f lour

Wolfberry fruits Sprine, raw, boiled xiverineearly Su>nt-I (can be dr !ed)

Cattail young shoots Sprints raw, boiled riverine

flower stalks Summer raw, boiled,

roasted

flowers Summer riw, boiled,

roasted (can

be dried)

pollen late Summer used as flour

seeds latt Summer, raw, roasted,

Fall ue,, ,d as flour

(lan be dried)

root stock:; yeal - r eunl , raw, boi led, baked

n,; ';o Il (in h dr id)

9!

iNVESTICATTGNS AT SITE 3'.

loodplaaiu. This rat terni has been documented in the arches loclic,, 1 OCOril ft rouqh Inot1

cat ions at the Sandy Bonje Site in the leeward slope ervirnmertit l vone (6Lauqh In 19771,).

These species could have. beein pursued anY tim( duringq thef year.

The niverine pattern InvolIvos the hunting Of cottontail, )ac:kra1bit, spiny Sott-,shell

urtlQ, var ious fish and migratory wateriowl, ind perhai- muskrat andl beaver along the- PJo

irande and. on the r loodnlairr and floodplaini herdIers. Fot montailis may have bieen rione

important than ackrab)bits tecause- Of the dene ;'etat ion wnich probsi !y bordred the

tloodplairi. The a-quati c species may hav( beer. available( rest ly Iuririq t,-bc La unmet, fall

ITIi winter whei the river's flaw was reduce d. Iliqi atory waterlowl would I ave b)eeni foun-d

rist orito, in the fall, winter an' i spring.

In sum, it has t)een suagestedf th~at hunt inc was of secon~dary imiportanice in the subsis-

tI pat terns (if prehisitoric 1&eople I r the proiect area , that cottuntai !is and jackra..i I is

would have beer, available year-round in a v;,, ety of onvironmenpicli zones, that deer would

have been Most easily huntel I!; the Fr ariklin duninq ti., winter , ant I hat fis,! could have :been! taken troir the( Rio Grandc it any t ime 1 ut the spnrig. Whi lo t his discussi or tar

-,lcuce l; I dent IIy Irig the an i Ima Is that moy have bon mintI i, tenr used f or 1 ood , tt N !;as

(.(,I)nto at. tempit to det: rio the relat iVo i MooCrtaiCe, it dli I t-r Tt :ecr msi due

-iro~el y to thec tactL that. t aural remna Ir nore poor lv treserved in r. e sandiy s oils, of arche--

logical sites in the, El Paso area, cnd thss tleco 1: ve--y little directL evidlence cr I ainal

resource utiliztoO.

Summary arid Bsuso

Site 32 lies within mid to late Holocene_ ol far, sands on a lalOc Pleistocen~e alluvial

terrace overlooking the, Plo Grandc tloodplai. . The alinijaldeoi contain niurtcrous

cobbles of limestone, rtiylitQ, mtiqeart.ite, andi chent , ndwere! exploited as a s;ource

nor lithic raw iateriola-, bothti or !()(, manluieslure an(' for h~arth materials. The rela-

tivel' extensive and] thick mantle of enlia oidS, wl;i(h hal accumuilat-ed in a shallow

swale cut into the terrace surface, apparenitl; !r,3de bAte 31 ai avored .(cnupaitional localil.

The nature of the, site soils baa; adeorsl y a3t I ec thle cjats re:overed1 11, thepse

res igt ( ins l two malt i r ys. Fi rit tOle eul ian r p, i - ato'im homune(nocur

'Ithic, if is t15po-sille to Use stairpyto ,orrolaf',lu- ''i. Second , the

orsns of the sedime nts resul ted in very pe'n rc~nvairs o i taunal and

iuacroscopic hotanlia 1 rem, in:::, antI orga.I:: ,rt itHA:_ Al' , l ,, fh- cnesSL ot t' sanids"

uli led with the high deq'I so of inimal di sturbharir 1, tot c!i'1. o ,!-t preSorV,1 iOn,

or contextual ittrmdtiori.

Soils of the tesiha Brlson, except for thcose ol> the Rio Grando ,alley itself qener-

,illy, are coarse textured, have moderate permea~ility, arnd have a lcw water retenition

rapacity (Jaco 1971). Floodplain soils, are renerally finer teXturedl 3rtd ore currently the

only s-oils used tor agriculture. It ha:; b~een suqe!.ted ((i'TaiiglI ir, ~bC cilthat while1

;om,' small -scale fariT)n; , irsi tic dIry-land, r it ,irld niinof f teubriiqe:: , coul d have beer.

prart iced on the larger alluvial tans bor~idering the flondplain aniA on the sl1011 s east ofthe, l.,i Mesa Surface, the area:; of primary iicricultural potent iti fin rc'1 reisk i timcf:

would! have been the Plo l6raridf' t I orl in wjqer' djry,-;and anid 11 odwa3ter t rt- g nsol d

hadve _ eo(ntid

_ _ _ _iijl'i Il: ENVIRONMENTAI, S T I N-

Soils are not the only factor limiting agricultural productivity in the pro-ic! ,r,.

The modern climate of the El Paso region 1L characterireo as haVliqs little rallal,' low

relative humidity, high evaporatiot. rate, high daytime sufmrt tempe'atures and low nicht -time winter temperatures. Because, of the low precipitat ice aed hih eveporaC, ,.ctall farming today is done with irrigation.

Although considerable research ha; hen done on paleoclircItological artd vcqetatlor,changes in the El Paso area, there remains some debate in thE aeiterpretatlon of the ,vi-

dence. Most of the data suggest, however, that the middle and late Holceene (a. ( H c

years B.P. to present) had a clJmate approximatiiq that of trday. F)ather, it ap;,.r,"

that the middle Holocene saw the establishment ot a desert qrasslsrd which wj~ :cect ,'competed with desert shrubs and xerophytic upland stecies. 'r!,i -gradual tree.d w,t r.-vllcally accelerated in historic tires whcn overgravin. almo;t corq tely res' ved :r s-

over many parts of southern New Mexico and Vest Tey.,

While the palynological and macrobotanical aiialysoe tn- Site i ,vc :lot v:a,

information pertinent to understandinq climatic chirgqs, tf, i-:cr;iw ceidne l.u ]e:t

that the mid to late Holocene drying trend may have reacl--r a cra t a: Ain ct 4: t -<E

years B.P. This conclusion is based on the ass-3mption triat '.:',icoWIf il, t t .

began as a result of increasing aridity and reduction i-A ground cove. ,I. .st(:wctfd dct,

is based on the radiocarbon assays for Featerec, 27 and cce'>se. ' c ;n:ztar, I1

accumulation rate prior to the use of Feature -Tatle U).

As reconstructed here, te yubc i;"' f yster ,i re "-';eltural (-4 Ic t

Mesi la Bolson entailed i beivy reliance on ,eeat uc etsF :- re'. yuc , i ch-. - ,

sotol, datil and prickly pear ), mesquite ari t.:nT ']] J I I c rli ' es , r.aT I,-,*,

with relatively minor contribution- ly ras see a l U w t tear,-', .eCr.

and seeds of some herhaceou:- plants, deer, cottocntil, a ,

waterfowl.

Many ot these ro Oire'es , especiall y th I . , ' ,' it 1" ;'

tOici ; east of Site 32 and to the west of :, :ire n 1, ' , I Me,, u!taC-,

and the slopes adJiient to th, La Mesa Surface. T'loi, l it I e ot I i t -1 . ; -

ticularly productive part of te e n tern>, "! toil. , ; : 1 4 . ., -,,',v( Iwithin 6 km of all the resouIce zones a'11 i, '"i iii .1, 11;. tie I 1 . I O , ,.

believe that any of the zone. coulld rot .hav ,. .:;.( , I -'I i c !,1i'i: ; 1I

(e.g., Lee 1979: 175; Silberhauer Its] :2(,'-W9))

While most of these resources would La' 'eor i ,- I alndat r in theii- be cndI -

tion for utilization durinq the sprinq, trnmcer an d fall, mare' scsI' ha." t(-r. a v av -

able during the winter. Further, mary ,:i. ! tia'J,, i ('ee ' stAoed !,,r use lurit, : tewinter using a smrlap storaqe techreloy. Thu!., t here '. Y:f' jest " c ens f

" ' !l'r

that prehistoric humani occupatio of tice Me.si I lo] o l %,, ' 't I ,t? 5 in c.,. f

*hc year.

O'Laughlin (1980:20), in reviewini irifnrti i on on i .!.1 ';li : tie ;'.tr s , Ol-

cl udes thaIt the storaq, jf t oodstul i tor wint ,'' consum tion lay tiv. to I h' i!

mobility during ti s time oft Ihe year nid that wIint cr r (il.ec , wOUlli tis TJ ,T'Vil.1 I1,

lonoer occupatiot., involvlrig i wider ;ai.e I actii'. f, wold oth.il It.,. di;

there is some ]e ~ie to lhi ; at .irilellt , 1ii ( itI' ! evnra, I ottier Lms I ct , it.

First, many of the rero iimed te, ,c .outl' f wo ld ih'a'', I r, , v1i laile, iI ri " 1 ti'

• ,i

iY GSIIATIONS AT SITE 32

TABLE 2

DATA FOR ESTIMATING CALENDAR DATE FOR

ONSET OF EOLIAN DE'OSITION

Thickness. of eolian deposits between levels of origin for Features 27 and 32,

1T prehist-ric qround surface near these features tollowed modern slope = 20 cm

it prehistoric ground surface near these features was horizontal = 35 cm

c rrected* date for Feature' 27 = 2160 P.C. ± 160

, ri,r td* date for Feature 32 = 650 B.C. ± 120Minimum, ace difference = 1230 year.-

!.Iaximun age difference = 1790 years

Minimum accumulation rate = 20 cm/1790 years = il cm/1000 yearsMaximum accumulation rate : 35 cr1/1230 years = 28 cm/l00 years

Thickness ot eolian deposits below level of origin for Feature 27 25 cr

!t inimum accumulation period prior to Feature 27 - 25 cm/28 cn per 1000 years = 893 yearsFaxjmus accumulation rerJ d prioz to Feature 27 - 25 cm/li cm per 1000 years = 2273 years

Estimated calendar dates for onset of eolian deposition,

earliest = 2160 160 + 2273 4593 P.C. = 4600 P.C.

latest = 2160 - 160 + 893 2893 B.C. = 2900 B.C.

* hese dates are C-13 and derdrochronologically (Damon et al. 1974) corrected.

condition, in the winter, and thus storage may not have been necessary. Second, it can beargued that decreased resource productivity in the winter may have led to increased mobil-

,i!y in the search for other food sources (e.g., hunting in the mountains). Third, it;eems that d simple ntoraqe technology (e.g., stortng dried fruits or yucca cakes) mightnot have necessitated a reduction of mobility. Fourth, it seems that storage for winterconsumption would have been ongoinq throughout the spring, summer and fall, and thus thatthe time of year with the greatest bulk of stored foodstuffs would have been late fall.iii short, O'Lauqhlin's model is not entirely convincing. It is suggested here that this

Fort of model is too simpllstic and assumes anl oxcessive degree of regularity throughtime. Although ;ite 32 i,; interpreted here as representing repeated occupations involvingbroad ranges of activities (see Chapter Xl), there is no direct evidence to suggest that

these periodic reoccupatiuns were restricted seasonally. It is emphasized that a precisereconstruction of settlement systems for the project area is dependent on gaining a better

understanding of local subsistence systems, climatological and veqetational changes, andregional settlement and subsistence patterns.

e 36

.7,. .. -

This chapter has t wo rat; f~!.' L > .

for viEwing the coltUt dl h'11 c : ' for. c-t .'-..

are characterized inl generalr I IIr's ~'nii- -II---t>--

second goal is to summnarlze pr(v1.-i., tri.-- i - -cll-I. ~vicinity to show the extrAt irtd i; try.'; ( 0a.. 1--'. i't'2

conclus ions.

Somma'r.- Ct ti' 1 1A

The chronological iromewnt-k emjpl'-y.'it' oi t Cuu-....'1

consists of three periols -- laleeindioat AO jcm-ti Alf(,:p

are used more as a system for temoor,il (tdtrtA 'tAl 1~l' t11-"ot0A

it is apparent that th(- prehi,;terv of tO h, L; ge 1 rl

sity , subsistence patterns , sott, lemc i~i - yl*,r ''t al jl AT -- 1 oi. ,I

discussion deals only wi t! that par t ci tii w n t . sri I t' II &o lt

tive period (at shoot A.Di. 14U0) i-cioc, xci t tf+ a ii, tta J A hr o w.

that Site 32 was occupiel! of utilized is- ;oi-Fc-,ra 1, 1 ti timof

Before discussing the cultural lie. of tO---''t" oec ;x.

of the dates given, especially for tie a r lir! purl, 4- al1105.

setting or a well1-def ined chronoleq(y ter thIe 1, 1a 1 . t-,( i 1

be a high research .Aiority. Likewis.e, tic lrohi:-tori .. lq . -ii-tL-se

poorly understood, for it is only ili .cf-ni -t va ii C' r.1 , : 11 tC f.rc ~j"been directed toward theci stidy oi ts so: v- ste-!-

l'a i -c I,.! ; -I -: t; O C,

This earliest perifad is rej-resolntcl '1 0L': l' 1'ti -.

facts, inclouding Folsom pro;ect Il' point, asi ~ -iir'-~ C itiri . l

(Beckes 19)77; Everitt 1-nd -cdvi., l')74; yuir ,i Il i'tutk I ' P:' '"-, (I; ., ' 1"

19)75). No lalvoindic.i n-ompetsf-tit iu it-. V %- t;I! 1. 11'- t' : 'It'.

no absolute dat es for tO-i -;a t to! in th. r. t IIl-1

However, based or, data 1 rem tie lsc i th.' MitiL. i-.-' i > --

1973; Hester 1972; Wheat 1972; Wilairnt '4;! 1>-i 5

a J - td Iil I .'as "0

1981), the Paleointian material!, tilt., th' 5-I PW'I T- . rOi"- M '' ta -~ 11'fat

10,006 to 8,000 yearsi ago and to, tI IIdt u-l '' '-v !VV I S -'I-'0, Ili 'ot h1l- 11

large mammals. Wild plant foods al' -isi-J'-' t: flt - t. I,- .'; I, tot- 4.

(Say les an') Antevs 1')41) a ithouqt. t ho elat 1vt 1mp-c Il . atI ;I, I, vI 1': lf-tOit.:

unknown. It Is assuImed that lae(n~ 1,1 "a -jr'i ;,q tI-. I * , It;1 i

mobile, (O'Laughlin TI)x3 v Th -I ir it- :AL i wlin!.I 1-eqat, Iti,- I;

r e sulIted i n an es sen tiAall1y mo (I-ro Totr- i -(-iii., (ii 11 r-c : di i s- 1. apo' '1i I%

:t.'ESTIGATIOfNS AT 511 E i

crc i Faleoindiar, 1 1 fewdys, aId, s, arked a set ur adaptations whi(ch a!tsn as ty; 'jiqtie succeeding pericd, the Archiaic.

Archia;t Po'rinc'

Whi Ic the Archaica has been jn~estl gatcd through excavdtions in southeast err. Arizorna,

southlwestern New Mexico, andi sozuthi-central New !'eticc ie.q., Martin et a]. 1952; Hurrar,.-tystcrn< Research 1972; Whoat ] )55; Sayle'; 1941,; Dick 1)65t; Sayies arid Anrtevb 11a41; Mart it;ond Pi!,aldo 1c)5(,; Haury M-e;trtin, Riiido and Antevs 1949) , t was until recently

'fl.rowni" the El Pas,; are-, onli ,y st!rface t ir.ds uet a wide. varic ty of ; rojectil e point

i el. auqhlins, (198C) we.rk at Site-s 33 anid -14, SCU m south of lite 32, is the first7'I .1 ve!tiqatlos, of a,. Archaic compone.-t in the area. The i ri est 0catH 1 o< r eportc-,i here

Thi; temporal divislin extends from tt~t rind of the Palecindian p)eriod at about 8000

ago tO thE- befniO i the FOI-rtive 'perilod at about 2000 years: o. Radiocarbon

biates trom. Archaic contexts at sites in the general p.roject region, however, most consis-

tenitly (ii. 23) fall between at cut 3000u B.C. arid 100 B.C. (Martin vt al. 1952:8; l;Iamanl

Systersi Research 1'072:21; Whulen 1980-.14; 0 aqln1979:21,-21, 1980:48; Thompson and

PeckkeJt l"479:l1l). Earlier Archaic dates are scarce and come from rel.atively few sites

i, 1,6.17 ,Beckett 19-13; 1kimberly and Eldenl-ach 19e1:23). it seems likely, then, that;;ttIatlor; iersitiezs in thi-. part of th~e southwest were quite low during the early half of

!h, Archaic and increased, ifter ihoiut 305f. ) :

Tlif Archaic period it, the sa!-uthwest.ern United StAtes; is commonly characterized as

iri~olviriq a b)road-spe*,ctrum hiiit in, and get hernq subsistence base(, sci2sonal mobility, low

opt; lat for, denlsity, aid( mall social group size. Wh~ile Lhis t:ommori view has been misused

over the , etart (,c:(, -apman l, it is regardied as5 a uisetul general model which seems ton:irt od , 0, least inl a (Ires; way, by the x ist ing archeologic-al dat a.

;c it gl otin t hf pro-ect area sucqe;; I, that tle primary sb;stneactlv it it

rtie tenorient"! totward ciat bering, wild :1 ant foods (espIeciall I'Claf SUCCUlettS , Me.,-

*at orni I 1'. eanb,<t l, priceliy p2e,, liuiU., acornsz, ain: jerwie; pinyon nuts

ariV asW; s;eods) with r ies tl ,)te, , intvlI opt and rabbit!, 11,ping of secondary

mp(rton c (Bec, es and Ci hi I 1977; O'loauch lit; ,, 77 1980; Human System;i; Research 972;

fiobrcr 19581),. AIthbough agni ci; Ii , is krien to have n t roduced Into at least parts

,,f the arca lur it,q thc Archaic (e.g. , Cbst I t(,:; Hutmen Syst ems Rese-arch 1972) , ft is

b~ctthat it.,s role -i the, !ubs I-stetee ;,-Tr, we;; limiled. It, terms of seot Ilement

da a. at;: rot the art , te thait not a.)i ' wure occ p fed w itt, equal f requency

isdi .r Intensi ty f' Lasgit ] s aIOt; 61baler;l , , 'HI; Hor"n Systems Research.

1".; itc r1"73; Recke - "), !ci bbI'c -1" tt, !;pear to hat. eer usedI on' 1 a stajrt -

termt a,.is, perhaps tor ex;plit itir o!nS a (at';i -oreIttt (t resetiurces; others

-trto bnase sup;)ported muf, el-'ut I~a~ ii ('; t;cpt,' -aluse t~e wet o used! as

loe-a;:"r becaus e they wetf e av' re c-arip; tica over i it';'c petriod of tine. The,

,,t cho i I omponenTt at Keystone, tar :itre 33 !- w(a itpreted, as a ite.-o'ml wthich may thave

A, Ft. .t't loti I -I Io'tpat Itor I t Ir "L ; h, t, t i ey a1 t ('''1cdIdrt m1 y M hY 1as V 4 t-n s1; et as, reC1a t Ive Iy

r1; - t' r,t' r d ies ta .0(t - J r I !I rr ti T ,-t ii' i t I Y

This; ummary at Ilh; >1SV11ln .~

stress5ed tha2t !uaai il aaa atn Atr- I' t 'T' I t I, I

tremely :scarce urtil rccently. IT 1, t' 1! 1:' t1 Ihe

gated as a tesulIt (At lie ral-tn!, aI t I aor.-1> 1Wf l'

or. t he Archoa c I hai ;rev iu:.ol x IX~t' I, t as i't I ,1 j al 101(1 1c I n

that wil1l fact rathui re('~o~r in 'I at a t I l. 'a 'lvat1 ot n ' 1

,tel thE' VdlI 1Alfle a11it ra It ,, 1, 1 rOI, C TI 1 ws f "I 1, I

!]/stems.

In comparison to preced .l ;er ioads, teApj;icx imat,-1 '14 k-ea-I 1acr it iva, 1

las been intensively irvesticlat-1 le,.q. , 1eohnr lI4P; 'r 'i g 1t77' I,'- I' H ;[ WT

1977, 1978, 1081; ThOMPSO!n and Becket t 11741; 1,t(! -u ei' aa N ;

19b6a , 19 CJ bt , I Ob7 , 1 111; ti ' . . ' '. d

6re iser 10 7 3; W'iv W71 iT8-1 11w Iv a idPo iC 1 I4 7 -l 1 1

howeve r, t hat tsh Forma t N. - h -l i atea tt Iv F I 'a' tot- ;. T . a aa

questions about chronoloaiy and o 'ch,.2 :n Ia; l yates 51 1 I [! .S.la I

First among these I-- the cttlest tol , what 10 is~1tll 101 I- thc1- ()IT at Va v, r i

Archaic. Aithouqh the oriq inalI di stinct lal'i wac btWl wec a tw di! trre: 1 51s -c:

hunting and gattierincT %-crsus sodetntsrv or oesitau-entarV a 1111 1 fl villagO lit,, It 1

now gienerally agreed that tile only obviclrl; diteruIse is thi :(!OitioT- of 1iticuO1

.5r dr

ial goods, notably ceramics and the bow ind al row, to a' t rso Arohali artifact 1"-

blage. In thisa respect, early Foripati- IV ,Lp~tatj ons at' I' CT "s. teia ry int, l

those at the late Archaic.

In the originalI (et jn Iti On Ot tim: "irnad3 r~at. theM- '.'a at, 1 ohler (i'4

lined three time-sequential phase,; -- MoilDona Ana and :: i Vsc. Th tei,,l pliaza

was assigned datos of A.7). 900-1100I" and wat; represelt(d 1 %a pithoucoL vil Iages2! alc ticu

appearance of undecoratel t1)wnarc ceramics; and arlow 1points. Me-sillha PilaaSav PeOlaN WeIre

presumed to have- beer farmers who uta -1 lfitv'lj blt 010 oecewth -")( 1510 llt lt a

wild plarnt gathering, l'i fol lowi nc ! lla Auai Plial 'C v -rii alo i datc, k-!A., II

and was representedI by 1 1 1lacs with til-th jt .)jan', 0110u: 1-(a 111il 1- 1 1 an'a]a a 5

unadecorated , , ramics. Thil,; ;ahahe wal ,i -ai. t t:iailt 01I11 1.(tWC'II t' alltla

Phase and the later Y1 Pa-aa Phase. l:t F- a'asa woaSa lia I 7ate "o t .

,ianc! wat5 atlIst trigtflAl(ad IIy ti 1- onc 1, itI' a~i 11 l iio- atiq x tile pr, 1irtiioo-,e

Oecoratd ec a(-rantc .a

This oridirsi1 --hom(- i st illI in iaja~ itali 1 :jhtty ml; !diet z trll.A

substant ia I numbeY ot raidiocarbon dtI rnS ~'a01 ~d~i ''a t1lk'i.

Ill auqhll1n 1 '180; What en I "W), 111b h -i shw that toa l s f015 Ittii p4lareai in the area dun 110

the early certuries 01 the Chrizst lla Era, mt, eal ier tii 1Isr'A.!'. 1,00 date. Thu!1; ,

t he beg i11n i ng o f t he M'e- ill la Phai, rO ta~et IvnPt:; halt1 Iback sfimf, ( auO \a,,r:,.t Pn Foted, how-

ever, early Formative adaptat ions; do rto' apl-ed to have ~ ,lii n dit; erent IIran

late Archai, ones, arnd oat lv Mesqi I s F . ,Oa lV 'rfe noTIC tC~~dedI tot' Ca

.,edenitary fatmersi.

.

I I I> c, ite r [. 717 I I ., '7: I A,7. c I vli C!1 1 : t par tir,' 1

l t 1.'; O i tor' 1 '. '0 l 77 1 ''71)'q it:.r I 1.' ! .7 1 1 17f tIi, f 7:t ' .1 IT,

-I v -i I'r 1f t c.,'I hulcwtt m i:t, In mr 'a' t7::,' 1.i

I!. c e rt :' _71on I,- Ct' I Icut' Io '' I O il ' L'yi: i

A'' I t.o 1. 1: ioi;. iid k, .I *I~ t C,:''' Ir 7l 7. t C1 >:; 1 . i r I:: Iv

A' o t v . 77

tm i f 1 '.1u'' (''1' 1jj

ryt ec ivir: It: _ i a. 1, 1 r .17.( I

i , ot. I 1 in icr' 11 ct w' the '(11, 1171 W I

he c lIt' t uIn o rt i , r ia

:1 C~1 v1fII' site p crule' "r'j '7.t" liI ' i it-c'. 17 (rj(1 Y t 1.u7I

I7 11,- t f i 7'' w~t t ' 'f 0-'r 1,' d 1 f (.' 'i .1 t

1'1-*Me 1,T 1'' ;tC. t '- t -i '7 lit or, rT- '!A ! )t I ITSt

e'rt!WI-(7 (1 1, t es s '1 t ,It Ira . I 'Id: a7 r I '.. ,lt 7 at uSzuI

47 art' intu " i o ci'l i',f(! Inn."h i. 11 ' t 7 71,. 1!; k:t r 'of '7 '1' 0 n% a-re t- al r7

I rreh I thmtl C-, ,~ the t1 "C Q. ' 1, c'r Tg Ir7. i (IT-l.(, 01:0 Iu

i t)t0w74'r, (a1t it1w . w(i7:! xI 110121 . u-tep '77; I 1< -* iii'.ve I 7 I It se i-

p,.; 1 'r~ 771 , t3' ho a- j ~ ~ tiw.' - 1'0! th I. tr't'i t.' !W2a'

rItr 17' II '7 It. I -( N k t'.i'771) J( ifC 7 , 1' 1'171.''. 1 .ciketr,

enr&r-ll i h Cl;Wr ' l 1 1jr.'! I: itt .7..j 'tr7 " 7 >r I

It7I ' lor tlri '1 1 7 Ii A71 't17''. c1 i

'I' I r rr 0.1 7 ,: al q' r. 1 ,'' wt1'l I I 7 7 I ', v7 t t ti i ' t 1 ' 1! c olc' 1, Itc't

ro47 7' Iit-1 .cali i,) I: i trr f i' i1. it '-lji I 7 " i: (1 1 7 1 t'i

I % I ; 171 Iuc" I, 1 k II , Ir t I tT 11 1l T -I i k tI4

S)u r in,; :i1., 1,14 >. . L. ad 1,t . 'ra t3

' Itttt: in I: Sout tic !r N'so Mey Y .v It t b !;k 1 t .T o .j r

Lc'hMmrs's wo rk i.> 2' t as :t Ff ~ i, Iew M,-. I a": 1!1

ac t mI 1tt n O ri tio e ..@ 'ou,>i a. c~ h or3 t r c- id

Format,.,,( i n thu, ai' t he S3o,-, ' -.

usnia its raot w(- !I re Litettt they .r .. '

In contrasft r.' r''ern 'Ne'w M,.> "

.a-re condruct, .' 1 1 o .t L::. iJ.?C,"' v''

rider r. Fl in I lIa-, c '':.t, + by j.

Arr'hatc) I. -le a 1 Or''.t I Frori t IT, ate

[cji rodluced nun' 'i1.rr: t' r . 1. o .t

cts in the irea (f-. PrC-, Yin's,

Brook 1967 ; liusskelI 1 ot; 'nh11

i n fo ma tte r. wh ich oat.';. r w;. S o I '

By t ar: thle 1u(at e'st 3r, t(

takeni place ini Lh i970C a 3 lI T

Army to irii'entotx', reneruirce! or 0'''' ani

ilenmetsu 10Q7;P it.~ 1'7; P. 11

I ioott 19?'7; Sco t ' 19-,; Wl.ivi e 17 T

ion with tht. construct icr oa' o, l . . .

and Greiser 1973; .Je-rld I

project area it. recent year'. 'oclurie '''each 3.'

Campus sites in northeast. hi " ! a!., .- ' i

of £1 Paso, !lurran Syat eric heas't . .' > .

Fide rb-a:-1 . 1981; tot rer I ?lh) sui' i3: i s. va t.......H i,: p.

iieckett 's 0197Q) t es-t in iin r,ot 'hei:,t

The fol lowinc p'araq;i1 a; ,* .i 1 c t '> C.1 - . . ..7 'c'

the prehistory , esnecial~ . 1 v an.: -.ea I 'I t .... '

The research conisi,!rric nlde c.., '~-

'the Nor t h ati' l'it( , ve,> : ,; , a''en1: ' ~ ' ' 'F

or a orrre II I.. :Ti w .i i' t I i. .'T fio 1 n:j

hr'e i n t he ea r. 1 v W 1 t r( in I n :er .! r1; .' kI - .' k''

P1' t.'hlauqhli aIT .d 'it ctvn. t"1~t .3"t Ox,, Ii .,; I a U

surface :oiilect ion , andl I ,I Ae I iii; wi r~I 1 u -a on" ro ld n to B:

tures were found at- tie si1t e ichI1 . 41 ( 1'in 1,teraly "Indern ti )>e-rcckd teI to'

at least on'' riuddk; r I n, ir. 11,:. V0 , .!Tld t wo) sh o w [O71-it S tnhrU ti ' ut o' . 1cp t he '

-tructuren yieilded radii 11itr ditl''.4 A.Di. -ts ; 730 an A +', i ;C k ja mics'-e'ov-'

ered in both tinvest ic-r ion, fI we I jrcheitantly 1>1E Paso 1ProwT -,' ea',.(st(- e'' i the u

5Ciptio occurre d in ti.' ,.al !.v yrra' lie Brt; I' Lh':.T' o '. t "I' W.

M iS I I l t!l st,' ICr '--,I t S mrd Ica ~te-a t hat oir ''r nt II, a i t' Ca ;, or: !'!l I:a. >

:r ae t , 'utt itf r YrIn. ,I me: t who]I iv [III t d 7211f4>;: if Nor I I aort f , v t bi-- 1. err' v t ,

which was at tire tii' qutite oxcit. i;.o, tie' 43 vent W(a ions 1wr rt n. l t i 1, .

he lp i n :.tti'lyltfl;q ti It ort :ultaral tms

o ct1:''AU t '1w- I '-ui. 1 t2Cun nc l n : -

rl 011 C t I t -e ri :1-, aA l- r iri: . i -t CWC, at F 'a iYi 'i

wJ i ht L' 1-, No: i - > M,- tl(.~ I 1 '> b'it ni 1 01,; i-

-Li- '4- i t, U. ri awl I 11i 0'. 1,' )t 1 .' h' t , It ! '

' 4 rit -it -" ! xtr :- ', 1' ], li e ,ACt Vf

S C ' It- o ' I' I I T 'C-" 1C 1 1 " ;

-,. and> It Stoiq oIl I. di : ru ' t t. I - I l it ' C aL 3i'UX >C

I t'' l ri! o' Ii C'ij L' irirt t' ''(C, C:

t a''' C .I .

l. Th ree I : t lcIi'' - t st.' 1-tA v o' I T tC('~t CT- 7M r. 1, I P'II A

-I'', 'adiqlil i. ftiit' '' Cl. tn' ' 7- i A tl I"Ii 0 .tIf't rm : 't 1! -

t I ItM ' V I w- -hOC>, ant a: - t< heC a t' ! ; I 'F c- v a Id ' x t1 . 1 t tq r-Ia

ri i, m of , ,rhcridii rTC ~ Is-

tV' Cl:'.l e cirt -1ct e!I I . d l--' Cti fI-sl1ilU 'D - CC4t~,tr CI .C.

-it a* "cn't' rn - it C', 1 -SWt.~t1.-~c.- i~T-~tn

-C~ -i I'-. -h.' I l i.' :1 >tt a ti -'' ttCC I z attC~? UI!,: 1. 1

'it1 '"u, I i1' aiIl 1 t-T I ' C WC<. p:1 i I t'C -' . OC -t l it' r:UCe.a tii-:

t t 'k'p t I! to rrt- 'A 1! t1

le-- t- 0 LC CLaC:cli 11, t e!Ids t, iKr haizt h(~

T, tl 11 , tf'~ If' I-ICT -r a ,I. (.I il- ' ' I i to II 1.-c' iC I la, cc

w 1 rI 1 e' A t -- t I w < '~CtCC F C' I C

U. I-ta. ii> t'''-CC I t A. ic wI a~ '-t> I1 I It',

-i t~ r-r.I lIke t f"4 A T 1'i f~iCCI it PIP' TI r'C~ I , if-, til1 - 'Cl en i u'.t101i.:

Mi '0:C llfrttCC f.tf d . ;(i I t !,C i ,IC itit !. - h;tt 'C ' , "-' i I f', :Ii, -t1( 7kL I t i-

T'.j'" ;IT:V,,Mt:-e o!, iIEi IT i CI m 'wti a " I I'. CCfl -1 Co I LI it ', 'fmcCL 'l Ct (

i59hi;; s P i I~t Ii

Whal ' !1zst 1-- :1----1

o niiii' ' -- U P?

1 j-- 2 tv r w

one, whi'' 1 -a a it- '-"77" 1 i-1

aI r , :.,rr 'I f-,- 1' -r 1 r-'-fjl t '

Moner I 4I T, o~

! 141 u;p-f l thar j tar, !I! t t ]Mt- F, w i l6-- t c -

mai I iti a ' re 1 1.-ait' '!(-

at f;' ADh .1 eL r r-,7 .1 ' I~ u' oC "q

ta1e sIF; o a i 'a. hi r 11 j

t ITewr, asI nte- i- u ' i. - i r ii _- at i c -, a c k r i t - c I-- I -- u:rI -~r

loiiestini ., 1Aea- 1 ; a P C , t- r( j ,; S ,e

aitr oattha, r itO ~ i ih1 0 1 5 P, nl' r c"

th rst or tant ran rr lo ' ''ra in rr'. q w I i ',C'

trat ElPsi eii M!ri to Te nor itp -f Ihi rt -x ca t i

We t at 'Icf pr', pi i-a- 1' -ea j t 3 i (Ta"oi-ip t"Vi ~r"~ j xaa

the ! E l Iaso fir( ti h ' 'an I' '111 '' ' 1' 4

' I ! -I-i"n Ir a t f 11

m Si par atm .21; r ti T- i ( 1ori 0 1 it" It F 0 tt 'ait '

Lcilr1 If Ttnli l Tt d l Inn - ma C, a Wr ori -it,' i o I cyraa

1oin:- ir'il I,t I, It i t I tI f -1 iT( i: , J)I:, -i' , i tri. 1,1C n1 r

til ,-nrq ua tiio r atnvu ,' ''I l It i ' C to jA o I .T 7' rt 'ni 1a' a'

t ar F- s Or a, ow tI p~aa rat wuor, t ji- k -' i' I 5 to r t ''

rab bits' wil, :tome animal!, i.kenF fr-r- to rivepi',' t 0 l t ' ai u ' -f I 71 f tii

artIic le, h(> de rr-tiec1 1ioal Itata t o -I ~ -: 1 , 11 it ' Ii' N'i ti11 t hi. r i in t 'iJt

tine a usef ulI [I l -; It f.tnI , in; rtati-c'; i 4 p cF i't "r p i i(op n t fc- 't: ("ao!I

-.- si-nce , tIti: modelI p Iopaoe, t hat : t 1 (ileerI aidc cot

tourti i 1: c-ai 10. llis- I i'c' hirn t 0' 11 1 I-

p-cipntaxno, ; It z , a krattait o ,iiot I- I ax :q T'C! lTt I tIe cm:;1

1. a. - ''- r: a K' I 'T t. . to ala'

-lIop'- b-efwnc-n tic-, ioimotainr, ariaj tta- riveti ai:-I o; ":?(,-i-; atas wi-st, c t'c Visas"; -alt<

ai, C3) O r ttt a II s a c-yrabl Iit, S ;ii Iri -- trl tIlTth I I WO wteOrta i OW AT' 7 -- t

woi.'di thaver l'o-t c'vili letI 1- !1 pt r Iaii r Ip at-ox; i to "'l ta Ii-

4r

:,woiqt wet ot th< fn-OclN<. Pio ugIi:.'. '19k work ati-Lam" -Ito.A :too i' Cha-l-r 1, ai-;t 5itE-a io1:htarw Site 3. , wore

c .ut u til-',IwP. btot In. 'A hc-a' Sites 33 an! ?4, re-vc'd tie riost

it' 'ta huwev( I , ad i t . 'i

33*o- inc 34 arc -u-!cd rna r -2 lava, ran. a ou t fib' r soo'th iate 3

z.'iE

oe_.are: cant a gvuoo s and< cv er 0 em 4. 1Q5 tA-7'1-uh n' etaot t here f r.-

* <1 v-I -xtennl Ia' i aace Al.ct con aid mapin, s ;y t ema t Iri;, oual oe r t r iq', k1 sofh

I n a mi' an m aii t o- 1'.' v'' ellaa t In n it

ithe rnidyJ-ont s oft tc fIttfeeri radionarriio '' c, t-on the: -< tea tall into two 1105n

"on, np!l betwaeel :79 B.C. an 109( HYC. In aid w It other bet wa-u it- P.1. ad A.1.

* 1r , 7 ') K". Lau ghli I _'n '8: 4P-49) . b'aser! on th: _ ! t 'ate- the it rat i(yroph ic ev idon':eo

and t he -cTronies recovered , W- Lau 'hl '1c.-or -ludes t hat th- p-rimar-y ommiyOI ort ocearret,

durngs the Ia te Arc-hai to sacoested date ra' 'u of !-2H a- SL C. ) aid earl': Frmative

a=qelsttd (Wae ranqe of A.&C. %-I le) . A relatiavel KW: M"'). Fot ermatile ?El Pate,

) urn' onent It, alsotnc'od

It is part tast important that t heat itt-> arc or--d;j:ToLr,,intC. aDea and are-

tr'lativev1 well stratified. A?.lhough -dtai!(ledI-uo' oeiIsale- tht- alltuvial tar

a1.'iriia c the nis am ar Iaeko, it apmr Ow 1> the Ar-,-:. Ctmyerect a aVetittdt a

xcnt] deposit dsiatot firum that cntaininj l e EOnativt' I' a d materials. Dt-is ONt-

A ±On it txtrerey roto IllMOT ie QC Llo arcO and W rem -es an exce ot upprtoAl t to

I, these investf ioat ions, 041aughlir found that AKedai ep;eriod oOpstot'. left borne:.

tre(.'C were ;arti:- or- wholl21y excavated; 11 others were founird h ut not excavated.

in ative}y few fire-era aied luck he<arths while Formative joii d occupations let.

a hearthbs hot i12, stilloktures. The! Areil s tr;_7tures ar", siai I (abcot 3 r' in. dis-

ne _ ri hall ow (Lbcat it cmF jepa i5]Ibres> crt, with 011strdcm tool ariI lor:

Mta ivstore am! artitvram :ttgyest to 1 (laughlini MEMO:4)

Wit (arl n"rtatv oc a at ici wetirac t term ad oriented larotI s toward ji'a

Vata-lmny.Archaic io turp- and art ift a are not as easily Interpreted,

'owr c? r 1h 'It '1i, " ao-'t r>wetp cnrm-nrt :Jr -(-erip!rnareiit ins suoso hy: (I ) the

coaa-t a -tiitrus and rca t avely wid %'-ariey of other festurts , Including trasf

.ml dlotage its; -; the tact that oeci 'pln-trooe wore not found; (3) the fact

W(t mo'si ur the :rttir ccna-ar in; aUuaor' of tw. to fiv-c hi rh possibly associated

<It c wOst': ; (4) tip o- a-crrote it 'or- SIt r rm t )I r ta va if ty of 'burred floral

'i which wan) d have - ot.ret vilb I -thbe i-~te spring t brooch tall; and (5) the

O-('OrOOO1Ce ot -rt.luQ at! c-hipp-ed stont artifact' wi-h are suo'nottve ot a wide variety ct

tuand maiattoaneo d-tn-:itioa (Wjt)-1 1

, - R-147-)4F).

Al ' Ite orher haiid' t hat those, occupat a a I we tE shurt term aind seasonsaI is; s11quested

y: I ) A apparent o! ntuts the atructote- (a . t hero was: not a great investment

re( hueoinutrviet ion) ; ( tli( cour - ' timning o .t-f s rtures, ;-c-rha's at Ittc'

'robh u':i (~ I oooiapt i' ;stmt (3) the ss I1,11 o:'eurreicc, rt wolt ijl' I lootsso-

'i t ' t it'1:-. or (:-- 1-' t hi i- -:t Iu-tlr, ')'lai')'l In, 1t48w14 14 * i:'tsithI ii furthet

jt4 thait the Mte tray IsVc Men '& 'h tat- atlul dorirc the wiotr, when wild1

_tnt food'(I it area--- awiey frut thc P11 ' raiD-" waUit ho. N (ta-s b': Ic-sal abtiridori1t , Sld a'

__(hA}IEI IV: APCHEOLOG ,I AL-I)Vit, 'A!,

base camp during the spring, summer, ant til month: when ji oup:, may have i jt, vuent ly mrv.,i

around in responsE to resource availability (O'Lauqhlin t 8k):14P-141'). A.; '!i u..!-d ee-

where in this report, the Site 32 investigations we! de ,s '1ed to tciut th! r.d I (A,Archaic and early Fcrmative adaptive systems: in the El2 lao:;t alec.

i

... .. .. , , ,,, I I III

CHAPTiEh V

METHODLOLOGY ANI, SCOiPE :4 NV11T1i CWTPI:

This chapter describes the t asKs, method; "rd 11~e y] hsi)a:. 1 .-

phase.- of this proj-ect. In detoiling the Fhc.,e( 11 irv.-:iq-,icrr, t ,. oaccomplished are comparved to- those reetdin ). -,7i. ' '! I

:loses with arn evaluait ion ot stret~eqies an,'. tea .. 2.

Phase I investigations 1: v(lveO!appioximatev cr.,I!-i f I

in an explicit work pini for- Phdaca; 11 aidl 1.(, r* ' .......... :

entailed: (1) all jiit'n:,Iv-, rf-viw o! I i..1 r.2 v. it l I ,

arcbpeloqicat liter oture fo t ie El i&~.,~ 2.,.-. . '

vide inftormiatini oni thl- Lud z2Oital and ;-it i t i I. .

Phase Il fieldwork. zot-r-.1.*w --in1t, 2. ... <. ' '

presented by (,eralt: (Il';/I.) ai: vi i.

in March 1982. The El Pcaso it. ta! 'i,.r '.a, T I

ilifLti'r )t reporL5s oii 1! 'Jeit i,. 1 t iI..~ . .. x ,2 .-

Mexiac., hut fociise: ! -at wel I-,,,r.- t 1 12 .' .

(0' 1.,,tahIinl 19- u, 11,'8L; vl,;,I v<.- 1177 , I-, , .,- . 2 - -

in on s t rtjcr t1 r t,-,,: 'iI -h ta ul

On-b ie t uas k! ic': F

i transit to vJi.t, ,-

t rol1;s ihrnatil t , '. ,. .2 -.

iiI~ Ii. t 2 t i

*- rt. t, I' T, it' t, tI2 2 2

W22 or . , . . . . . .j

2te!.ma; , , i;f it 2 . . . . . .

d .WkiA& #G BLAI -1vL;T F; "-AL

.KUtLY ATIONS AT SITE 32 ____________________

'9WlNlCU/W78, NlOC/N99, N120/NOS, and N121I/W-st) wereI~s e so a: c : ample Virli,,US

:artK he site (i e. , the centrcal porti. ionsld the e-asteorr., 0 outher:. -ind 'western ;.erl-

liet;) , to invest iqate an i; parent surf ace I eaittre ?etue I , andf to ex-amine aOl

.. t A S ray-stained soil on the, surf tace. All se-vol wet e exc'avat ed, as inq shovels and

rowel"s irn 20-cm-t hick at Lrary level siW I I W'ei st oc'ee iqrave Is were enicuuntre.

Matrnix was sieved I brough 1/4- in mesh in to": units, an I /t i moth W%"How screnr: in

Three units . All lire-cced rocks arid select,,d artitacts were plotted in place. Mater-

in1< recovered were Lagged and returned to Austini fon washing, sortin g and catalcqir-,

The Hlose I r zele ef forts wire productive in a nurmox of ways. in addi tier 0prlmnr t~i - .rke and mappic q, tiosc invest iqation>: revealed that: (I1,

ii It ia materials were dsrhedvertically throucli as, muchI as 8P ~ or natural depo-

I t ',u i'wrre mos-t cone': t rated :n the ;pecr 4V,'in (:) subs urface cltral features were

I :. If I(attires we! hkl ' lie cst: ilili ei vert:cdally over at least 30 cm; (4)

art 'r "en oit ips we1re var; a'~ Wi . were rquito high up11 to 3 4 z specimetns/cubic m) in some.

t the sit( 5 ceramics were pr lhably 1 ii tedl to the surface and up per few centi-

t ri 2. l ,isto, and tisthe m'airn ocCrupar lot) appeared' to date to the Archaic I

1* if '. rni 1 h;lrd '41 cd tonie tool()s woel uresent W an W soe organic materials

!I 1rescl 'ed ill tie st-deps xt. Wil these ~oricluosions wo.re- t'reneral ly positivea' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 e3 ~ ; hrsac otert ial , these investigations also con-

it. at 1i her ttmqi~tvt t c' 1Z~) wop arid poorly consolidated;

txpect e 1 1 Lit ; " ue t cm, ol isht organ ic remains and contextual

t. t' I .- we naever I los' wr. q Pern pi opar; rig the Y I anniing Document. The

f -: -r ta,,, ! ten de cr 2tld preiaowsIy and are not reiteraed

susuitti W,. t hi Con- o:n A; ril I3, was subsequently'I i is(i54 I i;.-' jt I ultiit'i r Apil 7, ad was

'0K 1, Ii' q dwt$ si I seraltory prmoesing and required

41 .mv q our U. .I 5'tO~t I' Oe'- , what was d.one and how

loitT .. ( Iont i I wt Al! Iti t asks proposed in.

*1 ~tr.rV t or r st iq;at I r",' kt" t rots-h extava-

imi u . in; i. -- t t !,., , aI l oed. Tat-h' A

X, 1'It.pl ,o j c

CHAPTER V: M.ETh(.!>OL(X;Y AND S , E OF 'yiIC'

TABLi. 3

MAJOR PHASE 11 ON-SITE TASKS: COMPARiiS(A ,f i1XLV:. I !o1-(11

ACTUALLY EXI-ENIILD AND PLANNING !,,') 'WNTi .Sl1W,'A

i'sf i Mo.t d I .' I n- A t-1: I er ci-

Task Ilays Rk,(u redr j *

6rid Extension and 'atpirig -S

Suirfac: Collection 0

Surface Feature Investigation; (j

Lacknoe Trench Excavatison -:.1

S.,mplinq Excavaticon COhI

Intensive Excavations 177--70)I

*These are approximate figures.

GRID EXTENISION ANlI WPIN;-- -__

Extendingq the grid to srcehorieorjt, roi er r,~~i r surfu ( -cril Vt 1( 1,

and excavation w--, accompli J,-(1 in the ti:0 wep WE of Ih l i tl dori. 71111, t ,i ,v( '. VC

using a transit aiid mtetrtc teipe to so t wot den Ir Ircn ot ?es at -- 'it terval: :f'ti

north south and east-west hasel inc ta i diirinc hasi I. 1! tf:;rinner, ! :

was extended' over the f f)31-rn' cenitral Iar tlifii- ' to. Ai I t I(n ra 1 Q cr(I1 ii T 1 hi - (

with the tiansit, usuaolly at 16-m. intervo 1 i: -' l~ :- it p,,ri: hiy to ci'

zorital controls tor the samg ling ;iiffacc t t n. Gr1iA loi'c1twe-er the H-- II!I

a;t ake s w e re 5,e t a!3 n ev e d h y me as I:rt " -'1 ,C t w td' I a s it - tt -i a , oiI 1; ( " ,h " II r " I t

was used in placing some of the jridl ,re.trn. I,(+e 1w, :- o k a-'txatii i iii:

Un it!; I and 2) .

A-; no ted( , i te ma;l w it 1..tt litC.,- F Ir 1 ~ Iva fT O "i. 11 1't !s I" 1 -

vi .it . After the, ;r id work w., 'pltd ',I, " ni-"'. t t 1 , I- 1k; Wa..\lut-

examin ing the locat ion of top.",rapti( t -it ir o low 1 I 5 map . T1 Ct (' it.' Pal a-'

found to be accurate. The onily othC t i1.c rapI'to; invii cud icat i:ic I C.' sit, ,.i I,

on a 1,lueltne copy of an orthop )t Map, Io IT 1 10 1 t I ecatOUT fneva t I

tie Keystone Drr, project ITr~ I. 1; i 1. ri p t n'.-r.. Tiaw,,, lonec 1,y

locating grid points inr. eldt li ; Ci-:vdulsril , i 10 OT. the' ria and 1'0(tenhiig

the grid from tthese knowi, poinits. Thi. ml;i pt, -at du d tt !!(,iIt cmi at

ao- ot t he magnet I y

dleclintatior, of the site grjr-, sex -a hs-maj: totr li "4, and wo- iio-d to I I-I

tf- ;t;I Speial jiT.1)1(, c uIe t 1,c lacjI'a q

J.~S'l T'ATICNS AT S ITL 32

i ACV- I LECT 1 ON

-,. riginal ly laInne, this task was t o involve a 100O percent surfacec col lect icr. 'entire I 2,600-tI area (,f the site and was to have been completed in the first werk Xcr

tjeidwirik. During this, I irst week, it became apparent that this task Was (;oirg Such more,io~lv than had been anticip~tod and that the mairn part. of the sitce covered lesas that.frh)O m' of the central portion of the terrace, Bas~ed on these ohse(rvations, a rrcitied

a ICe collection stratfgy was profposed to the I(erpe and later ap provrd. Tbis 4t4tecinvolved intensivelv surface collecting, as originally planned, the C.,032--. Cent ral Jart,,t tl.e site and collectinq I ,ystematic sample ot surface artitacts from tie ,;ite pen-

pirery. The sampling method Used i ovolvel, _.. 4.':-m-d jameter i rcli,,s as collect Co:i uniAts.These were spaced at It-ti intervals; .xcep t w1ier etoeuai t eati.;.-- mdo- rt herI ]:Aerva

vrereasonable. Circle-- ri 4. 5-nm diameter were chos en lree:arr e they were easy t. I orat(

soc tearcate (i.e., by tyino: a b 2-nln triraq aroiri a orit, (tike -at 0;e i(t-i otit I and because ,act. woni( Id compasra n Hra i.k m

2) eqCualI to that ,I the_ un rit

C ,n the intensive sort acf -o1lcct ion. i; nt ihi:. revisecl ,tirat egv, Ir 1v-rcerc f the.rain -ite area and 5.4 percent ot te _it' et ;sr we re suir v-rA lee t Ii.: 1,GS..

t-rft rIt the sit( wais -:011cC-ted k"-: 0.

jfr,- basic collection unit in the centrail lart QI t;- ,'ite wiP. rr 4x4-m squ, re 0,.

a-rd . Smaller units, 2l-m -squares (n - (i) anrd x4-v- rectal]-j i, - 4 wet( e-mpryed

arou.nd surface features. These fairly c~ros.; .ri;ts; we-ir emd ;tr-t Lecaus' it wia,felt that surficial material, would bc -! law ifoter-ri ty anti ret let cultural pat ternji.g

onrly in. a general way, ond, becausec tire us of arrall1er units woul ! hnave entailed a- consi-

deriably qceater expenditure of time.

Information recordel tot earc, ourt r( uc c i ni icldd ubrfdw g~

ti cturedl rocks, amount of etc's Ion or dci lt ior;, amervt -f recent li.,tuffanecc, cultural

.(,t irr.-a present, and kiis, of art ifact,- callectert . In addi t io; , scke tc trap ior ea-t,Iishowed areas coveredl by vegetaticrn and/or reecc-rt ;a;, eICr'>. tOs renal ea"tur es, rd

I .- crthy fire-crackedl ioik or art ilitart onceirt ril i err- . Fi -ra. i- tr rcks were r~ot

;rjat~t ili c for th', -vat matl :s ample or it ti-c(aus!e thic It. - i i :- I- atr arid ix

rtlycovered with a rjrove I pavenic-n' whicih rrink- tic.r o!is t tirrr i iri --rarke;

r- eyt remelv; iffic-uilt.

The retreral goal trri ti-; task wr; t, .rtir I 1r.tcrt 11'r -iP tie -t. 1 0it iu rt rotn

,.I irtitact. which ccioi! e oreri to (!(, Imit ire, f I rlativ'-lv itt--ip c~ia i ari

ir, el1p go i e thre placeme-nt of eceawat ton itt. it, . Tts- A rat( qy iip! ,,a-I~rs sricces;Ail nInr

that the informiat ion ccl li -cdr oIl W'-r I rOrTA r -eT I rt-nla 1011 (rt tl,( miirrrr:Olrt icr.0l

,tt(-- irt! an examinat icrr cit vat-iati-ii in ;;Irf ,~ It rn-t I ""n:ite1,: t!"r11, la 'Irv-.

;IlPFACF PHtTURE INVEST IGATIrON

The 1l possihle cultural featrre dclitif it -r! thI i:euriace were itr-.l igated In the

t r;;t througjh forurth wee k:; r0 f tel dwrrk . Thi ittc r -, -Ki ant- -ir Ii t i ;.: wih ci, rmpo,,

'-rir feature were niapperil (totai or' a ma[p I irI ta il 18f, ml) , aid! 4-act-t oIre'tu war-

-airt ailly or whrolly excavate-d (Fir1 . 10) . Thc- Xi-av-t trO rInarster C r ')I- I-ni-Wi!-

frcrr' ir~ of varyirrg lorrgttia lsce Fig. 3) Ico-h-C, tr-o~ ; r ru r et ofi #,j erh !(-a-

rr;tc (total areri cxr:avateui 2O.A m2l . 7 tet1 1i we-n' .- v.avati- rit 10 they w(ire oivtru:;

c- W fh ttr lette or f ,ii Iire-, coraIl Iy 'r et, ;rero ''It ! 1, t . t.X-,1vojt ih!r W'

,irtac in iC-cr; -f hic- T-31y h->( 1' Vtftt' ;.e c .. (I 1

(e.g. , 99. iC-<(. 4(, 4~e 1'' -'-a I!) cc'- rujw( w, ' uac d' x

vated soi 1 was 6uareent -I rctt h~c . A- 'r ' r1rc-

larger in diareter rd w'r' ctr,, ( t, o.- 11,

;peria I arlple ra T M t ":S" I r-.ctuzr' !rf I' Il

T1,( 'ma a n al;. I ! t t hia t Ii! k W~ I dk rc cr f -! ,

rock,. representedJ arnd whericc-r "Ir':ot 01, 1 tit Il ''t li' t- 'A j A-c:' -

tural remrains. The ,rcc; .,r:a t y c-cic l, r,- t

r ized the abiI ty to a.ec- vert c(al r,1t i i !I. u' t r I(A

confident assessment o! wir'tc'i t 10 r, .ro ,n1 1 .,

-smly dispersred -ack scattirI..; '-am' ' ever,

cause thei trernle.- did not i' Ilr, ccr '~ znr-t a vi-c- hIr ,!

e xcavation or' som;- e' tfi.eac I - cor-c t' i r; o et

de tiated heartho o Oat -1--I sw P-, ra' .- 'tw '0sIa ,

present. Nonethe less , the Jdcc 1i ,wZ3 5F ' In Cl rc. 1- rlt arm-fT,

yield f romi the surf ace fecotare.; w,"-a ('w 'tI t z .I '!. V tt lir- It -rtA a

than was given.

(KACKHOF TRENCHI FXCAVA 1')N

This task (Fag. 111, cn 2 l tot (A -a2i:'d['1 l.;2 i - -- ~2backhoe trenches l BHT' a).All r .''-uc-. , c' Fc. wx-' - t-C ,r :. cc F;1>:-acac

torra':e deposita. Fill A tlcnc'cgt. 1-HT ( Icc-t r, rc ird

third weeks cr tjeldwocrk; PH1e thic 'i H""V (42 r l ~ -u in tliI f r r'cl wec

Trench excavat for was lr nitcr ed To avc, * !,(PsI tlt oAoc-' : £k- feat ,r

Prot ito, showing ii ctlcicl rc""'c ' ii. , : i I 1- ir wcr. ':l w! n' o!

wallI o f each I- I, rich. c< i'llt , t Ihe t 1' 1,- t11ec!

Hoctf are c-on t 0a

',I-is task '- Jrtenf!etI.' f, flir -pitl. I -il. - r yt~c,t ot ftIr ' r

I tira I matteoria1. and tIc ['rO' ic'1' 'T * - ' r- Meci T f I-cc1e' lI vt1

ic ± 0 were dijo to -t fy 1-c h i o., , ii, (' l ,y ' 'Ol- o 'i t It

Icent ral port incc or f the 1afc, , wheic l '. c) t I 't -0 t i W 1"s

the - ill! ti u reriia ni; s-c-re ,pa - I '-r jar'" f-i ur cI '! ] t

,-r i ;r, sic-c'- ciclturrl I c- I fr- r' 'I w r' a-..FT ,

-.anSWeC ! eii c i qo eC i r, a sf

iU,: - 1,r 1,a l~r ti-ia 1 u ,c ~ I a r.'T I

71,c1, t- , ~ *.t ra ,, Fc t'r 'r - I -

r'- c':t r'.'t con OfI t t1

'r I' : '!I IT- ''''(c 1,c I;.-

I. Im t cc: tI fI' L2

cc- ' - a -' - .- i r'. a' F ; .

AT'-cc' cr ,I- I i tl I I;.' ' . v ie - t c , c

-AI car-d :,0.1I) whia ch ''' ' '-r - .'' I d x- .,%, 2- ' I

htt trr c-hanc'-ot lcccat inr fc rc.c I -a '''- tctc ae -I a

1'jc/'9), it wa, ft. tI-c ,,cf~v , f, a i' A-. - c' 'jtti i~a

t te, 'f ti."(. ,vcdc-r' 'T -J-ao T ' I- I' - I -. ' < ' .t

.:1-r,'-rGATICNS AT SITE 32

I icure IU. Surface Feature Invest igqtion.

40

a.View to the southwest of Featurp 13 tecinq mapped.

1. View to the south of Feature 1) binq cross -ect loned.

.4t4

HVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32 _____________

!Iqure -I. Backhoe Trench Excavation.

A. View of machine digging Backhoe Trench A.

b. View to the west of shovel-cleaning Backtiop Trench B.

'4

rpgpr

4 j* r

~~- V0.i - ,-

:N'.EST'IGATIONS AT SITE 32

ilS"ILATIC SAMFLE EXCAXATIONS

As originally proposed, this task was to involve the excavation cf at ]east S . x2-m:1ares placed systematically over the entire site. On reassessing this tai2 during Phase

:1, it was decided that a revised strategy could provide a more meaningful body cf datacould be a complished more quickly. The revised approach, which was approved y th,,

,.1rps, proposed that smaller excavation units (lxl m) be used to sample only that lortion

the site with the potential for subsurface cultural remains (i.e., thl,. area witl. eolian";4it. rather than the entire terrace surface. Thus, 2t sampling units were srranqcd o

ltdggered geometric design with 16-m east-west intervals over an area of 630C I, (S(eehg. 3). This provides a 0.4 percent sample of the part of the !jte with the potent/a!

t oi subdsurface cultural remains. Two of the sampling units were within block excavatic-r:F,! (Units 1 and 2).

Fac. lxl-m sample unit was excavated with shovel and trowel down to the tasal gravelsit 1(-cm-thick arbitrary levels. All matrix was screened through 1/4-in mesh hardwaxe"1ith. Fire-cracked rocks 5 cm or more in diameter were plotted in place and all tire-raicod rocks recovered were counted and weighed.

The primary goals for this task originally were to provide systematic excavatlon

coverage ot the site and to provide input into the placement uf intensie excavationunits. As it turned out, data gathered in sample excavations were not used in decidinqwtere to intensively excavate; backhoe trenches and surface evidence provided sufficientinformation for these decisions. Sample excavation information is used as ir. adjunct to

,videuc, from backhoe trenching in delimiting the extent of subsLrface cultural remains,hut its primary Lse is as a body of sample artifact data which can he viewed as represen-tative ut the site as a whole and which can be used in comparing Sitc 32 witt otler

imildtily sampled sites.

7NIENSIVE PI,A2K EXCAVATIONS

lhire Miocks of contiguous lxl-m squares were excavated (see Fig. 3). Unit I (Fig.ov,r <35 m

2, including 1 m2

excavated as a systematic sample unit. The depth ofSxcavat ions below modern ground surface averaged 33 cm and ranged from 20 to 95 cm. Most

,t thi-, init was excavated just to the base of a continuous zone of dispersed fire-cracked

,,, k:, which occurred at .0-40 cm below the surface. The deeper squares in this unit show

that tit-cracked rocks were sparse below the rock zone and that artifacts decreased in

C'ep1,1 n,. n addition to the continuous dispersed scatter ot burned rocks, Unit 1

ilded twc intact rock hearths, three, discrete areas with qray-stained s-oil, one pit, and

tit ih lithic artifact densities. The Unit area was chosen for intensive excavation

co:: (H) ;urface artifact densitle. wee high in this part of the site; (;l appar-

i ittle-disturbed subsurface cultural remains tad beeri found there during Phase : i1n

4 3; intact subsurface cultural features (Features 17 and 18) were exposed in thew,-;t waill .t PHT A in this area; and (4) the, Plae, I and surlace artifact collections from' 'a i,ontlo of the site lacked ceramics. Tl. general excavation strategy involved con-

t,, N74, WOO with Features 17 and 1 H and the t:.1andln'j to, the tiorth toward the cental

i'of tef ;ite.

it 2 (Fig. lt,) covers 72 n 2 , includirc 7 rn2 dug durinq Phase I or surface teture:sv,'stl'q, , nn and : Me xcavated i a sy--;temat t- ;ample, unit. The depth ,f e×xoava 10i.

dv*'ra~ti 4 Fl.21 1,' 2' I F.' t. . V~a'<: ,g '' ''

istr 'd 4 ri tor., 2 ' ., ' * I , :21.'! 1 ': i'

leaI th 'i'~ 't Wl'

r r clurac rt ar k t45

a da t k t I:k w4 ",' 1.'; i - * ' ,

t- 74 ac .1 a .(l 7 o

lox t ,e MIT kP ms 1. n - iiio. i, 1 :1

v 2 1 (I, w 4 a1. t, n2

T,,r( the <re t LIT1,'. IT (IM , ' ' . . tp'

fhe r ew Ilt : P c '' I c . ' !'

t. icoN, tor pitl d .. '' . ' ~ .'.'

F'>. t t ' 57 1, I'' I~.t ' . . '' ,'I

V~ cv .7. 11' T, It M.,'2

.WNi5-';IGATI0NS AT t IT1E 32 _______

F;ur121. General Views ot Units I and 2.

V View to the west of Unit I during c-ai 1y stage of excavat ior.

b. Vi(,w to the southwest of Unit 2 near en of tieldwork.

58

Figure 12

1 7.,-1

H 'N (F 6FECIAL SAY.1LELS

Thioe kinds or special sampiles were colle cted during, thfese inve ;t iqatiis, -- radio-

ai lot ation: and pollen. Radiocar for samplres were cel lfoted whenever charcoz wi>.'ou1 tered in the excavations. Most samplles were from features;, 1 ut s ome were from TOn-:,;ure Jeposi ts. Samples were collected using a clean trowel and placed fin foil ycv,-gec. The poor proservation of Organic materials at Site 32' is demonst rated by the! tact

that onlk 13 radiocarbonp sampl en were eel lccted. Onrly three Of these yielded dae.Amc t ay have been datable, but was not submitted because it wa~s a composite ot four

it srtc les collected from uncertain contexts near a surface, feature. All of the 1inqsamples contained insufficient charccal ticr dlatino7.

:,t tior s:ampling at _'ite 32 was irtended primarily to p.rovide informtation OT,.(,r e'aterts arnd thus featurce 'rrct ion. Of the 63 flotut ion samples collected, 28 are

rco~res.Six of these are trori three surface features with subsurface inftegrity

F( at ures 8, IG and 15); the remaiiing 22 arE from 12 subsurface f ea t u res. Two of the

:a rqi a dispersed fractured rock scatter; the remainder sample intact fcatures. Thev'u.of fill collected from (ach featuro delerided crn a variety of factors ircludine

sco o fill present an~d degree of preservation, lout most feature sample. h.ad volume_ o

t. o t I Samples fromr rock hearths were roost oftenr taken from the fill around the rcotks-

aml)from the larger nonroo-k features; (Features lF and 29) wert tcken frcm. at leas t

2er.arbitrary 10-cmr levels WithieI the features .

IPeciognizinq that theo aiility to interflet feature, saipi es dot snds or thec ability to,v~itor cut naturally occurring4 iaci obotanacal femairs, a tcarplin,: trcitegy was implemented

47vol vine, numerous samples from off-site deposits and cm-.i to c:eas contexts. TwelIveamples were taken from st ratigror 'hic columns J~ tour cmi -fito samj inug locations (A, 11, C

aid Ua). Samples were- taken from lO-cm-thisk orlit rary levels. The- (ft-s~ite locations

were 71 in south, 149 m north, 213 m southec, i c 213 m northwest of NlCO,'WlO. The

33 n-site nonfeature samples; were taken from eight stratigraphic columno3 adjacent to

(scrkhoe t renches. These samples were taken from 20-sin-thick arb-itrary levels. The eight

s amplc columns (Columns A-10) have the following approximate grid coordinates -- N63/We. I

N94/W94, N108/W99, N1391N95, N981W131, NlOS/WlO9, N107/1486, 14106/1470 -- and provide north-

south and east-west transects through the site. The off-site and on-site nonfeature

samples had volumes of about 4 1. All flotation samples collected were placed in labeled

:,aper baqs using a clean trowel.

Pollen samipling at Site 32 was intended to provide information en feature function

nd Falceenvironment. The sampling strategly employed for flotation samples was also tol-

lowcd for pollen samples. Thus, of the 51 pollen samples collected, 23 are from the same

((c-site nonfeature proveniences as the flotation. samples and 12 are from the same off-site

proveniiences;. The remaining 10 pollen s~amples; sic from two surface features and eight

- 1u7ir fac e featujres. There are, fewer pol let thi f lotat on samlles from features frecauco

the lAtter were, (liven pr i ir it y when ama 11 (OUrt,t Iof feature fill were present. A Iso

olei e ample,: were not t aikee tr(m some es oe wh of were very tieai ti f( modein grounid

curf ace bevcause cit the likIely cent amiriatifi I- modpr((ern ;oll en. The amount Of fill t akeni

ticr eadh , ample varied somewhat, but moist samples we'ighe(.d ihout 5001 g. Sampl is. weire

I otdwithi ca. trowelf; aid placed 1T, plastic lao:; and laheled praper baqs.

A tulltime laboratory witi. a rspro sa a r uetr.c

and for the fir st riine weePj~. 0r Phaise 1 I PrSpra-c~aI 1.-i I a,,i. r.'

in1 Phase I1 I- Genera: lal'Eurato.r-' . t fur beotslcs.Ct- de-r it a i- A

eftortsi were Coirtiiic'ous.

Materials collected dsrrnmq thE, l~vvstIQ at! r's were . t rI!az;'er fec ,,a1y a *ie c.,

labIoratory (at the Wlderness Park aerin E]~ Paso) where n ,umber ItrIawet' ,rr-

cu rred. First , the f ield bagd inventr. I w~is checkt d h- It untuir hat aI mal er vy 1 -

traim thle s ite had indeed art: ved at t he I ari-.!at cay Fj screparac 1. rrr;n-t trwere resolved on a daily basis whereCver escorur,tereri Arlter a laboatan-ILy 1 7CC

w.Is made, matericalis were, lt

in washed aird air Ii ! Ilii h i ("t >'crface a-Wl' Ia .

facts and all limestone art i fr- w,!s dare with * tai waffir; masp of the Artiftact i

from suhaur fact proven janet-c , howcever , w ae errac l'fe vi''j -ala ur arber-;atI and,1 ha t1 1 r

washed in a very rL ,1ut;- solttien ef hydno'lcnl ' hi erla>'! were the1 si t' '

Cqener il desar lt;,t i e cateaur ct-a (erdin a s; i;rour;,' p- ' tc ir at tires star,. - a;t

terra ; traur~aI nera i ca; h isAi ->or tI tllaaV'f and Pate (,c , w i 1 tl 1 crasses T tnk,. t tem nr-

-ed i ch i :ed ort iiin at:.>'i ta7 war ,i ' We rC'I:. -tal leaZ rminO thaela.

tips. w Ith .ca'jcenenjt~a Iitacat 51! A , I ,rt- , ~,T SimirTsit c InI er-1,(u I w

I Vsar t'IeC satie c at aI 'ig it t . s, e,, ipt Im i et w,.atlM e'i fi -d r eaci

rn ITnlrra l h ior I z osntia o %. reentnc 1. F ii c1 5 tec t(,. sheave-nt Ical 5 ven en'-i

(in its (i.e.. LI -am li--veln) -. o~lsrurlra rinlakr ,t f;cirr. i e aci I act ala3>,

dote otr pal ct iam. , air tams co c, lea ter,

Ater completion uf tire spa-aira:vnrv tlhe I tratt rew seprt- t!,r crae

jin i tact class, chilpptd stone debit asi , late tkeshnoloqiclea5-tra c e c1iict -r V11,

-bhis task constituted, the major 7,o-t ion. e ire' otI >i t si Lue tiy r -

fact n rcsr

The t tiral late'-atorv ta'-k. was. t he ;t' o casc 1I of spcil sgItfa Padi scattr ;am; c

were always ipr iit- airy wheri r c ceaed andH nede re si ther dr it: in tie ta Lat., t

After re'ursnen, i crl !ice fi rd, each ompi-- '451- cazlil \p~k~ V' ar' -C!ta d

tra t- t riT har-C! 'Ca IT a ctbts ~ ~ f sarai tirc icsjita I ICtitt rO' I

t h,-, 'A c -it- (IiX rr-.I 1 t to pafIIIl aensu1i tr :ni tt fI Ii~ rcr o . 1 air

'No rrelrodc, ,f ~ i.- 1 we-to I iri I 'rr tire lcutittIoni c,m ],- dia. dI sar I

Aippecrrtrx P-. Pott rothai'; - t .'':l i r 'hce car I ct iroi:i u A t. rr1 1,! at Io i ch ia I

ond a h(reevy fraut i r. Alt I r th(1 h e 'm11! sI'r )i stlldy 1 1 T:i!j - 1 a -

I r tlIan, , t lp hk,-V I0 fi r rcC d I Iv, -Cm; I,,-: wan-, CC 'ref .( . wet i cei . It i c tAC;.',

look ti~r 7'r otd r'c t: icr- v, cr-i p-. iii1 Ti'? IICt 1iIi 4, T in' rr u t

ticj. * t lrt wr I I i-1'yrnic 0 v , vw x i t at a few ,r c-rir of rirt t ar r.i I -

Sa ;i it'! C' -ja j, ta 'ICC di t, -' ;CI' Ic r :Wr ri

and e'nta. art, 455 fi'rc -iays C orr I W-ic ack wt n I i:iiirl !et 't;ic

i nalIud IrT.; t' ibr,it 1-y 1 ;r0cec. I ltca C: P ci nC ti't IT. t

, c Io:C '

U!NTXF :ATI(NS AT SITE 3__

' - trative materials, report typinq, report editing and coordinatin (,I bpeciaI rtude:;

!ut ti., q eatest et tort was spent analyzing the data col leted and wi iting t!,,. dz aft

r rqt. Specit ic methods of analy ,s are not detailed here but axe d1scu:5sed in the

.ipprojr ate report chapters.

Evaluation of the Methodology

Ever. though some ot the tasks undertaken did not provide all of the 2rformation

desired, the strategies and methods employed generally did what they were intended to do.

The,(- in.estigations have produced a large body of useful data which adds to our under-

t ndring of prehistoric cultural adaptations in the El Paso area. That so much informa-

tion could come from limited excavations (Table 4) is due mostly to the way the mitigation

program was structured by the Albuquerque District. Most importantly, the funding of a

Planning Phase allowed Prewitt and Associates, Inc. sufficient time to formulate a speci-

fic and detailed plan of wor which served to guide the investigations from start to

finish. The following discussion uses hindsiqht to tocus on trategies and techniques

which might be changed if this project could he redone.

TABLE 4

AREAS OF CONTROLLED EXCAVATIONS

Site Area with

Subsurface Fire- Site Area with

cracked Rocks Eolian Deposits Entire Site

(3100 m2) (6300 m

2) (12,600 m

2 )

m2 Percent m2 Percent m2 Percent

Unit I 95._ 3.1 95.5 1.5 95.5 0.'i

11irjt 2 72 2.3 72 1.1 72 0.6

1? t1 0.2 6 0.1 6-

hao- I Test Pits* 2 C. 1 3

ample Excavations* 1.) 0.4 23 o.4 23 0.2

rurt ace Feature

Excavations* 17.)5 0., I .75 0.3 18./5 0.1

Totals 204.75 6.7 216.2 3.4 21b.25 1.7

*1 ,o; not include excavati on within I imits of nit,; r 2.

2Ad

I . Pi: I LEI II I ' y- T I ~ I I tC

Ct~ro CIJ(" t' ilirla Carl lO l IIC' l- ' 'ili 1 1 It '-

t1 5 a, iI i-l ot l iiC CCi (1rr id I i T I. c:u C, < u.

Co hi ta II tiCC~iCC, 1 I

t ',i wr . 'qC t ' ft( - I ' I WSC 'f '(

I2 ol Is tC 1 'it 'a l

- iu'K' t ' 1 t C: I ioY 22Ci

t 1 t !, t

t C

ri- C - t w I ' I., CV t t ( Cd f t t1 Cfl l d I t

tOC & I- 1,.: v ,I:,(- t A- ra ed ,I : II, i: , ,-, Il IIrits1tt a C i a t

IC.2

-t i-Cq r t IC CC f -l i-C t, IC w i- rCCCC C .C.22i tC Ili

i I r O. 1. ICCCtw -, h CiCl1 1 rti:I. t ' Howe%: -a r.

.0i a . iC t 1 CiCC I h" C,( lit I I [i , 1 1, -t '' i CCjC I I -. t I I I cf, l.(

,cb C nC IClltCC ItiC i CCI? i C-tiI t

I: ob- .r utqCC. 1 Cg (.In:: f~ J,(r t- TT ir

12(1C-It lC ia C t-Er.I' t lc c v -. I,~ ' :vCC I. 1 l~nt t1 lVt i,<' T: r to - t

i T r v t vl atC if~t1 2 i Cd , rt ' i -Tl(C C CC xC(C v -i 1 Cw T '1ii CTC 1CC re

tI -r uin C~ k'v c -> jC. TIV(C1CCCC(Ci. t ' a t 11C,0 (C5 Y. ~ C C -C\C

ar' rh . WE,' hr r riC-' C ' ; v, CCt i C C <-I - -<C tl C 1,1CC o t.

ti f ! - C r li t C 1CC' C CC(C~ It ICC I 2 2t -l r,2 ti hCi- I-li: ji ji,!

C"i-A : lithlI *C 1 ~ t a1 irq Ct o t fl W(- .CCtn i: -'1' IC fjC -1. C C

.~J C i ....... ....


i:. terms of site chronology), and that the only way that either unit could have been

apprecrialy larger would have been to concentrate the efforts on Just one of them. The

0,<l- :ion to split the intensive excavation efforts between the two units was based on the

ftct that the two parts of the site appeared to differ in terms of artifact and feature

'ontents (the Unit I area had only subsurface features and lacked ceramics; the Unit 2

atea had surface as well as subsurface features and yielded ceramics), and it is concluded

here that this decision resulted in a very informative and useful body of information. In -,:up, it is felt that, overall, the strategies guiding decisionmaking and the methods used

to realize the strategies were appropriate to dealing with the research topics in an effi-

cient manner. If this pro]ect were to be redone, some modified tactics would be used, but

the research would be carried out in much the same way that it was.

6,4

This chapte.r decsorties, and lfltfrpr('t s the cult ural1 te at ut I-; onrceutot-re cU tlur I*..! tL

Site 32 investigations. The feature dat a ire thocr. s-t:r: aiddre,' ing ti( woc I, it

research topics outl inedi in Chapter 1l - - chronoloqy an(! Ati unct to: Theo fr i sec t : *

of this chapter describes the methods arnd i iltat ioTi5 tIhi-,.. ariv:

Methodsi .! lin tcit jil,r

This study focuses on: f eaturc- n'arpii ooi and i t r il it-oi I0. Oatd t-, '"K. J

feature function and Jtrono loqy. The f''~ r'i e Ii x: the ctictir. tiat

tion was to construct numorii I - ross ,e 'n '..ir rta I'sotOte e0*-

cracked rock densities (t,,, wet~ht ) 1,y lx-r letc fi n : t~~ or eachi oft I'

excavation units. This il lowed) the et0'itier of vc-ticol i-Io:van, !aiIiirt

the density ot diitoc-rsed fmod urod rook- Fheri, tor ciio Ol ,n ,'Zin map showi.-,i:,c

features and dispersed fire-crackedi ro ! Jeljblto! 0"I', wkei-fit an0u :umber) wsos Tarht ,t'

mean fire-cracked rock densities were c-alculated for eiach 'otU tandard deviatioas wet,

derived using thE- formula:

where: n -nur'! t e , s proverierioe ul'lts- (i fe., li-m c" ae n, cided irn each zcr

(x - k- ho, ieriojitv fco ciiat i~ste1ct:ci(k eah' aemusIhor tre

In studying thoc surface dlstrLft 151c, of Ire-crack's( rocks, platn maps shoiwiii surf ici

features and dispersed ruock densi I (is (by iwelo'.t ,ind not n wert made0 (1 --o . ".

additional map, showiiig reck doti currocted tar der i ' t crooni uifac I S"v il I I:t.,

wasI made to inivestigate ttie effect at this, nor,'Liltia,l )itur (r, ts ls to' it

was concluded that thie fe was teq! )1 e CoiUal tcr V)

Even though the I eatut e dad&oailt rm 11 Seit , iuroir of waiys, be r- ar- scv, r,'

factors which l imit the. inter) r,'tat'i lity. ii "I.s tirtrat',ooT. C' most pervasive 'it 111-

is the sandy, homoger-e(ous, ut-strdtIft ed O, lirect t, t:o -itl depost to . V-act ohotan ii( ! a,,,"

faunal rema ins and pol let wet( very pact 1v ! 'ecri t tt( iiite, and this Sii itrs IO

tigation 'A feature tiinctiati. Al.co, it ii est remely 1 cl to astsoc)iate parti ,i'uar

arti facts' with the use of cc ni SI S fr it,,.te or ovprn to 'reronstrat( riprox imatc 0 ete !iI-

aneity bet-ween art i facts anld :eaiturvi. tot this, reasi.,, no( attomi I is mad( here t, stidy

specific rtelatioisiip:) hetwoet [eaturo adildt ai1 iaCt S. FIirf Is i, ti~ily tiit T, .t ofvi's.

kinds at featuresr, these( with orrir'~i ro.ks, wlt Vi-il 1(e, dd It 1:, ittf! t 0111tf

assess what k Iidsof) teaturei may net hayve it. (ii preserved! (it t 1e ! t( . Ir'V(est trial icr (1,

! -atare alit empuranei t y iti:' I , ; retiric ( prolidetrat i- al I sIt,,i 1., nat ora I je~ it, wet 1 T. rt,

s1trat if ierd. Th is, iti tu rn, htiA T ii 10 c tU. it tue( 11ie I acfot, wbt - I: r it I, it ItI

jookiiito at site ;trui-tire anid qiufesl " 1' sf "Octal .tiliit P. AdittiolAt!~I;f'

INWVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

contextual integrity are raited by the extreme amount ot bioturbation noted during thefieldwork and the lack of contrasting deposits which would allow t, separation ,f

i-turbed from undisturbed soils.

In comparison to these problems caused by the nature of the site oils, the other

limiting factors are minor. These include: (1) the limited extent of the block excava-

l,.ors which hinders assessments of site structure; (2) the unsuitability of lO-cm-th:ck

lbitrary levels in dealing with cultural phenomena (i.e., multiple, superimposed lenses

,f lire-cracked rocks less than 10-cm thick) which are not horizontal; and (3) th .fill-

ulty of distinquishing between tire-fractured anTd naturally fractured stones (espuciallI

ihyolite) at the site. In spite of these problems, this chapter presents feature datawhich are used in addressing all of the general research topics.

Feature Descriptions

Thirty-four feature numbers were assigned during the Site 3. 1 ioldwork. Two of thl

features (F-4 and 7) are noncultural and are nOt described in detail. Feature 4 is dn

irregularly shaped insect (probably ant) di-turbance found during the Phase I excavation

of N14/W99. Feature 7 is a small (SxfO cm) lag concentration ot unfractured cobbles or

tie: surface in N124/W124. A cross section trench into this feature revealed that it is

entirely surficial, lacks fire-cracked rocks, and does not have associate] artifacts.

The remaining 32 feature numbers were assigned to:

(I) eleven surface concentrations of fire-cracked rocks (F-l, :, 8, Y, 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, 15, 16);

(2) eight clusters of fire-cracked rocks (F-17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26) seen in

akhoe trench walls: only four were further investigated -- two (F-17, 21) are fire-

cracked rock concentrations interpreted as hearths, and two (F-2C, 26) are dispersedscatters of fire-cracked rocks interpreted as displaced hearth debris;

(3) two disturbances noted in backhoe french walls: one (F-18) is a large abori-

ginial pVt, the other (F-25) was not further investiqated but i-- probably a recent natural

n atujre;

(4) ;ix fire-cracked rock concentrations (F-), , 27, 31, 32, 33) interpreted as

narths, found in block excavations;

( ) two additional dispersed fire-cracked rock scatters (F-?, 28), interpreted as

dIi .,laced hearth debris, found in block excavat ii: units; and

(t) three areas with discrete, cray-stained toil lenses (F-2r, 30, 34).

Thus, four basic kinds of features were find: dIspered r.cattcis of fire-cracked

rocks , tire-craoked rock coneentrations, gray-stained soil lenses, and pits. This sect ion

t ir t tescnribe:- ad assesses the featutes evident oti the surface of the site and then

lh :e features found during the excavat ions:. Featuro: that were exposed in backhoe

renchinq gut not invest, igated are not dealt with turther in this chait er.

"f ,

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTFEATURES 8 M RF-CJRACKL. PFK-r fLNITI[S

Llit

I I 8,' N 8 I A

r

-. *.~ U

-1

- . t &.

* .

* . - - I:-

.1' - * *

Is

dci t d tiartha 'c:e ''hi's pa: t a1 ito. tl"' a' '1

dur Inq t he anr :sA, ?U ,1 a'- I oM '.

On more t t ailIc', t.,am :.t B or -' I It It'e; I'' I

T'st 0at t h, ,urra N' '-r 1 - : 'a 1 or -titW

-'ist raiIt tan a-- I . 1, t; 'i V+

o nl1y One sha_ d. Ad,1 i :, 11- I T i''. ' 7 -- 'at- ''t i

.- adl4 111: i OXcaiVat 10i , c I! oi I -t ,[ j r

azrca isa 1beyond t at ii~i f 4 w t 1:1 rIi, ---- lo

e x c4 8 v 1a t i o r r v I s l e F t y - r a , nt 1 -r T

weiSl ine v e i toot -er k, :- i.fTT I j' ,

than -A0 CMIiA' Il-"W t he Irra c~ it CE .at::'I ' i t T l(1'P

iiltac Ia(n-; the fNI3) and, Ni84- tit Ire 'It l" ;,l va , tt i, -n Iv j' nt '

a r t ifac ts t ram s:am jln-;; v ra, I -ii. t olb jcl I ' I I, t a-

Taken. t aget-ler , W s i--. - t tia 1.,11I a-a:. I r i- -.

tacks in the taort -- ri. , h -''I i'iitI3. ii r Csa

is , this1, (, lated ar t

dot latian thai: Oatr-U;- j, )i -l~ rIe ra-' e,, u-

t ie ( i It ural depow-, 1 1i- 'I i1J, 'i t--- 11 kIt'o e

than el sewher- :iTA- are ilalt k- '1 oi ' : th i ito :1 -

-;round~ Sultfc-. It is arcl; h- -r - -. -

pini at t it Ko:.- ', -ds r tt- -i-'E I, 'I I', 1 1,T

FicurE, 13 thaws that m( c MI '1" m Iim - to imb e r.1

r esli ut rave's~r ti 'tlt' it?. A i' ' ''I '' ',

the sa 0I thi 3S t (c-v'anld d ittir L, t I AT,'i itt I0 I'tS Ut he it * dki I I,- t I law -- e - I a.lJlit- .a'I - ' t-. 1 i fy ales I'-

tIv'!. at the. Itt' t-I l ui- -atbid a e,'- I'i -. ar d Ic bi

pats. In i-art Ij- ' as'- -

I- 'I:E-tCaAi KE It I:- 'ii- .i)W

The, II aiv ri I letifi a o iS-:.I' 1~ 1Ii ui -III:1'> .rt Ka- 'ti

Isu marizIat) dIf'1 IF. Iat I: I, f Th:. I--- , -if j:u1'- Cr I- ' Ia < sti t talt a ll 'd

wh1 ih l -- N - ,' f- it- (t rrt- rat t wi I Ii t. 1--t , 4

ta e ,*~c o )- ijh ' v '

Aim 11 tatrt:.Welt. o1 the two- maioer)a1. tyipes jatd i' Ce 1:,

.. Ire 1 atarit the' ana , a- hasi that I~aa h1st) J p ~a! rotial l'* t

T'AF iv,: aT) tilt: f UAeiw kl I: : asc, L5:> 11 Simplil I i c '10t 1:-'

II ~ ~ ![r I i d' ttrt'- 5 'o iptac .'.:- hS 1 t. ' ot I '''

! r i t r d 1I t -s -cy o l la 1 F - : *,i " t: I''

hat' ipnst LeirqIg j-2C c' ,, an,! ,r, A':I olt v Ic'l. t'' ' d. .. :I,,

AI < t list, i S noc)t 1 i l i[ t Iorl' 1[,, t

0 1 A '

t'tor., I w ithn thc excavatior: oa ts; at'.,i'; 's

sa t t A ura a"n Pha se I' T .M. - rl t ti t P' t ! lp Il

1, 1 a "' o ' it 1t ' ,( A I I11r't

.5T.

I ',i M''. ~

ad~~,t Aatn t -, t

ri :11 ! T.,it'i c'IO h( -'IA i

qr a t lr :e T.1y1iii

,rt I tI t'~ I' t clr 'r 1 cti At' (,'--ITt

C- V

AC') ~ -~ - - 21.-U .C C, ~4

w

C- . -. ..~ -

C -c - ..- 4I> I * * * .(A -

U *

*~-* (A, $1- I - -~2 --

A > * - - -, - 'S.

It -~ . * . . .

C

II

SI S.

I (A

C

* ~I I

2-.-.

NVELA>DNP AT S ITE 3

14. Surf a -e Features.

0. itw to ttle r.Orth or, Feature i (scalc- F. decimoters).

View to the west ot Feature ji; icte 2ar,(e cobbl~ls (sce 1 i n

cErmtimeteirs and ice

72,

-g u re 14

101

a; n,'c r u ~i t :. i t' ± F"e C I 1 5iC in'1, I

:t tare' I' 'ittcil to& N. iii ridC Y(!1 1,

t I 't 2.2 IV, it' e arc 1:t illitc ruvcit it F'ca'iO e (Fi:s ~ A wi tph i;.taii H FcA.

4,l~ ruh r <I i i K' t to'' "aitit I it t wI cft I r. .

ia i: i" ro nhc V p~jct !: i! cxtorus ruTm tIt mocn: :: linfji cur: '

2 110 irf he ihir:. ae, niot riaiqed iti irv Ir ay t IW ti

a vi e oi I. k oqt ho I Alt tora.lh rii t o ut lip': v< ]i 11 t I

i n a pi t ulpr oximi' .x !- i- hi.K I j, c (-I i or (Io -

i ,ri v i nii: ~ view t thwn a dlii f 'I'turifil; 0i 1101cc ! , r W Va:

rK, tur ed !onl 1k- 're ot.'soit all' Iy J1 ii i act india , I t !! i tih I 'n' -

Hit1 t"hat, it mu "t Livu> rotltod from -' :niijh eji'oio, u! PurrT' , raihf- t 1

i qu ni t o'i ca t'o t hat charfcoa ! o dri af 1: n

u' i i , 1,17- .!.1 'ct r u

H7 urZo el.. r--h 'o i x iFl~iC iitt. '1 41. roi r' it1( J rf ad ; 3,-,

ra', - i il ~ n 14) *i.4 1> uo' o- -' n! t' l(. 4-- Ur.

L 'E. i- -I C' I T, 2. J ir e 1, - ". I I! c al: alcnri

t h'!'1 r) k." i'1

' C, 1ci'l :0 I .1y w I . hc t mure as- a

o' ri 1 i F oatu ;aI io.:.- it I t fl t Irl t 5I tE

I. ~ ~ r t.rt' W:I ' . I .1 , .iJ 0 adte r i ! :i r uvli eat,

I11. r ' 111 .u ~ ' w,-Y -ot a t uo Ii iph t; (od ':1tr ('jII 1' 1, 11 t T Iv -r Ie 'ct 2 t

ul Th !. 'UiQl 'OXi-'c~it l;i (11d Hot) 1'1?t tC ITIV' :J."i'W oi I 0r l'it rlaFr-jir:; i:'. di,!

- Ily' ovl I to :, (ca. m it r i I iarr Ii I of Tact' inir It( two w( : trtimoct 1> 1

t eter at i %l ideat i ti i-i r in m: u;ot 1ti' I mIa' reprocat llIM i~rmoa

.a t u r ' r, ther tha, ai i nqlo lay ci;' uric. . i t , tinWeVe , thi IS t rC'T -.1 0iccf'I

T I' i ctig 1ii imat i on t o ti 1 1 rotI orvit He atI i In No ictliiI t iiIItIis !t-'.,uil'

rMP at l r(, a iv. j' tii a t) h -ti :v ity a ,r'o ircl e.c t rai r

' or t h( mci or. r, unul :'Tura e I t i I t-I 'jrq;c IcutlIcht-rc ' f'oi 1o) Mtan!ic

' t_(:,c if f(it I ,:) iti hicarti's,, th o C 1 t' t ( "i 1,1 1iil' ila't i ' 'c c in Fm 1:

i t !a icjo - 12 mss n,!-rot o tn'at Ivc cl'tioIti:1 c ,i Iv t 1 -.rtl

r Iv a'.;o 'I ra toi art 1l1oat s wt lci '! ii tl'uii'p rc' 4.r' it, 1)

zFf-:turn " ,wtO% . t ha t i t th t h, i)i:'

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTFEATURE 8

PLAN MAP 8 CROSS SECTION

LoTAT I Ct.S AT SI-TE 3.'

'C(NMI" w7t't

Feature 'It ajpiar; on 'tio -urfact. I, iI -ill , t"iiqlly 0cc:! 11.- ter I If r it tu t ,

*..; ttred j I a!stt ant rf vo lit e. tos t o!t hte.;(' Iock 1 I, Iow: (:; ttis "11! i' f

,Ine jr .em e'retded. Thet rocks, carp- Jrn siiao fur 4- 8 cmi, wit 1, Trost 1Cr' 1) 1:',K 2

wkrare>v C' Toif nftiot d. F'eature If- has v Iu P, 1.~ 11X1C C if; .1' 1t irl f

111 Was XcCivit(d 11. 'tiff' - I Iw! HniC it' f' ,i Ii "Ill.~

'I i 11d(r an averec r ' sc' K ~te'i ue li r aC e r 0I :Ci) f el M.tC"

tG cm .ad i atred. ' i (Ca . fyt

ttIC 'n '%Ii lw I I i

0 .iii i t XIy t ta ifjt (I i ' I I G' u'; 1-1 :,oHI 1' y I (, 1 1 1 fCT ifr 0.th 1 f

. . tajr,:a uxj , s cI inj;i TM 1 1' it wr, ' i ~ !e t -? f afte '-. (cm of if' ( t 1%

rE-iO(VC' lit Itif Le i r t a( e, arIt if 1it 'ii'fi or if l- ' ', ;rotatl1y bletn r(m(,

t 1t hough exfr-,Tnle I ,, rift'? I; t -(!I t if1')(ihf tfi ii ' i eI ir(, ' - Il

tif terii t''f ed v repr ri.ei n t~ i. f i t tifli ',(II if'1 I t a r ' i'h tifct;'a; ,

:1 C INhI'iQ tif

ea tu re T i a :iifft I ifCiqh> Iifii if, Kr-1LtS- " It <I s't 1 :if L' tI"ii anfi'; yifOli C

i gwtiiG oh are loose, on the 5 urtace. The! riot u ri 3I, f eI Run ir 4 - 1 :m atd are onl1yvt oe concentratedl. Fea ture 1- ':ori' rs it~:.d(-. et 2 as olif ' lKy teen exposed,

u- ra> q(- iiyI

'Il hE-astenn port ion. (ajpparently the most n r.. 1. '-~ ) -o' ICufr I wa i VeStigate'd

wi'h a 3. Gx. -rn trench. O.n'v. the ou1therni t. V-m 1' :7 s~egment r, i 1 t ret Ci W,:, within.

t:f he r- i tos of t 1, feaiture as mapped' on t he .nor if ocC'. These ,iv~'at iori i et, r. araqc

ter t. -,Cattet -f fire-c Ccii itd roe)-- t~n iiifihit i t-. ('it in I i i 'h ap.,! ft i i, to i-rodlue

- ~ ~ t : ('f fiCrf"J I fr- I atifr iep ' fii 'L I' Or t M Sltt G s u vi' if Potie r, Feature 'I

ifii'orsci i i'-piai" rock !''at Ucr evposei t V ifrn-i"'

t (.ivit t if: Vif a-uii. o!e/ Ir:'4?'w u

if, ' w f ifti'] zhA w I fiff I If o ' tifc' I, ,I)~t f 't It M) tf ,il i-lrk'

.1,: 1T n, , wi 1t: Ifi' fuff' I M I 1i ''i 1 mtfftififit i ifu Ift''ifiti'i

1;i ! lI' Wl ' 'Te tliie wi ! Il? !iI Y' 1wii 'it t -" ( y

C, " ' Iii w I .i ;'i Oil ,) ii m pht (if i Iv )I (a-, , 1t-i'.

* -i t 1! r fa ' 0 ; - rn i i I if? )l, ' iv I, I 11 N, ti if i' -f ' I -a t' t i o t is

1 T if t1o'K( k f 'OtIlC ('i I tatf( Cor, - -' i. t i if M' N - dj jew i' was'

w', 'L f I~ ' a i It Tot t Ii ~ rif

1i 'r r, nf -1, I: a~ T -i f i ~i0 Iti

I' '? ' tif? if' if

(j 1u

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTFEAFURE i

PLA! MAP

0

c3

* 1:,ATIUIS AT S;ITE 3,'

r 7. Stu itace Fvatmku :.

a. View to the northwf'-,t of Feahru 13 (sole iiO~ coirnt r ij

View tc the northwest ort Featlure 14 tLocale- in cent irsetero, arid

1iij~ 7

'i.-AN

-to

1()N.o,' AT s ITE 3

8 mItill are loos e on the surtace. A number show in situ fracturing arid tlbus. a;: (atKTIrlrrn,1lv displaced. The rocks range InI size from 3-IF cm, with most Ibeing ,-I() -P,

,I. 1r, moderately concentrated. Feature 13, althouqlh apparently Ooilated, disnr

84erto he tbadly erodeld

A total of 3 im2 was excavated into this feature (a 4.Chxh.S-m niorth-south trersf .rJ

xl .- P: east -west trench) to provide d full1 north-south cro,,; stict ion and( a [art a-

*-.st -i ot :roLss section. These excavations yielded iin aseraq-e to high density scatter I i -iret-cracked rock concen~trated on the surface and ii, the upper 11' cmi. A heavilyditrPd

I! d it t ise area wi th gray-st ained soil was found in thle centra Ipar of the, oT;-erltr,-

, '%t no I it margir.s could he identified. blased on itj horizontal and vertical d>

f.1 the high fire-cracked rock density, the gray-staining, and the lack of eroci.;,dirt of the site , Feature 13, is interpreted as represent ing one. or mel- (2 ir( -

t, r i. h.earths wbict were built oin or near a surface very close to the modern qioutr

L r 4 (N133/W9i1

.',tue 14 is a small, roughily circular cluster oft tractured limestone and rhyol:-(

1- 171, Mout of the rocks are, loose on the surface, an'd so)me show III -situ fractuxr inc.

raugte in size trom 3-9 on and are foi Ic denisel y conenltrated. Feature 14 is

!pi---,t ly del lated but i,; riot badly eroded.

bIB 0iil Ixlfli W~ut 505 Xoavatc Io into 0~ itu8 ourc. (i~ltA ., m. of this square

.ii > j was ' Wit hin t he ffeatirll' Ti:; tc-,t pif leii d a liqte.,*;.cat of well-tsilrocks conce rt ratoi on th~e surf coo ,!d Ii the Ol oj(r 1 r!.. ruome, very di Ifuse

fl t i nn was noteI i r tt til 1 -s:uI roucuiJT I I, t fc-. rocks, hut pi t 7, 1 1n:1 Cul no h,1r*1 e

dfc lir it A, wi1thI Feat ure t, Feat ure( 14 is ltterjret'l('(! o de[t 1,1td r IOCk h(-,irt 1. duo toa

I ! ttee , Ii Ih l fi re-- racked! rni-k detiol ;r ,Iv- ,tadi r: li r, IbatI i on 15 I8

t ,l rierodeif pa rt of the s it(.

1 -t isc 15 (NIle/W81 )

I a-t11ro( ., a small1, ovd I conenrtrat ion of Iractured anid untfract ured 11 mest <oaid

Iy lIi t" A niumber of the r ocks, are- embedided , hut r;ot arelos onj the surface. IT11C

!Ok0 tsr1)P 1' 1 i1<70 from, I'-s m, with most lieing 5-10 (-m, anid are widely s;cattered(1.

8f P, i. apparently del latod hutt i: not visilrl, eroded.

Arl ly.b-m te-st pit was; excavated lr~t ' the irain parit ot thec rock concent ra io;

itllded only 1r. aver age derisi ty r, oc..-tter dl uItiut cit throughl Iho- upper "0 cr-.

r iroeas* one-quarter of t his test pitI dos cot a iri, hoLwever, a small (1,1 cm nor i

t rt least ',i cm e.ast-west i m, r.i .t :ir 1 3., i-taled ,j lk-:;tainrd oil Ili-

It I I I!; ISMII I o un01Tt of WOOdy cQ a 'l f '- . 'Vf- I -, -s xtcni!,. I-uow a'-d fa yoInf1,1 I h,' I,!i ii tii th,' till a ;t-we- t ii~ i i , n-. i ktiiwt . Vert ii1, it ict(T,-r from ,Ilc'iO

- w !"; i, rt [riltIjlf -I , o. th- J. !'it lill'I. itiv(-:tl,.,icl, tfiio !i't I' ITtre -

I.~ iii t1' til Il In :,mall, !-Ifllw Iit Which ,i, liial I ootVied ro~t

I I tti':tuIred rock!,2 ''. tlt' s urfac,- tel ilf ,, I tel -IPen t i Iit !-et 1iati~ o r;( ,o cat' (o

i-irtt: . B ., wo''fv cbaruorl tr I I II rer 1 woo I lo1-tel 1 i! i

!r; f-it w-t rut u f11 r111 f J , ij I t t 11, iII I;- .f t1I, i, I

I t "T Yt

re("t urt' i 0

.i11tt-St"rl art( 11t';0 t 'I .1 t' L F] I. 7 ' 'v -

r(iu Ir cn Iat o ,, 'Ip rh - (

t 4-it' i ' i w -

:t~ ~ aCr' urL 4 f,: !t k< I ti~

1i-A~ 1 F i6:- tol FMT' i

iii I!~

axrt i 1 y qil ' I

at e ' rE- iti ' MII I ' I

I if ,c- ,0 1

a t-' , n i i f o r Jiia .

lI liii o -ri It I t ii iii I I' '''ti~k i111 1t Lt

t'VI't T(v .(' 1i oi' I 1, '' ' If i'

t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i 7..t I -.; 1 v 11 .I

it (Iii:

.11 i'- 't 1 )1 T iP11r i Y. tt-

U~~ ru~l

'rrlt th 1ictic cr t L hi ti ft I' T. t , i " Ii

(\':4ratoF . -lI.( , 4 t f" 1'i''-l 1 tf at rdr fri" lr -:

iii~~~ yS~u tI 1.i'tu, t' I I' 'i l I' it ' -

ic k' ~ t it t.t f I I tI1 ,

t I''t hfI r' t 1-1ct ~ t' t I' i0 ' i 1' ti r .-I ~ -he

mor i I!( i t 'j I i

pa ii' ai ri A Ior I, ft.'

1;~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 'I iiF a ur f" 1 11 v 111!t

cr

L

INVIz'-AKATIONS AT SITE 32

V1.r it. wisperse ucte tr Erc-rk(! N. r V K 1.1

H. 1C Vie tu 1 the d r or c ,:t t rf tic-:ac! r r; m rrhr' c l

1 \festo ti etIc).o;~rct ireorackd .o'. 1. oirer-

I,5 flVOtI II) LGa ,I ot - llrd I'votljIE e 11 -y xa <) u"v , 1 1(31,t

center ~ir...........o

r yrd 9

r ~;

-%

4 .4 4

r~t, Lie-' - -.

C. '- -

AD-A142 029 INESTGATONS AT SITE 32 (41EP325) KEYSTONE DAM / ,

PROJECT A MULFICOMPONENT..(U) PREWITT AND ASSOCIATES

U CL S INC AUSTIN TX R C FIELDS ET AL. MAR 83NCLASSIFIED DACW47-82-C-0018

F/G 5/6 NL

E-ENOEllElEIEEI/I /OEEEEE-EEEEEllImllmumllllm

iiiilll

I .4 11112 111ii 1 ~2.5

1.0

1.8

1.51111_L5 11.6

MICROCOPY RESCLujION IES1 CHARIN'l N'.V, IHA


belock units, sample units and backhoe trenches suggest that a continuous subsurface scat-ter may cover as much as 3100 m2 of the site (see Fig. 3). Second, the scatters in Units

1 and 2 are considered to have been comparably investigated even though the Unit 1 excava-

tions were generally shallower than those in Unit 2 (33 cm versus 42 cm). The greater

aveiage depth of excavations in Unit 2 is due to the presence there of more-deeply buried

,eposits. A square-by-square evaluation of the vertical distribution of fire-cracked

rock: in Unit 1 and 2 reveals that 94.3 percent of the Unit 1 provenience units and 95.9

percent of those in Unit 2 were excavated to a level demonstrably lower than the main rock

catter or to a level probably corresponding to the base of the dense rock scatter (based

on data from nearby deeper units). Thus, it is likely that significant portions of the

dispersed scatters were incompletely excavated in nearly equal percentages of provenience

upits in both Units 1 and 2 and that the data sets from the two units are indeed 4

omparal le.

Third, the feature numbers given to these rock scatters were not used consistentlythroughout the excavations. That is, the numbers were assigned for ease of reference, butin some cases (for example, where Features 20 and 28 overlap) it was impossible to discern

one scatter from another )r to interpret how many scatters were actually present. Thus,

in many of the field n( es these feature numbers are not used.

Unit 1 (Fig. 20)

About 66 percent (by number) of the dispersed fire-cracked rocks in Unit 1 are lime-

stone; the remainder are primarily rhyolite. Most of the fire-cracked rocks occur in a

10-20-cm-thick zone, the top of which is 20-25 cm below the modern ground surface (Fig.

21). This zone generally follows the ground surface, sloping down about 20 cm from north-e,!st to southwest. Distinct depositional episode within this zone could not be definedalthough a deposit of this thickness surely represents repeated or long-term occupations.

All of the excavation units that extend below the dense scatter have small amounts of

tire-cracked rocks in their lower levels. This very light scatter may reflect hearth usepredating the dense scatter or the downward displacement of rocks. Extending from the top

of the dense rock zone upward to the modern ground surface, another light scatter (10-25

cm thick) is present. The lower portion of this upper scatter may represent materials

displaced from the underlying dense rock zone; however, it seems unlikely that upward dis-placement could account for all of the light scatter. Thus, this upper scatter is inter-

preted as representing activities postdating the deposition of the dense rock scatter.

For this analysis, the dispersed rocks in Unit 1 have been separated 'ertically (Fig.

.2 into two zones -- the upper light scatter (the upper zone) and the lower dense scatter

!the lower zone). Fractured rocks found below the dense scatter are not isolated as a

-;.uiratp zone because of the limited information gathered on these deeper deposits.

Unit 2 (Fig. 23)

The dispersed scatter of fire-cracked rocks in Unit 2 is about 73 percent limestone;

oI ,f the remainder is rhyolite. This scatter, or more accurately group of scatters,

opp-ar! more complex than that in Unit I and is more difficult to describe. This complex-

ity is due mostly to the fact that the souther part of the unit (from about N11O south-ard) has been relatively active in terms of sediment deposition and thus has cultural

ti distributed over a greater vertical distance than most of the other parts of the

86

'Wk

TABLE 7

SUMMARY OF DESCRIPTI'VE DATA FOR DISPERSED FIRE-CRACKED

ROCK SCATTERS IN BLOCK EXCAVATION UNITS

Weight Number Weight/Piece

Unit 1:

Upper R = 0.9 kg/M2 R = 6.7 pcs/M

2 R = 0.13 kg/pc

s = 1.5 s = 5.0

n = 91 n = 79

Lower x = 5.8 kg/M2 R = 35.5 pcs/m x = 0.18 kg/pc

s 2.9 s = 20.9

n = 96 n = 95

Total R = 6.6 kg/M2 x = 40.2 pcs/m 2 x = 0.16 kg/pc

s = 3.3 s 21.9 s = 0.07

n = 96 n =97 n = 100

Unit 2:

Upper R = 1.1 kg/M2 5 = 13.1 pcs/m

2 x = 0.07 kg/pc

s = 1.4 s = 9.3

n = 42 n = 43

Middle R = 4.5 kg/m2 R = 36.8 pcs/m

2 7 = 0.15 kg/pc

s = 3.3 s = 23.9

n = 67 n = 67

Lower x = 4.5 kg/m2 x = 10.1 pcs/m 2 x = 0.07 kg/pc

s = 1.5 s = 8.]

n = 58 n = 59

Total R = 5.9 kg/m2 51.2 pcs/m

2 R = 0.12 kg/pc

s = 4.1 s = 28 s = 0.07

n = 66 n = 66 n = 73

Unit 3: 9 = 6.8 kg/M 2 = 44.5 pcs/m2 R = 0.17 kg/pc

s = 2.4 s = 14.9 s = 0.05

n = 6 n 6 n 6

x = mean.

s = standard deviation.

n = number of horizontal provenience units.

8

. 87

Figure 20

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTUNIT I

PLAN MAP

A B

00 4

Trench A]

F e., e 3

rn

Featur 8 3

A-7I+ 2 7----Featue 30Featree1

/~Feature 29

17'

Figure 21

ca3

W o

0 0

0L -z o

z 0

0-",

t * 4 3 uz. iC

Figure 22

-12 z 0

0 g)

W Y-

LLLircr a

z 0 LL

0NIL

Z) ojwr

A*m


UNIT 2PLAN MAP

Feature 2e

Featue 2,-eature I

C

D// Feuht/e 32

Feature 2?

B

Bockhoe

Trech

0 4

metes

4 11P9A 4 &1 /SAl feet

4

INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32 "

The northern part of the unit generally has a 5-15-cm-thick zone (the upper zone) 71containing a low density fire-cracked rock scatter overlying a 10-20-cr-thick zone (themiddle zone) with high fractured rock densities (Feature 20) overlying another low densityscatter (the lower zone) (Fig. 24). The high density zone generally follows the contour

of the modern ground surface north of about the NI1O line, sloping down gently to thesouth and west. Overall, the dispersed scatter in the northern part of Unit 2 looks muchlike that in Unit 1.

The southern part of the unit differs in that the dense scatter zone is more deeplyburied (the top is 20-25 cm below the surface) , is overlain by two burned rock features -

(one with a radiocarbon date of A.D. 520 ± 70) which are suriounded by a low to high den-sity rock scatter, and is underlain by a low to high density scatter of relatively little-

fractured rocks (Feature 28). Figures 24 and 25 show that the dense scatter starts tohasin upwards in the southeastern corner of the unit. It appear!; that the deposits in the j,southern part of Unit 2 accumulated in a basin which, throughout. the site occupation, re-

ceived relatively more depostion than the rest of Unit 2. It is thus possible to define asequence of events involving, from earliest to latest: (1) accumulation of a considerablequantity of well-fractured and little-fractured rocks (Feature 28); (2) accumulation ofthe dense scatter of well-fractured rocks (Feature 20); and (3) use of Features 21 and 31and accumulation of well-fractured rocks around and above these features. In this discus-sion, these are called the lower, middle and upper zones (Fig. 25).

The lower zone is easily separable from the middle because its rock densities areeither much lower or, if they are not lower, the rocks are much less fractured. Thus,

Features 20 and 28 were usually readily recognized in the field. The upper zone is less

obviously different from the middle in the southern part of the unit because of the highdensities of well-fractured rocks around Features 21 and 31. In fact, it was originallythought that Feature 20 was simply thicker (ca. 30 cm) in this part of Unit 2 and that

Features 21 and 31 related to the latter part of the Feature 20 accumulation. The currentinterpretation, that Features 21 and 31 and the surrounding low to high density scatterrepresent distinct occupations completely postdating Feature 20, is based primarily onthree radiocarbon dates from Unit 2 which put Feature 20 in the northern portion of the

unit at somewhere between about 2160 B.C. and 650 B.C. and Feature 21 at about A.D. 520.Feature 31 is assumed to be roughly contemporaneous with Feature 21 based on their iden-tical vertical positions.

The correlation of the three zones at the southern end of Unit 2 with the three atthe northern end is based on the fact that Feature 20 is nearly continuous throughout theunit and serves to isolate what is above and below it. Because of the compressing orthinning out of the deposits to the north and the use of 10-cm levels in the excavations,not all three zones are isolated throughout the unit. It is also noted that, while Fea-

tures 27 and 28 confirm the presence of hearths in the lower zone, some of the lower zonefire-cracked rocks may be displaced from the dense middle scatter. Also, it is importantto note that each of the three defined zones undoubtedly represents multiple occupations.This is most obvious within the middle zone where, during excavation, crewmembers occa-

sionally were able to discern two to four layers of fractured rocks, each layer separatedfrom the next by only 2-3 cm. Unfortunately, these evidences of apparently discrete occu-pational episodes were not preserved consistently enough to be of any use.

(42

Figure 24

0 00

oow I-

z 0 4,

~jw


S"Unit 3

Approximately 82 percent of the cracked rocks from Unit 3 are limestone; most ot the *

remainder are rhyolite. The dense scatter of rocks (designated Feature 26) occurs in a

10-20-cm-thick zone, the top of which is 15-25 cm below modern ground surface. The bdseof this zone slopes downward (about 5-10 cm) from east to west. This dense scatter isoverlain by a light scatter of fractured rocks extending up to the modern ground surfacc;

thus, this part of the site, like those areas sampled by Units 1 and 2, must hay, bee'noccupied subsequent to the occupations which resulted in the dense fractured rock accumu-lation. While distinct depositional episodes cannot be discerned in either of the zones,both are presumed to represent repeated and/or long-term occupations.

The Unit 3 fractured rocks are not subdivided vertically for analysis because 'A th(small size of the unit. Also for this reason, the horizontal distribution of the rocks is:not studied.

FIRE-CRACKED ROCK CONCENTRATIONS

Included here are eight concentrations ot rocks which are interrreted as hcarths.

All but one (Feature 2) are essentially intact. Feature 2 cannot be described in a:i muchdctail as the others but can be assessed as a disturbed hearth with some confidence.Table 8 provides summary descriptive data for these features. Narrative descriptions are

found below.

Feature 2 (Unit 2; N121/W94)

Feature 2 was first encountered during the Phase I investigations at 48 cm below the

modern ground surface in the east wall of Nl21/W95 and appeared as a lens (ca. 30x4 cm) of

charcoal-flecked sand. The excavation of N121/W94 revealed that this lens was within arodent burrow and that the charcoal-flecked soil had been displaced from a roughly cylin-drical feature (30-35 cm in diameter) at 5-20 cm below the surface. This disturbance con-

tained gray-stained soil without charcoal and about a dozen fractured and fire-blackened

rocks.

This feature is interpreted to represent the remains of a hearth, but the rodentdisturbance is so extreme that the feature margins can be identified orly tentatively.Thus, while the nature of the fill, the hlackening of the rocks, anl the cuantity ci tocksin this square (Feature 2 rocks were not quantified separately) all suggcut t.it Feature 2was once a hearth, the lack of intactness prevents any precise description.

Based on the location of the most recognizable part of the feature within th, dcnsescattet of fire-cracked rocks, Feature 2 is assigned to the middle zone. It is possible,however, that it represents the very bottom part of Feature 1 (a surface fire-cracked rockconcentration) or perhaps materials displaced downward from Feature 1 by rodents althoughthere is no obvious connection between the two features. No artifacts were bUnd indirect ,stociat ion with Featui, 2.


Feature 5 is a dense oval concentration (1.OxO.90 m) of we!l-frac ured rockscovering an area of 0.98 m

2 (Fig. 26). Some rocks apparently di,+1,1(ed fror the leature

94

1*ft

W U) Y'

w U

* Io.

:hVESTIGATI(NS AT SITE 32

TAPLF 8

SUMMARY OF DESCRIPTIVF> [ATA POP I PF-CkACKLP P'K

CONC(IINTATION: IN ll.('" EXC/AIATION UNJT,"

Ff ature Dimensions Area Weight of Nnm!,(,r Limestone

r (m) (M2) FCR* (, P 0"(' Kq/pc W* ',2

,

.1- ---

',** I lOX. 90 0 R.8 l>0.(, I' 7 0.33 .. ,05.0

(1.50xl.30) (I.L2 )

17** 0.75X0.5(, 0.34 35.3 3i nda . fr. 0

(H. 0xO. 70) (0.

21 l.50xl.C.i .. . 1 1)6.6 14f, 5 1 7.4 7-.3

7 0.80x0.80 0.45' 51.5 134 0, 0.38 109.6 285.1

31 1.15xl.15 1.18 49.1 143 06 0.34 41.6 131.1

3. 1.90xi.90 2.60 414.7 1709 75 0.24 159.5 657.3

3 0.40x0.40 0.16 16,.7 4t2 v.36 104.4 287.5

meIn 1.C6 .1 122.00 363.20 78.5 0.55 91.4 247.3

st andard

deviation 0.45 0.91 139.89 bOl.14 14.1 0.38 39.2 206.4

*F(C, ire-cracked rocks.

**[hmi;.>ion and area figures not in parentheses are for central parts of the features.

Thos, in parentheses aie for central parts plu<-; :curroundinq displaced scatters. Weight

d:T ( nmi, e densitle: have f-een ca lculated u1,inq the larger ,rea figures.

occur around the main concentration and cover an adlditional area it 0.31 m2

(overall

limensions 1.5xl.3 m). The rock! are arranged roughly in a three-sided ring around the

,r.tral and south-central parts ot the feature where rocks are absent. The lU-cm-thickrock concentration appears to he within a shallow basin-shaped pit, but the till aroundthe rocks is no different from fill outside of the feature, and thus the feature margins

are defined solely on the ba.;is of the extent of the rock concentration. An area contain-

inq discontinuous patches of liqht-gray-Ltatned sand but lacki. harcoal inclusions,:cnrs lust beneath the rocks in the central parf of the feature. .. likely represents

downward migration of charcoal staining from the teature. Sine. . does not contain

06


PL AN Yu'iF r CRfl%- SLC71,i-N

01 F1 1 l ~:A". F ITt 3

!:I! v(-I ot oriqil. oxz this toature rem.tilo ijrki.,wj 0IIs c m ht elow the moderIn (it oiui -surtace, ot 1 1,1&

t !-. !.. u~ -r t ace very near Lci sl iqhtl1y lower- t 'ial. tihc telen(- IIuris i(

-ri: ,; : t 1ar :T:d thle pt eserts of atl :A, sl lowly bur iedL hiul; cieci tv tor o, (r

,Fvitui' r, assse a it, lonqint; Wi th tt '' d mIl,- ou

.Itl i ovai coancertrat Irr x-( ' r, tit~e-f rturc,d so( ks

"t 24 a Fu.2s. Aadtjtl 34-n. 2 ei-c. aroui.a_ tl.i:- denise

:! on on toa is rca k, alrpa eit I y di sl 1 aucud't x rtr I he te(a t' (cvoora ' (1 imer; or;o

I(, 'p (-! t 1:J l15-cir- h ick (,o%,.,_n tr,.t I on I- hu (''- , Ir' '.W Irounid

t er cs (an 'e seen !etweer. t he f i 11 around the ruck, anr tl~erI I out -

:cat 1;, dtit 0.11s te. eat reAl' -icrc,,In, ar-dr l(fined as the l imi ts of t N" rock

-1& i 1 ! aIst, inct i ye f 1 II It c:i a doet ''rv n at i on o)f wle.t Ler or rot

1 h1 1t 1 t F': r th1er ,: te tocks iit te arre c t !.ture, a: iill at very

d"' . '~vi ;1:, 10 !. t hoI~w anT! , ; W L; l'I, . C iW i ta r ' h e,' (

It i, s ld~iincly circulai concentiat ion (dilmetel r.) ol a littlit"

k, 1oe:' 0 area C, I1'.0?' m2

(Flcs. 27b and Ot. The, rocks occur in aI

,:-w1t atu d c ye and ere conspi cceusly absent in the wet -cont ral and north-

or -:the tiat urf. The, top, o1 this I y-cm-t hick coicenlt rat joi: !rst about IS :m

- a' : rr :rrna ou lae. No d. eronc-s beftWeen the tilaraunc thec rocks and h

"l '- the fea1t re c:-:! ,o sPen, arid t lie ieature margins; ar, def inod as the. limit,.

A, t I~r I cin!.of 1he de term ined! whether or not the rock concentretior.

*.................l!I( roc ,s at rhe bhase ci the feature do show ssl qht upward 1 asrininc

tle rock i% the north-central part of the fevature is, a small (cba. EhOx45-

ray -ut a I ned , 1 and! conta i ui nq some, woody chiar oalI . Al thouqh obviously

- ~rc~ Iurrowirrq, this stalled area wtth charcoal i> 1Inter!Peted as iepro-

TIr171-I t very !hOttt aldrt .,t ie.jtrre -11 or, pet iaps! jut as likely,

-, 1!. I -. 11-. ':tar Itrom FeAture( -i by 1111mals. In any cas e, this chatc-oal. is

I !-, -1' -r 5- it i !he ucoe of eaue 1.A radiocarbon date ot Ai,.. 5'" t 70

.. ii .sqiIe'0 :-- < thgb at F-atur, . ife::tlted trom a Mesilla. Phase occupa-

-i .; -Ic ir , d ., sol ariei :i tlbs chaJ~t , rt tis ai [crt ot the bas is: for

5 5 0 t6II 11pr , ndI , along with the hceavy reck scatter s urroundingq them,

* t _c,:.rs: dera.l - atmouit o1 t itie the cotin uous Aense, rock scatter designated as

ituir, ." -i Ima 11 kh ott ir di at'eter) , circular, b~asin-shaped plit (maXIMUM depth

r ''it I1r. loreis'l y packed f ire-(l acked roc-ks igs 25 and 30a)I . Thie top o t this,

il ul : ii ct _' ( 1 a low thli moderni qrecrid sti facrt. 'The ro(k!- do not at neazt to have

r l ,ar i.-oltui1.; 01 vet t ical ly i n ai,' orq,3 i zedl way; rather-i, they seem ''rast t o

-a' c ! I intc. t he I t. The pilt marcliris ate eas;ily delineated as the, limits o1 tire

_____ -- C Al":; V : J H.',( )1, W T -A-

rocks and darkly stained i i I. Tthe cdc- 0l t hr ,t, l,, x > !t'' urning. 'I.e ii.sr'rdn;thc o:0-! q! 1. "r-.v-l ' I: rU ir. .''i

contains numer ous oI ck a%: cl-iA or woody3, hireca i1. 1 1 1c,': h-pe '"'K oh -

coal yielded a damte of 21tO t It," E.

Lying next to the(, ii ieo *#, rrd it vs' u-~,'' . tilt no;' 1' r'ti :.

dark Iy s-tained fil :1is t !a:e 3SslOx'Ir u:, iii " 0'~.c 1>a '. -). " *o' A Th

may wellI ha e beeni u (_4 Wit),F ItIlre r''I ~ -<ot t.1 :'o'ver the hearlth orT o. workarq surface 'a t ivi: e i-( ;,t-rt ormo'. rext rth

anid marks with rejofisov 5cr taiint y the 1eV'') of or ,it: r iis fvet ure7 ot . ! .- :;resent ground s';rface; Feature 27 ii; moterprte . ' ssshl. eo, i"' w; ret Izone defined in ',nit - hasei. ,)n the too t 1, F aLsare (C tte hi -d rdC-n~F rr'r -4occ urs h~igher than thre F( atcre I'level )I -ragar ti the' TjCrh _1,1Ccoc curs at a comparable elt atij c "'I'y to ''e s--,!. f I te he_-: n anfca- 7.I-'" !I r .

ships to the west s-aS Jes:ti I-"ha:aa Trf . c h A_ c4! ~ r "'

7oniclusive, it is apperenh. tlh: Foa t -jr,. 7 - oi n c;: w 1 , an c:uq taf i r i' 1 I'dates Feature 20 or ir( p tr Ohe' ir iii;*o. h'ac.r~tin:l -i t(

either case, the rdote ft-i: Fe,;, ;r:' .2? car- he0 s.er' '"F To. 1cI a' -nPr~xarsor ear :y 1 nTIt

for the accumulation of the miasse C Iv '''-Cr-l~kV '. our" .

Featuie 31 (Unit 2; tJ109/vW'i(

Feature 31 is a c ircul ar corcenti _,1 j o (d La-, A r 1 M,-f~tue rOCks

cuver;,ig P,) area of 1.18 ml (Fiqzo. 101) a( ). T;1 toll -Li'D'_* rncart a

is 8-13 cal b)elow tic rrand so:': ce. T!,, rr:, In. .1 iri ~ i

eisenlv acros l bu~t Y L tht, t-cnt:. c,: wtrc-er aic a!_ci eot 'vh

"ill around the , ocks is,, in sl 4-Ft l_ cY'yr 1 ir; 'At I out side the feature,bU as a wh"<'e t, Lcature fill in'*'' 1a !1~'~ " r ( Surr 'UnC''r 'isoil. - -Celeature l imit are 1lof ined o r: tLs- iasi,'ft1 L-tlnt C t r icenrit r at io)n. It caill-

orIcdeemio. i'therc:j re wt 0a' -heu f tI e K istinctlvc il

a'.d the r---ks a, the hase- oi the rowur~ :11Wa. toronency to 1 asin caw ards at the rij~t1urL

r'edture 31 is iinterpacted as bsig with Feature 21 aid the upper zone defined r

Unit 2. Yni'. tentative assessTient ,s ha 'cd or,: (2) the identical v-rtica.l positionsl cfFcat'ir- -Ii end 31; (1) the loc:atia:i --f Fetureit, 31 stovr t)-o major jiart. of the dense rc-k

scatte: .n Ihia part of Un.it 2; ara- 'I) the 'anor-ialous ocf-ura'onc, of a high burned rrock

denscity above, the feature, Wdhich suggee'a that tne coice-rtratioi. is wvthsa; i iit origi-

natinq tror a surfacp ne.ar the Tresent groui.d surfacc' ('if course,, jreci,- :oiAemporaneitt,with Feoturt _' co:nnot ho(b al .' it it a...sp near that 1' Kb. i tore:: were u.:

aft,!r Lt'e ac:aumlilation of Feature 21

Feature 32 (Unit 2; N117/,t"7)

Feature 32 is I laurqe (di.ameter 1 .00 m) , caircular, blasink-shaped pit (max~imLum1 depth

201 cm) contang det'; cuinely packed firc-crassKed -suki (Fig. 32). "'he ton of this featureiii ahout 5 cm below the mo,-dern ground nuortace. Althoughi the rocks. occur ii, more than: asingle layer, they do not appear to (ia-s 1lee; arranged in a formal manner. The pit mar-gins are partially disturl:,.d by animal burrowing hut are easily defined on the basi' of

the extent (f roc-k,, Ad darkly -sta irwd- till. Tepit edges fahow no isigns of oxidation.The fill surroiniting the rocks is very dnl'kly stained and contailus numc-roufs f'i"<'ra'

INV STIGATIONS AT SITE 32

Figure 27. Features 17 and 21.

/

a. Vertical view of Feature 17 partly exposed; note unfractured I

rocks (arrow to north; scale in centimeters and inches).

b. View to west of Feature 21; note unfractured rocks (scale in

centimeters and inches).

100

MUNMI

Figure 27

no

b

Figure 28


PLAN MAP

r-.

NI 0Ni NIIw 99 +*98 4*97

~ W97

Bockhoe-

Trench A __]

+N 108

0 20 40 80

centime ter s

1 10 20 40

inches

F'1./ /8- / SHf'

Figurf- 29j


PLAN MAP PA CROSS SECTION

Bockhoe

Trenich A

0 10 20 40

FZ sturbed ran sand ,enti mol ers

Dui k ,cy Soand 5 0 - 20

- I in.t of Yo ..ed Fl Ii _T

inches

064

!NVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

Figure 30. Features 27 and 31.

a. View to the north of Feature 27 after cross sectioning; note

large cobble lying next to feature (scale in centimeters and

inches).

b. View to the west of Feature 31; note fire-cracked rocks and mano

in the wall beneath the feature (scale in centimeters and

inches).

10

104

9!

Figure 30

4

b

INVFSTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

?1utrk, .t woody charcoal. A radiocarbon assay on a sample of this charcoal yielded a dateF' E C. f 120.

The distinctness of the Feature 32 fill enables a fairly confident identification of,Ie approximate level from which this pit was dug (at about 5 cm below surface). Figureshcws clearly that Feature 32 cannot date any earlier than the late stages of the accu-

mulation of Feature 20. Thus the 650 B.C. date provides an approximate late limit for theaccumulation of the dense rock zone in Unit 2. /

Feature 32 was unusual in that it contained a large number of chipped stone artifacts(114 unmodified flakes, chips and angular fragments; 16 unmodified cores; 9 edge-modifiedflakes; and 5 edge-modified cores). Some of the cores were blackened and may have beenincluded as hearth materials during feature use. Most of the specimens, however, did not [atpear burned and were probably dumped in the feature after it was used.


Feature 33 is a small (diameter - 40 cm), circular fire-cracked rock concentrationcoveoring an area of 0.16 m2 (Figs. 33 and 34b). The top of this 10-cm-thick concentrationis 2(-25 cm below the modern ground surface. The rocks occur in a single layer and are-,kt arranged in any particular way. The fill around the rocks is indistinguishable fromtill surrounding the feature, and thus it cannot be determined whether or not the rock:(oncentration is within a pit. The rocks in the feature do not basin upwards at the

feature edges.

Feature 33 is surrounded by the lower part of the dense rock scatter (Feature 3) inP'it I and is interpreted to belong with the lower zone defined in this part of the site.

GRAY-STAINEl) SOIL LENSES

This group is composed of three feature numbers assigned to relatively discrete gray-stained soil lenses found in Unit 1. While these stained areas are aenerally discretehorizontally, the staining is extremely diffuse and difficult to follow both horizontally,uid vert ically. These three features are interpreted as probably representing the loca-

0oi,. of destroyed hearths.

ieitutc .0 (U1nit 1; N76/W93)

-.aturt re 29 was first detected at 2 cm below thi. modern qrourd ,urface and coveted atn

re .2" , m east-west by at least 1.76 m north-south (the stain wa:, not fully exposed tn

the south). The darkest part of this stain occurred in the south-central part ot thet,,,iture, and it is this area that 1; shown ai Feature 19 on Fiqure 20. Kxtensivc, crosssectioning efforts revealed that this stain extended downwards about 53 cm, all the way tothe basal gravels, and that the horizontal dlmensions remained roughly the same as thosefti-st defined. It was never possible, however, to clearly define any of the edges 4ft theeJture, ardi it is very likely that the dimension:; qiven do not reflect the total dimen-,i . . wiitver cultuial phenomenon this si 21n repreu4-nts. That this, stain Is so (it-

n,,, -in,! ncurs over such a large area and a (oreat verti al distaie suqests that there

tI,!: teen considerable movemerrt of the iiijti q aig t i .e. , tar(-oal ,r ash) trom it,-'r jot i Iocat on.

(if

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT

FEATURE 31 I

i

PLAN MAP

9I-:

-1.- -

+ L" - .

=

-N.

I r

I.


,;cr 32. Feature 32.

-

a. View to the south of Feature 32 fully exposed (scale in centi-

meters and inches).

V i i' tO th(' vist of Featuri

32 att (croLus sectiotring.

t 108

Figure 32

"4

at.

AT2zA"' SITE 3

1t~ ocourrence ot the top of this stain at just 2 cm below the present ground u ac-udde . tat whatever this feature represents occurred O~n a surlice very near the .rnuder;,

:i ccci surtace and that Feature 29 thus belongs with the upper zone defined in Unit 1.

1-oture_30 (U~nit 1; N79/W94)

Feature 30 is a stain covering an irregular area about 75 cm in diameter antlI rM

v.The top of the stain is at about 25 cm below the present ground surfaco. Thc.

<r.is very diffuse, and its limits are not at all clear.

Th i. stain was detected within the zone of high burred rocd N,, j: r.!:1

I I' 'at, if Feature 30 does represent a localized area of burrine., this niow-destrcyec

*lIongq, with the lower ?one dc-fined in Unit 1.

1- cc :4,_ (Un-it 1; N84/W98)

leature 34 is a roughly semicircular stain (not fully exposed to the west) covering

a:areocs aout 1.0 m by 01.50 im. It was encountered at approximately 25 cm below qrou._irlace and extended about 2C cm below the detectior, level. The ytain is quite diffluse,

oci it 1 I:iit.s are not clear.

A-, witht Featulre 30, the detect ion level fur this st ait :,cueyts tlfat wh.atevi Iccl -

tura i act i% i ty the at air i epresenit.a occurrEd dur in the ac:cumul at icri A Feature 3 and thustIconq with t te I over ,zone def nied i n Unit I.

PIT

A single feature, Feature 18, is included here.

, eature 18 (Unit 1; N6FS/W91)

Feature 18 was first detected in the west wall of Backhee Trench A as an 80x20-cmlen.: of gray-stained sand at. about 30 cm below the modern ground surface. Further inves-

tigation showed that Feature IS is the western part (ca. one-third-,) of a large vertical-

willo,! pit, most of which war, removed dun iit Backhoe Trench A excavation. This remaininq

;,r' :ablout 1.5 mn northwest -southeast. by 0.40 m northeast-southwest. Based on the cur--

it ur e of the wen t wall of Feat ure' IF, thei width of Backhore Trench A, and the faict thot

1-' t,!c, >' ieq s not olccui in the eat tl of the trench, it i., assumed that the Feature

1 t , (vil to rounid and( had maxi mum herizr:'ctal dtmen(-ioits of Ca '.Ox2.0 mn.

iiwe ,toin pit margin i4 Alvarly det ioble, ont the ha,;is ot color and compa t ior,

t (e~- pri till i-; gIrayer antd more cim t thanM outSide till) just helow the locs,:&

t. (I accltmo 1 ate'. sanld on t he site, rut t Wv' uYlid tlaiir the p it seems to have teven duq4

!r ti rface, very near the present gIrourA sur lace. The pit reaches a maximum depth ofIf mTt uo lia5r a nearly level bottom. The st c res of the western p it wall (essel't 1,l l"'

rt

to, uri')u ; it view o (th titnature ot tt :it e deposits and suaqrsts stroyticlv that

tt- it wo,' rIled rapidly (possibly intent ional ly) atfter tse-.

'Vi ito t iy ft h hi s p ft reintrins prob Ictnt i calI . The pre7sence oft charcoal -stained

t;!t,r.. reIA tiye I y large amnturt of tractiured rot-k: In the uppermost level! fsungst s t hot

2'

KEYSTONE DA~A PROJEGII ~ArtJ~E 13

A-A/

I I

- ~ *

I t

rzrTiFri

I

A' SITE 3.

. . Fc tures ,r,d 33.

.. Vertical view ot Feature 8 fully exposed and pedes;taled; note

large rocks fractured ir, place (arrow to north; scale in c ::t -

meters and Inches).

1

I

. ,iw to the north of Feature 33 right center) and surrounding

fire-cracked rocks (scale in centimeters and inches).

e 112

Figure 34

(TIOiA' h ITL 32

.a have beer-, used. as, some sort of heit t h. Or! I he ot her hand, the t ractu, 'd rock.iadicaily more abundan~t here than elsewhere ir. Unit 1, and tht- shadpe and s~ ic of

1 certainly do riot ccompare with those for known hearths at Site 32i.

F SUBSUR<FACE FEATUFIES

v( idoence for subsurface features in the blIock (xcavations at Site . o.stCL!10

i :t s~ concentrations uTterpreted as intact ox rnarlv intact hearths (six in Unit 2,tw> :'nit 1) , three areas with gray-stalied soil interpreted a.- loci of destroyed

h'all three in Unit 1) , one pit of uinknown functioi. (in Unit I) anid in each unit ar~t iruous but dispersed s;catter of fractured rocks interpreted as hedr th debris.bad

the vertical distributions of the ieaturef; and the( dispersed rock .catters, two verti--il ly dIistinct zones arfe defiiPed in 17'cit I and three In Unit 2 (Unit 3 is not consideredc

!it re since it is so small). Absolute dates at, Lvalalible only for Unit 2, but it isosmdthat the main part of the dispersed ruck s cat ter in Unit I (the lower zone) accu-

mul at, ei it rougjhly the same time is that ii, Unit -1 (tie, iddle zone).

ilit. disparity in the numbers of hearths in Units I and( 2 would seemt to suggest more

to!tensive use of Unit 2; however, this assessment is belied by the higher density of dis-persed rocks (see Table 7) and the much higher density of artifacts (see Chapter XI) in

lini, 1. An alternative exp~lanation for the scarcity of intact hoarths in Unit 1 is that

th's part of the site was used relatively intensivol'Y and that this use resulted inIincreasoe, dismantling of hearths for the reuse ot rurcks, anid it! more frequent incidentaldestruct ion of hearths due, to pedestrian traffic. A::sther explanation is that the units

,ir, t e limited in extent to be truly repreocutative of the areas they sample in terms ofteaitu-e (!istriloiftiuns and denc ities.

Talble 7 shows that while the density of dis~s'rsed rock is somewhat oreater in. Unit 1

than Unit 2, the overall densities in the three block units are quite comparable. Thiss -ers to sugest a rather remarkable ducoree of homogeneity in terms of intensity and/,r

!k(Iti of ees upat ion for the part:; ot the sIte, sampled hy the block on its.

Thc t hi rd column in Table 7 shows; that , ove.rallI , t he rocks; in the dispersed scat ter

if i i ate larier (i.e. , gjr, 4ici weight per plece than those in U(nit 2. This; suggestLs

th the ,sp or sed rocks in Unoit 2 may liSv( ienerall1' seen more reuse than those in t'nit 1

ithat reuse resul t:. in i ncreasr'd breakage) ; toit this interpretation cont raidicts

hc ii.tcr rPationt of fered ab~ove that the scat city of intact he,i lbs in Uitt I is due to a

' iOoi incidence there of hear thi di omant ho for rock rouse. lit short , these. dii rererices,

1: , u. size hint at some di fforence in the e,:tent of rock reuse, nut the evidence is too

-11[iVOCx1 f' a detinitve statement.

Throughout this chapter, it has beer) reas;onably assumed that the dispersed rockcattorE represent hearth debris. There hias; riot been any mention, however, of whether

this debris represents materials removed from hevartlis and dumped or, whether the debris

r- snt highly disturbed but. still e!sentially fit ;jstu hearth remnants. It is likely,

ouirse, that both kinds of siteat ionL; ex ist . One of the emphases of this study has

t,' tr ti to ferret ait the effects oif these two !actors.

T(f irs;t step in explorino thin gues, t inn, Ifter' de~fining the Vvt t,1 icil'ns, wa' t0-i-t vii ,f 1ru',tit~ toek!; pt I xi'1 rij ft 'Ici iiv. II. h;10. itfieot ho.11

1 14

CHAPTER VJ: APLhOL(;ICA, 7IA'! Pt:

numbers are used for this because it s felt that weight more acoruiatel]j retlesI theoverall quantity of rocks present. While these density plans (FicIs. 35 and v) mayuseful in that they reflect the general intensity ot some kinds of actlvitiuL I .(.,

dumping of hearth debris and displacing of hearth debris), they obviouslv Oc rot 1]ow fl,.

isolation of the different kinds of activities. For this purpose, it was declde d t,, (xI-mine the horizontal distribution of another measure, mean weight per piece (,t tracture.drock. The possible utility of this measure of rock size was suogested by the fa'st thot

the average weight per piece for rocks from the seven intact hearths (Z a (.51 kg,,;'e.e, :

= 0.38) is substantially larger than thcse for the dispersed recks ir t':.t I and . .10

kg/piece and 0.12 kg/piece). Although this figure for the intact re,irth, infttr lythe values for the two unusual hearths with little-fractured rocks (Features '7 and , ,revised mean weight per piece for the other five hearths (N 0.33 kg/;ioo(, -. )still considerably higher than the values for the dispersed scatters. 'hu!, It wa-reasoned that horizontal clusters of relatively large rocks might tend to reflt __ -

turbed hearths (or possibly rocks intended for hearth use) rather that ttrja]. f,r' ov ,':

from hearths and discarded.

In comparing the distributions of mean rock weight per square 0! no.: weigh' ;,Ipiece of rock, it became apparent that this line of reasonino still had onc tiaior !law --

that a high weight per square could be caused by just a few large rock:. ,viously thepresence of a few large rocks in a lxl-m square would not be sufficient to sugQ(:et thtapresence of a disturbed hearth. Thus, these distributions were compared to a third, thedistribution of rocks by number, to try to isolate squares with a ielativel: large quar,-tity (as measured by both weight and number) of relatively large rocks (as measured bv

weight per piece of rock).

Figures 37 and 38 show, by zone, squares which rave shared higher than average values

for all three measures and squares with shared high values for orly weight per square a.T,weight per piece. Where isolated squares with shared high values occur (as !or the upper

zone of Unit 1), it is quite difficult to assign cultural significancc. t:is is, ta-;b-cially true where the fractured rock scatter is of low density and widely dispersed. Fut,where squares with the three shared high values cluster with other :;Iuares wi'h either

three high values or even just two (since these could be reflecting marqilal jait. uldisturbed hearths), it is much easier to argue that disturbed hearth!, olr rel resen:d,,!

indeed. Some of these clusters of squares occur close to known hearth- and may rep[r',oirtdisturbed parts of those hearths. This could be the case with: (I7 part of t! I .: t, !just west of Feature 17 in the lower zone of Unit 1; (2) the cluster arc:;r.d i etuy,.: .1

and 31 in the Unit 2 upper zone; and (3) the cluster around Features 2nd ' ii : ti., 11ritmiddle zone.

Other concentrations which may represent heavily disturbed hearths o~cs:I: hi lII tl.i

Unit 1 upper zone near Feature 18; (2) west of Feature 17 in the Unit i ucwor zone (th:cluster seems too large to represent only disturbed parts of Feature 1-; (31 :: t1C,northeastern part of the Unit I lower zone; (4) in the south-central part (; ! "ilt 1 aroui:.tFeature 29 (this may be associated with Feature 29 and belong with the I.pier zon, ; (1)west of Feature 30 in the Unit I lower zone; (6) in the i:;outhert portion ,f tl1c itmiddle zone, just west of and beneath Feature 31; (7) in the Uinit 1 rnd'AIt Zo7. r: 1.Feature 21; and (8) at the south end of the Unit . lowel zon, (fhi w trhtif t i ,r .n

field as Feature 28, a dispersed scatter).

115

: . . .. : - '. ,, I I I I . I III I I. ii-

Figure 35

00

o co0y

x N

o 0o

0 -7ID c

C

)

0-

0~ 0d

CL <4

Figure 36

c4

LL

I.-

ZLL

o 0

(I)0

~~C5

Fiqu re 37

0

9- Li

0

w,

0 u-' S

(0 c~ 0L

Li " , N

9 2 '' :OaCL

Figurt 3R3

0) r

cr

L3

0 Ij

7. I

'~icientit:,ec tilt ajea: 11t,%. , w. ie leiriL 1i" , is, 1ow o~slteA( t(,7 1hio1ure

3 ', dLi 3. w)ih 1-iqrtir-i s: t(, 1'o(t( whl(ich 'fCQ! have l~hfire-oc 'ik denit is- Iu li o ia spe* r * 1,rijel-rii 'i:tiirheu reortths (a,, defiredi

'11 'I- nonhear Is., ,ht piI ie' t, mainp r i ,x1,aust(,I.i hearthT l,11. w.< ar. r(r t. hw. i e, iiir i i. t '1 (it t I 1wtir z.', in the

1 1 w. I .- r (rie i !'n ti t lisir t i 11 ,iiiAd 1 t ire.I-it' " t. -

v-i ,,t :ithouq1. P:, 1 it rh, (ui -:L ii c I ansIa t Of , W

tt h. rth i t Ifa t I.rf 1 I' ['I, t. il L o:. IW t fa -

iTt ii I,.a li de!st rooy(d h( !f t 11i at, ll t!". t

Thl, it is proposi(d h. r(- tl~at (!h. pe c-0 ca lit o! C :l r it'i I. ii A tI U

t . e lt as areat lef , IIt - i Itlri itS If hits: 11. di .11a .th, ~e i I lw

-ould he, represeteu C'. ti toll ot ti t. Ia-h tint1 id! tic' Li !,w r, iJ

h .t 'ma tev:; o ftIhe iumber i o e!ct !nye,! herh rti 1 are. , h(I t a I. W, :g ii th1w

* il- i. cht l t w11 W t i !I% :v to ill f-ar weiht U-84.,Y h;) fir-( t--ilJ-! rice. rli

t e lip11t 'J"t lweurth: (th two~ t-W) o .tri. aI ' ti~e t1 1 ,Al' ra eyld.

ircitheetotsi i:scat ters i-ao at airl tl.di<are rermani ii ou 1. I t (i. at thi1Wilts or at mult!!ie Uses ,I singqle hearfh, wi thin tie units, m!. wet' I. hei P!s tIarhe(!

rt-i;snmt s ot ir A to hearthb, these, rouc. est imatf. is f 1,otentio.I heartliK tchuu, it 1 arte,. i

ht h etlt hypothesi zed numbers of disturbed )learth,;. That these;( cst a mates, , :,.5 ,r Ur. it I.!1, 4.. u fr Unit 2, are indeed larger and that they are larger b:y nearly identical per-

I.!djV ag S sug eVSt_ that the numbers of destroyed licrhs given here: May haVe some validity.

ilIe t h is Iine oci Irgu iry has y ielIded poteiitial11y s iqii i icai,.t c Iuies a-s tv, the coi.-

ithe dispertsed roc-k scatters, it is emphis i edI that the ,.c,!sible d',ct urbed heartha:

w-triot ident it it'd iii the r leld and that the( conclusions pr(:,ernted are, tenitativye. I r;

it, it is" somewhat s-urprising that a culturally significant pattern, such as that pro-

h!ere , rt, i .lit. he ident i Ii abjle i n th i r, deposi1t i whic:h represent thousarils., cit years; Of

-ii at ion, such a: it S ite 32. l, a filial exaimple of tle dIifficult of aSse!S ic~ is

1,. 1 it data, it i a solermqrc toi c z- t hot t.- me)an we haht : ot (i 1I -cracked rocks

Irim ieituires anld I rom 1,ioeme !.t'rt at nit .' i;, ~ii, .'I- tiiiies" I 1H.1 kg/in2

%'I is: i.1 klin( qreatei thbs. that trim Pnit 1. liiwhit, th, Ir lvIt oil dis :persed

'I- iat 1 i i0t; i To"Ic e t hat [ I t I wI: ,,, it; i-i,, o i-i iA t i .;v, (,, i ir a I -suecr t i ne

I. l':i I titeTrerit patiu r c r ii jietIv woot-1, r t, e I ! la)?t itta-,t -tat,i were, riot useit

rit - -The heartl Iin bot.h i s-iitis had ie.-:. at1rh', i le 10 1i'! ig-,pear inr only

Feature Funct iOTrs aind 1tte-3it.- (Crpar i:w

ii r,(, Id t-itir I h01, Of the 'il,urfae ci, iturv's tourS iat S ite3 1 i riot ahiv iout fty a

1, "r hearth remnant . Feature, It R sl a Ita c (c vcr t icual-waite d 1,i t (2. 2 2. Ox C. inm

oht ay have, ber used in Iit bakir.; (harco('Al-t atiied fit i wasi preset t ii- thli pit , sil

Ie flat il.eily I arije amont at scattered! fire-i ra),ked To ik . cr'cirredl ii is uipper part Ihu t

I' ti1171t I- (IT :rat ('lear Il/ V I rid icteOl At I thoiioh -oiilpa r al ly si17ed vert ical I-walIleti arid

ifet I - t o 1ed : ;t 1 , imali I iced far s at t r', hiave ( - -ji; r und i n ,til-r of a r(-lIwo lia-I ,i t f:, 11, the rI j1on. Ii g M~ir-;iatl I ~I~ 1 I' : ; Whe(at 1 t11- 2-k-; ;a ' !, 19',i:t1,

A, Ie*. art, Afittest; 1141: -2-() , to't ifthwliesi i ill Format i~e 1,riisl vllageV atttS

CIIAPTI, VI: ARCHEI; (;I(IA 1 , i .

Riat Feature 18 does not occur i, such a ,ontext and that it w,,, d,c: st(e very I, s ,soils which vrobably would not have provide) an environme,,t i ntallo for t ta .. . -

perishables argue agjainst a stora4e tunction t(), thl, featu..

All ot the other .sussu fat t: t eattlre,; (.ans I . Intel p et(td oat Wtes[t I IC as 11,, . as

intact hearths, hearth remnants, ( r lestrrayed hearths . T1- .evel intct .fii.-r,ar ka! ,

concentrations tound it, the blok excavat ions (see Table t) how d qrect !(aI ot vaihility it, diameter (0.40 m - 1.)(0 m), amount of rocks (le.7 kq - 414.7 k;t , cs st,

rocks (41.(, kq/m2 - 150.5 kg/m2

), and average rock weight (0 .. 4 kip a - . k e

Further, only two of these features (Features 27 and 32) show ani approcrail, char, +,i!

taining. Perhaps these two were more intensively used or lo(s; disturbic +Ifter ci,, , Iatthe others. Also, the relatively dense packing of rocks in these features may ta'no re-tarded the leaching of chaicoal from the fill.

Many fire-cracked rock hearths comparable in size and shape to the Eite 32 teature:have been found at sites in the El Paso area (e.q., Quimby and Prook 1967:31, 34;

O'Laughlin and Greiser 1973:17; Lynn 1976:21, 23; O'Laughlin 1979:18-Zh; O'Lauqhlin lust-109). Table 9 shows that the Site 32 features are quite comparable to the small tire-cracked rock hearths at Sites 33 and 34 in terms of size hut that the average rock weia.tis much higher for the Site 32 features. That three of the seven Site ?2 heartlh haywrock weights at the extreme upper end of or beyond the ranqe of the rock wrights fra mhearths at Sites, 33 and 34 hints that there may be some significant differerces between.rock hearths at the sites; however, the small number of hearths from both sites and theextremely large ranges ir the Site 3" data make further ,-omparisons difficult.

TABLE 9

COMPARISONS OF FIRE-CRACED ROCK CONCEN2TRATIONS

FROM SITES 3 AND 14 AND CITE 3.

Site 32 Sites 33 and 34

Mean Diameter 1.06 t1' 1.07 m

Range 0.40 - 1.9(, in P.5 - 1.80 m

Number 7 33

Mean Rock Weight 122.(, kc 36.3 kgRange 16.7 - 414.7 kg (.9 - 110.H kg

Number 72

In describing the :imalI fire-cracked rock hearths at ;itvs 33 and 34, O'Laughlin(1980:115-118) identities tour morphological categorios based on 'it arrangement of therocks: (I) dispersed hearths are the most common and have clo:sely spaced fractured rock!;without any obvious formal arrangement; (2) lined hearths have their bases covere.d withlarge unfractred cobbles aand smaller fractured rocks above and between the cobbler ; (3)ringed hearths are similar to dispersed hearths but have a ring of laras, rocks arourd Thee-dqes; and (4) emptied hearths have only small amounts of fire-cracked recks in the . 'the

(21

t t 1 I !I 11 t 1 1 v-Ido ull( eu umli t 1, iL a It i h t1I~ (iliu t k I

I l I i. h, 1 I I Si te ii -iind 4, 1it t 111 most common type.

i-II I '.onr.-wl.t [!1-I'Olll-I lorm. :pJl('ll1Ca I l,

al11 1. I w i: 1t '1 la" ;i'' aT in t he it c 3-. saml It-, there 'Irk-

d 1.:. lt-ro' I 1 1 1-! 7i tiijrot COI tits. Thi Ii "stinctic!.

-i i s1:T' (,! an 1 -10t.a ' (io e.1 Le,,r t lIK' I' rebab Iv more- usef i I, o t 1(501 $4!-I > j ,r 1i: 1 ' ., h 1> ':L <o..o Lo I h e- t ro-ky are arrriqoI(d .

li-c 'Liw ttt h, n:, a P w, i A, or i ock necat ly soearatc Thle Situ 5IIrt tw'-; co.;: - ,a i-don>, I I l A n . I ltt if-,ractit-.I,' rocks aid L oI other.,

I, k'Id ri k'- h- I re r; t~ -t : on o t !vrd hrrt roji i. Unit loiqested y

li-i~~ -- ,i rL 1i 1 t~ -t-e t lei rnctured1 r~ckn we-re rc:a-

i 1, 1. 1 on, ;eiI oh. 1 m, .W )IS o wl I c 11ced I n. re-IAt I- V, I l11

wvrd-i Ilo. t I * h hf t 1i 1 :enar W Af Iitial hearth~ We :Ivo]vn Vi i TA rX

u:. iok- wli-t at t t 1, 17, w i t : 1 iz _eIs su.; ;o r t e, i I the archool-:),al

I Iilt, M4- 't a': I I ,I -'r va t I-,.,. I. te 1. j sIub A to I '!I ! m iddet. r I uq 11

!'a -I tl t' nt a 1n I I k s Ow vI dr I, '1 dI-irt f 1- 1, ro ut L III. I_ lo , i t i I, t r ato

* t -dii1 . it It c I l:11t .{ii '(. t Iatii )a 1pa r, r;t Iv o IIt ) r1 L(t.vr lime-

t t-l 1 1nid 1 d1ucr- " .(w in I in- It I; ra, tutIl 1)u ut v e r v1 I ttt b ro,_ lI ak.ieeit.

li i P ap(Oii - tc !pan ext rots vxamln low!" !et~~ -au:; of t lit :cize ofI thle tou 1ders I

'i 0 rock, t 't I ibel oine, lit a heart 1.

Ha Ir ,c tat I _hl t hat !hel! ire -acked I ock ctmonra~t ions in the Site 32 block

* y. t lilai <cr; ri-, r'orlol-4icadl y tu 1o Lals c10at ot-he si tes in the vicinity,

.1 , v:loop;rapLate to turn. t, the mdlor point o! M:;erest in this sectioi. -- what were

iiw .i:o-k heart hso se IocteI' 'Iaatli 1

H:li- 22) uitmjiizc!: tlhe evidence on the

t I: (A t Iie-cracked ro-k it'arths and concluodes, that these t eatutesi, l ike the I argE

rT I-e T i r iS 0: Its!o i.dw i di e r 1 I tie req 101 (c .u. , 2re I '408d 9C Hl It8 , a re Pe FCIIdIpurpose

to,' L th- un~e : rn tihe i t -I ak : ill o t 1cMt suc.culenI)t s . Thi1s assessmen~t conti ast" withl that

Of Uthel Trosearchcrs Wv.i; , 4t-tUrstrimr iO(:;t.; Whaien 1977:li 41 who csuqyes t that small

rou-k hearthe- at,, iqenvoai puni-,so tvatiurts in;ei tor the ot00O-ll I1 variety of tlotanl-

1 aI i [Wl t i,oT"i " lesoOu i I' well I: I , heat.

I'' ,-rt 1Iii'.i I I Ili I t o '1, di I ct ,'v I !vnit On I uiict I on. I I , t hie tliii im kol hea rt tI

il lotalih alI i-ma i.: I I- -'caraI aold tli.L. th -i ,ntt I u' hell. debte'td using1

thni-;topic, mvir;huiqi; inl iistl 11,t lria'l dat a. U''anqiil.il hl .3 azicuty, us

usn' a- ItI.i;lIio) v'ii ctl ot kinld:. ni ev~derni'e: (,) !;mall licaillUs resembhle ethno-

11 L" i.:aI I I ul o rt vI (at ~1-io u-OuIlent 1 I I 1110 i It :; 2") Ltere atI- ov 1.0 e n at ll jI Ic: 1cI~ -

t i on, , IT- II rocltea hiI , ise,' -l , ;rner-alIj p0-oi cl- td:I t ieS; (3 ) ,tlarrod leaf suecu-

- .- I h aVe ! eel. t (i in :;1 k 1 1 ! ra a mo Unts' I co)m ve ox a vit ted hIe a rt hs a I t h o ugh thtIe ir at'seon (*

hriul dt not he- seen is noeqat !I v v idence- si n c~: thet- iak 1ing oi the p1lant s would not n0ee-

>at 1~ 1 resul t in ;rv'at quant it icc. of p1lanit (lur is; (4) r ock or cal ache hearth,, ire Ilot

!io utIgA)Iuitousty inl al] kind:, ol sites (t.q., thy are not common at sites in the

Fr aiik I in Mouritali to1,1 at Aiwkwii res ideniIalI sites); ('-l (jenera 1 purpose heart hs whicth do

i.,t itotaini rock iir -l iche are found in Formative per iod residential sites; (0i the dis-fibiit liio ot si t', with rock hearthS tends to covary with the dlistributilon of 1cMt suco-

1 in s'; and (i huart ii: lack Iin i racurcil reeks have a low archeoloqical vii ll ity . ii:

ti I thForough r e'.jew, O' laugh 1iii convIincingl1y A'i i. the short com irgs oib the heart hs-af'

cii i -pulpii-e-i act lit ips Ioci tioli -- an argument MO. cis Mudhiai lar qely oin wortain

_______I I___ p ' : - I> ' A: ;

tl. scarc, ts v t char re-!d hit ITn'u'c:. 1' III hi'" Izt We f t,.r ir Iesalsi. ssoci'it tin tetw(een Y cmt' ht' jt'rth

1 t it - i' Tl ori I ;

;e't in(; mtu It it I -u, to ' (W ler 1,'' V 7 >t4 cwd Ii. t r.' 1'-' ' !fI' tr 11uWes t hrough tam re (14lit) " '1': ti.! 1: , W Vn'. T ,. o 1 'I 1 . L -.

cuISs_ i on also clearly dtma~~r'othat t 1 1 1l. A i nil v ,I: It

-enit a_- conclusive azitumen't thaiet te 'K I C, '' I, 1,'~ i.'ni

'Pt- inves t igat ion. 't Site 322 dtc all" 1t' 1. ti- r a o> ; i

zI c t ian Farunal and macrabetanicr<IK t erra )r:c, art o I' 'rtt- '' m~

t r~ou-jt. to tbe usef ulI, anid th le lnabchry tI %ce <i:~mc-a-s~h>

-ideas that ltie of ii~qui ry terruorit; at 1'' 1- '- t T

lurtesis UOntoV a littleI'M Irc~ P !!iet fi LI

Even It rock het"rths cenl't: Ite T tie' 1, '' h '' t

,11td t h I S I i nt thle c'ase I rn'e t he Irac t i( ' i

t urhe; !:eartb la;I Ck ItI.; Iot n k,- W(-tI I I d I ' rt 'i't

ttrt hs (ec';tii toI F( it tir 'cI-, ii ir! .

I'irposo tac, litie, tI .. I- iti ' h '2 rte 'I

x* m ,-itt" 's . to. sho-r , tb !Ii '% * '!t ". 11- I'' '' " i ti I ites' i: .

data cot: I d be 'isell it l iti ro .(,"c 1j I on0

I% , w "' 'I .- ''7 t'''' ,:ct or -,cce tc. 1ithat the Site 32'I- se ls ,f * , n( , ave !' ' I 'to 1 I .k),1irda C, :c*-etu i C_

-rTesent a t the' s ite4. T hus, it '-'c'' t !-t the, vi'. a:' ot:' f~oromr tie h '

data Is t troriq> 1 biase-d ag ii I ' ri-tr' o'r 1! 0

t'e(,I 'lre'I Si> 'to1ct cot t" .a

l a rg inrler orf roesk!' - Ic a' ' 1 t e(' 'h' I. Ie'7'itt, it q-'pta; isetk

i-ut here that the A te 3 , xl'tirttreeTC. ith I - I Ot 1 0e,(1 ''ii

watt! e-impressed daub,, a calciunt ott' 'amnrt' orti'-i -c-' I In,1:' wh It a;;or

b~e j sall piece at horned ide".' I -Ii tet i Aii blhin elit e rescrici (-I sM fl't ul a"3 t

the s it e. This rtrmea'ier e Iide "e Ut';r' <t - 'I11 t I',I , 1 i-. Abe) t It. , t. 1~it,s tram y be r :.'I, t-

Lh rl('noail- sod 'i t lur 1 I taru.

M, It l It t ' co ,l'l t': tll , !I Ii: I t '' h > I' 't I t'- tt,:tte't t!1O0; i i I. i-

The vert i It] 'lst ri.-it tn o1 t' att II II UIt 11 o ' tit 1'- (11-i Iit i: 'tI tie'' Icr-

;oralI ly sequent iaI ocnr~a t 'oa crrtht rt t t.I- iII,. Te var1 j';ented b~y the lower 7orit' at fiel :11k'! rI i : I- atior' n Ii lo ! ;'r ha -' Yeatta- I ' i , ti,

second is represented by ft 0 ''c mii'',e I! !'' IT t'-rt.Mk4'i o'kr t- atr . 't

Features and 32 the irtf-t e.. IAs-t v tie lo to'sIt

-racked reek:- itn ta'rl u' I , 1 in',!

6I.

p-1

7. W1nit I iw1 a' w I> '.,:t H : ' 2

-~~' t 22' t21 l h

."I 1 1 2222)2.

II 2.2( 1 2....-.

r.ite .,1 ' 1' .% ii 1 it Tit"" I I

i Ited rai e .t te t t I 7'. .. en " ' 'I' Vt

!t nt rat, eve t:"': 1 1r 1 7 1 Wit a-1 'M lle '

L h sit 3.1 o "ti' *t it ad'" an 'r t Ilti ut i n.e lIar IV r ve heart.

-;'at tIer,, bu it tun iq etr Iyt t t lt '11 ! it t tl't'' helt -,j a'. In Ie 1!cs i

i tleuitrar 2e ur te l .ii , , Lii, '' dok,- nt ''Tc 1 1 ise-sv

2t .c c11 l, t(. In

impa1- F rt ti t in -2 .1 1: i r I , 0 I -''r IdkI 1

, ;- 101, 1 dr': 2.'I 2 (Lt

122n : rated tve l, i tm .' :. 1' 1: r2? Ot 0" ac:ur V~ c'r I2''. t Id tc dOt it

"'t( Srinte z':r a tu'' doI! :'flte alet ' any 'rW'j t ~c t u1 f5 1 *> l t. 1 t r or v 32 a or;hea 1t in

'hr i t : bu :' Iit I '!u .s wti h( 5 0 f h tii: I' t tt .n'er and, Hi 1i. Wtit 1,' td

f ;:ii1a 2 ati p I tu..:t I. lit 13 r ..u li a tCI1 . \ t 'i rotta at a

F'' (Vi c'''a ':ll. I hear (1 tu uatth :w.itr~ Vt:. tI. f. .1 hal tVtIi. I I -"' cia c2: r

ant H: lat CArch:',,o i ld i i, w lm ,t 1 i('

t ( . 11': t' ' t'I P -''4T4''

Iep i ll " it1 11 0 " t l, 1 'l 3

Ct'APTEF VII

LHi PHl 'STN1 AITIF'AtlIt.

Th ~' thdi, -hjptcr is: to ff' ,,s dir ocec Cot f <5

cdto adesseveral questlui, cOlivSLrnit t; t!;e manlufac(ture arld or I J ZAui. I .N

ITh chapter conta ins th1ree ma jur sectioris: dcC , i pt lot. it! "ie 1cllo t :n., 'o

tect!;riv and tool ~fl isntier. A 'is.ussion o f tt ':iii 1! t1v i ro i,' . -3r';, I es, recovere I r i 1c tiLe S It e 32 il.5C'5.t iqpai~t I roct-C- tliOsecet IoSl.

Discussion Of tie( Artifadct Sample11s

In Chapter V, the ratiial Ic tot t hit maniner in which ti t jo r, Invs a o.

carried out i:; presenlted. Five distiuct, art Tao!- (-oie ti on laviE re: c-,:ar~tifacts collected iron the surface; art!' !its Ire>, c" mat '(-l x:,,t1 .

(13) artifacts trom, b1..* rsuvs :: i ( " pr irta I * m-' -n 1 :

tures; and (1) Lrtit.,o' s- tr, r ihd , ' t t,1, ,. o h i t ( I I , -,

sample or the total :opulat jotif 0 cr I f, 1 IllI rc.'A 11t , dI - :-a

Each sample is ! i,:scrf in ci Ai t terenTt 7,11!. 1 (.ci (1 fierce( .t Se' c

riesses for use ii. the drt ift rtlE

hurt ate Collect-tOt;

As st a ted in Ch aptLe r V , t.he p,)r ima ry purp-1,ose o f t Ie s;ur f ace ol Iec t ion vati, if, 1

ar1eas o t re lat VP lV lt ers. yI e Cc*u piat ion, to0 qu ide1 t he Ip1 ocerentri ot C, oc E exca Vi Ir

The ar t .facts rec:overied from the col lectiaon are uset Ul Ct rv "itiq 1) roadl pa tio. , ; rt.

inq of cultural materials at the site Cout cannot he coiisidere d teptitettat 4ij(, , c ,1,ir

Ond rela tive, abundance of arti faci ,in the site as c, whole. It i s li kel tat : it U

mc,al occrupations, occurs on the s-urface. However, mat erial from the more to>. i

I et moa t likely is ovr-ersneespeciaIlly ir: tcr etittal port icca. ct t ti-.

wheIre the thick s;and mantle covers earl ir matecrisls. As disc:de r Vt'-

.. uI Ifai* dial rihiut ior, i t i re-crac ked rocks; >.~ et s t hit ti is or CotI , t lc :-

icI ly in tlxe serthcrsi i;ctiorus of the sit(, h~'II-ultel it- xouu ie

y ',I e"mict I 105 "Im e1) craso! ions

T rc~ i(,!rt; , o t heir i!f as, a jule t o h a a ce'mert it C loc'k exavDin tit' t!.'

o S t " mat I, Sample oh t, were. iuteniteC i, riot hod ofI roiali 1 .t ir amyl in.. e-t tic t otal,po'Iiiiat ( TIti of at i t ': at I i iti . A y:slemritic sampl I rit Ier thIia n z imple I r an>',

:,MA We wi emplj'oyed( iT o)rdi! I to ns;ur i A mot'. (VoltP 1jot itii virore 1urns t Iw e sIte.

.;-tefmatir ;ar;i1es ba%,. !roon qhr-wrs ti li VI1, ) i. Orat. - i t ito TT,, of I,, I sIt ;riup aot

v alIue:, whe(,n spa t ial I i t te rsrrs; of a tr t iho t , doer- nit ,ont' i m toI tIie, pa t t e rii i i ! sam: C

uniits; (Pedmar, 1 pr(. 0 There i to t-a.i t-, Cclii,'i dr1 dII satet 5-

itof 3..

t ' , OP I al ' 'r. 1

ftI

t 1 t( r -1 I1

-'ri 1 t t tf 11 O'. a 1-

t'1

Qe.era" c- '' a '''-

t c.( T- X' I - r,lfcti '. ' whole, Isr: 'i~ c ' T. up' 1 ' ' a rrl Iwe.

i Io> 1. , I : t ' " Ic c- recover' al at jato result-,7( 1~ T A ut ii, order t' oautziin cont extual

* a, .'.:x' rv it..o ef no Iiratorc;I of ~rIttcr

rE1 .r: 1, tw e-on. artitocts' ' I har' '~ 'rk' ' aIa

1.tc "ot ',e flre'zrotlup''r inthat I c Ju,

'''IF'"'- 11- . 1' Ta i 1j' 1r0wceii am- I odl"I u-i t

::cc 0? al'tlru 1' ''Xi it'., d.'LOCiatiCI* with

I - ont iioj i I Ii os ir which ,,rov ide the

1-. -~' rotI,;rTo, would til be 11

&, fc or the( ir~ta'.-.' 1 loc:k ew'ava1tica..f h I 'j T ion ' rtifact's whlich is "is

' 1 '71- a at vI a ovear or thie si te How-.0; ill t ' I., 1 bacrth I kicrceo indcicated t ha t

17- - i,!lw 11,>4 mill o riarthe' t1,( dilatarce fromr Thc cenrtral, dot-;* I 1. '1- t' . arr-rav I' .r miI''n~naterra11c lonq exposed on the

* ~ h' I'a'd.a low .0 1r -.c i 'Ic' c-lt *r by not iral aqeeTt r; or-r;l'11t hins'- a'I''! * A f , ' t ; t !I( J( 14 ;-e InittIr rT'-iO thOI sato Ire- c'on-

>2 : i et r, f -rr ' ' w i' I t..'' P104 lITO '1, t ilVelT )I ri Mlat,'r 1,11

a" -I' 11 r'' irIl It rr, V-I Ir-' Ir ' -' , 1 Iok'a av at tars laced ii,

-_________~~~~~ AI 11 1- %11A~X : "M iL Pt !:!, ::1t~

!t hl cent tal an~d per lpther,i Iareas oti lh .it .IifI-v :r( -rt -r lir ti iv

11 I' !)read spat tal pitei: a t-t iv%,iIv a t tite I te W . 1 vt 'I or 1' ln !. ! -I o-

, I -oI. text at theit d at a I p t hu tlet :1- Iiv I- iti.. I.- IeI-

taIt 1.s a1b t S It chCITrtnala qy 111d itt L I I i.

Tt~p tlaek excavat iort samples taor lr.I t I ii., ir( t !: Of~st- 1 i' V

whit -an be reasonalv 1y arated ty (-ul t 1 t.tl I ;i-i~ ,'-(tl~ IU XL.i. ii

t I wo I !tilont, have ! an os sl- 1 it~ >i :.t :a-.ta I--!, y erS (..

ist f i n. : i u tt! p't r1 t~ o l i s- ( I t s ; I -a wi t

t - .I f. t a ' t I .T t i , r i n c r , - a t

a t i I it t &i~ el ,ar e larlv - I (-IVl~ t- If(. a nt s trr -,i tic .- ita r

i-, ij~j jc ot limi e- iit. fire qExit. l t :I. ~ andt I test 1U t iIp o

ided ;Tel irriniy intarrtat ion -onrernlnq I tca Sid: I( a~ rt Jtie-I ri-et-,ft at t he ale I at

wel as i- limt ted datai con-erria.: dfna it To' a tE, !Is-t I 11t. 1%11r.:- T!,il Ir ti o rma ti o!; wa a c --edl t

1 allt tiea Phas,(I Ii li:ver1 tL;Itloll';. A rti t 11,t. trill th 10- tI I d .' t 11 rf t ranchesIC at- I

tended 1, r irtmar 11 y taor t nt erprat at iar atlo t tic, i vurtair I~T ti I ew aexce-pt i era!2, however I h(I

art i fact s are ftow i Ia ruttler and itet derlottral as-oc iattd w i I s atu,;(o t he t pa t u inr:

These two s aimros are mt -anhinvd aIlde I t tlie headis I:"Mi Sa -I eo inO " - t hie 1,rove!! i k. C

t at- or lSamplias it the At titact Anl '!IeS

Specimens rec overed tram all a t thte samples are' cOnSitlredl in the ilescr pt ion ard

class1ificat ion of tire, cal eatioat The inalys ii at raw matvrial ' I ny-c1 es only t ai tems

rul ovaret fromti the ;ys-totitati- saI I,4 a litts . All I-( -ere ti l-)en arts 1 iced lt , ao

-t r it-t t a a n ot t is jieterl re f(d]ct tat o iodi - I aid f, tar dlalt it I Ia( tar n !t tie t iutct itt 1 i t ItI -

ritevs of t he tealI, t fas tile ;YSttlII Iamfl ('0I Ia (t fi lt, ta vI l cuit Iv lai -( t o

set ai vt t ends, i ift huc dtat a. I t t: tel t thai~t t lie I irti t at jr-it tar art i taoct 1tit erpiret at i ()

ivolvedt Ill the use it a aot al lv y n, d tl-y tar iru oatweirtted 1,y the eernttxtutil

0itt Icii tilT :,at 11t itd tI hr Al(t th Is '; t O t I - a I itSk

De"rj~itlot.s A ita (at Cea tlalt

All of the sp~ecinercs ret overe d dit Ing the Site A.' invest i oat ionlt are class ifi ed and

tesa-rilied ilt thi seft ion. The primary emphasito of t Ie <-I ass I t lat tan is oil redutctiont

tac-hniolo'qy ; . specinens , are grortpod( ty shared at t r ihutas Lypot heat adz, t o rel Iate t

*11itit utrat ,ly , t he extent at Exuavatlil I;i n Ult t 3 , antd t tins t he usat u lesb aft til

a rt itf11-t 555I110, i ;Ia fl it er

1 2 -

_'N (I GATb I a) A TI- T

IV it le t ~ I. mx) ir ridt ure a rid degree. Five major qr cups arc? rec(ogiz E-dtldif~di kea, :hii-a at-, anquiar f raqments; I) C-Lgie-Modi ,f I1(1 flakes, chijps artf anus !-

i i '-:~lt-, 3:Urmodit(( core-,; A4) edge-modif lcd corer; and (5) shape-td uittaces1( '_ .n, Tdu o! thr: headings the basis, tor ass,,inent (If SpecimenIs Ito that

, i r ,r(u, r-, u ( i(, I 4 thiri thli jirnup) i., qivvn. Also, for each qru d tal IlLi !' w I I t st 1 7ibe r o f spei- 1iniet i f ) . recove red !;amp Ie : t r1bu t i r.s

en) aa 1, it '-j.fy!e Su'rfacei eioto nd for eauI. il-cm l Ie in Urnits,

ni]o! d iliki: , lips ai. TAnqulai Yr~lcmerrs

15 l~it>3',, 4l set!4.'

7;rec S

i col:,A I 'i all pi t ,1-'4cf1thc u at erit', wh icti w(-tf r enoved y I-ercuio. ()I-ork i i n u 1, large O, ,i nu flu s anid wh ich have o Ar 1k iric 1, 1 4

uz arur pos It 1 vticus c. F Iakes_ arc d ivided iilte three reduction 13o rO asedI orl t fe

.5-ut. i t' I or ;r(.ve(rt:

I'r Imai I "k5, spe1CS. P! imar% tlakes havc _cortex covering the e~t ire dorsal sir tacc

!c1t t r kurqpator. These flIakes represen)t inl i tic4 I ch ippirg , t uirrnodi t ied rcdu l;

imary tlakes cor~ist itute a reldat ively small rorceiltae.........t t ic t otal numher of

c condary (1431. s pecs.) : ThePse are flakes with ,(crtex whict, to roGt quality as I;nx-

Ike;i.e., the cortex does not cover tb enitire dorsal irfaco aid strikiec, p-Ict-i r. ;econdary flakecs represent chippinq of partially decort i -aleC:- coret. Thc f lakce>-

it, >_ulci vided or, th- basis ot presence or absence of cortex or. the,( s;t nit.; platftorm.

Iioicih ,ercentage of secondary flake.s (64.5 pe(rcent) poalre c) the frequert us-e

relat I ve, smallI, heavl ly weathered gravel_,;.

irterior 1.2A4 pc.I Interior flakes lack cortex anid represenit chipping ci more:ompp,-tely deceorticated cutor,. Becaus;e some raw material types (e.g., sowte sandstones and

I m ai -reI.)utften du riot weather su ft icIlllt ly t' t!err- d'istinlctv( Iye cote-X, !,ome f 1akes'* tel t IfI id l.; Iiterior may have resulted f rom ear 1 ic :;tdages (It rteduct 101.

(P '1.l5(' apes.

Ch i ps represencrt t he dlit alI por t I a~rc! broken-jt lake'.,r or tIi akes w I th s;t riking P lat-

tiIswh iih have heen ci ishfd completely. hisWert recogtnized i:. the, coll-c-tion either

fy: (1) an identi fiatlle iruib of percussion but. no striking platiorm or a c-rushed arearepjre sent ig the former platform, or W2 percussioin rings oi i' toward a lateral t rac-tIre, with a bulb, of percussion and platform area absent . Chips are, !Abdivided on the

i1)1o pi-Pcen>(s(ecoridary I or eb!serice (interi or) o f cortex. Interior thi pa constitute

* .- 'ntof the totatl. TIhe s"cllldary/ tntoci I r ratito di t rrs fua n a yIrem that of1I I I' fi. no factor alcuunttn; for thislc I r00 may 1( c ibat Ifist-al pertlollfs (tf

, ik'ortesx platform f lakes, would tic-, classif ledr as interior chp.Another cent r llutitig

t 4or may tio t hat the p~r,,ilce of 1:01ttex inakv e- lat forrvs les lkely to fir ( ruh,it-0 i,!

ccca iatfr -er,-naeo interior drif,tta 1 e f,jls to retain piat folrms'.

-r~ ~ ~ I,-otaclo

-.-.-

U .~, r

4,: -.

21 C' 2.. .4 .4. 1

.1-

C 7.-. 7 --7

L . . . '4*

I(:74 -7 .

4. .4 4 - . . . .

2

1 -7 '~

.4 -~ - -- -- 4a .- 4* - ,. 44'

'-II I*.**a.... 2 A. ~4.,

2... .4 a .4 .4)

IV >. , .

.>~. I.4) C..

.4;

C,4. 7.- U I

IVK; La a

-~ ~) ~ K; 2

-4 -.., a 44 ~.

I 444I ~4 ',I , , 4

I 2~'I

Fi gure 39

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTSURFACLE f,&L.LCTIONS

,ST ,' ON OF -uNM iF~l P,,;

1~*~ -

Figure 40

L) L

w4

< t .. ,

) . .

-- -lr - _- ----

z L

CD

LLL.

F-

0

<-s......... I ,- - - - - -

zi

LL0z0

C)

INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 3,;

AN,ULAR FRAGMENTS (4878 specs.)

Angular fragments are pieces of chipped stou.,, wh ich i wre move; t r - it, .,1,ck idert i fia le bulbs of percussion;, st r ikio~ i lat t (rr.

ti , ;,erc'us ! I:: , , : 1;

i lattorm remnants. Angular tlagments generally have rore tha!. two, surtcas i n c ,, en ,'i

leathered margins. Dorsal and ventral surfaces are idei titial le, however, ,T..

negative bulbs of percussion are not present or, all surf a:.s. Althouqh ;t . h,the vast majority of angular fragments collected from the -it, resulte-d ,i "activity, naturally fractured gravels are abundant in the !t 32 de;,Iosit aU i! .' :''

be distinquished from fracmerits result ing t rom cha ipping -ot iv it ,-;. Tb .:.

tains particulary to coarser grained matei ials such a, mu,-. ,I tht. I lme.;toi !..,Over 52 percent of the angular fragments contain corte'.

Edge-moditied Flakes, (hips and Angular Fragnri,t(419 specs.; Table 11; Figs. 4), 43 and 44)

This category consists of flakes, chips and anqulai tragment: which ha,t , -

scopicallv visible series of small flake scars alonc one or more margins. These ,ecordar"

scars were produced either directly from use is a tool, or from margiial rtou l..touched specimens are distinguished by a series of scar, of generally equal size . r.ced ir

a relatively unitorm manner along the margin. Specimens which have been oce-ro'ti. eo only

have scars of various sizes which are spaced irregularly along the modified edge. I've-

all, scars resulting from retouch tend to be larger than those resulting trom utllizition.

It is not likely that the relatively small percentagE (2.4 percent) nt flakes, ,_hi;sarid angular fragments identified as edge modified were the only specimens actually used astools. The apparent expedient nature of manufacture of most items suggests that tools may

have been discarded following relatively little use, in many case;. perhaps before use-wcarhad a chance to develop. Experiments by E-ter et al. (is. will, abolite tcol indicate

that edge moditicotion may be difficult to detect ev!.n ,l Ilow.i; aelaive]. "ite;,siv(

ut ilizatio.

TABLE 11

PPOVENI ENCE 'at HF-MOD 1l EI f LAKE;, ('1t:. AN AN;.i:!Ai, lP " ',Ty.

Not I-!,ourched Iit w(!cie

u; face Collection 12 ("3) 85 (4(. '

.,yi;temnitic Sample Excavation I, (11.3) 11 (4,

ta. i I te t, 4) 41 (44.,

Ihit , 48 (f .e .1 1, ('4.

h it

2! ( 0 . ) r, 4 ,.

Ma ,'' I I neous* 3 1,4.,) /4. ,

Tot . l 240 (5 .4) 17 (4,.

* Phase I q s an! s:ort ace f eature excavat ions not par I . at. i ,I.

Figure 41

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTUNIT 2

DISTRIBUTION OF UNMODIFIED FLAKES, CHIPS 8k ANGULAR FRAGMENTS

U 0

i . e Le, els 6-8

L

m .. ..

II ... ,-

fI

Fur e 42

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT

SL-1W ACI (: ! I CT ION'

DiSTRIBUl ON 01 1~i D', W ' FLf) ,

U]

11.3

L1

*"

IIU

if "

]U

[]a

] ....

~I1

Figure 43

r- - - - - - - -

HJ

(.).'. .. . . . . . . ..z/

LL

t

_ Ff

L) <

Zw

o . - ,: . .. -.o

w -

.. ... I ,L lI II I. . .

0z

DL]

0 D

IN\'FSTI;ATIONS AT SITE 32

Unmodified Cotes(Table 12; Figs. 45, 46 and 47)

Core are the nuclei from which flakes, chips and any.lar i ont. ,.:

tI.ched. Generally, cores lack identitiable ventral surfaces with o.'.: tv:.] 1 -

c'ussion, but may have these if retouch flake scars are present on the v :t

Ite not confined to the margins. For exampli, large thick flak(,:l ard A4

cU classified as cores it large flakes weie reraved from the-i i 'i facr. . .

detachrent from the original cobble or pebble. However, thick ce. fraqme:, I --

tire bulbs ot percussion are classitied a!: flake.s whei. the ventral surface $ e

altered.

Three types of cores are recognized: sinqll( plat for., co es, ml: 1. -2 r: -I

an biracial cores.

SINGLE PLATFORM CORES (t( specs.; Filg. 5Id)

All t lake scars on these cores originate from a ingle surf ace. Al t Louci. .o it -

terned reshaping of the entire specimen outline is discernible, th, chippe, oaroins at tn

are excurvate. Cross sections are thick and often have flat surfaces 0tefl, 'ig the tre-

quent use of tabular or blocky nodules. Angles formed by the pliattorm and chit:ped sur-

faces generally exceed 60'.

MULTIFI.E PLATFORM CORFS (1017 specs.; Fig. 511)

Or: these cores, flakes were removed using several surfaces i:; I latfurms. tc pat-

terned reshaping of the specimen outline or cross section i: discer: ible. Nodal u t a

variety of forms and sizes appear to have been usd to produce these ,ores.

bIFACIAL CORES (30 specs.; Fig. 51c)

On hiticial coreS, flakes have been removed ftem twe opn no ! , 1! in,: I ]' rm.

zesultinq in a single continuous bifacially chipped edge. 0", many , 1lin the c I'd( 1

edge extends around most or the core perimeter producin, a riughly av] cut i!- liih

biconvex cross sections.

Each of these groups of cores is subdivided eu the basi , of degree (i 1educti: K..

Theset cores have lass thar five flake scar. In general the raw nro!CT a,11 d,- : u(

rxhibif lood conchoidal fracture and the chipping i ! irregular. ' s : 1;,u '-I r !;1 f if

re'ielt test eld and rejected nodule, from which sobla tlake, id t , 1 '. .

TShose or's have multiple flake scars, but la than ')'' percent of t . , '-la1,c

n remov.da. TI. ippr oximatO size and ;hape o th,, or qinal nodf, : .n to .

1,

• .p

Figure 44


DISTRIBUTION OF EDGE -MODIFIED FLAKES, CHIPS & ANGULAR FRAGMEN7S

i7- 7 $#E

* ,- m .

+ .. . . . -\ ":... . fl'

I

Ell L_

4B 4 8? fC E

84 8 e'- a teA . , ,: , ,e e r

'.0 ...

A

- ,, '43

0 -

4 'a.

I,

C -- £ r- 2

-fl -r C> ,,>~

27 .7

a

I 'S -.

C .4) C~. A U

C ad'? '- tE -- -- --- --C.

* .- 2.* EU "- .'IC~-. CI'5 -r 2 .2 >~1Ir7'. a >4 - -1"'.2

I j&sj7, -

' it .t

>7 02 . 20 2 2I ,tQCQ. ~ -. 3..

flU 4. 4. 4. 2 ~ C U - ,- . - - -

- 4 4 2

344

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTSURFACE COLLEC IONS

=%V

• .

(.-,0

m

q.~re 4b

E

- -~ -

-~)0 <-- '0

-- -~ -

MI_- ~- ~ffi7~

I-U

LU

o - - --- ' -;~

- -n - --~-1~

-A-so-~ ---

-~

- ------------ ~-

LU - L~d7. _ I.

I- ~-- -,------ '0

(I) ~ -.

L fl~LU -

- z- -- E -

-, S C-u-i-___ U -~

as '-'a

EM]* U. a

U .- ,

'0

- S '1

__________ - - - -.- -

Figure 47


DISTRIBUTION OF UNMODIFIED CORES

lic

.. ..e . .

II

-

R

6. A . ......

.... \:.. . .-

-' I.................... ..-... .,

N'V)4B" C, NF PECiMENS0 2 4

A < V P a IA N I A

I'eA.C,. !! . /(

2-A7,IAT- ATAtmTl

sr>have mnriltriplt' t- ,-can> , it-' r 111 .(rc--ri A t'

-fit cr t Ie remain>. ir tact-ar a.i c Re -it ' cc': , cur-

1ei rith 'i scenrii'li-.

s'' ace) r o r tic cort 'N ri-9a I r-. '1 ha' >cI nt'S al' i r I': -'

'''r d 'cl usal it- :ihc I s T11, c f!o 1 C- '1( ros di. t -s *' I cIt.

hdge-mcd( i d ik re>-

I>1 "H Tab 1- ial. 2; Y:. s45 4'

1d~ -'modi a:>' c-ore-, are d is' irni shed from lirmcd:, 1 1ed conr h,,;

C.1r es Or macrosC-opical 1,.,v:i irble smallI flake scars aolor !.( c'on "ati

are con.: ined to the manor:>; arid ar, inferred! to, 1e the rca t either (A uf:0c t i-(,'

on secondar% rc touch. Tic' 1Mt cirin are f urther ''Ian!;: t ie.: .: sicole phiJ i: -

platform, hifacial , hatter-l, or edgle-modified nodlules. The aim;le 1lattncir , nut

plIatformn, and~ h)ifacial core., have characteritics : lar to tlue, dosr ile4- B

mod I ri ed sp~ec- icoens'', us f lit'-o idarv scairlrlnc. hat tered c~ues one mui; 1'4 t r n

crS w ith edg d' u amo'e Ii is fI(tor-m ofI ex t e rs J vwe t e:, ! nac tu r 11r.0( and I ':ishi 7-, ator -

iri of ten, has resultel ic-' r Ic 'a Igcd, more- n-ounded cuIt I :nS arid" Crc s n:.cowi Aerct on otfh i cones. I,-i -mod ifled niod:: in: oneo 1arM- f til' Icc: &1 er >ma

h'ave edge s Canr I AII,; ! ,i K:'. coo -'.' CO re rIo a-11 Ic(T,. TW'ucqIrrcup'"s w t':. te e''e ri!:.

rI -0-c11e. are-r in -- m'ized. TI'' irr c ;ri:: s s~t:'trlr.t i',s-lv sMall I w

atur I l : lii 'Eg a r.cl. Thc-rc:,cnd Cro; ' 'n pqu ' I ai -O I cs-hI-

vcar lets of edoiC ;crl(e" c.11 fates.:

Shaj,-I rlii taces anid hi f a,:(

('laP I( 4 ; Pus. 4 , 4o- r

Th is ca tego ry cons is:ts o uf exiferive I y re touc tica '11a ke'i 'A1 ccc : w- iai!:'. !VoitS" , Mod itIi ed i n to dis t iricti w e shaperc; . The decree Ac redn;st 'c~ acrri c ot or 7,,,), - v

reli-;.recludles separation intoc direct core-reduced tic' owJoe:.1 p-e ' A T'

d!', frrraqmrtn . Specimsec ore outitvidedo 1ritci-r''nic n -. -

'roo-ir I1 ,r!roups. Further clas-i float iori .!, !v st(,ie it"' it e clai-' t i

'fIAi i-:t IITiFACE? C .;ec

Mt eej (IMijiri± Petousch 14 specs. Fit t-c

T!'ne i omp Ie t - and, oine r r agjc-n t e dtn Ioi li 'e claroccivvy ecoc, !,i 'In wc -

I Iif f thi I;p; ritw i rcit ,'Wic" Two 'itn cml,lI- 'pec imen'- koci- tricI I Ii-o Ic

14,;

I~ ILI~

tt

CCc

0 I & C

U~> .1.

Figure 48

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTSURFACE COLLECTIONS

DISTRIBUTION OF EDGE-MODIFIED CORES 8 SHAPED BIFACES 8, UNtFACES

O .. . .. N

. . .

0

F ig u re 49

. . . . .~ ...... . .

C,)L

CO)

LU

co

0~

w co- - ,0I s a0

w , ~

cr w-~ .

INESI" 'ATIONS AT FITE 3.

TABLE 14

OPROVENIENCE OF SHAPEPI UNIFACES AG1P IFACIKO

Systt.matic Block Ex,'avation UnitsSurface Sample

Collection Excavations Unit I Unit 2 Unit 3 Ms.'

Unitacia] Tools

TOTAl 2 0 3 1

P.facial Tools

Project ile Points

Group 1 1 1 1 A0Oroup 2 1 0 2 1 1Group 3 . 0 3 C

Group 4 0 0 1 LMiscellaneous 1 0 1

Misc. Bifaces 2 0 1 2 C U

hitace Fragments

Group 1 1 0 4 C C 2 7t;roup 2 5 0 1 t (Miscellaneous 1 0 1 1 0 0 3

TOTAL BIFACES 12 1 15 7 4 40

TOTAL UNIFACESAND BIFACES 14 1 18 4t

*Phase I squares arnd surfacf Iature excavations not part of Uiit 1 or .

outline of the third is roughly ovoid. The latter specimen (Fig. 5,i:) i: truncated Cv a

transverse fracture, and it is possible that a pointed distal end originally was presen.The fragment (not illustrated) consists orn'y ef a small portion of an excurvate margin,

but lacks cortex and appears to represent a shaped tool rather than an edq,-rodified ,ore.

All of these specimens appear to have been reduced from thick flakes or anqulai 1raq-ments, but this cannot be determined with any certainty. Percussion probal ly was theprimary chipping technique employed as evidenced by tlake scars with well-delined neoativebulbs of percussion and expanding lateral margins. One complete specimen (Fiq. 53a' andthe fragment have small secondary retouch scars along the margins that may have beelformed by pressure flaking. The other specimens lack secondary marqinal rettuch I't havstep scarring that probally represents use-wear.

146

Figure 50


DISTRIBUTION OF EDGE-MODIFIED CORES 8, SHAPED BIFACES a UNIFACES

leroco loc.) r i_2ocm) (20;-io"m)

12 Ipe.,moens 12 ' e ~ en p" m

20

' *95 *100 .9 .100 . 95

fecer 4 Level 5 t.eveh, 68!,0. 40 c4) (40 -50 cm~) (.10 so cm)

6 sp#Cqmn, 0 'p-c -n . pnm s

. . .

NUMBER OF SPECIMENS

r-i o [It 1

mTE 9l , alo, no .. o.ve

PS A1/'8@/SP 9 F UA

.4 ..


Figure 51. Selected Cores with Cross Sections.

a. Single platform core, edge modJfIed (Group 2). Pink and dark redrhyolite porphyry; dull luster- fair conchoidal fracture (Unit 2,N117/WIO0, Level 1).

b. Multiple platform core, unmodified (Group 3). Black basalt 1,orphyry

with pink phenocrysts; dull luster; fair conchoidal fracture (surface

collection, N124/W96).

c. Bifacial core, unmodified (Group 3). Reddish tan and gray sandstone;

dull luster; good conchoidal fracture (surface collection, N84/WI68).

All artifacts are drawn to actual size.

148

Figure 5!

-4

a

-91

b

C

,0

iiN10C/V*;,tA

1 1 1 :N I/W , 1i hl ' d:,1'II.-'

1 1 to dark L;1,. 1nt 1 t1 : 1; t;11 1 11 ;: 1 .' u!~'> r~t

A I t i i11 lr/W i, li i I4). "1 ( j 1 11

tin c tao ol lectiui, ., ' 14/Wll-)

1. Id jh t (jray chert w i t tli Ik(. Lo t i t lt: .I; Iq; 0.

traotticQ (Unit 2 ,j', j/WI'+ io'~l A)j

F roloct i le P1oint s , roup 1

Banded re(IhIish tIrowil Il ry f iloe-dpi ~ned qua!o t t; (101 1 I auter;

good i-onchoidai tracture (ity!;tornatic 3Siij Ii t- ilt Nl.; jWlt, L~ v 1

5).

Wh ite to .:Ii i;ht Iv 1) jnk iL, It waxy I (' I >'tlW~ col 11da I'I hi-

t ure (Uni t N85 /Wil I, 1* , t 3)

.cvil- 4).

FIgure 52

a b

d

4tp.7

f

tii t;the;.m

c . r t K i i e

A t imcl ;w it h po ntedt L, t It 'rtt t I - I a Ild i'P . erp 'Irs 1it 1i II

I '.: ..x.r.n t. .. (iulto a ,' '

i -c 1 1 Lh ir .l !~i 1 ,i i c rl ,m':'ntt'1 tV i ( 1d1.iU

int t m e' r so rF' pointed it hu:n .ta it:l e tIxm id ' ei I I s Sat tn ' ltret w ie u>..

i:t orf ~ Ii o t u roint-s.!-( or distan st o~i> .14ilpal' :mia pc s:

I t ,a Ic moosc la I~e Iti- I e : : lae wi.) .1 jOT. 1> 1tVO ,>11 . 1 tUt

' I. jrd titlt t. aiid 1t1(i~l. in Irs: se tin kate ate I IatIl d: I

.1i t 'oles o ,enattni i:;tx.a telt ssi2tl ~e 11

mat wa'IrI.1 -a: .1 fr tted ti twit Iq ': ' . !tt ,ott ki.' -1 . urir i an,'! lute

I9I-' ' .. '.tt er-s;. :e ly wst ? . hlie' '> t1 1 o 1 ' c! 1t> ~ s -

St o f*1 i 1 v Ii'' pil It' o x Et<s1Iii v,''I 'v T f ,I Nor W krn::i: 1it 1 : 'F .

hes 1oir tI r(. mot tkhu,,i ic I , ils I c tI t 1 t 1 tm it. clwi:

.c:d toilthern. Mxc (%hrs anid Jelk: , . I "

4

tt r, 4 t toudes na ei Ittit (i. I!o "s I~ tn . nov (,!

tm tul'i 1, c1 . eTn o 1 't',.,. .n iitt oh r h: ':

as oi W t! t1n; iitt t_,1. L nt-PA i,412'( l 1,§. iit -

nie t' or tw ser~ e h - 1 7" , o'y 1S fit, thr Ci-l- ri I< lo:s rt r,

IT: OicC din. r.o' IiIt ,t t i t ,uB 1 ' t1 t ! t t I n i 1

t~ Ii t' ur 1i htt1 t '. 11. 1Ul (1 tII' l

they~a I!, .Icr( 't't It 1 -iS.' ~. --1-ie :t' 'r r: i rt ,t t i ii utu , irt '<F hw

t f: ir t Iu lit, tl 1t 1' mort' I (-ii, :IV t c' 1rq so~ o i f Vo

H~ ~~~~~~ i iO t . ~ "I i1 i r i iip-rt' ' a Iv to 1io 1,

:20 lt tt: t n cci. it 'h, 11 ~ 1 'co I:] [, a proximalt to ty:

!' t< ! tl- itt:mnoa

w I I e'itci 'It Ii wh I '

iI 11 lip 1E'It ici ai

117 t 1v I 1t

*; I : it1 w. I t ., : * wih ith'.t to 11 .t c h id t ot: aid, c f,~ ti -

I t I 1(fit't11 j

S. i . tin. h t 1, i w! 1(, 1 r(,.it

( i' oj~ i'y L .'f r

m~.t M'lii x

* ' I4 h. mi t. t. mci 1. k I tc: p .. ; I':t r; -

-I~~~~ r. r' I'c' i t r. 0 ' ' '

*~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ t,. I1: ,'.I 'si;:cdc~rb.ia trcu e (lUnit

i t du I. u i lter; fadi ':icboidal fracture (('itt i

Ir; fl:;lst r;:uud (:oich)i dal f racture (Unit I

i ue !>;eckled and l int-air inclusions; waxy luster;

-.... :rs'',r, 't 1 , 76/W49 3, Level 4)

.~v.-Ii w:t tf '(e:,A rvst:;; dullI luster; good conchoidal

-: i tmyr 1c ; us t r ; qud cch d I alfracture (U Hilt

:A.i i% ust-r iconho , frct r((Unit 2, Nll6/N99,

x,:l 1(It cnchidcon rcida fraciture

I t,,!,( :I(,r wc.xv , L(,r; vxe 1 nt concho idal i racture

ctc t;:.i r~yls!ter; excel lnt cinctiid1 t racture

ri~ 1W ii J ( 1 7 '

114

Figure 53

w 4J

f h

W- -

A

/

m

*41

k tid; tI!. ' 1 .S1t'T'Id' tat' 't JIr; A I

r~~r :iLI lfl t'l yr ~ :e. Ii T) ves I iJ v r"

f t1 ! pvi' r,.r W. ft 1 1,. -at not ! x "! ':. '1 A r o jan!

'r! S eite I.. C1 is 'JScts:i C ''. It isr ~r ll,. leriticoI- 4

- -.. section. The tIt-I mdrqr: . r!: .. 1'xavat- I rcc tie( tI ', t about -

-a t: r C< f th e Ie to St Co th 1wasI e . I'.r t~ he" ' I ,iet t1rt' .o T2 '11' 'IeC

im (, ter i j m, Ti Wj1 Ii:. 'JIt r)(tr-. I, -:1 'i Ir war -

I le ! tousch ' wa:;W "-,! rir K U.

'"tictbody of t hr fti h pec: Thor. (Erg. _', Ao I I m it::(' Iri anqule: w ith I s i ti t I y

P.n" late ral Mar 3' ;11. The s hot 1 i Ioer ato wet '(-iI i:ed 1),' rot !)art I d. The stewr

XT 'i-l. I lgil Vt lr. '.SM('yyaotrITIc'at c'j0i11tt CrI, S 'UItaI C- ciwer: we; - rori a sma I

,, lank.. ,1,m vrwr I ,k sare ;r I alsl are ti~r' r :I~ I i rcu1 'Ss 1. t -'IyIeues, Wb I~

c''uqtt. r 9.i' !iC, 1. %r u;i'~t rs r'

Lie Y.ctI I merii I. no. r; t 3 a 1- 1, rn' ' tIb- t 'a ris,.t! ltrI" w IAa' WiI sh low sI~

1. dFi i a 1,i1ed Trc . Ies I , 0ue T>. 1i 1o IM i 71.; z, e I i,1r:- r1s -<:d 1- 1. '1 ts

711 i! tI ), ' eCOTIda M' wrI~o tjIIr Ist.d wI;..........I t cT- I' r;t' -u is Ii ue

1r i cir e;'r.s tt .'s r -,i i 4,.-.'

!1),]tt thtus aerr .. t -- ii- I.1 el 1- ;. 1r V!. I' TUt 11 dl-r A' Ii--.-r r 1r-s

y~. 124 below .

1;n,.. il.! sy-t inr Ii-;t. 54: rIs I .2:' , f I.al. 'idt or the-

t y h 1 qti y' )1:,' o .1; 1 t 1, t'~ ad c'2 t r Ikf Retu h -I- I s Ir- :I~ w~t wr.,1- 1 yoyIcrt..: no a-

V ' '' il ,I l' ot' ' 0 1''r trttn 1 'it; 7t1'r' 'h r' wo irw

.-ti I' ),( MI Ir- -,; F1. W I - -I ~ '. it :":- nt'! q i I

1 1-f

The, secoicr sp ec rTy. TFi c:. §41- ) I as ,ri -2cre oI lire Pi" aA I I I,( Ie- crc;rt10.The lraxnimcc a r tier. at th Ie to),I -Sir rt ionr: i:,ic 0 an'K it Ci dc- Im a t

the' specimen was rerzuccd f ret at, avoid r,mal 1 r:abbI e that w>-:. aI ti 1 a QitU (1. I . Flak

reas are Cant ined to the br' is ut !lIe nut!l~ ' cI the i dis ta Fr-I I o h.1 c r*c-

shaiped. Cortex c:overs the -ict ire covxderac- i c.t face,, -i t is cr ipi i ilcd>-was and pec:ato:e ecardac v marqi eel t1,,k(s, S di c-a-t t

The thirdl r'cL-ar Fir;. Flhoc 05-lat wl. a ber-n'-tai" yj; tIt rr-touadranqular cut lire . The macrinls siresitc r ' ii thee- li%( tel; hIt i ic iI'7cl 1

fourth icr thick and retains, tu- c-itt's aiitin p-1at torip, t: li f la~ke 1 d-lank. 11ithat eresmure was invcilved ex tens ice ly III rtiocr a r the t las t-

TIhe taut Lb specri meF, , 54o) has at. ( eitccatt'd c-vofl: out1 li an( rd Is! redcst ci-

-ooss setion1. The tealI bar eeci i tduced tran' !:J11-i 1!-(4c pel-bic at! Chert I -l--

>itai face- aid the( ulistal etad are ciiT-d T'he al ic mr iis reyr,,n ti-i - K and' t,',

proximal portion is -!:~worked. The chipped ta(cit wS t 1 Ieted y utili171ng the ti i o lterza:

cart;:I, t''- ;lelconma. Steel anifaciat chs welt prdlic ad hc tW(tr t late-ral tacec--

the tlr coed t ice. ThesePI edge; ce ntsdi1 IcM cI tacp c' r1 w h ic h- ; r a' 1 v i tept rc en t c--The d' st i end 1"- 1cc er: 1)1 fac ally chIippi>'( tot Irm a routd atwr~ill I relet i el y ti~:

,-di'e- onl. e,;hp~hly wa.- hy txr t irn i- iIv

Thc 'tspec-imeni lFi-4. 54( Vserlt ir ut- Ci fT .-c In both V Iscaa.nd unifacialil clipped segmerts along it. nnrorais. Tfe bpeccoel; wa' reduced from a iargf

thick ! IkIe W (i-" a cur-icr platritiaa- not

rr'mc c(e! 5rxr ratciucli. S'er; utjiadhal seconc-

it, tc'rqc.- rt ,ctc is evirtei taloe11tI "arit r;1 c-sire tl-t -itI n1 n : :jecndary re tra,,t.

ioulacking4 or t", a-urtiut r-anica t-- cii; '-, q j4317: Ii 'V omi t 1pi, Iacs

-I tact- FragmentI - It c' accI

I itoup 1 17pci.

This group ,: )staa o; ;eIct i cc-ti III, c i!st tr~jimcr. 1slci -,i twa--'

tips, one e ,dict ccir.,cc tcur; jrOxic. i~-r. -xlr.cIlr 1,.;Meict-tai

i'ieside tiatsc ii aTl potr a 0,1 t cI 'I!t C'': cc ;t c x -i 1 r'Ma

ci1pi-ars to lhave ai atir.cavi- hat: similar oi 'ich (ic ,i it i r Ic,1 l w, . i,

specimen ra much thince(r and exhil-i1t ite T1 -in- to 1-c I;r fIi ' % ii-'

G roup -,, rotts. 'Plc thIi ir. 1 1,ra)x Ir-ci i t m i, .e- ~point. 'lic lateral marciac, %ne Ic Wl I-- ''x . c1fourth proximal fragmeel. eairs- ti- Ic I t -'t

squiared' shouilder.

The-c- f - rn pt-c 1 c I.list - ,,A ic- I W, !

S rocindIF(,l cIIstit I j lo tic, 7 C-l I c lit V, '( ;t c-

trjqm cecl,',t i inte cr; jt c-fit 10t..

M iiscecP I ;rccIJP u ;c I Jcjiic I -, dc3l~

TInr e sp-ccm ictc crc' cot ccinc-tc -it Ic-I ait t Ii.c- r- ........

I-c i'Al c I lIt 1c- 0 1 cinIrica. iT. -- w -- c clvcit

, 1.;1 c: Mcc 1 C: -r 1c i

ccttcrtric tiuiul mci ta-tc.

'NVFIJGATIONS AT SITE 32

, ir, ',4. Miscellaneous Fifaces.

Light tan chert; shiny luster; good conchoidal t rcture (Unit 1,

N74/Wc,9, Ievel 1).

Medium-grained grayish brown rhyolite; (lull luster; poor conchoidal

fracture (Surface Collection, N136/WI24).

c. Dark blue-gray chert; shiny luster; oood conchoidal fracture (Unit 2,

N121/W95, Level 1).

d. Black chert with sandstone inclusions; shiny luster; (;ood ('onchoidal

fracture (Unit 2, N]I5/WO7, Level 4).

C. Dark purple tine-grained basalt; dul I luster; qood conchoidal trcture

(Surface Collection, N96/Wl12).

All artifacts are drawn to actual size.

.... m I .... ~~ 5 .. .....

F ig ur e 54

kx4

gm'

* 1K Nc AT1 SITE: 32

fe crdIragment s tMal I dilas - a gJUadrtt la Ut InII(. J(ne-ean ( r

;,.t thre. edges appear t o re,-rs sent I-d a edtro rsc I if ea k

* r hi ra4 tspncimen is tie J:st sl port ioT, o t a llroke:: * 1- f obsidianl whico.lw..I( a~ scars extending , scrow.f the venltr 0 lo nfce at l rti li V across the dor:,s I

't* hc. fldk( t.as Loth a loongituoin&C ind ,i lateco I t ran v :, tact urn'. The di t.A-I.' . fl t be was modiftied to forn a, pointedt

Mat'ul act Ut I (5 Tett- .c1

*e tj I cs are addressed inP t1. . ('Oct iln It I t ;qr< I aw t11iter.

t1 1;0 11 1 dCr I So cni Sts of bI'Ie f deU:-,I II tIoI i t ion i tO I~ q iitir I Is a IId t I il

pro:l !LI our-ces ot procorertbit I tt 1 ri "I . ~ t 1 v! rl I t ( Xl(iVdt IOTns al 4

T , I. ("! ill a discussion Ot law maft , .tl PI- I I t t 't

Ttie second to~pic con1cerns ideii I I i(:at jtt, (- It 1 :t 1i- 1. t prodiuct ll Ut

t - A general reduction troue I-- iv r e:;ott -d wti, , (-1 tkt t (,ducts aand by -product-.

fttk tool mranufacturirg process into sever~il fypotr. iii t i trajectories.

Raw Mater ial Ty;Ies

S-jt tl general types of I itlie raw matter ials are ident it ied ir. the- chippted ct-ouie 00 -

iefTotl truri Site 32. Each of thtet.e types is aivailalble It. tie lluvial arid kolluvial

ravel.- onl and dlirectly adjacent to the LAte. The range (.I ndtoiis i. siri lar to that

ifdcit Ilted by O'Leturh] in ( )1)6( : 170) t ron; Sites 33 and 34, b~ut jpet.:c'ntoljn5 ofrtri-~i I in the lite t toit. Eachi of tth,.- mafetl ial type . is, de>; r 0 -1 !t runt i-p is-low. ltirtta-i~ii oti'cernilkq the( cirz rante- itd qprneral alaindatice ot! TIIEtrtio t. t be 1(0 51 q IVC-s 1

!otn 'I ,auglil it1 '! ( 19MG5:1 'i) report .1f Site:; 33t a,, di4 aiiilI ic-vti !isnr;, ) otlsei vct tori, trdeo

o!I!rfn; ! uetdwork Ait ite C

I 71111 ( 0' td MATHEPI Al

A mate r ialIs cc cr yptu)crys t I1 t ts I, I i I cs ,. 1I, ii e ~dr t he generalI te( rr

-hrt . Varieties of chert in, the collI c4ut) iI ud, eba i ci-duvy, . il1icifited wood, iaspet,

inl v ilicitied sanTdStone. A wide vat ct y , I -lc 0r 1pe (Itll( U: iotis, and f rctr*

irt er rrn are present. A otto 11 nutttlet . t e+ a- hav,. c, iox ii .or and are potli dded

urjge-, t ng heat alteration, butt :;iich Mt(t)t cc4l Mtty tovei t -eIrI lit 00( ratlier than I

I 1 berate technique: of trantlcturr . No ,j-it ],- foint ltit w v. jvo-t ed efwen uvttl

* I-a Itf-rod chert -; ,Pd t i re-v racke-d r,) K t 0

t tt In ,-valalil ot ttif Mi I 1 1),l TlI I fi 1 .1 wt. iill Illd(, Iivet 1,

tMe .(lI!e(Aton t ead IL e I xal Nin liT'ImIt*I,1 I~ e I l4 2. IT" I ' (w I' t 1.'t otitidiljl , andit x i i k. k-I I -t IT(.8 w4 (Itd t n at I~ 1.4~ I I p" V'f

potenLt i al I outxe 1 1neas, of t lcrt 2n te lc tie Fr~jikl., I I ' .ii l- ;. 1~ tui 1. 7, 1 1

raI nl.y, the Orqal'T anld -';A( r.et I er~ t-x i en I 1 04; r1 trt .I 4 Fx- ,*,

tion It he Frank!o i:;.' ilnecu mxlittt. TJ I'' 1'11,! a. I.' S 8

tCIl tnatutcture.

I h s .. It o2 r treot olt( 1 22 , r 't a :. h,. tI r,I

"l I(t I:. ixyol It tulc> ronA iext . A I' 1 1 1-: o't t '

t..1 I' 1OiIv (It~t ,ied -ir. .ri lu. I, 1 &1 iTC

I i,txtieusp ol rhoxr as,,o re I,,t-Ict in FTx (l '2I l V I'

at1I44' ont hne , r.in i(to-lde x. .P11 .1i 1 ''r-I''I,

linqhtl o1ft t( to 'oo re '''t-l tf'1 liW I I -x ' 4 ( IJ ( 'i t~ ,

ru oI ix rat xc-dr sllpx t o rn I - or' ' eIt :1 ' ti .' 1 IP--

oti- e i tor tit th o.'klr Mau tNip . an I I i, xl( , '. T, 1 iou L. t is A , , 11;4

dal xl th nx q tp ci S ,E d - rl ea >1~ It ' i ' xl, r Is

tiF t I ~ x-toc1i r I~j4f. net l 14 4 tt It t

F p i: I rci i IIl (111. 1111 4 t1 i rtzIt or it 1,, 4 4 11 , Ij (, lx t I,.Ix'." 1 4

44110('r o' r !-t~ tI eil 4 (u to(I: [. 12 ; 2' (; i fl l' IIlIt ,t, ylf It" 1-1 1 t t

K-et b t 1 n S I v . acM'' I x T , r i i ar I sAax I i c xlIi I ' -j:olttr ;C,,C.

Fi te-gr a itix ne I fat. .'I re i I . o rni xt,.I I I l - I ,r f Ix '1 8 l ''21 4(1 it a,, .I

1.xtt : 70 roOa oSr' t'I ti(' i L.2tt nlt( . a;d '.Ie a c , 14' T i Ixv t IT. I' nd 0 11.: 1 ('x stxI 1'il. r t;

reImpre)ls Ot hal fittf't .12 to l: (. oxrqa~xt I:-.;xtt. I' mvi;x t8 o1

Sfiert, Iu n lxeCxa M n- : ix 4822.' at c'xoi . I ' i 'xil" t I . o;' xl> 1' K"l I.t -:h Pe 2 I 1' 1!11uldrelat . v e to t thr. Mxxsto se ivex:. 4-x. li ctI. it. c :t ixcxxaln l,2 r !,

("~e a l cxlxI , x :. 7Wsr , ltI to it ft -'W 1 >4'x it rN '. 1 -m, 'dixfI il

Fine-ga~ Irieda.11 'mat~t aln mi iu- ,xviql 14. xx M* 1 f 14 l" l~.~~it.t 'laU4 i .1 1 4 x.: li

,1 ixI: n 1d (11 eport. hot: ntoatik, nod , e i% arl 1. II ''Ix.n' -1;( lt'l. h i tI14;i eFf nxr iki Moun tatx, rtxo I teorlx~ rantP, otx

l~w~jrl;AIOt;AT SITE 32

All dark-colored, fine-grained volcanic rocks are classi tled! t. taI i t 1.1" ;t ud%.

- I,- basalt in the col lectiecc exhibits fail to gTood concho rd., I Iract IreI-. Fr I r r 2c: t rid

dtk~ iray to dark purple to black.

Field observ at iorns indi cat ed the presence, of relait ively SitS:: iid(.I IiIr1,1 1 cm ilt

::edoLeC in the vicinity of Site 32, but these, are riot roirreroits.

iris tone

1,everal artifacts from Site 32 are of limestone. Thi:: riaterial _;ries qreatly

s tinrt aiJ traceture propertites , but in generalI i t i s re lat ivelIy narsc- grained i:;( ex-

t. o iL only tair conchoidal fracture. The color ot most specimens rangqes f rom igtiork gray.

Like rhyolite, limestone is a major constituent of the FrarziYlrr Mountains,, and ~r:lar to rounded cobbles and pebbles are liberally scatte-red acres. ttie alluvial ,-oles c-n

the we-stern side. Limestoer also appears to be the nes t commor roc k type ill the river-

teposited gravels. Maximum lengths of nodule,. reportuc by 0' lauchl ir range f rem I to..

7rF.

O bsidian

Obsidian comprises the smallest percentage of identifiaLle rock typos; in the SitE s

collection. Color ranges from a translucent dark grey to black. Sorc of the of fifdian iL,

he.sily weathered and has a dull sheen.

Many specimens have a distinctive, thick, rounded cortex arid jprobably re; Sesvlrt

iver-depcosited pebbles. O' Laughl in reports- that these: pebi~les are rare inl the lo-cal

cravels and rarely exceed 5 cm in diameter.

1LISCUSS ION

Rased! )n data from the systematic sample excavationi unitsz, cliert appears, tco !te the

rest abundant material among the litliic artitacts at Sitf, 32 (Table 15) . As chert 4rsriot

the neost n~umerous material represenited in the local g~ravel:s, a elect ion I iass for thi:

lat er ia I appear:- to have been emloei by tthe S ito 3>' iabitart . 111! hr in, id 'lrot onex-

it led considering the relativel1y gjood fracturt I rgst ties of t ii:(J1 ttw al p~arenrt prt -

*-rpnce I-er -hert at ether site,; iti the pro)Pet ,rca titatlin lo 17( 1. This pattern

brhowever, from thot tound at se(veral ;it(, i the eas tern- ;l(:%( of the Frarkil

M-, ori ri: where percentages of material type- ;-ncrally conformed t, -,ii availali Iitv I

ofimi aloindanice and ease of procur emerit hi sih iand (irel ser : 73; Id Laoiq].I n

I-s lit ive per cent aqer; of raw mate(r Iill s dI ft rS tl1ifICif.r ly among; to rVI.Zot tetroo

1, A 1lasses, of art i facts, (Table 15) . Al tho-ugh (-hert compr r 4: 41. p ier( n'Tt (oh SJ1ec irfmen

ir. the uirniodified flake and core classes, only 32.4 percent ot spermil .s. inI tie, tcol

I. ire i-bert. Rhyol ite, on the, other tand, crnnr se .1 ;Peirc(Tt ofI t (a twi, andi

1r-erit otf the unmodiftied flakes anld cores. Ibis; pattern dIersi frum that re-port-

VAJA4 ARITI FACT CAT FG t1:.1 HY MAli PI A I, Ty I I t I .7AT YI,[ '

T7pmcd : t !U c 1 C i Mr. iv d r1

(hert 274 (40..; ) ke. -I (C.1 l~-

phylite 201 (31.A ?5 13.~I(~

,ujartz jte 4 l.) 4 4l.l . <A 7I'lrnest One 45 P .5174

Sandst one 31 (4.; 0 .7) 4.

Fs~1 A I.1t 4 (14.5

,' ijan I t> 'c

Unident if ied .9 (4.3) C _0 0;

.(7TAI. 1 -(-

Lv () iaoqhlin 1979: 38 It the 'c~rnuiity Cc) lee sit, caA ot the kr~rnkl nr:..

it §;Ugqestoel t hat the pcrc I'Ua( cn at 51it e 3 niay rfle'(ct motc- xl eno I o., reio tion. r,: r

nO'.UleS at op)posed t, ri :edtle ot utla( I mat elidl; &a -huI 1 redurvti±on, w.oo- n et. it .1 1 '

arrounts of ihyolite 00,itcvic .i-. r !,(1 te v. ,IA t end r e i'4 1;~ LPc C!.'

Comparisons )I Ipezk:vitacje.. d' -!IfIt rlot il 1 it,- I nitti!4 ore. 11 -1 k u

t ion categori- (Talet-, .t : b:poi -!. I ! in, ,zprt,to rj , -c tC t 1 -. ot 'I. 10 L;

7 t'pcimens, percentaqes )f ,hort dl i- a r t~i -erc .xL( i.: ;velIy ridiie' (I sjpocins-.

should Ice recalled tlia Grout-I ((" 1 ~ "p , .t he c ee I t 'l '!Ii Tc'Im rI

f laws prioz to remroval ()I 'v,r 001( f 151 kr. 1.1"o djlaletit " 'I t t'1

t ( 01 ! are, p.r/te.nt li r creat('i :r r 1- 11 oi t 1's:t trt t I ( trIP-o 1

likos ret let naterili (tmit~ 1" Jno -1 1 t. %Iti -,t '7! i1 tteI ........

v I - t h"t t l'nd at tthcr .,ie(s vi h 1 ) li's lon ~-. t' h er 1 7, ar!

' '1,a,"111in, alls: 6rc'i' - 73 7 :111 -. :I i347 1, 1> le~ n itv, t. t

.;rr-itcr case of I I od 11ctloi i u'-,& he-rt t I to n 1T. ' 2 .,LI f31 i7 Ity IJ Z :t -

tools lue to their mall izu ( ( ' 7 i i i in -711: 3 h

A strolig p1.iE-rercc~ for chet f ! (, Itt:i.;e '. :r(. !--e'. t. 1' I.

i tj 1 Paso arf -, O' Laou hli 1 0 5 1, , '' i In IC, , ; I. 'I H I ''II-!t i '

from the n:tmn ang/If iit:t. wonri r- v s-I -fi~ ii 7.1o . I t.!t Ie w, ,I

iowor,v r i n tte tcti t ell(( I i fr'' 4 : t0 j o;' A >t 'Ua

I ;I a1IcC,. iic un;Ifiac- '4 . (,~ .I il w,; n T~ ; nt,

m I~t.,t on( Io-l i-, i t ;9 .K TI1' ,I 11! wI . I1

-ret rred!, prlh l I. (!, jr irnaril t It! r. of i%. . .. r ' - S

i.tntho';' ni*tuilal,'

-.USTI6ATI)NS AT SITE 32

TABLE I-,

1!N.MoL I F IEl' ''+IS BY REDtI'T! N (;POU1 ANI A MTINh]i~Al "I.SY,:TEtATP SANPLI ;_1N1"-)

Sduct lot (3rol;'

'1".?) (3iA; ' (. (80.0) 2U

4I.3(1 1 1( 1 14.1 (3. 1(3.11*~

.ariH 1. (.) 1 7. 7) 4

(1421 , ie I i o:. t I

11 chipped stonie techno'logy represelt(,d at Sitce 3-) dppear_ t, have heeri d~rkcte-d

,ir,! the manufacture of relatively simit flake and cure tool)s tieorr locally ot taioedt1 anJd cobbless. Retouch predorroantl comsi.sted ut edqo c tr'ait wlthout su!B-

tIntil thinninq or reshaping ot mar gin outlino. Thu," few sp(rerls wore abiandoned at

et or mediate staqes of reduction anddi,. nc sit 0]>: in the nu acturi7; '31 1eurc r

ihwt i!a1lle onliy in a very qene-ra enst-. HoweVe-r, Varitt on it, t1Ie t orms and I requer-

io0 (i1 core!, arnd tini shed artiflco's uqqgoot Utht at le8At lour d1ir,t ive reduct lo

riaject or ion were carried out. Thes( t ra 0 ?toIlie: are rv,-resenterl schomratical ly it. Figure'_ di:, escritbed in the folowing tCe .

i e orI A It jr,:; to th it om i Ttrt r fduct Iionl t I it *; carri Ier out at the _-I to.

m I Mir IIIpp iT'tI I rTa Iterfd I Ir';t l I(: r, -, 'Ma I o 0~I~ roie t idkfet, chips aird

I -I r fra rmr.t '; I I wt., 1 1 oo ot o di f I I motp l jIA t 10 im Crtos Sr- I etd'_ I la kes!, C 1; 0-

ar ,lr fr grnent or thfor were ofI I1 I zodl'1 r( c' I y as t or,. I *r ;ecrnrohry matron reitouch

siar r I ed nust pr ior t o u tilIIz at ion . It al'so Is grloent thart large thick flakets or

!;ilar r agqmert dc't ched from ural1tered to'olower. rot ouchedi to '(.rm molti1;le p latfoerr

Al t hough molt r tplat form c ore!, occas ional ly were o 1A id a: err~l dete !yecond-

no i'; ml scarr ing) ,it I!, hyl othes ized that pr i ar v empirasi w~i; p'laced on the prodoc -

I ('T f af i et IP! I a keo 'rhito appears ev idenIt W, the_ t1nIt 1Ile rI a 0 kt reva P nI I rm t ieS C

* d' not or v i it thet to01 A rdCP Con t.iTitP I'-I fillt tonaTll e dg! or t' t htr. the ' ore: Ir'tn

1 he tft ;;r r:I o e o f s hape d )f Iff-i.,i t ot I. P'a ta i i um tt if -olcetfir uo; I.r t i

t t7, thfat ,( airinl i- presevf or I y : v('l y smal Io~'~i; h" Mit molt I)

It( 7 t, relait lye tn the ofther c-ore type: olle 17).

It 4

'I

I

9I

77A ,> cLN'S AT SITl 32

TAt-li.

PEPCEN:AG1Ili P 1 U .cr*p I iA 11

citeure! cres are not ie ladd

liextena"Ve Wear )!I tte, battere 'rct (: te ea a0 +c r larm

>t ion (ri urisucce stril aittemprq t oi remove t is HiCx n ,ia-ve I:.;asK rt E

-1; " '; latborm crm- jccasialo W 1, w ~ c, r-~ ut I.' I

i a cr f the tYattered (Ci,)r a'; 1i P eI 1 '' rer t

e( I r I. ret te I' twi rV _c c t

ci t tin 1. -ontorlt icr I I . Ia I r

rt. it much iicir ;eryt'r-itaq j a 1 'i 'V11 MI t 1'Taclt err I I 1.

'' re whre ra rat! ' ati, 2c '1 , ",(- ' i e

s ro .: 1';hve rreal i r , a tr r Mt -'i '2' t,

on~ Ks.

it ; "V'IUL cit Tr I'-( 7Q j'<cr tI 1,l ie' tot r":! 0c'' 1 ~tr IramIret. Li k(e ir'rj 1 la t f ,17 r cc., -r 4 1 1e' li!

'LOiert~ c wy u Ta rtr 1 ' I al w h ' l i I 1 7A I 1,1 h'V I

X"' ' I ~ r atI its' V.r lat .. f I I a.. I - 'I , , r

I ici I, r a it': ir y A

_______ (P~C' APTLEP ':I I: (nli,~T

N F

TRAJECTuW'f D

Trajectory Ls consi~ts, ct tlis firroct itot(ti ,.r ol tuI roiee i'1

r smrall cobbles. Two forms. of iiedolen. ri :t (Iftt et I t isc>1fV-n' t . l w t I

raturally thin edge anirles, and: rt-tivnc'_ 1st-cc an :uilar ohiAle, on thvoliit'.

MANUFACTURE O.-F SIJAPUD INIFACES A ht bib/IN

Two major difficul ties are errcour~sered, 11t atett J t ;-.vany of th shI e. r ac

.nt1 bifaces irto the reduction model. Pirt, tla d.egree of r I:t u c I o n T. spe acr I

obliterated attributes from which Tieron' en 0ooCer~ir1'rc ear: leC rt stae, o fr nocuoct 7,made. Second, w ithI one exceptf ion , spec imens, repe cct ed dou ttg ariiterctidi a tec st1are

tion are not p~resent in the collection. Despite- th:.e nitotioos, it i5 7oa

several inferences concerning the manufactuore of these tounis.

The three compl te ute marc it, onitaco:; aippeai o( h av so',i . rade, (no fliV ',

aingular r ragmonits - Twom (Fig. Sib andi 1) have riot 110(1 USnu:'ard osm

form cores VXe>.et t or1 t ho re shap in';,; Iet t is- out Iinre. Tt; , the y appear *i repro> ' -

tierd products o0: 'ra lcoiry F. The, third1 spciine: thu;. 5,t,r-,;niercosr mar, esYter.. ivI,thinning, ,shapinc an,' margjinal re-touch. It is C; ahs1 ev orot nttd'<as''''

c-cii cot ron and' pasl 1 ,o ot mono I 1-tirE a it l.:;t,

The remaining two ur.ilaciai tool- (Fagq. '' esserwttiallv orcdcr$'v

lakes with reshaped aisunes. Tnsit teir. Ta'a iin cnd q i

ate to Trkco' .

Althoug h it ra ;, >,ahle- that :ome at thi onooar cadf,, l'i ra is' coresb repro aor",t 1 ak

for productiotn of other, tiacte r0, otc :!o Otariy S.itnoid and shaped iormx witch I

would rep~resent d stagqe irtormediote 'a tti tari leted 't -tale potnts anld ms>±eu

jtacesa. Two o f th1e mi1sco 1 , ln iu bt art F r; no a)( pH-ro!;aaly were reducedC direct>: .

rem whole or slit f ibo; tier te' wc i Ir a rem, t lobs . The exte nsive pec r etouch ofthesalgarrira (Par, 4 c witlit. 1ke scars, exteridirngacos

the vrtire Irce utes sini f Ccir~t IV t Ir t 'J omp-hW n o1> ii (: Mr11rrrna 1 rto:thatctiaraictert ;t ic t, Trasoctory ii. "Illi P< 3T ' tirl- ppcat to is toE- iioa l mt I!-1

t wi r,- ial I I p r ow'f t al:e c it:t n' i s ' n1 ,!ii . ' ! :i(

it doe :' t 1 q;( , Ir i? 111 hi' , t ' pr it i , T)t it, tiE( . l1 o . l l t t Sci

riur,td at liii ; it,,. 7V '00' i it :' C a

(11) Wilt. oi., .,x : li ir ii rtt Ot in t'I-( ,I pij eocti I point '

cr-: rms . Aith(i:,on s ot i' Ii 1 i1, rdimoti: Ma, , jortlir'' Of JproC-0,tI P lt

fn xistarng titan ant ;'t' ar' ti r(,tn;n' tua nI pr 'ost -M'at~utaitor, te1 '

:t in Ioi~ioe likely 1hat 1,1i i or- 1 1,,i 1 'n!t rarnut iirr woi at- rict ( ut at t i.I, I

nntcrmodra tt t'duIvct a(i, !tc' wn 1'', no;tete ii- thO r-I I

iii i; < r'ttunrrIn.;", 'Tcrt"i. itIt .* r:~ -a, it t i i II'w latfrt irir., ,

it itt' Int otli 'I"' Iiot-ti o,

tO r:- ;n r''ni a i s n. ItI t1 t f -I !'' i, ')1 ;- I ,i n 'r:-t - itt, .

tti'. i1,10, won t (tilucre -tent , i 1 1 t h :: --i ' ~ 1! ,:i t to , r %-o %o

a'~ : . -p

1 , '2' 1 1

I'f2 !1 ''NIo

Cl PP

q 1 '' ' c

1 1 -J ('T

1. ' 'I t u c, srr iiav tt is: r( t ; >.1 I

arc' r usc-ltui j9 iwr ik i: >. I

ol~~lp! t t or~i .;. 1 ! " -

Laud. I .7UM~ is t 1 51 ,1 5l .. !j( 1 C , 1 . .I Oi. 5. i f 1 q 1, Go

Ietchri'l,1 ear> , ila i i c io IT I I 1 1 ' 5 ' 'L,* U M5 ' 1(1 it.r1 aU t > ulIj1

I rc- I' e: > U1 ma 1 it I '.* a . . ~ uI a 5

5, t,11 Cy >.l z_2 -J' ;,% 4 <: tc-:ot Thl, cr:*: : 2

-i~( ; th - '.- ll>, al .fc al( ,(.

Att~ Ia t i. o u, 1 h i ill, . I ( > t iA 11 11

(].t. mayt IF esc., .'se I c ( ' ,::t ,* I,- -,

men aa'lt For ttL i .. i.iy , >.4, ;clr>

Odeii1 anr.d Ocll-Vereookc 11c ri Si f~. ..2 A, - P'lc'' u.t-: icsi n rv oivW I:c-raroI-.:

.ryptCC'r'.'staIiiw 1 ' 5 '>>. >t1 d 'c at i i: J. 1te ij)1 cI c e> >c7 1cct I

.e nra nature that u, Cit t 1.1 5,55 ''-.l :S . 0 ,,ttd.

Y- idc ;'ttt 5. 2 I OtA. :1 1515 , t. '. ,a us( 1 U- hy 5ccx o.1

f'Ieli-Verc '(cci. l.az I-c 1, 1(". I 'ed al!!: .1.:. 1, r',lt l K cugr. ai I .tsocuic a t ir ic-

.-accpe at It> x151 wthei !,-i Sy , (adLt'i'i.': WOF'i "51','l, x n 40. I t 'hlj;Id 1 e

restate d tha t edql'r': 1'1 -c,,1 l~ its: 1 11; wI t 1 11i 1 ctt :v i the ;>e ei _e c

JIn orde r toc ohs.,i r 1o lod3'. da tj ccn';.u ia:d I' t it ic- port- tcc bdIauct Ii r. i ron- S- c

33, use-wear i s c'Ii.s 1t lc> (,Ii - t t <a' 1S 1 tlfe 10TH r l'th %.a.'.>1 i r ingq, s tec -- >i rilor at rawsloir (round in.c or i lu son td 'c. ; ; . l r .1;, :., recordled 31,, re.>ent i

one, o r b o th b0cc>;ot 1:. lra rq:sn. Alt 5111II . 'I ,4 'i If t to2 I s et ItcV and asce.-;" ectivi., c' t 1lw Icc ' t macnI>.I t I't: 1" las I y wi' j 11a,.-,' .the conarse -. rin

.;JPeciii,(Tei. 1, '. 1, '0I 1c.51( , a: . :c r1 t f f$11 if i m>' T, I'. '.I c :i ;, car I>:.

101.r:cj~ ctf Fi's.. ti'iun,'

Thc-e ir;:t h uI i t> tsj : nctn~ i o c g i r,-'ll> i n ;;ili1 !mtc-. tel toow.mn:: ilie _ontous

of thce odoc co 1.2 'ItLc mli:t iti I ci(:t 1> :11 J j1,( 1 cU ~tl 515,3. cextensit 1, us(,- wear al

rcondary setooch ecarl log; i .. , r sit , w iti i c'coa'yr touct arc i nuc'iudehl evn is.

Irca, whe vre i ep-w ea r cli. th 1* 1 1 r . t'';' I, 'a I c1i.douir_( 1 1o 11,1% malc'0 t, tias.

ii11,7 Modl i t 'i !,I t-j 17 :1 'a ks I T ]I, 5. 5 ' ' t: 't- i

I1 .*, Y 1 1''

Tln' 1 SC11 1ree>0 1 a rl c 'hW 1 at r1o : hcii w( i iS:I 1 ( iUill l' I cH.

A1'~LL 'l :'ITI

rt, )15 intc miordi~l giscup:, 11,, 1ese 1;M pit yb, ium !d eas.y Ivrc-e S1tT

:vio al ( edge .ref- r Iassitf ich a s , ci,v, -- cave,.t :a t :-s rve% r st.

1! ' M'' q 1iS ha'. a d -hg i If- convex aiid a ,ill. 5'OCe. V( cr t i' .aimsmrrr

:'-rz ucivexi t 4 s arc( concav it:-- an se -2- :t;tii0 riec (Ir a,- ear-I ,t1

Beca-o~e mangs- v- f wear padt-,i , dge- annle:: an , I 1v2,-o:.tr:t

-and4 rra'tc,rc propertile,. mate~r1', -'t:.ctr4-. - - rdce1 -:! a

Te ertirt set of data gjenerated inI the anialysis is presiented. ri Appendix F. In this

- tefun ctional edge characteristics are discussed it. terms of genralr types of anti-

Tw Ltits atr ibute whic-h commonl av re correlated with general types of activities Hi

rui:of tcol fiircetioni are edge angle and. usce-wear patterns. For tli-: analysis, these

w-o ,t t ributes are, treated as independent varialccs in, order to construct meaningful fuss-

''nlcategories of tools with~rn the( technologjical classes. As described earlier, all

iunctional edges (excepting protections) are, classifie-d irto one of three ranges of edge

C-------- -es 10' to 40C, 41' to 60 , and great-- r than 60. Two types of us.e scarring ,are

- e,> 01: ied (feadtheredi and ste;ped) and eachI appear either n one or botAh laces of the

tic 1:1 . ('tiirldiat 01 of each s-f thcese attr itute state:- define 12' cat egories! of! edges.

ScI rmidIincr1 aittributes, aie guant If cc: withini these categories- for each of the techinolo-

ic"c classes in, Tables 181 Ihroughli 21. Vices irterpretilug th case tables, it shoeuld hef

f, I' that a sicl demay (ave more- than a ;inoile- form of scarring sand tho: may 1)e-

- -ct iiis!into two se-aratf c: cteg(cr ic; . lic-mn'r of cc c:wit)i:Itilcfrs iu'

Ii ii is1 IL; (ier for ccclt,c-atoegory'.

Thk tacc ir h ee 1ecs i hc ol low 1,( rt am to thle cit-iic collect ior.

.nd, thsfsould h ccir::.- hred melt- representative of the-crC: of hiclc arti fact density at

ic 2 since the field s~troitegy wa- hived toward these areas. Althoiigh the possibility

--arnat- he dis counted comp ,etely that uniqpuc, spatially restricted act ivitico were, carried

0i in t~rsrldarcas. of ttce sit>, it s felct titc'7 the saim: 1- used here provides a -;ood!

J :1 rate of the rargej( and relat ivnc occlrretcr c! fIsn't Ins.'a tooi citti ril-utes at Site 32.

c~c~ moifedFlake, -jjand Amk-i,-i r -Fr-!L- mc:.'

a: Ic c v -srol Ie s::, r or lI o Ic I ,1 I -iA- c t I: I t: 0.o (c-moitlcji fIakevs,

c-1.r ro,nicr t r~cie-t:cdj :' r ( c c ca, li-uV, : 1-c-I 1 1 1t i 1-' - (1 (-mcI'r I Y;-('- 1 ;cct xI-

"T 1;oj iccic of if i, - r I ncr . I,, I II "I IIc - !IT III') -r fIl-i, ctc't,,c! r"I NIc-

4$*1

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17, '.2 '' .7 7

711 7

I.

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i 17<

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0'fl~ 44000 4000.-, 44>00 000 40>44 000

0149.~40404>.f-Ut

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-t - 00 0 00 0 00 0 040 0 00 Ct ~ >2 >22

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04

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04(.4 E 0 00 09> Ct 00 Ct 90 - or> 0 44Q 00

4- .44-- I

4, 04 ~-.. 0 0 2 - - -~4 H - . 4 - 0 2'

~ & 2~ 0~ 404 '0 00 -. -. 0 44 00 -- 0 .4 00 .4> -- '0 C- >404

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to - -to - - 4- -- ~to to., -0 H - CO 9 C- 4

* C C' - 0 -- - 0 44 -- Ct 0 4~' -. 0 0 9 4 0 N 44> - C

o 0 - - 0 - 4 449 4' -t:4, - -4- -- - - -4. 44> 0-tO> 44 DC) --. 40 'to .0 ~'4'~ >4 4.> 4 C.

-4 HO

014 -.- -- -) -> -- H) -*- -to -- - -Ct-- -. 0 -7 49 '0040 44 '01 440>0 >0 O>0 44

-, -o - 0 0- 4 *o. a- o - '7

--C 4 H DC 0

to to to to >44 40 4;H H H H 4-4> 0 4> 4; 4: 4:04 to -04 to -to to 40 -to to

.1404 0144 .ini 0104 -.440 4004 .440 0104 .440 0104 HCI 0104 .401 C0~Q4>44 449 4>4 4HU CII .449 4>4 04449 £4 H'U £4 444049044 -~01 4~C044 .440 0'4 .401 00 .401 49>4~ 44! 4944 -.01

£44 fl44 fl44 £44 £44 £44-W -- 'H 4 -44 -4 - -4 - .4.. --

to01 U4> .440 'CC 4001 'Ct) toni 'Ct) 4>01 CC to01 'CCW-4to~ 04 to-OtoWa 04.904042 04--.to0444 04-904042 04-~440440

01C'401'C 40~401'C 01 4940

.HCC)£4> .-. C0£C .- 44>O£C -. 440CC .HCO£C -COCt-

04.01>901401 04.014444401 4.400>CflO* 0.01901440 4.40001 to. C..Cor,01

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2 - -4-. -, - *47 - '7

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V04

4-4- -- --ON "7 ' - '7 0

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'-4 -. - -.- 47C' -'.- '-4 '(9 -

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4.. -2..-~ -. 4 4. '4 47-

'42 '-. -**4 '' 47 - .4

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0402 '~c 4) to

lot to' 4.~ toll to 04. to".' to 4~y4. tot) 7'o -440 to 1. tot

U

04 to to

U,

1~1~ I-

.1 lc;l(ATI(,NS AT SITE 3

imceci jt, riy ddiacent to the pro Oct jori tips . These cr Shave It th-cod termir,! aorif. I,,

.A-l secimer.-. and sfteppe4 fi-ricnti0 or: one( specimen. r111u ;at i-cr. u;e tar (':-

t- eloy hdrd materials, such10 as Wood, Weare rot 1 e inq worked. E -gilt ;j o lrc-I, arc- o I clerr

Ofc bdd of baat, arid one , o ot-sidiar;. The a;mall ruwl-ic ot itr. ;-rr -ro

,iting -ictivities wpre- o1 minor in:; rtance .-t ,3te 3,1.

'he vast ma~or ity or edqe-niodif ied tlakes, c. uari n:..rI grs. a ea S

e-(n used as, i. i yes and/or scraperf;. Each ot thle i .ncr irio:l (-deli er i.Ir

A qgeAnles of 10 to 4(.1

'lc r eiatLi velIy small1 edge angl es o f these s pec imens sugeus t Iligqht cuat t iTi actvI t I;

irs sharp edges. hi fac ial1 fea ther scar rri i s the mroiat conrrori t orm ao a. Cweacr

-,gq#eatinq that most specimens were used for longitudinial ciuttingq or sotor rreinc-hm-sr

mat la: deli arid Odell-Vereecken (1980:1 11) classify sort veo lmatehcl1 , meat,

.tat and some soft woods as soft or medicum soft. The stat- Ir flo s-e. reri. mray a~c

invlv( i, rocssiy ande ma ter.al sc 1ar-ra he car , (,I 2 ;e-arrour Witan

r-)riiri (olih) whchofter, is associated with row;: criotu

tifice! on any ot the specimen.

ketouch of the specimen rrargina i:; uncrioro a: r~g ediji:: writh srmallIa.; tu A bi,:rii-

!icantuly greater percentage of step-scarredi hleir e. !eIt-r nrcra rutoucled flyEr::

itrue 'or edges with larger angles as welli, arnd It isu>-rl that .. tep-cuurrlnrcc

.lri~t i 'ifed as use wear actually resulted from p C11i . Ti(: oc u t h E- . I

Aort Is the most common raw material , althcnc:..h re Iat1.fir -'rnt ;es crs !et-wecr: the(

pii 'cpa. Obsidianr J,, present ill gncr(a or percentages, thu! ii. , c 1 ,,2 Y-101, steepert odgr

: . es. Sandst rne specime ns occur very intIrequi-rit yIT] r h ru ,1 r m I c ci(c i:IC:l1 croci:

Specimens with small edqt- angles tend tr esml irc (a:- indicated by mt-ar:i

weic g.': 1, hut tunctifonal edges are of moderae length. :Ara ight cr2( .ioriex edqt-e (,-cttfres

IernIy dominate, and recurveil edge, spec1 Si, are ;;re:.ezr inI. hiqlgi r ;,-rcuntaqc.'a than acllrun

it. tools witic steeper ede angqles.

ri.oAnqles oI 41' to, fi;

ZaP e-'morls with; edgqe anrla rl this rit:- p urII rc--preSer. tu is u:;ed for r.:arser

arc: -irpirig activitites.g. wIlh !,taisal leather icars aire mu ,t commo: ird:-

It i- he( importance at I uric;itad inr;cI cuttirI. O1n ifaicia I ieathe-r -iri.r(!re edge,

t7 i-h a:; ;:,,rairl; o' wh ttl inc ar.- rrpr (,!- Ir'f-r

:-.:rqri rT'l ot ,,I, , tarti srcul.rri y l, ti-jul rit-icE , is0 OTicir' hsorT07M.r Lir- Icr ml r-Al

.; -- f- I M . t-.rllct icrl e (dge:; treniut o he r l !it r vr-IY Irru:l exr'':';r- cn1 c-rw) w:

* iA ! IA fvatiir-r can-T',. Tlic- mean w( l;ht tror mt, ,t fgcoIc -- :. rc,ctrrfl 1 st

11 -T ' W1 wi I r-'h- leep -r or mon n-a> 'It- cdr rr - - I. tr; I, 1tIil

- rIn m i -ri tvIrI:I'llrt - :nilrr rc tihc r- of1 tE li nrl.~ 1rr i-ir :r1# ;r

__________________________________ HAITEF ',II: 1:1 PEEL dE EI .

Edge Arcios of 61' to 90'

Uni facial scars, particular ly step scars, are most c-ommon i. tlhis range tgeit;,,that scraping or whittling oIf relatively hard mater ials are reprt'--tiited. Pet ouuce is rr-:

common than in any of the smaller edge angle categories. Petouci,, ilrobt exclu! fvely, Ii

unifacial.

Functional edges tend to be shorter thon those with small or edgeqf ingl . ]I !nghm e-t

al .(1974:189) report that use scars troil L, :r~;ing ac-t I% it iel temdi u te ( Ce It I i!, 't 2 m1 ( 'ldensely over a smal ler portion or the edge f han scars fronr Cut tin( Ict ivi t _ Medon tCi1

weight tends to he smaller than that f or grtoups, wi thI 41' to) (CG 0Q(~ an : f1hit !csr,(I

than that for groups in the 0' to 40iO zango

Percentages of edge outline forms diftier s'ignrificantly f rom Sinal !,r edge-.

,groups. Concave aud straight edges are mote- (uflttror wtfi, convex ede re lees 'om~mi

Chert dominates among the raw material types and OCCUr IIn gr&..Itf ( r lerto(;e La:mogmost groups with smaller edgc angle. 0siir n i.-iand40tiec.

infrequently.

Edge-modified Cores

Classification of the edge-modified cor es into' the tilint tcrnal cdtegcries! sugges'Lts

that the two must important activities assos iated watt. ttf ,- tools at(, coarse cut!ing arid

chopping.

Edce Angles of 100 to 4100

loelat ivc Iy few specamorins have edges vi if angqle:, IT:t.ha ranlge, hi facial feither

,,carrir~j is the mocst comr-rn form otale-ea suggqest ing I ii lo mediurr cutting. Almost

all of the specimens inI thtis group ar- edge--modified nodule,,. M'arginal retouch is commonl

relative to edge-modi Iied flakes, chip,; and,, iigular I raIgments w: ti small edge ag les.

1-hyolite is the dominant taw material type.

Edge Angles of 41' lo 60'

Fifacial feather and stepped scarred s;pecimen:;. are mrost Common in this educ. ancoe

range. The relatively large- percentage of step s cars. arid tbe relatively larg4e mean,

weights suggest processing of coarser materials thuii those( t rocessed with edfge-modified

flakes, chiips and angular fragmenits. The P w peorcentage:, ,f uifacial scars sugg(est that

scraping was of relatively minor inlet tatice. Edg1(e outlinie! us-ually are convex or

straight.

Edge Ar.g leo of -. 1' to w U

Uvet talf (if thf. -dge'-modit P d "ore: h,!ve e~dqes witt IT !n le it. tlla, dTIge. j. It. of

the ou caectoriree onI use weizat(or ciammor. 1nitacil !;te; scani t'q appe(ar:. rinst tie-

;juentlIy . A re lat i ely largef -roportlin it the specimenis have muiit iple forms,, of us e-wc ..nA~nas or, in the form )t jrntding and roundirv1 of e-dge: i- . r titii -emmor. )i i1- !,tt tts(

t Itao ilby 'If- :. ar' qroi . . dnt~ilte wtift, va1rie. M() ]-::iii t l~tly ' 1t -11)

11- Az" I. cN) A! .- l'1_

ii a- eq, r s 1 N - r Of! Iit-;k ro~rr O - C-1i we ight 21rt ta e t -

or.~~~ ti-. 'se'('bvt t 2" 1f'4iftdk 'i~-r;tt torli I: -r''ror

rej re--ie. Siu edges rcIf tr-ta t '-- wet) ret r-rre? it ev-

I-,vo -I; i; (I -itreddiri I ha1Vt1IlVIfi~l W~ Io~ Ii ti, rrrl il t-'g, P:5 e, i *-I

cr 1 . 1 d 1 'erit j '- -. ot 1 r i r * , Ct C t If h1- 71-1 fr I t r t .

i U, ard - , ri Is-!(L h tll u

Kw o t t h(loeC,' tooKI I-O - i C -1 1d rcI,' Tit IItrvC- t I cutri- 1 f ra; j1

:tI ttI'ti . Cut tr. ' i t-c*Z. t o ir- rf-;t'-r,-r. t,,d I l.. wr It o 1rr,, r.-t r 1 4

e v 1i - ea tits doe net! ta I drnc wuar cr ii

CI,~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I oi u ct I .r I-- I)T51'11C Ilt (1 vI"rIr

.1> he t tr- f~ ed :yrls t f hs----rnr- a va, t Qt. -~ T t q

at- - <'T C1 (i - PI d by ti a Io - r wt 2 hel ' 1 --.a'--It ,. a lr !

-P FM4N1 TO-, SYNC? :'.N

Tabis- 221 presents a corn; or toot. of tis' rurbe-r at1 'd ds rI UaoI. c-rr17at !('n (, sdye '4

1K C'i rdusc--ea oarr, inc.- F ie too ls refesi i0eri-rsdi f s''d r lake c- ; s n ar-cu-

It t r ri-rritto. Core- to )is re-tsr toC oC.e--di ' i t . taedrt -thdc- il I f8 ofao

arli tiintlces. 1italso 1-i satN't _soarririq ii- 'Ye 'ti- .t 'l se -we- Ia at'' r ucQgst ->ts t I. a' I j 1>4 .iO~ SaWitift W "t' fi iti M I - r tt (iU('t' 1' lirs. Vii r;, tc-; v tirt 'I ' ;.es cnte-

i s, mre-Tis w th F r-il edI ' a F,(le -- ) arn I I - we t'r rr ' t -a-. 'Ye-- l;i-l ald.o]In t oorrects

tc-r- 50b wee mo)re ar;,r tor t tor rw oi~urn lyd C r- ot:c:otrtI'

i Si re etig Ct'rta fly o e er-ertt 1--lrral~ ec at-i. aof c-dr I s--

I- l (f d dces, tore tool appeair to( tiave t es-il >t U tt ivol ririot I il t ac rir -to ' I

-t ixt ie-: , l 01 hou ftcc xs( lira; 1 )r h1 If--1'f rri 1o - c r-i'- i'e t' I -

s-I~~ ' tIdKI '-;--- ' t 0-' Lr-

1, elr -t t t r i, ; 'fratj Ti' '''t I t-Cfil, 'ileire v a ir !)' 1-ile >vc 0 r c c 12 ,.

I t t -ito-i '( m t( Ii If '-O O s- lf.1 tif1O ; tol, oE t tiirf ay t- !' :'' It' , > , c '- Io ', a 'l f 1

r t e, i' I-s pot--im , r or st at *- Ifrr-r. i' ,I rti-t s' trep -i r re -- v1 .-t re-', Iw it I

r t- 1 rI t,-- -- sicv - 'ra I-r t : witi rot itr, dtfe t ---l - a',I of Iw ct ft a' iqrit

'itt_ I-C f't%5 io-'- ma ; lct i- f at rrat- o tri t-- 1- ' t e k e-;-rX-,-- t It I

-'arv ffr at r iti : t ' atrtb t -- le lTa Vp-' Cr-. fl 1r 1f T i , t:i

IC rc . lw-(tier, atic U al;. ttf, -'f -A r -T' -ro dsi- or -i 11 - I ' ' 1, i

- f-rr t- t~f r cpt' <-err r' F0 ou n > A I' te - r '-t -4r S '

.2,

0~~~1 c- 4 2 ''

.- I . S

2 .-Q4 4l

2 - --U. .

.3 z.

-:~I -t,".2'

NVEi1(A-,ICNS AT -SlTI 32 ___________

SUmniary

c:, hipped stone tools from Site 32 are relatively simple in. terms of techl--Ior'y I or

;euir fc have been ut ilized in carrying out a diverse variety of act ivit ier. d'~uct ir!.

stdt~rswere directed toward the production o: usaile flakej; ancU cores wit:, awi1>.

rdir;& shapes and edge angles. Specialized forms, aL, evidence( . ejt> hyc

oz re rare. Almost all chipped tools appear to have been mc rca~cs r:

1iis I ravols which were avai lalble in the immediato vicin: ty Ut ti, -ite.

V11'PFCl I

i'' AMI I'Al'Pl'FPI ) :7 T T' APTT)fA('1

Two general cooIl Akt t'JT UI'I- Ii, -,~i't I t tb ,ILIO) K'('t T ': ' TO

atonea artifacts; from S ite t. 3- ': ire: 1, 1 vi r, t 3 >r. r 7 r,

Ir'. the collectiot;, arid 2,I tI ell. "t ril'h( ' xtn. I a-c 'r: t 'a'c "

tance it ictlvitlc>. cairri ' at t'" i' Iao o' 1 %' at1!1,act classes st, rf'cooNifd (I ZPL Ir5 'ato a iTrIIn ,I 7 km'

I mnplemert a; and (} uTiu iagrcuz Ts a-. c'rer a' I ctia:'

* - s~ ji n .y.I i (, ,1I, ,4 -I t 'eE I" a %

Foll Iow ing a >"rit d is cna --,icnr o f tK jjri: i I s"aaw t t2! f C' r-.cC t 1t

classes is described. Toe diatributcr' o' t tachUeda F

t ioita for interpret ira at': firGop art',-,

pw ,rI S

Ni;- raw rnater-am

. type: arc tit' ")Mn I (I'> TI;:1t, Kc'

ut ore andI basalt) ala, aire repros i,(,ntr". 'i, f I' u' : an ,1 are not o-

Scr ibed tilrther T c Th t c SI( 'Gil.':r too'l Iu: tu, cl

(diolase) , micactau in cfit ,0

'1Oru'' a:, i t,,

The coonse-gramc ' nd uLarti C- :r i fICI:1 om i' ':" :I.

;resernt in the 'hipped t '(Ic' i,: 1, alddrtn''i to rc 5

also arc riot awell c Cf'o 1'rooaul- u

uri 1980G:1(1 reporti tfic. i 1+ iouro' i' 1tiin a '' 'r i ; It i Monea i -

d art or the aliluv ia Il, :,o,e t Ih s 'hi' T- ('1 t ', a dO rt Z'( l 1 0

th e I'rat'VYI ra we-re 1, ruobablIy t ii TCC '7(! - , "1o A IT ' r1 L't no''t Oe TP) aOU' t.

amte I oac'ttn(- ,r -r 'r 1:' tI 1 b' we' - motb ,I

tx. ihe-' rock- art reti '1 P1 ">I a I a te 'r ''i 'r , Ii vcd' jI 1K' areai:a'oed '"ia-t'zite ws a m, i i ''ia''l: 'tI I " l " 1 dti' £0

st no art ist

A iiar'- , T i Il 1 ' * '' c ~I'! c 1 '', " 1 '-

jr'':a a~l or 'ntl e' 'htu " c''i'

Fatoo a' 11 1 11

I tii fI cI j I i

- e c is T , 1 TI -

la ll:11 ( Ii 11 ' '' '' ' C

F: liV I T XMrut.I'' ma 1 : i. '- T,: PT':'~ Bil) 1i

AD-A142 029 INOESTIGATONS A SITE 32 (41EP325) KEYSTONE DAM 1/3/sPROJECT A MUL COMPONENT.U) PREWIT AND ASSOCIATES

U "S INC AUSTIN TX RCFIELDSET AL MAR 83UNC I ASSIFED DACW47-82-C 0018 F/G 5/6 LN

m IEIIIEEEEEEEIIIEEE-EE-EIIIIIEIIEE-Em....'IIIIIU...II

, I..'II

11111 i ___1 2.

1.25 ~1.8

MWCROCOP RLSQ,'LUTIIN I[S CH RI1

CHAPTER VIII

GROUND, PECKED AND BATTERED STONE ARTIFACIS

Two general oals are pursued in the analysis of the ground, pecked and batteredstone artifacts fror Site 32. These are: (1) to provide a description of the specimensin the collection, and (2) to elicit information concerning the range and relative impor-

tance of activitie. carried out at the site. Based on types of modification, three arti-fact classes are recognized: (1) ground, pecked and/or abraded implements; (2) batteredimplements; and (3) undiagnostic fragments and debitage. The distribution of the arti-facts is given in Table 23. Table 24 presents the breakdown by size and raw material

type.

Following a brief discussion of the utilized raw materials, each of these artifactclasses is described. The distribution of the specimens is then discussed, and implica-tions for interpretinc site function are presented.

Raw Materials

Nine raw material types are identified. Four of these (rhyolite, limestone, sand-stone and basalt) also are represented in the chipped stone collection and are not de-scribed further. The five additional materials are coarse-grained quartzite, gabbro

(diabase), micaceous schist, diorite and syenite.

The coarse-grained quartzite differs significantly from the fine-grained quartzite

present in the chipped stone collection. In addition to the grains being larger, they

also are not as well cemented and often exhibit a jagged or irregular fracture. O'Laugh-]in (1980:10) reports that quartzite is common in the Franklin Mountains but is more abun-dant on the alluvial slopes east of the range than on the western side. Quartzites from

the Franklins were probably the source for most of the larger ground stone implements at

Site 32. Hammerstoses are mostly quartzite river cobbles with thick, well-smoothed cor-tex. These rocks are present in moderate frequencies in the immediate site area. Coarse-grained quartzite was the material most frequently utilized for both ground and battered

stone artifacts.

A coarse-grained, dark-colored igneous rock type present in the collection is identi-

fied as gabbro or diabase. Diabase has not been reported in artifact descriptions for theEl Paso area and is infrequent in the collection. It may have been used only for manos.O'Laughlin (1980:10) reports that diahase i:i present in small amounts on the eastern allu-

vial slopes ot the Franklin Mountains.

Micaceous schist is a metamorphic rock which has a thin platy structure. Specimens

in the collection are pale green or brown and tend to have a slight metallic luster.Micaceous schist is represented only in the form of two pestles and several undiagnosticchips or angular fragments. Schist has been observed in the northern portions of theFranklin Mountains and in the Organ Range (M. Bilbo, personal communication).

181

9l


r

TABLE 23

PROVENIENCE OF GROUND, PECKED AND BATTERED STONE ARTIFACTS

Systematic

Surface Sample Unit Unit Unit

Collection Excavations 1 2 3 Misc. Total

Manos 4

Group 1 1 1 4 2 1 0 9roup 2 0 1 2 1 O 0 4

Misc. 5 1 2 2 2 1 13

Pestles 0 0 3 2 0 6

Metate Frags. 4 1 1 1 1 0 8

Sandstone

Abraders 1 0 0 0 0 0 2

, round and

Pecked Frags. 12 1 16 26 3 2 60

Pecked Frags. 0 0 12 12 1 0 25

Hammerstones 50 5 47 21 3 3 129

Anvil Stone 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Battered

Cobble 1 r a S 3 i

Undiagnostic

Frags. 42 _2 181 7_1 13_ _3 3 1_2TOTAL 116 12 269 138 25 10 570

One broken mano and several undiagnostic fragments in the collection are made ofa

gray diorite. Pigott and Dulaney (1977:91) report that gray diorite is present in the

Jarilla Mountains which protrude from the TularoSa Basin approximately 80 km northeast of

the site area.

~One intact mano recovered at Site 32 is made from a large cobble of syenite. Syenite

outcrops in the Hueco Mountains located along the eastern border of the Hueco Bolson

approximately 40 km east of the site area.

182

a. ~uauf 00-" D c c- 1)

al .A. C, C C 0

000 0 0 4.

snoagD LW

o.Aqqpg 0-~ 0 C, c 0 0 0 C) 0

00eq q 0 0 0 0 e1 0 c 0

0u~su 14O 0 0 0 0 0 0

auojsaw~i 00'- o 0 0 0e 0 0 m

E-

t.al 10)( 0- 0 0 0 0 00 *-

W 13 ajLzj.Aenb 0o ID 0 1-1 , e 0 e

S paute~jB-asJAPO)

(swei6) 1!0 0 ,

CDL~ue M , In 0 6 ID rOI- #,

0 0 . 0 0 0L0SUOLSUaW(J -A. : r~.

suaw:DadSJ: eq # i, v Ho 0.

-0 u

r.U 4Jo 0 4 u

m. 9. 0) u 4j ~C~~)J1 4) Ad0 ' ' 5

0. Pw w 9) 6) to)0 4 '4 4 M0 r 0) 0) )

4 0 fe .3 X ~ ..

IV 0

183

Im


Description of Specimens

Ground, Pecked and/or Abraded Implements

/

MANOS

Group 1 (9 specs.; Fig. 56a and b) .

Group 1 manos are ovoid to subrectangular in outline and relatively thin in crosssection. Five complete specimens and four fragments constitute this group. All but one

specimen have two flat to slightly convex grinding surfaces. Parallel striations arepresent on six specimens; striations on two are multidirectional; and no striations couldbe detected on one fragment. At least one of the two grinding surfaces has been pecked on

all of the manos. Margins have been shaped by a combination of pecking and chipping.

Group 2 (4 specs.; Fig. 56c and d)

Specimens of Group 2 have round outlines and are thick in cross section. Thegrinding surfaces are parallel and the lateral margins are excurvate. Shaping of themargins was carried out by pecking only rather than by a combination of pecking and

chipping.

Two complete specimens are represented. The small specimen (Fig. 56d), of rhyolite,has one flat grinding surface and one that is slightly concave. The larger specimen (Fig.56c), of syenite, has one slightly convex and one slightly concave grinding surface.

The fragments consist of pecked margins with only very small portions of the grindingsurfaces present. Striations are not visible on any specimen in this group.

Miscellaneous Manos (13 specs.)

Three complete and ten broken manos are included here. In general the specimensappear to represent cobbles which have been shaped minimally by pecking of the margins. Afew of the broken specimens may be representative of Groups 1 or 2, but they are too frag-

mented for classification.

One of the complete specimens is ovoid in outline and biconvex in cross section. It

is made of a rhyolite porpnyry. The margins have been lightly battered or pecked, and

both convex grinding surfaces are pecked and ground. No striations are visible.

The second specimen, of limestone, has a roughly rectangular outline and is irregularin cross section. The margins are shaped on three sides, and although it is possible thatthis specimen represents a portion of a larger artifact, it appears to have been reshapedintco a functional form. Parallel striations are visible macroscopically on the slightlyconvex grinding surface.

The third complete specimen is a small quartzite cobble with an ovoid outline and ateiticular cross section. Both grinding surfaces are slightly convex and have been peckedand ground lightly.

184

CHAPER VIII: GROUND, PECKED AND BATTERED STONE ARTIFACTS

The ten mano fragments all have identifiable grinding surfaces and margins, butclassification into more detailed groips is not possible.

PESTLES (6 specs.; Fig. 57a and b)

One complete and five broken p~stles were recovered. The complete specimen (Fig.57a) is of a pale green garnet micaceous schist. The outline is elongated and taperstoward the top. The distal end is chipped and battered, but also is ground smooth along a

narrow intact ridge which extends alcig the rounded end. The specimen has been shaped by

grinding and pecking.

The most complete fragment (Fig. 57b) represents the tapered end of a pestle. The

tip of this end has been crushed slightly, but is not extensively chipped and battered as

is the wide end of the complete specimen. The fragment is made of a copper-colored quartz

micaceous schist.

Three of the remaining -ragments represent midsections of pestles. All have lentic-

ular cross sections very similar to those of the more complete specimens. Both margins

and surfaces have been shaped by grinding and pecking.

The final specimen is classified tentatively as a pestle fragment. It is planoconvex

in section and appears to have been ;plit longitudinally. The convex surface is pecked

extensively but not ground. The sp ,cimen may represent a portion of a pestle brokenduring manufacture, but this is uncertain.

METATE FRAGMENTS

Eight specimens with ground surfaces appear to represent fragments of metate5. The

most complete specimen (Fig. 57c) represents the edge of a basin-shaped form. Both the

concave upper surface and the flat lower surface have been pecked and ground. Theexisting outline is slightly excurvate. The outer rim thickness is 34 mm.

A second fragment, also of coarse-grained quartzite, is a complete solid cone with

the apex being a battered point and the mouth of the cone representing the concave

grinding surface. This surface is pecked extensively. The specimen appears to have been

formed by a blow to the underside of the metate which removed a complete Hertzian cone of

percussion. Thickness of the fragment is 25 mm.

The third fragment is a large tabular chunk of ferruginous quartzite which was re-covered as three separate chunks in the field. Another fragment is of the same material

but cannot be fit onto the larger slab. The two grinding surfaces are flat and pecked

slightly. Thickness of the fragment is 34 mm.

Two other fragments appear to have originated from one metate, but they cannot be fit

together. The grinding surface appears flat, but only a small portion is present.

Another fragment is of a banded dark red and gray coarse-grained quartzite. Twoground and pecked surfaces are present. The upper, and more thoroughly ground, surface isconcave indicating that the metate was basin shaped. Parallel striations are visible.The thickness is 31 mm but the thickest portion may not be represented by the fragment.

185


Figure 56. Manos.

Manos, Group 1

a. Light brown coarse-grained quartzite (Unit 1, N74/W99, Level 1).

b. Dark gray quartzite (Unit 2, N108/W95, Level 5).

Manos, Group 2

c. Mottled light gray diorite (Unit 1, N81/W96, Level 3).

d. Mottled dark red rhyolite porphyry (Unit 2, N113/WlOO, Level 3).

Artifacts are drawn to one-half size.

.18 . 186

Figure 56

d

11

I.


Figure 57. Pestles, Metate Fragment and Sandstone Abrader.

Pestles

a. Pale gray-green garnet micaceous schist (Unit 1, N78/W92, Level2).

b. Reddish brown quartz micaceous schist (BHT A, Level unknown).

Metate Fragment

c. Dark gray and red banded coarse-grained quartzite (Unit 1,N77/W95 and N79/W95, Level 2).

Sandstone Abrader

d. Reddish brown sandstone (Unit 1, N76/W95, Level 1).

Artifacts are drawn to one-half size.

188

188

F Ig u re 57

-i

oC,


The final fragment is a small section of the outer portion of a metate of banded graycoarse-grained quartzite. Two flat grinding surfaces are present. The specimen is 25 mm

thick.

SANDSTONE ABRADERS (2 specs.; Fig. 57d)

A flat sandstone slab has multidirectional deep striations or shallow grooves over

most of one surface and portions of the opposing surface. Striations also are present

along one margin. The surfaces have been lightly pecked or battered.

A second specimen is a thick tabular small sandstone cobble with striations and some

battering on one surface. The striations are multidirectional but not as numerous or deepas those on the first specimen. P

GROUND AND PECKED STONE FRAGMENTS (60 specs.)

Sixty flakes or angular fragments have grinding and pecking on portions of their

surfaces. The modified surface is flat on 47 specimens suggesting that portions of manos

or metates are represented. Thirteen specimens have convex pecked and ground surfaces.

These may be portions of Group 2 manos, miscellaneous manos or pestles.

PECKED STONE FRAGMENTS (25 specs.)

These fragments have pecked surfaces without visible grinding. It is possible thatthey represent portions of manos, metates or pestles. These fragments may have originated

from along the original specimen margins where grinding often does not occur.

Battered Stone Implements

HAMMERSTONES 1129 specs.)

All unchipped cobbles which have battering or crushing on their surfaces are classi-

fied as hammerstones (with two exceptions discussed below). The hammerstones almost

always are ovoid in outline and cross section, but a few outlines approach subtriangular,quadrangular or irregular shapes. Battering and/or crushing occurs on the ends or alongthe widest portions (perimeters) of the specimens. On a few, portions of surface areas

also are battered.

For each specimen the degree of battering is classified as light, moderate or exten-

sive (Table 25). Light battering consists of relatively few, widely spaced surface frac-

tures. Intensive crushing of surfaces is not visible. Moderately battered specimens have

a few small, heavily crushed areas. Small surface fractures are more numerous and moredensely spaced. Extensively battered specimens are thoroughly crushed in their modifiedareas. Since all of the specimens are roughly ovoid in outline and cross section, thelocation of battering is tabulated as: (1) on a single end only; (2) on opposite ends

only; (3) along 50 percent or less of the perimeter; or (4) along more than 50 percent of

190

4-

CHAPTER VIII: GROUND, PECKED ANP BATTERED STUU! APTIA

TABLE 25

LOCATION AND DEGREE OF BATTERING ON HAMMERSTONEi

Degree of Battering 4

Location of Batterinq Light Moderate Exteisive

Sinqle End 14 (31.8) 22 (50.0) 6 (18.2) 44 1

.posite Ends 10 (27.8) 10 27.8) 16 (44.4) St P1

50 Percent of Perimeter 4 (16.0) 12 (48.0) 9 '36.1 25

50 Percent of Perimeter 4 (16.7) 6 (25.0') 14 (58.3) z4 (

TOTAL 32 (24.8) 50 (38.8) 47 k36.4 129 P12, I

the perimeter. These data suggest that hammerstones were used in a variety 0! Wdy:.

Specimens with battering over relatively wide areas were not always utillizcd mcrc te:-

sively. However, there is a slight tendency for hammerstones battered cnly or. -iJ,-nd to be battered less extensively than those specimens which were used alorn 50 ;zr:or more of their perimeter.

ANVIL STONE (I spec.)

One specimen is a coarse grained quartzite cobble with extensive Lattering restrct

.o th-' ,Pnterior portions of two surfaces. Because the margins and perimeter 3ack .a t -

in,, thr specimen is interpreted as an anvil stone.

tTTFRE ('PBLE (I spec.)

One relatively large rhyolite cobble is battered extensively at one enr aT.several margins. The elongated outline and large size of this .'pecnen are sugpxCt;%fa crude pestle.

Coarse-grained Debitage (312 specs.)

I1 flakes, chips and angular fragments of very coarse-cralned mateiials tr '

lated separately from the chipped stone. These raw materials all are trprese:jted If.g4round, pecked and battered stone collection, but none are in the collection )I clij;,,d

';tcne tools. Therefore, It is probable that these specimens resulted rom the r.:'nt -

i're, naintenance or use-damage nf ground, pecked and battered stone implements.

191

p II I . .I i i, ,


Distribution

The distribution of the ground, pecked and battered stone specimens is show. In

Figures 56 through 63. These artifacts are widely scattered over the site surface but are

relatively concentrated in the northern one-half of the central site area. This distrIt_-tion differs from that of the unmodified debitage (see Fig. 39) and is similar to thedistribution of scattered fire-cracked rocks (see Fig. 13). As discussed in Chapters V

and XI, the high density area of fire-cracked rocks in the northern part of the site

appears to be an outcropping of the dense subsurface rock scatter in the southern portionwhile the surface debitage distribution appears largely to reflect site use post-dating

the accumulation of the dense rock scatter. The distribution of the ground, pecked ar'battered stone specimens suggests that this class of artifacts is most heavily associatedwith the occupations which resulted in the dense scatter of fire-cracked rocks at the

site.

This conclusion is supported by the vertical distribution of these items in Units 1and 2. Figures 59, 60, 62 and 63 show that ground stone and battered stone artifacts

relatively concentrated in Level 3 (45.5 percent) when compared to the unmodified chippedstone debitage (26.5 percent). This s, Igests strongly that while ground, pecked and

battered stone artifacts were manufactured and/or maintained and used throughout the site

occupation, they were a more important part of the tool kit during the middle zone occtpa-

tion of Unit 2 and the lower zone occupatiun of Unit 1.

Discussion

Although this collection is small, it offers a great deal of information on activi-

ties carried out at the site. The manos, metates and pentles suggest that seed processing

was of some importance to the site's inhabitants. Just ar bi nificantly, the ground stone

debitage and the possible pestle manufacturing failure indicate 'hat some tool manufctu:E.

and/or maintenance was carried out. The distributional co-occurrence of the ground and

pecked stones and the battered stones suggests that hammerstones were used in this manu-

facturing or maintenance. This range of activities (i.e., manufacturing or maintenance as

well as tool use) seems to hint that the site may have been used as a general purpose

campsite rather than a special processing locale.

O'Laughlin (1979, 1980) has attempted to differentiate between residential sites and

campsites on the basis of relative percentages of categories of chipped and ground stone

artifacts at a number of sites in the project area. He suggests that high percentages of

grnund stone tools relative to total tools indicate the importance of grinding activities

and that low percentages of ground stones relative to total artifacts indicate the cura-

tion and maintenance of ground stone tools. Under this scenario, he interprets the 1(w

frequency of ground stone tools in Formative period contexts at Sites 33 anxd 34 as re-

flecting the unimportance of grinding activities. The low frequency of these tools In

Archaic period contexts at Site 33 is then seen as reflecting tool curation. Viewed In

this same way, the Site 32 data from the systematic sample units (Table 26) seem to suc-

qest that grinding activities were as important at Site 32 as for the Archaic component at

Site 33.

192

._i_

Figure 58


DISTRIBUTION OF BATTERED STONES

,94-

-4404 .-- . .2 W10 wo -

-] 7 1. 2 - .1

00 8- 16 32

19 f b.

NOT Blnkolos ~ f .1 . . - - - - - -rfi. ,?-9- H a - -

Figure 59

0 z

Gi- i 1

LLJ . . . .

00~ LL. ... .. 5- .

U) ao 0

W

0

Figure 60


DISTRIBUTION OF BATTERED STONES

(surface iO cm) ( 0 20 cm 0,

specimens sec, ens r 0 5pec me s

I . . . .

9,\

e e . .L I .JI ' ............... ... .. '....

Lese 4 _, e.',: r'- e~els6 E r

350-40 c ) f40. ocr ) i 50-80 cm)3 spe¢cm ns 0 , p c l S . 0 o eC m e ns

r, - '

* - . . ---.,...... ..

. . . . . , . , -

L._, \*. *, • -.... \ . . . .

1k- l -

NUMBER LdF SPECIMENS4

F I

NOTE_ Blank areal 0e . no' 1'.c, Ilea

f) 4I18.10N HP 8 A

Figure El


DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND 3 PECKED STONES

N I8''t n'#oslr

.

Figur Ie 62

a ..

-.. . .7

cr-

V)

w2

Jz1


TABLE 26

COMPARISON OF RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF GRINDING TOOLS

AT SITE 32 AND SITES 33 AND 34

Sites 33 & 34 Site 33

Site 32 Formative period Archaic period

No. of Ground Stone Tools 4 14 3

Percent of Total Chippedand Ground Stone 0.5 0.5 0.7

Percent of Chipped andGround Stone Tools 10.8 6.4 11.5

The distribution of these specimens indicates that grinding activities were rela-tlvely important during the early part of the site history. As discussed in Chapter XI,this conclusion forms a part of the basis for contending that site function changed

significantly during the Archaic period.

] 98

P

Figure 63

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT -

UNIT 2DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND 8 PECKED STONES

Level ILevel 2 Level 3,sooe 0m (10 -20 cm) (20-3O1.

7 specimens a specimens 20 %ec'mens j

N L20

coo 09 100 00 . 00

Lee Le4 evl -

N spec m-~4 .Cmfl 2Cr

N-1-0--

W'00 ~ ~~~ *9 -0 9 0 9

Ip

INOTE 110 409 e, 00 5 c- 0154s

9) --

paIa2' T-71-7

F4

CHAPTER IX

CERAMICS

This chapter describes the 9C sherds recovered from Site 32 and examines their dis-tribution. The research topics are then addressed using these data. Although the ceramiccollection is small, its homogeneity and restricted distribution make it quite informa-

tive.

Description J0

All of the sherds found at the site are undecorated brownware and all but four areassigned to the type El Paso Brown (O'Laughlin 1980; Whalen 1980; Runyan and Hedrick 1973;Lynn, Baskin and Hudson 1975). Many of the specimens are small (mean weight = 4.r g) andhave badly weathered surfaces.

A single rim sherd is included in the collection; thp remainder are body sherds. Therim sherd is from a short-necked jar with a restricted orifice and an approximate rim

diameter of 28 cm.

Interior and exterior surfaces are smoothed and not polished with the exterior sur-

faces generally being more finely finished than the interior ones. Most of the sherds

have gray to black cores and all have yellowish red (SYR 4/6) to dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)exterior surfaces (Munsell Color Company 1375). Interior surface colors usually fallwithin the range given above but often arr of lower value than the exterior surfaces.Some interior surfaces (n = 6) are gray to black, but this appears to be the result of

firing rather than the addition of some orgaiic substance to the vessel walls.

Although no attempt has been made to dentify specific temperinq agents through apetrographic analysis, it is clear that all vessels represented in the collection aretempered with sand (each specimen was examined using a variable power binocular micro-

scope). Petrographic analyses of ceramics Irom other !;ites in the El Paso area indicatethat the temper in El Paso Brown consists m(stly of quartz and feldspars and constitutes25 to 50 percent of the body (Smiley 1977:2/3-274). Fine- to medium-grained sand (0.10-

0.50 mm) is noted in all sherds from Site 32, and most specimens contain large amounts ofcoarse to very coarse sand (grains averaging 1.0 mm in diameter). Four sherds are con-spicuous in their lack of coarse-grained sand temper. These four are assigned tentativelyto the type Alma Plain (O'Laughlin 1980; Hauty 1936; Smiley 1977). Sherd thickness for

all specimens ranges from 4.0 to 7.R mm and averaqes 5.8 mm. None of these sherds i.

modified.

Distribution

Ceramics at Site 32 are restricted In distribution both horizontally and vertically(Table 27). By far the majority (n = 64) are from 15 surface collection units scattered

over am 1120-M2 area covering the north-central part of the site (Fiq. 64). Only three

201

P hcEC-L~1iNi PAE SLAI M 71 LAW


TABLE 27

PROVENIENCE OF SHERLS

El Paso Brown Alma Plain (?) Totals

Surface Collection 65 (70.7%) 2 (50.0%) 67 (69.8%)

Unit 2

Lev,1 1 13 (14.1%) 13 (13.5%)!,&vel 2 6 (6.5%) 6 (6.2%)

Level 3 4 (4.3%) 4 (4.2%)

Level 4 1 (1.1%) 1 (1.0%)

TTALS" 24 (26.1%) 24 (25.G%)

Phase I Testing(level 1) 1 (1.1%) 1 (25.0) 2 (2.1%)

Sample Excavations

(Level 1) 1 (1.1%) 1 (25.0%) 2 (2.1%)

Surface Feature

Excavation

(Level 2) 1 (1.1%) 1 (1.0%)

T(TALS 92 (100%) 4 (10C%) 96 (100%)

sherds are from surface collection units outside of this area, two from a square on theeastern edge of the contiguous surface collection squares and one from a square iear thesoutheastern edge. Of the 67 specimens in the surface collection, 42 (62.7 percint) arefrom one 8-by-8-m area.

A similar horizontal distribution is shown by ceramics recovered duling the excava-tions. Unit 2 yielded 25 percent of the sherds from the site while the, block unit to thesouth, Units 1 and 3, yielded no ceramics at all. The onll xcavatlois other thal Unit 2which contained sherds were two Phase I test pits N92/W92 and NIOG/WO9), two samp'c exca-vation units (NlIOO/W84 and NIOO/W68), and one surface feature trench (N132/ W121; Feature8). All of these excavations are within or adiacent to the area contaii.ing most of thesurface ceramics.

This artifact class occurred m:st freqiently, quite obviously, on the surface ot thefite. Of the 29 sherds recovered in the excavations, 24 (82.8 percent) are from levels 1atd 2 (to 20 cm below surface). Of the five specimens found at depths greater than 20 cm,four were clearly within animal disturbances. Four of the five lxl-m square:; in Unit Iwhi-h had sherds In Levels 3 or 4 also yielded herds tior levels I and/or 2 or wre next

2(12

e

Figure 64

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTSURFTACE COLLECTIONS

DISTRIBUTION OF CERAMICS

1t~7- .... ..

S. .... ....

.......... ..

.... .. ujiii~

" A. .

:2 - , -. . . . . . . :. . . .

I . . . . . . .

'NVLSTI(,ATIONz; AT SITY 32

to squares with sherds it. the upper levels (Fiu. t5). In short, the o)ccurrence of cra-

m,--, below level 2, and possibly much of that in Level , app(,ars to be the result otdownward displacemenit from the surface and upper 10 cm of the site soil..

Discussion

Althouh it is often difficult to assign lrownware body shlirds to a particular type,

those recovered trom Site 32 can I e typed with .s;ome cont idenc, as El Paso brown and Alma

Hain because o the lack of decorated specimen s (i.e., LI Paso Polychrome) trom the col-lectIor. Both El Paso Brown and Alma Plain, however, were used over a very long period of

time, from about the time o1 Christ to A.P. 1100 (O'laughlln 11+C; Whalen ISP), and thus

ta" shot s at the site could have been depo:i ted any time durinc th, aiproximat.l% 1100-year-li,, Mesilla Phase.

In an eftort to refine the typology of the El Paso biownwaref;, Whalen (19O) recentlyconducted a study of ceramic attributes using data collected mostly from surface contexts

in tihe Hueco Bolson, east of the Franklin Mountains. His analysis focuses on changes

through time in rim and lip form, vessel wall thickness, and vessel size. Usina these

attributes, Whalen detines early and late forms ot El Paso Brown! although, as he pointsout, much work remains to be done before the changes are fully understood. The principaldi~tviences between the early and late forms seem to be: (1) a shift from a pinched lip

1k, I flattened lip; (2) an Increase in vessel size (mean rim diameter changes from 13.2 to

17.1 cm); and (3) a decrease in vessel wall thckness (5.6 vs. 5.0 mm) (Whalen 1960:31).

UntortunatelI, the Site 32 ceramics cannot be compared very comfortably with the

Hueieo iPolson data. The single rim sherd has a 'ip which !s somewhere between pinched and

flattened, and the olitice diameter indicated by this rim sherd Is considerably largerthan both o1 Whalen's mean rim diameters. Althouqh the mean thickness of the Site -2

-fherds compares favorably with that to Whalen's early El Paso Brown, it seems risky to

rely or this as a chronological indicator In view of the small sample sizes involved.

Nonetheless, the co-occurrence of El Paso Brown and Alma Plain, both ot wthich appeared inte early Formative period, and the lack of any local or nonlocal decorated ceramics seem

t,, ;uqqest that the ceramic component at Site 3. represents occupation during the earlyport of the Mesilla Phase. The single Meslila Phase radiocarbon datt from Site 3.1, A.D.

520 ± 7k, does not contradict this conclusion. That this Mesilla Phase component repre-

,eut, the late end ot the use of Site 32 is indicated by the very high percentage ofh, rb. that came from the surface and upper 20 cm of the site. It 1., clear that the mostintensive use of the site occurred in pre-Me.illa Phase, or Archaic, times.

The horizontal distribution of the, ceramics provides some insight into the nature otthis early Mesilla Phase eomponeut. It is suggosted, based en the small number 0t sherds

cl lected and their discontinuous 1distribution, that this component represent, short-termo',-u'at ir, by one or more small group, o people. Whether this compoient represents one,, -;spat IonA episode or manly IS not known. That 'h, ceramicri occur over such a small part

''t the site seems to suggest some 'orit innlt of use- -- a continuity whi ch could reflect

:I,, tepisode or a few closely spaced episode, . 'i the other hand, the 11 ,cortlniuous nature

, the surtace distribution suggests that mult 1; 1C, unconnCeVted oc- uiations may have

,,-coi red. The small number oft sherds on the surfac( and the fact that most occur in. twodi!;s retv concent rat ions certainly suggest that the total number ,f occupati o;al ep1sodesc,nhId not have beel v*ry large.

Figure 65


DISTRIBUTION OF CERAMICS

VA

.. --.

l-,

4,1N. -l

'L STIGATIONS AT SITE 32

The question of site function for the Mesilla Phase component is dealt with e sewhere

in this report, but it is noted here that most of the surface ceramics occurre near alarge surface feature (Feature 9) which has been interpreted as one or more deflated

hearths, that five other surface features (Features 1, 8, 13, 14 and 15) asscssed ashearths or hearth remnants occur in the part of the site containing most of the surfaceceramics, and that at least one (Feature 21 , and possibly two (Feature 31), of the rockhearths found in Unit 2 belong with the Mesilla Phase component. Although the tunction ofrock heartn:o remains problematical (see Chal ter VI) , it has been suggested that they werce

used in the processing of leaf succulents, ;id it thus seems likely that this was animportant activity during Mesilla Phase timf. Whatever other activities may have occur-red at the site during that time, it seems quite cleai, once a'ain based on the density

and distribution of the sherds, that they were not :cffic~ent in range or duration for

-ite 32 to have been used on a long-term basis. That these proposed brief occupation5. may

Live been by small social groups exploiting a variety of resources rather than by an orga-

r tzed task group intensively exploiting a small number of resources (i.e., pit-baking of

leof succulents) is suggested by the lack of very large tire-cracked rock hearths attribu- t

table to Mesilla Phase occupations.

2o6

T1

CHAPTER X

SPECIAL STUDIES

This chapter summarizes the results of four analyses -- radiocarbon dat, ,, macr<-botanical, palynological and faunal. Sampling strategies, collection methods, and r(-

cessing methods are discussed in Chapter V. Full reports on the macrobotani:'al ardpalynological studies are included as Appendices B and C to the reert.

Radiocarbon Datiny

Only four of the thirteen radiocarbon samples collected contained sufficient arourts

of woody charcoal for dating. One of these four was not submitted because it was a compo-

site of several samples and was from a context with low interpretability. Table 28 .rt-

sents the provenience information, laboratory number, uncorrected radiocarbon age with aone-sigma standard deviation (half-life = 5568 years), stable carbon isoto.e ratio, C->adjusted age, and C-13 and dendrochronologically corrected (Damon et al. !'74) calendrica'date for each sample. The significance of these dates is discussed in Chapter VI. iisummary, they show that Site 32 was occupied over a long period of time in the lateArchaic and early Formative periods, and they provide rough chronological limits for tho

main occupational periods. They are also employed in estimating when eolian delosit.'c~rcommenced at the site (see Chapter III).

TABLE 28

RADIOCARBON DATFZ

Feature 27 Fill Feature 32 Fill Feature 21 Fill

Laboratory number Beta 4886 Beta 4887 Beta 4885

Radiocarbon ageyears B.P. (1950) 3650 ± 85 2465 ± CC 1375 ± 70

C-13/C-12 per rail -24.27 -23.56 -20.09

(-13 adjusted age 3660 2490 1455

Calendrical date C-Pand dendro-corrected 2160 B.C. 1 160 650 B.C. 120 A.D. 520 j 70

207

"hN 7.. SIT 3,

MacroJbetanical R( malns

'!!e 0V ttlca r., in,, touid were th ose recovered r. the flotation samples.

: sin lam n(Was i rdt<aded primarily t, r . ,are information on feature function, and

.amidles co! lcted roprosent a variet' kt teature and nonfeature Ifor coaitr(l

:: l ,.- :Srtexts. Reco Tni- ng that the ; re(- .' ion of oraranic mater ial was very o',i

ste, a groui of II samp es ws scl .ct.: a for a , lot. study to, exI ore the. informa-d ;et'ha]t this l ne of asaacf. 7>: e a: these are, f or intact features

7,= ," , - ;f cr are fror (r,-,:tt rto.er:,,ature conte:xt (co rtr, sa] I ; a:i re o:f-sate control tar l,. Ar:aly as a tIe :emair.der ot the flotation sam; 'es wa,

de. endea.t on the. results tia pilOt .tudy.

I. ' ' prei:,t orc 'ot 1eri.:ai remain,' ound in the pilot study, sample IS ctarcoa,

: , " F-ture K. This charcoal is noncoiferrGus but cannot be specificalIy identified.

].', -a fctanacal remains identified are seeds of annual weeds and cacti, creosotebush- :- , Eriogonum flowers, aitd composirae achenes. All are unburned and clearly modern.

•a~a ,rr disturbance oa the sdMTjed contexts is, further shown by the numerous roctlets,

r,sect ,irts and scats fcund and tire nccurrer:ca. )f a seed fl an historically introducedsRuLsiai; thistle, in Featur 5.

It s of ;ious that poor preservation and modern, disturbance at Site 32 make the use

:lotation samples for the study of feature function virtually useless. These results,

,,.;led with C'Lauqhlin's (1980) equi vocal results from fletation sample analysis at Sitessuqgest that this kind ot rcsearch by and large has a low information yield

>.,t as for ore-! sites in t'ae El Paso area. Because of these negative results, the

-ood ;hse ot the flojtation sample analysis was not undertaken. lTe pilot study pro-

a rea ran;¢ aroof that further aray:-is is not wairanted.

-alynological Analysis

Pollen sarpling was intended to provide information on feature function and paleo-

-7 mate. The salinig schemp closely tollowed that for the flotation studies with samples

,min; from intact subsurfac features and Iroth on-site and off-site stratigraphica umF. hecause eollfn resetvatjnr, was expeQted to be poor, a group of ll samples, from

the ame prvniences as the 11 analyzed flotatiorn sample,,;, was chosen for a pilot study.

Aray:; of the remaining .aml; Irs was to be dependent or, the results of the pilot study.

')f these eleven samples, only two contained sufficient pollen to reach counts of 100ararns. Both of these samples are nonfeature control samples. Most of the pollen identi-

led represents cheno-ams, graminrap and Pinus sp. In Appendlx C, Cully concludes that.,, preservation of pollei, al modern contailntlon preclude use of the .cite 32 samplesr study of resource utili;-ation and paleoenvironmertal conditions. Thus, as with the

:lr,,,taa samples, this pilot study shows that a second phase of analysis is not5- road e0.

208

C__HAPTV X: SPE IA .'T I

Faunal Remains

Table 29 lists the faunal remains recovered. By far, most (ca. 84 percen ly we.ght)are unburned, and most of these are recent intrusions. This obvious ly recent materialrepresents primarily small to medium mammals (rodents and/or rabbits ?), but the one Irob-able deer tooth fragment found or the site surface is likely also of recent origin.

The culturally significant faunal remains include one Olivella shell which wasfashioned into a bead, one freshwater drum otolith, one possible buffalo fish operculum,one burned jackrabbit innominate fragment, and a very small amount of burned bone identi-fied mostly as representing small and large mammals. This collection is quite meaqer,

probably largely because of poor preservation. }but, these remains may be scarce alsobecause hunting played a small role in the subsistence systems of the site's inhabitant.(O'l aughlin 1980:93-94).

In terms of hunting patterns, th- freshwater drum snd buffalo fish bones indicate useof the Rio Grande, and the jackrabbit bone suggests hunting ii open areas away from thefloodplain. The bones identified as representing large mammals may 1e from antelope or

deer. It has been suggested (Chapter III) that the former would have been most abundanton the bajada slopes east of the site ,nd that the latter could have been most easily

hunted in the Franklin Mountains. The small mammal remains probably represent cottontailsand/or jackrabbits. In short, these remains suggest that mammals and fish were taken from

at least two and possibly three of the environmental zone, defined for the project area

(Chapter 111).

The horizontal and vertical distributions ot these specimens are difficult to eval-uate because of the small sample size. That most of the remains are from the lower levels

in Units I and 2, however, sugqests very tenuously that hunting may have played a moreimportant role during the occupations which resulted in the dense accumulation of dis-persed fire-cracked rocks in these units than ii later terminal Archaic and early Forma-live occupations.

The nonlocal Olivella shell lead is; the only modliled item recovered from the sitewhIch war not of stone or clay, and it is the only artifact classifiable as an ornament.The bead, which is 2.5 cm long, was made by removing the tip of the shell spire. Itsprovenience suggests; that this item relates to a tvrminal Archaic or early Formative

occupation.

New0

TABLE ?9

FAUNAI REMAINS

No. of Weight igrams)Provenience Pieces Burned Unhurned Iderntificat io,

S1r face 4 .39 - nident i f ed1 - .09 Tooth fragment; rolabiy Odocolleus

sp. (deer)

Lni t 1:

, .54 - Long bone fragments; probably large

mammal

I .vel2 1 .29 Unidentified; small mammal50 - ]5.G6 Long bone fragments; medium mammal2 .14 Probable operculum; possibly

Ictiobus sp. (buffalo fish)1 land snail shell

Level 3 .25 - Unidentified; small mammal21 - 1.81 Loar bone and metapodial fragments;

possibly rodent1 - - Land snail shell fragment

Level 4 4 .28 - Lonc bone fragments; small mammal

Unit 2:

Level 1 1 - - Clivella shell (modified)

level 3 1 .40 - Calcined long bone fragments; small

mammal

Levpl 4 1 .08 - Long bone fragment; small mammal1 .37 - Innominate fragment; Lupus

californicus (jackrabbit)

Level 5 1 .84 - Epiphysis; large mammal

Ot he r

Excavations:

Level I I .07 Unidentified; small mammal1 .75 Skull fragment; small mammal

7 - Land snail shell fragmentsI - Otolith; Aplodinotus grunniens

)freshwdter drum)

Level 2 - - - Land snail thela fragments

Level 5 1 .08 - UnidentifiedTOTAL BURNED: 19 3.37 q

TOTAL UNBURNED: 86 18.13 g

210

CfHAPTFY XI

DISCUSbION OF SlIF O(G'I'ATIAN S

This chapter uses the Site 32 data to: (1) define compTooets; (2) study the rarp,, tactivities being performed at the sit, for each :omporent; and 3) make inference- -Louthow the site tits into subsistence ard r ettlement systems.

Four periods of occuparion are definable dt Site 3". For this discu .Aon, these cre

called components and are numbered trorr earliest to latest. These components are tht.consistently observable units (t time in the data; however, te radiocarbon dates fromSite 32, the thickness of the deposits, and the dispersed vertical distribution of arti-facts and fire-cracked rocks clearly suggest that each componert represents mltinle occu-pational episodes and covers a lonq period of time. Components 1, 2 arc I are assignableto the Archaic period; Component 4 teters to Formative period occupations.

The first three components are d(einied by variability in the ',ertlcal distribution oftire-cracked rocks ii the block excavation units. Specitically, Units 1 and 2 have zoneswith dense rock scatters which overlie arid underlie zones with sparse rock scatters (!eccAppendix F for provenience units assigned to each component). Because the zones differsubstantially, a given lQ-cm level usually is easily assigned to a particular zone even

though that level may crosscut more than one zone. For example, a level which has amoderately high fractured rock density and which appears to sample both high and low den-

sity zones can be assigned to the hiqh den.sity zone because it is reasonably certain thatmost of the rocks in that level are Cart of the high density scatter. however, If-cmlevels which crosscut more than one zone may contain artifacts from both zones, and thus

complete separation of artifacts by component is not possible. Nevertheless, only a smallnumber of excavation levels overlap occupational zones and it is not likely that generaltrends in the data are .ffected by the methodology.

Comparisons of selected artifact and feature distributions for each component in

Units I and 2 are presented following discussion of each component in the text. The arti-fact and feature classes are selected to aid in the identification of spatially localizedactivity areas which were maintained for sufficiently long periods of time to produceidentifiable patterning within the occupational zones.

The first map on each of the figures shows known hearths, suspected disturbed hearthareas, and squares containing: (1) fire-cracked rock weights which exceed the mean weightfor the component in that unit (i.e., squares which are suggested in Chapter VI to repre-

sent dumping of exhausted hearth debris); (2) moderately high and high densities (defined

as those 40 percent of the squares with the highest densities) of unmodified flakes, chipsand angular fragments; and (3) undiaqnostic ground and pecked stone fragments. This com-parison is designed to identify possible areas of secondary deposition of lithic debitage

and fire-cracked rocks.

The second map shows known and suspected hearths and squares containing: (1) fire-cracked rock weights which exceed the mean weight for the component in that unit; (2)chipped stone tools; and (3) ground stone tools. This comparison is designed to identilyspatially localized activity areas.

211

7h;VESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

T third map shows ;suare, containinq: (I) chipped or ground ,tone tools; and (2)

,c derately high and higf, densities (see above) cf urimodi f led I lake s, chijs and arqul':r

tragments. This map is designed to compare po-isible areas; of tocl marufacture or discard

ct manufacturing debris with possible areas of tool use or dis(ard-

The fourth map shows squares containing: (]) hammert ores; (: unmodified cores; ai.d

:1, modlerately high and high densities (see above) of unmodified flakes, chIps and anculsr

:iaqmer.ts. This comparison is designed to identify po ,sJble localized area!, (;f chipped

Stone tool marufacture.

The iifth map shows squares containinq: (I) edoe-modified c (res;; (2 odge-modified

'lakes, Lhsps and ancular fragments; and (3) shaped uniiaces and bifaces. ThIs comparisor

., designed to identify possible spatially localized activitiet-

involving these tool

-,sa es .

The sixth map shows squares containing edge-moditied flakers, chi-s and angular frag-

nent-, with: (1) edge angles of lC°

to 40; (2) edge angle: of 41' to fO; and (3) edge

angles; of 61' to 90'. This comparison is deL:igned to identify i,11, patially loca-

ized activities involving tools with different edge Maqles.

Jr general, it appears either that specific activities or discrrd of mat(rials were

not carried out in spatially localized areas at the site or that hvrizortal iatternina hat

become so complex through time due to repeated occupations that meaningtul interpretatons

are difficult. There are, however, a few distributions which suggest patterninc of arti-

tact use or discard.

Component 1

Component I refers to use of the site prior to the accumulation of the dense fire-

cracked rock zones in Units 1 and 2. This component is represented mostly by the deeper

levels in Unit 2, designated the lower zone in Chapter VI. This lower zone contains a low

Jensity, dispersed rock scatter over most of the unit and a higher density scatter, inter-

Ireted as a disturbed in situ hearth at the southern end. A single intact hearth, Feature

27, belongs either with Component I or with the early stages of the succeeding component,

Ind thus the 2160 B.C. ± 160 date tor this feature provide! an approximate late limit for

this earliest component. The beginning date remains unknown, although based on the

sparseness of cultural remains it is suspected that Component I was not extant for a long

time. The approximate date of 2500 B.C. given by O'Laughlin (1980) for the Initial occu-

pation of Site 33 may also mark the beginnninq of Component I at Site 32. The low density

ot chipped stone debitage in the Unit 2 lower zone (Table 30) suggests low intensity use

of the site during this time.

Component 1 presumably is represented also by cultural materials In the lower levels

(,t Unit 1. These lower levels (Levels 5-8) were minimally investigated and are not desig-

nated as a zone in the discussion of the distribution of dispersed fire-cracked rocks(Chapter VI). Nonetheless, that Unit I resembles Unit 2 structurally (i.e., in the verti-al distribution of fire-cracked rocks and artifact densities) suqqsts that the sequencesin the two parts of the site are contemporaneous.

. . . .. ., nI I I II I I II I I al 1

CHAPTER XI: DISCUSSION OF SITE (XCUPATIoN!;

TABLE 3G

DENSITIES OF UNMODIFIED FLAKES, CHIPS AND ANGULAR FRAGMENTS BY COMPONENT

No. at Flakes, Chips Volume Density

& Angular Fragments Excavated (m3 ) (pcs/m)

Unit 1:

Component 3 (Upper zone) 3126 11.2 279.1

Component 2 (Lower zone) 5037 16.2 310.9

Component 1 (not formally

identified)

Unit 2:

Component 3/4 (Upper zone) P5 6.2 137.9

Component 2 (Middle zone) 1922 13.3 144.5

Component 1 (Lower zone) 783 ..7 80.7

*Data not quantified.

The comparatively low density of scattered fire-cracked rocks in contexts assignable

to Component I (Table 31) suggests that fire-cracked rock hearths were relatively little

used during this initial occupational period. This scarcity of rocks also may be reflect-

ing low intensity use of the site or the brevity of this period of occupation.

TABLE 31

DENSITIES OF SCATTERiU; FIRE-CRACKED R(KS [,Y CuMPUNENT

Kilograms/m Kilograms/m3

Unit 1:

Component 3 (Upper zone) 0.9 7.3

Component 2 (Lower zone) 5.8 34.3

Component I (not formally identified) * *

Unit 2:

Components 3/4 (Upper zone) 1.1 7.5

Component 2 (Middle zone) 4.5 22.9

Component I (Lower zone) 0.8 4.9

*Data not quantified.

t 213

INVESTIGATIONS A'l SITE 32

Relative percentages ot artitacts assoiated with Component I in several respects

!ife,.r markedly from those ot later components (Tables 32 and 33). Edqe-modified flakes,-hi,:, ar,(! angular fragments are the dominant tool type. Edge-modified cores are presentIr. very low percentages. Although the sample size is small, manos appear to have beer:or- latlvely important. All three manos recovered from this zone belong to Group 1. rnoe of

tnt. mi,.cellaneous mano fragments of unknown form was recovered Ir Level 5 of Unit 3 and

il:2o may relate to Component 1.

TABLE 32

NUMPER AND PERCENTAGES 01' TOOLS BY COMPONENT

Component I Comlorent 2 Component 3/4 Total

idq-moditied flakes, chips

and angular fragments 15 (b2.5) 105 (43.4) 54 (56. H) 174 (48.2)

Edge,-modified cores 2 (8.3) 54 (22.3) 25 (2(.3) 81 (22.4)

Sfaped unifaces 0 3 (1.2) C 3 (0.8)

Shaped bifaces 0 2 (0.8) 1 (1.1) 3 (0.8)

Vro~ectile points 1 (4.2) 8 (3.3) 3 (3.2) 12 (3.3)

Manos and fragments 3 (12.5) 10 (4.1) 0 13 (3.6)

Pestles and fragments 0 4 (1.7) 0 4 (1.1)

Metate tragments 0 2 (0.8) 0 2 (0.6)

Abrader 0 U 1 (1.1) 1 (0.3)

Hammerstones 3 (12.5) 54 (22.3) 11 (I.6) 68 (18.8)

T ATAI,L 24 242 95 361

TABLE 33

AMOUNT OF DEBITAGE BY COMPONENT

Component 1 Component 2 Component 3/4 Total

Unmodified flakes, chips

and angular fragments 783 (94.5) 6959 (94.4) 3981 (96.5) 11723 (95.1)

Unmodified cores 35 (4.2) 369 (5.0) 130 (3.2) 534 (4.3)

('round and peckedstone debitage 11 (1.3) 42 (0.6) 13 (0.3) 66 (0.5)

TorTALS 829 7370 4124 12323

,.14

CHAPTER XI: DISCUSSION OF SITE OCCUPATIONS

Wear patterns on the edge-modified flakes and cores differ from those of later compo- 0

nents (Table 34), but these differences may be largely due to differences in sample size.

Bifacial feather scarring on tools with small edge angles prevails suggesting that cutting

of soft or medium-soft materials was an important activity.

TABLE 34

NUMBER OF APPEARANCES OF USE-WEAR SCARRING

ON EDGE-MODIFIED FLAKES AND CORES

Component 1 Component 2 Component 3/4 Total

lOo_40o

Unifacial, feather 0 4 (2.0) 1 (0.9) 5 (1.6)Bifacial, feather 9 (52.9) 25 (12.5) 18 (17.1) 52 (16.1)

Unifacial, step 0 3 (1.5) 0 3 (0.9)Bifacial, step 1 (5.9) 8 (4.0) 3 (2.9) 12 (3.7)

41W-600Unifacial, feather 0 13 (6.5) 0 13 (4.0)

Bifacial, feather 3 (17.6) 41 (20.5) 21 (20.0) 65 (20.2)

Unifacial, step 1 (5.9) 8 (4.0) 1 (0.9) 10 (3.1)

Bifacial, step 0 14 (7.0) 5 (4.8) 19 (5.9)

61'-90'

Unifacial, feather 2 (11.8) 22 (11.0) 17 (16.2) 41 (12.7)Bifacial, feather 0 23 (11.5) 13 (12.4) 36 (11.2)Unifacial, feather 0 24 (12.0) 21 (20.0) 45 (14.0)

Bifacial, step 1 (5.9) 15 (7.5) 5 (4.8) 21 (6.5)

TOTALS 17 200 105 322

The single projectile point (see Fig. 521) definitely associated with this component

is one of the four Group 1 specimens. Another Group 1 point (see Fig. 52f) was recoveredfrom Level 5 of a systematic sample unit near Unit 2 and also probably relates to this

early component. The third Group 1 specimen (see Fig. 52h) was collected from the surface

in an eroded area of the southern portion of the site, and its depositional context is notknown. The fourth specimen (see Fig. 52g) appears to be related to the lower portions ofComponent 2. Overall, projectile points of Group 1 appear to be early forms at Site 32.Large, shoulderless, concave-base projectile points are not common in the El Paso area.These characteristics are found on some forms relating to the Paleoindian period (e.g.,

Plainview, Meserve) but the flaking patterns and triangular outlines of the Group 1 spec-mens are very different. Lambert and Ambler (1961:33) illustrate two "convex base blades"

from Pinnacle Cave in Hidalgo County, New Mexico that resemble the Group I specimens.

Unfortunately, the deposits in the cave were shallow and apparently mixed. Grout, I spect-

mens also resemble some forms of the Paisano type from the Big Bend region (Suhm and Jelk-1962:227) although the shallow side-notching of Paisano is not present.

215

:N ,'STIGATIONS AT SITE 32

Squares with high densities of fire-cracked rock and fire-cracked rock hearths occurmost frequently in the southern portions of Unit 2 (Fig. 66). Of possible significance isthe presence of two of the three ground stone tools (both manos) in close proximity to thehearth areas (Fig. 66b). In general, however, little horizontal spatial patterning ofartitacts and features is evident in Component 1.

Component 2

Component 2 refers to the site occupations which resulted in the accumulations of thedens E zones of fire-cracked rocks in Units I and 2. This component is represented mostclearly by the lower zone defined in Unit 1 and the middle zone defined in Unit 2. Asnoted earlier, these two zones are assumed to have accumulated contemporaneously. Othercontexts which probably represent this component are: (1) the levels in Unit 3 with highdensities of fire-cracked rocks (mostly Levels 2 and 3); (2) the levels in the samplingexcavations and Phase I test pits with high fractured rock densities; (3; the surfacefeatures (Features 6, 11 and 12) which are assessed as fortuitously exposed rock scatters;and (4) much of the dispersed fractured rocks on the surface in the northern one-third ofthe site. Some of the surface features assessed as deflated hearths or hearth clustersalso probably go with this component. These cannot be assigned to particular componentson an individual basis.

Subsurface features which are assigned to Component 2, in addition to the dense zones

of fire-cracked rocks, are: (1) the two intact hearths (Features 17 and 33) in Unit 1;(2) two gray-stained soil lenses (Features 30 and 34), interpreted as loci of destroyedhearths, in Unit 1; and (3) three hearths (Features 2, 5 and 32) in Unit 2. It has beensuggested that the dense dispersed rock scatters in Units 1 and 2 represent loci both ofjisturbed but in situ hearths and of the dumping of exhausted hearth debris.

The 2160 B.C. ± 160 date for Feature 27 is interpreted as marking the approximatebeginning of Component 2 although, as noted above, Feature 27 may go with the later partof Component 1. Feature 32 appears to have been used in the late stages of accumulationof the dense fire-cracked rock zone in Unit 2, and thus the 650 B.C. ± 120 date for thishearth is seen as an approximate ending date for Component 2.

Debitage densities in the lower zone in Unit 1 and the middle zone in Unit 2 (seeTable 30) suggest that the intensity of site use was much greater than that for Component1 and comparable to that for Component 3.

The high densities of scattered fire-cracked rocks in Component 2 deposits (see Table31) indicate intensive use of fire-cracked rock hearths. Although there is no directevidence on the function of these hearths, it is argued that the distinctly differentvertical distributions of the scattered rocks and of the unmodified debitage provide in-direct evidence that fire-cracked rock features were special purpose facilities, perhapsused mostly in processing leaf succulents, and that this activity was relatively importantduring Component 2 occupations.

The percentage of edge-modified flakes, chips and angular fragments is significantlylower than in Component 1, and the percentage of edge-modified cores is considerably

(ireater (Table 32). This pattern may be related to the increase in fire-cracked rocks If

216

Figure 66

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTUNIT 2, COMPONENT I

DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED ARTIFACT 8FEATURE CATEGORIES

LI

iVLST16ATIONS AT SITE 2

r,, tively larqe, heavy tools are important to: t'xtract I e tasks vw lvr 5 tihe prr.cessInq

c t a, succulerts as suqgested by O'Laiighl iT: (180:235). T( -l marqir< with larger ,do -

al..le more of ten ext. ibit use-scarrin (Tab ile 34) suggest ing that co,,a Sc t i (3:7t 1 iVi -

tits were or increasing Importance. flowever, a. wi le, variety ,'f tool torm anod wear ,at -

terns are riesent suig(st inQ that occupa tios d urig I 'cm n:jeot i y %I ved e ra t

A( tivit les and were r.,t directed solely toward leat-ijo cuent ;ro( <in,.

Ground stone tools appear to contin,:e to be importart, with ;,, J !(-:, and m(tat(, ;re-

sent in the collection ii, ddition to marios. Fchr of tht nio ('rou; I marnos re-ate t ,

this component. Another was recovered rom leve 3 o! Unlt 3 ind al: o prolo)ly relates to

Comonent 2. A Group I mano from Level 4 o. a ci,.stear I : one Uit May relate t( elther

'omponent 1 or 2. Three of the tour Group 2 roros reate to Lomponert 1; the fourtl wis

collected from the surface in the northe;n periphery ,,f the ;te-. 'hre of the miscella-

neous mano fragments relate to Component 2.

Although projectile points are not present n relatively hih percentages arorG the

range of tool forms, the presence of eiqht pecimen sugoento that hunting actlvities may

be represented in Component 2. Two of tie four Group 2 (see Fiq. 53a and d.) specimens and

all ot those from Group 3 (see Fig. 53e-q) relate to thi: oMponelt. Similar specimens

have been found in the general reqion (M,.rtin and Plnaldo 1"'4; Beckes 1]c77; Whalen 1980),

tut the forms do not appear to be distinctive of a siecific area or time period. The

Group 2 points resemble the Lerma type which Suhm and IelKs (Vs2:2C7) relate to the later

part of the Archaic period in southern portions ot Texas. As noted previously, one of the

Group I points (see Fig. 52g) relates to Component 2. The remaininq two points have notbeen placed in any group. One of the specimens (:ee Fig. 53X) is an expanding stem turm

commonly found in the area (beckes l Th; l4imherley tnOd 1 Poie i,, 77; qkelton 1980; Whalen

198G) and assigned generally to the latter part A the Archaic p.eriod in the region

(Irwin-Williams 1967:Fig. I; Jelinek 197:1(3). In outline, thiin ;rint resembles theNolan and Pandale forms of the Lowoi Pecos Archaic (Subr and JeiKs /9-2:225, 233) butlacks the broad bevelinq or the stem ii hlade. Th1 ;mall obsidian bitum'- icterpreted as apoint preform also appears to relate to Component 2, although it:, presence is somewhat

anomalous since small obsidian point , generally are associated with th. Formative period.It is possible that the presence of this specimen in Level . is due to hioturbatlon, butno o pecitic soil anomalies were noted during excavation.

All artifact classes, as well as tire-cracked rocks, are scattered horizontally

throkiqhout Units I and 2 without clear spatial patterning (Figs. e7 and b8). The northern

portion of Unit 1, however, contains hiqh fre(giencies of artifacts but lacks intact

features. Squares containing high lire-cracked rock weights are not significantly clus-tered in this area relative to other parT,; of the unit. This pattern suggests that

Ither: (1) this area represents secondary depositicn or lithic artifacts and manufac-turin; debris, or (2) this is at, area where intensive, %aried activities were carried oun

over a relatively long period of time.

Component 3

Component 3 refers to occupations which postdate the accumulation of the dense trac-tured rock scatters in Units I and 2 and predate the appearance ot ceramics. Component 3

is represented in its purest form by the upper zone in 1init I which clearly overlies the

218

p'-Figure 67

7-;

U.i

oL.J05

zCL

< a-'

LLJ

w 0L

0

Dco

Ht

C)~

.ss? ';EIC>_Al >IT!

CeCUM r0ck Zacne ther' Mno Vi> ttlv> k.c: tri I '-a1-ad ta:ay wit r, 1, tt S

issutped that must or t', & tr :'ra: therttetroLtiint '.t 2, shotu 1eLrCLs,'t Com;-oreri t-W, ver, tc natr! -. , - (,I~t- i a tl ICS t C

a;uinsurtace tlesiiiai Phos:e tccar :: it. rIT: 1 -tw' L' .,:eh <rc

I , t i es tcctween t he t wt'.tt

rr-t:, 1w i ~ L 1, ttst 'f ; T art -<1tadt oU-Cc stics I,-J,!T at; It.- on., t1o ;tt< 1,'t1t , i

* MCte most ti tio S 11 1,i--wtTl! InC - .r ie- t t ;o itr -mcI

to I l wi nt f rom tti t "rCIk: ot- I t f d.. a- hs I tt > 1-thenSar: oK(- :1 C L ted

mat,-r id f-_- Iromi the( s itc- be -' wa tt Carnp a t uTh I t I -" t h

et tti portiu!t whrle teeta -c' nuo t' he-~ -r rI tC ', - I '

toet Ilated". Around t he sate o et i'y , tJfl 1 1- c)rc r i Ete '-r e

01.ttt P4 dI. CccmpotA-n ta S . the -ert rac car' ta ( Itt:

are, , rated above, icrolhabiy .zi'xed 11! cn ;~ To . InE

t he tin t herm! are-thc.rd oa tl i he a , e1 ;,; t1we at1.mt pIci tram icrpnn t s 4 3 sic' 4. ce '-m l: :rtlr I''ud r

A t hie .i -- may b-ei-oa,4 with Campj~,lCl 2tn :" IT' n. a

reaitrre-; whicn -Ire ayslmetl le i.c T- g' t ra( Lc u-t a ' t f ' a

r it 1 p- a 1rte -;ru? staire( £0 i SOL ii , n aa: I . atrot - dctc'c as

ill- Uii nt 4; andO (3i a cer tee <tu- ia trest cural It Ti t 'VTIt 1 1 lrft udted because i t Kca- 1 es1 dens e r at ta a tae aty ai_>0-

-trics. Stier& ,ka ain or in: this S.tr Iw a ssirTnme7A

*u ::ou. Dh J S rcp onen1 Is s a -S T j1jj(, tita V5 .UW coII t1. disiers ed

I. "at er ,,,i t te threc- ' K in , r - avat al1 - - si ' r .cr i t a s interproeed

a arest- t Ingq twoC 1!stur"( ' a t o th ioc, a-. - ccs f ,rcp'tr 'f !,earth debris.

71. t.atter it:. the nort bc-; lcccrit u F It-:-----t e! iC t el A5 i 3Ca' o .:SF3ItaIi-scale

I-m fc tha I. I n the 2ot~ c -- 'a rt i : cit c~-rt 1-c-t ir n A -mcmn 4.

.onI-encnt~~ ~ 3 t fi t-,t11 -c-H-at ta O-s:C -t ricv .C. and is

-ttn 't ac!erdlrca Witth -l' r1.n rI 0 c .:lc ie n te £

a~s. I r'- t about I I

I"-lc~tce- It-actie Ktino:c tot that ac-oetwas of

c-7; A rai cllt i ' 1 '0 Ic t 'I S'- i;t. > 0 w At-l- taatterec

- c-,r ack'-t)~j Ir a-- t1 P. iclct thIa t tua IC,-crat- iked ta-Ck

,-ar rcsw-', ~--~ Tjt' h-c J tt~tc at scirrest t hat

cat --- lent Ir t -ti was i We. Ia ' d:1' t I k th'-- - CCC tlrccr C'cr rc C'or--c'-cit

St hoih t w i rvc- o ckrst rikc det, t I I' -clel (.-- illor I m )t I "1 1oi ca

Il vtt' I'rna cIc, e1qe-rtc-cl ",1 1- t a -i , tir I M,'7ta'. tc- I 4 e op T-d Il-3>. however, (_)( I-t~-vrll' -I it' j S. -it>, r. 1 a atc- t n, I , It

,ci-eimt age -t hanl ft ,cm,cni,t V (; 1 a' r-c iut- t Pe s-rut r ic- c T, C; -_tlmccrc j( t '- " i 4 wIt - - - i- t t' - malero

Ir-n e c-ctoc: ;rlmanril I* ytfhiri l-i t~c --a1 Itt - -<-, i t e I~ac

mt' o mp rta cc- trat II 1 Vlcit' 1 -'z ' a '11- -~ Ic At1 -,. - d !-I(' ptc K'' 'It

tc-titc I it1;t 'ic-aet itut fi t t ;4t'i~A. It o :1 o,& c i It cTr, -lt~ T cai Is

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT Figjure ~UNIT 2, COMPONENT 2

DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED ARTIFACT 3~ FEATURE CATEGOR~iF

zt,

~% Vl

TC-

tOv 31T: aonU t lit- hI,)ped st one too lis tha t ft-at e. -cclnt -t- 1 <--1ttlt

SI L.5 orh a ps Futt In SaYr re P re0Sor11t a-t i' - i I> c-: Irrnrrur slat tt- r-1 i) at Ions.

1 1ec t: 1c. ; oints;' tr t:. Fcsrtruret t 1011 :.-. '-'2ar; s -1.eY. se tc ~'f"e' I 'vl f ' 6r, iq 4 B',or u-c' gruf rn1r ee Fi c> £3

pscm! ir 't i ,r' a reports, 'fht1-- t M-,- 1'r -1' 1i it- ''aI were o,7urd hi! iI ,. r -

-- I eIt-. ..... rm -,r I 'o doic Ca"vedri t li ine 'c I 4:1u ii ,m r 'e l~u, H ' ) C'ft -! '-. .3.. ltr;,-ral

I 1czea a ~* i ecr n--ht:r qtpS xrt lo-.now't aie r ist y t eip- 'I rp q, 'c u; et tr. (t a

-p ro 'ct s tc.' ,i Ftcr'' i -tFi -

Ur -tiit 2, lomponent 34 r- (t 'L 'nf tt CC' mos t I. 1 h t :-' l r t i C'." S an l '15 tea 1sloorly hI he artt11 i-t c. r -r-ke- ioe

5 Ar is Onc F 'r, Unit

hr~t variat lOt: I. t 'c -irs' L jhto de F t q . 'co,-

i''af 0tsntshigh d-s itace cens' -,e6 arC cc-' ff--( 'i. t:ra- or' of th'eV:tt , wist - e tool It,Ia iIo u:I w i icC Vsc att areA, terl t. c~ a greatrr -"ero

tt t, t to he ::oirt!. "'theoqh~l f 11' sarnmp-i 4z ', - lj, r 7,rne t -r.-S and t , it. 'C i i

-te te7ns top ccISst-tse :r, a ta:,rer -nr' or tc thcf untrod I f 'd f I Y''s,hi, s andat-.rtraq t ts . These d:mtr i-urIsI samoiFt- i r U~e ft r- a- of '-ot ra'tua<-tuc -- 'a tool

wer aat7al IvT L)tl- rtr: u sorti Qt t~ or en r t at

<ct-sod. I:. .. , ja dt r - n'- it 1 s', ' : W ar- 0 . E Ittoe- -ccI sitoitI _:; -fcoo a ettj r4t't -i c c Z

c.omponient 4

'lsm;'oncrnt 4 ri-fern-' "-ntatIve Priod ooc-pat~er-s ,z-'t 3' lhop ome of t('e

tr.retmains assiured to Comrponient 3 ceo-j,, i-prprese.n 0- arne 'orrti yE perca CCcis

tinnS, tnt-' moat corAIrilcr't .rker of thf- Meal'isIa ace ' tlhu ccv'err plain 1rowttwarc.Ti-lrs, and. it isq Uti~ criterin whrcl oh'a onfc- omponeit 4

As noe, l ir : ist

st of aac t -ite I,'. <noe(zstU ' " nonetrt 4 ocuir a-t'r'werf :ihunt itd !. -w tr; troe that. thiey left i utural. remrains.

solttq h-Sc tettci.5i-th, Qite a - men ompocnent 4 -r lexi - ev-e rot ioae

- r. Tables 310 thr ough 34) . Ma ter t a> wi s-h hoi l ,nc ni !rnot most case' -! y to Component 4

snare from the aurf'Ico( )' that port fort of tlr, sit, a 1000rj, in 1) ~ Wlere ost, Cofth

-tcamlcs wr-ioin- Q)ift- -teari-', low',,:, f, atr-c- B ft." nj't 'f'r i-( rt- xc--

with those .r rcm c.at I si'r osiupatl'I irs u- 05pi'-'t c: Y)' - ,or, c.cit 3, ad cannot

K' otaiidered d di' cr-ete dnato' foal unit.

Thec A.Df~. j-~ a70 date- icrr f(-i'cart- 21 In' -- -'' that s'at' r. the 1o e.0ccd'ficd

i iit ti) ff5 1I flona wtrh o(encor-c! t 4; howe,l< port li I t'': TtdI'---ioslts

kfl. -V sta - -stn-t1ltit, ft n ~at:c- Irn( I- u 'is '-t n - , ci-scI' ' it

tefo:,lfcto wI t 'Om; e:er-, t 4. 1e-? th l c - 1 't trs hearth- -I al- rep' '-- t

Figure 6

F-

F-

0 F

azo

CL

2 I0<

z u-

0

(-)-

IlNVL:T16Ar INs AT Ih; - __ - ___- -- ____ --

Zurmponient 4 occupat ions. 11hi s --eerms me:t ii ke:y wi* h Feature l Aice alnc, t erne-half (.t

t he, cerami 2;; recovered. fror r. e '.i rewere en the SUrfWse near th , teadture; rlet it 1 al sc:sl Cthat features 1, ,,, 13, 14 anid tlelong with, Component 4 Aince they o, :ur In thp

,;art ot tin- site conal.,'a ceramics.

Component 4 IS *'( Tl a b)eqinning d oe f sometirre betwee, A'.1.: and Al!. 3( C, based,.r. radiocarlhon lates irem nearly sites. I coarse, there Is no way cf kricwisqr I f Me;,lo 40lhaset occupat ion actually date this earl, at : ,tf -32. The radiccarharj date :rom Feature.

21 azid the presence of cultural remiolns above fhis3 featurte indicate that ompo)nent 4 ncc.u-

at o01l 1asted u!,til Isometimc- after stout iA' Kb It is eu~pectee; that Compj-onent 4 enided

1ly aicuict A.P. (10. The s 'aprseness of IN, ciolfur-il ,emairis apparently r( latinqj t, C-mpe-

rent 4 au;;sslow intensity use ot the _aite.

it is apparent that I ire-cracked reck he-arths weac used in Co)mponent 4 ccupations,

anti thus;, some lesf s ucculenl pzosetssir.4 may hove been taking rlace; hlit the lack of comn-

Darahie cata 'or this :ompoiient and Ather: pre-luaes confident stater-unts as to the rela-

tive importance of thi, lc tivity. The 11-ck ot very larce rock hearths for Ccmponient 4 and

thc rest ricted hurl zont-o is rtlt ion ul (omi;nne t 4 materiiil, doc!a qr:est , however,ths

1t the site wras not beinc. for large icaec e Ing lcat uc ete Based tni

this conc'lusion, itis prpslimedl that the ;3te wa~s used as a isSi:ro ampsite rather

than a special urseplant restjlca.

h"Iscv0ssiCn

This analysis has defined four occupatlonal periods for Site 3? aid L-ts attempted to

ccmpare anid contrast the ranges of activities carried out at thto site !batween these coriro-

nents. Component 4, represilntino the Meswila Cha3se occupation, is tl -_ most difficult to

characteribto because materials arc sparse, ati not easily foclated. Thus, conclusion-sabout site funiction for Component 4 are conjectural. It is slorelatively difficult to

characterize Component Ioccuipations with contlidence because they arc2 represented by a

small sample ot data and it is suispected thiat senre of the nalterials assigned to this com-

ponent have been translocated downward frem Comp~nent -, depost . For th1-se reasons, the

followine (1iscusslin addresses a ti-furctiten f(r ali tour compone'..ts but concentrates on

Compon(-,tsq _; arid 3.

In Chapter IT, typothi-ees and, test im1l1cations were presented through the use ofwhich it was hope,! 1,e relate ttLe varl(iiY occupations of Site 32. to regional settlementstrateglies. S itec 31 was hypothesized to repreceont either: (1) a residential base within

a forager system; (2) a reatdential base within a collector system; or (3) a, field Camp

within o Collector System.

Components I aiid 2, representing the middle to late Ar'Thaic, Include a variety of

.,hipped stone and ground stone tools, ats welti as ground £u~debitage and hammerstones,

suggesting th~at a variety of plant and animal [cods were being processlet and that mainte-

nnce activities were being perioiimed. No a tructures are associated with either compo-ran!t . Increased fire-cracked rock densities it, Component 2 suggest that leaf-succulenitprocessing tray have been a very important activity at this ',;me. however, the number anid

variety of tool forms also increase which appear; to contradic! the hynothesis that ecc-u-

p)atiofs began to tecns solely on the procss-,in of upland Ica succlents. Horizoita:

i,14


UNIT 2, COMPONENT 3/4DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED ARTIFACT SFEATURE CATEGORIES

I

LF

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..AI

'84 R,


patterning of features and artifacts is hlqnly complex and repeated and relatively short-term occupations appear to be represented.

During Component 3 the range of activities carried out at Site 32 appears to havenarrowed. Fire-cracked rock hearths were less commonly used, and thus leaf-succulentprocessing may have decreased in importance. Ground sione tools and materialo indicating

manufacture or maintenance of these tool, decrease in frequency, and thus seed processingalso may have decreased in importance. Continued high densities of chipped store toolsand debitage suggest that some processing and maintenanc:e activitie!, were still beingcarried out, however. Similar to the earlier components, structures and identifiable

artifact and feature patterning are absent. Component 3 appears mor( strongly to repre-sent a field camp although the natur. , ct activities carried out is not known. Perhaps

during this time the site was occupied as a field camp exclusvelv and processing acti-

vities were carried out elsewhere.

Because it is difficult to relate features and lithic artifacts to Component 4, its K

rolt, in regional settlement strategies Is difficult to assess. We can be reasonably cer-talr that the site was not occupied by a large social group or for a long period of time.The lack of large hearths suggests that intensive plant-food processinq was not an impor-tant activity at Site 32 during the Mesilla Phase.

There is a strong indication that the range of activitJes carried out at Site 32

changed during the terminal Archaic and thus that the function of the site occupationswithin their respective settlement systems also may have changed. Whether or not thesechanges reflect major shifts in subsistence and other resource procurement strategiescannot be adequately assessed with currently available data, but a couple of suggestionscan be made which may help guide future studies.

First, if the subsistence base changed very little duiing the terminal Archaic, acti-

vities involving the use of ground stone implements (e.g., seed processing) and rockhearths (e.g., processing of upland leaf succulents) apparently were carried out else-

where. A logical area for the latter activity is in the upper bajada and mountain zones

where leaf succulents are most abundant. Such sites have been documented for the Archaicperiod (O'Lauqhlin 1979). In this case Component 3 at Site 32 might represent a field

camp occupied for the purpose oi procurement of resources restricted to the lower bajada

or riverine zones.

A second (or additional) possibility is that primary food resources such as leaf

succulents were replaced in importance during the terminal Archaic by other resources suchas cultigens. Residential bases may then have been more often located on the Rio Grandefloodplain or western valley margins where horticulturf, could have been practiced moreeasily, a pattern suggested by O'Laughlin (1980:29) for the Forretive period. The loca-

tion of Site 32 in proximity to both riverine and upper hajada rosources may have made it

a useful field camp for a variety of purposes, Including limited leaf-succulentprocess ing.

Both of these alternatives have testable Implications. it is felt that the efforts

reported here can serve, along with the testinq efforts at the other Keystone Dam sites,

as important first steps in refining existing models and perhaps building new ones toexplain cultural dynamics In the southern Mesilla Foison. While survey-level data are

226

P

CHAPTER Xl: DISCUSSION OF SITE OCCUPATIONS

invaluable for helping to construct such models, the investigations reported here demon-

strate that further intensive excavations will be required to understand the complexity of

the archeological record and ultimately to provide an accurate picture of area cultural

systems.

10

227

CHAPTER XII

SUMMARY AA

This report has described investigations carrIed out at E14M:31: 06:2:32 (Site 32ian Archaic and early Formative period site in El i c;o, Texas, by Prewitt a:id Associates,inc. for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque I'Istrict. Site 32 is one cf threeNational Register eligible sites that will be attected by construction of the ElIssFlood Control Project, Northwest Area. The site will 1i( destroyed during this Sonstruc-tion, and the investigations reported here constitute o. mitigation of these adverseimpacts.

The site was first recorded in 197C (Gerald 1976) as having two fire-cracked rcs khearths and a moderate density of chipped stone tools and debitace visible on the surface.The site was revisited in a second phase of cultural resources investigations in connec-tion with construction of the Keystone Dam and was reassessed as having highfer artifactdensities and a greater number of hearths on the surface thcn was intially recorded(O'Laughlin 1080). It was observedf at that timc that the primary o('cup.atlon appeaed todate to the late Archaic period but that a later early Formotive perior comonent was -.Aso

present.

In the summer of 1981, the Corps ol Enqineers issued a request for proposals formitigation efforts at Site 32. The 3cope of Work called for a It-week program. composed of

three phases -- an 8-week planninq and review phase, a 7-week fieldwork phase, and a 21-

week analysis and rejoit preparation phase. The icontracf wat; award4et! :rs late lebruary

1982; the third phase was cempleted on November 12, 1982.

The site is located on a Pleistocene alluvial terrace alout 3 km northeast of the PioGrande and 6 km west of the Franklin Mountains. These terrace deposits served as aneasily exploited lithic material source for the ;ite's inhabitants. Cultural remainsoccur over the entire 12,600-m

2 terrace surface but are most concentrated in the roughly6000-M 2 central portion. This central area is blanketed with a mantle of colian ;andswhich are up to 80 cm thick and which contain hurled cultural materials. Depositionalepisodes within these eolian sediments could not soe defined, and thus cultural remainscould seldom be correlated stratiqraphic(ally. The site soils have further complicatedinterpretation because they are not conducive to the pre ;ervation of orqanic remainss ai ]

contextual information.

In terms of present-day climate, the El bo.o area can be characterized as semiaridand mesothermal. Although the evidence is far from conclusive, it has been suggested thatthe mid to late Holoceit. had an ess.:t fally modern ilimat e tut with a trend toward in-creasing aridity during the mid-!Wl cene. Preh(i!,torically, the are, w,is probably a desertgrassland with a gradual increase iii xerophytic upland species and desert shrub! throught ime.

It also has been suggested that the subsistence system of preagricultural people., inthe project area entailed a heavy reliance on leaf succilents, mesquite pods, tornillopods, woliberries and cattails with minor contributions by grass seeds, acorns, whitethornbeans., greens and seeds of herbaceous plants, deer, rabbits, fish and waterfowl. Theseresources probably would have bern most abundant at higher elevations east of th, -iti,, on

2C1.DI1G PA.C KAM-NOT Fl"*Z

:uvU;F;TIGA2,IONS AT SITE 32

the 1Pin Grande fI oodpi ain we:,:. or thep site, d( I;n I he La Y,(.,I ; url el 11,; jdl.

wk2st of the floodlain; nut un32 is witlir. t, Kmn of? ol it [fli rr-c", 50t z1 : 70 44 rf inrod

for the area, and it is l ikely that all of the zones 1 i av4, :e-ur. u 1zd ;a3

foraqino basis. While most ci the roreswoo 13 have' 1.w .0:t Al tiritli~t ('I Ti t!

ciin condition f1or utilization du othe spiip nne a q( , Cisy i 3 s have

been avilable dur ing the witer; and it i;qte ft~it t [012 i :u 1,Af jef r *V I,!tS?'

tr) r,ter that the Site 32 occupations were t ituI to par t cur -r,'1tic cur

The cul tonal history of thec jnro-e(2t 'Irfa ). :. r h"m I i.1u;tv ho-e d

iiaArchaic andl Fimai5 IvC - - tiarewo. , r truml1% emr; 114'~ t~vr evrhroii.

rh dC. Althouuh the--t per iois, are rot int'ri.i.- *tu< rejiect fTt t ri . !vUveloTnertal

* .22,they -an hej us. 'attrei to z ., i:. I; itv' 'the, regfion;.

'I t~(~ ~'ru 1hs rc _.1vuK Wt'i > r t't. t tudr a.

u ru 1 'rOad-:(- eurrsr ',tl iT~ 2> ,52tl 1,1 f" f I lIU:'t 1 ol

0 hil I fr t. '; I. r* * 't i $ d Jl C" elf dr.

I TIC 1") f,.

dr, ,,

_________________________________________CHAPTER~ X 11:

flotation and pollen -- whicht c-uid n- used i n addr es;s Ing que t ionsiL o f cb roni ;ogy. feat ure.

function, dnd paleoclimate. With the exception of threec radiocar~ 01. ,amrplcs whichyil(diates, t hese speci a 2 sampIinrg e(ft oterL; were ionProduct I e necaltco- por;r ;rcf;el vat 101,.

At tel assess ing t he resul I ot , these inrver:,t iqc it io, ,it W.s ,ol 1Ided lit root f0n t tjchoscrn strategies and techniques accomplished whaIt the-y wet o Inrronded tu orf rn tiefremains would allow.

Evidence of cultural tatiire!s at Site 3. intlluuies Ptevet. lttC0!,Cfocntratioitc 0±

fire-cracked rocks, a variable density surface fire-cracked rooK :;ct tot. over at ia the

central part of the site, right re-latively intact subs.urface rock. learths, a volrxal:lf

density dispersed rock scatter it- each block CXcoVatioIT area, three ,i~-ti(f oil

lenses, and one large pit. CTe of the surface features ic, a;, i-.t rc-k hefarth;rvr

are ir~terpreted as deflitet' individual hearths or hear-th clirotcrs; and threc apear to; 1

fortuitously exposed dispersed rock scatters. The- rock :scatter 0:ich extevS' over mi1114.

the site surface is interpreted as represent ing the cdebris from hearthrs; honwever, t'.e

peculiar distribution is largely the result of geomorphlci rathur than cu~tural irocessos.

Ti'e subsurface dIispersecs rock' ,rc:tter: are uerv it, orrat iv ,. t fat theii -- t] C31

distributions car be used to separate t l. -t,lturil reraiti- into thirc te;o0'rrcd

These suggeste' ,eriods -- )r(,-.!16C b.k',, 1'lt(I-6C, P.( , doS lt -650 B.C. -- are no;s ;i

Chapter XI to study changes int si fe tuict. iont hrough t Are. TI~e dispe rscd scatters are

further analyzed through a study of flhot r horizontal (ltatr:.! ut ionsi, and it issugte

that areas containinc headvily itredllt iT, zitu hear~h>, end durr-ed, exhausted heoarth.debris are identifiable-. the eiqht sulbsur, ace fleartlls ,StIow considerable variaticr. Jlvsize, amount of rocks, and degree of rock bm)eakace which) siuqests differences in the use

histories of these features. Tbey (I( not, however, providle any direct evidence on the

question of whether rock heaiths wero2 01cv -otoe acit it ties for leaf -succulent 1.re-

cessing or were-grea-ops ai Alo The grysoie .oil lenses are interprete-d

as loci of destroyed rock hearth- hor I he Itrot nt. of heartK: ladckit 'j rocks. The fi at

feature, the single pit, ir. ot unknowi. funi-tiIon, Nlo there IL: ephereral evidenice sug-

gesting it was used in pit-hakitlg.

The collection of chipped stone irtifacts from Site 32 conisists of 16,780 unimodIfied

flakes, chips and angular tragments.; 41'4 edge-modified faechips, and angular fran-

ments; 1133 unmodified cores; 17,P edge-moJi I ed cores; and 46 shaped on ifaces and 'A faces;.

Over half of the artifact-, are made of -thert. Phynlite, fine-criined quartzite, sand-stone, basalt, limestone and ob~sidian constitute the remnaininy raw materials types identi-

fied in the collection. Ali of those materials are avotlable' in the local alluvial and

colluvial gravels on or immeditely adjacent to the ;itv .

Peductioz. sequences at Site 32 appeuor ', havc feet, relatively simple and dirck tedtoward the production of flake andl core tool!0 wil~la ct suI-it ti jl otut line modift cat lot,.

Edge-modi tied flakes are the moot clftmlff to(,! tort . Tile dair sintdicatec th~t o inc I plalt -

form and bifacial cores were utilized more il -uently ar tools thanI We!P mltiple platformr

cores. Shaped tools consist ot six unit,,ce- , rinnte,-To project,',, points, five ether h~i-

faces, and sixteen hi face ft agjment s. The ;ark of op~ec 10000 ide ntIf lable as- blIank-s orpreformis, and the paucity of Ififacr- thilii I lak- uqqgf; 5l(-0, lft to lo rarely were

mdnufactured at the site.

Functional analyses of the toolo, sliue-t that a variety It cuttino, scrapiino, chop-

ping and shredding activities were carried out at ",It$, 32. Core to"It; api'e'it 11 il.

N% EsT 1AT I NS 1, SITI 32 . _____ _______________

met.! 1m[ or t ant i mediLus tc coarse cuttincq, choppingc and shredd rl acti vities. Edqe -

iditied fldk.'s, chips anll anoqulur fragments prohably were used0 In a wider range of acti-

vi ties'

The c:ollection of grounid, pec~ed and 1battered stone from Site 32 consi.sts oi 2(D manios

or irano fragjmenits, f. pestles oii pest le fragmenrts, 8 mctate fragments, 2 s-andstone ashra-

Aers, ,C unidentitiable tratqments; with arinding and peckinq, 1. uinidentit table fragrirnt-s

,.ith Peckingq only, i,- 1,ammerstonos, I anvl ston,, I hattered coll,1 re-semrtliTnv a crude

tiai- 312' flakes, Lii1 s nd iiigular fragmenitS apiarent ly resultinq from the manufac7-

oure or maintenance oigr;ud ; eC'ced and 1hatteted stoicv tc.lt-. Ni- r~w materis I types

,7rp idei tied : coarse-qrained qu,!rtzi to (4h1(' ;eilOf),gdl-'ro 2 ~cmn),rhyol ito

*17 spjec7imens) , limestone I 16 s:iecimensl , rricaceou.; sch.,st (id specimen2rs) , dicrite (H Spec-

ri-rj-:), tl speir imes) , sanidotone (5 spe,_4MeIIS) and syenite H os.ocimen). The dis-

* :1 .!ice ,f the (e artifacts succ i1 that Laiimmrstones sere used ii. the_ manufacture of

~ru.'~i~etools. 5uteit appoorS t hat -te'S pro0CeSSinc (as ref lected bjy thlese

Vc1 and manufacture of seed -procp Esir'r tool:, we.(e r-lativ,':. important activit ive

li:rid to 1isto Archa! -: i-er lcd iiut i- p cs-c o to Il~ he scry late Ar-haii i rad

lle il'a Phase, cccupatior_.

;ly Ot) ceFramic shot do wec e ui;n~d durng t-e oInVeSt Inotions. >.i c f these is, a rim

suet the rest are 1., ~hrd,,. All !,t frour c:ri ternpered with, coarse sand and are

-s~edto the typ, hl Pa-u Brown. lte-tend tnt c i.s Sr h~ave firer qrained temp'er and are-

t!eWled( rntlttve'ly as Alma PirI . i'i th Il ct r*!its wore found on thne site sLrtace,

'im>of those recovered, duirji tlhe excava- ons were in the upp~ormes t level. Horizon-

is. , Jram c. acu-red almost exclusively ii cl!. -' arec in the north-central part of

thEsi. Tie natu~re antd o n ls i.(t ri.~ t itaOt k-ass _liuest that the Format ive

;-rortd occuration of the sit-, w~... iS, tf I Ited tc the Mesi lla 3riss l an tht the ?iesil1 a

I hase occupat tOrs w~rc etew :t. 1,iM!-r and sl"Ir durtation.

Chaqpter X summari-e:, i re- u = - t tli ,jcdilocarlhui., macioahotan foal, palynological

>,nd ltit11!a2 analys, :.. 1ry three," the rid rl. on s-ample>, collected yielded dates --

*i 1 .- . t I ,1 5 ( B. C. ± 12-:), sr -id A. D. 5,, i 0i. These- dates and their contexts show

that Site 3z was occipie 'dliiiu n'he Archic~ ard early Formative periods. The dates are

-ucused as rougli chronoloTIca i limits for the :ccupaLonal periods defined at the, site.

The oly maccrohatanical remaiis found were those recovered from flotation samples. This

samplin; joqram was de]>011( he-!; prav,.- 'int:'niil initerpretations fer the features,

!-,d thus samiples were taKen r: ) dm a1111mber (t feattmr' s well aus tonfeature contexts (for

control iamples) . A pilot tU,,y _i I I of tho vapt ieldedl only nindern, plant parts and

seine inidcont i fiat-ic chare-,asl a-d pre vtvsId the 'a.i or determiring that botanical remains

were too nel ii -s fl to lr-it ataly'7 , cl ,,'(it 'iral sampleL- t'imilar negative

rci-Utul ; were Clitaired I riarr a p1 h,)t ,tadty ot 11 j( 1 i samples cotllected from l-0th feature

anId sient!eature, conitexts. Thi : aimjpIi nq p roi;. am w, i ntended to ;prov Ide inftormat ion On

(-a ture f und con- and pa 1eo 1 ma te, atnd t hus-" ;7i1 were I akei. Immr features and both

in-si to anid of i-si e, tratlqroiph is column,. he-sit the poor poll, en preservation arnd

-1 niant modteri pot lei C(intiminati4 Itin the- pi lit lilly sampli-,s lditloiial !'aiplet were

at nalysed. Must !tlc ,isiai (c-I l(t leTs Ci iei renains rcovered trim the, !itt were

.nl-iirneul antd ci OhViurLy r-itoriin. 'he ul.-Itiirally iionificaii.t remrahis we-re two

fi:s hens, e, one, ]ackral!I' tioni- , ii!, -i ;mall n~rit) r ci O ltra ;rs-rt - rejrouserit I- l tt and

irilP mammls. Thpese remairt if re' rirr d tinilati is'-si ili lir tI ic (1!

fui c,' frtom the HJo Gr-3iide aiid ttt" bijadi 1doj.a ICPeTIt to' the" floodpa n. 1

city ei taiinal remains I!, itue In pai t to poor 1,re-,I vatior: but al ugssthat bus'! tig~

lid riot la1.y a malci role inuits vis.

____CH - ~ A 1T1 1, Xl] t M.s:JMPPY

In Chapter XI tie it-cult-- oi t h. nrit' l i , .no 11 1 !it-It I,( I-'01to o lie 1!.k

characteri ze toisr ma ,r ocouiqat t-r;t I tis i0 i i Itko '; it lit t e. !'!.Er"(,

are made concerning the roles- I his;- ar 1 1' , 1w 1 rlt 't I %- .- Ilk C art'

settlement systems . The ii 11 zn tt I1't- I 'w Ai- ow1 (-rat (I tOIL ' l

lasted until ab~out L2d jEU Tht- l-llr'1' te .C I 'K-1! 1'l cri nio! a sr-r-

_;ented by dep-osi1ts5 ursulerit . lb.-1 c 4 (r 1 t~t IF 1 s k-1 ri !,, t III b It-cracked rock bearths qp/ear t, liav I l I il I kiw Illrs 1! e o c or rs

tivety diverse rangec of art i act> asso;(ciated! ast 1, t i. '1 tose; tosr i sto wasused as a multipurpor.' campsito she a .2 tt io 2e -t T act Is. ITIO ma i oreriar.o task: wire C

carried out.

The succeeding, componeint ( Cur criers 1 . reI- esc t I V S "I3 tev tens- scat te-r , f t reo-

-racked rocks aol :q ciears to have- 1 0stt I hoot 21 , . -w t. I~ Ii 3i .C . 7C. si te

appear:s t.o hsave been 'c -upi 'a si~r c. Isot , 1i1'% i ,o !I. I It t 11 t me o<tv sdeiosed!iy grea teor

niumbers of arti facts arid seats~res . A> wI' i:! t-s r, , -r~ ores I ' t s: to s- ilpea rs to haIve

been used for a wide variety t i ext t ar ts Vi OtS Ir. l -.ia C i I a Y.,,. wt v er , l !i: V oh den -

Sities of tire-cracked to h- alet- ta the I! o', s J( It ol;-tic-n. tn s, woss mori-

important dluring this r ime.

Componenit 3 it, re; res-enltei l y ijus ;5fI lyii-q file 'e-t i r-or acted rocsoi. o

arid probably date , lI-cm aboit 1 i l'.C. oi-t 1', t- 3

N iaE t- qi Ili~s !)( lIt I I a .

area (A.D. 1 - A. P. 300i). Atrslocts:; T art sir-I lr to tIi, , c-ii1r her :omifnei, t t ~, t thla t

T hese d a ta , to e th e r w ith the the low er d r s ti s o r I ir t- r z k - ic k , s1g s ; t

lea, -succulent process ir.: iS~, ci reti:: ;i is, ar t-s1psr lldc [tri rr~c-

tance at this time.

Cot';onent 4 1:, i c 1)r et l,,! te od I y th 11-orse Ice: or i tu! n Iw a r e sist-cdo arid, re u-:t C Ic hI

tormat ive i-er iod is; the IIl Paso arec . 'th~or mater Ial1> tel ati iso to this cmpon~eiic-n-

he isolated from thor. of Component -1. The to tri ttor Cf the cerarl -- , uqqge-tl thfat

Component 4 occupat hens were stort -1i cod ai~d tow irn nuiier. Thea': uco-pat icr:: o -t

dlate tfrom' somewhere bePtweeni A.L. 1 ai~d IIP. 30C' :1t sometimew oittr A.P.. Al thou-7h

souse ft re-cracked rock heart I may IU,- di- ,colatet with tiIs componenit, tl, ItIck of very

large eairths s;uggests fi let the si4te wai> not

oN-ti prima:ll .s for lan-g;e-so lo proce'ssIF Ciu,0

leaf auu bns utt rt er was ai ru i-r; - Irsite.

It is suggI'este oil tat, whle it ito A was o:.--1 a-- . mu ilt i;tirposec i-amps ire thrs'ughsout

itocolipsi ir.1 IIhistory, It"I-lie li 11) -sistte. .- , i-I! st-ftt lerci Isystems shifted somewhait

ihlirugh Time. - 't sts fst-ta Witi-- .P:1wre iiioi'irt at the site during; the

sin t, lates Aroho:- - to h'tt\'.-i' i-a--i i. :;rtari-- 'tri''f- vi ry lalt Archaic, I t

ss proposed that be chainj. nay to.1's 1 ,1 : - I a le-:rtatdt 1 iatice o'n Ic at succu-

lerts, and iroi-: licIian' 1. 'Il ;i , itS wt :, tt. fm Ut i-so; at ion. In. th s Outhser.

Mes iIlA Poisonr shi: I : to i0 lit Is l'Atnl. Ih '1'1 iN ais increase ill tie inilen-

sit,- of lef-uotei pit 'is-, Will .:,rt- us t: i.- -r ij 'c 1,1ro to rii -Itoes no 'r t-

Fraritlir M-untaso>.1', ei' li' o-i- as:1-ittiti IT, :",t ;t- tOii'5iio lis t initttcIO'.

1:0 irivtstie;-t on:: rc-jrrlt--i heret-rod, evetol I lnli t i t , "t r I tIt' Itio . Thi- lOs-

dlata 1 rv:;rnt e isl titw-1 arcest i t si rI y Av,, at I ale o n t he At. hal I;' e riod I n t he Fl Isa.o

.1rePa and! ;rtI ides, e l, wc -I tfossiatat jo' , t otmit isor. Tt, -,-isPor i-i t'- svit i1s l, ir! i o'5

iout at tite 1 tsf alIlows, Ii Tecit I ,tc l~ow t- : sit e t uiet i~o(t wIt hill ,Cc- ti emenl al t

outthsisntenr'e 'syster,.s Which, i i ftorni, pr -vitt; ditretics:- ! ttr flirthes 1 e searo-, Awl

,,NVFS7' ]KIO)NS AT 2,T

d t L on-', I t he a r v:. Inde-ed, this; resiear, h I! 5 cOn sat) i mport ant rlit lal st ep tc-war': nridera;tand!ii ,, otrr*( thes;e svstems aid as iprcl, d unc the Lasita tar tei tabe mcdebi,

on'i naa t I Loilsi L t he arcs . Jua, I : importast:Y, howo'e.: , these invest igat tons!'tier>; t ralt t hat npcr; sic I ikc "I tc A., wit t 1, Lonoqene,(ij !epos' I-,. ar;. poor prcep £rvat Ion,

e made tosipld sbtw ive i. wlern ippi oserh4e. j a tthoiiht t ul w~av

234

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Archek)oogical Res-earch Laboratory, The University of Texais at AuLst ri.

roS .C., and( N. A.Li-jde

19(' veger at iol hange; rin s;oother n Ne, M"Ylx is10 ct; rs ast hun1Tdred vears. I I,:

Ar id l ards ill .(,rspeL t N e. M. I Pr;.ix pp. 21 ). The LUnIver-

sity -~f Ar' .Jna rd -'co;

APPFI 4?IX A: (oloIc li, s qa i

'arie T.Pul Ida

INTldrxUCT I of"

(E-olog ic -orsultat ion was pros iJt-d Prew itt anid Asses iat ox, , li c. for' .:,May and ine 1982 a-; part at acicolog cal invest 1qet 0 .l, 0t L:PCM: i :.i~El Paso County, Texab. The geologir irnv*st iqatiens werf aimed at r'e.r i.

ceomorph!ic history of tie(- ir-medial- i te area audueI e c .r < n >a.

s;edimentologic record of the sJte. "r

The ,eolocic inve1t igations were carrie4 eout !Ny mean-, ,! fielid exaltiratic,, (>1 the,

sitc ar.d surrounding area. Exaain ji: and a series of 1.cho rnhe:, ovde

excpl lent expos4ures of the s;iIe' deposit> . Several profiles we-re c C t(' ';s nc st andar

,omerclature (Soil Survey Statt 1971,; ;uthirle arC Witty I. 'T 1 3l Itt elJi

research was aided IIA available t opographic alnd geol olic maps , C: c. orv(-S cylas:r, hc

Llterature pertinent to the geology of tthe area was reviewed,.

Some soil samples were taken and stulectod to severai analyses (Tal e -6) . The

samples were sieved to estimate sand versus silt plus clay content an.d to determine, sarid

tractions. These data aided in detertino; llflhologic dliscontmrilis( (as lndicatcns. of

depositional 1sruaksl . The calc ium caTlioriato pe rrent was als determined I ~r the sr

in order to estimate the learee -f soil profil( develepisont (i.e., calcium c-anbonat,,

aCCUMUlation was considered a function (A age).

In the following report, a general ne.'iew cit the qeoeooic sett ing is peseorJfod first.

This is followed hy a discussion of thle local neonmorpic setting and ev'lut io. ath

site. The stratigraphy of the site is thei. isundfollowed( by concludin :remnarK

REGIONAL CE0LC-> SEFTTlNUl

Considerahle information is available on all aspiects ,! the geology of sout!!er New

Mexico and far west Texas in the El Pane region (e.c. , Fitzsimrnons and Lochman,-Isalt. ", 5.

Cordoba et al. 1969; Seager et al. 1975; Hawley 19-78). The tollowiric dis cussio,,is, has:e

on these sources as well as Kottlowski (1958), O'Laushlin (198) and Hunt (1>437).

The El Paso region is within the Mexicali HiL-1hands sect ion of the Rasi!, and si

physioqraphic province. The area is composed of well-definedi, nortfx-seuth-tren,(dinlj fault

block mountain ranges separated by wide valleys. Most, of t i Irite rmoi'stanoe valleyt- draiin

into the, Rie Grande. A few of the valleyr are, however, clonied b asins! or lbos iand

cents.:7 playas (see Fig. 4).

The, El Paso area also marks fhe appiesinati oietlir. !bounrdary of a strlkinc !struc-

tural feature known variously as the I io lr and, derlnea-slor, tlRie Pi rande qralhen, or Pic

Grande rift. This rift , represen t( -i "piiil-apart .1 -i( w-thin wes ,irn Northi Arnan m a,

1-(itno neat I eadvilIle, elorado and" 'ids isl tta LI1 1P1 reels!.," I-i' stu uaI atlli

here merging with the mere typical as iri and range st rustiloh t(. the senuthi and w- ''_ The

entire Rio Grande Valley tron El Paneo northward lies' withIll this wide,' deep I rastune ic

the earth's crust.

1i~~ii 14.14hJJ(-NTF1~J

TABLE 39

STANLARD NOMENCLATURE DELCPIPTIONS CF SELECTEID PFWFII.ES

Munoell Cons -

:(n Depth (am) Colur (dry) Toxture, Structure tence Psr. Foundary

o ck! oe Trench A, 3 m from the nor th end

icYc / S lrns,& -h ev _-

)c IGYR ,3 1 "Sal, sh Ov go

20-40 CI YR 7,12.1) i's tab lo ev, ~ W

40-58 IOYR (-.5/2 s10 CV ev W

-,:, -hoe Trench G, 5 m from the east end

p(1-6 C:YF z S Imsab sh ev gs

f,-25 ;y~ IL S 5 Ifoab sb ev gs

5 0 1YR 512 IOS Ifsab lo ev+ aw

C ~ IOYb El2 OS sg lu ev aw

sr 0 'and; 1.5 - loamy sand; OS ravel ly sand; G gravel

*, ut'Itro: 6rade -I *weak; si t I ine, n, medium; type - ;q Single Irain,

-i nular 1block7

r'nsiStPT,,e (dry): ,h slightly hard; 1lo leose

xn rei-st ion with HCI ev - violentlyv effervescent

a'Q r raduuat1; e, abrupt; orooot!! w -wavy

APPENDIX A: GEOLO6IC INVEOTI ,,I_

TABLE 36

LABORATORY DATA ON SOIL SAMPLES FROM BACKHOF: IkENCH A PRIdLE*

Particle Size Distribution (mm)** Sil] &

Sand jlv

Horizon 2 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.125 .125-.05 . 5 C,1(. *

A - 3 20 30 E9 2 3.1

F1 2 15 28 45

F2K - 2 14 24 49 9.

2C1 8 4 21 22 35 8

*These samples were taken from the same Backhoe Trench A profile described in 'a2 I V.

**Processed by dry sieving. Carbonates not removed and no dispersant added; there.'r ,

numbers should only be used for approximation of texture ind for detectinc sl; :,t

textural changes.

***CaCO 3 by Chittick method (Bachman and Machette 1977; Dreimanis 1962).3J

The mountain ranges of the El Paso region, composed of Precambrian, Paleozoic, !. -zoic and Cenozoic rocks, were faulted and uplifted becinning in the early or middle Tr-tiary. The direction of tilting and faulting of the mount in ranges is variable. £o',

blocks tilt east and are down-faulted on the west, and oth'rs are tilted west and V<wn-

faulted on the east.

As the mountain ranges were faulted and uplifted, they were also eroded with t, rdetritus being deposited in the grabens or structural basins between the ranges. A. t,mountains continued to rise, the basins continued to fill. The result iu; lasirl-: I -much as several thousand meters thick in some areas. Today the mountains can, , cto islands surrounded by their own dehris. The ranges make up about one-i (rtl. C ,n-third of the area; the valleys occupy the rest (see Fig. 4).

The project area is located at the southern end of e of the inlermcntan,, ,,a, .,known as tho Mesilla Bolson. This tasin extends from noithwesterri U1 la:o t,, a !&ul t'iLas Cruces, New Mexico area. The Mesilla bolson is tc,rdered t the Sierr,, I la" 11%\I' a:,!Potrillo molintains on the west and the Orqan and Franklin mountains o: the ea,.

mountains iearest the project area are the Franklins (Flqs. 4 and 71).

The mointain., surrounding the Mesilla Polb(Ti. diaiT. int( , basir,. ' : a ",

t iary until mid-Pleistocene times, the Mesilla ,ison wa ' A a |o ed I a)i: Tn 11 .acover 1000 m of fill derived from (I) the four mountain ranqe..; k2) the u , ji

i "I

'Ird, l Liul ' I rl"I rr Lake i~:'~

*~~~~ r'!tI K t. Hi(i ns ii. t to( n d-ple'Istocene, he flmoor 'A tif

- t I , te t ' heOas te. i, d o 1,akr I'olt-i z . e \ac-a Tie( mcris al

aT ] -j~je tam'J 1 Tri t1),e( ,a a cerit moCunt a:!.; anges

rr , .t , p s Ah r Ire 1ie tat'( AdaeO me! I w as

I W at

K : a- Tii: * Ot(Ol'- r4e rac.oi~c. do Vaca , >tK t ie

h a:- -it 'I fo ow' '7 th'- M etL l s

X( a1l Valie:. 'tio

r ~ ~ ~ !(s ii lc I' 1 't -iji renft is

T. I' q. T.a '

lutt ~ rja 1, rt ia I ack.-

<'I ' c (-q '1'd 1 1cd o Urn t1 those vrt

e'l p cr-jo 0!c bothdo s-I -1i ica' Id o , the lmi. Cr-a:rie

rd ''(5 ri' t sio i' *' et o nt rrnil-

ar-- a''!. ' o, itL o c ., ac termed the

'arr It' ' vt At c '- 'lwer

AF

'1''' cA 'ir'!ii :i , ai 't: FA P ir

P CI~e AI i 7 A

IC~~" tt I. la>:,. owA.; I(,> Mcolca 2 1Ud

t a ' t0 Kert. flae

Ta Mec 1 'a M

Figure 71KEYSTONE DAM PROJECT

AREA PHYSIOGRAPHIC MAP

41 1

LOC~AL t;179MOp~fiJ I C ETlI N

tabe oil -aecuorphi r:i nve-atiqat ronf have !been cair ed oct alerig the Ri(

rod(tiL n tie Las Ciuce, area jiethe late l t'ic e.g. , Gbile 1979; bie et al. 1981

its .i r r aIt hough1 1 ini, ted , wor k has beer. conducted is. the F I Pa:u, i eq iar, ,arid It i a c'on-

ilti- tat geomorphic ;-'eses and everts i ni bat 1. areas ir( c1stl lar vrid corre latab le

'c' iwh c ; Me teca I f eb jilc (t )I. 'I l) I litrfor,-, a amorptPi anid strati-Crice l : Veiv 1lotI t-, j: ywn cKc i ttlw,,ski Met(; a 1-fealt i'e"; Gi le et A.

I 44-4 re a t i I izri i n t he t , I iw-; diaciscia F )Pus. 77 ar, d 74)/

_11t lcated' e.! tle summit plaitrr ef a dissected 31lluvial terrace of the h-to

fJt.rt :o i f the terrac-e is alcout 1P m ab~ovc the i-,mmdiately adjacent Rio

:T. . i-li ev tt en ,,n~d ,e,cr-, , c I oily su g-,qet t ',at t lie sit i t Ii thle F-i cachre-

b.e dam site area baa b~een licac iv 1di .,iAedb series of nor! iieast-southwc-st-a' irovos utsi:into the Picacia-Coe Id Hll1 aid ,id-r- Fur faces ar~d depositf_

ci a rov aundoubtedly of Hlolcen~e age, have left the Pestocenfe terraces as a serie~s

"!,IhaSt-scu thwos t -trendi ng i 1at forma and r idlcpi, ad acent to the p i t and(. flood 1a11

Et.74).

Tb t. Site 32 platform is roughl rectangliar it: 1plar vie-w with opposite corners

rmtted generally northi-south and east-west b eret nai tri directicr will he giver: 1baspc cn

-, 1, torth, which is orientedI to lte northeast ) Itnrhr ieifteae sbr

'ore(, .7 th toeslo;e of a hiqher, older terrace jcart -Th westerT, aDide is; a siJdeslope

<cetv a deep, l inear arroyo. The soutlbern <,ide fc tic r~osesl~i c (I the ;ilatt irm , the

e)r-, lope of which mergefs withi a lower IaIc-cent' terrace, Tie soi t ,desl(; is irregular,

-lft inied by a deTr(dritiC arroya e U.7)

1he Site 32 platfoerr it, somewhat atyp~ical ol must I tie ether -iummit. 1.atr orms in

fle area. The surface at Cite 32 is mantled by up, to 1 m or eeliar. sands rather thar.

ava. Ini addition, there is a small knoll r isin7 ab~out I ni abLove the. general surface,

(I the platform, loeated in the southeastern corner at the site on- the shoulder of the

Tplat term (see Fig. A)t. On the next summit platform ea:-t of Site 32 (hbereiriarter referred

I:, as the east platform), some eolianr material aind t aimilar topographic high cn the

- hoe I er is apparent.

The int erpretaticmr. fer the atv-etindarema lies is, a s. tolluws. In pot-Picacho,

s-ilSelder times, i roughly east_-weal '-trentditan hneqi..u ce. h Picacho-

is>,] bill1 surface (Figs. 74 and 751.The result ifsg atirtace was n(,t cut as deep as the

ic-at I ewe S ter raceo. te knolls on t tie noses 10; t- Aide t, (, e F, 1at form:- are remnants of the

!,(-h -Jie of this c hannel, r-i cwale.

The rex t s;top it thtic geomorphic deve 1-1,gietit ,f i~e it-v wa : rilcme I I tie' lower

* tais' Ol l3,'4ett to the nosed aope ot tit e 3,! I tti:. terrace 11 also( dp; -o et ad jacent to

ta, trise ofpea the ea. I I lat term; seve F i;. 4). Tb Is; tterra,_:e Is; cen-. idervd to hec tine

- tr ( wh,(ch woould hb- the older of the, "lower terrace, egnietic(" (Ao Kott lowski Y95F)

FU -

Fiure 72

, ol

o~ LV LJ0 1

jr W u)~

> ~~ tr

~ ~'Z '*~%. F-I

I-.M~

1.1

O>J'Ji

jU)6

Figure 73

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTHILLSLOPE TERMINOLOGY

HILLSLOPE PROFILE

C0 Ij

PLAN VlEW OF HILLSLOPE

/o(

Figure 74

wI

i

0 (D

>-.. -L CL

'N~; AT S 1T E

.0 I Iox.'i t he 'Ml Imp 1 ti .'t 0 1 t hIli I I Iu 1rl; I~ i~. iD I t th is C ' 1 C C

<,i e rrolyi w(-1t ' Si te 3.. 1 rotsl~ly developed as did ttis layfli cirinage or

St'~rrer o t he drainage east of the ec3Lt plIatform resuilted in the !ormatIon of 1Ita t thfe mouth of the drainage. It is in thiis large f.--! that Site: 3? and 34

I.iI)are located. This fan is probably the equivalent to the Fillmore o.r- 4j

-ii b 1 .s ts.C., t-11 yourjer of the "lower t erra-c- segtienoce' of Kott IowA: i 95~r8)

I t iLconsidered that for some time the Site 3, platform ond the east platfo:rm werc.

.0.ont inuui01 surface:. The arrovoc that now separates t,,e two platforif. as considerarbly

1 i .I- resl extent 'liar, the arroyos to the, ea-,t arid west , sogje.,tic that the middlIe

V1 ('50 i 1iV r . III additioii, tlie linear niature of the two larqer arryu. suggest ,; t hdt

ormed (IIuririq -a {eriod of rapid loweriic, of thie local ha .e level i.,dur;otII, I!r TIowcu t t iq oI th I h pI o ide'. Ti (Itcnd r i t I s ,toLireofc 1.' m id dlIe lr r oyi o ,ug -

-I llower ,-rJ renc'hnanTt fLYur in 'rtIoit When tht. tas lvel Wo. rll ixol'.otalje.

1 -tah Ir;lOWrout.I-TIu4 CIC'1urrell Ii tti" OdL lvtiiu'ti The-refore, it ito ;,osillr-

toi t' Site 32 and tlc';t, p lattorrti. were -'orirIOeod durn no tie middl-, drnd r erhapo- I. itc,

l cooc , whicl. Would ho~ve tleen during the early Los. pot iofi of tole site.

Leposition of eolisri sediments, ulhiquitooii, at Site 3-, oc,,curred during the middle and

it- o~cee.These ::edimrrents fill the swale. cut iot:, the. Picacho-Gold Hil1 alluvium

S tTlI STPATI:;PAFIY

',Ili ,;ty-!j(iraprlv of Site 32 is relatively unriform aiuo tttiighttorwsrd throughout l(see

t .'.An interpretation of the depositions i vents- iA more di fficult , hlut this should

i etthe ar,:heolog icsa 1mt erpretitions"

IIow h, 'tett otnoqteocel ial moleli lol at Sit to . are at least P, II

oh-I ,t leo , 1hl', saindL , s ilIo I,, 1.j'Iivo 'it "4 pos;i t! are, ilI imv ii 'ed Jinnt s

ho imnh'( di,-pic;i t od o , a r esulIt of i t; aqq i dt io ounIi- j I)-i, itoSl llIII t Imes

III thl ' xIVl ovA I'- t, Ila(khof t renches, f iv( .. rt ii ,I phic urii t~ with d superimposed

rc t I we re idiot t Ied . 'Il( strata are noirherei I-' (oldes;t t,: youngqest). Stiata

1- ii ad.- ,no! gjravel, of the IPieorIiO-i iol dPi 111 all 11iv n. They were eroded by the

.so~ ctanrel which, cut across theo plat fi-r. t a 4 oi(!d are tiolocen e olian

' rrlinset au tSt rat.i 1-3.

tr!t in'r I i! d qrave-l iler osit co:mmonly en!,ouit tI -Ied it teiae0 tll' exoavattis,- and

;,r~erdllv sh~out im below the siirfa' . tie un)I t o -prg rd o Ime!otone, meWts)-

o rI 0i0t, ihylite -IT.' hert l ot(' ; eTeVr: I ' .'In xit II hIm't CrI Thel Qravels are

''ir11 titetWhite' or. t'' out oit -Witsi ti' t 1iI ''rhoti irt letiten ri f thle fijne-

r n oiljet: it Ito, "It.

Figure 75

KEYSTONE DAM PROJECTGEOMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF SITE 32

DIAGRAMMATIC CROSS SECTIONS

5, F,

I < t I7 tit t xca'v ,: I T !7 Cteao, tbhit L Pn.

'- . ' -0

r t 1,1,'N I aI t heu lI it I I I117. Olfll X074 ix kiiIr I . I7 t 1e a1ic" 1t

f,! r op res' t. Io hi. t c~ 1-d'1

.:. 1 -(tttLI (-n-o .. t. vcC t he kl!ch '

t I (.~tv'v trn. '1Z 1 .7 t> t, 1!,:l l';, 1 : !Ie , cit, w itt~i Y13 :acho-b' 1 'ii

,w.'e' la r. t t rat um 1:44 i-i c' *:t rt wr. r'-l.,,117 1 (,' Jeti'Ct e .

. 1 - 1. !arictel ft' I III7. In>i. I1 7 . 7 vi' 1. f. it, w '171'V 7

t rc 'w thi ii: 4i a v c Ia: vi m 7.0' I1

I' cv; ut at tt1-lt:vo7 :vttii I1' I lt II 7' nitvv~ ',I, r ' 1 1.

;lilt, W ,1 t i1

t ii t ori' textiirt ,rvo ort i elI. ' 1-.t

r ~ ~ ~ ' f t1 : f 1 f I-K P1

m

It, '.4 7 h, 1-,1 Lr

h Ti I c~ t 4 C h,1 Ii 'I at Iu0 Wf It7'I I 7

It' 1'11 7

w Vti" 17 1 IT I I .Io'

ttiv~~li~lI It It i( 1 't A 7 4', It

ilvo f. r rr!v7', It I ft1 *' '77 . 'a

ft' ati..-m 7P 'rv I IW .Iic IC MI 't

Iiv I) Tic, r- rni It Ito trr 1 I I-i ' 1. 1AC' ' :ptv'dIa;,

T 0 :-l'71' ti ''li I -t I-l ot r"ut ~tit

1~1 I e. ti olit inl I . 7 - - . rlli b ii c' Sa;

'>0 i .i'tv r-~ 742147 1 > ~ t~t.~ >0 . 7v~t:' itep ott-ot dii' t )i' I>1

1~ 4 1> -I, .8 ' ' 0 , 2-i, I w . v, ,77t

In rFPIT I , wh ich cout s t riIte t he sca r o n t i T it I-r it to Iii I I(i2

.2 everall gravel lenses that appear to, itti toriotoi w: tLA Strat zr 4. P1! WS o i

determine the depositional signifi~cc th fe.' uils ot tciid> 0 uk r' 4

they are reworked Pt cache rvloo t i ithe ace' o t t he ,,utr; dxro rrt

deposition.

Stratumt 5 is- the younge-st de(poi t at 22 Ii A 1:it t tsc~

cross-bedded sand deposit fonorudrh a tt 'wtt thtgo r o i

These are referred t o as coppice duies- I ii t . t 1 QH 114-21 1 adj at' <as iiu-

b~e of Historic age.

SIMMTAY At;; 0 NCli 11 Qr.

The Keyston~e Dam Site tos acated with in 1CL , he so -I. i e c c: 'a 1 e t±&i l, I T~ I

GIrande. Within the valley ore a seri's 'i lalte : 'e It

c'! a:

morphic su rftaces , .S )te 32 is I oca:ted on I! r,,i!id r em! I F t ; c i (( . h' 1 1 u so -

face, a late Pleistocene ter-raceo uhigtn, tao Oflenq t1 5' '0'

Cruces.

At Site 32, the ti rrace hii :oder 9001 'oTsiderdll' ' 101 t, ,: npr' ti 'It 1r

wide, shallow channel was out act o..s, the 11otacr'tl I "i'coo depositir'. tI;'

before the next major stage ci dIowrcott ins(lina ra1ta'o

cutting have fort her dissected th4? terrace it tiIhi- a A,, one s

cutting possibly occurred lurinq e,5<O:atleti. 5 -t

0.ceupotIT 'oI: it it'' 51 :(7 l;1- ;111 11 1oi Y w ihi W_ ' *t '

.ur face. Immediat ely Irilot to .:-: y 'rit,; t jj hi to t I. O i t

.-qgraod with (',IldT Aat .,dnir : . ~ r> o ic t': * . '7 ''

these i'olian scdimi-nts. 1, 1: t: oi;(: t t. vi t' 1. at

i thourh it prob~ably dit not ext end to 7.0 it ;-iti ,

Niatap ,V- re 0. d t. Micha(, I N.- Maichat i

d c.'1s and ca: li ttes lit t.' -nt wo: it' Uit S-.~,s 11 t o I 10I('

Sarve, a; T:-F 1 , Repoert '7-7',4.

, -a, P., Pjo A., s7~ Kaiia: . INiger an d I ohr SI ikiak( i U- tl- '~ '1c hrder rag o:.. New -Mexicc (k-a 1_otil a-itltV t 1' IbcK 2K'. A

I- Aloi,

'carit Itat iu dc eter:p rIat. I -t cal-t 1 r '-t' t(t :: t 1> curatus .u'1rrI,1 Oft X-diMo1tarv Petroleci- K (Y 1

lK al , and, Kr,:-t ia T s-hmani-balk it

-If 4oua'thwciAern Now Ii- Iu 1. New Meicu i4ColC49J ( dl :u lt tv >ienk*

.11e 1' 1 d F0 -

h 7ie -eer fPjoct s oilm'oali.-:1 r r "' ',rvti:c .1 . [ I- r r.t

i." I J. 14. Hawleyv ind' 1- !-. ,reSSnai.

',ci. an rd iecimerphi loqy lit tt c ~ [N i 111 id i-' Il t, 4>' NOw Y'2 t

iide! ,k to tie De, k ivI Cr(tact Now MIt x i, F,:? l Mta't-san'd Mit1era

s-oiurces Memoir3--

Soil le la At-it'. Jccrnai 4' ' :44,-444.

1w~! 1, achn N. h-n m;i'ciili L ir ie Ni' r~at 1-it ir NoM>Ii-:,:, tis: 'TI'Tl' o assBra

K P-ihy :t :jj :U i' tc C .rn-,Kar Fit, -a.

-t 'II Il- it -2~f' xa. iecn1'1ial

:' 1i T Mt

M(, - i s I. 'a-, N(.' Yi, x i 1t c v 1.7 1e- i' 1':-)t'4A ,

I s ' II Ir I: ':tiriC I. 'a I- I A ~ jj t Tt

K I f, it I I j I I I 1 1 t-W'

_________________________________________AIPENDIX A: GFKI(X I( M ~LII KATI:

11475 Las Cruces countiy. New Mexic (w-oloqical onyuic~

cI Survey Staft

75 Soil taxonomy. Soil Cor..ervit ioti Service!od. k ~ ~ t'

Agriculture, WashiTrqtou, D.(.

APPENFPIX B: Macrobotaii .,& Im I.F(lr> V (' at

MckK lie S. 7012

(Castpt ter lab~oratory for Ftla anIT1

.-i'tUdje. .10! 1

INTPIIPAT I IN

Flotation result_.s art' reported hero tron i~~l Archtii: site l':t)ot, 1.

c ene terrace east of the Pro drande ii. rol thwes t, IT 1.1 1-an o 1-xo , Si te

several si tes at fecteo I y theic Kevstere- 1Rim Flood (Cor,'rol Pro n-ct. PT, i ite or'-

ated in an initermontarie low latid J ! orc'leva t oti. (t about j] 4t ? ,i-~Y

Ch ihf-thar Desert t I ortat j, common iit y her' I le- ;t e(r' shruo m~at i t wit t. w i

7r'c:t~uh ~ar s p. )aid sc(-ti] I]( (Fouiie(r ioo'leienI~ rodt-;I II tfe (", FI:0

eswtierttaq.2e Prosopis arvdulra aol''tcca (Yu e,' parf roll -nr .

:ar. sard duir es havP acc-umuLated (tec Ci Las C :. ir' I~- I) .Seve ra Tr ;r <

of-; i I er i-. -turthet ooniri rcsources, a!t ' ,or at e" W t i m a- roarIa ,o-

-' f, K. 'These include cacti (0,nIurntima sjl. a,-, succ7ulents (An.v, -,

i t hicta (r elIeva t ions , and deran'i, Iatches e1; it rltii (-s

,:r; - .t tail (Tya(2 iti the river valley (O' Lauich' ri ''(K 3;

Another Archaic site Ir the vicinity was found 'i contair. snmail iLr

L's cusef with associatcd outdoor activity irea' ,n trae t 0'a.

sampling of paleothotanical rema ins at Si te 32 was fi I Terdedo to Yot1r1ht e t ...

irnter, retat ion or t oed process ing features , and to expand docurierntad'm -1- 00000,oroT

species utilized at such sites. Duriina excavation, sanoplos core takei, Irom all u t

r estores an~d from on-s ite controls kstratiqrapjhic. columns) a-- well1 as Lltt-sit(- :crr

No clearly delineated floors or outdoor use ;urfaces wer- cTI.unterec.

Sirice preservation ot prehistori, botanical rat erials wF-1 oerr at ot_!er F,(vs 1, I.

sites, flotation anaelysis at Site 32 wat. undertakenr i:; a pilot stud of a 11r. im

cal ai rioct was uffiients Sathfplter in ysqated inclowe it pv rontt. of

orl aihiriaty provenfiient. witmful irnaysisr- ic feo f-t. rotvt

norifeature controls, and two ott-site controls.

METHODOLOGY

During the fieldwork several matrix samrple,' (ircludirq t14, 1l and 12) wet pcc-:

in the field laboratory. Due to the need tor -orservin,, water, a simple flotati oni systen

following that of O'Laughlin lgdd0:H-7, we!t msed. The mpatrix was iirst screened threuct;

1/4-ln or 1/8-in mesh. The, mat rix (522 124:, ttirou th the scree. win measured as fn vnlurn',

and pl!aced in a hucket taj prox ir-,t ly (9. I wa'(ec ot at ai I intel. ,Iter war- 11rc;

added and the mixture stirred zo' tho loiIter at et oriil floatedI cI, flt:e top. ,, ice water

I ioatinrr material was then poure-d ill throurI. iiit- m-o ,: 'Allt (c- .- , mmr). T 1!i -

cess was repeated three times, 1,y 1it'' h tlmI t t t;- or' "vt tI floated. Mater; a'

au,:ht or the cloth wat- al low,-I to Irv t r 'iql( I I:(' -i -,t Wd t Il 1 'ITuv I' 2) 0! 1 '1

lttei plant i,- vial, T1lt Mata IX wi x dI L i tot t -l0 W.I' !Iii ,a '!,r'IvV i d) i'

Ior ftit ti h r2 t unty. I I the I1 o0 -t it I f r 1 1 1, t' lit. in- I 1- I -

vi Isi tol sai I I vinvelor -....

After retijriting from the field, Pit,itit and A' cits I i me-irt! den~ imdt

I .qe to, 3l , -cenr water i;oeariit (TI,,r ti-ii- wl. i vi pote-rt ioll, would he ! ot cIteti

termts of t intt and effiect iei-a. Al 1 1 t'mmr )ir I .snrjllt' wt-I ( !-rOCVst-r2 I. 2 -

technique. Ttt. system cheser, ,-ii r ro, t lv nel tt' t Tvxat ;,Irr (- o;2

~rLC~A1.~G ~ BL.1 -N~OT F1

I I

t .,

t..It

- 1

-i-f

I- .- t - -~

* IC -

I. -~ 1:.;

- I V.

* ,1 ., (I

. i ~< C-I>

-. &ctY'.wI

- . ".1 * I .11>> -

* - *I~~* .. *. . . . - C .

* -.....- --- '--V

.. - V : . . - - - r I I,.:;, :- ii.- - ' 4 -. ;. I or- .

1- 1' ' - 'a1:

: U!, Ind 1, c;.' tu rt lirt alI(t W( I f ira 1 tl 1: t I -1'"t u 'ror l~' ur ru I ng ratT c- (I c'ainod T-r as". o)r

It r r.i1 71o7"1 1 1t , .ieo ,e 1 o' ri I t~ ar e -le

wkrs d la-'l r. sea 1r no!i x, arA !r 'rtrodu,-(, ii ,s' 're, 1i d o:m0,,. rr -

raitiv(e evliler,7a for I a 1,11(1, . r4c:1.Otdn ci (Ar Ls ir l.,,. I- tS

Ico OC OT lr kecp: ase an,!~t , -le ";1 )- t lV r fho r c'Ilo' t e'y us-t cd :Oara-ai,l i ry

bioloaic-al activi f'. i,,blow !i- Y .r-",er oi

Saamilt- I v I t rum Fc-at ua ii d,uruIf1 '! tl~ 1 tlt ,1lI r I wi ai' 1

racked rocks . Feat :;r- -7" 1 i- - i t t 1, (-1; t(, ; o v, 'rcare, 1r

levetl ) arlI jlerfiS;: lldc, escai ( d oerie t N, r(, i Y. .1, 1

darkcr staiined sand wit 1: charci o r ject , -or, t t t( 1 '1 Fr, ct ,n i ca i r r ,

ist of a sincrief modeIrn :Tl~roe sel ii ir all... dant a-c cm ct rinteriaI.

Feature 21 cons ists Sb !- concer:triJtion. oa mos tlIy urnf rac-t ur edi li mstore coiLII es

Sample #12, from dark-stainedt soil urnderlv.inq t he cobl',L1s, , cotains small1 number s ci

unburned' seeds, including both e~cile~ (qoasefcoot arc0 iua-geas ctust a.-d unysalatcltsic

trailinq four o'clock and zcoorpionweecd) tax?.

Fveiture 31 is a :orcontrit lon ot rocks, maT:% of which arei a-ratr-.5a;-0i

was taken from fill soil only a lightly darker than. thu -rroundcri:c matrix. Clo-sentess ol

he faueto the modern qr-uiAd surtaco -2( ' cm) is reflected ir, rodent ani root act,.

vity observed during excavati or, aid, ir- ftI ot atir ext itn inc aiding abnatroots,

insect detritus, feces, modern weed aced' and creoceteltushI fru it.

Feature- 32 its ao': circiila pii it t illod with thealI -f ifctured r(cks . Dense- pack in.

of thbe rocks may. bave tlimi1ted thuIrMuLTt of rodenit di sti it aice , dit -roximi t ir t -he sur-

tace (asI close as, 5 c-m) 1: 'victer I ir t!- jIidan--an mit t rv'''v of modern vegetat iot

1' ter til as wetll as tinsect piea:i , Nume rou' aiil we'- rti are representodi, ill

ddt tn to, oreoitt ct Aftr Y-r IrCT i~ ito 0 1n o7 'm CI1.i- waIa rIred mru-t o I tl,-I ami n in lqSo I I( 74 . ' It) w la tI a I h art aml te I t' , 2 cd 3) aa

c, seO.. Absenci t al ly -:tid' -1 te I r 11tli,%(111 ,-arn I1 1 UI 0 1C M!nvn~li lridlma-

i on, that cultural b~c f r i i -jt- e Ci, to r ii (vsl I nt 1(IT] i icant quant ita' J ro

h i s site. ClIearl y, any arh-eotI q ii11l 1i 1 ct oa c-( f'1I iv iv( I post -oca- upat moo' i qo-

morpbr1c processe s and brelo Ioq ica 1 ire'rrasctt (i i1 ore ra -,cnt i n vuea"- ow derisit, indeed, ci,

all1. This feature is, the, ,r~lv y pr-I.'en hrf.-t ' ,t t-I i, , Intat ati a lturdart ohiruca I t r.

i lotati on . Fxamtnatiori ot a i Iit~j1 ti 'di' 1 "-1 fxl ; i c'' irum eaho: t he t 1iYea

lots prneoes-d) revaclied that it a:l I ''or-' rma'idt o' ii1iql- iin la (, typet tt ,ieces,or less than I1 percent hI weight, were( or;.I( :e ' I, 0 c'f I i al a' re) -qSjociters are inJ very

,oo)r conditioun as 'hey are ft -table 001.1 -iiid t2 . i ' teoltateinrle tlert Ior-.qi.udinMi ~ nt (rs . Mion,', appeoar luto l !-,n. tuIrTia Alt ia I-' r ;l ' i, t ''r( t~le'' 1151 x ,il41111 1 !ji

1-Y r Irattl1 axesf. 'T'ba t y;a'. Ipp, 1r1 t o 14 t 1r0,Tcr111, 1 . i.- 1d 'tr rta ( T 1 tv ! '1 q. f

ornate rayl OIrld large sc t tarv p'cr . t r11pi Ims .iic r: t ort 1u ma ka 1 "0Ml

ittSl 101-28 AT SITE

LlI r. r earby, 4eneral IyK-i-trtpor ant' Neyt It 1m . its- i. ql 4 (HO -rtrA:'It I CeA woody jetfrena ls , cc'iurr inqj i ovoi ,'jr 1er- '1 t ant. toe icb.ri:-1'.ti. oe-; isuohi ,i-, 1 80: 83). Tewood type preslit :.Feore 3' t-oeerllco

ten I ~ 2 Q!TWI Ilet tV 1Sc 1rospis, lit i t., 1 titr t, . ton e o -ni-nit ;'ot itJ

Nonfeatore C'ontrols

wu ?G ctrron adO,- .were2 anlyzed 11 roe f tater, A, aprxmato- C -scot. o' the,c-start of he man. site area. Anti tact>, Ii firecrackv-d oraswe- ' resentat

r i- ,re ltr wer, absent fromL strata Seo ae~lc r4tl 'ru Leve I Uc

ci:_-e ar) #4. from L-evel 3 (33-O3 cr, tr-low soti-sce) ,tt -ontxiir t-' i-w -sl

twt i:. ai-eal to Li moder:,i. ~ci 'it (Tad J(. 38 TLi t crodeo! : tn.art

t0 -rin; .xcavt 101, 31id wc(I( (- s11 . --t at~ .:r ~ I

1" we, r _vert) - Toim Iu-

Clumn. :ua.lcate: ailoent k.- I> it' Trip T1. t! a t I I rt- sf, - urea. jji Art,,-r-nd -,atures were, prc,,teit close Io t-iisi 'a- ',! t.. rd -p;oo

~on o- Lcoloni stoatsa was1 ',sItte toL-u>''. i02 ra. a, v v t-. Oor.;_remainos were, sparse and cleansv mrodiernTall, wt1. iD eta rc-t : i-ecl -od rodent

atiiyWere atbundant.

;aT-castles wer processed I ra terra - a'0 t ic s ot P.0 r to the nor U. and" southto t e 32. Foth terraces shari a stint Err ent( !at 1(4, stan'1 tatleOt: (-'neoaotebUSb-yocca-it io) withl the a' foal site area" but ,hou)! ii0 1,ut i i., I'iccd tiy ;'rr-listori c sit. -

tr tate! act ivity. No tcltural mat trials we:re- o:-"it tier crI t~ -ourf 1, or in t he iActu o-wt, s~trata of the cottrol :oillmrrt. But h~~ 1 I vici)- welt' tol :it In level:, lost 1

ti -l'.:l cm !Plow) t ho t!cn t~i t~t1i~ -di i)I cI 1iit ("t,1'1'i ''' ii ~ t

.1-It ~ tr t Ic c le t r i t -:. sI i ' iv atar 1,11'

f--i nical tat is)1 io trieved from ti 1tit 74 I'll' ,itt ? iI,( loris aly ol'rr.t'dee~t': anal ' "er plan 1 pai- rt ti In 375011 w iif1! &t1 - t1;0 t WO WOrI!' I) COncia I> onit T'i

i tte >nt'n~ t uitay. The mtalti ity Itax c it'- 'i t 'it of-1. ( I it it t i t-Aovt ic'! (Tait1f

arc ri i n ii IatablIe wenilt , va ri1o0 u- I I Pip i-is Sit'--ll, t I' XI", 1sat tIIn "t

E--Ic c) us a , cer ir-t,,, a tior r uT'sl .o' nTi! it; tt! it 1 win!, iTitti-

i n ' t1. Norofth Aiicrtr I i tI 1,1; inr ' I c ; e, 'it h ' ;.t IIIv

I- a ?-T-S

juOJH)PL Ten ~ o o-

pain exe j , -I

0TqVTjjUaPTUrI

votpo t

abis~w

Tssnpi

Nooos~s InpaaUoxclSl

~os .

bu Ele a'

:xS::AI ONS? AT 1TF _3-

it,* totenltial t'otlti.i I i, i:, lt hot inorc-rcas l edgo I. (a-ot. ww' I' a (t oti':

I r uLitI- rand Ie- 1 1 ) and ttl ali w,,i !'--S tt II t 'It oraiPE'r ia 1 1, m ortu laca , ard Noaft 7CIsa; (a. rept It(r and 11'e!i hi I I I lOt Io I-a I 'v I

l. ocal I a'. resocurce-s aifr er qrr-atei 'itz : to rout u r . fr er C' T x 14,,L X '- IIhTr:'1,'r 1 taIrd -roes irl' ( not atIy meat r, pus- a 'ad ot her Ic -1 aciei Cl an r I (

J1 f ':hnor cjrah:I a ie- ('ori r I f-t f hei t c-i'a vtare c roxt t, te It. tI u

L L Ia lhuntc'r-(atltCel tcoroCm eI ; Is I arohart 1 '-,4 . ll 1 Ah l i I'1

rct ril;rt a ttie't K v it, Lam ArchI:i,' it ! pc' rata, -nw,,cdv I, a iii I t-;'117

, -act'4, a t ar.d eve!rat c'it .1c llo-- tfl orr t i 01c In C ut ailt,1ral ;I: 1t (T

' Ilsn I to'). A r-i,%- i ( w 1it- Ili'i V,1,1 a I' t(-1(iI'' 1 iC: I :It(S III the' T ih a',

Sc is,. r ve c (Sc v i 1 C lt ( fI, IA T- aIt'( 1-t'lI r i;t( * i K-vstri)ta :1

: -4) 1t; , reqardle a; m pa r ''N Ic .- 1 al t I - -1'' , ' i Iec Sand(s T. J 1a hpvi, It lla 'U1,''i' til iti cm i :'1 a!'O wera'! o A

'het:( ma o : a, :t <. 2au .i at i in. q- tot Aua T -'( pee i''r-r. -wl.-

N I t~'- 10 t~ TE. I UI llS' a i i-It' 't diE''ti, ta 1 at: tm 1~ 111 . 10''2 1

-' - i 3 ; , 2. Therc -, qOci FeJJ'<1

1 cI It', ta U t , IC.C itctil' i~ l ( IIame, i';t

1r pa, tcrmir, andi that al I Totanica-, 1 iot rlid o IlS G 'It th ;Jto ' U with t 1c

'x- n of Kr'dWti t-sltt I ed wou I'dc r, ctt ±t ~r, ar~la--

-- si G rt. Doinaldsac (Il18) ' i'tli't I- r ew!I(' that of c) L: ato'

a-- nan ied .rn thr. ba s i ato c-ultwa ' I c 41d "Ed Is l" c'r2I It' I shalIlow

1'-iL [Ii', s!'raetttare I Ss : to ato the Anc:!t 1- per 1' a( ilt -a: t h Ic tot' t

o degradla-

;ot~t't :I' ofi at ' tOi CriI''it' 1, t jjj I s a joI r 7 1 of

pr-<I 5 ' ,!cs orjre meiu'aro tm th oIral " It 1 Ti, ' i' ir -'a il til-l tCe.

ito -ion icn t aint i t ic'', of ''' ; i t' 'rf' Cst 1 n 2 t I 0'1 t t i

Iam I" it;l-e r-l i ItEf' I 'i1'1 1 1i ,1 'i I1 1i 1o l o ' 'rail i . 1 til-

"t WK' 4 11 1 _ l -~a

PUPInT

q w~r n, -1 Pv'i

______ I

0' njdTllnf

X75- IT K

S Sa5 Juar V.I icy Ar, laLt p , I irojor(t plaut taxonomric d ic ionca: y. i.u 1, ton fi 11 icaiimi&r .nhor; , tLEa:, t~ ,n New Mcxi ,A ta tc Un i.r 1ty ,florta 1es.

4 r

crtHarzy W.

* ?4 ?i>ai crc Apaclhe subs i:t(-tie Pat ter:. ind £o(-polit i-1 (rijoinizatioi.. inl:

Arpache In~di ans X11. Garl and FPubIlila ii; to. , Nc-w York

I, ilW I li F. , did put". Ul:I'r2r hi 1

T. he ettir'U. icoy of tie Prqpaso. U,& ~...V va-rs 1ty rJ New Mexi-o Pul lot in 217L

cio~glca 5crc~.4.

i onMarcW.-i Factot : Al ect inq !t-k otrpou. iion and con!.nc.nat in! ii aono! ta rettarns: a

rfeview ci .T otatin tv c; t ror N. I . I.I . PI ) k ' 11- IX. MaocIt Oilt tIe,

Nodva Ndt Ii- f: I trl ii j Girces!- Y,,racvmet I r .,j r m, I :rrnitijtor , New M, xi :o.

ad: e -I ~ r tor 7coinato tdeTc tliro 43.

(,amE-v, Thor-, 1: ,lzd nlaer t H. reel

1.c4 Ar i 1a ic, . i v er ;i t vot t a IIt r i Irev, li r, e I

i.-EC awr',ri-'- o nd Wiar . C rti-

7a -mp Ia ro",r' eii: cxoricir.: riI it I~ I I r (nttcat Iio..Ara i ArhaaioAcid Scienc-::c -%

1 h -t) ttt' ct ci. L)iar : e ais jti, r: Laic in,! format ice it( v,.r ii.crt~wcc-t El

East. , Texta . : hi Ia-. Caonai toi Mii -um Ut ub t-ions i n Attr oy1.Tha-p'r. ivprit~ f Te,.a a t 1: 1 PCi ,r

5it Sre ( n ro v art.:-' N- tC X Tli-, i. Anial I MC-ort , ixura au of Amic ric, t

Lti.iooi-, , 44-,-4t. la:m !:iit.T .fo it:r, W'.: litroto., I

.5' tit a a t . fI ..l ci;', i I. I I, : 'll (,'.vIt~l.l it scvilietai

F- '' i S Ip I' a.; :1,. t d 1* i 1'4. ()1 t i i . (I Cont ract Ai ch-

1.w -a1ah1i ilir;o .,~ ; ' tvai., t .l 1,11Gw Mic o.ls rp o

I' '1 a f'.'i it t1,1 (~ tll~i -it I- I-: tt a i, ot -N e t Miac M.ati jpt r ii.

i: tettat tat-, -I,,ry tat! 1.thanot~ot~irl ta (il 4.:. 1chi~ii ca I -- i(-: 40n.

;!! j- i in ii ia .rta,rr la i r: ( : P, :A, l,, : 'Pt,'1-i tar.: t I t at " t a:17

rnic rn(11 ttniica "I tartar,1 . . Ntal 11 i 7 . a;, (It If I t I ttra 1, Ai- heaoio(,

1lotvcr-,tty o! New MaYi-o, Al! at-;:ia-i a.-.' tat! tor l'alat ,rtorl t!_ trilra.r...Jtil'i,' Taac-htiAa cr 0

_ _ _ _ _ APPDENLIX B.: 0.Iv-ARUB(I'4 I( A I iINA'B.

L.S. Departrert of Agriculture

1974 Field guide to native vegetation ct the Southwe tern region. V.S. bepartr it orAgriculture, Forest Service.

Watscr., Patty Jo

1,17 In pursuit of prehistoric sutcistence: a comparative account or Somoa otem-

porary flotation techniques. Mid-Continent Journal of Archaeolngy 11 : 7-1CC.

Western, A. Cecilia

1963 Wood and charcoal in archaeology. Jr: Science in orchaeology, editcd I) I.

Brothwell and E. Uiggs, pp. 250-56. Bla:ic Books, New >.ork.

APPENL)Ix c: Pollenj Arn33yvis

Annle C. Cully

WCautetter Latoratory foi trAtjc*(tdr, Pcnc ~ri~ 7

itLC"4J11 G PAAi BLANX -i~oT F

Il-RPoDUTteh

Eleven pollen samples from Site 31 of the Keystone barn Iroject Mitigation Pro,;r~irwere submitted to the Co. tetter Laboratory for Ethnobotanlcal !;tudios tor Irrocei-sirq adv

analysis. Five samples were from features, four from columns within site lerimoters. takerY,for feature controls, and two were control samples from off the bit(. The analysis, ofthese samples was part of a pilot study to assess the state of preservation. of botanicalremains at the site.

O

,Sitc 32 is located on a rirlgetolp overlooking the floodpllain of the Rio ';ranidc recar E-lasTexas. The vegetation of the area i ;dominated by shirubs :,uch a,; c:reosotel 1 1sh

(ladrres tridentata) and ocotillo Fcugueria splendens) and is descrLed :! detca',ILaughl1i (1980).

METH-ODOLOG;Y

A modifticat ion of the las is methodj for pojlr esxt act ioi, eotedi Mhr ne

(lhf(7) was used.

(1) A 50-qm soil sample was taken from each t~a, ind weighed orn ai I i,'le leanb.al1ance.

(2) Each sample was washed t hrough a 1 80-mesh b)rass I cre ei.s sith d is t iled wa t elr. Ir

a 600-mI heaker.

(3) Rermoval of carhonates: Ab-out 1(90 m, of 4G percent h~ydrochloric acid (PC!) wa->

added to each beaker to remove calcium carbonates asos to Cu. disaggregatilor. ! -oil

particles. When bubbling action ceased, each beaker was t illed with dist '-'ed water ar(d

the sediments allowed to settle for at least three hours. Thu water and dlilutr ECl wascaretully poured oft after the !settlfng, leaving the (dliments ard the 1,oller. Ilellod ils

the beaker.

(4) Rinse: East beaker was filled agair. withr distilled wtert irro'd, al d .110low(Ito setle t or three hours bet ore pour ii.; ,ff

'-1 iw i I : Peakers were ftlies llot one,-flrrd~ with (list i1let.( wirer arl ::f iir,-d

wit h cleri st irring rods wittiorit i v ;. ort ox to :usperd sedlmerts arid Pollen'. urics'econd alter stirring stopp~ed, the hithter soil IrtilsariI the pollr r:s wr

pouredI off into - second clean beaker . Tti:s proce-diite wasi, repeat (it sev(-r iJ times to lphy%-

ical lv separate the- heavier s and oral no., fro)m thje iistedi ment: o nri the pol lee :raIr,:.

( emov 'l ot o;il icatrs: Approxirst ci 'J hil '5hdrfirr asht (HPb we re addtOo each beaker contain inn the 11 gtter se(diment, ind all (w( U to sit over n i ait. Th( ::amll 1 s

were theni rinsed with distilled water , alI low(I to sit I tir, o hour s ai'd I. e watt il l

ftf. The sediments wore transtp rred tr 1(~ -rl I sort ri it ug It 'o. r rinsc% IT -o 110t; (0'151 -

tuged and the, wat or ;,our ( d of I. A,1,r ( Yir,, I ly 31 rr 1 1; wor, sd,! -1 .. , ashI to'- t tube!-,,ti r red , arnid p)1ase-d ini a tio t w a ir t a tt i fo rlu t I1m ioct11 . Tute;:. w.' ther. "'I r to's U

and thte IF decsauted.

Tb. w t, r p e I i 1 1 ( '1 - ( 1

7' ernot- I1 organ .>: Samnpieo wetn ri2.i>-2 wat1: ahloli' a' r f pit-c lal ace-t

2:,ettrtftqed and- jourei-: off prior In acetoilvsis. A I r ': 1, tOv% c01hit t ot. W',

j , mi- pat-, acet ic anihydride to i' :aort , 022122ri r] u . A oot 2('-> i r!

- - O(" to each tOt tbe , s t ir re&2 a r2. I : w: ctt 1 iTO W, t r I t a 'r oa t t qh11t

.2.2. . (hts werf- thet, coiti'Iftuqedl, I i e' li ItI, nit>' I~2 C.f

ti tte: '.The w-ent r i iije t u!-iw, : 1 1i wi.2. > - I~n , atr cfI-

* t-:.c (tirEd Ot . 71.15 w. repeaot Q t 2 .

--;±.1 dil i e itO , 1 1t: 2

< IeA' wet 'ret arl- 'l 1 G I r it G''I

it t I' c

'' : t t to Cu)lt~iA it i'-ct.t ta 1' tr I- W-e ftt f' from Ieptt.:r(e a.- t.... vI CU u V

it-, -7f, I IC'hEI :r Aic n .h- I 'S o: W1-i 1 :1 1 cI, l I " ",I ll

'''2< .. .tr Ir

:4 L' -'2 it-itiur .ltit ( ( 3

YTrnMi no'1 .' to ', Mrrt rt' r, rl hI -'Hi Ftti ,22 I' T:122 2 -e

2 2' 1'ttt wr'snri Perjot ' kart -- tt 2 nI7

Al' E1. Xe 11k

Cf the os Urn122etelv analy,-! --aripi-- , three w(-r, t-I.,m it i u irt tl.., 4i

ad- coitaine! a t eW pollen!I rins EIad (eIc _hatsc 'lut 4 7 i-.--.

one hclat , I -rt I ) cle ::en I ita IrOd u co- Lo r-ada;,ted to insect pcilinat ron (Wuodehonc 2 th The -t ;ol let. ' r rt r- r' :I. 5.in

rc heolo04ical 1 ,,-ciment samples h ut ocr-ac at a 11y ait loind i -cr. r! c-

p'l-ethjat the ucirurrencce of Opuntsa i len Iror. tIii adr j lC -- C

%se cft ruit.,, bud!, ur stems of, th Ia- i- a t: ii (, -i uand. th . i at u,,

cholla cactus3 truLtS, buds and stems is: re tre Val 1t ii oltflwetorl

Castetter 1h,35; Stevensoii 1915) . Pchroi 1 -17 - or s tliit. oller, i i: nn o

tfruits arnd stems of cactus and could I- i r-tro-c-i-d i rio ,,i i t with. the.,- 1 arts

plant . The single grairn found it! Fc stijr i~t( rcr.v id

-holla-type 'actus, i-ut it Hs poa il, 1!1i * -i coiir

Cen1ti I

Three control samples were chosen for cnmpl(te aI.5ly-ij All of these saitplos uCM-

tained insufficient pollen for a 11t-grain count , Lot ccunts or, 10C wero reachci zt n twc,slIides. These two samples yielded quite inconsistent results (Tale 42;. dm~ iai-t C cc-

tained high percentages ot Cheno-Ams. Samlle It 3Cj contairocd hich: -- rcrtae a

p~ollen. At Keystone D)am Site 33 there was also' ' cc:;ct Prg tolle-t. viencf from two -' a

:ate studios. Horowitz et al (nd. Sund t igh~ ro(rcenitagEic otr ra -. 1.ellIen from arelIirr

inary study. They interpret this data to ien thait ttc a rea SUPIjc1 Ied d cich 1roc 1 t

the, time of occupation. Cul ly and C lar% I ) c iouil hih percentages or rlon-An

dominatinq throughout pollen columns at the Iite. It i- rot tlear 1.0w much d~i:ic-cent ,

prescirvat ion: acid human act iv it y have- at ct cci t 1,c1 lei, ceaou t a t Si to a ' wevc r 11,i

evidenIce seer to suggest an envi rorimei. i l t c tltat ot theu iiosent I hrol_ 'out t S c

t ime Of occu1pation. At Cijte 32, the apparelJ.1 t pigar itya btween the to Lar, ci It

d!ue to several factor,,. A true -iamlei-f 2f.1 q!; iii us arot :-htai nei f rom ith(ar1

When courttinq tci 11th grair-s, the res~ult s m-r, l( tocwed tows ct: one tLi., i a'herj

hFrdtmar 1h3) . CorrespIondingq t lot ait]T io :ailisI-i thI is-- amo level ccisi-,,t intrusive modern flora (Appendix k) icvlicat ii a I it the( ditl-cencefn it. 1-01el Opc.--

age's may tic due to h1ighly local ,-,ed mcaleri:-l'i.pi. The( low Iollfi -c:. - allow-

nei;s c offamplinq0 units, 'id cviden le, -fI mwoen ciliaioo- rio.t f, ow -cInrro-

t oTI of ei ther economi (7 usage of p1l ant r1 (-i.t i' t c, 4~ n1'shall ta(it:- or conc i ci ( 5 abou t

;:a3,t env ironment.

rly twc. - vvn ample: -oil (iii,- -t! liti u'! .,Il~ 1,i i-alc -- on 2-

These result- foliow thf satiern it -- ru-i at iiy tn-an ''ti i3 whiri' n-<-% -v -'l- I

.1 ,US'PIGATIONS AT SITE 32

TABLE: 41

P UI124 (h0UNTS

V) '

00

> 0)

t. u> 21 41

-t'5 - a < t e

1a 40 .1, nit 2,

etu' 2? C -On- -

(,Otr I'IICotumn A,

rve :4 Or '4 ;5 i -

lI w eo 4, n i 2,- P lj~td b ic ,r l t p :ri,.aO i rn

I aI e'. r u tiiic e - 'u a) - -,o -yp -., e r v-itIf , c

it, Ul n t 2,de)c ~ ijd~rcPIrJ~ t" J,1 2 T lVe1f

YA~r 32l -at-r o ~ ) v lcd 1 l ' n.p o r c ''f!'In

- d -" rd , 1 Iv; r-

1lle vo :.: anl rd eslli actd 1ito' I Y -;)C In pm1- ..' rl and d fe

rh Si tto k, jot otlk ll es ; orilir' vol , r tol.' m, hs ri'' m ' tP;'lf'z t a.

WAx 1ot factors catO uie i.'eie I ci i t 1 ir-L ot Ire o'vo tor Th :r 1 t rli'r.

t h, It. Ct h e-test rod. t o ft ma r t o - haaul ,t1 iot C k ,1 t rr t hlIt ! '. l.

a'n iTo wast. Ttro lt o r la rs o e i. 'ow. ia at' ii j(' '0 ht'. %

it r, nl eoHaC lo".

,-,totter , dward F.

tv I wi ated ratw IVIants;d as ;orce: viCT: - s :

the An( r c'ari Sou t tac t , 1 Urvr it, Nffew MF:K cv -2 1-i.P

41.

1;r7j, K,r r f:, jl Aicric- If ;

Iolc ar<-B-iss c 1l ii P.I rt':at Ihr rr v . ;t

flava- a Nat icr :Aca1F1-cila ~ni i:1wPc ri:n

Cull., Anne C.

19e1. I--I len arny t a1

XI tSep01 t D. 11 , - Nr '' fj~r4

P, A r 1 e Ca,

cl1iv , Ati c C . , cI Ka r.-- I dia

Archaic ard Fonra t i ve t O

Cx.ezs iity, (-t TCLx' at i d

1 1 dc r na':s - 'r IL 4it I I (-'I %r i

VI ando V II.P "c-)It o- e N v I' Z rf

rr W1nadow F-e, Arrizcvw.,

1' i Ieb , Ge, r(,,; Wv

19 7 8 P~, .1 ind riich , n I ', ( c -t Fakoi ,wc2

trutman, (3.

12'43 An in'd recici ct in .r viz qk l -c- I-V 1 'iA:i

cjus'tts.

.1!.;w .'fn'.ar j.4-Ivi (I' I' _I I1 (I 'I-

rk irv i i r i I ii

-W01 tI I1 'w -c k(

'1lfart -r ~Ir 'I ' i' fi'-

DAA42 029 INVESGAONSAT SIE 32 4EP325 KESONE DAM 49P R OECT A MU TCOMPONENT.U) PREWIT AND ASSOCIATESINC AUSTIN TX NCFIELDSET AL MAR 83

ED

II I ~IIII III2.5.0

.1 fjjf 2.0

11111.25 111 .4 B1.

MICROCOPY RESOLUTIJON UlT CHARPI

N . , L' [ l . -

!SVESTIG-ATIONS AT SITE 32

00hr inger, Peter J. , Jr.

1967 Pollen analysis of the Tule Springs Site. In: Pleistocene studies in southern

Nevada, edited by Marie Wormington and D. Ellis. Nevada State Museum Anthro-pological Papers 13:130-200.

O'Laughlin, Thomas C.

1980 The Keystone Dam Site and other Archaic and Formative sites in northwest El 1Paso, Texas. El Paso Centennial Museum Publications in Anthropology 8. The

University of Texas at El Paso.

.- 'nson, Matilda Coxe J!'yl Ethnobotany rf the Zuni Indians. 30th Annual Report of the Bureau of American

Ethnolco&-31-102.

.S. Pe~artment -;Agriculture

1974 Field guide to native vegetation of the Southwestern Region. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service.

Wodehotise, R. P.

1959 Pollen grains: their structure, identification and significance in science and

medicine. Hafner Publishing Co., New York.

2R4

APPENDIX D: Historic Artifacts

Ross C. Fields

INTRODUCTION j.

The Site 32 investigations yielded 69 twe: Lieth-century artifacts (Table 42). Most

of these are from the site surface and the uppermost excavation levels. Bioturbation and

the looseness of the site soils undoubtedly account for the occurrence of some specimens

in the lower excavation levels.

TABLE 42

PROVENIENCE OF HISTORIC ARTIFACTS '0

Excavation

Description Surface Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total TOTALS

GLASS

Containers 36 36

100.0% 100.0%

Windowpane 2 2 2

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Marble 1 1

100.0% 100.0%

Miscellaneous 2 2

100.0% 100.0%

METAL

Shell bases 5 1 1 1 3 8

62.5% 12.5% 12.5% 12.5% 37.5% 100.0%

Cartridges 3 1 1 4

75.0% 25.0% 25.0% 100.0%

Slugs 5 4 1 2 7 12

41.9% 33.3% 8.3% 16.7% 58.3% 100.0%

Other 2 2 2

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

BRICK 2 2

100.0% 100.0%

TOTALS 52 12 2 3 17 69

75.4% 17.4% 2.9% 4.4% 24.6% 100.0%

287

hlEZ~.N P B NAW-O FliJU


Glass

Five broken jars or bottles, with a total of 36 sherds, were found on the site sur-

face. Other glass items recovered are (1) a complete glass marble, (2) two pieces ofwindowpane, and (3) two very small sherds which may be parts of jars or bottles.

Metal

Most of the metal artifacts reflect use of the site area for bird-hunting or target

;,ractice. Eight 12-gauge shotgun shell bases were found and bear the following head

stamps: REM-UMC SHURSHOT (n = 5), WINCHESTER RANGER (n = 1), WESTERN FIELD (n = 1), and

iiNCHESTER NURLACK (n = 1). The four 22-caliber cartridges recovered are head stamped

with H (n = 3) and (n = 1).

Of the twelve lead slugs found, six are 22-caliber, one is 23-40-caliber, one is

32-caliber, one is a 45-caliber with a steel jacket, and three are unidentifiable frag-

ments. The other two metal artifacts are a galvanized roofing nail and an iron eyelet.

Prick

Two fragments of modern brick were recovered. These were recovered from sample exca-

vation unit N71/WllO with the windowpane fragments and the roofing nail and thus suggest

the dumping of construction materials on the site.

288

APPENDU.. E: Tabulation of ,inctional Attributes

of Major Chipped Stone Tool Classes

ei

KEY TO APPENDIX

Provenience:

N = North S = Surface

W = West BHT = Backhoe TrenchL = Level

Marginal retouch, Feather scars, Step scars:

U = unifacial B = bifacial

Fdge angle:

A = 10-400 B = 40-600 C 60-90'

Abrasion:

R = rounding B = blunting

Length of functional edge, Maximum length:

(in millimeters)

Edge shape:

A = convex B = concave C = straight

D = recurved E = sinuous T = tip

Weight:

(in grams)

Raw material:

CH = chert RH = rhyolite

QU = fine-grained quartzite SS = sandstone

BA = basalt LI z limestone

OB = obsidian UN unidentified

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APPENDIX F: Proveniences in Units 1 and 2 by Component

This appendix summarizes the arbitrary excavation levels, Iby minimum horizontillprovenience unit in Units 1 and 2, dSSigned to vacti component.

Unit 1

Component Comp onen t

,rid Square 3/4 3 2 1 Grid Square 3/4 3 2 1

N72/W99WW) 1* 2,3 N78/W90 1 2,3,4

N73/W99(W ) 1 2,3 N78/W8S 1,2N74/WIW~N ) 1,2 N78/W88 I',

NN74/Wl00(N ) 1 2,3 N79/W98 1 2

N74W98(?P) 1 2,3 N79/W97 1 2

N74/1497(N ) 1 2 N79/W96 1 2

N74/W96(N ) 1 2 N79/W95 1 2

N75/W99 1 2,3 N79/W94 1,2 3N75/W98 1,2 3 N79/W93 1,2 3,4

N75/W97 1,2 3 N~q/W92 1 2,3

t475/W96 1,2 3 N79/W91 1 2,3N75/W95 1 N79/W90 1 2,3

N76/W99(W ) 1,2 3 N79/W89 1,2 3,4

N76/WW9(E) 1 2 N80/W97 1 2,3

N76/W98 1,2 3 NB0/W96 1 2,3

N76/W97 1,2 3 b180/W95 1 2,3

1476/1496 1,2 3 N80/W94 1 2,3

N76/W95 1 2,3 N80/W93 1 2,3

N76/1494 1 2,3 N8O/W92 1,2 3,4

N76/W93 1,2,3 1480/1491 1 2,3

1476/1492 1,2 N80/W90 1,2 3,4

?476/W91 1,2 3 NBO/1489 1 2,3

N77/199(14 ) 1,2 3,4 N81/1497 1 2,3

N77/1499(FE ) 1 2 N81/W96 1 2,3

N77/W98 1 2 N81/W95 1 2,3

N77/1497 1,2 3 1481/1494 1 2,3

1477/1496 1,2 3 N81/W93 1 2,3

1477/1495 1 2 1481/W92 1 2,31477/1494 1 2 N81/W91 1 2,3

N77/1493 1,2,3 1481/1490 1,2 3

1477/1492 1,2 1482/1497 1,2 3,4

1477/1491 1,2 3 N82/W96 1 2,3

1478/1498 1 2 N82/1495 1 2,3

1478/1497 1 2 1482/1494 1,2 3,4

N78/1496 1 2 1482/1493 1,2 3,4

1478/1495 1 2 N82/W92 1 2,3

N78/1494 1,2 3 N82/W91 1 2,3

1478/1493 1,2 3,4 1482/1490 1,2 3

N78/W92 1 2,3 N83/W97 1,2 3,4

N78/1491 1 2,3 N83/1496 1,2 3,4

*indicates level number.

} IAC"IA'G PACA BLAM~-ENOT F] IA.JZ

INNESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

Unit 1, continued

Component Component

ai 1":,uare 3/4 3 2 1 Grid Square 3/4 3 2 1

I~/'51,2 3,4 N84/W92 1 2,3

!. /l41 2,3 N84/W~91 1 2,3

N3W31,2 3,4 N85/W99 1 2,3

U3W21,2 3,4 N85/W98 1 2,3

N3/'l1,2 3,4 N81 '/W97 1,2 3,4

, AW91 2,3 Nt85/W96 1,2 3,4

4W i)1 2,3 N85/W95 1,2 3,4

Nd4/I)~7 1,2 3,4 N85/W94 1,2 3,4

N84,;WQ( 1,2 3,4 NBS/W93 1,2 3,4

N84/il)95 1,2 3,4 N85/W02 1 2,3

N4/'41,2 3,4 N8',/W91 1 2,3

N A /W93 1,2 3,4

Unit

Component Component

rTi . Square 3/4 3 2 1 Grid Square 3/4 3 2 1

Nl~uf/W97 1,2 3 4 N112/W98 1 2,3 4

N106/w9fe 2,2 3 4 N]12/W97 1 2,3 4

NU W7 1,2 3,4 5,6 N112/W96 1 2,3 4

N107/W96 1,2,3 4 5 N112/W95 1,2 3,4 5

N107/W95 1 2,3 4,5 N113/Wl00 1 2,3 4

N~i~W1O12 3,4,5 N113/W99123 4

Nic)8/N9H 1,2 3 4,5 N113/W98 1,2 3,4

N1(d-/W'97 1,2 3 4,!, N113/W97 1 2 3,4

N IOH /W9t 1,2 3,4 5 N113/W96 1, 3,4

N(Hq5 1,2 3 4,5 N113/W95 I 2,3 4,5

N)08h/W94 1,2 3 4,5 N114/WIGO) 1 2,3 4,5

NlefI/W93 1 2 3,4 N114/W99 1,2 3,4,5

N109/W98 1,2 3 4,5 N114/W98 1,2,3 4

N109/W97 1,2 3 4,5 N114/W97 1,2 3

N1C9/W9. 1,2 3,4 5,6 Nl]4/W96 1,2 3

N109/W')4 1 2,3,4 5,6 N114/W95 1 2,3 4

tiiin/wqq 1,2 3 4 N115/W1Ol 1 2 3

N10W8 12,3 4 N115/lJ1 1 2 3

NlI1O/W97 1,2 3 4,5 N115/W99 1 2,3

N1IC/W90 1 2,3 4,5 N115/W98 1,2 3,4 5

N11(/w95 1 2,3 4 N115/Wg7 1,2 3,4 5

NI 1/W914 1 2,3 4 N115/W96 1,2 3,4 5

N I 11 /W1#1 1 2,3,4 N115/Wq5 1,2,3 4

Ni i/W9? 1 2,3 4 NI 1EdW1O1 1 2

NI1 I/h9( 1 2,3 4 N116/WI0() 1,2

32

APPENDIX F: PROVENIENCE IN UNITS 1 AND 2 BY COMPONENT

Unit 2, continued

Component Component

Grid Square 3/4 3 2 1 Grid Square 3/4 3 2 1

NI1I/W95 1,2 3 4 N116/W99 1,2

N112/W99 1 2,3 4 N116/W98 1,2 3 4N1I6/W97 1,2 3 4,5 N118/W97 1,2 3

N116/W96 1,2 3 4,5 N118/W96 1 ? 3,4

N116/W95 1,2 3,4 N118/W95 1 2,3 4N117/WIOO 1 N119/W95 1 2 3N117/W99 1 N120/W95 1 2,3,4

N117/W98 1,2 N120/W94 1,2 3-8

N117/W97 1 2,3 4,5 N121/W95 1 2,3,4

N117/W96 1 2,3 4 N121/W94 1,2,3 4-8N117/W96 1 2,3 4 N122/W95(E ) 1,2

NIIB/W99 I N122/W94 1,2N118/W98 1,2 N123/W94(S) 1,2

323

APPENDIX G: Artifact Tallies by Minimum Provenience Unit

i tiECL.114G PAGE BLAWA -N~OT F2 I-#=)

This appendix lists, by minimum provenience unit, the numbers of artitacts recovered

from Site 32. Provenience units are grouped into (1) surface collection, (2) Unit I

excavations, (3) Unit 2 excavations, (4) Unit 3 excavations, (5) sampling excavations, (])

Phase I excavations, (7) surface feature excavations, and (8) miscellaneous proveniences.

Within each group, proveniences are arranged by increasing north and west grid coordi-

nates.

Provenience (grid coordinate is at southeast corner of collection unit):

S 7 surface collection 4or

L = arbitrary excavation level (10 cm)

A z unmodified flakes, chips and angular fragments

B = edge-modified flakes, chips and angular fragments

C = unmodified cores

D = edge-modified cores

E = shaped bifaces and unifaces

F = ground and pecked stone tools

G = battered stone tools

H = ground, pecked or battered tool fragments

I = ceramics

J = historic materials

3:7

i C 4J1iG PAUL BL1O-L'OT Fl ia D L

. ,AT1IUNC: AT SITE 32

revenlorce A B C L F F G it I J Provey. ienc(, A h C 1 F F - ,

p1.! race Collection:

1WSS 8 4 -- - --- -~J6, - 1 -N52/W84 S 3 1 1 1 - - - - - - N76/W72, - - - - -.. . .C w f I C, s - - - - - - - N76/W7, 2 - - I . . . . . .

. . , 4' S - 2 -- - - - - -_ S 2 2 2 -. . . . . . N76/W80, S 3 - 3 -. . . .

s,- - - - - -- - -. . . . -. . N76/W84, S 2R - 2 - - - - - -s - - - - - --- N76/W88, S 30 - 3 - - - - -

- -- - - - - -- - - N 76 /W 9 2, S 17 . . . . . . . . .

.,2/W92, S 1 - 2 - ------- N76/WIOC, S 1H 3 2 . . . . . . .N-b-"-w-t, S . . . . ..-------- N76/W104, S 44 3 2 - - -

N.0/WO0c, S 7 1 1 - ----- N7L/WIOS, S - - - -I6C/WiO4, S 12 . 3 . .- . .-.-- - - N78/W76, S . . . . . . . . . .

N(- -4------, S 5 - ------ N78/W78, S 8 . . . . . . . . .

Nb4/WBC, S 2 2 1 7.-------------------------B-I-6-,-

Nt,4/1484, S 4 2 1- - - - - -- N80/W72, S 6 - 6 . . .N64iWPb, S 13 3 2 -- ----- N80/W76, S 5 -N64/W92, S 9 1 2 . .-. .-.---- N8(/WO, S 6 1 1164/W96, S 3 . . - . -.- - --- NO/W84,. 25 3 4NA 4/%4100, S 10 - 2 -- -- ---- W/W88 , S 28 6

864/8I104, S . 1 1 - - - i a NSW/w9g, S 1 . . . . . . .1;68/w60, S 2 1 - - I --80/% , 7 1 . . . . . . . .

W8, S - - - - - - - - - N8OWIOO,S - 1

N68/W2, S I - ------- - N80/W104, S 5168:176, S - - - - - I - - N80/W108, S 34 2 2 . . . .-.

,i68/W80, S 2 2 -- ----- - N80/WI12, S 7 -N68i8/'4, S 10 1 - ----- 8 NSO/8416, S 7 1 3 - - - 1,68/W E S 18 - 4 1- - - - --- N80/W120, S 17 1 6 . . . . . . ..48'14;2,S 3 1 2---------N84/68, S 2 -1-----

.,,-,/W96, S I1 - 3 1 --- --- N84/W72, S 2 . . . . . . . . ..S,/WI'C, S 24 2 1 N84/W74, S 2 - 2

!it-/W104, S 25 . . - . -.- - - - - N84/W76, S I . . . . . . . . .872/W8,, S - 2 -- ----- - N84/W78, S - - 2 1 . . . . . .12/W72, S 2 - - - 1 - - N84/W80, S 7 - 2N8;,/W76, S 3 1 1 . . . . ..------ N84/W84, S 1i - 4N72/WHC, S H - 1 -- ----- N84/W88, S 50 1 7 2

. 1 - - - - -- - N84/W92, S 14 - 1 . . . . . . .;;'8HS 1 - -----.-- N 4/96, S 2h - 1 - - - -

S11'I8,2, . 2- -.-- -. ----- N84/WOO S 29 1 3822/896, S 18 1 -. - ----- - N84/W14, S 5 . . . . . . . . .N-.,ICOO, S 16 - - I- ----- N84/WIO S 11 1 -

10,. 'Wl4, S If - - - - ---- -- -- N4/W112, ; 23 1 2 . . . . . . ..S.7. 144, I I - - - I - - N84/Wllf, S 17 1 . . . . . . . .

' , 1 2 - 1- - - - - N84/W 20, S 5 1 . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX 6: ARTIFACT TALLIES BY MINIMUM PROVENIENCE UNIT

Provenience A B C P E F G H I J Provenience A R C D E F G H I 1

N84/WI24, S ---------- N96/W72, S I - I . . . . . . .

N84/W128, S 1 --------- N96/W7(, S 3 1 1

N84/WI44, S - 1 1- ------ N96/W80. S 12 - 3 - - - - -

N84/W68, S 2 - 2 1 ------ N96/W84, F 1 1 1-----

N84/W180,S 2 - 2------- N96/W88, S 5 1 - -

N86/W72, S 2 --------- N9(/W92, S 37 - ' 1 - - -

N84/W74, S 1 - ------- - N96/W9E, S 9 1 5 --

N8C/76, S ---------- N96/WIO0, S 9 - - 1 - -

N86/W7H, S 2 -- -------- N96/WI04, S 3 - 1

N88/Wf4P, S C 1 2 ------- N96/W108, S 9

N88/W72, S 3 - - 1 ------ N96/W112, S I 1 5 - 1 -

N88/W74, S 2 - I ------- N96/W]16,S 17 1 1

N88/W80, S 12 1 2 1 ------ N96/W120, S 18 . . . . . . . . .

N88/W84, S 17 2 -------- N96/W124, S 7 -

N88/W88, S 26 - I-------N96/W]28, S 2 . . . . . . . . .

N88/W92, S 20 - 2 ------- N96/WI32, S 3 - 1 . . . . . . .

N88/W96, S 21 - 2 - .- ---- - N96/WI36, S - - I

N88/WIOG S 28 3 4 1- ------ NIOO/W44, S 2 - - 2 . . . . . .

N88/Wl04, S 12 - 2 - 1 - - 1 - N1J0/W60, S 1

N88/WI08, S 3 . . . . . . ..-------- NIOO/W68, S 2 - 1

N88/W2, S 14 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 NOO/W76, S 6 1 - - - - 1 -

N88/WI16, S 13 . . . . . . ..-------- NIOO/W80, S 7 - -

N88/W120, S 17 2 . .-. .-.- ---- N100/W84, S 13 1 6 -- 2 -

N88/W124, S 5 1 3 -- ----- N100/W88, S 31 - 4 2 - - 1 - -

NBS/W128, S - I -. ------ - N100/W92, S 12 1 1 - -

N90/W72, S - 1 - - - 1 - - - NIO/W96, S 17 2 2 -

N90/W74, S 7 . . . . . . ..---- - - - - NIOO/WIlO , S 13 . . . . . . . . .

N92/W52, S 1 1 - - NOO/WI04, S 7 - 3

N92/W68, S - - 1 . .- . .-.---- NIOO/WIO8, S 8 1 . . . . . . . .

N92/W72, S 6-- ------- NIOO/WlI2, S 7 1 4 . . . . . . .

N92/W76, S 21 1 1 . .- . .-.---- NIOO/WI16, S 10 - 1 . . . . . .

N92/W80, S 29 1 - 1 . . . ..------ N1OO/WI20, S 4 - 1 . . . . . . .

N92/W84, S 12 - 2 1- - - - - -- N1OO/WI24, S 3 . . . . . . . . .

N92/W88, S 9 - - 1- ------ N100/WI28, S 2 . . . . . . . . .

N92/W92, S 8 1 1 - - I - - - NIOO/W132, S 1 - 1 1

N92/W96, S 11- - -- - - - -- NIOO/WI36, S . . . . . . . . . .

N92/W100, S 13 2 4- - ----- NlOO/W156, S - - - - 1

N92/WI04, S 25 1 1 ------- NIOO/W172, S 2 - 4

N92/WI08, S 10 - 2 . ..------ N104/W68, S - 1 .. . .

N92/WI12, S 11 - 1-------N104/W72, S 2 -- 1 - -

N92/W116, S 20 - 3 ------ I NI4/W76, S 3-- - - -

N92/WI20, 5 1 1 - - - - 1 - - N104/WSO, S 11 - 3

N92/WI24, S 5 . . - . -.- - --- NI04/W84, S 5

N92/WI28, S 1 . . . . . . ..-------- N104/W88, S 7 2 1 . . . . . . .

N92/WI132, S 1 - 1 - - 1 - N104/W92, S 12 1 1 -

N92/WI36, S 1 - 2- - ----- N104/W96, S 13 1 1 1

N93/W107, S - - - - 1----- N104/WI00, S 11 - 1 .. .

N96/W68, S 1 - 1 -- ----- N104/W1O4, S 15 - 1 1

329

XLS21ATIONS Al SITE 32

irovenience A B C D E F G H I J Provenience A F C I' E F G H I J

NI4/WiC8, S 10 4- - ------ N112/W132, S 5 - I

N'14/W!12, S 5 -- ---- --- N112/W136, S 4 . . . . . . . . .

S 6.i 1- - - - - - N114/WII12, S - I - -

.4,W12 S --- - - - - - - - N116/W52, S - 1.I4/ 24 S 5- - - - -- N116/W64, S 3 - 2 . . . . . . .-

"4W128, S 1 1- -- N116/WH, S - -

1 4, i;132, S 3 1- ------ N116/W72, S - -

NI 4/Wi(, S 2 2 ------ - 1 N116/W76, S - 1 - - 1 - - -

8, S - .. .- - - - - - - - - N11E/W8C S 2 . . . . . . . . .

1.ih7i, S 1---.------- N116/W82, S 1 . . . . . . . .

NI('8iW60, S 1 1 2 N116/W88, S 3 . . . . . . . . .

NIGF/W84, S 21 3 ------- N116/W92, S 11 - I

NIOBiW88, S 14 1 - 2 - - - - - - N116/W96 S 9 - 1 1 . . . . . .

;I08/W92, S I-- -- - - - -- N)16/WIOO, S 11 . . . . . . . . .

N1O8/W96, S 1 -- ------- NI]I/W]04, S 8 2 1 - - -

NIOS/WIOC, S 14 ------- 2 N116/WIO, 5 11 2 2 - - -

NIC/WI04, S 2 - 3 ----- 3 N116/W112, 8 - 4 - - -

N108/wI08, S 3 . . . . . . ..--- - - - - - N116/Wli6, S 22 . . . . . . . . .

NI(8iWII2, S 5 - 1 1 -- ------ N1I16/W120, S 9 2 2141OS/WI]4, S I1 N1I6/W124, S 11 -. . . . . . . . .-

N108/W116, S 3 1 1 ------- N8116/W128 S ,O 1 -1 I

NIOB/WIl8, S . . - . . -- -.- -- N116/W132, S 11 3 1 - I

N108/W120, S 2 - 2 ------ -N16/W136, S 2 - . . . . .

N108/WI24, S 10 1 1 ----- 2 - N116/WI48, S . . . . . . . . .

N108/W128, S 7 3- - ------ N116/W164, S 1 1 1

N08/W32, S 12 1- ---- -- -- N118/W80, S 2 .. . . . . .

N10 //W 1 3 6 , S 4 1 1 - - - - - - -N 118 /W 8 2 , S . . . . . . . . . .

N1i/WI12, S 1 --------- N120/WC4, S - - I---2 -

N1io/W114, S 5 - 1 - - - - - - - N120/W68, S 3 - I . . . . . . .

NIIO/Wl1 6, S 5 . . - . - -.- - - - N120/W72, S 1 . . . . . . . . 1

N112/68, S 4 1- - -- - - -- N120/W76, S 1 . . . . . . . . .

N112/W72, S . . . . . . . . ..-------- N120/W80, S 2 - 1 - -

N112/W76, S I . - -- ------ N120/WP4, S 4 . . . . . . . . .

N112/W80, S 5- - ------- N120/W96, S - -

N112/W84, S 2 1 . . . . ..------ N120/W98, S 8 2 5 1 . . . . . .

NIl/W88,S 8 2 ------ 1 - N20/WIOO, S 6 - 1 1 . . . .

N112/W92, S 9 - - - - - -- N120/WI04, ; 12 - I - - -

112/1W96, S 9 - - - - - - -- N120/W108, S 10 1 1 - - -

N112/WIO0, S 23 1 - - 1 1 3 - N20/4WI2, 5 30 1 5 1 -

N112/W104, S 21 . . . . . . ..-------- N120/W116, S 19 - 1 1 - - 2 - 1 1

1112/WI08, S 16 1 1 . . . ..------ N120/W120, S 37 4 5 2 1 - 1 - -

N112/W112, S 3 1 ----- 1 1 - N20/1WI24, S 12 - 3 1 . . . . . .

N112/WI14, S 4 ------- 3 - N120/W128, S 1 - 1 - -. .

NI12/WI16, S 5 . . . . . ..-------- N120/1WI32, S 10 2 - - - - 1 -

4112/W120, S 2 - 1 1- ------ N120/W136, S 1 . . . . . . . . .

4112/WI24, S 4 . . . . . . ..-------- N122/W96, S 5 1 - 1 - - 1 - - -

N112/WI28, S 11 1 1 . . . . ..------ N122/W98, S 11 1 1 2 - - 2 - - -

330

APPENDIX G: ARTIFACT TALLIFS BY MINIMUM PROVEIENCE UNIT

Provenience A B C D E F G H I j Provenlence A B C D E F G H I i

NI24/W60, S 2 2 . . -. . -.- - - - N132/W68, S I 3 . . . . . . .

NI24/W64, S 4 ......-------- N132/W72, S 3 1 1

N124/W68, S 4 2 2- - ----- N132/W76, S

N124/W72, S 4 - 1 -- ----- N132/W80, S 7 2 1 - 5

N124/W76, S -1 .....-- ---- N132/W84, S 11 2- - ----- 9

N124/W80, S 4- - ------- N132/W88, S 6 2

N124/W84, S 5 1 ..-..-.- --- N132/W90, S 10 - I

N124/W88, S 14 1 3- - ----- N132/W92, S 17 1 &

NI24/W92, S -1I - ----- N132/W96, S 7 1 2- - ---- - I

N124/W9(, S 37 3 10 - I - N132/WIOO, S 2 3

N124/W100, S 14 1 5 2- ------ N132/W104, S 12 1 3 ----- 27 -

N124/W104, S 19 2 4 1 - - 1 - - - N132/WI08, S 6 1 2 1

N124/WI08, S 8 3 1 - - - I - - N132/WI12, S 4 - 3

N124/W112, S 13 2 2 1- ------ N132/WI16, S 8

N124/WI16, S 24 1 4 1 ------ N132/W120, S -- 1

N124/WI20, S 9 - I - ----- N132/W124, S

N124/WI24, S 6 3 2- - ----- N132/WI28, S 2 ----- 1 1

N124/W128, S 3- - ------- N132/W132, S 4

N124/W132, S 1 -1 ------- N132/WI36, S - 1

N124/W136, S 5 - 1- - ----- N132/WI56, S 3 - - 1 -]---- I

N128/W60, S 1 -- ------- N134/W88, S 8 - 1

N128/W64, S 2 - - 1- ------ N134/W90, 5 3

N128/W68, S 1 -- ------- N134/WII2, S 6 1 - - - -1

N128/W72, S 2- - ------- N136/W76, S

N128/W76, S-- -------- N136/W80, S 9

N128/WS0, S I -- -- - - - -- N136/W84, S 13 - 4 - - - 1 -

N128/W84, S 4 .......-------- N136/W88, S 7 - 1

N128/W88, S 7 - - 1 ------- N136/W92, S 33 - 4 - - 1 2 - - -

N128/W90, S 10 - 2- - ----- N136/W96, S 13 2

N128/W92, S 13 - 1 -- ----- N136/WIO0, S 1 1

N128/W94, S 7 1- - ------ N136/WI04, S 14 - 1

N128/W96, S 36 3 4 2- ------ N136/WIO8, S 5 -3 ------- 1

N128/WIO0, S 41 3 1 1- ------ N136/WI12, S

N128/WI04, S 33 - 4 2 - - - - 13 - N136/W114, S

N128/W108, S 44 2 7 - 1 1 2 - 1 - N136/W116, S 10 2 3

N128/WI12, S 7 1 2 1 - I - - - - N136/WII8, S 3

N128/WI16, S 26 4 4 - - 1 - - - N136/WI20, S 2 -1 - -

N128/W120, S 4 1 3 1- ------ N136/W S I - - - 1

N128/W124, S 1 - 1- - ----- N136/W128, S ..........

N128/W128, S 8- - ------- N136/W132, S 6 - - - - 1 - -

N128/WI32, S 3 1- - ------ N136/W36, S 2 3 1

N128/W136, S 2- - ------- N138/W62, S 5

N130/W88, S 2 ......-------- N138/WI12, S 3 -- 1 - -

N130/W90, S 5 .......-------- N138/WI14, S 4 - - - - 1 -

N130/W92, S 10 - 1 -- ----- N140/W76, S

N130/W94, S 15 - 1 -- ----- N140/W80, S 4 - 2

N132/W52, S - - 3 ------- N140/W84, S 6 - 5 - - 1 - - - -

N132/W64, S 3 1 2 - - - 1 - - - N140/W88, S 9 - 2 - 1

331

:N'JESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

rcverie!.cc A B C D E F G Hi i j Provenience A B C L) E F G H I J

N14C/Wgo, S 18 2- - ------ N148/WlC, S 4 - -

N14biW9t, S 12 --I - - - --- N148/W]20, S I . . . . . . . . .

N]40/?W1C, S I 1 - ------ N148/W124, S 3 1 . . . . . . .

N140/WI64, S - --- - I I - - N]48/W28, S I - I -

140/W]B)8, S 11 2- - ----- N148/WI32, S 2 1 . . . . . . . .

NI4iNH12, S 11 - 1 1------ N148/WI3t, S---- - - -

HI4 1. 16, 1 f 1 1 1-- ---- N148/WI48, S 3 - 1 3 -

i4/W, S ------ 2 - N148/W160, S 2 - I-

S .'4, S 2 1 -- --- I - N152/W76, S . . . . . . . . .

';A4i/W128, S -- -------- - N152/W80, S -

1.14G/132, S a----------- N152/W84, S I

N140iWI36, S 10- - ------- N152/W88, S 1

N142/W128, S 3 - 1 - - 1 N12/W92 S 3

N142/W130, S 1 I ------------ N-5----2/W%, 2-

N142,W132, S 1 2 ------- N152/WIhs ,7 - 1

N142/W134, S 4- - ------- Nl12/W 4, S -

N144/W76, S I --------- NI52/WI18, I - -

N144/WSO, S 3 1- - ------ N:52/WII2, S 1 1 1 - - -

N144/W84, S 2 1 1- - - - - -- N152/WIlt, S

N144/W88, S 9 - 3 1- ------ N152/W120, S 1 1 --

N144/W92, S 4 1 1- - ----- N152/W124, S 1 1N144/W96, S 10 - 1 - - - - - - - N152/WI28, S 1 1 2 1 -

NI144/WI00, S 4 1 - N152/WI32, S 4 -

N144/8I04, S 0 1 - ------- -152/W136, S -

N144/W108, S 3 3 1 -

'4144/W112, S 7 3 ------- Unit 1 Excavations:

N144/W116, S 3 1

N144/WI20, S 3 2- - ------ N72/W99, Li 24 -

N144/W]24, S 3 --------- N72/W99, L2 2 12 1

N144/WI28, S 3 --------- N72/W99, 13 1

N144/W]30, S ( - -------- N72/W99, L4 2

N144/W132, S 9 2- - ----- N73/W99, 1A 20

N144/W134, S 4- - ------- N73/W99, 1.2 8

N144/WI36, S 3 1- - ----- N73/W99, 13 11

N146/WI26, S-- -------- N73/W99, L4 4

N146/WI30, S 2 -- - ------ N74/W96, LI 19

N146/WI32, S - -------- N74/W96, L2 13

N146/WI34, S 2- - ------- N74/W96, L3 1

N48/W76, S-------------------- N74/W96--------------74/-96 L4

N148/W80, S 3 -- -------- N74/W97, Li 20

N148/W84, S ---------- N74/W97, L2 40

N148/W88, S 1 -- ------- N74/W97, L3 24

NI48/W92, S 2 1 1 ------ 13 N74/W97, 1.4 6

N148/W96, S 2 1 ------ 1 N74/W98, 1l 18

N148/WIO, S I - 1 - 1 N- 74/W98, L2 39 - I I

N148/V;104, S 1 --------- N74/W98, L3 18 - 2 . . . . . . .

N14l6/WI08, S 1 2 - - 1 1 - - N74/W98, IA 3 . . . . . . . . .

N14H/W112, S 6 1 1- - - - - -- N74/W99, I, 30 2 9 1 1 1 - - - -

332

APPENDIX G: AR'TIFACT TALLIES BY MINIMUM 'ROVENJENCF 11NIT

Provenience A B C 1 E F G H I J Provenienc- A 11 C Ij E F G H I J

N74/W99, L2 10 - I . . . . ..------ N7t/W98, L2 1 - 2 . . . . . .

N74/WIO, Li 26 1 2 - ----- I N76/W98, 1,3 20 3 2 . . . . . . .

N74/WIOC, L2 31 - 2 .- .-- --.- N76/W99, Li 22 - "- -

N 74/WI00, L3 21 - 1 - -- - - -N 76/W99 , L2 16 . . . . . . . . .

N174/IOU, L4 I .- --------- N76/W99, L3 19 - - - I

N74/WlOI, Li 19 -. -------- - N76/W99, L4 17 - -

.4/WI01, L2 34 - - -------- N76/W99, L5 9 . . . . . . . . .

74/W1101, L3 11- -. . . .--------- N77/W91, Li 20 . . . . . . . . .

N74/W 6i1, L4 . . - . . -- -.- -- N77/W91, L2 42 1 -. . . .

N75/W95, Li 14 - - 1 2 .-.-- .-- N77/W191, 13 27 1 . . . . . . .

N75/W96, L1i 0 - - ------- - N77/W9i, L4 8 . . . . . . . . .

N75/W96, L2 22 - 2 - ------ - N77/W92, LI 17 - --

N75/W96, L3 59 - 2 - - - 2 -- - 17/W92, 12 14 - 1 - - 1 - - -

N75/W97, L1 9 - - -------- N77/W93, Li 50 - I . . . . . .

N75/W97, L2 25 - - -------- N77/W93, L2 19 - : . . . . . . .

N75/W97, L3 22- --- I N77/W93, L3 17-i -- - --

N75/W98, L 5 . ------ -- N77/w93, 14 13 -- 1

N75/W98, L2 19 1 . .-. . .-.- --- N77/W93, L5 2 - -

N75/W98, L3 10 .- -------- N77/W94, LI 26 - 1 . . .

N75/W99, Li 20 - --------- N77/W94, L2 15 - 2 -

N75/W99, L2 24 i 1- . . ..------ N77/W95, LI 48 . . . . . . . . .

N75/W99, L3 9 - --------- N77/wg9, L2 28 - - 1 - - -

N176/W 1, L 13 . . . . . . ..--- - - - - - N77/w9, Li 17 . . . . . . . . .

N7t/W91, L2 18 - 2 I - N77/W96, L2 31 -

N76/W91, L3 23 - 3 - - 2 - N77/W96 L3 21 - 1 -2 - -

N76/W92, Li 19 - ------- I N77/W97, Li 4 - - ---- I - -

N76/W92, L2 8 . . . . . . ..---- - - - - N77/W97, L2 23 - 3 . .. .

N76/W93, L1 46 - 2 ------ 1 N77/w9, L3 25 - I . . . . . . .

N76/W93, L2 20 1 2 1 -.- --- -- N77/W9E L1 23 1 1 . .. .

N76/W93, L3 21 1 . - .-.-- - - N77/W98, L2 17 . . . . ..

N76/W93, L4 ii - - - - - - - - N77/W99, Li 7 . . . . . . . .

N76/W93, L5 2 . . . . . . ..----- -- - N77/W99, 1.2 28 . . . . ..

N76/W94, LI 21 1 1 . . . . ..------ N77/W94, L3 12 - 1 . .

N76/W94, L2 13 1 - - - - N77/W99, 14 -. . . . . . . .

N76/W94, 1,3 10 1 - - ------ - N77/W99, L5 10 . . . . . . . .

N76/W94, L4 9 - -- - -- - - - -N77/W99, 16 1 . . . . . . . . .

N76/W94, L5 I -. - -- ---- - N78/W88, Li 2 . . . . . . . .

N76/W95, Li 50 - 1 1 - 1 - - - - K178/W88, L2 ii - 1 . . .

N76/W95, L2 24 1 4 --- ------ 78/W88, L3 20 . . . . . . . . .

N76/W95, L3 19- - ------ - N78/W88, L4 12 - 1 - - -

N76/W95, L4 5 -- -------- N78/W89, Li 20 . . . . . . . .

N76/W96, Li 13 - 3- ------- N78/W89, L2 36 1 1 -

N76/W96, L2 32 1 5 1- ------ N78/W89, L3 25 . . . . . . . . .

N76/W96, L3 33 - 4 - 1 - - - N78/W89, 14 12 - -

N76/W97, L1 13 - 1 1 - -i N78/W90, L] 3 . .. . . . .

N76/W97, L2 23 - 3 . . . . ..------- N78/W90, L2 34 1 -

N76/W97, L3 30 - 1 - - - 1 - - - N78/W90, L3 13 - I . . . . . . .

N76/W98, LI 2 . . . . . . ..--- - - - - - N78/W90, L4 17 1 1 . . . . . . .

331


Provenience A B C D E F G H I J Provenieri't, A F C L E F ( H I J

N78/W90, L5 7 1 ------- N79/W93, L2 13 1 - - -

N78/W90, L6 10 - ------- - N79/W93, L3 23

NW78/W90, L7 21 --------- N79/W93, 14 28 . . . . . . . . .

1 T/W91 L1 2 --------- N79/W94, L 9 ---- - -

N7/W91, L2 9 --------- N79/W94, L2 48 - I - -,

178/W91, 13 11- --------- N79/W94, L3 20 - - - -

!478/W91, L4 3 --------- N79/W95, LI 40 1 1 -

!;78/W92, L1 24 1 -------- N79/W95, L2 22 - - - -

;,'N'W92, L2 24 1- - - - - N79/W96, Li 52 1 - --- -

'; b/W92, L3 5 1 - - ------ - N79/W96, L2 55 - 2 .-

N78/W93, Li 3- - ------- N79/W97, .l 50 1 1 --

N78/W93, L2 18 --------- N79/W97, L2 31 - - 1 2 I - -

N78/W93, L3 10 2- - ----- N79/W98, L 44 - 1 - ,-

N78/W93, L4 16 -- -------- N79/W98, L2 19 - 2 1--]---I

N78/W93, L5 5 . . - . --.- - - - NPT/W89, LI I . . . . . . . .

N78/W93, 6 11- - ------- NHO/W89, 1.2 13 - I

N78/I93, L7 5------------------ N-/W89 L3 b -. . . . . . . ..- -

N78/W94, Li 12 . . . . . . ..---- - - - - NBO/W89, IA . . . . . . . . .

N78/W94, L2 28- 1 -- - 1 --- N80/W90 L1 5 - 1

N78/W94, L3 34 . . . . . . ..-------- NSO/W90, L2 21 - 2

N78/W95, Li 68 - 5 - - - 1 1 NS0/W90, L3 14 1 . . . . . . . .

N78/W95, L2 26 1 1 - N80/W90, L4 16 -3 - - 1--

N7,/W96, Li 40 1- - ------ N8O/W90, L5 10 1 2

N78/W96, L2 34 - 2- - ----- NSO/W91, LI 10 . . . ..0. . .

N78/W97, L1 39--- -- I - - N80/W9] L2 31 - 2 . . . . . . .

N78/W97, L2 46 - 2- - ----- N80/W91, L3 29 . . . . . . . . .

N78/498, Li 29- - ------ - NSO/W91, L4 20 - 3 . . . . .

N78/w98, L2 22 2 1 - - - - - NO/Wc-2, L 7 . . . . . . . . .

N79/1488, L1 2 - -------- - NBO/W92, L2 39 . . . . . . . . .

N79/W88, L2 1 . . . . . . ..-------- N8O/W92, 3 40 - 1 1 - - -

79/W89, Li 7 - ------- - N8O/W92, 14 40 1 1 . . . . . . .

N79/WR9, L2 27 - I -- - - - -- NHO/WI)3, Li 15 - 3 1 -

N7)/W89, L3 23 4 . .- . .-.---- N /W93,L2 12 - - 1

N79/W89, L4 15 . . . . . . ..-------- N30/W93, 13 38 - 1 2 - -

N79/WgO, LI 8 . . - . -.- -- -- N80/W94, L] 13 - 1 . . . . . . .

N79/W90, L2 11-- -- - - - -- NHO/W94, L2 so - - -

N71/W90, L3 22 - 1 . .-. -.- --- 8 N80/Wq4, 13 61 - 4 - - - - ---

N79/W90, L4 30 - - 1- - ------ N80/W95, LI 18

N79/W90, L5 15 - --------- N80/W95, L2 49 - 2 - 1 1 - "

N79/W91, L1 6 -- ------- - N80/W95, L3 46 - 1 - 1 - -

N79/W91, L2 5 . . . .--------- N80/W96, Li 27

N79/W91, L3 31 - 1 .--.- - -- .- N80/W% , L2 47 1 . . .. .

N79/W91, L4 9 - - -------- N80/W96, L3 34 1 1 - 1 - ~

N79/W91, L5 10 . . - . -.- - -- - NO/W97, Li 31 . . . . . . . . .

N79/Wr2, Li 25 - I - ------ N80/W97, L2 5] - - - 1

N79/W192, L2 18 - 2 .- ----- N80/W97, 1.3 40 - 3 1 . . . . . .

N 7c /W 2 F L 3 2 5 - 1 . - .-.-- - - N H I/W OO , 1.1 . . . . . . . . .

N79/4W93, L I- -. - ---- -- - NHI/W0O, 12 6 . . . . . . . . .

334

9r

APPENDIX G: ARTIFACT TALLIES BY MINIMUM PROVENIENCE UNIT

Provenience A 8 C D E F G H I J Provenlence A H C D E F G H I J

N81/W90, L3 21 --------- N82/W97, L3 14 1 1

N8i/W90, L4 12 --------- N82/W97, L4 14 - 1

N81/W91, Li 21 1 2 ------- N83/W91, Li 7 - - -

N8I/W91, L2 21 --------- N83/W91, L2 23 - 1

NSI/W91, L3 14 - 3 ------- N83/W91, L3 18 1 2

N81/W92, 1I 11 1 -------- N83/W91, L4 18 1 --

N81/W92, L2 2 -- -------- N83/W92, Li 25 - - 1 --

N81/W92, L3 13 - 1 ------- N83/W92, L2 10 . . . . . . . .

N81/W93, Li 15 1 2 ------- N83/W92, L3 28 - 2

NS1/W93, L2 27 1 1 1- - ----- N83/W92, L4 14 - --- I -

N8I/W93, L3 17 -- -------- N83/W93, Li 17 - 2 1 -

N81/W94, L 41 - 3 1 -- ---- - N83/W93, L2 37 - - 1 -

N8I/W94, L2 30 - 4 1 ------ N83/W93, 13 34 - 3

N81/W94, L3 12 1 - I ------ N83/W93, IA 23 - 3 2

N8I/W95, Li 16 -- -------- N83/W94, Li 37 2 2

N81/W95, L2 31 2 - ------- N83/W94, L 31 - I 2 - - -

NSI/W95, L3 46 1 6 ------- N83/W94, L3 55 1 1 1 - 1

N81/W96, Li 15 - -- - - - - - -N83/W95, Ll 15 . . . . . . . . .

NSI/W96, L2 7 - 3 ------- N83/W95, L2 57 - 2 1

N81/W96, L3 36 2 1 - - 1 - - - - N83/W95, L3 74 1 3 - - - 2 1 - -

N81/W97, Li 45 3 2 ------- N83/W95, L4 52 1 1 1

N81/W97, L2 28 - I-- ------- N83/W96, Li 3 1 1 . . . . . . .

NSI/W97, L3 24 - 2 - - - 1 - - - N83/W96, L2 25 2 1

N82/W90, LI -. -------- - N83/W96, L3 60 1 4 21- --1

N82/W90, L2 2 -- -------- N83/W96, I4 39 - 1 - 1 - 1 1

N82/W90, L3 4 1 -- ------ - N83/W97, Li 23 . . . . . . . . .

N82/W90, L4 6 2 - - ----- N83/W97, L2 45 - - 2 . .

N82/W91, LI 22 - 2 - - ----- N83/N97, L3 58 - 5 1 - I - 2 1

N82/W91, L2 37 1 2 2 -- ---- - N83/W97, L4 20 . . . . . . . . .

N82/W91, L3 13 1 - 1- ----- -- 84/W91, LI 33 1 1 . . . .

N82/W92, Li 48 -- -------- N84/W91, L2 34 - 1

N82/W92, L2 18 1 4 ------- N84/91, L3 32 - 4 . . . . . . .

N82/W92, L3 22 ----- 2 - - N84/W91 L4 21 . . . . . . . . .

N82/W93, Li - .- ------- - N84/W9, L5 8 - I 1 - -

N82/W93, L2 21 1 2 ------- N84/W93, Li 14 - - -

N82/W93, L3 17 - 3 1 .-.-- --.- N84/W93, L2 24 1 4 . .. .

N82/W93, L4 28 - 3 1 - - - 1 - - N84/W93, 1.3 71 3 4 1 - 1 1 - -

N82/W94, LI/2 42 1 3 ------- N84/W93, L4 15 1 1 - -

N82/W94, L3 85 - 2 2 -- ---- - N84/W94, Li 33 - 2

N82/W94, L4 51 1 1 - I - - - N84/W94, L2 24 - I - - -

N82/W95, L1 55 2 -------- N84/W94, L3 82 1 6 - - 2 -

N82/W95, L2 38 1 - - - 2 - - N84/W94, L4 21 . . . . . . . . .

N82/W95, L3 24 - 2 1 --- - - -N84/W95, Li 16 . . . . . . . .

N82/W96, LI 31 - - 1- ----- N84/W95, L2 23 1 1 . . . . . .

N82/W96, L2 51- 2 ---- 1 N84/W95 L3 100 1 8 1 - - I --

N82/W96, L3 70 - 4 1 - 1 - - N84/W95, L4 40 - 1 . . .

N82/W97, Li 9 -- -------- N84/W96, 1.i 16 - -

N82/W97, L2 19 1- - - - - - -- Nb4/W96, 1.2 26 1 . . . . . . . .

335

:LVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

froveriience A B C D E F G H I J Provenience A H C D E F G H I J

N84/W96, L3 51 2 3 1 1 - - - N85/W99, L3 30 2 - - - - -

N84/W96, L4 52 2 1 - - - I -

N84/W97, Li 22 - --

N84/W97, L2 51 -- -------- Unit 2 Excavations:N84/W97, L3 58 - 5 - 1N84/W97, L4 84 - 1- - - - - - -- N106/W96, Li 26 1 - - - - -

N84/W97, L5 2 ......-------- N106/W96, L2 16 --- 1 M4/W98, L1 18 1 - - 1 NiO6/W96, L3 9- 4 -

1-64/W98, L2 12 ......-------- N106/W96, L4 10 1 1 --

N84/W9, L3 18 ......-------- N106/W97, Li 21 - - -Nb4/N99, Li 33 3 ------- NIO6/W97, L2 12 - 1 1

N84/W99, L2 38 - 1 - - - 1 - N106/W97, L3 20 - 2

N84/W99, L3 20 1 2- ------- N1o6/W97, L4 9N85/W91, Li 10 1 2 ------- N107/W95, Li 16 1 1 -- ---N85/W91, L2 5 5 - 1 - I - N107/W95, L2 8 .........

N85/W91, L3 17- ------- -- N107/W95,L3 7 3 1 1 - 1 - 1 -

N85/W91, L4 7 ......-------- N107/W95, L4 5 1

N85/W91, L5 7- - ------- N107/W95, L5 5N85/W91, L6 6 ......-------- N107/W96, Li 9Nb5/W92, Li 34 - 3 - - - 1 - - N107/W96, L2 8 -

N85/W92, L2 29 1 1- ------- N107/W96, L3 24N9S/W92, L3 33 - 2- ------- N107/W96, L4 11 - 1 1

N85/W93, L1 15 ......-------- NIo7/W96, L5 15N85/W93, L2 29 1 2- ------- N107/W97, L1 6

N85/W93, L3 23 - 1 ------- NIO7/W97, L2 29 1 1 1 -N85/W93, L4 16 1- - ------ NIO7/W97, L3 12 1 - -N85/W94, Li 40- - ------- N107/W97, L4 21 - 3

N85/W94, L2 46- - ------- N107/W97, L5 7N85/W94, L3 24 - 3 - - 1 1 -- - N107/W97, L6 6N85/W94, L4 33- - ------- N107/W98, Li 3N85/W95, Li 41 1- - ------ NIO7/W98, L2 4

N85/W95, L2 30- I - - - - - --- N107/W98, L3 3 - 1 1 -N85/W95, L3 37 ......-------- N1O7/W98, L4 1N85/W95, L4 41- 4 - -- - - - -- N107/W98, L5 4N85/W96, Li 22- - ------- NIO8/W93, LI 7 - 1N85/W96, L2 12 - - - 1----- NiO8/W93, L2 8 1

N85/W96, L3 38 3 2- ------- N108/W93, L3 12 1 ------- 1 -N85/W96, 14 40 2 4- ------- N108/W93, 1A 8 -N85/W97, LI 40- - ------- NIOS/W94, Li 12N85/W97, L2 25 - ------ -1 - NI08/W94, L2 b 1N85/W97, L3 57 - 3 1 1 .-.---- NIOS/W94, L3 22 - I - - - - I - -

?185/W97, L4 63 - 2 - - - 1 1 - - NIO8/W94, L4 11 1N85/W98, Li 73 -------- 1 NIO8/W94, L5 11

N85/W98, L2 81 1 1 - - - 1 - - 1 N108/W95, L 6 1 - I -

N85/W98, L3 42 1 2 2 1 - - NIOB/W95, L2 3 - - -

N85/W99, Li 35 - 1 1 ------ N108/W95, L3 5 - - .- - -NP1'/W99, L2 26 2-- -- 1 1 N18/W95, L4 14 1---- - -

336

APPENDIX C: ARTIFACT TALLIES BY MINIMUM PROVENID1CE 'N';T

Provenlerce A B C D E F G H I J Provenience A B C D E F G H I J

N108/W95, L5 7 - - - - 1 - NIIO/W96, L2 19 1 3

N108/W96, Li 9 1- - ------ NIIO/W96, L3 9 - - - -

N108/W96, L2 11 - 2- - ----- N1IO/W96, L4 3 - 1

N108/W96, L3 4- - ------- NIIO/W96, L5 4 - 2

N108/W96, L4 8 - - I ------ NIIO/W97, Li 10 1

N108/W96, L5 8 1 2 1 - 1 NIIO/W97, L2 10-- - - -

N108/W97, Li 17- - ------- N110/W97, L3 10 2 6

N108/W97, L2 19 - - - 1----- NIO/W97, L4 10

NIC8/W97, L3 21 ----- 1 - - N110/W97, L5 8

N108/W97, L4 15 -2 .------ NIIO/W98, L1 18

N1O8/W97, L5 4- - ------- N11O/W98, L2 32

NIOS/W98, LI 20- - ------- NIIO/W98, L3 38 1 1 - 1 1 1 -

N108/W98, L2 9- - ------- NI10/W98, L4 15 -2

NIOF/W98, L3 19 - - 1 - - - - 1 - NIIO/W99, Li 8

NIO8/W98, L4 14- - ------- N11O/W99, L2 6

N1O8/W98, L5 5 --------- N110/W99, L3 9

NIO8/WIOC, Li 27 ------- 2 - N11O/W99, L4 1

NIO8/WIO0, L2 18 .. . . ..--- - - - - - N II/W95, Li 14

NIOB/WIO0, L3 21 ------ 1 - - NIII/W95, L2 12

N108/WIO0, L4 14- - ------- Nlll/W95, L3 7 . . . . . . . . .

N108/WI0, L5 9- - ------- NIII/W95, L4 2 - 1

N109/W94, Li 5 ------- - N-- I/W96, L1i0 - ---- - 1 -

NIC9/W94, L2 2- - ------- NIII/W96, L2 1

NIO9/W94, L3 6- - ------- NIlI/W96, L3 4 1

N109/W94, L4 9 - I - - 1 - - NII1/W96, L4 7 1

N109/W94, L5 8 -I--- -- ---- Ni/W97, Li 4 - -

N109/W94, L6 5 - 1 ------- N1II/W97, L2 9 1

N109/W96, Li 15- - ------- NIII/W97, L3 15 - 1

N109/W96, L2 23 I------ - Nlii/W97, L4 5 1 -

NI9/W96, L3 24 1 1 - - Nl1/W98, Li 21 1

N109/W96, L4 12- - ------- NIII/W98, L2 3 - 1

N109/W96, L5 17- - ------- NIII/W98, L3 i0 - - - I - 2 - - -

N109/W96, L6 16- - ------- Nl11/W98, L4 12 . . . . . . . . .

N109/W97, L1 19- - ------- N!iI/W99, Li1 1

NIO9/W97, L2 16- - ----- - - NIII/W99, L2 5

N109/W97, L3 17 - 4 - - - - 2 - - N11/'W99, L3 6 1 1

N109/W97, L4 7 - 1 -- ----- NII1/W99, L4 3

N109/W97, L5 8 - 1 -- ----- N112/W95, Li 5

NI09/W98, Li 24 1 2- - ----- N112/W95, LI 5

N109/W98, L2 II- - ------- N112/W95, L3 5------ --- -

NIO9/W98, L3 13 - I - - - 1 - - - N112/W95, L4 3 - 1 . . . . .

N1C9/W98, L4 12 . . . . . . ..--- - - - - - NIl 2/W95, L5 i -

N109/W98, L5 - -- -- - - - -- N112/W96, Ll 10 -2 1

WIIO/W95, Li10 --------- N112/W96, L2 14

NI1O/W95, L2 10 - 1- - ----- N112/W96, L3 16 - - 1 -

N]IO/W95, 1.3 9 - 1 -- ----- N112/W96, L4 6- . . . . . . . ..--------

NUiO/W95, L4 4 1- - ------ NI2/W97, LI 12 - 1

N110/W96, Li 8 --------- N112,'W97, L2 8 - .......

337

1INESTIGATIONS AT SITE 32

Provenience A B C D E F G H I J Provenience A B C D E F G H J

N112/W97, L3 12 - 2 1 N1I4/W98, L4 3

NlI2/W97, L4 9 1- ----- 1 N114/W99, Li 27 - I

N112/W98, LI 17 1 1 - - - - 1 N214/W99, L2 12 1 - -

N112/W98, L2 9- 1 ------- N114/W99, L3 13 - 1

NII2/W98, L3 13 - 2 1 i NII4/W99, L4 20 - - -

NI12/W98, L4 6- - ------- N114/W99, L5 1

NII2/W99, Li 26 -2 ------- N114/W100, Li 26 - - - 1 - - - 3

N112/W99, L2 33 1 2- - ----- NII4/WlCC, L2 15

N112/W99, L3 12 -2 ------- N114/WIO0, L3 12 1 2 1

NII2/W99, L4 9------ - - - N114/W100, L4 5 1 --- 1 - -

N113 1W95, Li 8- - ------- N114/W100, L5 5 2 -,

N113/W95, L2 10 - - 1- ------ N115/W95, Li 7

N113/W95, L3 8 - -------- N115/W95, L2 16 1 1--- -

N113/W95, L4 3- - ------- N115/W95, L3 14N!13/W95, L5 2 - 1 -- ----- N15/W95, L4 6 - 2

N113/W96, Li 17 3- - ------ NI15/W96, Li 2

Nii3/W96, L2 5 -2 ------- N115/W96, L2 9 1

NII3/W96, L3 N115/W96, L3 20

N113/W96, L4 4 ----- 1 - - - N115/W96, L4 7 - 1

N113/W97, Li 17 2 1- - ----- N115/W96, L5 20

Nli3/W97, L2 8 -2 ------- N115/W97, Li 4

N1i3/W97, L3 23- - ------- NII5/W97, L2 5 - 1 -

N113/W97, L4 7 --------- N115/W97, L3 28N1i3/W98, Li 28 ------ 2 1 - N115/W97, L4 14 - 1 - 1

N113/W98, L2 27 1 1 N115/W97, L5 9 3

Nli3/W98, L3 14 ------- 1 N115/W98, Ll 6 - 1

N113/W98, L4 7 ----------------- N215/W98, L2 12 - 1 1 -

IJ113/W99, L1 22- - ------- N115/W98, L3 16 1 1 1

N113/W99, L2 24- - ------- N115/W98, L4 15 - ----- 1

N113/W99, L3 8 ----------------1 N115/W98, L5 6 - 2 1

N113/W99, L4 14- - ------- N115/W99, Li 29 1 1- ----- 4

NIl3/WI0O, Li10 --------- N1i5/W99, L2 19N113/WIO0, L2 9- - ------- NII5/W99, L3 3 - 1

N113/W0, L3 6 1 1 N 15/WI00, Li 9------- -

NI13/WICO, L4 5 1- - ------ Nil5/WIO0, L2 16- - ----- 1N114/W95, Li 9- - ------- N1i5/W100, L3 5 - 1

N1141W95, L2 10 3 1 NIl5/WIl, Li 5

N114/W95, L3 13 - 2 - - - - 1 - NIl5/WICI, L2 13 - 1

.:114/W95, L4 10 --------- NIS/WIOI, L3 3

N114/W96, Li 26 2 2 1 1 - - I - - Nii6/W96, Li 9------- - -

rIl24/W96, L2 15 ----- 1 - - - N116/W96, L2 7---------

N114/W96, L3 9 ------- 1 - N116/W96, L3 5 - 1 1

N114iW97, L1 30 ----------------1 N I6/Wlf, L4 5

N4/W97 L 24 -2 ------- N116/WO6, L5 7- -------NI4/W97, L3 8- - ------- Nil6/W97, Li1 1i - - - - -- 1 -

N114/W98, Li 18- - ------- N116/W97, L2 19 - - - - - - - 2-

N1414W98, L2 21 2 1 - - - - I - - N116/W97, L3 IC - 1 . - - -

NiA4,4W98, L3 21 I 1I - - - 1 - - - Ni16/W97, L4 12 - 1

338

APPENDIX G: ARTIFACT TALLIES BY MINIMUM PROVENIENCE UNIT

Provenience A B C D E F G H I J Provenience A B C D E F G H I J

Nll6/W97, LS 6 - - - - - - -- NI20/W94, L5 I . . . . . . . . .Nii6/W98, Li 3- - ------- N120/W94, L6 1 . . . . . . . . .

N116/W98, L2 12 - - ---- 1 - NI20/W94, L7 4 . . . . . . . . .N116/W98, L3 24 4 - - - 1 N120/W94, L8 1 - -

I16/W98, L4 21 1 1 ------- N120/W95, L] 15 - 3 -

N116/W99, Li 31 - 3 1 1- ----- N120/W95, L2 10 - -- -

N116/W99, L2 8- 1 .-- 1 N120/W95, L3 13- 3

N116/W100, Li 9 1 - 1- ------ Ni20/W95, L4 4 - -

N116/WIOO, L2 19 2 2 ------- N121/W93, S 1 . . . . . . . . .

N116/WI01, L1 5 1 -------- N121/W94, LI 2 . . . . . . . . .

N116/WIOI, L2 10- - ------- N12i/W94, L2 7-- - -N117/W95, Li ii 1- - ------ N121/W94, L3 2

N117/W95, L2 II . . . . . ..-------- N121/W94, L4 2 . . . . . . . . .

N117/W95, L3 I - 1 1----- --- N21/W94, L5 I . . . . . . . . .

N117/W95, L4 9 - 1 -- - - - -- N121/W94, L6 I . . . . . . . . .

N117/W96, LI 11 1 1 . . ..-- - - - - N121/W94, L7

N117/W96, L2 114 6 17 8 - - 2 - - N121/W94, L8 3

N117/W96, L3 16 . . . . . ..-------- N121/W95, Li 13 - - - I

N117/W9?, Li 16------- --- N121/W95, L2 5

N117/W97, L2 8 - 1 -.-.---- N121/W95, L3 2 . . . . . . . . .

Nl7/W97, L3 15 - 1 - - - 1 1 - N122/W94, Li 14

N127/W97, L4 3 - ..- ..----- N122/W94, L2 7- 2 - -I - - --

N117/W97, L5 ---------- N222/W95, Li 4

N117/W98, Li 18 - 2 ------- Ni22/W95, L2 14 - 7 1

N117/W98, L2 28 1 3 - - - 1 - - Ni23/W94, Li 15 . . . . . . . . .

N117/W99, Li 36 1 4 - - - 1 1 N123/W94, L2 10

N117/WIO0, Li 19 1 2 1 - - - 1 - -

NI/W95 L- ----- - -- - - Unit 3 Excavations:NIIS/W95 1,2 4 - 1 . . . . . . .

NIIS/W95, L3 11 - 2 -- ----- - N88/WI04, Li 19 - - 1

N1I1/W95, L4 10 - 2 ------- NBB/WI04, L2 36 - 2 -

NIIB/W96, LI 6 -- ------- - N88/WI04, L3 22 1 2

NIi /W96, L2 11- - -- - - - -- N88/WI04, L4 21 - 1

N118/W96, L3 5 - I - -.- ---- NBB/WI05, L1 40 - 3 . . . . .

NlIIW96, L4 3 - I - - - 1 - - - N88/WI05, L2 16 - 1 - - 1 1 - - -

N11S/W97, LI 30 2 1- - - - - -- N88/W]05, L3 26 - 5 1

N118/W97, L2 4 1 1 ------- N88/Wl05, L4 20NI18/W97, L3 4 . . . . . ..-------- NBB/WN05, L5 9 - - - - 1 - -

N1I1/W98, L1 24 - 3-- - - I - N88/WI05, L6 5 . . . . . . . . .

N11/W98, L2 20 1 1 -. - ---- - N88/WI06, LI15 15. . . . . . .

N118/W99, L 31 - 4 -- - 1 - - - N88/WI06, L2 8 1 . . . . . . . .

N119/W95, L1 7 - 1 ------- N88/W]06, L3 22 - 8 1 - 2 - - - -

N119/W95, L2 14 - I - .------ - N88/WI06, L4 27 - 2 1 - - - I - -

N119/W95, L3 6 - - - - 1 - - - - N88/WI06, LS 22 - I

N120/W94, LI 11- - ----- -- NBBW106, L6 5

N 1 2 0 / W 9 4 , L 2 9 - I . . ..-- - - - - N8 8 / W l 0 7 , L1 1 2 . . . . . . . . .

N120/W94, L3 2- - ------- N88/WI07, L2 6 - .---- - I - -

NI20/W94, L4 1 -- -- - - - -- N88/W107, 13 5 - I . . . . . . .

339

:;ATIQ)NS AT SITE 32

iroveclencC A B C D E F G li 1 J rovenleknce A B C D E F G H 13

N68iWIC7, 14 10 - 1 1 N OO/WI02, LI 12 - 2 - -. .

NeS/WI07, L5 12-- ------- NIGO/WI02, L2 6 2 . . . . . . . .

FbjWI17 L6 12 --------- NICO/WI02, 13 11 - - 1 1

N'84/W104, Li 38------------------ NIO----------- --W-2, 1.4 12 - -

NN, W104, L2 21 - I------- NICO/W]02, L5 7 1 1 - -

N89/W]C4, L3 24 1 7 ------- NICO/W102, L6 8

NH'i/Wl04, L4 11 - 1 1----- -NOO/WI------71-0-W-02- 1-7 7

N8-/Vi:C4, L5 3 --------- NICO/W116, Li E - 2 - -

, I LI 13 - 1 -- ----- NIOC/Wlf,, L2 18 - 4 4 - - 1 -

1; ,/k 1 ('6 L2 15 - - - - 1 N]OO/WI16, L3 20 - 2 - - I - - - -

";R' Wl1 l , L3 20 - 2 1 - 1 NIOO/WI16, L4 14 1 - - - 1 -

N3u, WI , , L4 10- - -- - - - -- N100WI6, 1,5 4 - - -1

N ,/Wi05, L5 15- - ------- NIOO/W] 16, U I - I

NH,/WI5, L6 2- - ------- NlOO/W132, LI 2

NIOO/W132, L2 1

Samlling Fxcavations: NOO/WI48, Li 5

NI16/W76, L -

N68/W8i, Li 7 - - 1 - - - N116/W95, LI 17 2 2

N68/W98, Li 14 -2 - ------ N116/W95, L2 14 2 4

N68/W98, L2 4- - ------- N116/W95, L3 10

N71/WIC, Li 1i 1 2 ------ 5 N116/W95, L4 9

N71/WIIO, 1.2 3 - 1 1- ------ N116/WI08, Li 18

N2I/WIIO, L3 5- - ------- N116/WI08, 1.2 22 3 2 - - - - 1

N71/W110, [4 ---------- N16/WI08, L3 8 - 1

NTI/'IIC, L5 2 --------- N116/WIO8, L4 5

N84/W76, 1. 7- - ------- N116/W124, 1.1 3 - - 1

Nb4/W76, L2 I --------- N116/W124, L2 4 1

N84/W76, L3 - - I------- N116/W124, L3 . . . . . . . . .

N84/W2, Li 36 1- - ------ N116/W124, L4

N84/W92, L2 30 1 2 - - 1 1- N 6/W140, Li 1 -

N84,'W92, L3 32 1- ------ N116/W140, L2 2

N84/W92, L4 19 1- - ------ Nll6/W140, L3 2

N84/W92, L5 22 - 1 - - - --- N116/W140, L4 2 1

N84/W92, L6 9- - ------- N116/W140, L5 1 . . . . . . . . .

N84/W92, L7 12-- ------- N132/W68, L1 .. . . . . . .

N84/W92, L8 1 -- ------- N132/W84, Li 18 . . . . . . . . .

N84/ 108, L1 34 1 2 1 - - 1 -- - N32/W84, L2 5 1

N84/W108, C2 18 1 N32/W84, L3 - 1

N84/WlO8, L3 19 1 ----- 1 - N132/W84, L4 3

N84/W108, L4 3 1- - ------ N132/WI00, Li 18 - 3 - - 1 - -

N84/WI24, Li 4 -I- - - - - -- N132/1WI00, L2 2

N1OO/W68, Li -------- 1 - N132/WIOO, 1,3 6 - 1

NIOO/W(8, L2 1 -------- I N132/WIOO, L4 3 .........

Nlt)()/W84, LI 1 1 ------- - N132/W116, 1.l 15NI00/W84, L2 9- - ------- N132/Wll11, L2

NIOC/W84, L3 14 1 2- - ----- N132/WIl]b, L3 2

SIOG/W84, L4 3 1 . .-. . -.- --- NI32/W132, 1.1 4

NICO/W84, L5 5- - ------- N148/W92, LI 14

340

APPFMII1X 6: ARTIFACT TALLIES BY MINIMUM PPI0VFNIENCf. 7'N7

iTcvenience A B C D E F 6 i I J Provenience A B C U F F h C I J

N 148/W92, L2 8 - I-F-8, LI 14 - - I

N148/Wc)2, 1L3 4 - -------- - F-8, L2 8 - 1 - - -

N148/W108, Li 3 --------- F-8, L3 6 ---

N148/W108, L2 5 -- ---- --- F-14, Li 3 . . . . . . . . .F-14, L2 4

Phase I Excavations: F-9, L1 11 - I - -

F-9, L2 3

N92/W92, Li 120 - 2 1 - F-9, L3 2 1

N92/W92, L2 57 2 5 - ------- F-9, L4 5

N92/W92, L3 25 - 2 - ------- F-9, .5 3

N92/W92, L4 - -------------------- ,------------F-l, L- 2 -

N99/W]31, Ll 7 . . . . . . . . .

NIOO/W78, Li 12 - 2 - ------- Miscellaneous Proveniences:

N106/W99, LI - - --- -

N106/W.9, L2 31 - 3 ----- - - BHT A 3 - 2 1 1 - - - -

N106/W99, L3 3 - 1 --

NiO6/W99, L4 2 - -

Surface Feature Excavation:

F-10, L1 ii - -

F-i, L2 13 - -

F-10, L3 6 - -

F-IO, L4 3 . . . . . . . . .

F-Il, Li 17 - 1

F-I , L2 5 . . . . . . . . .

F-Il, L3 C - - - - 1 - -

F-il, L4 3

F-11, L5 2 1

F-Il , L 1 . . . . . . . . .

F-12, IA 29 . . . . . . . . .

F-12, 1,2 11

F-12, L3 1F-6, Li 3 . . . . . . . . .

F-6, L2 7 1 1 1 -

F-6, L3 5

F-6, L4 5 . . . . . . . . .

F-6, L5 4

F-15, L 1

F-15, L2 2 . . . . . . . . .

F-I5, L3 . . . . . . . . . .

F-7, Li 1 . . . . . . . . .

F-7, L; .. . . . . . . . . .

F-7, L3 2 . . . . . . . . .

F-13, Li 21

F-13, L2 9 1

F-13, L3 6

F-13, 14 11 . . . . . . . . .

14 1

DAT-E

I.LMED

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