INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRYINTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

What is Biochemistry?What is Biochemistry?

Biochemistry -is the study of life on a molecular level.

Biochemistry can be divided into three areas Biochemistry can be divided into three areas of studyof study

ConformationalConformational-structure and three--structure and three-dimensional arrangements of biomolecules.dimensional arrangements of biomolecules.

MetabolismMetabolism–energy production and –energy production and utilizationutilization

InformationalInformational-language for -language for communication inside and between cellscommunication inside and between cells

Biochemistry seeks to describe the structure, Biochemistry seeks to describe the structure, organization, and function of living organisms in organization, and function of living organisms in molecular termsmolecular terms

In order to understand the life on the In order to understand the life on the molecular level, you mustfirst have a:molecular level, you mustfirst have a:

••Knowledge of the chemical structures of the biological moleculesKnowledge of the chemical structures of the biological molecules ••Understanding of the biological function of the moleculesUnderstanding of the biological function of the molecules

••Understanding of bioenergetics –the study of energy Understanding of bioenergetics –the study of energy flow in cellsflow in cells

Biochemistry is a Research Discipline Applicable to Real

World Medicine –Clinical

Diagnose and monitor diseases* Scurvy, Phenylketonuria,Kwashiorkor, Diabetes,

Cholera*

Designer Drugs –New and Improved antibiotics –New and Improved chemotherapy agents

Protein Diseases

Agriculture •Herbicides and Pesticides

Transgenic crops

Industry-Synthesis-Detoxification

CHAPTER 1- THE LIVING CELLCHAPTER 1- THE LIVING CELL

The The cellcell -is the structural and functional unit of all -is the structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. known living organisms. - smallest unit of an organism that is - smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life .building bricks of life .

*ORIGIN OF THE CELL*ORIGIN OF THE CELL

History OF THE CELL:History OF THE CELL:

1632 – 1723: 1632 – 1723: Antonie van LeeuwenhoekAntonie van Leeuwenhoek 1665: 1665: Robert HookeRobert Hooke 1839: 1839: Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann and and

Matthias Jakob SchleidenMatthias Jakob Schleiden 1855: 1855: Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow ( (omnis cellula ex omnis cellula ex

cellulacellula).). 1953: 1953: WatsonWatson and and CrickCrick made their first made their first

announcement on the double-announcement on the double-helixhelix structure for DNA on February 28.structure for DNA on February 28.

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE CELL:GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE CELL:1. Eukaryotic cell1. Eukaryotic cell

-with true nucleus-with true nucleus-contain membrane-bound -contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. metabolic activities take place.

2. Prokaryotic cell2. Prokaryotic cell- no defined-nucleus- no defined-nucleus-simpler than the nucleus-simpler than the nucleus

Diagram of a prokaryotic cellDiagram of a prokaryotic cell

Diagram of a typical eukaryotic cellDiagram of a typical eukaryotic cell

BasisBasis Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell

Typical Typical organisms organisms

bacteriabacteria, , archaeaarchaea

protistsprotists, , fungifungi, , plantsplants, , animalsanimals

Typical size Typical size 1-10 1-10 µmµm 10-100 10-100 µmµm ( (sperm cellssperm cells, , apart from the tail, are apart from the tail, are smaller) smaller)

Cytoplasmatic Cytoplasmatic structure structure

very few structures very few structures highly structured by highly structured by endomembranes and a endomembranes and a cytoskeletoncytoskeleton

Cell movementCell movement

flagellaflagella made of made of flagellinflagellin

flagella and flagella and ciliacilia containing containing microtubulesmicrotubules

MitochondriaMitochondria NoneNone one to several thousand one to several thousand

Binary fissionBinary fission (simple division) (simple division) MitosisMitosis (fission or budding) (fission or budding)MeiosisMeiosis

TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLTYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELL

Basis:Basis: Animal CellAnimal Cell Plant cellPlant cell1.Nucleus1.Nucleus ++ ++

2. Mitochondria2. Mitochondria ++ ++3. ER3. ER ++ ++4. GA4. GA ++ ++5.Cytoplasm5.Cytoplasm ++ ++6. Membrane6. Membrane Plasma Plasma

membranemembraneCell wallCell wall

7.Lysosomes7.Lysosomes ++ ++8. Centrioles8. Centrioles ++ ++9. Chloroplast9. Chloroplast -- ++

10.Vacuole10.Vacuole ++ ++

Biological composition of the cellBiological composition of the cell

BIOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

OrganellesOrganelles FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSNucleusNucleus Control center; genetic informationControl center; genetic information

MitochondriaMitochondria Produces ATP thru cellular respirationProduces ATP thru cellular respiration

RibosomesRibosomes Site for protein synthesisSite for protein synthesis

ERER SER-lipids synthesis; RER-CHON SER-lipids synthesis; RER-CHON synthesissynthesis

VacuolesVacuoles Storage and ExcretionStorage and Excretion

MembraneMembrane Regulation and TranportationRegulation and Tranportation

Cilia/FlagellaCilia/Flagella MovementMovement

LysosomesLysosomes Cellular digestionCellular digestion

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE LIVING CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE LIVING CELLCELL

H, O, C and N make up 99+% of atoms in the human bodyELEMENT PERCENTAGE

Oxygen- 63Hydrogen -25.2

Carbon- 9.5Nitrogen -1.4

•Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen comprise over 99% of the mass in most cells•These elements are the backbone of biomoleculesbecause they are capable of forming strong covalent bonds

*Chemical Reactions that occur inside the cell are the same that occur outside the cell*

Biological Macromolecules of the living cellsliving cells

4.4. Nucleic Acids-that store and transmit Nucleic Acids-that store and transmit genetic informationgenetic information

5.5. Proteins- Transportation; Storage; Proteins- Transportation; Storage; Defense mechanismsDefense mechanisms

6.6. Polysaccharides-Insulation and Polysaccharides-Insulation and Regulation of heatRegulation of heat

Biological Micromolecules

Nucleotide (RNA/DNA)- Nucleic Acids Amino acid- Protein Simple sugars-Carbohydrates Fatty acids, Glycerol etc.- Lipids

OrganellesOrganelles Biochemical SystemsBiochemical Systems

NucleusNucleus - Nucleic acids, Protein and Lipids- Nucleic acids, Protein and Lipids

RibosomesRibosomes - RNA and Proteins- RNA and Proteins

LysosomesLysosomes -Proteins (enzymes)-Proteins (enzymes)

MembranesMembranes Lipids, Protein, CarbohydratesLipids, Protein, Carbohydrates

Golgi Golgi ApparatusApparatus

Protein, lipids, carbohydratesProtein, lipids, carbohydrates

MitochondriaMitochondria Proteins, lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, lipids, Carbohydrates, nucleic acidsnucleic acids

PHYSICAL BIOCHEMICAL METHODSPHYSICAL BIOCHEMICAL METHODS(ORGANELLES)(ORGANELLES)

4.4. EXTRACTIONEXTRACTION5.5. HOMOGENIZATIONHOMOGENIZATION6.6. CENTRIFUGATIONCENTRIFUGATION