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Seyed Morteza Mahmoodi
Gestational Hypertension
Pre eclampsia and Eclampsia
Chronic Hypertension
Contents
Complications
Gestational Hypertension
Contents
INTRODUCTION
TREATMENT
CLASSIFICATION EITIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Gestational Hypertension
Contents
INTRODUCTION
TREATMENT
CLASSIFICATION EITIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Hypertension Pregnancy-induced hypertension Gestational hypertension Transient hypertension of pregnancy Chronic hypertension Pre-eclampsia Eclampsia Increment of 30 mm Hg systolic or 15 mm Hg
diastolic blood pressure (Levine, 2000; North and colleagues, 1999)
Abnormality Nonsevere Severe
Diastolic blood pressure <110 mm Hg 110 mm Hg
Systolic blood pressure <160 mm Hg 160 mm Hg
Proteinuria 2+ 3+
Headache Absent Present
Visual disturbances Absent Present
Upper abdominal pain Absent Present
Oliguria Absent Present
Convulsion (eclampsia) Absent Present
Serum creatinine Normal Elevated
Thrombocytopenia Absent Present
Serum transaminase elevation Minimal Marked
Fetal-growth restriction Absent Obvious
Pulmonary edema Absent Present
-Defective trophoblastic invasion-Immunological maladaptive tolerance-Maternal maladaptation to CV changes in normal
pregnancy-Abnormal placentation.-Genetic and nutritional factors
Residual HTRecurrent pre-eclampsiaChronic renal disease
Injuries Pulmonary:-Edema-pneumonia, aspiration-ARDS-Embolism Hyperpyrexia LVF RF
Hepatic necrosis Subcapsular haematoma Cerebral hemorrhage Disturbed vision Haematological, DICPostpartum-Shock-Sepsis-Psychosis
Insidious, slow course. Mild symptoms:Mild symptoms:-Ankle edema-Extend to be generalized Alarming symptoms:Alarming symptoms: Acute onset-Headache-Disturbed sleep-Oliguria-Epigastric pain-Eye symptoms, restlessness.
Raised BP Abnormal weight gain, Oedema. Pulmonary oedema Retinal, Neurological examination, Abdominal examination, Secondary and end organ damage,
EpilepsyEpilepsy HysteriaHysteria EncephalitisEncephalitis MeningitisMeningitis Puerperal cerebral thrombosis.Puerperal cerebral thrombosis. PoisoningPoisoning Cerebral malariaCerebral malaria Intra-crainal tumours.Intra-crainal tumours.
Blood values: CBC, serum sodium, potassium, creatinine, and glucose levels, LFT, coagulation profile creatinine.
Urine Serum uric acid, biochemical marker of pre-biochemical marker of pre-
eclampsiaeclampsia. Serum lipids Radiological ECG, EEG Fetal monitoring
More than 100 clinical, biophysical, and biochemical tests have been reported to predict preeclampsia
Low-Salt Diet Fish Oil Supplementation Antioxidants CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ASPIRIN There is currently no proven way to prevent
preeclampsia
Mild preeclapsia:Mild preeclapsia:-Maternal evaluation (history & ex.)-Lab:CBC & ElectrolyteRFT: BUN, creatinine ,uric acidLFT & coagulation profile: PT, PTT, D-diamersUrine analysis24hhr urine for protein & creatinine clearance.
Fetal evaluation of CTG, USG, doppler flow. Bed rest in left lateral decubitus position. No use of diuretics & AntiHT
Stabilize & deliverStabilize & deliver, the only cure . Vaginal induction is preferred. Admit & complete maternal evaluation. -Keep NPO -Start IV, cross & type -Foley catheter Monitoring urine output, input & vitals.
Fetal evaluation: electronic fetal monitoring, doppler flow.
Anticonvulsant therapy:-to seizure thresholdto seizure threshold-baseline Mg bld level-Mg sulfateMg sulfate 4g IV boluse over 20min,. Folowed by
maintenance of 2-4g/hr
Oliguric pt needs low infusion rate.Oliguric pt needs low infusion rate.
Management of severe preeclampsia:
Signs of Mg sulfate toxicity:-DTR-RR<10/min-Urine output< 25 cc/hr-Decrease muscle tone-CNS or cardiac depression
Antagonist: calcium gluconatecalcium gluconate 10% 10ml, 1g IV over 2min.
Antihypertensive therapy:-Indicated if BP >140-160/90-110-Labetalol 20-50mg IV q 10mins.-Methyldopa or nifedipine.
ACE-inhibitors avoided.ACE-inhibitors avoided.
Resuscitation, ABCABC Oxygen Arrest convulsions, valium or phenytoin. Ventilatory support, prevent aspiration, auscultate
lungs after every seizure. Haemodynamic stabilization, control BP. Send investigation. Deliver by 6-8hrs. Postpartum care, intensive.
Mgsulfate,Mgsulfate, continue to 24hr after last fit.
Lytic coktail regime:Lytic coktail regime:Chlorpromazine, phenergan & pethidine. AntiHT & diuretics.
Status eclampticus:Status eclampticus: thiopentone Na0.5gm, dissolved in 20% dextrose givin slowly.