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PRESENTATION TOPIC

• This presentation is about • World Englishes• How it emerges• Different debates and linguists • World Englishes in Future

World Englishes

• World Englishes is a term for emerging localized or indigenized varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in territories influenced by the United Kingdom.

World English VS World Englishes

• World English refers to the English language as a lingua franca used in business, trade, diplomacy and other spheres of global activity, while World Englishes refers to the different varieties of English and English-based creoles developed in different regions of the world.

More About World Englishes

• Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish are the sixofficial languages of the United Nations.

• In the first session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1946,English and French were adopted as two working languages for the United Nations.

Kachru

• According to Kachru (1992a) the global spread of English can be explained in terms of two

diasporal transportations.• 1. The first dispersal was within the Inner Circle where a

monolingual English-speaking population migrated on a relatively large

scale to countries like North America, Australia and New Zealand• 2. The second diasporas of the Outer and Expanding circle

was the result of thecolonisation of Asia and Africa by the British.

Quirk 1998

• At the same time Quirk (1988, cited in Kachru, 1990) states that language spreads due to

• demographical, econocultural and imperial factors.

Schneider 2011

• Schneider (2011) view globalisation as an important factor in thespread of English.

Crystal 2007

• According to Crystal (2007), when a country becomes independent, there is a naturalreaction to refrain from using the linguistic character imposed by its colonial past and to lookfor native languages to provide a symbol for nationhood. As a result, new ways of talking andwriting develop and indigenous words become privileged.

Mahboob 2009

• in a case study of Pakistani English, Mahboob (2009) proves that English spoken in Pakistan reflects their cultural and Islamic values, and it has been modified to achievelinguistic and pragmatic competence in a Muslim country.

The Nativisation Continuum Of World Englishes (NCWEs)

• 1. DIFFUSION• English is spread as a result of colonisation ,

globalization or by any other mean.

• 2.INDUCTION• English is officially accepted as a language

used for education , trade, communication and so on.

• 3.CUSTOMISATION• L1 and other local languages start to reshape

English slowly by giving it a local touch.• Indigenous words form and structure get

incorporated into English

4.NATIVE RECOGNATIONPeople start to use English unconsciously

without associating with its parent varities.

Model’s of World EnglishesKachru’s Model

Model’s of World EnglishesKachru’s Model

• 1.Inner Circle (ENL)• The Inner Circle Englishes in the model refer to the parentcountries of

English or the colonising nations such as Britain that spread the language todifferent regions of the world, for whom English is the first language in almost

all functions.• 2. Outer Circle (ESL)• The Outer Circle is inhabited by the colonised territories in which English is

a second or nonnativelanguage and used in different functional domains, such as government, education,

law and so on.• 3.Expanding Circle (EFL)• In the Expanding Circle English is considered as a foreign language and is

used• in highly restricted domains such as for international communication

IL Theory and World Englishes Debate

• According to IL theory, (Selinker, 1972, 1992), second languge learners’ competence is based on an

interlanguage continuum between their first (L1) and their second (L2) language. If their output is different from

Standard English (American or British), it is regarded as an error (interference of L1 mainly) and if they continue

producing errors (fixing), this is known as fossilization.

Examplees

• Morphology And Syntax• A: You have no objection? B: Yes. (I have no objection)Yes no confusion.

Difference in Cultural Conventions

1.A: How are You? B: Fine Thanks. (BRe)2.A: How are you doing? B: Great Thanks (Ame)3.A:Have you eaten? Greetings (Ase)

Interrogative Word Order in Indirect Questions & use of invariant tag questions

• 1) Tell me where can you meet us.• (2) You know it isn’t it?• (3) He is coming, isn’t it?• (4) You went there yesterday, isn’t it?

Lexis

• (1) Her face-cut is very impressive. (profile)• (2) The students want some important

questions from their teacher.• (relevant, questions likely to come up in the

exam)• I came here in a tempo. (a 3-wheeled vehicle)• (4) He speaks chaste Hindi. (pure)• Mr. Bajej is the whole sole in this factory. (the

boss, the man in charge)

World Englishes in Future

• The future of Worlds Englishes can be considered from three perspectives: multilingualism, multiculturalism and

• linguistic human rights.

Conclusion

• For the world, an international language is• a communication tool for people to notice the

championship of human rights. English will remain the dominant

• presence among international languages.