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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: THE ORIENTAL DAILY
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW The Oriental Daily Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE ORIENTAL DAILY.......................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or NegativeCampaigning......................................................................................................................................................19
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE ORIENTAL DAILY
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13 th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7 th to May 7 th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Oriental Daily , we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The mention-level coverage dedicated to both major coalitions was relatively equal, with PR
receiving slightly more. Overall, PR were attacked more then BN, and received less positive coverage then BN. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of parties and coalitions, the neutral
category was used very much the most often (82%), followed by the negative category (9%)then the positive category (7%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? The coverage of figures from both major coalitions was remarkably equal. Najib Razak was
the most mentioned politician, followed by Lim Kit Siang. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the
neutral category was used very much the most often (92%). However, for the non-neutral material, PR were attacked and covered negatively more then
BN, and received less positive coverage then BN.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? Najib Razak and Anwar Ibrahim were used as sources most often.
Overall, politicians from both major coalitions were used as sources at remarkably equallevels.
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Mahathir Mahamad was most commonly engaged in attack politics (40%), followed byAnwar Ibrahim, Lim Kit Siang, then Muhyiddin Yassin.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
4 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (27.71%), followed at a distance by PR, Dap, MCA, thenPKR.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
BN
PRDAP
MCA
PKR
PAS
UMNO
Gerakan
MIC
Other
PSM
SUPP
SAPPPBS
PBB
UPKO
SPDP
PRS
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.71
19.1316.32
9.33
7.72
7.05
5.14
2.45
1.50
1.17
1.00
0.62
0.400.20
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.00
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to both major coalitions was relatively equal, with PR receiving slightly more(50.23% to BN's 47.19%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
47.19
50.23
1.40
1.17
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (82%), followed by the negative category (9%)then the positive category (7%).
7 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
3%9%
82%
7%
AttackedNegativeNeutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN were the most negatively covered (25.43%), followed by PR (23.44%), DAP (14.83%),MCA (11.79%), then PAS (6.49%).
PR were the most attacked (43.48%), followed at a distance by BN (21.01%), then DAP, PAS,and UMNO, in that order.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BNPR
DAPMCAPAS
UMNOPKR
GerakanMIC
Other PBS
SUPPUPKO
PSMSAPP
PBBPRSPRM
SPDP
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (42.38%) and neutral (26.99%) coverage by a significantmargin.
PR received the second most positive coverage (20.27%), followed by Dap (8.41%), MCA(7.36%), then PKR (4.38%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BNDAP
PRMCAPKRPASUMNO
GerakanMIC
PSMOther
SUPPSAPP
PBSPBB
UPKOSPDP
PRSPRM
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked more then BN, and received less positive coverage then BN.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
Coverage
TypeBN : PR Tonal
WeightingPositive 1 : 0.8 7%
Neutral 1 : 1.1 82%
Negative 1 : 1 9%
Attacked 1 : 2.5 3%
10 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
28.26
49.27
47.10
54.64
71.01
49.27
50.16
42.73
0.72
1.46
2.74
2.63
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion
(22.93%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Lim Guan Eng, Chua Soi Lek, and Anwar Ibrahim, in thatorder. Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib RazakLim Kit Siang
Lim Guan EngChua Soi Lek
Anwar IbrahimMuhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir MohamadNurul IzzahHadi Awang
Liow Tiong Lai Ambiga Sreenevasan
Karpal SinghTaib Mahmud
Nik AzizRafizi Ramli
Azmin AliG. Palanivel
Tian ChuaIbrahim Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
0 5 10 15 20 25
22.9314.18
11.628.86
8.677.48
3.012.73
2.172.08
1.661.41
1.150.960.960.930.900.900.840.84
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis remarkably equal.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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48%48%
4%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Anwar Ibrahim were used assources most often (17.5% and 12.85% respectively), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Lim GUanEng, then Mahathir Mohamad.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Muhyiddin Yassin
Khalid Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
Nazri Aziz
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
17.50
12.85
12.11
6.13
5.47
4.28
2.81
1.70
1.62
1.18
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (92%).
15 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
4%
92%
3%2%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Chua Soi Lek received themost negative coverage (23.86%) and attacks (26.43%).
Lim Kit Siang was second most attacked (14.04%), followed by Najib Razak (12.28%), thenNurul Izzah (8.77%). Najib Razak was second most negatively covered, followed by Lim Kit Siang, Lim Guan Eng,
then Nurul Izzah. Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Chua Soi Lek
Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Nurul Izzah
Khalid Ibrahim
Anwar Ibrahim
Azmin Ali
Ibrahim Ali
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Chong Chieng Jen
Teresa Kok
Tian Chua
Nik Aziz
Liow Tiong Lai
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Ng Yen Yen
Wong Ho Leng
Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (35.83%) and neutral coverage (22.95%) by a very significant extent.
Lim Kit Siang received the second most neutral coverage (14.4%) followed by Lim Guan Eng,
Anwar Ibrahim, then Chua Soi Lek. Lim Guan Eng received the second most positive coverage (17.5%), followed by Lim Kit
Siang, then Anwar Ibrahim. Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Lim Kit SiangLim Guan Eng
Anwar Ibrahim
Chua Soi Lek
Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Nurul Izzah
Hadi Awang
Liow Tiong Lai
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Karpal Singh
Taib Mahmud
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
G. Palanivel
Azmin Ali
Nik Aziz
Khalid Ibrahim
Ibrahim Ali
Wong Ho LengNg Yen Yen
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more positive and negative coverage was given to PR, while PR and BN wereattacked at very similar rates.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType BN : PR
TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 1.3 3%Neutral 1 : 1 86%
Negative 1 : 1.1 2%
Attacked 1 : 1 2%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
NeutralPositive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
50.88
44.32
47.47
40.83
49.12
50.00
48.87
53.33
0.00
5.68
3.665.83
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Mahathir Mahamad was most commonly engaged in attack politics (40%), followed by
Anwar Ibrahim, Lim Kit Siang, then Muhyiddin Yassin. Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Nazri Aziz
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than opposition
politicians. Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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60%
40% BNPRIndependent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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41%
59%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security were given the mostcoverage, followed by Vision Policies & Programmes, then Economy and Development.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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22%
3%
17%
12%4%
33%
0%9%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity and Electioneering were given most coverage,followed by Democracy & Human Rights.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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31%
1%
22% 9%
4%
3%
31% Non-Policy Issues
EthnicityReligionDemocracy & Human RightsSocioeconomic StatusMudslingingGender Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (n d = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: n dp = 34293
Number of articles identified and analysed: n a = 1071
Average number of articles/day: n a/d = 34.5
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,
opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 1
Par ty Percentage
BN 28.38DAP 9.0988
Gerakan 0.86655MCA 1.2998MIC 0.17331PAS 18.718PBB 0.25997PBS 0.043328PKR 10.962PR 18.284
PRS 0.043328
PRM 0.086655PSM 2.5997SAPP 0SPDP 0.043328SUPP 0.086655
UMNO 6.6291UPKO 0.086655Other 2.2964
TABLE 2
Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 28.38
BN 37.912024
Gerakan 0.86655MCA 1.2998MIC 0.17331PBB 0.25997PBS 0.043328PRS 0.043328
SPDP 0.043328SUPP 0.086655
UMNO 6.6291UPKO 0.086655
PR 18.284
PR 57.0628DAP 9.0988PAS 18.718PKR 10.962PRM 0.086655
Independent 2.686355PSM 2.5997SAPP 0Other 2.2964 Other 2.2964
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 23.077 21.673 27.75 46.111 118.611DAP 12.308 10.646 9.4361 2.7778 35.1679
Gerakan 1.5385 2.6616 0.67002 0 4.87012MCA 0 1.9011 1.34 0 3.2411MIC 0 0 0.22334 0 0.22334PAS 4.6154 17.49 19.095 22.778 63.9784PBB 0 0 0.33501 0 0.33501PBS 0 0.38023 0 0 0.38023
PKR 4.6154 10.646 11.669 7.2222 34.1526PR 43.077 16.35 17.755 17.222 94.404PRS 0 0 0.055835 0 0.055835PRM 0 0.38023 0.055835 0 0.436065PSM 0 5.7034 2.4567 0.55556 8.71566SAPP 0 0 0 0 0SPDP 0 0 0.055835 0 0.055835SUPP 0 0 0.11167 0 0.11167
UMNO 10.769 11.027 6.1977 3.3333 31.327UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 0 1.1407 2.7917 0 3.9324
Parties &Coalitions
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26 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 35.3845Negative 34.2385Neutral 36.73941Positive 49.4443
PR
Attacked 64.6158Negative 55.132Neutral 57.9551Positive 50
Attacked 0Negative 7.22433Neutral 5.304235Positive 0.55556
Independent &Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political FigureAbdul Rahman Dahlan 0.18868
Alfred Jabu 0.37736
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.1321Anwar Ibrahim 15.66
Azmin Ali 1.1321Baru Bian 0.18868
Bernard Dompok 0Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 0.9434Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.56604Elizabeth Wong 0.18868
G. Palanivel 0.18868Hadi Awang 9.434Hassan Ali 0.18868
Hishamuddin Hussein 2.4528Ibrahim Ali 0.75472
James Masing 0Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Karpal Singh 3.7736Khalid Ibrahim 7.3585Khalid Samad 2.0755Lim Guan Eng 2.4528Lim Kit Siang 4.5283
Liow Tiong Lai 0.75472Mahathir Mohamad 2.2642
Maximus Ongkili 0Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 1.5094
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.1509Musa Aman 0.37736Najib Razak 19.623Ng Yen Yen 0.18868
Nik Aziz 3.2075Nizar Jamaluddin 0.56604
Nurul Izzah 8.6792Rafizi Ramli 2.4528
Rosmah Mansur 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0.56604
Taib Mahmud 0Teresa Kok 0.18868Tian Chua 1.5094Tony Pua 0.18868
William Mawan 0Wong Ho Leng 0Wong Soon Koh 0Yong Teck Lee 0.18868
Percentage(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi LekMCA 1.8868
BN 31.50978
Liow Tiong LaiNg Yen YenG. Palanivel MIC 0.18868
Alfred Jabu PBB 0.37736Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 29.05694
Hishamuddin HusseinMahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 11.13206
PR 66.22594
Karpal SinghLim Guan EngLim Kit SiangTeresa KokTony Pua
Wong Ho LengDzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 17.92452
Hadi AwangKhalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' SabuNik Aziz
Nizar JamaluddinSiti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 37.16936
Azmin AliBaru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul IzzahRafizi RamliTian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.1321
2.26418Hassan Ali Independent 0.18868Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.75472
Rosmah Mansur 0Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.18868
Independent/Other
'1 st lady'
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28 THE ORIENTAL DAILY
TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0.51724
BN 33.96562
Mahathir Mohamad 6.0345Muhyiddin Yassin 5.1724
Musa Aman 0.17241Najib Razak 21.207Nazri Aziz 0.68966
Taib Mahmud 0.17241Anwar Ibrahim 14.483
PR 44.13783
Baru Bian 0.34483Hadi Awang 10.172
Jeffrey Kitingan 0Khalid Ibrahim 7.5862Lim Guan Eng 2.5862Lim Kit Siang 5.6897
Nik Aziz 3.2759Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.86207
Independent 21.89624
Hassan Ali 0.68966Vox Pop Male 0.17241
Vox Pop Female 0
6.7241
13.448
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral PositiveAbdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.22026 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.44053 0Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 1.3216 0
Anwar Ibrahim 25 19.048 16.52 6.8966
Azmin Ali 0 4.7619 1.1013 0Baru Bian 0 0 0.22026 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 4.7619 0.88106 0Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.66079 0Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.22026 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.22026 0Hadi Awang 0 0 9.9119 13.793Hassan Ali 0 0 0.22026 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 2.8634 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.88106 0
James Masing 0 0 0 0Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0
Karpal Singh 0 0 4.4053 0Khalid Ibrahim 0 19.048 6.3877 17.241Khalid Samad 0 0 2.4229 0Lim Guan Eng 0 0 2.4229 6.8966Lim Kit Siang 0 14.286 4.6256 0
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.22026 0Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 2.4229 0
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 1.7621 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 4.7619 4.4053 0Musa Aman 0 0 0.44053 0Najib Razak 75 14.286 17.841 24.138Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.22026 0
Nik Aziz 0 0 2.6432 10.345Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.66079 0
Nurul Izzah 0 19.048 8.1498 10.345Rafizi Ramli 0 0 2.6432 3.4483
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0.66079 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0Teresa Kok 0 0 0.22026 0Tian Chua 0 0 1.3216 6.8966Tony Pua 0 0 0.22026 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.22026 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 75Negative 23.8098Neutral 30.17576Positive 24.138
PR
Attacked 25
Negative 76.1919Neutral 67.18091Positive 75.8621
Attacked 0Negative 0Neutral 2.64318Positive 0
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 86.3634
Mahathir Mohamad 9.0909Muhyiddin Yassin 4.5455
Musa Aman 0Najib Razak 54.545Nazri Aziz
18.182Taib Mahmud 0Anwar Ibrahim 9.0909
PR 13.6364
Baru Bian 0Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0Khalid Ibrahim 0Lim Guan Eng 0Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 4.5455Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 0
Hassan Ali 0Vox Pop Male 0
Vox Pop Female 0
0
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 9.2027
Policy Issues 18.787077
Environment 0.084818Economy/Development 3.3503
Education 0.84818Foreign Policy 0.042409
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.3995Oppressive Legislation 0.80577
Health 0Religion 3.0534Ethnicity 6.2341
27.6929
Religion 2.4173Democracy & Human Rights 8.6938
Socioeconomic Status 2.9686Mudslinging 1.1874
Gender 3.3079Electioneering 2.8838
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other