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INDEPENDENCE

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8 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

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l'ygdkh ,ur9uh-;yhsk? d5Pyrdkh;wKrx6boy

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◆ xGdyT;khoy.r]bdyhdboydCoyj c]hvGoyr

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06b'yh,5b'yr9wrowgl9kT p:oyt;kh9xytl6bdyr

,Koyh gxkr9G,y,5b'yr;wtp5jc]h ,5boydoy9'yr

vkjokjzC;yd.kjoy.r,6b;yr9xytl6bdyr,Koyh?

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g9-wKT05r]:dyrx5b'y,y.jvoy;khowt g9]whsK'yh

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oy.rxxyt-:xyj]Coyo,yt (Water Margin)

voy-whcox6boyr]wKr]6dyTz6boyt,5b'yrc-jooyt

0'yj;kh Jpkjx6b;yhxC9yh]:dyrx5b'yvoy0y.T96b;yr

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d5Pyr? sy >hx5'y0y.;kh g9v;yl'y,krx69yh

9Coyr" owp5j?

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c]h z:oy]ux6oyhd5oyro6,yjlCoyrs6oyh,y.j

9'yr]wK?

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0;yhs,yjakT

,cifo#rf;jynfaumifpD OuUX ppf[kHzSg‹

10 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

xK'yp:'yhgpkr;oyrd5b9yj0wKr-,yr]Gdyr c]h

xud:oyr'6boyr ;5'yr05b'yr]C;yr

;5'yr05b'yr]C;yro,yrokh 09yrsG9yrxK'y-6dyrm5xyrp:'yh,6oy;oyr

d5b9yj g,k9C,yhd.K,yr]5'y 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr c]h xud:oyr'6boyr;5'yr05b'yr]C;yr

,urd5oyr-;yhs^,yhoxyts^;yxKdyj?

;oyrmb #)2%2Q+ 0wKr9kjv5r v:oys^;yo,yrokh ;5'yr05b'yr

]C;yr 06,yrd5oyro6,yj9wr/ gdk]bdyh]wKrab'yhc'h9wroy.rdG'yr,wj sG9yrxK'y

xw:r-6dyrm5xyrp:'yhgpkr ;oyrd5b9yjg,k9C,yhd.K,yr]5'y 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr vkp6

(Q xu9G,y? x:9yroy.9Koyrvkskil'y-0;yh c]h ]G'yT-Cdyjz5hpy.j

d5oyr]5'y xuho:'yt05b;yr-;yhs^,yhxK'yxw:r 9uh;9tyd5j9;yh dG'yr,wj?

s;y-,yh9'yhc9j @_r$Q ,5'yr g9kj m6b'y #$rQQ ,5'yr ,urxK'y

s<'ytd.K,yr-6dyrm5xyr g,k9C,yhd.K,yr]5'y 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr c]h xK'ys<'ytd.K,yr

xud:oyr'6boyr gdkj9'yh;5'yr05b'yr]C;yr,kr -:xyhs<xyh #* xu/ 9uh0oyt0:,y

zkHpxyt ;G'yrdG'yr,wj z5hsdyT0K9yhc]h 9K'yj0K;yr-5b;yr29K'yj,5b'yr

d.kj-;yhs^,yh0,y %QQ ?

0;yh-6boyrly. ,:dyj]K9yhx5'yd.K,yrx6b9yjxK'y xoy9K'yrs^T]:'yh

zG'yrd.K,yr/ f:dyH95b;yHoK'yrv,yrz:oyr gdkT]GxyhsGoyrsT]:'yh0wKrc,yr

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],yj ]ul5oy0y.?

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projector sK'yhlG'y x6boyr;5'yr05b'yr]C;yr9'yhc9jgdkj9'yh,kr? ;wKrooyt

z5h-;yhs^,yh;5'yr05b'yr]C;yrlCoyrs6oyhd;yj 9'yrlCoyrs6oyh,y.j l6bxyjs<'yt

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zG'yr dkh;Coy,5oyh0y.?

gdkab'yhc'h]bdyh]wKr9khd6'yh 9'yr gdkab'yhc'h]bdyh]wKr

0oyt0:,y;G'yr]5b;yj Z,oyr9g]rX gdkh s,yhdoy-xyrsCoyrxK'yxw:r;oyr

d5b9yj p:'yhgpkrv;y,6oy 9uh;G'yr]5b;yj?

g,ks<'tyd.K,yr Zodyts<'ytX xKoy,y.j 06b;yhlG'ypy.j]wK]wKgdkT

05b;yrd.kj];yj,5oyh95oyh0y.,ur 0wKrv:'yjmur-,yr/ 0wKrlC'y0:,yakT/

0wKrlC'y0:,y,K;yr/ 0wKrlwK]C'yr Zo,tyzb9ytz5rX/ 0wKr05b'yrsKoy/

0wKrsKoy]C'yr/ oK'yrlkjikj/ oK'yr,5;y,5;y-,yrgvr/ oK'yr-,yro:'yt c]h

g,ks<'ytd.K,yrmC'yh]wK]wKgdkT9'yro,y?

-5rg,k9C,yhd.K,yr]5'y0wKr-,yr]Gdyr d5b9yj ,5b;yh #)2%2@+%+

9uhx:dyTs;y9Coyh ;G'yrlCoy;u/ gxkhS]6'yr-,yrdk 95oyhs6'yr Z-5rg,k9C,yh

]bdyh]5'y c]h v,K9yhoy.rgsklCoy;uX/ c,hS xkh0b'yjv6/ ,urxuho:'yt

% gdkT? @T 0wKr96,yj-,yr Z]6 @++@X #T 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr $T 0wKrc,yr

9uj Z]6 @+_%X %T oK'yrv:,y-,yr/ 0wKr-,yr]Gdyrc9jokhs^boyrs^,yh

oK'yrow:Tow:T9boyj ,ur]6dyh]K'yrs^,yhdoy % gdkT? ]whsxyt06,yh-5r

fuHdiuH (degree) 0oytxwKrp59yrpk (M.B.,B.S) ? c9j9C,yhzG'yr

xKoy,y.j,kr0G,y,5b;yh @+*(S((j @+)Q 9C,yhzG'yr]bdyhs,yh,wKxK'y]5'y/

z:oyrdKoyzG'yrd.K,yr9wrxKoy,y.j,:dyh *QQ zG'yr/ zG'yrv'yrdb9yt,:dyh $*

zG'yr/ zG'yr,Koyh,:dyh *QQ zG'yr? d5oyrs^T0dyro,y,kr #QS$Q xu

xwK?

05b'yr]C;yr xGoy06b;yh;5'yrswj9w:js<'ytzG'yr/ 0wKr,5r v:oys^;ygdkj

9'yh,kr,5b;yhsK'yxu @+_$ 05b'yr]C;yr x:'yj;kh ]:dyr]wKrxwKr05b'yr x5b;yhx6oyh

dKoy]:9yh]C;yr/ ]wKr05b'yrp5b'yr05r9uh]:9yh]C;yr/ z:oyrdKoy;5'yr

05b'yr]C;yr 9'yhc9jv9yrv:dyj-Cxyrd.K,yr05b'yr]C;yr,wKS@ ;oyr9wr

g9]:9yh]C;yr Z0wKr,5r 9C,yh2s<'yt d,yho,yX g9kjm6b'ypK,yr]G;y

;5'yr05b'yr]C;yr v:dyj-Cxyr d.K,yr,:dyh #@ -Cxyr? ❑

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INDEPENDENCE

f:dyH95b;yH oK'yrv,yrz:oyr a'gufwm trf;zGef;

{+yD 27 &ufonf EkdifiHausmfaw;a&;q&m a'gufwmpkdif;crf;vdwf. ESpf 60 jynfharG;ae@ jzpfygonf?

Freedom Way Band Zd%f;avsm wD;0d kif;tzGJ@ ESif hcsif;rkdifo#rf;pmay,Ofaus;r_toif;wdk@ uruxðyI q&mhukd=unfnKdav;pm;=uonfh xkdif;EkdifiH csif;rdkifa&muf q&mhausmif;aebuf/ rdwfaqG/ wynfh/ y&dwfowfrsm;uusif;yonfh arG;ae@yGJyl;aygif;qifE$JoGm;cJh=uonf?

{+yD 27 reufydkif; csif;rkdif 0yfulawmufbkef;}uD;ausmif;Y q&mpdkif;crf;vdwftwGuf tv–t'gef;ESifh qkawmif;yGJ ðyvkyfay;+yD; n 18;00 rS 24;00 em&D zg;,yfwuUodkvf tpnf;ta0;ESifhazsmfajza&;cef;raqmifwGif q&mhpdkif;crf;vdwf aw;oDcsif; ESifh twlazsmfajzyGJ ðyvkyfcJhygonf?

q&mpk dif;crf;vdwf. ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;o#rf;jynfzG J@pnf;yH k tajccHOya'a&;qG Ja&;aumfrwD OuUXp0fcif;qdkifu Todk@rSwfcsufcs.?

“aw;oGm;nDatmif t"dyüg,fav;eufatmif a&;pyfwJhpkdif;crf;vdwf&J@aw;oDcsif;awG[m em;axmifaumif;±kHwifruacwftvdkufordkif;rSwfwdkifpdkufxlay;wJhtwGuf usaemfwdk@trsKd;om;a&;twGuf*k%f,lp&mbJ”?

“pdkif;crf;vdwfarG;ae@ udktcGifhxl;,l+yD; vli,fawG twGufrSmcsifwmu aw;wyk'fa&;pyfr,fqdk&if us,fus,fjyef@jyef@pOf;pm;yg/ rdrdtrsKd;om;em;0ifEdkifwJh em;vnfEdkifwJh bHkpum;vHk;awGa±G;+yD;oHk;yg/ ae&mrwl toGifrwlwJh aoG;csif;awGtwGufaygif;ul;wHwm;jzpfatmifóud;pm;yg/@@@@@ pdkif;crf;vdwfeJ@rdom;pkaysmf±$ifcsrf;ajr@ygap”- [k tzGifhrdef@cGef;pum;ajym=um;oGm;ygonf?

xkd@tjyif yg&*lbJG@,lpmwrf;tjzpf q&mpdkif;crf;vdwf.aw;udk avhvmusrf;ðycJhonfh tar&duefEdkifiH Ph.D bJG@& xdkif;EdkifiHol a'gufwmtrf;zGef;uvnf; -

“awmifay:wdkif;&if;om;q&m pdkif;crf;vdwf&J@ aw;oDcsif;awG b,fvdkvkyf+yD;Armjynfvlxk=um;xJ xdk;azgufEdkifcJhovJqdkwm usrt&rf;pdwf0ifpm;w,f? ArmjynfukdoGm;vnfawmhvnf; aw;a&;q&mpdkif;crf;vdwf bmjzpfvdk@ emrnf}uD; ae&ovJqdkwmvnf; t&rf;pdwf0ifpm;w,f?”

“ol[mq&m0efwOD;jzpf±kHwifru awG;ac:ynm&Sif/aw;oDcsif;eJ@ordkif;rSwfwdkifxlwJhol/ wdkif;&if;om;pmay/ ±kd;&m,Ofaus;r_/ awmifay:om;awG&J@b0udkyHkaz:EdkifwJhol wu,fhtEk

EdkifiHausmf aw;a&;q&m a'gufwmpdkif;crf;vdwftepf 60 arG;ae‹

ynm±Sifwa,mufygbJ/ ±Srf;vdk/ Armvdk/ t*Fvdyfvdka&;pyfw,fqdkawmh o#rf;trsKd;om;awGtwGuf t&rf;*k%f,lrdygw,f” [kajym.?

xdk@twlrE Wav;®r@wGifvnf; &efukef/ rE Wav;wuUokdvf±Srf;pmay,Ofaus;r_aumfrwDwkd@ yl;aygif;+yD; q&mpdkif;crf;vdwftwGuf *k%fðyarG;ae@yGJ usif;yay;cJhonf[kqdk.?

a'gufwm pkdif;crf;vdwfonf 1949 {+yDv 27 &ufuodEDM®r@ [kdwJef@&yfuGufwGifarG;zGm;cJhygonf? odEMDapmfbGm;}uD;.trwf/ ±Srf;pmqkdawmfvkH;crf;um-ygpdefOwkd@. om;orD; 4a,mufteuf 'kwd,om;}uD;jzpfygonf? ZeD;a'gufwmEGJ@EGJ@wifESifhtwl om;orD; 4 a,muf xGef;um;.? q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfonf1965-66 uwnf;u acwfay:aw;oDcsif;rsm; pwifa&;pyfcJh+yD;,ckcsdeftxd acwfay:o#rf;tyk'fa& 1000 ausmf/ t*FvdyfoDcsif;35 yk'f/ ArmoDcsif; tyk'fa& 500 0ef;usifESifh ±Srf;acwfay:aw;trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJhaoma=umifh yifvHk®r@y&d,wWd owf"rRygvpmjye fy G JtE Sp f 50 jynf h a± $&wkobif tcrf ;tem;usif;ya&;aumfrwDu 2008 *|efvwGif o#rf;pmqdkawmfqk csD;jr‡ifhcJhygonf? Ô

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12 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

Olif;[BbwB.b+ifhzAif;ymefrfgb nefwFifb_+ifh_ydkeftzjzAif;yluf;

olef;zkufbqfg umefqdlOf hqmwfj? umefz.rf h=rfj? umefvkufhzdkefh?

umefawMboljwdkuf;awM;qkrf;odkuf;rmefjcgmufjrdlif;rM;cmOf;wmif; 25 yD

eefh e.ufjvdlOfao Olif;qdlif;vFOf; Olif;vAOfauMj efg;_e.ufjqdkifjwB;

nrfbrD;Olif;vfgxFifj/ ugmrf;acMjeBh rdlefwif;orfbrFefrFef;[FefbomefrdkOf;

+if;ulefjuOfbaowMU nrfbqfgjOMjzFefokifvmwfjvlefhvdlOf? yAefv.ifj

xkufbrFefjtwh,lb? [wf;OMjodkOfjqdkOfjqfgj,lb/

qdlif;vFOf; yAefqdkOfjzdkefvdufjyluf;wdkefb umefz.rfh=rfjqdlOfh

qmwfj tvjyAefqdkOfj Olif; [BbwB.b+ifhzAif; musical band eifbuef

neftwbauMbwifjrM;z.if;[mifyD 1983 / qdlif;vFOf; y.ifbOMj-v.uf;vBm;

yBm;qdlif;ykefjydlOfjumefv.wfjvFOf;? vBm;qdlif;,dlif;ql;wDjv.wfjvFOf;/

Freedom’s Way means the way to be free, the way of freedom

qBm;oFifqdkefj auMUOlefhn.ufbvBmvBmqdkOfjao =rfjuefvdlufjnOf

qdlif;vFOf; /

qdlif;vFOf; udlwfbrM;q.rf;umefz.rfh=rfj/ 1983 vdlefusLef@

16 Oef; =OfyOfjvlif SURA qOfju.ef;qdlif; ydkefzmOfb,dkef;rdkOf;v.ifj

z.rfh=rfj/ 1983 vdlefn.ufhxlOf@VdlOf@ ndifedlOfzlju.ef;eMjvdefodkuf;

y.wf;qmef; SSA qOfjqmrfrfgb yefykefjz.ef;tvj zljrD;qefU

urfjz.ifj vkufhwmif;udOfb=uf; cM;[mef (vFefvdefy.wf;trj+ifjo.ef)

cBmUugMbqB.jumefz.rfh=rfj wDjiOfjqdkifjymifrfgbokif/ qOfjcgmefrdlif; wif;

qBm;oFifqdkefj cOfvBjugMbqB.jumefydkefzmOfbolef;wkrfcOfj=rfj[Awf;n.ufb

zdkefcmOfb u.ef;acM tvj qdlif;vFOf; wif; qOfjcdkef;ofg yDjqBm;qdkefj

qOfjydkefcrf; cOf/

z.if;eefh arMo.ef=pfjqB.;rldif;yefb qBm;rl; auMj+wfjzFOfOBh

tvj qBm;rl; qB.jwFrfj[mifjefg;yyfh qdlif;vFOf; / q.rf;eifb qBm;rl;

yAefeufhwFifbzAif;_+ifhzAif;? yAefzlj[ufhqmwfj okefbwlOfauMj,mrfj

nwf;ydkefcFyf;ugmrf; nBmjolb,Mju.ef;yRif; ndufbzAif;yluf;wdkefbumefrdlif;

rM;urfjz.ifj/ qBm;ckefodlOf? qBm;wMbnl;? qBm;vAufUcOf qdlOf;yAef

vkufjvmefzljerf; SURA auMj olifZBmb[BbwB.bwdkifj+ifhzAif;ugmrf;/

qBm;oFifqdkefj auMj,mrfjzdkuf;olifvAefjndwf;n.wf;tvj ayM; 4-

5 auMUrM;pM;uefauMj nOf qBm;rl; erf;eMjauMbwifjOlif;rM;/

qBm;rl;qifbOmif;zFefumefnwf;zAif;? zljukrf;=if;ndwfbvdufj

tvj+ifjumef G-5 yDjqBm;qdkefjauMUqB.jqwf;umef/ efg;vdlefelOf@

OFrf@VldOf@ 1983 qifbnOfqdkOfjOlif; qdlif;vFOf; aonwf;cFyf; Oef;wB;

[Of;awv.wfjvFOf; n.efwmif;okwf;/ qBm;rl; wFifb_+ifhurfjerf/

qBm;wMbnl; qBm;vAufU cOf+ifhq.rf;rmifzAif;/

,mifjcOfj 1984 ayM;v.ifjz.rfh=rfjqkrf;umefrdlif;,fgbugmifjrM;

auMj qdlOf;vkufj[Aef;qefhq.rfefg;OAif;tvj ulef;ekrfbzlj[ufhqmwfj

vBmwDjvBmwmif; rM;cOfj=rfjyM;xFifj? qBm;odlOfcrf; (vMjoAOfj) qkrf;

TNSO nefqBm;umef;,.wfjn.ef=Of? qBm;oefvB. [dkOf qBm;zlrf;rM;

ydkef;uFyfjOlif;qdlif;vFOf; (Freedom Way Band)

05b'yr]C;yr Freedom Way Band lwKTS-.k Z06dyrX l-s/ -6oyl5b;y/ 9kjv5r/ 0wKr]GdyT/ 0wKr,5r lwKTS-.k Zo'yhX loy]w:/ 0wKrvb9yr

1984 Zd%f;avsmFWB0kdif;awmfom;rsm; qc[/ cGefaq/ omOD;/ pkdif;vdwf/ pkdif;rl; (1960-95)/ qefvG,f (1958-99)/ pkdif;tpf (1979-86)


INDEPENDENCE

(rldif;yAif;)? qBm;ndwf; (uRufhtr;) cOf qdlOf;arM[Bbwdifb_wFifbzAif;

uwfhcFefbqdlOf;eBhauMj wef;qB.jwB.b[Bbq.rf; qdlif;vFOf; rM;y.wf;n.efb

w.efjedkifj/

qdlif;vFOf; rBm 1-Oef;wB;[Of;awv.wfjvFOf; qBm;rl; auMUvAOf

wFrfj_+ifhrlwf;/ rBm 5 xdkif 8 auMj qBm;rl;wFrfj_+ifhauMUvAOfoAifj/

qdlif;vFOf; rBm 2b3b4 auMj qBm;rl; auMUwFrfj_+ifherf? qBm;wMbnl;?

qBm;vAufh? qBm;oefvB. cOfwFrfj_+ifhq.rf;urfjz.ifj? emif;oFifidkef;

+ifh=Ofedkifj/ qBm;ckefodlOfwB.bu.if? qBm;wMbnl; qBm;vAufh qBm;oefvB.

Rhythms ? qBm;rl; Lead guitar / qBm;oFifqdkefjtwh qB.jwB.b Bass

rmifzAif; efg;qdlif;vFOf; 1b2b3 nrfbrD;nef+ifh/

zAif;ugmrf;umefrdlif;/ ,lbr.ufj 2 yDao qBm;oBmrmOf; y.ufjrdlOf;ugMbefg;rdlif;

wfgj=rfjzlpf;ydlefj/

1993 qBm;wMbnl; qifbn.ef=Of [mifj[Fef;cdkify.if n.ufbidkef;

urfUqB.jao nwf;ydkef qdlif;vFOf; rBm 9 a[MvlifuAif;wkif qBm; James

[Awf; music wif;cFyf;/ qBm;oFifqdkefj nOfqdkOfj olrfjclrf[dkef; ao

twb[FufjwFifb_+ifhq.rf;/ odkyfbeefhao,Ofh qdlif;vFOf;nwf;n.ufbcFyf;

cfgjuljyD rdlefeifb

qldif;vFOf;rBm 10 (1994) ylb[Aifvkif;crf;

qBm;vmefhrmOf;[Awf; music

l6bxyjokhS@*

0;yh-6boyrly./ 0;yhdKoyrp:9yh/ 0;yhx6boy-,yr

p0fcif;qm,D/ pkdif;u%f;,Guf (1960-2004)/ pkdif;yifcrf;0wKrl5b;y-,yr Zz5hly.j],yjlG'yzG'yr dK'y0y.gdkT]6dyTz6boytX

classic guitarist pkdif;aqcrf;-vm;¶Sd; (1958-1985)

qldif;vFOf;rBm 2 (1986) vdlwfjwB;_aebOdef;qlefcFyf;qB.U

qBm;rl; [Awf; music urfjerf? oefvB.wFrfj_+ifhz.ifj/

qldif;vFOf;rBm 3 (1987) cOfjomefuMj_cFyf; 75

qBm;rl; [Awf; music urfjerf?

oefvB. wMbnl; qBm;vAufh +ifhz.ifj/

qldif;vFOf;rBm 4 (1988) Burmese Socialism

oefvB. wFrfj_+ifhauMUvAOfoAifjao[Awf; music

qldif;vFOf;rBm 5 (1988) iB.;wifjvrf

qBm;rl; ([Bbwdifb=pfbvAOf)

qldif;vFOf;rBm 6 (1989)

umifqfgauMUvkufhzdkefh (zAif;qBm;umef;,.wfj)

qBm;rl; music_wFifb_+ifh

qldif;vFOf;rBm 7 (1990) [email protected]'@oD@[mifelufh,kif;


qldif;vFOf;rBm 8 (1991) odlOfaw+ifh,Ofh (vBjydkef 1993)


xdkifrM; 1991 qBm;rl; zmwfb,mef qdlif;vFOf; rdlOf;ugMbefg;

rdlif;wB; wDjqkrf;wB;udkwf;odkuf;y.wf;+ifb r.ufj 2 yD/ qBm;oBmrmOf;

vmOfydlif;cOf zFOfrM;=Ofrdlif; efg; 1992 auMj nrfbvBjnwf;ydkef

qBm;rl;y.ufjrM;cdkef;efg;yD 1994 eefhauMj nrfbwef;vBj

cOfj=rfjOlif;qdlif;vFOf;? [Bbwdifb=pfbvAOfnwf;n.ufbcFyf;edkifj awMbayM;

vyf;wMvdkrf;rdlif;ugMb wDjn.ifj=def;uOfbref; Omefjvuf;wFifb rdlOfj 26U

12U1994/

qldif;vFOf;rBm 11 (1995) wB;wdkufhw.if;,lb

James [Awf; music

qldif;vFOf;rBm 12 (1996) 96-97 yDi'Bm;vlif

James [Awf; music

qldif;vFOf;rBm 13 A (1999) OmefjuOfbvOfj[mrf;_=def;[Of;

James [Awf; music

qldif;vFOf;rBm 13 B (1999) =dOf;rfgb

James [Awf; music

efg;umifyD 1999 qBm;oefvB.auMj vkugMbwDj=def;ref;

Omefj=pfjO.ef rdlif;Zmif z.if;nM,k 40 yBm/

qldif;vFOf;rBm 14 (1999) ulef;[mrf;okefbvBj

James [Awf; music

14 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

ymifckuf;xlyf; ,kufh,.ifjOef;udlwfb cl;arMwFifbzAif;ymefrfgb

qBm;crf;vAuf; nMb,k 60 yD tvj yDu.ef;idkef;Olif;qdlif;vFOf; 25 yD

(Oef;xd 27_04_09) eefh yAefwdkOfUwmif; ydlOfjwMbxwf;omifcdkef;

iOf;vBm;zAif;ugmrf; ymefrfgb[Of; wifjtwbylefUrM;awMb,mrf;vAOf ndufb

rdlOf;eMj/

umyfjymefylefUrM; 30-40 yDeefU wdlufjwDjOMj cdlifj[BbwB.bwdkifj

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uljy.ufjeBU nefvDOlefUtvj nefvDx.rfb (erfUugmrf; tvj vrfboAif)

rD;cOfjcdkifjuef/ ymefrdlOfjvAOforfU cdlifj[BbwB.bwdkifjrdOf@odufU (mu-

sic) cdkwf;umyfjcdkufUw.ef; vDx.rfberfrM;aowMUauMj nefvDOlefUq.rf;

erfUugmrf;edlOfUzAif;orfU nrfbayM;vdkufUvrfbqefUokif/

rdOf@odufU (music) zAif;ugmrf; (song) eefh nOfoif[Awf;

❑ vrfboAif (melody, tune) iBm;rdleftc;_rDbuD;

❑ erfUugmrf; edlOfUzAif; (words, lyrics) iBm;rdlefcOfjoAefjcOfjoB.;/

❑ v.ifj[BbwB.b (beat, rhythm)iBm;rdlefOmefbofgb

umyfjymef,mrf;vAOfrD;rM;xFifj

❑ [mifjwlifUudkuf;zAif;ugmrf; (music video) ([dkOf) cM@'M@nlOf@ac@

(Karaoke) - iBm;rdlefzdlef_wifb_[mefUcBm_wDjeifjudefcOfjoAefj_

cOfjoB.;/

oAif[BbwB.bwdkifjvrfboAifzAif;ugmrf; (music) nefOMjeBU

rD;nlnBm[Fif;iOf; (influence) cdkufU,fgb/ qmifj[Awf;{j-

▲ qfgqMUyAefqfgvD? qfgvDyAefqfgqMU

▲ qfgnlefjyAefqfgcFif? qfgcFifyAefqfgnlefj

▲ qfgwluf;yAefqfgcdkefj? qfgcdkefjyAefqfgwluf;

▲ qfgqif;yAefqfg[ufU? qfg[ufUyAefqfgqif;

▲ qfg,BmjyAefqfgz.rfU? qfgz.rfUyAefqfg,Bmj

▲ qfg,mefjyAefqfg[wf;? qfg[wf;yAefqfg ,mefj

▲ v.ifj,mefqfgyAefv.ifjqrfqfg? v.ifjqrfqfgyAefv.ifj,mefqfg

▲ v.ifj,.rf;umefUyAefv.ifjqAyf;qfg? v.ifjqAyf;qfgyAefv.ifj,.rf;

umefU

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,lbOBUqefUvfg

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qfg,.rf;? qfg,mefuef OBU,lb/

zdkefcmOfb Bangkok Post wFrfjcdlOf;acMj,ifbqfg survey

nefvBjuAyf;+rfc.efj[kyfjefg;vkufj[Aef;xB; uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjnOfukifbrkef

wlOfuOfbudlwfbrM;yAefxB; (wlefjqfg[ufUqmwfj) rD; 38% ulpf;/ qdlOf;

udkwf; 62% twUyBbqmifjwFyf;wwf;-OMjeB/

nrfbvdlOfaoqdkifjxB; yAefrldif;v.wfjvFOf;u.ef;acM? rD;qOfja[M

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wduf;wduf;/ v.ifj=rfqlrf;nOfukifbrkefwlOfuOfbudlwfbyAefxB;auMUedkifj

eefUauMj nlefj,.rf;ugMb/ ykefjydlOfjwB;zmefrdlif;? wB;,mefrldif;[Of;

orfUawyAef[dkOf</

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O.wfjOBm;[BmvBmvBj/ ayM;wB;aocdlOf;cdlOf; okwf;qdlOfUokwf;zef;

qlrf[BmugMb-vmOf;? xB; orfUawodkyfb,lb[dkifvBjxFifjuMj[dkOf/

ydlOfjwMbcmrfjylefUvBjaz;cAefvlifnefeBU

wB;cdlOf;vfgcdlOf;eefU tvjoif? wB;cdlOf;edkifjtvjcdlOf;edkifj

tvjoif? wB;uljcdlOf;cdlOf; tvjoif- wuf;vBjqfgvD? qfgcFif? qfgcdkefj?

qfg[ufU? qfg[wf;? qfgqrfuefrM;/ ayM;eefqifbcdlOf;vfgcdlOf;eefUvfg?

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qdlOfUcdlOf;qkuf;refj,dkef;,mOf;vBjeefU nlnBm[Fif;iOf;vrfboAifbzAif;

ugmrf; ymefrfgb[Of;auMjcdkufUcrfbvrfbv.ifj? rD;ykefjz.ef;,fgbvlif/

w.efjv.uf; (role) oAifugmrf;Omef (music) [Of;rD;oif? rD;qdlifU

[dkOf/ q.ifb[Of;[Awf;=Of[kyfj xwf;omifwlpf;/ xkufbvDwrf;yuf;

vuf;umefOMj- zAif;ugmrf;[Of;wuf;vBjyAef,dlOfbqdlufj rdlef,mifumOf;

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yAefqfgcFif/ qfgqif; qfg,Bmj qfg,.efb qfg,mefj ,Aef;yAefqfg[ufU

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INDEPENDENCE

qfgcdkefj qfgz.rfU qfg[wf; qfgqrfuefudlwfbyAefrD;rM;/

(2) uyf;uBmbvrfboAif_v.ifj[BbwB.b_edlOfUzAif; erfUugmrf;auMj wuf;vBj

rD;v.uf;rD;ydlif OFyfb,mifb (system, style) vDimrf; rD;wDjy.ifb

ugmrf;rBmvdkufUugmifjqefUokif? rD;nefwifjnef=yf;? u.ifUuBmb

uyf;wmrf;erfUugmrf; (lyrics) cdkufUcFrfU/

nrfbqfgjOMjn.ufboAifugmrf;auMjql;,OfUayM;,OfU/ wuf;vBjrdlef

eifbzkufbwlefjrBU? nrfbqfgjvMjvDjzkufb? vdlufjqdlOfUzef;? Zkefbifgj?

wDjvdef? erfU omifbxkufbaozkufb? orfUrD;auMUvkrf;vM;/ vMjvDj

zkufbauMjnrfbyAefwlefj/ yAefwlefjauMjnrfbqfgj wlefjcdlOf;r.ufbrmufb

rD;uMjrD;cef? vMjvDjwFifbauMjnrfbyAefoAifzAif;Omefqyf;olyf;qyf;qfg?

nrfburfUnD;umefomifjqmwfj qdlifUeifbqBm;crf;vAuf; qBm;rl; cOfn.ef

ymufjv.ifjtewmif;yluf;y.ifrM;/

(3) wFifbzAif; {jerfUugmrf;edlOfUzAif; yAefvifbuMb (rD;acMjwifj

acMj=yf; rdlefqBm;umef;,.wfj_qBm;crf;vAuf;_qBm;vmOfydlif;cOf

arMwFrfjcdkufUvdkufUyM;r.ufbrmufb)/ ydlOfjwMbedlOfUzAif;cFrfUw.ef;

eefU wuf;vBjuBUvluBUnmefb vAyfj[Aef;ugmrf;vlif ,fg;[dkef

zdkefyyfUvdufjuOfb vdufjvlif qdlifUeifbqBm;crf;vAuf; qBm;umef;

,.wfjcOf/ ulef;ekrfb,mrf;vAOfxkufbvBjvl,dlifjcOfqOfj/

(4) xB.jugmrf;edlOfUzAif;qBm;crf;vAuf; tvj qdlif;vFOf; nef,mrfj

wFifb+ifUrM;uMju.efbylefUuljy.ufjtwU ,dlif;ql;efg;wB;? ulef;rdlif;

wB;x.rfbulpf;/ nrfbOMjoFef;[kefjuOfb_[kefjrfgbawMb,mrf;vAOf/

iOf;vBm;,mrf;vAOforfUwuf;vBj {jwB;uljwDj uljrdlif;x.rfbvBj

[yfUvBj? qifbawyAef,dlOfbqdlufj nefnOfyBmurfoAifzAif;

uyf;omeftewmif;vBjcdkOf;,rf/ qB.j{jqrfqfguef wdwf;qyf;

uef/ayM;cdlOf;wB;ndlrfjqrfcOfjqfgwdwf;qyf;uefrM;auMj awyM;

uefcdkefj,fgb? cmrfjylefUvBjv.ifj,lyfj,.rf;e.rf;nlefjn.efbtn;

,lb,mrf;vAOf/

umefz.rfUyFif;c.efj[Fif;eBU nrfbu.rfUOMjyAefykefjz.ef;ZBmbumef

rdlif;? umefodkuf;? umefrmufjrD;? umefyluf;y.ifz.if;irf;olef;wkrfulpf;/

w.efjvrfboAifzAif;ugmrf;? v.ifjwB.b[Bb (music) auMj rD;ykefjz.ef;

urfUqB.jyef[Fif;vBj,fgberf/ v.ifjnOfrkef,.ifja,M; Oef;ckuf;xlyf;

nMb,k 60 yD qBm;crf;vAuf; tvj yDu.ef;idkef;Olif;qdlif;vFOf; 25 yD

wuf;vBjnOfyAefwdkOfUwmif;wlOf,mifbyluf;olef; ulef;ekrfboFef;[kefjrfgb

cOf odkyfbomefumefomifjqmwfjugMbrdlOf;eMj/

qBm;cdkef;ofg (17_04_09)

qldif;vFOf;rBm 15 (2001) acMjxmrfxdkiferfhclif;


qldif;vFOf;rBm 16 (2002) =dOf;rfgbomrfqAifbcrf;

James [Awf; music (yM;zAif;olrfjqArf;Zmwfbekdifj=Of)

qldif;vFOf;rBm 17 (2003) aovBmerfhclif;


qldif;vFOf;rBm 18 (2004) udkifbwif;vkpf;

oFifoAifofg (rdlif;u.ufb) [Awf; music

qldif;vFOf;rBm 19 (2004) qBm;umef;,.wfj 1963

James [Awf; music

qldif;vFOf;rBm 20 (2007) u.ef (ATK + SWS [Awf; music)

qldif;vFOf;rBm 21 (2008) yB.b{j (ATK + SWS [Awf; music)

efg; 10 album yBmeBh e.ufjaoqBm;wMbnl;? qBm;oefvB.?

olrfjclrf[dkef;? oFif,Aefofg? qBm;vmefhrmOf;? James ? qBm;qefndef;

(vdlefqdkefj) emif;crf;uFOfj? emif;rsMU cOfqB.j+ifh,Ofh rD;rM;xFifj

qBm;oBmvmOf? emif;rlpfidkef;? Sumai 2? qBm;an;vAufU? emif;e.ifhelef;?

qBm;wdkef;vD? emif;oFifvdkef;? oFOf;[mef awMbxdkif qBm;v.rfhOkef;/

nefcdkufhvdlOfydlefj [Awf;{jZFef@ (fan) zAif;yef[Fif; qdlif;vFOf; erfrM;

eefh,.efh emif;rlpfidkef; (qmOf;aeM@Olpf@) auMU+ifhzAif; A Place

to Call Home wif;zAif;wB;urfjz.ifj/ ref;emif;yAefcl;o.efnif;udwfh

tvj cl;o.ef music (piano, guitar etc:) orfharMugmrf;wB; vdufjwB;

+ifhzAif;wB; [ufUumefwB;tvj qdlif;vFOf; awn.ufbrfgb efg; 2009 eBh

auMj ref;emif;wFifb_+ifhOBh xFifj 2 zAif;/

efg;yD 2009 eBh nM,k qdlif;vFOf; nef qBm;rl; n.efwifj

rM; c.yfjclyfb 25 yD yAefyDu.ef;idkef;? ykefjydlOfjumefqdlOfhqmwfj? umef

z.rfh=rfj umefvkufhzdkefheefh qdlif;vFOf; nOfwmif;arMyBm;r.ef; zAif;

ugmrf; [myfbudkwfhykefjz.ef;rM; yAefeifbrBhedkifjOM; cM;edkifjwFyf;/ vBjymufj

v.ifjtewmif; yluf;olef; qufhqkifulef;ekrfbqkyfjoFef;rfgbcOf odkyfb

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rkifjr.if;OMj ulef;ekrfb[kefjrfgb ymefe.ifhekifjvkufjvmefcOf

aw=Uquf;OBheuf; [Awf;q.rf;ugmrf;ylbr.efbnefOMj- odlOfwBmodlOfwFef;-

vFef;wBmvFef;ykwfj/

ckuf;xlyf;eyfh,rf,.ifja,M; qBm;rl;? qBm;oefvB.? qBm;odlOfcrf;?

qBm;ndwf; nefyAefnlpf;auMU qdlif;vFOf; qdlOf;vyf;wMvdkrf;rdlif;ugMb

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qdlif;vFOf; u.ifvif-rdlif;rFOf; ? qdlif;vFOf; wuf;odkyfb =dif;oFOf; /

Olif; qdlif;vFOf; yDu.ef;idkef;

Freedom Wau Band Silver Jubilee, April 2009

l6bxyj,krokhS@$

16 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

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INDEPENDENCE

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pmrsufESm 36 okd‹

18 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

9xytxy.Tc-]Coy]boy (Border Guard Force)

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INDEPENDENCE

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pmrsufESm 27 okd‹

20 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

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INDEPENDENCE

d.K,yr9C9yh

]K9yh,5boyS9C,yhzy.,oyr/ 9K'yrp5j]:9yh9wr

Speak universally, Write locally: The Shan path to survival

9'yhc9j @+(# ;wKr9xytl6bdyr,Koyhp6b9yrv;yvkjokj06b'yh,5b'yrgl pkTxC9yh]:dyrx5b'ysGoyr]bdyh9wr oy.rs'yrsGoyr]5'yx:'y06b'yhp;ytgdkh

voyd,ytpoypkjsy>h]bdyh9wrswK d.K,yr9wr9wKooyt ,ur]wK]:'yh]wKx5b'y

◆ awKj,Koyhx6boyzK;yjxoyl6oyj]whxy.Txkrv:,yxC'yrp6dyTp:'yhzklkab'yhc'hzy.,oyr

◆ awKj9wrgdkh gdkj9'yh-6boyh,kr gdk]bdyh]wKrab'yhc'hd5h9uhd5h]Coy

◆ gdk]bdyh]wKrab'yhc'h05b;yrowt x6b9yjxK'yl:oy]bdyh , * 95;y 95'yto6b'y,krxkh9y.hd.K,yr-.oy (slogan) voy;kh

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f:dyH95b;yH oK'yrv,yrz:oyr d\uHi9yt9bd:oyH -5rl:oymwr voy]GxyhsGoyr]:'yh9wrm6b'y,5b'yr9wr pK,yh]K9yhco]:'yhz:oyr]u voy9wr

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❑ d.K,yr9wr]5'ys;yr l6bxyjczh95boyr xGoy9uh0y.T96b;yr,kro,y9:oyr?

❑ 05b;yrv,yj-y.hg,kd.K,yr9wrv:oy9K'yrooyt v:oydoy-y.hg,k-y.hsGoyr,kr?

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❑ p:oyt;kh mwrxGoy05b;ytlwK9wrs;yro'yjdoyc]h g,kv;y,6oy]:'yhxGoy9wr/ -6dyr;5oyt0y.py.j;kh -5b;yr9wrs;yrgdkhv,yj-6Pyho'yjd;yj?

❑ -G'yj9kT]wh ]:'yhx5boyhv5,yv6boy9K'yr]bdyh]wKrab'yhc'hz:'yh?

z:oyr0kTgdkh ,urp5jo'yjd;yj/ p:oytsoy,5b'yrmwroy.rmur;ur xGoy]:'yh]ud,yho,yc]h-w:gl -y.h,krp5j,5b'yrmwr sG9yrdKoy,5b'yrmwr/ gxkr,kr

zC;yp;yt ,5b'yrmwrxGoy,5b'yrxuh,5b'yro:'ytgl9kT ]:'yh]u]:'yh0kT,uro'yjdoyc]h xGoy9uh0y.]GdyT0y.ow:Tgdkh,urz:'yh?

vb'yrd]G9yh mwr lG'yv:dyj 9wr;kh]wh mw:h9wr2,Koyhvoy0y.Tp5j

Capital �� m6oyH m6oyr 96boyr Zcdr]K'yr2v]K'yrX

Capitulate �� p:,yHcztr p:,yrdKoyt

Capsize �� ]5,yt ]5,yh xboyh

Captain �� ¤:wTrvGdyj -6oyl6bdyr]5'y S

Care �� v;yHd\wHlwj v;y0y.ly.j ]6,yr]kr

�� f5Hc]H ]5c]r295Pyr]5 ]5]:,y/ dp60Cdyh

Cargo �� lboy-kTr lboydkT -5;yrd6oyj/ d6oyjdkT

Carpenter �� -\K'ytr,wtr 0K'yh,wT ]Kdyhl,kr

Carrot �� s>3;yzdyjdK9yjfC'yH s;yzdyrdK9yj]C'y s^;y,5'yj]kj]C'y

Case � !�� ¤5b'ytFv'yt ]5b'yh v,6

Cash �� '5boyHl59yj '6boyrl59yj 95;y'6boyr

22 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

d.K,yrl:oy,5b'yrx5boyh

Z,wK9:'yr doy @( v,yj]whly.jxkr?X

odlOf,Aef; clyf;OlOf;wBm

ulef;,Aef; nOfcdlOf;[Bm

Were-tigers crush cows to deathWere-breeds bring a race to extinction

��

��

oref;usm;ukdufvkd‹EGm;aooref;vl acszsufvkd‹vlrsdK;wkH;

The highest type of ruler is one whose existence the people are barely awareNext comes one whom they love and praiseNext comes one whom they fearNext comes one whom they despise and defy

Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, Chapter 17

-6oy,5b'yr0oyt0bdyrp:9yh/ d5oyr,5b'yrg9kTc9tsT0dyr

-6oy,5b'yrvoys<'yr]5'yr,kr d5oyr,5b'yr0,y0y.glp6dyTp:'yh

-6oy,5b'yr0oyts<'yr]5'yr,krmC'yh d5oyr,5b'yrzKoyhd5;y

-6oy,5b'yr0oyts<'yr]5'yr,krmC'yh d5oyr,5b'yr,5b;yj0Koyh-9yr9kT

];yj06b;yj xxty 9;ty95b;yd\b'yr doy @)


INDEPENDENCE

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rdef;zSg@xifhxrf; 19§4§2009

pDyGm;a&;tuGufrsm;xyfcsay;olaÏ;awGaiGrJydkc0gcsEdkif

24 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

0 jynfaoG;pnf;a&;wyfrawmftzdk@ etz avmif;&dyfatmufcdk0if&ef t+rJzdtm;ay;cHvm&aomfvnf; [email protected];csufrsm;twGuf tajzr&rcsif; 0 zufrStajzay;&ef r±Sd[kqdk onf?

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ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD CPB rScGJxGufonfESifh 0jynfaoG;pnf;a&;wyfrawmf UWSA udk 1989 {+yD 17 &ufwGif yefqef;XmecsKyfY zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhonf?

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26 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

,ckESpfaEG&moD o#rf;jynf®r@e,ftawmfrsm;rsm; ±SifðyyGJ ESifhtv–yGJ aysmfyGJ±$ifyGJrsm;usif;ycsdef e,fajrcHppftpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;u ta=umif;trsKd;rsK d;brf;jy+yD; &HyH kaiGtwGuf[kqkdumavmif;upm;0dkif;rsm;zGifhvSpfI odef;csD tcGefaumuf,la=umif;a'ocHvlxkuqdkonf?

vG,fac: bkef;}uD;ausmif; ðyjyifrGrf;rHa&;twGuf [kqkdumo#rf;jynftv,fykdif; aus;oD;®r@e,f r,u OuUX OD;cif vwfucv& 131 wyfa&;Adkvf}uD; &Jjrifhatmiftm; {+yDv 3&uf upIaus;oD;®r@abmfvHk;uGif;wGif avmif;upm;0dkif; uefx±kdufqGJcGifhay;+yD;tcGef usyfaiGodef; 150 xnfh&onf[kvnf;qkdyg onf?

avmif;upm;±kH/ yGJqdkifwef;/ ZmwfpiftwGuf aus;±Gmtkyfpkrsm;rS ±GmcHaus;vufvlxktm; 0g;vHk;tvHk;a& 70 rS 100 txdEGm;vSnf;/ axmfvm*sDwdk@jzifh wifydk@ay;&+yD; t"rRvkyftm;vnf;qifhqdkcJha=umif; aus;oD;®r@cHwOD;uajymjyonf? r,u OuUXOD;cifvwfonf z,fcHkbufwm0efuspOf bdef;+cHtcGef aumufpm;r_jzifh emrnf}uD;+yD; ,ckESpfOD;ydkif;rS aus;oD;okd@a&mufvmonfhr,u OuUXtopfjzpfonf[kqkdygonf?

xdk@twlvJcsm;®r@Yvnf; rwfv29 &ufrSpI 10 &ufwdwdavmif;upm;0dkif;ðyvkyf=uonf[k qdkygonf?

a'ocHwOD;u - “upm;0kdif;'dkifu 'k&Jtkyfodef;OD;/ r,uqDrSmyGJrdef@,lw,f? ta=umif;jycsufuawmh ®r@awmfpnfyifvSya&; twGuf/ vJcsm;®r@ajrmufbufrSm±SdwJh aemifcrf; uefysufðyjyifzdk@twGuf&efyHkaiGwJh? aps;qdkifwef;eJ@twlavmif;upm;0dkif;t}uD;tus,fzGifhw,f? tcGefoef;csDaumufw,f? ®r@e,fOuUX OD;cifaZmf tjyif cr& 515 eJ@ cv& 64 wdk@twGuf vJcJGay;&w,fvdk@ajymwmbJ? &yfrd&yfzawGuawmh om;orD;awGavmif;upm;0dkif; ae@nrjywf oGm;/ tdrfoHk;p&dwfxJ Ed_uf,loGm;wJhtwGuf rdom;pkpm;0wfae a&;tcuftcJjzpfw,f vkd@nD;ae=uw,f? aemuf+yD; yGJqlnHoH em;+iD;vGef;vdk@ tdyfr&bl;wJh? qdkifu,folcdk;awGvJ t&rf;rsm;vm w,f/ t"rRvk,ufr_awGvJ r=umc%bJ” - [kqdk.?

0dkif; 20 ausmf±Sdaom tHpmwHk;vdrfh (ukH;uif;)/ [dkif;vdk;ESifh 3 aumif*sif0kdif;rsm;u wn tcGef 1 odef; 1 aomif; / 36aumif(xD)/ av;aumif*sif ESifh zdkifhusL; (u|JusKdzJ) ponfh0dkif;}uD;rsm;u yGJodrf;csdeftxd 6 oef; tcGefaqmif&a=umif;/ 10 ay qdkifcef;wcef; 1 aomif; 5 axmif tcGefay;aqmif&a=umif;qdkonf?

yGJpnfap&ef ±Srf;Zmwfobifudk wn 3 odef;jzifh avmif;upm;0dkif;'dkifuiSg;vmcJhonf[kqkd.?

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jynfaxmifp ktjrpfwnf&m yifvH ka jrwGi fomrurdkif;udkif®r@ 0rfhzGD;aus;±GmtkyfpkYvnf; avmif;upm;0kdif; zGifhvSpfa=umif; a'ocHrsm;uqdkonf?

o#rf; jynfEd ki fi Ha&; apmif h =unf havhvmolwOD;u-“usaemfwdk@o#rf;jynfxJ tckvdkavmif;upm;0dkif;us,fus,f jyef@jyef@rvkyfwm=um+yD/ yxrtcsufu ppftm%mykdifawG vlxkudktm±kHv$JwmbJ/ EdkifiHa&;bufpdwfr0ifpm;atmifaygh? 'kwd,tcsufuawmh a±G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif &efyHkaiG±Smxm;wm jzpfzdk@rsm;w,f?aemufwcku - ppftpdk;&XmecsKyf aejynfawmftrdef@t& ppfwdkif;/'up/ AsL[m/ wyf&if;/ wyfcGJwdkif; udk,fydkif&efyHkaiG ±Smcdkif;w,f/qdkvdkwmu txufu vpmtjynfht0 ray;rau|;Edkifvdk@ tckvdk wdkif;jynftESH@ avmif;upm;0dkif;zGifhvmwmjzpfw,f” - [kqdk.?

2009 aEG&moDwGif oHvGifta±S@jcrf;rdkif;wHk®r@e,f yHkygusif®r@e,fcGJ±SifðyyGJta=umif;ðy+yD;avmif;upm;0dkif;'dkifuppfAsL[mr–;xHvmbfaiGxdk;um avmif;upm;0dkif;zGifhcJhonf? rdkif;jyif;®r@e,fwHkwmwdkufe,f odrfawmftv–yGJwGifvnf; avmif;upm;0dkif;±SdcJhonf? usKdif;wHk®r@e,f/ oHvGiftaemufjcrf;/ o#rf;jynfawmifydkif;®r@awmfawmfrsm;ESifh rlq,f 105 rdkif / erfhcrf;/ vm;±_d;wdk@wGifvnf;avmif;upm;0dkif;rsm;zGifhvSpfa=umif;a'ocHrsm;xHrS=um;od&onf?Ô

,cif erfhcrf; r,u OuUX atmifaZmfvwfuawmf.¶kdufpm;cGifhðycsufjzifh 2004 u

ay:wifzGifhvSpfcJhaom0rfhem;uGufopfavmif;upm;0kdif;'dkiftdrfa¶S‹pmwrf;


INDEPENDENCE

xdkif;EdkifiHwGiftvkyfvkyfaeonfh w&m;r0if tvkyform;rsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfcGifhu'fjym; 7 odef;xyfxkwfay;rnfjzpfa=umif; xdkif;tvkyform;0ef}uD;Xmeu xkwfjyefonf?

{+yD 27 &ufu xdkif;tvkyform;0ef}uD; Edkif;zdkif;xGef;ausmufaxmif;u- tvkyf±Sifrsm;av#mufxm;csuft& a±$@ajymif;tvkyform;opf 7 odef;cef@±Sdonf[k cef@rSef;Edkifa=umif;/ xdkif;tvkyform;0ef}uD;Xmeu tvkyfvkyfcGifhu'fxkwfay;zkd@tjrefqHk;pwifaqmif±Gufawmhrnfjzpfa=umif; - qdkygonf?

xdkif;EdkifiHwnfqJOya't& a±$@ajymif;tvkyform;wdkif;b,fEdkifiHuvmonfudk av#mufv$mwif pdppfcH&rnfjzpfa=umif;/xdkif;tpdk;&xkwfay;xm;onfh tvkyfvkyfcGifhu'fjym;udkifaqmifxm;olrsm;twGuf2010 azaz:0g&Dtxdom tvkyfvkyfcGifh±Sda=umif;/ xdkif;tpdk;&csrSwfxm;onfh pnf;rsOf;twdkif; rvkdufemygu oufqkdif&mEdkifiHodk@ jyefydk@EdkifzG,f±Sda=umif;qufajym ygonf?

“tvkyform;opf 7 odef;twGuf t&ifqHk;tvkyfvkyfcGifhu'fjym;vkyfay;r,f? t&ifwkef;u vkyfxm;wJholawGeJ@ wloGm;atmifaygh/ 'gayrJh 2010 ESpfOD;ydkif;txdbJ tvkyfvkyfcGifh±Sdr,f?tJaemufydkif; zdqlwfqefcswfvdk@ac:wJh b,fEdkifiHu EdkifiHom;tppftrSefjzpfw,fqdkwJha=umif; taxmuftxm; jynfhjynfhpHkpkHeJ@oufaojyrSowfrSwfxm;wJh e,fpyfawGrSm ywfpfydk@oGm;vkyf& r,f/xdkif;bufutvkyfvkyfcGifh ADGZm 2 ESpfxkwfay;r,f ” [k csif;rdkif±Sda&$@ajymif;tvkyform; ulnDapmifha±Smufa&;tzGJ@u qdkyg onf?

tqdkyg zdqlwfqefcswf udpP/ xdkif; - ppftpdk;& yl;aygif;ywfpfydk@vkyfxkwfay;a&;udpPwkd@ESifhywfoufI xdkif;EdkifiH csif;rdkif Y10 ESpfausmf tvkyfvkyfonfh o#rf;jynfajrmufydkif; vm;±_d;Zmwd

xdkif;tvkyform;0ef}uD;Xmeu tvkyform; 7 odef; xyfvufcHrnfo#rf;trsKd;om;wOD;u -

“usaemfvm;±_d;ta±S@ajrmufbufrdkif 40 ausmf±GmawGbufuvmwmyg/ usaemfwdk@u ArmjynfrSwfyHkwifr±Sdbl;/ xdkif;udkvmwkef;uvJ veJ@csD+yD;awmvrf;uae vrf;av#mufvmwm/rdbvJr±Sdawmhbl;? ±GmqdkvJ 1985 avmufuwnf;u zsufqD;cH&w,f/ xdkif;tpdk;& tckvdkpDpOfwmu usaemfwdk@twGuf t&rf;pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpf&w,f/ a±S@av#muf b,fvdkc&D;quf&r,frSef;awmifrodbl;? uav;uvJ xdkif;ausmif;wufaew,f/ Zmwdajrjyefzdk@vJrvG,fbl;? Armpum;vJ ajymwwfwmr[kwfbl;”?

b,fEdkifiHu EdkifiHom;tppftrSefjzpfa=umif; oufaojy(zdqlwfqefcswf) av#mufxm;+yD; xdkif;e,fpyf*dwf wmcsDvdwfYEdkifiHul;vufrSwfoGm;av#mufonfh a±$@ajymif;o#rf;tvkyform;tcsKd @ tzrf;cH&onfqdkonfh aumv[mvowif;xGufaeojzifha±S@qufzkd@twGuf ydkpdwf±_yfae&a=umif;vnf; tvkyform;todkif;t0dkif;u qdkonf?

2006 - 2007 wkef;u ,ckuJhokd@ EdkifiHul;vufrSwfESifhtvkyfvkyfcGifhAGDZmxkwfay;&ef taumiftxnfazmfcJhaomfvnf;avm0fESifhuarBm'D;,m;wdk@om atmifjrifoGm;+yD; jrefrmtvkyform;rsm; ,ckxdjy\emaomif;ajcmufaxmif óuHawG@ae&qJjzpfonf?

wbufuvnf; urBmhpD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;a=umifhxdkif;EdkifiHonf ,ck2009 wGif tvkyfvufrJh vlOD;a& 2 oef;txd±SdEdkif+yD; trsm;tm;jzifh wjcm;wdkif;jynfrSvma&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifonfha±$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;jzpfrnf[k xkwfjyefcJhzl;onf?Ô

wdkufyGJESifhywfoufI PNLA OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfr–;}uD;cGefol&defuvnf;-

“ppftpdk;&u u&ifjynfa'ocHvlxkudk ESdyfuGyfwJhtwdkif;usaemfwdk@ oSsrf;jynfawmifydkif; aus;vufjynfolawGukdvJtwif;t"rR&yf± Gmajymif;a±$@c d ki f ;w,f? a'ocHawGud k &efolvd kjzwfav;jzwfeJ@ES dyfpufw,f? wyfpcef;aqmufzd k@ trsK d;rsK d;t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;w,f/ tjypfrJh±Gmom;awGudk tEdkifusifhvGef;vdk@usaemfwdk@wyfzGJ@eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfyl;aygif; ppfqifa&;vkyf&jcif;jzpfw,f”[k o#rf;oHawmfqifhtm;ajymjyonf?

ytdk0f;trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfwyfr 1 ukd

Adkvfr–;}uD;cGefpef;,kESifh 'kAdkvfr–;}uD; cGefausmfxifwdk@ OD;aqmifa=umif;/ autJef,lvufatmufcH u&iftrsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfwyfr[m 3 rS wyf&if; 9 ESifhyl;aygif; ppfqifjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ cr& 426 ppfa=umif;rS tavmif; 12 avmif; ESifhtwlarmfxm 60 mm 1 vuf/ pufaoewf 1 vuf/ RPG 9 - 1vuf/ MA1, 2, 3, 4 8 vuf/ 9 mm ypPwdk 2 vuf/ pum;ajympuf2 vHk; odrf;qnf;&a=umif; Adkvfr–;}uD;cGefol&defu twnfðyajymqdkygonf?

wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;+yD;aemufydkif; ppftpdk;&bufrS AsL[mr–;Adkvfr–;}uD;rif;Edkifudk,fwdkif bef;,Ofodk@oGm;+yD; cr& 426 / 425/424/ 423/ 427 tiftm; 5 wyf&if;apvGwfI u&if ESifh ytdk0f;yl;aygif;wyfudkvdkufvH±SmazGaea=umif; ±Gmom;rsm;ajymqdkouJhodk@Adkvfr–;}uD; cGefol&defuvnf; twnfðyygonf?Ô

pmrsufESm 19 rS

28 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

L

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf o#rf;jynfaumifpDOuUXa[mif;wOD;.om; [ife&Dat;onf ArmjynfwGif;rS o#rf;jynfya[Vd The Shan Conundrum in Burma pmtkyfxkwfa0jzef@csDvdkufonf[kqdkonf?

ArmjynfwGif;rS o#rf;jynfya[Vd The Shan Conundrum

in Burma pmtkyfrSm 252 rsufESm±Sd+yD; 2009 {+yD 14 &uf rSpIjzef@csDae+yD[k uavmif±Sif [efe&D - atmif;'a&; at; Henry -

Andre Aye u o#rf;oHawmfqifhtm; ajymjyygonf?o#rf;jynfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf; a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD

OuUX p0fcif;qdkifu - “t&ifwkef;u EdkifiHwumtqifh t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ a&;om;xkwfa0Edkifolawmfawmfrsm;rsm; awmf0ifapmfbGm;rsKd;EG,fawGbJ? tck'D ArmjynfrS o#rf;jynfya[Vd The

Shan Conundrum in Burma a&;wJhyk*~dKvfu apmfbGm;rsKd;EG,fr[kwfbl;? apmfbGm;pepfudk vHk;vHk;qef@usifwJh omrmefjynfolo#rf;jynfacgif;aqmifwOD;&J@om;ua&;w,fqdkawmh ydk+yD;a'gifhpkHavhvzwf±_Edkifr,f? t&ifuo#rf;jynfqdkif&m pmtkyfawGzwf&if'*F g;wjcrf;bJjrifr,f? tckpmtkyfzwf+yD;&if jynfol@bufu ±_a'gifhaum/ apmfbGm;bufu±_a'gifhygjrifvmr,f” [kqdk .?

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh o#rf;jynftrsKd;om;wdk@ ta=umif;a&;om; xkwfa0zl;onfh awmf0ifrsKd;EG,frsm;rSm p0fZef@a,mifa[G@(anmifa±$apmfbGm;om;awmf) . Armjynfuo#rf;ta&; The

Shan of Burma- Chao Tzang Yawnghwe / p0fEGef;tl (&yfapmufapmfbGm;orD;awmf). aysmufqHk;oGm;aomusrurBm My Vanish-

ing World - Sao Noan Oo / p0fqkpEDN (oDaygapmfbGm;r[ma'0D). r_H&Dr_dif; wkdif;jrefrm Twilight Over Burma - Sao Thusandi of

Hsipaw / p0fqdkifrd%f; ref;±dkif; (usKdif;wHkapmfbGm;om;awmf).o#rf;jynfESifh +Adwdo#tifyg,mcsJ@xGifr_ The Shan State and Brit-

ish Annexation - Sao Saimong Mangrai ponfwkd@ jzpfygonf?

o#rf;jynfacgif;aqmifa[mif;.om;o#rf;jynfya[Vd pmtkyfxkwfa0

“usaemfwdk@vJomrefjynfolbJqdkawmh awmf0ifrsKd;EG,fawGa&;wJhpmtkyfawGbJzwf&&if olwdk@awG[m olwdk@&J@zcifbufuumuG,fa&;om;xm;w,fvdk@xifjrif,lqEdkifw,f/ tckapmfbGm;r[kwfwJh omrefjynfolwpfOD; a&;om;xkwfa0w,fqdkawmh/ tm;vHk;zwfoifhw,fvdk@wdkufwGef;csifw,f” [k qufajymjy.? pmtkyfwefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm 115.99$ (B 567)

jzifh a&mif;csay;aea=umif;od&onf?pma&;ol [ife&D -

atmif;'a&; at; Henry -

Andre Aye(56 ESpf)onf o#rf;jynfapmfbGm;pepfudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufol (,cifo#rf;jynfe,fOuUX) erfhcrf; OD;xGef;at;.om;jzpfonf? [ife&Donfawmif}uD;Zmwdjzpf+yD; jyifopfEdkifiH yJ&pf®r@/ tar&duefEdkifiHe,l;a,muf®r@ESifh *smr%DEdkifiH*sDeDAm®r@rsm;Y aexdkifcJhzl;onf[k pmtkyfygudk,fa&; rSwfwrf;t& od&onf? Ô

apmfbGm;rsm;a[mfeef;udpPESifh pyfvsOf;Ivnf; TpmtkyfrD;armif;xdk; jyxm;yHkrSm -

Ô a,mifa[G@ (anmifa±$) a[mfESifh rdef;Edkif; (rdk;eJ) a[mfwdk@rSvGJI trsm;pk®zzsufcHcJh&+yD;jzpf (pm - 16)

Ô 1837 Y rdkif;Edkif;(rdk;eJ)odk@a&mufcJhaom t*Fvdyfaumfr±Sifemrif;}uD; a'gufwm&pfcswfqef (British Commissioner

Dr. Richardson) u a[meef;jy\m'f acgifrdk; 7 qifh ESifhxdyfzsm;wGifa±$xD;±Sda=umif;/ ,ckxdkif;EdkifiHtwGif;awG@jrifavh±Sdonfh yv†ifxufydkcef@jim;aom a±$yv†ifvnf;±Sda=umif;a&;om;cJh (pm 86)

Ô e0w§etz ppftpdk;&u rE Wav;eef;awmfjyefvnfðyjyifrGef;rH+yD;/ a±S;Armbk&ifrsm;. yHkwleef;awmfudkvnf;tajrmuftrsm; aiGukefa=u;uscHI topfjyefwnfaqmufaomfvnf;/ oDaygapmfbGm;. Skandar aEG&moDeef;awmfudkrl *dka'gifvkyfypf (pm -126)


INDEPENDENCE

e0w/ etzppfAd kvfcsKyf }uD;awG&J@rdef@cGef;awGeJ@ppftpdk;&&J@owif;rD'D,mawGrSm Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufvm wJh+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@aygif; (17) zGJ@±dSa=umif;r=umc%&nf!ef; udk;um;azmfjyavh&Sdygw,f? 1989 twGif;rSm (MNDAA) udk;uef@ tzGJ@/(UWSA) 0 tzGJ@/ (NDAA) o#rf;§tcg tzGJ@/ (SSA-ajrmufydkif;)o#rf;tzGJ@/ (NDA-K)ucsif (yef0g) tzGJ@?

1991 twGif;rSm (KDA)ucsif(wyfr[m-4)tzGJ@/ (PNO)

ytdk0f;(jzL)tzGJ@/ (PSLA) yavmiftzGJ@? 1992 rSm (KNG) u,ef;cGJxGuftzGJ@? 1994 rSm (KIO) ucsiftzGJ@/ (KNLP) u,ef;tzGJ@/(KNPLF) u&ifeDtzGJ@/ (SNPLO) ytdk0f; (eD) tzGJ@? 1995 rSm(KNPP) u&ifeDtzGJ@/ (NMSP) rGeftzGJ@? 1996 rSm (MTA) o#rf;tzGJ@/ 1997 rSm (CPB) &ckdiftzGJ@/ pwJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf; pkpkaygif; (17) zGJ@wdk@jzpf=uw,f? u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; (KNU) wzGJ@wnf;omOya'abmif twGif;0ifa&mufzdk@usefawmhw,fqdk+yD; ppftpdk;&t}uD;tus,f0g'jzef@aeyg w,f?

typf&yfawGudk ppftkyfpktwef;tpm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;yHk'gayr,hf ppftpdk;&u awmh (KNPP) tzGJ@udk Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufvmw,fqdkwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@(17)zGJ@ &J@trnfpm&if;uaey,fzsufjcif;rjyKygbl;// 'Duae@txdqufvuf oHk;pGJazmfjyaeygw,f?

wu,fawmhppftpdk;&utypf&yfeJ@ typfr&yfao;wJhwdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk tpdwfpdwft r$mr$mjzpfatmif qufvufzJ@xkwfpnf;&Hk;+zdKcGJaecJhygw,f//'g a=umihf e0w§etz ppftpdk;&vufxufrSmtypftcwf &yfpJa&; tzGJ@awGeJ@vufeufcstnH@cHoGm;wJhtzGJ@awG&J@ ta&twGuf[m pkpkaygif; (40) avmuftxd ±dSwmudkawG@&ygw,f? typf&yfeJ@ vufeufcswdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@awGxJrSm tiftm;aomif;csD&dSwJh tzGJ@}uD;(2)zGJ@/ tiftm;axmifcsD±dS wJhtzGJ@vwf (13)zGJ@eJ@ tiftm;&mcsD±dSwJhtzGJ@i,f(19) zGJ@avmufyg0ifygw,f//

aemuf+yD; q,f*%ef;avmufpDom&dSwJh yJ@xGuf§pifxGuftpkav;awGu (4§5)pkavmuf &Sdygw,f? ppftpdk;&rSm tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&;/ t+yD;tydkifvufeufcsa&; qdkwJh rl0g'uvGJ+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; twGufwdus&Sif;vif;wJhrl0g'awG r&dSygbl;// 'gha=umihf typf&yfwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawGudk Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufvmwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awGvdk@ trnfwyfvdkwyf/ typf&yftzGJ@awGeJ@vufeufcstzGJ@awGudk wwef;wnf;xm;vdkxm;/ typf&yftzGJ@awGudk bdef;bk&ifcGefqm&J@ (MTA) tzGJ@eJ@ wef;wlazmfjyvdkazmfjyeJ@pnf;rJhurf;rJh vkyfcsifovdkvkyfaewmudkawG@Edkifygw,f?ppftpdk;&u &nf!¸ef;azmfjywJh Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufvm+yDqd kwJ h +idrf;csrf;a&;tzG J@ (17)zG J@&J@trnfpm&if;awGxJrSmppftpdk;&xH c|if;csufr¶dSvufeufcscJh&wJh bdef;bk&ifusef;csDzl; ac:

typf&yfeJ‹ vufeufcswdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifwyfzGJ‹awGxJrSmtiftm;aomif;csD¶dSwJh tzGJ‹}uD; (2) zGJ‹/ tiftm;axmifcsD±dS wJhtzGJ‹vwf

(13) zGJ‹eJ‹ tiftm;&mcsD±dSwJhtzGJ‹i,f (19) zGJ‹avmufyg0ifygw,f

ppftpdk;& 0g'jzef@azmfjyaewJh typf&yftzGJ@ (17) zGJ@ teuf u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) [m e0w ppftpdk;&eJ@ typftcwf&yfpJzdk@ 1995 rwf 21 rSm oabmwlcJhygw,f/'gayr,hfe0wwyfawG ZGef 28 up+yD; (KNPP) wyfzGJ@udk xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufr_awGjyef vnfjyKvkyfcJhwma=umifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuf[m(3) vt=umrSmysufjym;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?

cGefqm OD;aqmifwJh rkefwdkif;wyfrawmf (MTA) eJ@ OD;apmxGef;OD;acgif;aqmifwJh &cdkifjynfe,fuGefjrLepfygwD wdk@udkxnf@oGif;az:jyxm;ayrJh KNU u cGJxGufcJhwJhtiftm;tawmftwef&dS 'Drdku&ufwpfu&ifAk'< (DKBA) eJ@ (MTA) tzGJ@ucGJxGufcJhwJh o#rf;jynf

pmrsufESm 38 okd‹

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30 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

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awmifydkif; 0 wyf pcef;rsm; ±kyfay;&ef }wd*Hwdkif;rSL; owday;awmifydkif; 0 wyfpcef;oHk;ck tjrefqHk;±kyfay;&ef }wd*Hwdkif;

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INDEPENDENCE

“etztaeeJ@ ol@vrf;jyajryHk 7 csuf&J@ toufaoG;a=umjzpfwJ@ 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHkudk vufawG@taumifxnfaz:usifhoHk;rSmu 2010 a&G;aumufyGJjzpfvdk@ol@&J@óud;yrf;csufawGudk oltqifhqifhtvkyfaeygw,f? 2008 qENcH,lyGJrvkyfcifrSmudkyJ typf&yftzGJ@awGudk yxrvufeufðzwfzdk@ pDrHcsuf±Sdygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfausmfqef;udk,fwdkifqENcH,lyGJrSmvufeufwum;um;eJ@rawG@csifbl;vdk@ajymcJhw,f?

qENcH,lyGJ ausmfjzwfvm+yD;wJ@aemuf vufeufudkiftypf&yf tzGJ@awG eudk,ftwdkif;yJ udk,fha'o udk,fhtajcaeeJ@ udk,f&yfwnf EdkifwJ@twGuf etz&J@vrf;jyajryHkratmifjrifbl;? tckvJa±G;aumufyGJOya' xkwfjyefjcif;r±Sdao;wJ@twGufvmr,fha±G;aumufyGJuvkyfjzpfr,frvkyfjzpfbl; tcsdefqGJr,f rqGJbl;qdkwmcef@rSef;vdk@r&ao;bl;?

tu,fI a&G;aumufyGJOya' xkwfvdkufr,fqdk&ifawm@xkwf+yD;wJ@aemuf ajcmufv (odk@) wpfESpftwGif; a±G;aumufyGJtrSefwu,fjzpfvmr,f? tckcsdefxd Oya'rxkwfao;wJhtwGuftrSefwu,f jzpfvmyghrvm;qdkwmvnf; oHo,jzpfrdw,f?

tem*wftajctaeuawmhetz taeeJ@olqufvuftm%m}uD;pdk;qkyfudkifa&;qufoGm;r,fhvrf;a=umif;vdk@ usaemfwdk@,lqw,f?

tJ'Dvdkydwfqdk@r_±Sdvmawmh twGif;&eftjyif&ef tm;vHk;udkol±Sif;&r,fhoabm±Sdw,f? twGif;&efjzpfwJh NLD acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ NLD awG tzGJ@tpnf;udkvHk;0v_yf±Sm;vdk@r&atmif olcsKyfudkifr,f?

typf&yfwdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkifawGudkvnf; tzGJ@i,fawGudkðzwfr,f/ tv,ftvwfawGudk =um;xm;r,f/ t}uD;awGrv_yf±Sm; Edkifatmifxdef;csKyfr,f? yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ csOf;uyfaewmjzpfw,f? 'gu ol@twGif;&ef?

tjyify&efusawmh e,fpyfa'otwkduftcHvkyf±Sm;r_xJrSmOya't& t"duuswJh jrefrmEdlifiHa±S@aersm;aumifpD BLC vdktzGJ@tpnf;[m etz&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkudkOya'a=umif;t&wdkufcdkufaew,f?

etz wm0ef±SdAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudkEdkifiHwum&mZ0wf w&m;±Hk;wifEdkifzdk@ ukvor*~uaewpfqifh yHhydk;zdk@tcsuftvufpkaqmif;aewJhv_yf±Sm;aewJh BLC (Burma lawyer council) udk rw&m; twif;a=unmxm;w,f? BLC &J@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tay:zrf;0&rf;xkwf+yD; xdkif;tpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;wJ@tqifhtxd vkyfvmw,f? twGif;&ef a&m tjyif&efyg ol±Sif;aew,f?

jyifyrSmv_yf±Sm;aewJ@ twkduftcHwyfaygif;pkudk tm;enf;®yuGJatmifvkyfr,fqdkwmwGufvdk@&w,f? ,ckyHkpHtwdkif;qdk&if ppf

rSefwJh +idrf;csrf;a&; wdkif;jynfjyefvnf xlaxmifa&; / ppfrSefwJhEdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajryHkuawm@ etzar#mfrSef;ovdk acsmacsmarmarm jzpfrvmEdkifbl;vdk@ usaemfoHk;oyfygw,f?”

“vufeuftm;udk;+yD; tiftm;eJ@nD!Gwfa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufr,f/ wdkif;jynfxlaxmifr,fqdkwJhpdwfaepdwfxm; tawG;tac:rsdK;udkppftkyfpkpGef@vGwfoifh+yDvdk@,lqw,f?

21 &mpk ppfat;wdkufyGJtvGef 'DvdkacwfumvrsdK; EdkifiHwumrSmtm;vHk;u jzpfEdkifoavmuf twlwuGomwlnDr# +idrf;csrf;pGmaexdkifwJhenf;eJ@ol@tcGifhta&;/ udk,f@tcGifhta&;/ ol@taetxm;/ udk,fh&J@taetxm; tjyeftvSefav;pm; todrSwfðy+yD;yl;aygif;aqmif ±Guf=uwJhurBmhtajctaeeJ@pmvdkuf&if yx0Dtaetxm;t&usOf;usOf;av;±SdwJhArmjynfrSmrwluGJjym; jcm;em;wJhvlrsdK;pkawGwaygif;wpnf;xJ twl+idrf;csrf;pGmaeEdkifwJh enf;vrf;±Smoifh+yD?

tEdkifusifh Adkvfus+yD; 'Dvdkowfjzwf zdESdyfaewJhenf;uawmhurBm}uD;rSm acwfr±Sdawmhbl;? 'DvdkvkyfaewJhvlrsKd;/ tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfap/ vuf±SdArmhwyfrawmfjzpfap 'DvdktzGJtpnf;awGtwGufutem*wfvHk;0raumif;bl;? jynfoluaomfvnf;aumif;/ urBmuaomfvnf;aumif; cGifhvGwfrSmr[kwfbl;? tJh'gawGudk War crime

bJac:ac: Crime against humanity bJac:ac: wpfcsdefcsdefrSm 'Dvkyf&yfawGusL;vGefwJholwdkif; jypf'%fuscH&rSmjzpfw,f? taumif;qHk;uawmh'gawGudkpGef@ vGwf+yD;+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlaeEdkifwJhenf;vrf;udk±Sm=u&ygr,f”

PPLO OuUX

“,ae@tajctaersdK;rSmtem*wfArmjynftwGufusaemfwdk@udk,fus&mwm0ef udk,fvkyf=ur,fqdk&if aemif 4 ESpftwGif; usaemfwdk@ atmifyGJawG&Edlifygw,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ udk,fhAdkufwpfvHk;pm udk,fhxrif;udk,f ±Sm=uazG=ur,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@xufaemifrsdK;qufom;/ orD;/ ajr;jrpfawG ydkcHpm;&rSmjzpfw,f?

,ae@jzpfaewJ@e,fpyfa'oudpPrSm Adkvfoef;a±$u ol@jynfwGif;&efudk a±G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif jywfjywfom;om;zdESdyfxm;zdk@olqHk;jzwfxm;w,f? rESpfuvkyfcJhwJh 4 vywf wyfr–;tpnf;ta0;rSmAdkvfoef;a±$udk,fwdkifxGuf+yD;awmh 'DtzGJ@awGrv_yfEdkifatmifvkyfxm;vdk@ajymcJhw,f? 'gayr,fhwu,fwrf;awmhrjzpfygbl;?

,ae@ etzwyfu vlav;odef;ausmf±Sdw,f/ 1947 ArmhwyfrawmfzGJ@vmuwnf;u vltiftm;trsm;qHk;jzpfayrJh wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nf tpkyfjywfqHk; tedrfhqHk;/ ,ae@wyfr–;awG rsdK;cspfpdwftuif;rJhqHk;eJ@ t&nftcsif; tuif;rJ@qHk;jzpfw,f?

twGif;&ef - typf&yfftay: AdkvfrusEdkifwJ@ etz

32 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

LaemufxyfppfOD;pD;csKyfvm;/ 'kOD;pD;csKyfvm; wufjzpfr,fqdk

wJh rae@wae@u wyfrª;wufjzpfwJhaumifawGajymzl;wm 7 &ufeJ@0 e,fudkodrf;r,f - wJh? tckoGm;=unf@ygusaemfwdk@ zdwfac:ygw,f? wpfcsdefutwlwdkufcJhwJh 0 wyfrrª;wpfa,mufusaemf@udkajymw,f-“udkatmifausmfaZma& cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ twlwdkufcJhwkef;uvdk usaemfwdk@uwkwfusif;av;awGudk 0g;av; xif;av;awGeJ@umxm;wmr[kwfygbl;/ tckuuGefu&pfeJ@ tkwfawGeJ@yg - wJh?”

a&mufvm=uwm? usaemfwdk@uolwdk@eJ@ESpfaygif; 20 - 30 avmufwdkufcJhzl;w,f? Adkvfoef;a±$ 88 wyfrrª;b0wkef;u tjynfht0ynmay;cJhwJh Auya[mif; wyfzGJ@awGtzdk@ Adkvfoef;a±$OD;pD;+yD; wdkufrvm;vdk@ xdkifapmifhae=uw,f?

tJ'Dawmhusaemfwdk@ vdkcsifwJhtcGifhta&;rsdK;u wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;wlnDwJ@tcGifhta&;&zdk@u 'Dae@Adkvfoef;a±$acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm b,fawmhrSrjzpfEdkifbl;? tJawmhpnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;eJ@tjyeftvSefn‡dEdlif;aqG;aEG;+yD; nD!GwfwJhEdkifiHopfwpfckwnfaxmifzdk@qdkwm ESpfzufpvHk;rSm oifhavsmfavsmufywfwJhacgif;aqmif±Sdzdk@vdkw,f? Adkvfoef;a±$ppftkyfpk±Sdaeor# 'DvdktajcaersdK;zefwD;EdkifrSmr[kwfbl;? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;xyf+yD;avmif®rufzdk@rsm;ygw,f?

usaemfwdk@ñuHawG@&wJhb0qdk;rsdK;om;orD;awG ajr;jrpfawGawG tzdESdyfcHb0rsKd;rwdk;apcsifbl;qdk&if wm0ef±SdwJhrdbtzdk;tzGm;vdk@udk,fhudkudk,f,lq=u&if usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;tay: zdESdyfaewJ@ppfzdeyfudk 0dkif;0ef;wGef;vSef±dkufcsdK;=uzdk@vdkygw,f?

wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@acgif;aqmifawGpOf;pm;=uovdkawmufajymifwJh tem*wftwGuftrsKd;om;a&;tusKd;qufvufxrf;aqmifcsifw,fqdk&if 'Dppftm%m±Siftpdk;&rsdK;udk jywfjywfom;om;qef@usif=uygvdk@ wdkufwGef;vdkygw,f”

OD;atmifausmfaZm EkdifiHa&;ppfa&;avhvmol

(OD;cifarmifpdk; - we*FaEGaqG;aEG;cef; RFA 10/5/09)

Armwyfrª;awGudk ajymcsifwmu rwdkufcifoGm;=unf@vdkuftHk;vdk@? ,ae@e,fpyfa'o vufeufudkif tzGJ@awG[m[dkwkef;uuGefjrL epfygwDacwfuvdkudk,fha'o vGwfajrmufa&;twGufr[kwfawmhbl;? udk,fhtrsdK;om;&ydkifcGifhjzpfwJhudk,fhjynfe,feJ@udk,fhtrsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fae=uwmjzpfw,f?

Armppfwyfu *syefwyf0ifovdk 0ifr,fqdk&ifawmh awG@=uao;wmaygh? 'Dae@ArmppfwyftajctaeuvJ odwJ@twdkif;yJ txl;ojzifh 'Dav;ig;vaemufydkif;twGif; wdkufcJhwJhwdkufyGJ tawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wyf&if;rª;tcsdK@awmifðywfw,f?

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INDEPENDENCE

{+yD 27 &uf[m EkdifiHausmfaw;a&;q&m a'gufwmpkdif;crf;vdwf&J@ 60 ESpfjynfharG;ae@jzpfygw,f?o#rf;/Armaw;oDcsif;tajrmuftrsm;a&;pyfoDukH;cJhwJh q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfukd ArmjynftEkynmtokdif;t0kdif;u EkdifiHausmfaw;a&;q&mtjzpf todtrSwfðycJhygw,f?o#rf;jynftrsKd;om;rsm;uaum q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfukd b,ftwkdif;twmtxd todtrSwfðyygovJ/ o#rf;jynfom;rsm;twGufq&mpkdif;crf;vdwf[m bmha=umifhpHjyyk*~KdvfjzpfygovJ?ol@&J@o#rf;trsKd;om;twGufa&m b,favmuftxdtusKd;ðyygovJ? touf 50 ausmf 0jynfZmwd 0-o#rf;ujym; aw;a&;aw;qdkqc[ udk awG@qkHar;jref;xm;ygw,f?

qc[ [m awmfvSefa&;aw;oH±Sif Freedom Way Band

Zd%f;avsm qc[ tjzpfo#rf;jynfvlxktcsKd@=um; emrnf&vm+yD; 2007 a±$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;umvu “"rReJ @t"rRqef@usifzufESpfck” ArmoDcsif;a&;om;oDqkdcJhygw,f?

a'gufwmpdkif;crf;vdwfudk b,fwkef;ub,fvdkpwifodu|rf;vmovJ? 'grSr[kwfausmif;aezufvm;´?

“q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfukd p+yD;&if;ESD;cJhwmuawmh 1971 uusaemftygt0if wef@,ef;u 10 wef;usvli,f 3-4 a,mufrE Wav;rSmusL±SifoGm;,lw,f?rE Wav;awmifajcrSm q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfeJ@ 4-5 vavmuf twlaecJhzl;w,f? q&mpkdif;crf;vdwf&J@ zcifu odEMDapmfbGm;trwf o#rf;pmqkdawmf vkH;crf;um&J@psmyetcrf;tem;rSmq&meJ@xyfawG@w,f? vm;±_d;rSmaygh?”

q&mpdkif;crf;vdwf[m b,fvkdvlrsKd;vJ/avhvmrdoavmufajym jyay;ygvm;´?

“q&mpkdif;crf;vdwf[m ±kd;om;óud;pm;+yD; tepfemcHwJhae&mrSm usaemfwkd@twGufpHjyjzpfcJhygw,f? ol@&J@xl;jcm;r_wpfck

EdkifiHausmf aw;a&;q&ma'gufwmpdkif;crf;vdwf 60 ESpfjynf harG;ae@

u ol[mt&rf;pmzwfwJhvlwpfa,mufjzpfw,f? pm}uD;ay}uD;awGzwfw,f? t*FvdyfpmawGzwfw,f? ol@&J@ aq;ausmif;uwuUokdvfq&mwcsKd@uawmif ol@qDpmtkyfjyefiSm;zwf&w,fvkd@=um;zl;w,f? tqifjrifhtawG;tac:orm;wpfa,muf vkd@ajymvkd@&w,f? usaemfavhvmrdoavmuf rSwfcsufcs&r,fqkd&ifq&mpkdif;crf;vdwf[m acwfumva=u;rkHjyifukd xif[wfjyEkdifpGrf;±S dwJhoDcsif;a&;q&m pmqkdawmfwpfa,mufjzpfw,fvkd@,lqw,f?”

ArmjynfwckvHk;omru wdkif;&if;om;awG=um;rSm rE Wav;a&mufo#rf;wa,mufeJ@ emrnf}uD;cJhw,fvdk@ajym=uygw,f? o#rf;vlrsKd;awG=um;rSmuaum b,foDcsif;eJ@p+yD; vlodrsm;vmygovJ´?

o#rf;jynfuvlrsKd;pkeJ@ awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;awGeJ@ywfoufvm&if - txl;ojzifh o#rf;oDcsif;awGxJrSm yifvkHpmcsKyfoDcsif;qdk&if q&mhukdvlodrsm;vmapw,fvkd@ wpdwfwa'o ajymvkd@&w,f?rqvacwfv,favmufa&mufvmawmh “±Srf;awGrSwfrdao;w,f” vkd@t"dyüg,f&wJh oDcsif;jzpfw,f? 1970 aemufykdif;usawmh“rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf±Sd=uyg”tp±SdwJh trsKd;om;a&;oDcsif;awGykdrsm;vmw,f?

q&mudk,fwdkifuaw;a&;§aw;qdkqdkawmh q&mpdkif;crf;vdwfa&;om;wJh ArmoDcsif;awG o#rf;oDcsif;awGxJu b,foDcsif;tESpf oufqHk;vJ? bma=umifh óuufESpfoufw,fqdkwmudkvJajymjyay;ygvm;´?

q&ma&;wJhArmoDcsif;awGxJrSm usaemfESpfoufrdwJhoDcsif;awGuawmh - obm0/ [rf;ikdif;vrf;/ eH&Hukd vufoD;eJ@xkd;rdw,f/ wma0;tajy;orm;- tJ'DoDcsif;awGu awmfawmfxdrdw,f? t"dyüg,fus,fjyef@w,f/ acwf &J@a=u;rkHjyifukdxif[wfapw,f? tawG;tac:av;eufw,f/ pum;vkH;awGtqifhjrifhw,fvkd@usaemfjrifw,f? usaemfESpfoufwJh o#rf;oDcsif;awGxJ rSmtenf;qkH; 5 yk'f 6 yk'f avmuf±Sdw,f? usaemfwkd@b0/ usaemfwkd@tajctae/ usaemfwkd@&nfrSef;csuf/ usaemfwkd@vkyfief;/ usaemfwkd@&J@v_yf±Sm;r_eJ@ ywfoufwJhaw; oDcsif;awG awmfawmfrsm;w,f?

q&mpdkif;crf;vdwfu o#rf;jynftvSty/ vlaer_b0 az: aqmifwJhaw;awGa&;om;wJhtjyif o#rf;trsKd;om;a&;twGuf ta&;ygwJhoDcsif;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJhw,fvdk@ajymygw,f?b,foDcsif;awGu o#rf;trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygovJ´?

b,foDcsif;uta&;ygovJqkdawmh 'gvnf;a±G;&cuf

34 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

Lw,fAs? cyfrsm;rsm;ta&;ygw,fvkd@ usaemfxifw,f? tcspfeJ@ywfoufwJhaw;oDcsif;awGuvGJ&ifayghAsm?

Armtpdk;&bufu q&mpdkif;crf;vdwfudk wdkif;&if;om;emrnf}uD; aw;a&;q&mwa,muftjzpf todtrSwfðy*k%fðywmawG±Sdzl;yg ovm;´?

Armtpkd;&tqufqufrSm q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfukd w&m;0ifvlod±Sif=um;*k%fðyw,fqkdwm usaemf wcgrS r=um;rdao;ygbl;?'gayr,fh ArmtEkynmtokdif;t0kdif;/ tqkdawmf/ oDcsif;a&;q&mtausmftarmfawGxJrSm q&mhukdtodtrSwfðycsD;usL;=uw,f?Oyrmyav;ydGKif;wD;0kdif;tzGJ@wkd@/ tqkdawmf arqGdwkd@/ arcvm/a[rmae0if;/ *Dwvkvifarmifukdukd/ aw;a&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m/ ±kyf±Sif'g±kdufwm OD;0if;azwkd@ armifom&wkd@ a':trmwkd@pojzifhaygh? q&mhukdcsD;usL;=uw,f/ tm;ay;=uw,fvkd@ usaemf=um;zl;w,f?

o#rf;jynfom;rsm;uaum q&mpdkif;crf;vdwfudkb,favmuftxd todtrSwfðyygovJcifAsm;?

o#rf;jynfxJrSmawmh a±S@rD aemufrDvli,fvlvwfawGuq&mhukd av;pm;=unfndK=uw,f? txl;ojzifh rqvacwfudkrDwJhvlvwfykdif;touf 40-50 t±G,fawGaygh? e0wacwfaemufykdif;awmheJeJajymif;oGm;w,f? q&mhta=umif;ukd vli,ftcsKd@bJodw,f? usefvli,fawGodcsifrSodr,f? etzacwfrSmawmh q&mhta=umif;/ q&mhoDcsif;awGav;eufykH/ q&mhukd,fykdifoHpOf oDcsif;awG tqkdrsm;wm avsmhyg;oGm;w,fvdk@xif&w,f? txl;ojzihftouf 20 ausmfvli,fawGaygh? usaemfhq&m p0fcif;qdkifajymwmuawmh “'Duae@o#rf;oDcsif;/ ArmoDcsif; awGxJrSmem;axmifaumif;wJhoDcsif;awGrsm;vmw,f?'gayr,fh tawG;tjrifaumif;t"dyüg,fav;eufwJhoDcsif;awGavsmhenf;oGm;w,f” vdk@ajymw,f? 'gudk usaemfvufcHw,f?

q&mpdkif;crf;vdwfeJ@ywfouf+yD; tm;usp&mawGtwk,lp&mawG a0zefp&mawG±Sdygovm;´?

q&mpk dif;crf;vdwf[m usaemf h&J@vufxyfoifq&mr[kwfayr,fh pHjyvufOD;q&mjzpfw,f? q&meJ@uGJuGm cGJcGmvm+yD;aemufykdif; usaemfhtwGuf jrifq&m/ =um;q&m t+rJjzpfaeao;w,fvkd@ usaemfcH,lw,f? q&mhukd todtrSwfðycsD;usL;/ *k%f,lp&mwpfckuawmh q&mpkdif;crf;vdwf[m ppftm%m±Sif "g;rkd;}uD;pkd;wJh EkdifiHrSm ql;=um;u Al;cg;EkEk tjzpfrcHbJ xGufayguf±SmwwfwJh/rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdif pGrf;±SdwJh ol@&J@owWd/ t&nftcsif;ukd rcsD;usL;bJraeEkdifbl;? q&mhae&mrSmqkd&if usaemfwkd@ ol@vkdvkyfwwfrSmr[kwfbl;?

rsKd;cspfpdwf±Sifoefa&;aw;oDcsif;awG xkwfvkyfjzef@csDwJh Zd%f;avsmFreedom Way Band tzGJ@om;wpfOD;taeeJ@ q&mwkd@bufuq&mpkdif;crf;vdwfarG;ae@*k%fðytpDtpOf bmawG±SdygovJ´?

q&mpkdif;crf;vdwf arG;ae@*k%fðytpDtpOftwGuf 27&ufreufykdif;bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSmqGrf;uyftv–'gevkyfw,f? q&maeaumif;usrRm touf±Snfapzkd@qkawmif;ay;r,f? nykdif;tpDtpOfrSmpwdwf±_d;±Sdw,f/ tJ'DrSmq&mhausmif;aezufoli,fcsif;o#rf;jynfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf; a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDOuUXp0fcif;qdkif tzGifhrdef@cGef;ajymr,f? tJ'Daemuf 2008 o#rf;ESpfopful;wkef;u vef'efrSm q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfeJ@awG@qkHar;jref;cJhwJh xkdif;trsKd;orD; a'gufwmtrf;azmef;u +idrf;csrf;a&;±SmazGar#mfrSef;olaw;a&;q&mqkdwJhacgif;pOfatmufrSmu q&mpkdif;crf;vdwfta=umif;ajymw,f? tJ'Daemuf q&ma&;om;cJhwJh oDcsif;awG 10yk'fausmfukd vli,f vlvwfawGuqkd=uw,f?

aemufqHk;taeeJ@ q&mpdkif;crf;vdwf&J@ ESpf 60 jynfharG;ae@rSmq&mh twGufb,fvdkpum;rsKd; yg;vdkygovJcifAsm´?

q&mhESpf 60 jynfharG;ae@rSmwkdufwGef;csifwmuawmhrqvacwfwkef;uvkd tESpfom&av;eufwJh acwf or,vlaer_b0o±kyfaz:aw;oDcsif;awGxyfa&;apcsifw,f? tcGifhtcg óuHvkd@tajctaeay;cJh&ifjynfwGif;jynfyu usaemfwkd@awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;awG&J@ vlr_ tokdif;t0kdif;=um;xJ0ifxGufzkd@ zdwf=um;r_awG±SdcJh&if vufcHay;apcsifygw,f? ulnDay;apcsifygw,f? bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh aw;*DwtEkynmu¾rSm awmifay:wkdif;&ifom;awGtwGuf q&m[m &mbifw&mewfw*kd;/ vl±$ef; tJvkdyk*~Kdvftjzpfusaemf wkd@u todtrSwfðy *k%f,lxm;wmukd;? tJ'Dvkdusaemfwkd@&J@ av;pm;*k%f,ltodtrSwfðyr_ukd q&mhtaeeJ@vufcHpOf;pm;+yD;qufvuf+yD;awmh OD;aqmifr_ay;oGm;apcsifw,fvkd@tEl;t!¸wfwkdufwGef;vkdygw,f? aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

Ô Ô Ô

etzw&m;pD&ifa&;u¾zGwfxGufjc,fvS,fujyvkd@awmifykd@rSef;rodao;wm

pm;zm;rsm;om±Sd


INDEPENDENCE

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aw;a&;q&m pdkif;crf;vdwf{+yD 27 &ufrSm touf 60 jynfhwJhrE Wav;+rdK@u xif±Sm;

wJhaw;a&;q&m a'gufwmpdkif;crf;vdwf&J@ aw;oDcsif;awGeJ@ tawG;pdwful;awGudk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhvdkuf&if --

“-- wmwdkrSmcGeftm;/ wmvwfrSmtqHk;jzwf/ wma0;rSmpdwf"wf --”

wma0;tajy;orm;oDcsif;vdkygyJ? 1970 ESpfvGefyd kif;rE Wav;aq;wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0uwnf;u uAsmqefqefpmom;±dk;±dk; eJ@ q&mhudk,fydkifoHpOfoDcsif;awG[m c&D;tprSmcGeftm;tjynf@eJ@ armif;ESifvmcJ@ygw,f?

wcsdefuvGwfvyfwJh tawG;pdwful;ta=umif;t&mawGeJ@vdk&mOD;wnfcsufwnfhwnfha&mufatmifa&;wwfwJhaw;a&; q&mpdkif;crf;vdwfoDcsif;udk vl}uD;vli,fra±G; tHh=ow}uD;vufcHcJhygw,f?

a'gufwmpdkif;crf;vdufeJ@ &if;ESD;wJ@rdwfaqGwpfa,mufjzpfwJh pG,fpHk&tEkynm±Sif q&m}uD;OD;0if;azu ol@oDcsif;pmom;awGeJ@tawG; tac:awGudk tckvdkrSwfcsufcsygw,f?

“vGwfvyfr_udktajccH+yD; olajymcsifwJ@ ta=umif;t&mudkyDjyifatmifajymw,f? vGwfvyfcGifhudkav;pm;+yD; tm;±Sd±SdeJ@az: jywJhacwfopftjrifvdk@ajymcsifw,f? ola&;wJhpmawG[m t&yfom;utpcav;awGtxdem;vnfw,f?

tcspfzGJ@ &moDzGJ@udk wtm;}uD;eif;uef Excessive roman-

tic vGefvGefusL;usL; azmfusL;aewmrsdK;r[kwfyJ xdxda&mufa&mufaz: jyEdkifw,f? ±dk;om;w,f/ owWd±Sdw,f/ xda&mufatmifazmfusL;Edkifw,f/ pmvHk;awG&J@wefzdk;udk odyfem;vnfw,f?”

“-- udk,fvdkcsifwJ@ vGwfvyfr_&,f udk,fcHkrifwJ@ +idrf;csrf;r_&,f --”

q&mpdkif;crf;vduf[m oleJ@twGJnDqHk;/ '*F g;jym; wpfck&J@acgif;eJ@yef;vdkvnf;jzpfwJ@ uG,fvGefoltqdkawmfpdkif;xD;qdkifeJ@ ESpfaygif; 30 ausmfvufwGJ+yD; obm0&J@ &ifaoG;i,frsm; tzGJ@eJ@twludk,fydkif oHpOf *Dwacwfwpfacwf xlaxmifcJhygw,f? oDcsif;oHpOfawG±dk;ayr,fh pdwful;pdwfoef;aumif;aumif; ajyjypfwJhpum;vHk;toHk;E_ef;awGeJ@ a&;pyfxm;wma=umifh tcsdefumvwdkwdkav;rSmyJol@oDcsif;awGy&dwfowftay:vGrf;rdk;EdkifcJhygw,f?

oDcsif;trsm;pk[m awmifay:obm0 tvSty taiG@touf cspfjcif;arwWmawGyg+yD; ol@b0tpdwftydkif;wpfcsdK@udkvJawG@&wwfygw,f? wcsKd@oDcsif;awGqdk&ifEdkifiHa&;qefygw,f? tcspfoDcsif;vdkvdk EdkifiHa&;tbd"rRmvdkvdkeJ@ aw;a&;q&mudk,fwdkif yDjyifpGmaocsmjyrxm;ayr,fh udk,f@bmomudk,f qGJ,lcHpm;vdk@&EdkifwJh

oDcsif;vnf; trsm;}uD;yg?OyrmaiGawmifwef;odk@oDcsif;wpfyk'f/bD;eHygwf OK0122L

eJ@ tdyfpuftem;,l+yD qdkwJhoDcsif;awG[mo#rf;jynfolawG vGwfvyfr_ qHk;±_H;aewJh aqmif;yg;}uD;±Snf vdkygyJ? tJ'DxJu obm0qdkwJh oDcsif;uvnf; tcspfoDcsif;vdkvdk tcGifhta&;ydwfyifcsKyfcs,fcH&wmawGudk zGJ@qdkxm;wmawG@&ygw,f?

“-- ysHoef;wJhiSufudkolwdk@rdk@zrf;csifwm -- a±$avmiftdrfrSmaysmfvdk@r&yg - cspfwJ@aumif;uif&J@vGwfvyfr_udk±Sm --”

omrefumv#Humem;axmif&if aocsif;w&m;eJ@ tedpPoabm ajymovdkvkdeJ@ udk,hfaoG;udkpkyfaewJ@ tm%m±SifawGudk!¸ef;vdkovm; vdk@,lqEdkifwJ@ ºuufjcifeJ@vlwdk@ta=umif; oDcsif;uvnf;xl;jcm;wJh wifjyyHkav;jzpfygw,f?

“-- jcifaxmifxJrSmza,mif;wdkifrD;eJ@jcifxGef;zdk@&m }uHrvdk@vm; --atmf-- jcifxuf rif;taoG;tom; awGpkyf,laewJholudkawmifbmrSrvkyfEdkifrSawmh jcifudkab;rJhay;oifhygw,f --”

'Dvdkxl;jcm;wJh ta&;tzGJ@awGa=umifhvJ pdkif;crf;vdwf emrnfxif±Sm;vm+yD; t&ifutqdkawGom emrnfxGuf+yD; oDcsif;a&;wJh oludkrod=uwJhtpOftvmawG[m aysmufysufcJhygw,f?

OD;0if;azu - “ol@a=umifhrdk@ayg@av/ aw;a&;q&mawG&J@u¾ydk+yD;awmha±S@wef;udk a&mufvmw,f? ±dk;pif;+yD; tajccHuswJhvltrsm;tvG,fwul taiG@toufcHpm;EdkifwJh a0g[m&awGoHk;vmw,f? oleJ@wpfcsdefxJ ol@xufapmwJh olawG±Sdygao;w,f? tawmftoifhvnf;emrnf}uD;=uygw,f? odk@aomfol@acwfrSm usrSydk+yD;xif±Sm;vmw,f? ol@aemufrSma&;wJhaw; a&;q&mawGvnf;olwdk@&J@tawG;ac:eJ@ pmom;awGudk*±kpdkufvm=uw,f? ol@tawG;tac: tawmfvGrf;rkd;w,f? ol@&J@tawG;tac: ubmvJqdkawmhvlwdkif;od±SdcHpm;EdkifwJh/ vltrsm;eJ@oufqdkifwJhvltrsm;em;vnfwJh/ pmom;cHpm;csufawGeJ@ awG;awma&;pyfvm=uw,f?”

“-- pdwfupGJvnf; ±kyfraqmifom/ usnfqHawGukef ,rf;vnf;ukef tcGHomusefwJhaoewfpkyfrSm --”

q&mhorD; eef;crf;EGJ@vdwfudk zcifqDuaeb,ft&mawGvGrf;rdk; cH&wmvJvdk@ ar;=unf@ygw,f?

“crf;tay:vGrf;xm;wmawmhtrsm;}uD;ayg@? 80μ vGrf;rdk;r,f? usr&J@pHjyyk*~dKvfwpfa,mufjzpfw,f? tEkynmorm; wpfa,muftaeeJ@vJvGrf;rdk;r_±Sdw,f? tazu±dk;om;w,f t&rf;óud;pm;w,f? b,fawm@rS rkom;rajymbl;? ol@cHpm;csufawG oDcsif;xJrSmwifrubl; vlwdkif;&J@cHpm;csufudkyg ol@oDcsif;awGazmfjyEdkif

aw;a&;q&m pdkif;crf;vdwf

36 Vol. 26, No. 255, 2009

Lw,f? tv$mwdkif; vlawG&J@&ifudk pGJ+rJapEdkifw,f?

“-- rajyvnfEdlifwJ@ b0tqHk; - b0tqHk; - tdkb0tqHk; -- b,furBmtxdae&tHk;rSmvJ ´ ---”

o#rf;,Ofaus;r_eJ@ rsdK;cspfoDcsif;awG a&;pyfwJhq&m[mo#rf;trsdK;om;a&;0g'Djzpfovdk wpfcsdefuArmrkef;wD;a&; pdwf±Sdw,fvdk@=um;zl;wJh ajymoHqdkoHawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; orD;jzpfoleef;crf;EGJ@vdwfu-

“r[kwfygbl;/ ol@trsdK;om;a&;twGufolvkyfwm[mArmrkef;wD;a&;r[kwfbl;? oludk,fwdkifvJ Armrwpfa,mufudk ,lxm;wmyJav? wdkif;&if;om;wdkif;udkolcspfygw,f? b,fol&,fvdk@olcGJjcm;r_r±Sdbl;? olajymwmuawmh vlwdkif;[mudk,fcsif;pmpdwfxm;=u&ifaumif;w,fwJh”

“--'gayr,fhvJ ae&mcsif;awmhrvJygbl; awmifay:om;wpfa,mufjzpf&wm*k%f,lcsifygw,f -- rE Wav;a&muf o#rf;wpfa,muf&J@tjzpf[mrvG,fygvm;--”

q&mh&J@pdwfaeoabmxm;udk teD;uyfb,fvdkjrif&vJvdk@eef;crf;EGJ@vdwfudk qufar;=unfhawmh --

“ol@b0rSm olwefzdk;txm;qHk;t&mu ±kd;om;r_eJ@ ±Sifoefw,f? olvdrfnmrajymbl;? rrSefwmrvkyfbl;? olrsm;tay:vSnfhzsm;aumufuspfr_r±Sdbl;? &wmeJ@a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfw,f”

“-- a±$pkvnf; rrufarm -- aiGpkvnf; rrufarm--a&wpf cGufyJ pdwfapm --”

q&m[m usef;rma&;csKd@wJh=um;u oDcsif;a&;pma&;rysufwJh ta=umif;/ 'gayr,fhtckvdkacwf}uD;rSm q&mhoDcsif;awGudk 0,fqdkol±Sm;yg;vma=umif; ZeD;jzpfol a'gufwma':EGJ@EGJ@wifuajymygw,f?

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“ -- tcef;aemufu pm;yGJay:wifxm;wJh qkwHqdwfawGzkefwufawmhatmifjrifr_awG rae@usefcJh+yD ---”

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udk!dk (RFA - 25/4/09)

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twGuf ppftpdk;&wyfrSyg0ifulnD&ef- vufeufcJ,rf;/ vpm/ pm;eyf&duQmrsm;tm;vHk;

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vomtcsdefay;Edkifonf - [kqkdygonf?

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pmrsufESm 17 rS


INDEPENDENCE

u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH; KNU u u&ifAk'<bmomeJ@c&pf,mefwyf ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;wJhaemufydkif; uae@txdtcsif;csif;wdkufyGJqufwdkufqifEGJaewm[m ppftpdk;&tm%moufqkd;±Snfa&;twGuf vkyfay;aeovkdjzpfa=umif; ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifwdkufcdkufaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGuqdkygw,f? {+yD 6 &uf reufydkif;uArmppftpdk;&ppfa=umif;u typf&yf DKBA u&ifAk'<bmomtzGJ@udkOD;aqmif+yD; KNU&J@ a0gavcD;wyfpcef;ukd xdk;ppfqifwdkufcd kufpD;eif;odrf;yd kufcJ hygw,f? wbufwvrf;uvnf; rwfcsfaESmif;ydkif;u ppftpkd;&0ef}uD;csKyf 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD; odef;pdefeJ@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;^m%f0if;wdk@ukd xdkif;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u oGm;a&mufawG@qHkwkef; etz eJ@ KNU =um; aphpyfjzefajzay;zkd@ ppftpkd;&zufu wdkufwGef;xm;wJhtwGuf {+yD 7 &ufae@rSm KNU udk,fpm;vS,feJ@ xdkif;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;wkd@awG@qHk aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f?

bmha=umifhu&iftcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufaeygovJ? ±Srf;jynftrsKd;om;awG=um;rSma&m u&ifvdkjzpf&yfrsKd;±SdcJhzl;ygovm;? EGm;uGJ&if usm;qGJwJh qdk±kd;twdkif; wdkif;&if;om;awGjzpfae+yDvm;?o#rf;oHawmfqifhu SSA acgif;aqmifAdkvfr–;}uD; ,Gufppfudkar;jref;xm;ygw,f?

u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH;KNU eJ@ etzawG@qHkEdkifatmif xdkif;=um;0ifay;r_tay: b,fvdkoHk;oyfygovJcifAsm;?

“rae@u KNUeJ@ xdkif;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; rpPwm uqpfzd±Grf;wdk@awG@qHkw,fqdkwm taygif;vuQ%maqmifygw,f? etzeJ@KNU t=um;ppfrSefwJhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_ jzpfvmcJh&if ydkawmifaumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJhusaemfhtjrifuawmh atmifjrifzdk@tvm;tvmrawG@&bl;? etzuvrf;a[mif;twdkif;bJ av#mufaeawmh KNUtwGufvJ bmrStusKd;±SdrSm r[kwfbl;”

KNU wdk@vdk xdkif;tpdk;&eJ@awG@qHkzdk@ wbufbufu urf;vSrf;xm;wmrsKd;aum ±Sdygovm;cifAsm;?

“xdkif;tpdk;&eJ@ jzpfjzpf etzppftpdk;&eJ@bJjzpfjzpf b,ftcsdefrqdkawG@qHkzdk@ usaemfwdk@t+rJwHcg;zGifhóudqdkw,f? w&m;0ifurf;vSrf;r_rsKd;awmhr±Sdao;bl;?”

xdkif;buf EdkifiHa&;oHk;oyfolawGawmh etzppftpdk;&u KNU

udkwdkufcdkufodrf;oGif;+yD;&if SSA eJ@ KNPP bufjr‡m;OD;vSnfhvmr,fvdk@ajymqdkae=uw,f? 'gudk b,fvdkjyifqifxm;ygovJcifAsm;?

“jzpfEdkifygw,f? usaemfwdk@bufawmh apmapmuajymwJhtwdkif;bJ awG@qHkzdk@ 24 em&Dvufurf;óudaeovdk wu,f wrf;etzbufu aqG;aEG;r_rvkyfvdkbJ wdkufcdkufzdk@csDwuf vmr,fqdk&ifvJ usaemfwdk@bufu tqifhoifhygbJ”?

EGm;uGJ&ifusm;qGJvdrfhr,fu&iftcsif;csif;wdkufcdkufaewmudk EdkifiHa&;avhvmapmifh=unfhae=uwJhyk*~dKvfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ppftpdk;& oyfv#Kdr_ aoG;cGJr_vdk@ ajym=uw,f? tJ'Dtay: b,fvdkajymvdkygovJcifAsm;?

“[kwfygw,f? tck u&iftcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufaewm ppftpdk;&a=umifhbJ? Ak'<u&if DKBA u etztm%moufqdk;±Snfa&;twGufvufudkif'kwf±kyfao;jzpfaewmudkusaemfpdwfraumif;jzpfrdw,f?usaemfwdk@udk,fawG@bJ 2002 / 2005 wkef;u UWSA

udkpnf;±kH;+yD; etzu usaemfwdk@XmecsKyfudkcsDwufwdkufcd kufcJhzl;w,f? ig;=uif;qDeJ@ ig;=uif;a=umfwmbJ? 'gudkusaemfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;awGu oifcef;pmr,lbJ tcsif;csif;cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;uGJ+yJaer,fqdk&if EGm;uGJ&ifusm;qGJr,f qdk±kd;twdkif;bJ? etzpdwfóudufayghAsm?”

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“trSefwu,fawG@qHkzdk@ etz qEN±Sdr,fqdk&if xdk;ppfqifaewm&yfwef@xm;&r,f? ppftpdk;&[m KNU tay:ppfqifa&;ESpfrsKd;w®yifeufvkyfaew,f? yxru pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;/'kwd,tcsufuawmh ppftiftm;oHk;xdk;ppfqifwmbJ? u&iftrsKd;om;xkwckvHk;udk usaemfwdkufwGef;csifygw,f? tckDKBA [m

pmrsufESm 38 okd‹

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trsdK;om;wyfrawmf (SSNA) wdk@udkawmhxnf@oGif;azmfjyxm;wmrawG@&ygbl;?

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'ghtjyifa':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk qef@usif&H_@csa=umif;/ taemufEdkifiH}uD;wcsdK@&J@ vkyf&yfawGudk qef@usif¶H_@csa=umif;/ a=unmcsufawGxkwfjyefcdkif;wJh tcgrsdK;awGrSmawmh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awGa&m/ vufeufcstzGJ@awGa&m/cGJxGuf/ yJ@xGuf/ pifxGuftzGJ@awGa&m/ tm;vHk;odrf;usHK;+yD; a±S@wef;wif yGJxkwfwmrsdK;awG vkyfavh¶dSwmawG@Edkifygw,f? ppft pdk; &uwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawGudk vd k&ifvd kovdk/rvdk&ifrvdkovdk/ trsdK;rsdK;toHk;csaewmudk ppfrSef+yD;wnfwef@cdkif+rJwJhjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ud k vk dvm;vd k @ typftcwf&yfp Ja&;vky fc J h =uwJ hwdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkwcsdK@u oabm rwl=uygbl;?

wdkif;&if;om;typf&yftzGJ@trsm;pku ppftpdk;&owfrSwfxm;wJh+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (17) zGJ@&J@trnfpm&if;xJrSm vufeufcstzGJ@awGjzpf=uwJh bdef;bk&ifcGefqm&J@ MTA tzGJ@eJ@/ &cdkifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@udkxnf@oGif;azmfjyaewmudk vufrcH=ubJ 'DESpfzGJ@tpm; DKBA tzGJ@eJ@ SSNA tzGJ@awGudkomvufcHa=umif;od&ygw,f?

KIA ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf/ (PSLA) yavmifjynfe,fvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf/ (SSA) &Srf;jynf wyfrawmf(ajrmufydkif;)/ (SSNA) o#rf;jynftrsdK;om;wyfrawmf/ (SNPLO)

o#rf;jynfvlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@/ (KNLP)

u,ef; jynfopfy gwD / (KNPLF) u&ife D vlrs d K ;aygi f ;p H kjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;eJ@ (NMSP) rGefjynfopfygwD wdk@uawmh olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ “typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@” awGvdk@cH,lxm;=u+yD; usefwJhtzGJ@awGudkawmh “+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@” awGvdk@oabmxm;ygw,f?

xufatmifausmf DVB

pmrsufESm 29 rS

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tjcm;jynfaxmif jynfe,fom;rsm;enf;wl/ ucsifjynfonfvnf; yifvHkoabmwl nDcsufudk qkyfudkiftav;xm;/ yifvHkpdwf"gwfrsm;udkaz:xkwf/ yifvHkvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;a=umcdkif;olwdk@udkqef@usif/ yifvHkvrf;pOfaygufajrmufap&ef }uHpnftm;xkwfzdk@txl;wm0ef±Sdyga=umif;?

RCSS/SSA OuUX Adkvfr–;}uD;,Gufppf.tawG;tjrif udkudk;um;onf?

o#rf;jynfrsKd;cspfwpfOD;(2/3/2009)

ucsif ESifh yifvHk

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o#rf;oHawmfqifh 16/4/2009

pmrsufESm 37 rS

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