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)T 0wKrz9yr ZlG'yh,6oyX ]6dyhoK'yr-,yrxoy

_T 0wKrlC'y96Pyh Z]6dyhoK'yr;6oyrxoyX

+T 0wKr9bxyt Z]6dyhoK'yr-,yrxoyX

@QT 0wKr9wr Z]6dyhoK'yr-,yrxoyX

@@T 0wKrp:9yh Z]6dyhoK'yr-,yrxoyX

0oyt]bdyh g,kglk * Z0oyt +X

s^'yrsGoyr,5b'yraK'y g0H9:oyhdG'yr,y.j

,5b;yhxu @+%* ;wKrl6bdyr]6,yhakTvb9yro6b'yh vkp60wKr]ur]wh

) -5xyj gdkTxGoygxkh zpkrlK,y9bxy t v:oy,krp5j;KoyhxK'ydw.Kr

g0H;G'yr,5b'yraK'y g0H9:oyhdG'yr,wj/ ,5b;yhvkp6 @# xu ]who6'yh]5b'y

-;yhmK,yrdKoylklok sG9yrv;y]bdyhm,yr Z]bdyh,5b'yrX x5oyt0oty

]bdyhmwr Zg,krglk *X

lG'yh,6oy ;oyrmb *2$2#QQ+ pK,yr Q+r#( ,5'yr

9uhsboyr;Koyhm5b9ytmwr/ g0H;G'yrc,hakT]5'y

g0H9:oyhdG'yrswKr?

-K;yr9K'yrsG9yrdKoy05b;yt0K9yh

@+($ d.kj-;yhsKxyjdKoy05b;yt0K9yh9uhl6bdyrsKoy06b'yh9wr (SNA)

xkh9y.h 0;yh'kr-,yr Zv5rd6'yj9iX ';yh06,yrsPyho,yT

-6oyj 9boy]w:96'yr?

@+(% 0;yh'kr-,yr xoyx6oyhz:oyr awKj0:xyjm9yr ZdKoy-K;yjX

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@+(* ]whxGoyz5h9K'yh95;y 9xytxC9yjdK'yt xkh9y.h0;yhsKoy

m,yr;5'yr Z,5b'yrlb,yX d.kj-;yhs^,yhxK'yd6,y 9xytz:,tys^,yh

9uhxK'y9:'yr ]w:vK'yj-K'y x:9yr]Coy]boy mwr?

@+(( -6boyhxGoy0oyt-6oyl6bdyr?

@+() -6boyhxGoy0oyt -6oyl6bdyr]5'y?

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Zs;yx;yh]5'y9xytxC9yjdK'ytX sKxyjx6oyhz:oyrawKjl5oyr96,y

xwKr,5b'yr?


INDEPENDENCE

@+)Q 0;yhgokj,5b'yr]5'yc]h 0;yhsKoy-,yr]C'y d.kjsPyrl5oyr

s<'ytv;y0;yhsKoym;yh x5;yjp:9yh-,yr c]h9xyt,5b'yrlb,y

s^,yhs<,yr9xytxC9yjdK'yt ;wKr0;yhsKoym,yr;5'yrlG'yh,6oy?

@+)# d:xyhx5b;yhl6bdyr-:,yH,b;yHob9yt (CPB) ,krp6b;yrc]h 0;yh

l6bdyrgokj,5b'yr]5'y ]wh-;yhs,yhs<,yrxkj9uj,y.jl6'y06b'yh9wr

(SSPP) 9xytl6bdyr06b'yh9wr (SSA) voy0;yhlC'yl6bdyr/

0;yh0K'yt/ 0;yhx6boyr9wr -;yv:oys;y? 0;yhsKoy-,yr]C'y

ZxC9yjdK'ytX 9'yr 0;yhsKoylK,ylC'y Z,5b'yr'CoyrX 0'yj

]5'yr,kr,5b'yrmwr0:,yrdoy x:9yr,5b'yraK'y/ 0;yhsKoy

-,yr]C'yl6bxyj,krp5jx:9yr]w:96'yr Z9uh]b;y9kT,5bPyX?

@+)( -;yhs,yh9xytl6bdyr9wrs,yhx:'yr (SUA) voy0;yh-6oylkj

v:oys^;y 9uh;Koyhsboy9Cdyj/ sKxyjx6oyhz:oyro'yh]6,yr

xwKr,5b'yr ZawKjz:'yr',yrX xkh9y.h 0;yhl6bdyr l5r]wKr Zvoy

96bdyT,urp5j ,5b'yr9wrx:9yrs<'yjX?

@+)_ ,5b;yh9K'yrdKoymwrx6boyzK;yj sy>h06,yrpbxyrd:'yhdK'yj v:dyj

pKoyokh]boymwr 9'yhxGoy,5j;Koyhd5oyr,5b'yrooyt ]wh

v;y 0;yhsKoy-,yr]C'y xGoys^;yokh,5j;Koyh?

@+_@ 0;yhpb'yrakTmGxyt ]wh,krx69yh]wKh,:xyh06b;yh;Koyh sboy

9Cdyj xGoy ;Koyhm5b9ytmwr ?

@+_# ]whsxyt]5bdyhxGoygxkh]5'y;Koyh xGoy9K'yrdKoy?

@+_* S ]whsxyt]5bdyhxGoyd,yjooyH Zx5jsG'yX v5b'yjm5b9ytmwr

gdkTmb Z@X oy.rg0H;G'yrc,h0oyr

S xGoyxmKoyrd,yjooyH z5hpy.j;Koyh

Z;wKrglczv:dyj 9'yhxGoyg0H;G'yrc,hakT]5'yX

@++# xGoys^;yx;yh]6,yrz:'yr',yr �� v5b'yjm5b9ytmwr?

@++* ]wh-6boyhxGoy0oyt0;yhl6bdyr xKoy-:'yjlujc,rx:'y06b'yh9wr2

9xytl6bdyr,5b'yr9wr (RCSS/MTA)

#QQ@ c9j0xyr9K'yrxGoy v,yjp5j]u 9wKzKdyj,kr?

dK'y0y.g-khp5b'yrvKoyr

9wKd.kj0K9yh]y.gdkh

◆ v,yjp:,yrd5,yhs^;yxoyz5h-Goy Z06,yrl6bdyr,Koyh-.Kdyh,5b'yrX

◆ xGoyd5oyr g9]wh9:xyj9Coyr-6boyrd6oyr,6oy;Koyh,5b'yr

05b;yt-5b;yr95;yd;yj

◆ dKoy,5b'yr9wr v:'yjv,yjv:'yj ooytxGoy9:oyho6b'yh/

xGoyx6oyhz:oyr95;yd;yj9dyr]wh-9yr0y.sG9yrsy>hm6b'y9uh/

s;yr9dyrz:,tydoy v,yjd:,ty;kh z:,ty]:'yh]u]kh/ s;yr9'yr

lG'yhz:,ytdoy'5b;yhowgdkh x5boyhp'yrd5;y 9K'yr'5b;yh s;yrd:oyj?

Ph

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: S

HA

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xK'y0kT;oyrx5oyt-K,yh95;y @#T$T#QQ+ sb,yr,5b'yrl:'y

8 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

L

rdlOfj 06_02_09 uM;odkuf;rmefj y.wf;

rldif;yAif; wlifjwMj edkifjvrf;zwfUzAifb 35

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y.wf;rldif;iFef; qAifb+ifbOef;wluf;uAif;wkif/

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odkuf; yuf;yfgUt[UuifjwDjcdkufU,fgbvrfbv.ifj/

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qkrf;OMU? wMbavMbwdkuf;yBbqfgj? wMbodkuf;rmefj

awavMbwdkuf;? awurfudef;rdyfbiFef;Omif;cdlifj?

ayM;nrfbOmif; awwdkuf;,dkOf;qdlOf;eBU efg;yD

2009 yAefvBjanb? qmifjyAefvBj OBm;ymif

vdlufjwifjyD 2010 OMjeB/

vFifbcmOfby.wf;xkifUrmOf; vmwfjOMj-

odkuf;rmefjwyfUr 88b 66 vkufUrdlif;rmefj

cdkefjrM;zFOfefg;rldif;wB; r.ufj 1b500-2b000

rdlOfjvAOfwdkufUyuf;,lbqlOfjcmOf;vBmvBmwDj efg;

aq@OAif;wlefjwD;? ulef;qrfqfgcOfjn.ufb zlj

u.ef;od kuf;rmefjvmwfjte/ vmrf;OMj-

qmifjyAefwMbcAifbwMU,dyf;ukrf; y.wf;qmef;

tvjy.wf;+ifb (odkuf;wB;wif;odkuf;OMU) OMjeB/

rdlOfjOef;xd 03_03_09 qOfjodkuf;vlif

wmef;xkwfUwAif; |zlju.ef;+ifjumef G-1 ?

ZBmboBmrBmuljv.ifjv.ifj vkrf;u.ef;wdlif;odkuf;

omrfqAifb (uAif;wkif) E yM;vkufje.ifU 5-6

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odkyfbcdkefjugMbwmif; ymifomif;? yM;u.ifjy.wf;

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qifby.ufjcdkef;/ vmrf;cmwfjOMj- zlju.ef;+ifj

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=Ofulef;/ oBmrBm=Of=def; ydlOfjwMb[Awf;yefOfg

rfgbqdlOf;eefU ayM;wif;yDje.ifUnlpf;vD[Of;

cOf wlOfjwef;,OfUauMj cFef;awMby.ifbyef

[Of;cMj/ qldOf;[Of;qOfjeMjwDj ZBmb[Awf;Ofg?

ZBmbulwfbulef;cOfjrldif;awrM;[Awf;yef/ 2Uefg;

qkrf;nlpf;vDwyfUOMU[Of;urfjz.ifj qdlOf;

olefqfgumefOmefjumefrdlif;ao uBUx.rfbcmOfb

imOf;e.ufjrldif; rdlefeifbcmOfbZBmbrmefj VOA,

RFA, DVB qdlOf;eefU {jZmifUowdcOf?

,Mb{jOifbOdlOfjq.rf;vM;vM;? yldefjyB.bcmOfbuFuf;

zmif; ,.ufjr.efbolef;nD; cfgjnOf=Of[Of;

avMbuef? yAefulef; ,MUuOf;Omefjrldif;wFufb

,BmjvkvFOfulpf;-OMjeB/

qOfjeMjwDjqkrf; rldif;vM;/ qkrf;OMU

rmifauMU xwf;omifOMj rD;,dlif;nmef; 2

v.ifj/ 1U odkuf;rmefjcfgj=UOMj qkrf;odkuf;OMU

xFrf[Fif;odkuf;vlif;rM;yuf;oOf; nOfwDj,lbOBU

q.rf;wFOf; y.wf;rldif;y.ufU rldif;uM rldif;zFef

=OfwOf;qdlOf;eBUrD;erfanbuMj[dkOf? yuf;oOf;

nOfwDj,lbOBUwDjvfgqdlifU[dkOfvBmvBm/ 2U ayM;

OBm;yDrfgbo.ef;erfU vdlefan@V\dlOf@ 17 Oef;

qkrf;OMUzdkefUOBmbzmwfbn.ufb yuy (CPB)

auMbwifj UWSP/UWSA udkwf;odkuf;rM;

cmOf;wmif; 20 yD? nefOMUaw[Awf;yB.;ckuf;

xlyf;c.yfjclyf; 20 yD cdkufU,fgbudkef;vlifeefU

Omif;zFefOBUqdlifU[dkOf? qkrf;vfgvFyfjawrM;

vBmvBm? oBmiBmvFyfj awyAefrM;Zmif[mifjqdlifU

[dkOfqdlOf;eefU cfgjugMbq.yfbiB.;vAyfj[Aef;wlpf;-

eB,OfU/ ❑


INDEPENDENCE

rdlOfj=Ofvdlefrmwfhcsf 09 rmefjulef;rdlif;

qdlOf;cOfjugMb[Awf;umefefg;ymifomif; [yfUqmifj

auMbomifj? [mefhvmifhvlwfhuM; =if;tr;vlwfU

uM;? cBmyk clOf;ukefbwdyf;w.yf;qdlOf;eBU qkrf;

odkuf;OMUm9yrmG9yh 0y.TsG9yr;y.s;yd5oyr s;y

sboyrp5jl;yr/ d,yhz:'yhgdkhd5;yglx:dyh,5b;yr?

qOfjeMjwDjOMU nOfuM; 6 avMU 3 vrf;

wmifbqmOf;rmefjvlif;yB.bwmif;rdlif;,mif; 50

yBm/ nefvkufUymifomif; vlif;wmif;rdlif;zFef

auMj rD;r.ufj 100 yBm-OMjeB/

vFifbcmOfbvmwfjOMj- ]y.wf;=OfwOf;

rdlif;zFefauMj rD;rmefjulef;=def;,lboOf;?

odkuf;OMUnrfbcgfjyef,lb/;wKrdK'y]5boy,K9yt-\y

,krowt gxkrpbxyr;y.dxyr95;y,KoyhxGoy06b;yh,Koyh

-5b;yr,Koyhgdkh 0:,yr]Koyj;kTsK,yh v,yjxoy

-;yh? efg;eMjvdefOMUukrf;,dyf; wif; oAifjeBU

ulef;rmefjcOfj[Awf;umefnrfb,.rf; 200-

300 auMU}-OMjeB/

v.ifjeBU udlwfbcdkefjyAefrM;OBm;ao =Of

eMjZBmb=rfbvlrfjodkuf; (MAS) q,z wyfU

rl;vMjoAOfj ugMb,.ef;cdkef;cdlifju.ifjumifb rdlOfj

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OBUwDjq.rfodkuf;t,;rsdefU rdlOfjefg;[mifvdlef

uFsef@edOf@'D@/

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vkufje.ifh 40 yBm ugMbpM;[kyfj,dkwf;cdlifju.ifj/

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uAif;wkif vwf;zmefb iOfjikef;wyfUqkrf;

369 ovdkOf; (eMjvdef NDAA qkrf;rldif;

vM;) odkyfbcdkefjugMbwmif;ymifomif;/ cdlifju.ifb

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wAif=rfbedlOfref;? zdlOfbylefUrdlif;y.ufUugMbr.ufj

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ulefj=pfj? xlifcOfjomefwif;cdlifju.ifj rmufbrDj

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nOfugMbyFwfjwif;rlwf;/ cdlifju.ifjvlifarMbxMb

120 mm 1 vOf; rmufb 40 vkufj? cdlifju.ifj

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oDvrfikuf;wlyfhiBm;zuf;ulwfU AK-47 ([dkOf)

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vOf;? cOfjomef 340 xlif/

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cdkef;cdlifju.ifjumifby.ufjeBU ulef;vlifOMUvmwfj

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umifbol? cOfjomefolrAwfUedkifjauMj [Of;nrfb

qmifjolifbyefcdkef;}- vFifbcmOfbodkyfbvmwfj

texFifjeifbeB/ ❑

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dG;yj]:'yh9wroy.r,5b'yrmwr9'yrlG'yh? o:dyhooyt

xwj,ur,5j06,yr]y. voy9K'yrmwr sxyts<'yr,dyr

,oyh;wtxGoy9K'yrdKoy (official) xGoyz5h9Coyr

9wr?

voyswKT]5b;yooytl,ty ,5j06,yrd,yho,y

p'yrxwjp5joy.rmko Zz;kTX 0K'yhsxyt]wh

okh9uhx6oyhz:'yr voyowt?

05;yhdkhxwj,ur,5j06,yro'yjowotw v,yj;kh

awKj9wr v,yj;khawKjmwr s^Tg9Pkr9K'yr

pKxyj? p:oyt;kh gxkr,urxoysk ]:'yh9wr,kr

d.kj]K9yhzy.v,yj]wh? ]K9yh,Koyhgdkh ,Koyh

v,yjsxytx6oyhz:oyr? 9K'yr9wrgdkh ,urxoysk/

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0K'yh0w:hdoys<xyj? ❑

l6bxyj,krokh 5

10 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

L

qOfj,.wfjodkuf; =OfyOfjc.if@oD@nOf

cdkef;qdkifjwB; (RCSS) zljerf;wyfUodkuf;qdkifj

wB; (SSA) vmwfjOMj- rdlOfjOef;xd 04_03_

2009 odkuf;rmefjwyfU cv, 65 rdlif;wlef

2 auMU vufUyBmjwyfU vwf;wmif;xdlefbcOfj

e.rf;ql;wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB; wDjeMjvdefodkuf;

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odkuf;rmefjrdlif;wlef yBmjql;wyfUodkuf;qdkifjwB;

rdlif;wlef? awMbeMjrdlif;xB; ndlifbr.efUydefb

aq@OAif;rdlif;Zmif) qOfj[mefwdkef;cdlOf; [yfU

w.efjOBU? wmifbwDjauMjidef;OMjyBmjerf-OMjeB/

odkuf;rmefj 2 auMUeefU 1U =Of[mef

ausMbrlOf; nMb,k 26 yD? 2U =Of[mefwdefbwAif;

nMb,k 27 yD/ vBjrM;u.ifjy.wf;auMUvOf;

vOf;/ wDjudlwfbrRif;rsMU wdlif;nDb'MbOWDb?

=Of[mef ausMbrlOf; (ausmfrdk;) =Of[mef wdefbwAif; (wifodef;)

trj,mif; ayMjrmefj? ,OfU=if;[Aef;qefU 8

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Oef;,ifUvdkOfj? rD;wmif;zdwf;ndwf;nDjauMj

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auMjnrfbrFefjueftvjvufUyBmj-eB,OfU/

rdlOfjyD 2002 odkuf;rmefjyBmjql;wyfU

odkuf;qdkifjwB; wDjiOfjqdkifjvB.wB;vFif; 10 yBm?

q.rfodkuf;vlif wAif;oAifb ,mrfjvmwfjefg;ymif

ukrf=Of[kyfj 4 vdlef c.ifwyfUodkuf;rmefjrdlOfj

oFyfUxFrf@VdlOf@ 2006 OMj- odkuf;rmefjwif;

rlwf;rD; cv, 215 wyfUu.if? cr, 340

wyfUu.if (=rfj 555)/ wMb 220 wyfU rD;

[Fif;odkuf;wFrfbvdlOf 300 (Olifjumif 200-

300) wMb 284 wyfUu.if [Fif;odkuf;nrfbxdkif

200 auMU/ ulef;odkuf;vufhyBmj efg;cmOf;wmif;

ulj 4 vdlef zwfUzAifbrD;[drf; 10b000 auMU

-eB,OfU/ ❑

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“Armppfom; ESpfa,mufu o#rf;jynfwyfrawmf trSwf2 ppfa'oxJa&mufvmw,f/ wyfwGif;r#wr_r±Sdvdk@xGufajy;vm&w,fvkd@ajymw,f? 2 a,mufp vkH; {&m0wDwdkif; ajrmif;jrZmwd/ppfr_xrf;vmwm 10 ESpfausmf?olwdk@ESpfa,mufudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGefvufcHau|;arG;xm;ygw,f” [kajymjy.?

“wyfwGif;&HyHkaiGtwGuf ausmuf/ òyH;wl;&w,f? tkwfzkwf&w,f? em;&ufr±Sdbl;? txuft&m±SdawGtóudufrvkyf&iftjypfay;'%fay;cH&w,f/ vpmaiGjzwfw,f? wyfwGif;&JabmfawG vnf;tcsif;csif;rwnfh=ubl;? r#wr_qdkwmr±Sdbl;? rcHEdkifawmh

etz wyfajy; o#rf;jynfwyfrawmf ESifh yl;aygif;vdk@xGufajy;vm=uwm”- [k tqkdyg wyfajy; 2 a,mufu ajymonf[kqdk.?

etzwyfwGif; txuft&m±Sdrsm; tcGifhxl;&+yD; atmufajcwyfom;rsm;rSm rw&m;apcdkif;r_ jiif;yef;ESdyfpufcH&r_ wdk@a=umifho#rf;jynf wyfrawmfxH r=umc% vma&mufyl;aygif;avh±Sdonf[kvnf; Adkvfr–;}uD;,Gufppfuqdkonf?

2006 pufwifbmtxd- ArmhwyfrawmfwGif ajcvsifwyf&if; 215 &if;/ ajcjrefwyf&if; 340 &if; - pkpkaygif; 555 wyf&if;±Sda=umif;/ 220 wyf&if; rSm w&if;v#if ysrf;r#tiftm; 200 rS300 =um;±Sd+yD;/ 284 &if;rSm vltiftm; 200 atmufa&mufaea=umif;/ wyfajy;rSmvnf; 4 v v#if ysrf;r#ta,muf 1 aomif;±Sda=umif;/ ppftpdk;&a=ujimxm;aom w&m;0ifpm&if;t& ArmppfwyfY ppftiftm; 4 odef; ±dSa=umif; 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk uqkd.? Ô


INDEPENDENCE

Oef;xd 11_03_09 qkrf;ulOf;umifUudkwf;

odkuf; nefzdlifusM;odlif;n.ef=Ofqwf;[Awf;

Oef;auMbwifjwyfUodkuf;nlpf;vD [email protected]@

c'FwfUwdufUuljqmOf;cdlOf;rldif;rmefj (MND

AA - Myanmar National Democratic Alli-

ance Army) wDjiOfjikef; OAif;vmOfbuBm;?

OBm;aozdkefUOBmbzmwfbn.ufb yMbwDbc.rf@rdOf@

edwfUrldif;rmefj (CPB) yuy ao udkwf;okduf;

rM;c.yfjclyfb 20 yD/ rD;odkuf; 800 yM;u.ifj

wif;vkufj[Aef;yM;vFOf;+ufb qBm;imefOmefj

qkrf;ulOf;umifUudkwf;odkuf;[Awf;ymifckuf;xlyf;

Oef;auMbwifjwyfUodkuf;c.yfjclyfb 20 yD

=rfj 2b000 yBte Zmif[mifjodkuf;? ulef;

cOfj=rfj 40b000 yBm? qOfjeMjwDjodkuf;rmefj

¢uo vmOfbuBm;auMjugMbcOfj=rfj/

zdlifusM;odlif; r.ufbvmwfjylifugmrf;OMj-

][Of;yluf;y.ifeMjvdefcdkufUw.ef;rBm (1) rM;vBj

20 yD? vBjzAOfjrlpfU,MjrOf;urftwbyD 2002

rM;/ okefbvBjwyfUodkuf;_ulef;rldif; [Of;eBh

wuf;vBjrFwfbyFif;uFwfbtct[UuifjugMb ydlOfjwMb

{jOmefjrdlif;uwf;,Aef}-eB,OfU/

vFifbcmOfby.wf;xkifUrmOf;y.ifbrM;OMj-

Oef;y.B; 11-13_03_09 eefh zljn.ef=Of

qkrf;udkwf;odkuf;ugMbcOfj=rfjwif;erf/ urfjerf

yAefzljrD;qefUef g;vkufjqkrf;wFOf;=rfj

[email protected]@ca'@[email protected];,Aef (PDF)

4 qkrf; qdlOf;yuf;iOfjikef;q.rf;vFefvdeftcb

=rfjuefauMbwifj PDF rdlOfj 1989 ? rdlefeifb

qkrf;rldif;vM; NDAA-ESS ? qkrf;ymifomif;?

UWSP/UWSA qkrf;ulOf;umifh MNDAA ?

qkrf;cmifefg;rldif;cmif NDAK oclifbwdifbidif;

n.ef=Of/ qkrf;rldif;vM; tvj qkrf;ymifomif;

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ppftkyfpktac:txl;a'o 1 udk;uef@®r@awmfavmufudkifwGifusif;ycJhonfhtcrf;tem;trnf tm;udk;uef@wdkif;&if;om;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'ownfaxmifjcif;ESifh jrefrmjynftrsdK;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwfwyfrawmf MNDAA zGJ@pnf;jcif;tESpf(20)ajrmufae@[k ajymif;vJoHk;pGJxm;a=umif; typf&yfrsm;ESifheD;pyfolwpfOD;uoSsrf;oHawmfqifhodk@ajymonf?

1989 rwfhcsf(12)&ufY zkef=um;±Sif; zkef=um;zl; nDtpfudkOD;pD;onfh udk;uef@vufeufudkifwyf 3000 eD;yg;ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDCPB vufatmufrS cGJxGufcJhjcif;udktxdrf; trSwftjzpfusif;ycJhbl;aomfvnf; ,ckESpfwGifrltzufzuf. wkdufwGef;ajzmif;jzr_a=umifhtrnfajymif;vJvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

11§3§09 ae@u pusif;yonfh tcrf;tem;wGif udk;uef@

tESpf 20 jynf h udk;uef@wyfzGJ@ txdrf;trSwfusif;ywdkif; &if;om;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;pdwfyg0ifpm;r_ ydkrdktm;aumif;vma=umif; typf&yfESifheD;pyfoluajymonf?

“reufydkif; 8 em&Dausmfavmufup+yD;vkyfw,f/ ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;rSmtiftm;u2000 avmuf±Sdw,f? AK 47 (M 22)

aoewfudkifpHjywyfzGJ@800/ "g;vHSudkifppfonf200/ ausmif;olausmif;om;vli,farmifr,f 1000/ zdwf=um;xm;wJh 5-6 zGJ@ typf&yf acgif;aqmif{nfhonfawG a'ocHawG tm;vHk; 4 aomif;ausmfwufw,fAs”- [k ‚if;uajymonf?

ArmhwyfrawmfrStjrifhqHk;ppft&m±Sd[lI avmufudkif'upr–; AdkvfcsKyf0if;armif ESifh tcsKd@wyfr–;rsm; Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm;omwufa&muf=u.?

OuUX zkef=um;±Sif; rdef@cGef;ajym+yD; 'upr–;tvSnfha&muf

s;yx;yh]5'y MNDAA z5b'yd\krl5b'yr ,:dyj]K9yhg-khd.K,yr;oyrxw:r

12 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

Lwif;ulef;n.efbulef;vlif 1 qkrf;vfgcOfj=rfj

odyf;yBm/ qkrf;udkwf;odkuf;wmifbqkrf; rdlefeifb

qkrf;wB;udkwf;odkuf;y.wf;+ifb iOfjikef;oFifuFOfh?

qkrf;r.ef;? qkrf; KIO ? qkrf; KDA y.wf;+ifb

qdlOf;eBUauMjugMbcOfj=rfj-OMjeB/

eMjvdefulOf;umifh wifj,lbefg;qdkifjwB;

y.wf;+ifbZBmbn.ufbclif;? ,mOf;vlif;q.rf;wmif;

+ifbwmif;qmef;/ rdlOfjuljy.ufj awMbxdkif z.if;

odkuf;vkrfjZMUy.ufj 2 yM;efg;rldif;qOfjZMU

oFefOD? OBm;odkuf;vkrfjZMU,OfU ulOf;umifU,.ef;

zmwfbn.ufb/ rdlOfjulOf;umifUyBbzmwfbn.ufb rldif;

qOfjZMUefg;qdkifjwB; vBmqmOf;cdlOf; wB; xek

ynlOf; yv.ifj OMU rD;rM; 33 rdlif;? OBm;ulOf;

umifUzmwfbn.ufbrD;rM; 34 rdlif;/ rdlOfjvAOf

odkuf;rmefjyuf;efg;eMjvdefulOf;umifU (rD; 1

wuo) rD; 7 wyfUu.if? wDjvDwDjcFrfU u.if;vB.

Oef;zwf;xd 05_03_2009 =if;yB.boAifOD@nlOf@an@ (VOA) nefyuf;vkrf; OAif;vlifaOM@osdif@wef@ qdkifjrldif;nar@'dcdlOf@

twbyB.boAifcmOfbqmOf;cdlOf; zMoMrmefj ,mrf; 05;30-07;00 rlif;? [dkif 10 rdedwfU/ cmOfbrldif;wB; wif; cmOfbuljqmOf;cdlOf; rdlefeifb cmif

csmif; ,mif;vFif ,mif;zdlufb r.ef; 'cFifb (ZBmbrmefj) qdrfzdkwfUn.ufbefg;rlif;cmOfbrmefj? qfgUqdkOfjOMj (FEVR - Free Ethnic Voice Radio)

yAef[Bm;umef c.if (VOA) ? awyB.bn.ufbedkifjOlifjedkifjy.ufj-eB,OfU/

cmOfbqmOf;cdlOf;zMoMrmefj efg;qlOfjrlif;zMoMrmefjeBU zlj[yfUykefjz.ef;[McmOfb? wFrfjcmOfb? nmefbcmOfbtvjzljuAOfbc.ifjcOf vBjcdkefj

ymifZdkuf;z.efhrdlOfj=OfvdlefusFef@edOf@'D@ 2009 ? zljnmefbcmOfb qBm;rdlif; (qmOf;wB;) ekymefb (qmOf;cmif) zljuFOf[Bm;umef csmef;vlifb

(qmOf;r.ef;)/

,dlif;nmef;ydlifvlifeBU cfgj{jqmOf;cdlOf;uljqmOf;cdlOf; vBj=UcmOfbimOf; nefudlwfbyAefuljaq@rldif; tvj qmOf;cdlOf;vFufjvBmjcmOfbuef?

ydefbyBbwmif;=Uuef? =rfjuef[Awf;omifj/ cmOfbqmOf;cdlOf; nefzljodkOfbcmOfbwmifbwDjtvj eufUcmOfbrmefj,dkef;nrfbxdkifvBjqdlOf;eefU cfgj{j

qmOf;rmefj=Uq.rf;? u.yfjOMjuMjylefUrM; ayM;yAefzljodkOfbcmOfbrmefjw.ifjxmrf qmOf;cdlOf;nrfbayM;cfgjw.yfbeBtvj qifbvBjtwb[Awf;rM;/

OD@nlOf@an@ (VOA)

yB.boAifcmOfbqmOf;cldOf; zMoMrmefj

aomfvnf; rdrdtpDtpOfudk AdkvfcsKyf0if;armif zsufvdkufonf? udk;uef@ acgif;aqmif. rdef@cGef;udk rESpf®r@ojzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;jzpfonf[k typf&yfacgif;aqmifrsm;oHk;oyf=uonf?

OD;zkef=um;±Sif. rdef@cGef;wGif udk;uef@ jynfolESifh wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk;. tcGifha&;ESifh&ydkifcGifhrsm;tjynfht0 r&rcsif; +idrf;csrf;pGmqufvufwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf/ tqifhjrifhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;

a'o}uD;jzpfap&ef wnfaqmufoGm;rnf? wrsKd;om;vHk;wef;wlnDr# tusKd;cHpm;cGifh±Sdonfh EdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufoGm;rnf/ EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;pm;yGJay: ajz±Sif;onfhenf;vrf;udkvdkvm;onf/ tiftm;oyfv#dKaoG;xdk;r_zJhxkwfpnf;±kH;r_rSefor#udkqef@usifonf- ponfh t"dutcsuf rsm;yg0ifa=umif;? Ô

vB.okif wDjvrfbv.ifj wMbumefodkuf;qdlOf;eBU

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INDEPENDENCE

0wKr-,yr]Gdyr c]h 0wKrmurlC'y ,5b;yhxw:rxu,y.j9wr #@Q#

;G'yr]oyHfoyH ,5b'yrvb'yrd]G9yh

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;oyrmb #)T%T#QQ+ xGoy;oyrd5b9yj

g,kd.K,yr]5'ys;yr 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr vkp69G,y (Q

gxkrv;yab'yh9wr;khgdkh vkp69G,ys<xyh05;yh

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9:oyh-:'y-.oy sy>hvkp6p6boyrpK;yr -6boyhpy.j

,y.jl6'yd.kjmC'yh?

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c.oyd.K,yrm6dyj,Coyhowt ]u]5b;yx5boyh? 0:,yro'yj

sT95;y;kh g9v,yjd.kj05r]whc]h d;y-kh-y.h

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,kr? g9s<'ytd.K,yr9wrxKoy,y.jgdkh v,yj,uro,y?

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05b;yrowt ]whm6dyjd.K,yr 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr x5dyr96boyj

06'y0oy,kr-6boyr?

❑ dKxyh,5b;yh]G;y 05b;yr9C,yhd.K,yr9wrxKoy,y.j

,uro,y,krowt g9]wh;kh xGoyp:oytz:oyr

xK'yhl6bxyjlKoy,kr9uh 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr owgdkh

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❑ xKoyz5h9C,yh-;yo6,yjc9t o'yjs6b;y9wr

05b;yrv,yjg,k]bdyh9wrd.K,yr9wr g9g,k

,krooyt 96bdyTg9-9yr0y.9,yr;K'yrzCoydKoy

7, skh95;y& Zg,k]5 g,k9C,yh g,koxyt g,kl:oy

g,kx:'yX? oy.rdKoy]5'yvoyowt 0wKr-,yr]Gdyr

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vb'yrd]G9yh;khS Jd.K,yr,Koyhd;yj 05b;yrvoy

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d.K,yrd;yj05b;yrc,rs<'yt,y.jgl -wK]uooytgdkh

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oy.r06b'yh,5b'yrs^,yh96,y]wKro6b'yh

14 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

L

0wKr-,yr]Gdyr s<'ytd.K,yr,5oyh0y. ,5b;yhxw:rxu,y.j9wr #@Q# ;G'yr]oyHfoyH ,5b'yrvb'yrd]G9yh

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oy.rooty-whco9K'yrpKxyj0y.9wr oy.rcdhdK'y

xuho:'yt,Koyh05b;yt-5b;yrpy.jc]h d5oyr;G'yr]5'yc;y?

J,5b;yh-;yhdK9yj]5'y 0;yhg]kT,kTgdkh

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Amporn Jirattikorn : Shan Noise,Burmese sound Crafting selves through

pop music xxyt Conference on Shan Bud-

dhism and Culture (8-9 December 2007)

❑


INDEPENDENCE

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16 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

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INDEPENDENCE

-,yr dkh-oy-6bdyT-,yj

-,yr v,yjo6dyr-5oyr0,yt

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-,yr luxK'yj';yrs^b;yh

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crf;vAuf;

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v:oyx5b'yrawrcooK'yr-K;yrs6b'ygld,yr ? 05;yh-K;yrsboyr-'y c,hs<'yhl:oy

60 yD@ cl;arMwB; qBm;crf;vAuf;

18 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

L

dKoym:,yj'boyrowt v,yj;khoy.rs^boyrs6b;y

o:dyhsboyr ,oyr],yj]:'yh? oK'yr,boyH]y]uH

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s6b;ys^T" ? gikH[9ytgdkh9:xyj;kh JsT]wh ,5b;yh

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INDEPENDENCE

vb'yrd]G9yh mwr lG'yv:dyj 9wr;kh]wh mw:h9wr2,Koyhvoy0y.Tp5j

A 9wr,ur,KdyjsG'yr $ lCoyr 0:,yro'yjvzbmKoyj Cushing 1881

@T ,KdyjsG'yr-wjxk xGoy0:,yrzb;yo'y

#T ,KdyjsG'yrawr xGoy0:,yrokhc]ho'ys^;y

$T ,KdyjsG'yrpK9yj xGoy0:,yrokh c]ho'ys^;y gxkrxK9yjv:dyj0K'yhczh

AA mwr;kh9K'yj]wKrgdkh,ur �� Z,o69yrdboyH-5oyHX? 9wr]5'yp'yrxwj0y.T Z,o69yrX c]h p'yrxwjly.jxkr?

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m6dyj,Coyhl69yr oy.rgvrl\b3;yH0G'yj0Koyr;oyrv:dyj gdkh;kh]wh (The Shan language now possesses what is probably the most

adequate orthography in all of Southeast Asia) ? ly.jly.j,kr m6b'y-oyh;kh 0K'yhv:dyjlG'ymw:h 05b;yrvoyv,yj0y.hd.K,yr9wr (Further exten-

sions have made it more adaptable to the rendering of non-Shan words) ?

d.K,yr]K9yh9wr]5'ygdkh sKoytg9kj,:dyh @+(_ ,kr xGoyzklkdK'y (lingua franca) d,yhz:'yh;kh d.K,yr]5'y (mandarin) -:'y,5b'yr9wr

gdkh;kh]wh? 0K;yr]w: voyxGoyvkh-kj ]krsj 05b;yrowt d.kj,kr9uh]y.gdkh 0y.T96b;yrd.K,yr9wr]5'y x5b;yh9kj]K9yhg9kjd5oyr05b;yrv,yj0y.h-5b;yr-;y?

20 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

Ld5Pyrdkh pK,yr]G;y]Cdyh]wKhd.kjxC9yh,59yr? ,5boyo'yj9kh-uh]Gdyrowt oy.rs<'yhsGoyr s^Tdkh]wh0y.T96b;yrd.K,yr,Koyh xGoy]dyr,oyr? p:oyt;kh

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d.K,yr,Koyhd.kj?

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INDEPENDENCE

d.K,yrl:oy,5b'yrx5boyh

,wK9:'yr doy @% v,yj]whly.jxkr?

udkifhumifhudefqmifjuFefh ukdifhumifhvFefjqmifjvlrfh

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t&ifpvkdpm;=qdk‹eifhwwf/ t&ifpvdkajy;=acGvJwwf(jym,mcwfawmh ab;awG‹wwf)

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Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, Chapter 15

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22 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

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1. jynfyaiGa=u;tultnDukdusKyfwdk‹ tyltjyif;vkd tyfaeygw,f?

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vrf;apmifh*dwfapmifhawmif;pm; ppfom;awGvJ tqrwefbJ? yg;pyfuajymawmh vrf;jyifzkd@wHwm;jyifzkd@wJh? aumufvkdufwJhykdufqH/aiGrjrifzl;/ rukdifzl;wJhvkdifpif&"g;jyawG? wu,fwrf;usawmhjynfolvlxkukdbJjyef+yD; t"rRvkyftm; ay;ckdif;/ vkyftm;ay;roGm;EkdifwJholqDu '%faiGxyfaumuf? igwkd@o#rf;jynfxJvmae+yD; igwkd@ukdjyefckdif;pm;/ t&dyfae tcufcsKd;wJh/ aus;Zl;uef;rdp>me,fcsJ@ ppftkyfpk? igwkd@xrif;au|;xm;wJhacG; igwkd@ukdjyefukdufw,f?ajymawmhOya' ukdqef@usifwJhvl zrf;qD;w,fwJh/ Oya'ukdazmufzsufaewm'if;wkd@bJ? 'gha=umifhajymwm'if;wkd@ajymwJhOya'qkdwmt"dyüg,fr±Sdbl;-vkd@?

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befaumufrS pkdif;urf23/ 1/2009


INDEPENDENCE

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EdkifiHa&;/ppfa&;

pmrsufESm 25 okd‹

24 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

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Armppftpdk;& Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm; typf&yftzGJ@xdef;csKyfe,fajrtwGif; tzGJ@ 4 - 5 zGJ@cJG+yD; oef;acgifpm&if;opf vSnfhvnfaumuf,la=umif; w±kyfe,fpyfowif;&yfuGufu qdk onf?

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vuf±SdArmppftpdk;&toHk;ðyonfh acwfrSDaxmufvSrf;a&;enf;pepfwrsKd;rSm ,lwDtrfrf Universal Transverse Mercator

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±k±Sm;okH;aeaoma&'gopftrsK d;tpm;rSm IK 117 m

trsKd;tpm;jzpfonf[kvnf;azmfjyxm;onf? Ô


INDEPENDENCE

rwfhcsfqef;ydkif;u }wd*Hwdkif;ppfXmcsKyf *sD0rf; - 0 XmecsKyfyefqef;odk@ &ufydkif;c&D;xGufpOf rdkif;ayguf±Sd 0 wyfr[mr–;tm;EdkifiHjcm;toHv$ifhXmerS xkwfv$ifhaom owif;rsm;em;axmif+yD;em;ra,mif=u&ef 0 t&m±Sdrsm;tm; owday;wdkufwGef;oifhonf[k ajymcJha=umif; w±kyfe,fpyfowif;uqdkonf?

rwfcsf 3 &ufu usKdif;wHktajcpdkuf}wd*Hwdkif;*sD0rf;Adkvfr–;}uD;oef;xGËfodef;ESifhtaygif;yg 5-6 a,mufonf usKdif;wHk±SdUWSA ±kH;rS 0 udk,fpm;vS,ft&mtcsKd@udkzdwfac:I usKdif;wHk- rdkif;,ef; - rdkif;zJsef - [dkawm0f; - rdkif;ayguf rS wqifh yefqef;XmecsKyfodk@oGm;a&mufcJha=umif;/ 6 &ufae@rS usKdif;wHkodk@jyefoGm;a=umif;/ yefqef;Y rnfolwkd@ESifh awG@+yD; rnfonfhudpPrsm; aqG;aEG;cJhonfukd tao;pdyfrod&aomfvnf; wyfr[m 468 XmecsKyfrdkif;aygufY c&D; w axmufem;pOf wyfr[mr–;tm; t"duESpfcsufajymqdkcJhonf[kqdkygonf?

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azaz:0g&DvaESmif;ydkif;u 0 xdef;csKyfe,fajr ESifh rdkif;vm;xdef;csKyfe,fajrtwGif; etz Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm; oef;acgifpm&if;qif;aumufpOf e,fjcm;*dwfapmifh UWSA 0 wyfzGJ@u - “txufu trdef@r&wJhtwGuf jzwfoef;cGifh rðyEdkif”- [k tjywfajymcJhonfhtwGuf vl 27 a,mufyg um; 2 pD; rdkif;,ef;odk@jyefvSnfhum usKdif;wHkodk@jyefcJh&onf?

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zGJ@ pnf; xm;aomfvnf;/ e,fajra'o tajctae rwla=umif;/o#rf;jynfta&;avhvmonfhyk*~ dKvfwOD;u- “txl;a'o 1udk;uef@e,fajrrSm ppftpdk;& tajcpdkufxm;wJh wyf&if; 7 &if;±Sdw,f? ta&;}uD;wJh e,fajrtrsm;pkvnf; ppftpdk;&uajcukwf,lxm;w,f? 0 eJ@ rdkif;vm;bufawmhtJvdkr[kwfbl;? etz rcs,fvS,fEdkifwJhoD;jcm;udk,fydkifvGwfvyfe,fajrawGjzpfw,f? 0 eJ@ rdkif;vm;tzGJ@ta&;óuHvm&if tcsif;csif;ulnDEdkifayr,fh udk;uef@udkawmhoGm;ulzdk@rvG,fbl;? c&D;utqefc&D;jzpfaew,f”- [kqdk.?

2010 a¶G;aumufyGJ/ 'DtwkwftaESmifxJvGwf¶kef;xGuf'grSu|efouftqkH;wkdifr,f ?

pmrsufESm 23 rS

26 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

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INDEPENDENCE

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32 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

Lðzwfodrf;ypfvdkufygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ typf&yftzGJ@i,f wcdsK@vHk;0ysufpD;oGm;cJhw,f? wcsdK@vufeufcscJ h=u&w,f? tckolwdk@toHr=um;&awmhygbl;? 'g[mwu,hfvufawG@jzpf&yfyJjzpfygw,f?EdkifiHa&;t&}uHhckdifr_r&SdwJhtcg/ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_r&SdwJhtcg (e0w-etz) ppftpdk;&jyKor#Ek&wJhb0a&mufoGm;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdrdwdk@oufqdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf; awGtwGif; EkdifiHa&;t& }uHhckdifzdk@eJ@pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_±dSzdk@ vdktyfygw,f?

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udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&wdkif;§a'oOD;pD;tzGJ@rsm;&J@ Oya' pmrsufESm 35 okd‹

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INDEPENDENCE

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“wkdif;&if;om;awGrSm vufeufukdifwdkufckdufqJ tzGJ@±Sdw,f/ typf&yftzGJ@±Sdw,f/ jynfwGif;rSm cGefxGef;OD;wkd@vkd EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@±Sdw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckcsif;pD&J@taetxm;urwl=ubl;?typf&yftzGJ@awG 2010 a±G;aumufyGJukd0ifrvm;r0ifbl;vm;qkdwmtckcsdeftxd *Ce% rod&ao;bl;/ olwkd@taeeJ@ ca&aphwGif;usajymzkd@0efav;w,f? typfr&yfwJh tzGJ@awGuawmh 2010a±G;aumufyGJukd t,kHt=unfr±Sdbl;? 0if®yifzkd@vJtm;ray;bl;qkdwJhtaetxm;rSm±Sdw,f? SDU taeeJ@ etz u a±G;aumufyGJyg0if,SOf®yifcGifhrðybl;/ usaemfwkd@uvnf;0ifr®yifbl;qdk&if olwkd@ukdvkH;vkH;t±_H;ay;wJhoabmrsKd;jzpfaew,f? yg0ifr,fqkdjyefawmhvJolwkd@ukd Ligetimacy w&m;0ifowfrSwfay;ovkdrsKd;jzpfoGm;r,f?a±G;aumufyGJ rwkdifciftxd usaemfwkd@bufuqufvufcsifh csdefaqG;aEG;zkd@vkdr,fvkd@jrifw,f?”

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OD;atmifausmfaZm

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NLD awmif;qdkwJh Constitution Review ukd usaemfwkd@tjynfht0axmufcHw,f? wkdif;&if;om;awGukday;xm;wJhukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'oawG/ wkdif;awGuppfrSef wJhtcGifhta&;rygbJeJ@t}uD;tuJukdawmifrS ukd,fh[mukdrcef@tyfEkdif/ etzu aocsmayguf tEkdif&atmifjyifqifxm;awmhwkdif;&if;om;ygwDtzGJ@i,fav; awGtaeeJ@ ukd,fha'orSmukd,f0ifr,fqkd&ifawmifrStEkdif&zkd@vrf;p r±Sdoavmufjzpfaew,f?”

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typf&yfrsm; ESifh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ

“tckwavm UWSA, SSA-N,

KIO pwJhtypf&yftzG J @awG vufeufpGef@+yD;awmhygwDtoGiful;ajymif;zkd@/2010a±G;aumufyGJ rSm yg0ifzdk@ppftpdk;&uajymqkdwkdufwGef; pnf;±kH;aewmbmha=umifh ygvJ?vmr,fha±G;aumufyGJtay:rSm wkdif;&if;om;awG b,fvkdjrif ygovJ?”

34 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

L=uw,f?ygcsifrSygr,f? e,fpyfa'ovufeufukdiftzGJ@trsm;pkuawmh t"du vufeufrðzwfa&;jy\embJ? a±G;aumufyGJ 0ifa&;r0ifa&;udkawmh tJavmuftxd av;av;eufeufodyfrpOf;pm;bl;? vufeufðzwfcHrSmukdvufawG@olwkd@ykdpOf;pm;w,f? wkdif;&if;om; tzGJ@awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u rvkyfoifhrvkyfoifh olwkd@od=uw,f? 'gayrJholwkd@tiftm;r±Sdbl;/ wcsKd@wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawG ukd,fhukd,fukdvdrf=uw,f? wcsKd@uawmh awmfawmfhukdt0ifcHxm;&awmhoGm;csifoGm;=ur,f? tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif;ao;ao;}uD;}uD;3 zGJ@uGJoGm;Ekdifw,f? 'D[mukdvufrcHEkdifbJ qufwkdufoGm;r,fhtzGJ@/ 'DudpPrSmrygyg&apeJ@vkd@qkdwJh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif? AdkvfemrnfcHxm;+yD; rdom;pkeJ@qdkwJhtdwfazmif;oGm;wJhtzGJ@ 'DudpPrSmrygawmhbl;vkd@qkd+yD; xGufzkd@óud;pm;aewJhvlwcsKd@/ wwd,uawmhArmtpkd;& eJ@qufvufwGJ+yD; &wJhae&m0if,lr,f qkdwJhacgif;aqmifwcsKd@±Sdw,f?”

OD;atmifausmfaZm

“wkdif;&if;om;awGnD!Gwfr_r±Sd&ifa±G;aumufyGJtwGuf vkdcsifwJhar#mfrSef;csufwpfckckbmqufvkyfvkd@&rvJ? jynfwGif;+idrf;tzGJ@ awG&J@tcuftcJawGukd=unfhr,fqkd&if 2 rsKd;±Sdw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDzGJ@vkd@omajymw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDzGJ@pnf;jcif;qkdif&mOya'ukdetzu rxkwfjyefao;awmh b,fvkduef@owfcsufawG xdef;csKyfcsufawGygrSef;rodbl;? tifrwefa=umufp&maumif;wJh tuGufwuGufjzpfw,f? aemufwpfckuEkdifiHa&;ygwDzGJ@pnf;jcif;eJ@wkdif;&if;om;awG vufeufukdifxm;wJhudpPukdðzwfodrf;zkd@ 'grSr[kwftoGifajymif;zkd@/ jynfol@ppf okd@r[kwf umuG,fa&;toGifajymif;zkd@qkdwJht}uHt^m%fawGuygaew,f? ygwDzGJ@a&;qkdwmuvufeuf ðzwfa&;twGufaxmifacsmuf wpfckvkdjzpfrSmukd olwkd@pkd;&drfw,f? ygwDzGJ@a&;&J@aemufuG,frSmvJ tJ'DhygwDawG[mwu,fbJukd,fha'oukd,fhtajctaeeJ@tEkdif&zkd@±Sdr±Sda±G;aumufyGJ[mw&m;r#ww,foef@±Sif;w,fvkd@ajym+yD;awmhwbufuwkdif;&if;om;ygwDawGvHk;0tEkdifr&atmif vkyfxm;r,fqkd&if tvkdtavsmuf etza±G;aumufyGJ w&m;0ifatmif vkyfay;ovkdjzpfoGm;r,f? tcGifhta&;vnf;tppftrSefr&bl;? vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wwJh a±G;aumufyGJykHo¾mefrjzpfwJh tE W&m,f±Sdw,f?”

Akdvfrª;}uD;cGefOuUm

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rJhajcaxmufav;wzuf&yfvkd@&&if 0if&yf=unfhvm;qdkwJh tawG;rsKd;eJ@ 0ifcsifwJhvlvnf;±SdrSmaygh? wu,fwrf;wkdif;&if;om;nD!Gwfa&;vkyfcsif&if ppfrSefwJhzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkvkyf&ifwcgwnf;&rSm”

pkdif;0rf;qkdif

“awmif;qkdwJhtwkdif; rvkdufemwJh vufeufukdiftiftm;pkawGukd zdtm;ay;&if 'DvlawGu awmfvSefwmwkd@ awmckdwmwkd@±SdvmEkdifovm;qkdawmh tzGJ@}uD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJukdjyefroGm;csif=uwJhatmufrSm ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy+yD;ppftpkd;& ukdwif;rmwJhawmif;qkdr_vkyfae=uw,f? wcsKd@uvnf; rvGJomra±Smifomjyifqifr_vkyfae=uw,f? trsKd;om;nDvmcH+yD;uwnf;u e,fpyfuvufeufukdiftzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;jyifqifr_awG±Sd=uw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;pvkyfxm;uwnf;u txl;a'o 1§2§3§4 wkd@rSm wyfom;opfwkd;csJ@vkd@r&bl; qkdwm±Sd+yD;om;? KIA uvGJ&if 1994 rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;,lxm;wJh tzGJ@awGrSm? wyfom;opfpkaqmif;wm/ ppfa&;avhusifhwmajymifajymifwif;wif;bJvkyfcJh=uw,f? 'Dvkyfaqmifr_ &nf±G,fcsuf 2 rsKd;±SdwmawG@&w,f? wpfckuukd,fha'oxJ wu,f0ifwkdufvm&if ckcHr,fqkdwJh&nf±G,fcsuf/ aemufwckuawmh Armppftpkd;&eJ@pum;ajymwJhtcgrSm ukd,fhtiftm;ukdxdef;odrf;jy+yD;awmh pum;ajymwmrsKd;? usaemfwkd@okH;oyfcsuft&ajym&r,fqkd&if tpOftvm}uD;wJhwcsKd@trsKd;om;wyfzGJ@awG UWSA vkdtrsm;pkuawmh olwkd@0 e,fukdxdyg;vmr,fqkd&if jyefckcHwkdufckdufzkd@tqifoifhbJ?”

“'gayrJh UWSA u nDvmcHvnf; wav#mufvkH;wufcJhw,f? olwdk@e,fxJrSm bdef;utppGyfpGJwmawG±SdcJhw,f/ olwkd@wkduf&ifolwkd@tusKd;pD;yGg;rxdckdufEkdifbl;vm;qkdawmh/ nDvmcHrSmrvGJomra±Smifom axmufcHcJhw,fvkd@b,folrSajymvkd@r&ao;ygbl;? rESpfu atmufwkd bmrSm xkwfjyefwJh PDF a=ujimrSmvJazmfjycJh+yD;+yD? olwkd@awmif;qkdcsufawGukd jyefvnfqef;ppfzkd@t}udrf}udrfwifjycJhw,f? &mckdifE_ef;jynfhaxmufcHw,fqkdwm b,ftzGJ@ tpnf; rSr±SdcJhbl;? KIO bJjzpfjzpf/ 'grSr[kwfawmfawmfhukd,kdifeJ@ae+yDvkd@ajym=uwJh SSA-N acgif;aqmifawGbJjzpfjzpf&mE_ef;jynfhaxmufcHw,fvkd@ b,folrSrajymcJhbl;? tm;vkH;toD;oD;rSm jyifqifr_awG±Sd=uw,f? SSA-N rSm Armppftpkd;&eJ@wcsDwarmif;avmufEGJ=uOD;r,fqkdwJhvlrsKd;±Sdovkd/ Constitution

atmufrSm&wJh[mav;rdSef;+yD;awmh ±Gmpm;}uD;vkd®r@pm;}uD;vkdaecsifwJhvlrsKd;vJ±SdrSmbJ?”

OD;atmifausmfaZm


INDEPENDENCE

“wcsDwarmif;avmufEGJcsifwJhtzGJ@awG±Sd&if±Sdr,f? usaemfxifwmacgif;aqmifr_tykdif;&J@ odrf;oGif;r_tay:rSm trsm;}uD;rlwnfw,f? acgif;aqmifawGay:vm&if wcsDwarmif;EGJcsifwJh tzGJ@awGrsm;vmr,f?”

pkdif;0rf;qkdif

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Akdvfrª;}uD;cGefOuUm

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rSm&Sd+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? vufeufudkifxm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckEkdifiHa&;zuful;ajymif;r,fqdk&if EkdifiHa&;pum;ajymzkd@vdktyfygw,f?

csKyfvdkuf&if (etz) ppftpdk;& tajccHOya'qdk wmeJ@wpfzufucsKyfudkifvmovdk/ ppfa&;/ oyfv#Ld®zcGJa&;wJh enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ@tusyfudkifvmaeyg+yD? 'DtcuftcJudk b,fvdkausmfvGef=urvJqdkwm typf&yftzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;taeeJ@ vuf&Sd}uHKawG@ ae&wJh tajctaeudk taotcsmqkyfudkif+yD;/ ukefvGefcJhwJhESpf(20) udked*Hk;csKyfuma±S@tem*wfa0;a0;txd ar#mf=unhf=u&r,fvdk@,lqygw,f? tcsdefuodyfr&Sdawmhygbl;?

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pkdif;0rf;qkdif

“ukd,fhukd,fukd ppfrSefwJh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifvkd@ ,lq=u&if ukd,fhtzGJ@t pnf;u wkdif;&if;om;ta&; aqmif±GufwJhtzGJ@tpnf;vkd@ukd,fhukd,fukd,lq+yD; rlvvrf;a=umif;twkdif;av#mufr,fqkd&ifawmh 2010 a±G;aumufyGJ 0ifp&mta=umif;r±Sdygbl;?”

OD;atmifausmfaZm

wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;awG 2010 a±G;aumufyGJ 0ifoifhr0ifoifh tajctaeukdaemufqkH; tcsdeftxd apmifh=unfh &OD;rSmyg?ppftpkd;&uawmh ol@&J@tajccHOya'[m t&ifu a&;qGJwJhtajccHOya'awGxuf wkdif;&if;om;awGukd tcGifhta&;ykday;xm;w,f/ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhoabmrsKd; wkdif;a'o}uD;awG ygw,fvkd@ajymaeygw,f? ppftpkd;&ajymwJhpnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;eJ@ wkdif;&if;om;awG vkdcsifwJhwef;wltcGifhta&; b,favmuf xdeD;pyfaevJqkdwmapmifh=unfh&OD;rSmyg?

BBC OD;armifarmifoef;11 rwfcsf 2009

36 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

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INDEPENDENCE

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DICTATOR

MED

IA

38 Vol. 26, No. 254, 2009

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S.H.A.N. P.O.Box 15, Nong Hoi P.O., Chiangmai 50007, Thailand

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