WtW Malaysian Insider BM Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA.............................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA


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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE MALAYSIANINSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Malaysian Insider Bahasa Malaysia we found thefollowing trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The coverage of parties and coalitions was relatively equally split between BN and PR, with

a very slight skew towards PR.

The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over92%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive and negativecoverage, while PR were attacked the most often.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, but the volume of mention-level coveragegiven to politicians from both coalitions was remarkably equal.

The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over84%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN politicians were given the most positivecoverage and were attacked the most, while PR politicians were given the most negativecoverage.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

BN were used as sources much more often than both independent political figures and PR,whose politicians received less use as sources than either of the other two groups.



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Mahathir Mohamad and Najib Razak were first equal with regards to being engaged inattack politics, followed by Muhyiddin Yassin, Anwar Ibrahim, then Lim Kit Siang.

Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (31.72%), followed by PAS, PR, DAP & PKR.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

PAS

PR

DAP

PKR

UMNO

MCA

Other

MIC

PSM

Gerakan

SAPP

PBB

PRM

SUPP

UPKO

PBS

PRS

SPDP

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

31.72

14.86

14.75

11.40

8.96

8.85

4.88

2.11

1.17

0.66

0.36

0.15

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, PR received slightly more coverage(49.96%) than BN (47.09%).



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

47.09

49.96

0.84

2.11

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (92.09%).


4%2%

92%

2%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN was the most negatively covered (48.33%) party/coalition by a significant margin.

The three constituent parties of the coalition (PAS, PKR & DAP) came in second, third andfourth most negatively covered, respectively.

PR was the most the attacked party/coalition by a significant margin (35.97%), followed byPAS, then BN.



BN

PR

DAP

PAS

UMNO

PKRMCA

MIC

PSM

Other

Gerakan

PBB

PBS

PRS

PRM

SAPP

SPDP

SUPP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (57.14%) and neutral (31.49%) coverage by a very significantand significant margin respectively.

PR received the second most positive coverage, followed by UMNO, then PAS.



BN

PAS

PR

DAP

PKR

UMNOMCA

Other

MIC

PSM

Gerakan

SAPP

PBB

PRM

SUPP

UPKO

PBS

PRS

SPDP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we can seethat BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR were attacked the mostoften.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category was overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.5 2%

Neutral 1 : 1 92%

Negative 1 : 0.7 2%

Attacked 1 : 3 4%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

24.56

56.67

47.55

66.67

73.68

41.67

49.34

33.33

1.75

1.67

3.10

0.00

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (26.24%),followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Ibrahim Ali, Mahathir Mohamad, and Lim Kit Siang, in that order.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.


Najib Razak

Anwar IbrahimIbrahim Ali

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Khalid Ibrahim

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Nizar Jamaluddin

Nurul Izzah

Lim Guan Eng

Muhyiddin Yassin

Rafizi RamliMohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Hishamuddin Hussein

Ng Yen Yen

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Khalid Samad

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

26.24

11.5711.42

11.42

10.49

4.48

3.70

3.40

2.93

2.62

2.47

1.70

1.39

1.230.93

0.46

0.46

0.46

0.31

0.31

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas remarkably equal.



44%

44%

12%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was the most commonly used asa source by a significant margin (22.64%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin, Anwar Ibrahim, ECSpokespeople, then Lim Kit Siang.

Muhyiddin is notable in that he was mentioned relatively rarely but used as a sourcerelatively often.



Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Anwar Ibrahim

Election Commission Spokesperson

Lim Kit Siang

Mahathir Mohamad

Chua Soi Lek

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Hadi Awang

Khalid Ibrahim

0 5 10 15 20 25

22.64

8.88

8.45

7.80

7.04

6.61

4.44

4.23

3.14

2.49

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (43.55%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR, whose politicians received less use as sources than either of the othertwo groups (24.38%).



44%

24%

32%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used very much the most often, followed by the negative category.


2%

86%

5%7%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Ibrahim Ali received themost negative coverage (39.02%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Najib Razak, then MahathirMohamad.

Najib Razak received the most attacks (27.91%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (25.58%) thenMahathir Mohamad (23.26%).

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.


Ibrahim Ali

Anwar Ibrahim

Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Khalid Ibrahim

Nizar Jamaluddin

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Chua Soi Lek

Muhyiddin Yassin

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred Jabu

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Elizabeth Wong

G. PalanivelHadi Awang

Hassan Ali

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (30.77%) and neutral coverage (26.35%) by significant margins.

Mahathir Mohamad received the second most positive coverage, followed by Anwar Ibrahimand then Ibrahim Ali and Lim Kit Siang in fourth equal place.



Najib RazakIbrahim Ali

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Mahathir Mohamad

Nik Aziz

Khalid Ibrahim

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Nurul Izzah

Nizar Jamaluddin

Lim Guan Eng

Muhyiddin Yassin

Rafizi Ramli

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Hishamuddin Hussein

Ng Yen Yen

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Khalid Samad

Musa AmanRosmah Mansur

Tian Chua

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, BN politicians were given the most positive coverage and were attacked the most,while PR politicians were given the most negative coverage.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.5 2%Neutral 1 : 1.1 85%

Negative 1 : 1.2 5%

Attacked 1 : 0.6 7%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

58.14

34.38

42.60

61.54

37.21

40.63

45.13

30.77

4.65

25.00

12.27

7.69

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Mahathir Mohamad and Najib Razak were first equal with regards to being engaged inattack politics (18.92%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin, Anwar Ibrahim, then Lim Kit Siang.



Mahathir Mohamad

Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Lim Guan Eng

Khalid Ibrahim

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Taib Mahmud

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

18.92

18.92

14.41

12.61

10.81

5.41

3.60

1.80

0.90

0.90

0.90

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians were quoted as engaged in attack politics more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.



54% 35%

11%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.



32%

68%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention,followed by the Economy & Development, then Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security.



35%

3%

20%

4%

7%

17%

2%

12%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealth

Religion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Electioneering,then Religion and Socioeconomic Status in fourth equal place.



36%

11%

9%

11%

8%

5%

20%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 8861

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 407

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 13.1

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Par ty Percentage

BN 31.719

DAP 11.398

Gerakan 0.36417

MCA 4.8798

MIC 1.1653

PAS 14.858

PBB 0.036417

PBS 0

PKR 8.9585

PR 14.749

PRS 0

PRM 0.036417PSM 0.6555

SAPP 0.14567

SPDP 0

SUPP 0.036417

UMNO 8.8492

UPKO 0.036417

Other 2.1122

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 31.719

BN 47.086721

Gerakan 0.36417

MCA 4.8798

MIC 1.1653

PBB 0.036417

PBS 0

PRS 0

SPDP 0

SUPP 0.036417

UMNO 8.8492

UPKO 0.036417

PR 14.749

PR 49.9635DAP 11.398

PAS 14.858

PKR 8.9585

PRM 0.036417

Independent 0.837587PSM 0.6555

SAPP 0.14567

Other 2.1122 Other 2.1122

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 20.175 48.333 31.491 57.143 157.142

DAP 13.158 15 11.292 0 39.45

Gerakan 0 0 0.39761 0 0.39761

MCA 0.87719 1.6667 5.169 0 7.71289

MIC 0 1.6667 1.2326 0 2.8993

PAS 22.807 6.6667 14.831 7.1429 51.4476

PBB 0 0 0.039761 0 0.039761

PBS 0 0 0 0 0

PKR 1.7544 1.6667 9.6223 0 13.0434

PR 35.965 18.333 13.598 26.19 94.086

PRS 0 0 0 0 0

PRM 0 0 0.039761 0 0.039761

PSM 0 1.6667 0.67594 0 2.34264

SAPP 0 0 0.15905 0 0.15905

SPDP 0 0 0 0 0

SUPP 0 0 0.039761 0 0.039761

UMNO 3.5088 5 9.1451 9.5238 27.1777

UPKO 0 0 0.039761 0 0.039761

Other 1.7544 0 2.2266 0 3.981

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 24.56099

Negative 54.21019

Neutral 47.554593

Positive 66.6668

PR

Attacked 73.6844

Negative 41.6664

Neutral 49.3433

Positive 33.3329

Attacked 1.7544

Negative 1.6667

Neutral 3.101351

Positive 0

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0

Alfred Jabu 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.46296

Anwar Ibrahim 11.574

Azmin Ali 0.15432

Baru Bian 0

Bernard Dompok 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 3.3951

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.30864

Elizabeth Wong 0.15432

G. Palanivel 0.15432

Hadi Awang 2.9321

Hassan Ali 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.46296

Ibrahim Ali 11.42

James Masing 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Karpal Singh 0.15432

Khalid Ibrahim 3.7037

Khalid Samad 0.30864

Lim Guan Eng 1.6975

Lim Kit Siang 10.494

Liow Tiong Lai 0.15432

Mahathir Mohamad 11.42Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.92593

Muhyiddin Yassin 1.3889

Musa Aman 0.30864

Najib Razak 26.235

Ng Yen Yen 0.46296

Nik Aziz 4.4753

Nizar Jamaluddin 2.6235

Nurul Izzah 2.4691

Rafizi Ramli 1.2346

Rosmah Mansur 0.30864

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 0

Teresa Kok 0

Tian Chua 0.30864

Tony Pua 0.30864

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0

Percentage

(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 4.01238

BN 43.9822

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.15432

Alfred Jabu PBB 0Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 39.8155

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 12.65446

PR 43.82725

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 11.57411

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 19.59868

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.46296

12.1916

Hassan Ali Independent 0

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 11.42

Rosmah Mansur 0.30864

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0

Independent/Ot

her'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 4.442

BN 43.55408

Mahathir Mohamad 6.6089


Musa Aman 0.10834Najib Razak 22.644

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 0.86674


PR 24.37704

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 3.1419

Jeffrey Kitingan 0


Lim Guan Eng 0.86674


Nik Aziz 2.3835

Ambiga Sreenevasan 4.2254

Independent 32.06924

Hassan Ali 0.10834

Vox Pop Male 14.301

Vox Pop Female 2.7086

2.9252

7.8007

Percentage

(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 4.6512 0 0.18051 0

Anwar Ibrahim 4.6512 21.875 11.552 15.385

Azmin Ali 0 0 0.18051 0

Baru Bian 0 0 0 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 4.6512 0 3.4296 7.6923

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.36101 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.18051 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.18051 0

Hadi Awang 0 0 3.4296 0

Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.54152 0Ibrahim Ali 0 25 11.733 7.6923

James Masing 0 0 0 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0

Karpal Singh 0 0 0.18051 0

Khalid Ibrahim 4.6512 6.25 3.6101 0

Khalid Samad 0 0 0.36101 0

Lim Guan Eng 0 0 1.8051 7.6923

Lim Kit Siang 25.581 3.125 9.9278 7.6923

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.18051 0

Mahathir Mohamad 23.256 15.625 9.5668 23.077Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 1.083 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 2.3256 0 1.444 0

Musa Aman 0 0 0.36101 0

Najib Razak 27.907 18.75 26.354 30.769

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.54152 0

Nik Aziz 2.3256 3.125 4.6931 0

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 6.25 2.7076 0

Nurul Izzah 0 0 2.8881 0

Rafizi Ramli 0 0 1.444 0

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.36101 0

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0

Tian Chua 0 0 0.36101 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0.36101 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0


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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 58.1398

Negative 34.375

Neutral 42.59947

Positive 61.5383

PR

Attacked 37.209

Negative 40.625

Neutral 45.12597

Positive 30.7696

Attacked 4.6512

Negative 25

Neutral 12.27452

Positive 7.6923

Independent/

Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0.9009

BN 54.0538

Mahathir Mohamad 18.919


Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 18.919

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0.9009


PR 35.1357

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0.9009

Jeffrey Kitingan 0


Lim Guan Eng 3.6036


Nik Aziz 5.4054

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 10.811

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 10.811

Vox Pop Female 0

0

0

Percentage

(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 6.6087

Policy Issues 18.67827

Environment 0.62609

Economy/Development 3.6522Education 0.69565

Foreign Policy 1.3565

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.1652

Oppressive Legislation 0.34783

Health 0

Religion 2.2261

Ethnicity 14.157

39.6527

Religion 4.3478

Democracy & Human Rights 3.687

Socioeconomic Status 4.3478

Mudslinging 3.2

Gender 2.0522

Electioneering 7.8609

Non-Policy

Issues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'



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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living



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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

Documents

WtW Malaysian Insider BM Final