I hereby recommend that the thesis entitled slum rehabilitation scheme dr. ambedkar nagar

ludhiana submitted by chetna sheetal, a student of 5th

year B.Arch.,2002-2007 , under my guidance

be accepted for the partial fulfillment for the five year degree program of Bachelor of

Architecture. This submission is her original work and may be accepted for the partial fulfillment

for a five year Bachelor of Architecture program.

Thesis Guide Thesis Coordinator Head of Department

Ar. Ranbir kaur Ar. Sandeep Dua Ar. P.S. Mahoora

Department of Architecture Department of Architecture Department of Architecture

Guru Nanak Dev University Guru Nanak Dev University Guru Nanak Dev University

Amritsar Amritsar Amritsar

To,

The Thesis Coordinator,

Department of Architecture,

Guru Nanak Dev University,

Amritsar.

Subject: Undertaking regarding authenticity/originality of B.Arch Thesis (Jan-May 2007).

Sir,

This is for your kind information that I, Chetna Sheetal am working on the project slum

rehabilitation scheme dr. ambedkar nagar, ludhiana as my B.Arch Thesis.I hereby state that the

work submitted by me is my original and has not been copied from anywhere at any stage of the

thesis.If at any time(even after I pass out from the department),my work is found to be copied, I am

ready to face consequences as per the University Rules.

Your’s faithfully,

Name: Chetna Sheetal

Class: B.Arch 10 th sem

Roll No: 05/02

Dated:

My first thanks to God my parents my brother manav my bhua and my best friend vrinda who are

solely responsible for where I am today and for giving me unconditional love and support.

Then thanks to head of department mr. paramjit singh mahoora for giving us good lessons and

always helping us whenever we went up to him.

My sincerest thanks to my thesis guide Ms. Ranbir Kaur for believing in me, guiding me, and churning

the best out of me, which only she could do.

I would like to thank all faculty and staff of my department for always being helpful and always

making things easy for us.

Then my thanks to Mr.Balkar Singh brar, senior town planner Ludhiana, Mr.. S.S. Bhatia, municipal

town planner ,Ludhiana, Prof. Rajiv mishra from J.J. College of Architecture,mumbai for helping me

thoroughly with my case studies.

I would also like to extend my thanks to Ar. Chaman Lal, chief architect , Delhi development

authority, Mr.. Jitram , architect, slum and J.J wing ,municipal corporation of Delhi, for helping me

understand the topic in depth.

My sincerest thanks goes to Ar.. Vivek Gupta of Arvind Vivek and associates for inspiring me to give

my best.

I would also like to thank my senior Ar. Jaspreet bedi for lending his valuable support during the

case studies

This acknowledgement cannot be complete without thanking my friends harjit, manrit, ketan,

simran, jasmine, gagan, kanika, mayank, shikha, mansi, abhineet and my juniors manvi and arandeep

for helping me whenever I needed, standing with me in every thick and thin and supporting me

unconditionally. I also want to thank gaurav for always believing in me.

Last but not the least I want to thank all residents of Ambedkar Nagar, Ludhiana, Ajanta Nagar

,Pune and Sion Shivaji housing society for giving their full support during the surveys.

Chetna sheetal

b.Arch 10th sem

Deptt. Of architecture

Guru nanak dev university, Amritsar

Slums...the picture that conjures up in our minds is that of a dirty, unhygienic group of make shift

shanties ………..long lines of people waiting at the Municipal water pump………… bawling babies

literally left on street corners to fend for themselves and endless cries of help……..!!!!

Unpaved Roads and narrow lanes…..Puddles and slush are common-place after every rain

shower…..This adversely affects the safety and security of residents and is generally believed to

be largely responsible for high rates of night-time crimes.

Surely such an area is not what we want in our cities but it is a sad reality that according to 2001

Census, data was collected for slums which says that population of slums all over India is

40,297,341 (40 million) from the 607 cities/towns reporting slums. This comes to ~4% of total

Indian population (assuming Indian population of 1000 million). More interestingly it comes to ~22%

of the total population of these cities (178,393,941).

According to an Expert Group of the United Nations, a slum is an area that combines to various

extents the following characteristics

(i) inadequate access to safe water

(ii) inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure

(ii) poor structural quality of housing

(iv) overcrowding

(v) insecure residential status.

High time now we need to do something bout it……………..

Upgradation of slums

Slum rehabilitation and redevelopment- rehabilitation means treatment,

remedy or healing. So slum rehabilitation means healing of slums i.e. eradicating

the very basic reason which makes a place slum by giving these people basic

amenities like water supply and sanitation facilities proper roads. So that they

can also live a healthy life.

Slums-the myths and the reality

Is this what we call urbanization…….????

Data regarding slums of Ludhiana

As per survey conducted by town planning

department of Ludhiana

• The city Ludhiana has the largest population

(1.3 million, census 2001) in Punjab.

• The city has been divided into 70 municipal

wards in which only 31 municipal wards

report slums.

• The rapid and immense industrialization of

Ludhiana city has resulted in the emergence

of several slum colonies in and around the

city.

• There is no formal housing for industrial

workers, due to which there are many slums

that have come up near the industrial areas.

• Total slum population - 2,33,400 (survey

carried out under SJSRY)

• Identified slum pockets - 209 nos.

• House hold size - 7

• No. of dwelling units - 33,343

Year populatio

n (in

lakhs)

No. of

poor in

lakhs

percentag

e

1991 10.42 1.35 13

2001 13.95 1.50 10.75

2006 16.65 1.62 9.70

Objectives of the Project

•Provide slum dwellers with resources and

freedom to uplift their standard of living and

not just houses.

•Recognize their problems and treat them like

human beings and not to ignore their

existence amongst us.

•Legalize them and give them a scope of

progress.

•Take their profession to higher step and give

the a scope to prosper in life.

•To provide them with supplementary mental

growth through counseling and awareness

workshops absence of which results in

failure of most of rehabilitation schemes.

•To create an awareness and sensitivity

amongst the higher classes of society-mainly

the industrialists to provide their poor

workers with proper accommodation and

basic amenities, and discourage the growth of

slums.

NEED FOR SLUM REHABILITATION IN LUDHIANA

• Stitch in time saves nine

At present the problem of slums in Ludhiana is not as adverse as it is in other metropolitan and

industrial cities of India. At this this time problem of slums is at a bud stage. If at this time

proper steps in terms of improvement schemes and rehabilitation measures are not taken and

ignored by governments, local authorities architects and planners, in future it might become a

Herculean task to remove them form city’s face like in some of the most industrial towns of

India like Mumbai Calcutta etc.

• High immigration in Ludhiana

Because Ludhiana is the commercial capital of Punjab ,laborers have been migrating from

states like U.P., Bihar, Haryana come here for employment and finally settle down in the city.

inadequacy of proper housing schemes for these people and lack of initiative on the part of

employer and government to provide decent shelters combined with extreme poverty forces

these people to live in makeshift shanties and unsanitary conditions.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN

•To turn Dr. Ambedkar Nagar into well worked out livable habitat complete with landscape

interventions, streetscapes, boulevards, shopping streets and community facilities which are well

integrated.

•Keeping in mind the needs and aspirations of the dwellers, dwelling such a scheme that they can

identify with.

•To develop a scheme which is conducive to their lifestyle and their work culture.

•To involve building material ,technology, and methods of construction appropriate for such

conditions keeping affordability factors and acceptability in mind.

•Methods to be employed for garbage recycling, water harvesting and harnessing people’s

initiative for complete project.-community participation in development ,improvement and

maintenance of the scheme.

•Propose a module for slum rehabilitation for the whole city and on a broader perspective the

whole state.

Approaches towards slum Upgradation

• Sites and services

• Slum networking

• On site development

• Slum relocation/resettlement

• Transit housing

Site and services

Under this scheme people residing in slum area are provided with the site. They are allotted plots

on a certain plot of fixed area and are given to them. basic services like water supply pipelines,

sewer lines, electric substation etc are provided to them. people have to construct their house on

their own and for that they might be given loans etc.

Slum networking

Slum Networking is an innovative concept which exploits the linkage between the slums, natural

drainage paths which influence the urban infrastructure and the environmental fabric of the city.

Slum Networking is an initiative driven primarily through community control. In a holistic frame

which converges scales, activities, agencies and resources it exploits the slum fabric in the

context of the total city for sustainable and cost effective improvement in the quality of life of its

people as a whole. The objective is not to find solutions unique to the slums but, instead, explore

the commonality between the slums and the better parts of the city to integrate the two. As slums

are not the causes of urban degradation but the consequences of distorted development, the

solutions likewise must treat the slums as mere symptoms and use them to work back into the city

fabric to the origins of the problems. examples of this kind of project are slum networking in

Indore, slum networking of north Baroda and slum networking of Ahemdabad.

On site development

Under this project type, the site which already has slums is redevelopment and the dwellers are

rehabilitated by giving them better living conditions a strong pacca shelter.

On site development can be of two types

1. Land sharing project: Under such project a piece of land is acquired on which slums already

exist. then is constructed a building which can be sold out in open market and profits made

from it are used to construct houses for slum people and then given these free of cost to

them. On the same site.

2. Complete site rehabilitation: this kind of project redevelops the site as a whole. it involves

local government and N.G.O. participation and funds are allotted for this purpose.

Slum relocation/resettlement

this project aims at relocation of slum dwellers. People are relocated at a new site , new area

either by their consent or forcefully. They might be given a better living condition in this area but

they have to vacate the area inhabitated by them.

Transit housing

This is a relatively new concept and has been introduced in cities like Hyderabad and Bangalore.

Under this project a housing is set up by the government and people are given the tenements on

lease for some period of time and amount taken from them is very nominal. They are not given the

ownership of the house so as to avoid them to sell it off and go back to the slum.

After the lease period is over depending upon the propensity and willing ness of the dweller the

house may be transferred at his/ her name by giving some amount of money.

Different schemes for slum upgradation

• JNNURM

Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission is designed to assist city governments in improving

property tax collection and bring user charge to the levels that cover at least operating and

maintenance costs and change their accounting methods. The Mission is meant to bring in

transparency in local budget making, as also a higher degree of community participation in d

ecision-making processes. under this project there are further two schemes as follows:

B.S.U.P- basic services to urban poor

I.H.S.D.P.-integrated housing &slum

• S.R.S.J.Y

• Vambay

The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) : The Central Government scheme has the primary

objective to facilitate the construction and upgradation of the dwelling units for the slum

dwellers and to provide health and enabling urban environment through community toilets under

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, a component of the scheme. This is the first scheme of its kind meant

exclusively for slum dwellers with a Government of India subsidy of 50 percent. The balance 50

percent is to be arranged by State Government with ceiling costs prescribed both for dwelling

units/community toilets. During the financial year 2002-03, central subsidy to the extent of

Rs.218.35 crores for the construction of 110388 dwelling units and 21488 toilet seats was

released. So far a total of 2.08 lakh dwelling units covering 20 States and Union Territories have

been sanctioned under VAMBAY.

• N.S.D.P.

National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) was introduced in the Eight Five Year Plan during

1996-97 with the specific objective of providing basic amenities to slum dwellers in the field of

physical & social amenities, community infrastructure etc.. NSDP is a centrally sponsored scheme

meant for the improvement of slums

INTEGRATED HOUSING & SLUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

( IHSDP ) GUIDELINES – 2005

INTRODUCTION

• 1.1 Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme aims at combining the existing schemes

of VAMBAY and NSDPunder the new IHSDP Scheme for having an integrated approach in

ameliorating the conditions of the urban slum dwellers who do not possess adequate shelter

and reside in dilapidated conditions.

• 1.2 the scheme is applicable to all cities and towns as per 2001 Census except cities\towns

covered under Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Development Renewal mission (JNNURM).

• 1.3 The scheme seems to enhance public and private investments in housing and infrastructural

development in urban areas.

2.OBJECTIVES

The basic objective of the scheme is to strive for holistic slum development with a healthy and

enabling urban environment by providing adequate shelter and basic infrastructure facilities

to the slum dwellers of the identified urban areas.

3.COVERAGE

3.1The scheme will apply to all cities\towns, excepting cities\towns covered under JNNURM. The

target group under the scheme is slum dwellers from all sections of the community through a

cluster approach.

3.2 Allocation of funds among States will be on the basis of the States’ urban slum population in

the country.

3.3 States may allocate funds to towns\cities basing on similar formula. However, funds would be

provided yo only those towns and cities where elections to local bodies have been held and

elected bodies are in position

3.4. The State Government may prioritize towns and cities on the basis of their felt-need. While

prioritizing towns, States would take into account existing infrastructure, economically and

socially disadvantaged sections of the slum population and difficult areas.

4.COMPONENTS

• 4.1The components for assistance under the scheme will include all slum

improvement/upgradation/relocation projects including upgradation/new construction of

houses and infrastructural facilities, like, water supply and sewerage. Cost of land for such

projects will not be provided under the programme and has to be borne by the State

Government. In case the project is to be undertaken on private land, which is to be acquired by

the State, cost of land may also be part of the project costing only in the case of North

Eastern States and hilly States of Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu & Kashmir.

• 4.2TITLE OF THE LAND Title of the land should preferably be in the name of the wife and

alternatively jointly in the names of husband and wife. In exceptional cases, title in the name of

male beneficiary may be permitted.

• 4.3A&OE Not more than 5% of the total allocation of funds under the scheme

for A&OE purposes for preparation of project reports and for administrative purposes which

may be distributed among Ministry and State/UTs/Implementing Agencies.

• 4.4Ceiling Cost for Dwelling Unit will be @Rs.80,000 per unit for cities other than those

covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Development Renewal mission (JNNURM). This

ceiling cost will, however, be reviewed after one year.For special category/hills States and

difficult/far flung areas, 12.5% additional will be permissible over and above the prescribed

ceiling cost per dwelling unit.

• 4.5Selection of Beneficiaries By SUDA/DUDA/ULBs/Government Nodal Agency authorized by

the State Government.

• 4.6Minimum Floor Area of Dwelling Unit Not less than 25 sq. meters. Area and preferably two

room accommodation plus kitchen and toilet should be constructed.

• 4.7Infrastructure Development and maintenance in the slums State Government should ensure

a separate provision for upkeep and maintenance of the public assets created under the

scheme.

• 4.8Beneficiary Contribution

Housing should not be provided free to the beneficiaries by the State Government. A minimum of

12% beneficiary contribution should be stipulated, which in the case of SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH

and other weaker sections shall be 10%.

• 4.9 Admissible Components Provision of shelter including upgradation & construction of new

houses.

ii) Provision of community toilets.

iii) Provision of physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains, community bath,

widening and paving of existing lawns, sewers, community latrines, street lights, etc.

iv) Community infrastructure like provision of community centers to be used for pre-school

education, non-formal education, adult-education, recreational activities, etc.

v) Community Primary Health Care Centre Buildings can be provided.

vi) Social amenities like pre-school education, non-formal education, adult-education, maternity,

child health and Primary health care including immunization, etc.

vii) Sites and Services/houses at affordable costs for EWS & LIG categories.

ix) Slum improvement and rehabilitation projects.

x) Land acquisition cost will not be financed except for acquisition of private land for

schemes/projects in the North Eastern States & Hilly States, viz., Himachal Pradesh,

Uttaranchal and Jammu & Kashmir.

Cost effective Housing

•Cost Effective Housing is a relative concept and has more to do with budgeting.

•it seeks to reduce the cost construction through better management, appropriate use of local

materials, skills and technology but without sacrificing the performance and life of the

structure.

•It needs to be emphasized that low cost housing does not mean houses constructed by utilizing

cheap building materials of substandard quality.

•A low cost house is designed and constructed as any other house with regard to foundation,

structure, strength etc. the reduction in cost is achieved through effective utilization of

locally available building materials and techniques that are durable, economical, accepted by

users and not requiring costly maintenance,.

•Economy is also achieved by postponing finishing and/implementing them in phases.

•Further, it aims at increasing the efficiency of workers, minimizing wastage in design and space

and applying good management practices, so that shelter can be provided at prices which people

can afford.

The building construction cost can be divided into two parts namely:

Building material cost : 65 to 70 %

Labour cost : 30 to 35 %

The scope for effective means of reducing cost of construction lies with minimizing the quantity

of building materials which consumes less energy. This is possible if one could follow a

rational design procedure of the efficient use of materials. Cost of reduction is achieved by

selection of more efficient material or by an improved design.

Avenues for reducing cost of construction – concept

• The following are the avenues exist for reducing building construction cost.

• Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.Ex.15 cms thick solid concrete block wall.

• Use locally available material in an innovative form like soil cement blocks in place of burnt

brick.

• Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less energy like concrete block in place of

burnt brick.

• Use environmentally friendly materials which are substitute for conventional building

components like use R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of wooden frames.

• Preplan every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure for reducing the size

of the component in the building.

• By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of materials due to demolition of

the unplanned component of the house can be avoided.

• Each component of the house shall be checked whether if it's necessary, if it is not necessary,

then that component should not be used.

• Cost reduction is possible by eliminating redundant components. Ex: Avoid plastering the walls,

eliminating the use of plinth slabs in the foundation.

• Accept lower quality finishes like exposed brick work without plastering.

• Reducing standards - providing jalli work in place of windows, no plinth concrete.

Building cost

Cost reduction through adhoc methods

1. Foundation

• Normally the foundation cost comes to about 10 to 15% of the total building and usually

foundation depth of 3 to 4 ft. is adopted for single or double store building and also the

concrete bed of 6"(15 cms.) is used for the foundation which could be avoided. It is

recommended to adopt a foundation depth of 2 ft.(0.6m) for normal soil like gravely soil, red

soils etc.

• use the un coursed rubble masonry with the bond stones and good packing. Similarly the

foundation width is rationalized to 2 ft.(0.6m).To avoid cracks formation in foundation the

masonry shall be thoroughly packed with cement mortar of 1:8 boulders and bond stones at

regular intervals.

• It is further suggested adopt arch foundation in ordinary soil for effecting reduction in

construction cost up to 40%.This kind of foundation will help in bridging the loose pockets

of soil which occurs along the foundation.

• In the case black cotton and other soft soils it is recommend to use under ream pile

foundation which saves about 20 to 25% in cost over the conventional method of

construction.

2. Plinth

• It is suggested to adopt 1 ft. height above ground level for the plinth and may be

constructed with a cement mortar of 1:6.

• The plinth slab of 4 to 6" which is normally adopted can be avoided and in its place brick on

edge can be used for reducing the cost. By adopting this procedure the cost of plinth

foundation can be reduced by about 35 to 50%.

• It is necessary to take precaution of providing impervious blanket like concrete slabs or

stone slabs all round the building for enabling to reduce erosion of soil and thereby

avoiding exposure of foundation surface and crack formation.

3. Walling

• Wall thickness of 6 to 9" is recommended for adoption in the construction of walls all

round the building and 41/2 " for inside walls. It is suggested to use burnt bricks which are

immersed in water for 24 hours and then shall be used for the walls.

• Rat - trap bond wall

It is a cavity wall construction with added advantage of thermal

comfort and reduction in the quantity of bricks required for

masonry work.

By adopting this method of bonding of brick masonry compared to

traditional masonry, it is possible to reduce in the material cost of

bricks by 25% and about 10to 15% in the masonry cost.

By adopting rat-trap bond method one can create aesthetically

pleasing wall surface and plastering can be avoided.

• Concrete block walling

In view of high energy consumption by burnt brick it is suggested to use

concrete block (block hollow and solid) which consumes about only

1/3 of the energy of the burnt bricks units production.

By using concrete block masonry the wall thickness can be reduced

from 20 cms to 15 cms.

Concrete block masonry saves mortar consumption, speedy construction

of wall resulting in higher output of labour, plastering can be avoided

thereby an overall saving of 10 to 25% can be achieved.

• Soil cement block technology

It is an alternative method of construction of walls using soil cement

blocks in place of burnt bricks masonry.

It is an energy efficient method of construction where soil mixed with

5% and above cement and pressed in hand operated machine and cured

well and then used in the masonry. This masonry doesn't require plastering on

both sides of the wall.

The overall economy that could be achieved with the soil cement technology is about 15 to 20%

compared to conventional method of construction.

4. Doors and windows

It is suggested not to use wood for doors and windows and in its place concrete or steel

section frames shall be used for achieving saving in cost up to 30 to 40%.

Similarly for shutters commercially available block boards, fibre or wooden practical boards

etc. ,shall be used for reducing the cost by about 25%.

By adopting brick jalli work and precast components effective ventilation could be provided to

the building and also the construction cost could be saved upto 50% over the window

components.

5. Lintels and Chajjas

The traditional R.C.C. lintels which are costly can be replaced by brick arches for small spans

and save construction cost up to 30 to 40% over the traditional method of construction.

By adopting arches of different shapes a good architectural pleasing appearance can be given

to the external wall surfaces of the brick masonry.

6. Roofing

Normally 5"(12.5 cms) thick R.C.C. slabs is used for roofing of residential buildings. By adopting

rationally designed in-situ construction practices like filler slab and

precast elements the construction cost of roofing can be reduced by

about 20 to 25%.

• Filler slabs

are normal RCC slabs where bottom half (tension) concrete

portions are replaced by filler materials such as bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks, etc.,

These filler materials are so placed as not to

compromise structural strength, result in replacing unwanted and

nonfunctional tension concrete, thus resulting in economy. These are

safe, sound and provide aesthetically pleasing pattern filings and

also need no plaster.

Section through filler slabs ….And this is how the simplest

filler slab looks like !!!

• Funicular shell roof is compression structure, which ensures conservation

of natural resources by utilizing waste materials effectively and optimizing

the use of expensive steel and cement. Further, the arch distributes the

point load in all direction equally thus, is able to withstand impact loading at

any point.

Diagonal g rid of funicular shell gives the illusion of a larger space.

Eliminate use of high-energy steel reinforcement used in the conventional RCC roof.

Allows efficient use of waste materials and provides personality, colour and texture.

Minimizes requirement of internal plasters.

Provides roofing at a lower cost.

Can be demoulded every 48 hours.

using natural materials and technology as

can take any shape- square, rectangle, trapezium, triangular or any other shape.

can carry various conduits, toilet pipes in the area above the brick -bat layer.

Construction of a

funicular shell roof

Step 1 Step 2

Step 3 Step 4

Step 5

facilitates the installment of fixtures

like- ceiling fans, light fixtures etc.

The edge beam can be given a slight

camber or lift in the centre, about 1"-3".

Thus, the beam also acts as an arch,

comes under compression, further

increasing its load bearing capacity.

This also reduces the amount of steel

and cement consumed in the beam.

Since it acts as an arch, it takes load in

compression and distributes it equally

in all directions. Thus, on the first floor,

the wall can be placed anywhere since it

will always rest on the arch.

• Ferro cement channel/shell unit provide an economic solution to RCC slab by providing 30 to

40% cost reduction on floor/roof unit over RCC slabs without compromising the strength.

These being precast construction is speedy, economical due to avoidance of shuttering and

facilitate quality control.

7. Finishing Work

The cost of finishing items like sanitary, electricity, painting etc., varies depending upon the

type and quality of products used in the building and its cost reduction is left to the individual

choice and liking.

Cost effective construction materials

Not only the construction techniques but building materials also need to be cost effective and

easily available.

1.Insulating material

clay-coated straw

•One of the best low-cost insulating materials is clay-coated straw (or other lightweight plant

materials).

•A light coating of clay acts as both a binder and preservative. Clay-coated straw has been

shown to last over 700 years as a non-deteriorating insulation!!

•As the clay dries, it binds the straw together in a surprisingly rigid mass. It's a "natural

Styrofoam".

Uses

•In addition to being an insulator, it can be used as a wall forming material. In the middle ages,

even up the present time, the method works like this:

•A post and beam structure is first built.

•Two boards are temporarily nailed to the posts, one on each side.

•The resulting cavity is filled with straw-clay.

•The material is tamped down (a 2x4, 4x4, or small post will do). The idea is not to compact it into a

solid mass, you couldn't do it easily anyway because the straw will remain springy until it dries.

•The two side boards are moved up immediately and stuffed again and again until the wall is as

high as desired. No need to wait for the straw-clay to dry before moving the boards up. (A

moveable, sliding form could also be used to make walls.)

• A saw is used to cut out windows, or window frames are placed first.

• The wall is allowed to dry and is hand plastered inside and out. The soft undulating plastering

adds a charm that cannot be found in modern buildings.

• The straw-clay can also be pressed against forms to create a structure. Then the structure

can be plastered and waterproofed. This method is talked about in the Design Ideas section. Or

it can be used as an insulated fill material for the honeycomb construction method as

described in the Design section. The important concept here is that insulation materials

protect us from extremes of heat and cold. The best insulators are ones that are non-toxic,

renewable, and widely available. Low cost insulation materials such as straw or expanded

aggregates such as perlite, vermiculite, and other expanded ceramics make excellent non-toxic

insulation. In developed countries with the requisite technologies, the perlite type materials

may be preferable to straw-clay. Fiber composites can be both structural and insulating.

2.Structural Materials

Composites: Fiber, Lightweight Aggregates, and Binders

•The best low-cost structural materials are composites. Composites are a combination of

distributed fiber reinforcement, lightweight aggregate, and a binding agent.

•Ferro-cement is one such composite using metal or synthetic fibers and portland cement, but

there are many others. Fiberglass is a common (but toxic) composite.

•A newcomer in fiber composites is papercrete or fibercrete, which is a combination

of pulped paper, or other cellulose-based raw material, and binders such as lime,

cement, and/or clay.

•Sand adds strength and density to these composites, but lightweight aggregates could also be

used.

•Any composite material can be used to create shell structures which we call Composite-Shell

construction. Domes 100 ft. in diameter, (and only 10 mm thick!) have been built using portland

cement and glass fibers.

•Using lesser fibers and binders, more modest structures can be built. If the fiber composite is

applied to both sides of a thick insulating layer such as straw-clay, perlite cement, or agcrete

(see below), a strong "sandwich" is formed.

•If the insulation layer is made from a structural honeycomb of lightweight fiber composite

(filled with insulation), the strength of the shell is even better.

• Composite materials can be sprayed (using compressed-air driven sprayers), or poured, or

packed directly onto a reusable formwork (using hand methods). Simply pour from a bucket, or

apply from a scoop, and spread. Fiber reinforcement options include natural fibers such as

wood (paper), bamboo, industrial hemp, sisal, and jute, for low-tech applications, and synthetic,

glass, and steel fibers for high-tech applications where greater rigidity is desired.

• Recycled clothing fibers can be used. Bamboo has been used successfully in place of rebar in

many countries for decades. Wood (paper) fiber has been used in Japan for centuries for its

strength and beauty. Industrial hemp fiber has tremendous potential where it is available.

• It is used for architectural molding in North America. Discrete bamboo fibers have tremendous

strength, exceeding hemp, and could be the most effective fiber of all if properly processed.

Jute (burlap) is also a strong natural fiber. All high silica fibers last a long time if protected

from rust or rot.

3.Designing Materials

• Fibercrete Composite

A suggested composite material is paper fiber and mineral binder. So much waste paper is

available, it makes sense to use it. One suggested mix is 60% paper and 40% binder by weight. The

binder can be 50:50 Portland cement/hydrated lime or 25:25:25:25 cement, lime, clay, and sand.

Sand adds strength and density. Liquid soap adds bubbles for a lighter, insulating mix. By

volume, these mixes are primarily paper fiber, but will not burn. Various mixes emphasize

strength or insulating qualities.

• AgStone Composite

Another composite with even more potential than papercrete is Agcrete. This method uses

common agricultural wastes such as crop stalks, chipped wood, or any other low density,

commonly available lightweight material. It's similar to using perlite, vermiculite, scoria, or

other lightweight mineral aggregates. Waste material is simply chopped (up to golf ball size or

so), blended, and mixed with cement (and/or lime) just as you would use ordinary gravel. When

cured and dry, it makes a very lightweight composite. In France, hemp Hurds are used for

aggregate and they have been building quite successfully with it.A formula developed by John

Stahl is:

• Lightweight AgStone Formula

• 20 parts chips (any agricultural waste)

Plants which are high in silica include: Hemp Hurds, Western Sorghum, Concho Wheat, Corn,

Bamboo, Lantana, Sunflower, and Medusa Head. We're searching for more information and

more specifics on high silica plants.

5 parts clay (with sand is OK)

5 parts binders (3 lime, 2 cement)

• It may not be such a good idea to build too rigidly, as is common in both industrialized countries

and developing countries. Rigid concrete materials are brittle and fail catastrophically

during earthquakes. Rebar reinforcement is totally inadequate. Ferro cement structures fare

better. But these structures are very heavy. As a result, we now favor very light composites

such as Fibercrete and Agcrete as more forgiving structural building materials. A lightweight

foamed composite using paper-hemp-bamboo for fiber reinforcement with cement/lime/clay

binder may be an ideal building material. Natural glues may improve flexibility, but some

minerals (20-40% by weight) are needed for fire protection.

• Fibercrete Mixers

Depending upon the scale of operations, several types mixers are used. The simplest is a 5

gallon bucket.

A 1/2 to 1 hp electric motor with mixing blade is attached to the lid (plywood reinforced) of a 5

gallon bucket and small batches are mixed.

A sharp 4-6 inch blade (S-blade is ideal) is mounted 4-6 inches from the bottom. Paper is inserted

through a hole, or the operation is stopped and the lid is lifted to add fiber.

For larger batches, a 55 gallon drum is cut in half and a gasoline engine from 3-10 hp is

mounted on a board. A larger blade of up to 7-9 inches is attached to an extended shaft.

Large round animal "stock" tanks, watering tanks, can be used for larger volumes. Shafts are

extended by a collar attached to the motor shaft and a length of shaft is added.

Replaceable blades are screwed on. For long shafts, some lateral reinforcement may be

necessary to avoid excess stress on the motor or engine bearings. Place a bearing near the

blade using a frame. Such mixers can be moved from tank to tank for mixing many batches or

different ingredients.

• Uses

Composite Shell construction can be used to build ultra low-cost housing, approaching nearly

rs.50 per square foot (shell only) for the do-it-yourselfer. Also, walls, gazebos, hot tubs, solar

greenhouses, garden walls, almost anything can be made out of these materials inexpensively

using inflatable forms or reusable solid forms.

Combined with natural insulation, every kind of life supporting, non-toxic construction can be

built. Waterproofing is necessary for fiber composites. For light duty, drying type vegetable

oils, such as soy or linseed, can be used.

In these days of increasing cost of instruction of the dream of owning a house particularly for

low income and middle income family is becoming a difficult reality. Hence it has become a

necessity to adopt cost effective, innovative and environmental friendly housing technology

for the construction of houses and buildings for enabling the common people to construct

houses at affordable cost. Building Centers (Nirmithi Kendras) Established by the Govt.&

HUDCO in all the districts are promoting Low Cost Housing Technologies and are providing

their Technical Advice and Guidance services to the general public for enabling them to

construct the houses at an economical cost.

Conclusion

The above list of suggestion for reducing construction cost is of general nature and it varies

depending upon the nature of the building to be constructed, budget of the owner,

geographical location where the building is to be constructed, availability of the building

material, good construction management practices etc. However it is necessary that good

planning and design methods shall be adopted by utilizing the services of an experienced

engineer or an architect for supervising the work, thereby achieving overall cost

effectiveness to the extent of 25% in actual practice.

Sion Shivaji Cooperative Housing Society, Mumbai

Project details

Client: Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA),

Mumbai

Architect: Ranjit Naik

Builders: Kaushik Builders

Total site area: 2567.03sq m

Total no of dwelling units :150

Cost of project: Rs.3,31,20,019

Basic policy and type of development

This is a land sharing project in which a piece of

land is acquired on which slums already

exist. then constructing a building which

can be sold out in open market and profits

made from it are used to construct houses

for slum people and then given these free

of cost to them.

This kind of project gets an additional

advantage of 2.5 F.S.I. i.e. they can increase

their F.S.I. up to 2.5 which otherwise is not

allowed.

This what is what sion shivaji nagar

looked like earlier

Financial Arrangement

Houses to the dwellers have been

given free of cost. However there

has been an earnest amount of

Rs.7000 that has been deposited by

the owner of the house as

maintenance.

Target population

Family size

Occupational groups

Monthly income

origin

Gujarati

45% Maharashtrians

20%

Andhra

30%

Others

5%

Between 2500-5000

65%

Below 2500

25%

Above 5000

10%

The population statistics show that:

1. Majorly population has a monthly

family income between 2500-500,and

thus after the regular monthly

expenditure they are left with

almost nothing to save.

2. This means their propensity to

maintain their tenement is almost

negligible.

3. Almost 90% of residents have an

occupation which takes them out of

their houses. thus they do not need

too much working space within their

tenements.

4. Most of the people who reside here

have a family size of 6-7 so they feel

that a mere 180 sq ft tenement is in

sufficient for them.

5. Most of the population of this

locality are either gujrati or

Marathi in their origin. So they have

some kind of similar cultural

practices.

6. Almost 30% of the population is

Andhraites and almost all of them

live in block A of the complex while

rest live in block B.`

4 – 8 person

88%

Up to 4

10%

Above 8

2%

Daily wages

laborers

15%

Monthly income

employees

55%

Misc.

10%

Vendors

and small

shopkeeper

s 20%

From

here….

To this …lot

has to be done

Site

• Location

The site is located very near to the famous Sion hospital or

Lokmanya Tilak Hospital and about 5 km from Mahim

railway station.

• Condition

The site was earlier as any other slum would be dirty

unhygienic and dilapidated.

•as we can see that the

site is longitudinal in

nature and runs from

south to north being

broad at the north end

not much could be done

for open spaces because

prime concern here is to

give shelter and not open

spaces

The site is divided

into two parts one

part is of the

commercial

building and the

other part

contains slum

rehabilitation

building. Even

slum building has

two wings, wing A-

with 28 tenements

and wing B- 122

Part Plan

•The bath and toilet could

have been separate so

that in a big family both

can be used at a time

Only one window

and that too

occupied by

kitchen area

•Standards say that the minimum corridor

width in front of the staircase should be

twice the width of the single stair or 5 ‘

which ever is more, thus the corridor

width In front of staircase is very less.

•View of corridor lit up

naturally…the only

source of natural light.

•Natural light is a big

problem because there is

only on window in the

tenement

Socio behavioral interpretation

Community interaction

• most of the site in this is covered by built up

area so there is very little scope left for

open spaces and community interaction

spaces. but Mumbai being such a city where

land prices are quite high and a scheme like

this it is not advisable to leave open spaces

• If such space are left, building will go all

the more vertical which neither bye laws

allow nor does it suit the dwellers.

• Also planning has hot been done taking

care of the living style of people. But the

social bonding is so strong that it

overcomes this flaw in design.

• People are of the fact that that their

interdependence is their lifeline.

• The corridors are the only place where

people (ladies) sit during day time , or kids

use them as their play areas

Flexibility

• The design is not flexible at all because the

dwellers are not given any scope to grow

their tenement with time.

• The area provided to each tenement is so

low that they have hardly any scope of

incremental growth.

Post -occupancy evaluation

Ownership

• Almost 85% of the dwellers are the ones

who are the original occupants. out of the

rest only 2-3% are those which are living

here on rent. rest 10 -12 % are those who

have bought the tenements , but officially

they say that they are the tenants because

the original owners are not allowed to

sell this tenement before 15 yrs.

• Those who have sold the tenements have

only one reason that they are short of

money and the maintenance of the house is

what they cannot afford

Maintenance and condition of buildings

• Residents have formed their own

cooperative society and they elect 10

people out of themselves who take the

responsibility of safety , secuirty ,

cleanliness and maintenance of the

complex.

• For this each house hold has to pay rs. 1000

yearly or rs. 200 monthly as it it suites for

the maintenance of the building.

• This clearly shows that this is not true that

slum dwellers do not want to live in a

congenial environment. Its just that they

have to given an opportunity to do so.

Ajantha Nagar slum rehabilitation scheme, Pune

Project details

Client: Pimpri Chinchwad municipal Corporation

(PCMC)

Architect: Shelter Associates

Total site area: 31,100 sq m (8 acre)

Cost of project: Rs.15,31,12,000

Total no of dwelling units :708

Tenement carpet area:20 sq m

Tenement Built up area: 25sq m

Basic policy and type of development

Ajanta Nagar Slum Upgradation Scheme is a joint

venture of Mata Amritanandamayi Math and Pimpri

Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC).

This is an on-site development project. This project

has been funded 50% by Mata Ashram.

This project has been achieved through community

participation as the slum dwellers have worked

themselves in the construction of the buildings.

Financial arrangements

• First phase of this scheme, which consists of 688

households, has been funded 50% by ma math.

• Second and third phase of this scheme has been

proposed under JNNURM.

Roadside view

Target population and its characteristic Maharashtrians

86%

Andhra

12% others

2%

Origin

Major occupational

groups

Daily wages

Labourers 38%

Rickshaw

pullers

25%

vendors

25%

Misc.

12%

Monthly Income

rs.2500-5000

60%

Below 2500

30%

Above Rs.5000

10%

The statistics show

•Majorly dwellers are of Maharashtrians origin. they have come to Pune

from neighboring villages and small towns.

•The other major community which have been found in this housing are

from Andhra Pradesh

•Monthly income of almost 60% of the dwellers is between 2500-5000.

But 30%people have a monthly income of less than 2500.This clearly

indicates that the people cannot afford expensive land and shelter.

Site

Location: Ajanta Nagar was an 8-acre

slum, home to over 1700 families, is

located in Nigdi,12km from Pune city.

Condition: Site of Ajanta Nagar was

like any other slum.

Analysis: site is quadrilateral in

shape and is surrounded by roads on

all 4 sodes and the level of the road is

Site plan

•Trapezoidal site contains two types of planning.

• there is A block which has cutouts in centre and

stairs running along the A type blocks are 3 in no. and

they go uptil g+3

•Whereas type b wing has simple linear type of

planning in which dwelling units are arranged on

both sides of a corridor and stairs at the end.

•they are 25 in no. and go only upto two floors

•Whole buit up is standing on stilts and area under

stilts act as multi usage area.

•There are two wide open spaces yet to be converted

into gardens.

•Building blocks placed

in a grid pattern.

•4 main arterial

pathways

•The distance

between two

blocks is very

less, so the

whole row

looks like one

single strip

Upper ground floor plan

(a block)

Typical floor plan (a block)

Upper ground floor plan (b block)

Typical floor plan (b block)

Creating a sense of

enclosure

The building stands partially

on stilts So the space thus

created acts as

multifunctional spaces, like

parking area, working area,

playing and assembling areas

View of stilt

parking

section x-x’

•The building stands partially on stilts So

the space thus created acts as

multifunctional spaces, like parking area,

working area, playing and assembling

areas

Dwelling unit level

+ve points

•Separate toilet and bath

•One duct catering two

units make service

pipelines maintenance

very easy.

-ve points

•Only one window and

that to is not able to

give proper light and

ventilation.

•Grouping tenements

could have been

better so as to

provide better one to

one interaction

Socio behavioral interpretation

Community interaction

• very little scope left for open spaces and

community interaction spaces.

• Only the area under the stilts is where kids

can play and act as interaction hubs

• Building could have gone one storey high to

leave more space on ground for parks

gardens and other social amenities.

• The set up of the whole place is so formal

that people feel that they were much close

to their neighbours when they lived in slum.

• planning has hot been done taking care of

the living style of people. But the social

bonding is so strong that it overcomes this

flaw in design.

• People are of the fact that that their

interdependence is their lifeline.

• The corridors and the area under stilts are

the only places where people (ladies) sit

and chat during day time , or kids use them

as their play areas.

Flexibility

• The design is not flexible at all because the

dwellers are not given any scope to grow

their tenement with time.

• The area provided to each tenement is so

low that they have hardly any scope of

incremental growth.

Sense of belongingness

• Loss of intimacy of planning and

restriction of growth make them feel alien

when they shifted to the tenement

• Post occupancy evaluation

Ownership

• All tenements are registered on the name

of a female in the family.

• As the dwellers have sifted here very

recently i.e. just three years back the

original owner ship is almost 95%.

• The remaining 5%are those who live as a

tenant.

• Another reason for this is that many

families are such who have been allotted

more than one tenement so they rent out

one and live in the other.

• There is no visible case of a dweller who

has sold he tenement.

Maintenance and condition of buildings

• There are total 28 buildings, and each one

has its own small society , and its own

chairman, which takes care of the building

maintenance.

• The dwellers pay Rs. 50 per month as

maintenance charges.

• They have their separate water meter and

electricity meter.

• Even after these measures and building

being very new, the condition of services is

very poor.

Slum Networking of Indore

Project details

Client: Indore development authority

Architect: Himanshu Parikh

Cost of project: Rs.60 crores

• This is a community driven approach which

sees slums, not as resource draining

liabilities but, instead, as opportunities of

sustainable change for the city as a whole.

• The Indore Slum Networking project is

based sanitation and environmental

improvement programme.

• The infrastructure is upgraded using the

network of slum settlements as a starting

point and the project encompasses the

entire city of 3'218 km2 Out of the total

Indore population of 1,400,OOO (1995), 28%

live in slums.

• The expected slum population in urban

Indore, a textile manufacturing and

industrial engineering centre, is expected

to increase to 30% by year 2000.

• There are a total of 183 slums within the

networking system.

Slum fabric and natural drainage courses

of Indore city

Process of slum networking work

• All cities have strong natural drainage paths. Without these, villages and towns would drown

in their own waste long before they ever grow into cities. The paths are nature's own means of

disposal and, if properly exploited, also become ideal routes for the manmade urban

infrastructure systems of sewerage, storm drainage, water supply and roads. The

environmental skeleton of city greens and water bodies also lies on the same paths. Studies of

several cities in India and in other parts of the world showed that slums are consistently

located along these natural paths. Once this correlation between slums, urban

infrastructure and environment is clearly understood, it is easy to see how slum can be used to

transform cities.

• Thus slums help to build up low

cost service trunks, particularly

for gravity based systems of

sewerage and storm drainage,

together with environmental

improvements such as creation of

fresh water bodies, cleaning up of

polluted rivers, development of

green pedestrian spines and

restoration of waterfront

structures.

• The slums naturally benefit from

the improved city level support.

For the city too, the slums offer

opportunities of change through

this symbiotic process.

Objectives of slum networking

• Improve the overall quality of life of the urban poor in terms of health, education,

skill upgrading and access to finance for shelter improvement and income

generation.

• Transform the sanitation and environment of the entire slum matrix of cities within

a set time scale.

• Revitalize the service infrastructure and environment of the city as a whole as a

consequence of slum intervention.

• Converge the strengths of the communities, economic forces of the city and the government

for the planning and implementation of the programme.

Special features of slum networking

•Slums are used to improve environment and infrastructure of the city as a whole.

•A holistic and integrated mix of physical, educational, health and income

generation improvements.

•Substantial human and material resources are mobilized in the partnership

approach.

•Community responsibility and control are increased. Costs are reduced significantly.

Riverfront before Riverfront after Slum before slum after

Indore habitat project

Key elements

CITY LEVEL IMPACT

• strengthening of sewage network to receive slums, particularly in areas where city sewers do

not exist

• environmental improvement of the river and the streams of the city

• landscaping within slums and development of lakes and gardens in marginal land/or low-lying

open spaces around shims

• improving city roads on the peripheries of slums improvement of water supply pressures around

slum localities extension of city storm drainage to reach the slum pockets and low-lying areas

improvement of solid waste management

SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS

• roads and paving

• individual water supply

• house to house underground sewerage with individual toilets (in preference to public latrines)

• storm drainage

• street lighting

• solid waste management

• community based landscaping

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

• setting up neighborhood groups, women's groups and youth activities

• mobilizing community savings for undertaking physical works

• educational activities for pre-primary age children, school dropouts and illiterate adults

• community health education and other interventions related to mother and child care

• supporting income generating activities by providing vocational training, job access to

unemployed persons developing linkages with formal sector finance to help people start small

businesses and trades

City level impact

• Most development alternatives designed

for the urban poor rarely transcend

beyond the slum boundaries.

• In contrast, as a byproduct of Slum

Networking, Indore now has 90 kms. of

piped sewer mains installed in the non-slum

areas.

• The city like 80% of cities in India, had until

recently no underground sewerage to

speak of.

• This transformation was possible, firstly,

by interconnecting the internal sewerage

lines of slums along the rivers to create

city level network and, secondly, by

increasing the pipe sizes to accept the

sewage from the entire city population.

• The cost was less than half that for

conventional city systems.

• As the sewage is intercepted, the polluted

rivers of the city are being converted to

fresh water lakes in stages

• the historical riverside structures are

restored and new pedestrian greens

formed,.

• A recent study has shown that the quality

of water in the wells around these areas

has also improved.

Slum level physical works

In Indore Habitat Project, instead of using the

conventional ‘Slum' solutions to physical

services, an attempt has been made to

penetrate the conventional, high quality

urban infrastructure deep into the slums.

Based on the following principles.

1) Consult with the slum dwellers closely in

order to obtain a better understanding of

their needs and lifestyle. This enables a

clearer idea of needs to be established, as

well as preparing communities for the

changes to come and increasing willingness

to pay for and maintain the systems.

2) Coordinating the roads, storm drainage

and sewerage to natural gradients results

in economy and improved function.

3) Simple and inexpensive topography

management measures such as cut and fill,

site grading and appropriate landscaping

ensure that gravity based services operate

efficiently.

4) Design infrastructure networks to ensure

that basic services reach the entire

population in an equitable manner.

5) Ensure minimum disturbance and relocation

of existing housing and slums.

6) Infrastructure network must be easy to

maintain, repair and upgrade.

7) Avoid wasteful overlaps and

uncoordinated services by using and

integrated and holistic approach to design

Ensures that the design makes provision

for future growth and expansion of the

slums.

Providing community taps results into this

Community toilets can never be maintained

and thus add to the plight of slum

8) Do not use short-term measures to save money e.g. the provision of community toilets is wasted

investment when income levels in the slum become higher. (In any case they are rarely used or

maintained)

9) Provide flexibility to enable upgrading when the resources of the slum dwellers increase e.g.

by making provision for private toilets and house-to-house water supply, the slum dwellers are

able to invest in the option when they can afford it.

10) The success of a project depends on the information available to those designing it. Data banks

and drawing archives must be established prior to design so as to ascertain need and existing

provision, as well as the physical conditions of the site.

11) Professionalism is needed in all aspects of the work carried out, since slum upgrading is more

complex to plan and implement than conventional engineering projects.

12) Use appropriate and innovative technologies. For example, conventional expensive brick

manholes will not work in the narrow and twisting lanes of the slums, but small earthenware

gully traps can be used instead.

13) Set realistic standards and workable specifications. For example, designing for an ideal water

consumption of 250 liters per capita per day, which is unlikely ever to be achieved, will only

result in expensive water supply systems and dry sewer runs.

14) Balance the standards adopted with affordability.

15) The infrastructure systems need to be assessed on the basis of both the capital costs and

continuing maintenance. Looking a capital costs only can produce a deceptive picture. For

example, the cost of public latrines appears low if only the capital cost is considered but once

maintenance costs are included a different picture emerges.

NETWORKING OF OTHER INFRASTRUCTURES

• As slums are not the causes of urban degradation but the

consequences of distorted development, the solutions

likewise must treat the slums as mere symptoms and use them

to work back into the city fabric to the origins of the

problems.

• Physically, Slum Networking is an integrated upgradation of

the entire city using slums, not as isolated islands but an

urban net.

• The spatial spread of slums over a city together with

contiguity between slum settlements gives an opportunity to

strengthen the city level networks. Using this principle, out

of the 360 km. of roads provided in slums, about 80 km. on the

slum peripheries were widened and linked up at the city level

to reduce the traffic congestion on the existing trunk roads.

Similarly, the storm drainage runs in the slums were placed in

such a manner that large areas of the remaining city were

also relieved of flooding.

Creating road linkages through slum networking

• Similarly, as the city grows, existing water lines branch out

further to reach new areas and at the remote ends the

pressure drops so much that there is no water available. The

internal water lines in the Indore slums were used to short

circuit the existing city branches and turning them into loops.

This improved the water distribution of the city and increased

water pressures in the remote areas.

Linking slum through

pacca roads to entire city

benefits both slums and cities

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

• As per a 1990 survey, over two thirds of the

slum families in Indore lived below the

poverty line. On average 40% of slum

dwellers were illiterate, with the female

illiteracy rate as high as 53%. A large

proportion of persons reported being sick

within the fortnight before the survey. In

addition to the working days lost, about 8%

of the monthly income was reportedly

spent on medical expenses.

• A mid-term evaluation of the Indore project

showed that many slums are heading

towards full literacy, frequency of

epidemics has dramatically reduced and

incomes, particularly of women, have

increased.

ACHIEVEMENTS

• 120 community halls built

• 4 vocational training workshops built

• 1 health centre built

• 3 existing dispensaries upgraded

• 79 neighborhood committees formed with

4,788 members

• 71 women's groups started with 4,706

members

• 190 kindergarten established in 100 slums

• 67 non-formal education centers in 47

slums covering 1098 drop-out children

• 83 adult education centre covering 15,541

persons.

• 20 slums have reached 100 percent literacy

level

turning hell into heaven

WEAKNESSES OF INDORE

HABITAT PROJECT

• The project was financed

from a grant given by

Overseas Development

Administration,

• U.K. Although the community

contributed substantially in

terms of house improvements

and paying for community

services, nevertheless,

replicating of a grant based

project can always be

questioned.

• The project initiative was

with the local government

with the communities being

‘beneficiaries' and not

‘clients'.

• The Indore work started as a

project and not a process.

• Post-sustenance of the

project came as an

afterthought requiring a

great deal of effort to

redress the oversight.

• Solid waste component of the

project was weak

undermining the excellent

work done in other areas of

environmental sanitation.

• Community development

activities and physical works

did not always run in

tandem.

EVOLUTION AND REPLICATION OF SLUM

NETWORKING

• Slum Networking has a clear vision. It sees the cities of

developing countries without slums. To be able to

achieve that, three conditions have to be satisfied.

Firstly, u workable concept has to be there which is

holistic, economic, sensitive to the community, practical

and can transcend from micro to macro scale.

Secondly, resources have to be mobilised

finally, the community has to have control over the

development.

• Indore clearly demonstrates that it is quite possible to

address the problems of the urban poor, both physical

and socio-economic, at micro and macro scales in

parallel with the infrastructure and environmental

improvements of the city as a whole.

• Indore has fully achieved a third of the goal vis-a-vis the

method but fall short on resource self-sufficiency and

community control.

• In order to replicate the concept and also plug the

deficiencies of Indore, pilot slum projects were initiated

in two new cities of Baroda and Ahmedabad.

• In Baroda, a substantial proportion of the development

funds (over 50%) are raised internally from the slum

dwellers. Further, the control of development rests

with the community.

• In Ahemdabad, the Slum Networking approach has been

taken one stage further by replacing external aid by

contributions from the city's industries so as to augment

the resource and technical manpower needs of both the

slum dwellers as well as the Municipal Corporation. The

multi-partite effort of the community, local economic

forces, Municipal Corporation, NGOs and professionals

at Baroda and Ahemdabad now satisfy all the three

conditions needed to replicate Slum Networking

throughout the country.

Aranya low cost housing at Indore

A sense of continuity of Fundamental Values of the society is the essence of good habitat. The

ideological basis for planning Aranya has been the following:

• a) Vitality - development to support socio-physical aspirations of the community.

• b) Imageability - built form to impart identity and inculcate a sense of belonging amongst the

inhabitants.

• c) Equity - to create equitable balanced community with satisfactory level of environmental

qualities and opportunities for all.

• d) Efficiency - to realize development that optimizes natural, material as well as human

resources to the advantage of the user group.

• e) Flexibility - to evolve framework that absorbs with ease the progressive change and growth

as a part of natural development process.

• f) Feasibility- to ensure development within given legal, fiscal and organizational milieu.

Project details

Client: Indore development authority, Indore

Architect: Balkrishna Doshi

Project incharge: Himanshu Parikh

Total site area: 86 hectares

Total no of dwelling units :6500

Cost of project: 100 million

Completed:1989

B.V. Doshi ‘s insight behind aranya

Site layout

• A rectilinear site measuring 86 hectares is

designed on the idea of site and services

basis, to accommodate over 6500 families

(dwellings), largely from the economically

weaker section.

• Their size and organization incorporates

all the neighborhood facilities such as

school, medical centers, shops etc. in

appropriate quantities to sustain

community life.

• For identity, access equity and cohesive

functioning and commercial, community and

recreational amenities, required for all,

are located in a linear spine in the center

of the settlement while convenient shops

and other neighborhoods facilities are

dispersed to be accessible in walking

distance.

• Amenities are well integrated with open

spaces to allow overlapping use all

throughout day. Open spaces are interlines

to form a pedestrian network connecting

the whole settlement.

Site plan showing the layout of the housing.

The whole site is divided into6 different

sector And a main arterial (not straight)

road running through

Centre. And nodes are created to bifurcate

the wider roads into narrower ones. And

gradually into pathways.

Circulation

• The formal street network draws the

vehicular traffic outward to the perimeter

road while pedestrian on informal

pathways and open space network flows in

the opposite direction achieving clear and

safe segregation of slow and fast moving

traffic.

• Non-rectilinear alignment of streets with

varying widths, bends and widenings are

provided to accommodate range of

spontaneous human activities. The

hierarchy of commercial activities

coincides with street hierarchy.

• Formal commercial outlets are along

major arterial roads while informal

shopping areas occur along narrow

streets and open spaces throughout the

settlement.

Services

• Introduction of open slot around service

core combines twice as much toilets per

manhole and cuts down pipe lengths to

half, achieving economic efficiency without

effecting its performance.

• The service slot has been integrated as

design element helping break the

continuous built mass and becoming useful

play area for children with platform for

neighborly interaction.

Fig. Showing the sewage

networks in a sector.

This is how a proper

network is maintained

Socio behavioral interpretation

• To foster community feel and mutual

interdependence various income groups

have been combined and arranged

concentric rings of plots.

• Each dwelling has its own compound and

territory, which encourage social

interaction, and supports a way of life of

the user group.

• Like mohallas of traditional towns,

dwellings are grouped to create small

cluster spaces in a form of short streets,

or cul-de-sacs or open squares.

• Dwellings are oriented north south and

arranged as row houses so that minimum of

incident solar radiation will be absorbed by

the walls.

• Mass housing where end user is anonymous

it is a challenge to offer choices of form

through flexibility of design.

• At Aranya variations in ottas, entrances,

staircases, verandah, balconies and

fenestration, within the standardized

layout, help each house gain a unique

character.

• These variations not only enrich street

façade but also help users express their

identity.

• This arouses a sense of belonging in the

user, essential to the healthy development

of any living environment and its

subsequent maintenance.

Salient features of design at each level

Township level- approach to integrate

• Provide a focus to the township.

• Achieve on overall cohesion of different

areas and activities.

• Allow formation of an environmental area

by discouraging through traffic.

• Incorporate all the basic community and

institutional facilities.

• Place the community and central facilities

within easy reach.

• Provide a well ordered hierarchy of roads.

• Provide a well ordered hierarchy of

spaces.

• Provide a well ordered hierarchy of

commercial spaces.

• Allow design population densities to

accommodate future growth.

Sector level-approach to optimization

• Use natural features and landmarks to

construct and efficiently.

• Reflect the local, historical

characteristics in the built form.

• Encourage interaction and integration

amongst income/social groups.

• Promote multiple and overlapping land

uses.

• Segregate pedestrian and vehicular

movements.

• Optimize land use, roads and other

infrastructure.

• Provide a sense of boundary to each sector.

• Provide defined entry points and

discourage through vehicular traffic

Concentric circles showing

various amenities and their respective distance as

we move from a dwelling unit to outwards

Sewerage network

of a cluster

community/street level- approach to social

interaction

• Promote person to person contact through

cluster of human scale.

• Provide an individual character to each cluster.

• Create a functionally sympathetic and an

esthetically pleasing street environment.

• Provide spaces for social and religious activities.

• Promote income generation at cluster level.

• Provide all essential amenities and utilities to

every street.

• Define clearly each cluster’s territory and the

sense of entry.

• Have regards for pedestrians.

• Optimize cluster patterns for economic

infrastructure provision and easy access.

For planning the sanitary service core in low cost

housing, the following additional guidelines were

considered:

• Ensure full privacy to the W.C. and wash area.

• Provide safe and adequate sanitation for all

families.

• Consider the environmental impact of the

sanitation core.

• Integrated the sanitary facilities within the

dwelling.

• Make the sewage system adaptable to alternative

treatment/disposal methods.

• Consider energy conservation and the recycling

of waste.

• Radically streamline the services to reduce costs

and ensure easy maintenance.

• Propose economic planning of services,

structure, sub-structure and cores.

Ariel view of a street

Which gives an effect

of mohalla

Providing great deal of

security as well as

social interaction

Such close placing also

reduces the pipe lenghts

making the whole

process of services

networking very

economical

Dwelling level- incremental approach

• Make the dwellings sensitive to the

lifestyle and daily needs of the people.

• Give each dwelling a rich, unique identity

• Integrate the spaces with in and outside the

dwelling.

• Maintain privacy within and from outside.

• Consider orientation, light, cross

ventilation, etc. for natural climate

control

• Allow for vertical and horizontal

expansion of the dwelling in future.

• Provide rear access for sub-letting bicycle,

cattle etc.

• Study the efficiency of plot sizes, walls,

foundations and internal circulation.

• Use appropriate materials and

construction methods.

• Make the dwelling simple and economic to

encourage the ‘self-built’ approach

Scope for incremental

growth in a house.

Giving dwellers freedom to

build on their own not only

brings sense of

belongingness but also

provides a rich

street façade.

Comparative analysis

topics Scion Shivaji,

Mumbai

Ajanta Nagar, Pune Aranya, Indore Slum networking,

Indore

Concept

/projec

t type

•Land sharing On site development Sites and services Upgradation through

networking of slums

Financi

al

arrang

ements

•Fully funded,

•dwellers get the

tenements free of cost

10% dwellers share

30%math funded

30%hudco funded

30%state funded

Mixed user group so

e.w.s people were given

loans and monthly

installments based on

avg. family income

Whole project is

funded on sharing

basis between Indore

development authority

and overseas

development

administration U.K.

Target

populati

on

•Original slum

dwellers

Original slum dwellers Mixed user group but

largely e.w.s . people

Entire Indore

including slums and

non slums

site

plannin

g

•Longitudinal site not

much could be don

•But had an additional

advantage of 2.5 fsi

•Did maximum that

could be done for this

site.

•Absence of adequate

green spaces and open

play areas

Site was big enough to

accommodate dwelling

units, and recreational

spaces.

But not much has been

done to provide green

spaces

Lack of intimate scale

Raising the building on

stilts gave adequate space

for parking and temporary

market place.

Whole site of 86

hectare has been fully

exploited

Hierchy of spaces from

township level to sector

level to street level to

dwelling unit level has

been properly maintained

and is clearly visible

Whole city is treated

as one whole

integrated site

Slums are interwoven

into city by making them

a part of cities

functioning

All facilities and

amenities like

underground sewerage

and water supply have

been provided to them

through networking of

slums

Natural topography is

exploited.

topics Scion Shivaji,

Mumbai

Ajanta Nagar, Pune Aranya, Indore Slum networking,

Indore

Plannin

g at

communi

ty level

•As such community

planning has not been

aimed at deliberately

but the lifestyle work

culture and makes

community

participation must

•Community planning is not

fully achieved In design

•Absence of Inter

community intimacy in

design

•person to person

contact through cluster

of human scale

•spaces for social and

religious activities

•all essential amenities

and utilities to every

street.

•regards for pedestrians

As the whole city is

targeted, community

planning and

sensitiveness had to be

achieved

Dwellin

g unit

level

•No scope of

incremental growth

•No provision of spill

over spaces

•No scope of incremental

growth

•No provision of spill over

spaces

•dwellings sensitive to

the lifestyle and daily

needs of the people.

•Integrate the spaces

with in and outside the

dwelling.

•Scope for incremental

growth in a house.

The project aims at

overall development

so design of tenement

depends purely on the

dweller

Socio

behavio

ural

aspects

•No flexibility in design

•Lesser social

interaction than in

slums

•No flexibility in design

•Good social interaction

than in slums

Design aims at proper

grouping of income

groups

community feel

encouraged in design

User group is the basic of

design.

Widely accepted by

people

living standard

improved a lot

People actively

participate and

mobilize their

resources for the

upgradation

Post

occupa

ncy

evaluati

on

•Almost 85% of the

dwellers are the ones

who are the original

occupants.

•Nicely maintained

complex

•Community initiative to

keep the housing clean

and healthy

•Almost 95% of the

dwellers are the ones who

are the original occupants.

•badly maintained complex

•No Community initiative to

keep the housing clean and

healthy

A sceme dwellers can

identify with

Highly successful

Perfect example of how

a housing should be

designed specially for

ews and slum dwellers

An example for rest of

the cities for

following this type of

project

Evolution and

replication has

already initiated

Site

• Location

Site is located near one of the very posh

colonies-model town extension.

Very near to the site lies the Sidhwan canal

which carries the waste water disposal of the

surrounding areas

• Physical condition

• The neighboring area of the site is a one of the

very posh area of city but the slum area is in a

total dilapidation.

• There is one road which is a major traffic

road which adjoins back side of model town

ext to main road which cuts the site into two

unequal parts.

• Total area of the site is approx 9 acres all of

which contains

• illegal and haphazard semi pucca 532

dwelling units

• 2o shops which people have opened their

houses and some are the encroachments on

the roads. •Stagnant water at places and

level of road higher than

plinth of houses make condition

all the more worse.

•Almost no sewerage system

and illegal water supply pipes

make the place very unhygienic.

•Total no of families to

rehabilitate-1005

Site plan

Description No. Area

Per unit %age of total area total area (sq ft)

Residential

Flatted

•Type a

•Type b

•type c

Plotted

1005

840

250

270

320

165

-

-

375 35

325 30

270 25

430 40

35 250540

Open spaces and parks -- -- 35 250540

Circulation (roads and

pathways)

-- -- 20 143000

Primary and middle school 1 -- 2 14000

Primary health centre 1 -- 2 14000

Community centre

• Community hall

• Slum office

• Reading hall

• crèche

1

1

1

1

1

--

--

--

--

--

1 10000

Other community facilities

Water pump and

tank

Electric

substation

Informal markets

shops

1

1

1

1

40

--

--

--

--

60

5

Site level considerations

• Site integration

As the site is divided by a traffic road, efforts shall be to give site an integrated character

through

Appropriate zoning

Following a pattern in hierarchy of circulation

• Site planning shall aim at promoting

Community interaction

Sense of belongingness

Creating workspaces, multiple spaces, spill over spaces

• Planning conducive to the lifestyle of the dwellers

• such type of layout shall be initiated which is conducive to work culture of the dwellers as

many people here work on khaddis and little handmade crafts. So community worplaces and

open spaces shall be provided

• Intimate scale shall be followed while designing of cluster layout.

• Cluster courts shall be provided which act as community interaction spaces

Dwelling unit level considerations

While deciding for the dwelling units following aspects shall be considered:

• Flexibility: flexibility might be achieved by giving two types of development

Plotted - min. area of one plot shall be around 35 sq m.

Flatted - min. area of one tenement to be 25 sq m.

Further choice in flatted can be given two to three types of tenements depending upon family

type and other personal preferences.

• Provisions for incremental growth: care shall be taken to provide such a dwelling unit which

accommodates incremental growth naturally and in such a way that it does not disturb the

whole setup.

Use of cost effective measures

• As my design is for a class of people for whom out of the three food clothing and shelter the

last one come at last and their primary concern is to earn money to feed themselves, to

convince them for a better shelter means that it has to come to them at a price which they can

shell out after fulfilling their basic needs.

• Also the money that government spends on these projects is very high and is a national asset, it

has to be used meticulously .

• Thus adoption of cost effective measures which not only make the initial cost of the project

low but also make its running cost or maintenance cost extremely affordable.

• This shall be done by adopting

Cost effective construction techniques

Easily available, cheap and durable construction material

Easily available labour, which can be the dwellers themselves

Proper orientation measures

Books and articles

1. National slum Policy.

2. National Building codes 1970

3. City development plan, Ludhiana

4. Guidelines—JNNURM

5. Management of Sites and services housing schemes.

6. The Asian experience-Peter J. Swan Emiel A.Wegelin and Komol Panchee.

7. engineered housing for Developing Countries with Psychological implications-Dr. Lonie A

homes (housing Problems in Developing countries, vol 2)

8. physical planning aspects in low income urban areas-Bulent Tokman, BRl, turkey

9. housing. (Problems in Developing countries, vol 1)

10. Building systems for Low Income housing -AK Jain

11. Design with climate, approach to architectural regionalism-Victor olgyay

12. Climatological and social data for India-TN Sheshadri and KR Rao.

13. Standards and specifications for low cost building materials.( Published by BMTPC)

14. New Landscape, Charles Correa

15. Environment friendly materials and technologies, BMPTC

16. Rain water Harvesting ,intermediate technology development group ltd

17. sustainable community Principles, Center for Urban Transportation Research, flonda

Websites

• www.ddadelhi.com

• www.hudcoindia.org

• www.bmptc.com

• www.anangpur.com

• www.jnnurm.com

• www.urbanindia.nic.in

• www.archnet.com

•www.sra.com

•www.srsindia.org

•www.muda.com

•www.ludhianacorp.org