1

Izvedba nastave po predmetima

Naziv predmeta TEHNIČKI ENGLESKI JEZIK

Kod

ECTS 2 boda (satnica predmeta:2+0) Obrazloženje utroška vremena prema vrstama studijskog opterećenja: Predavanja 30 sati-1 ECTS/ testovi, konzultacije, pisanje seminarskog rada, rad na prezentaciji i samostalno učenje 30 sati-1 ECTS

Nastavnici i/ili

suradnici

Margita Malešević, predavač

Kompetencije

koje se stječu

Student je osposobljen za korištenje svih jezičnih vještina i upoznat sa stručnom terminologijom tako da može, bez poteškoća , na engleskom jeziku: • pratiti stručna izlaganja • razgovarati o temama vezanim za elektroniku i uspješno

prezentirati odabranu temu iz istog područja • služiti se stručnom literaturom koja sadržava dijagrame, tablice,

grafove, upute.... • napisati jednostavnije opise i objašnjenja komponenata, spojeva i

procesa, kao i poslovna pisma

Preporučena

literatura

1. Glendinning, E.H., McEwan,J.(1996) Oxford English for Electronics Oxford:Oxford University Press

Dopunska

literatura

1. Štambuk, A. (2002) English in Electrical Engineering and Computing Split: Fakultet elektrotehnike, strojarstva i brodogradnje, Sveučilište u Splitu

Oblici

provoñenja

nastave

• Predavanja • Konzultacije • Jezične vježbe

Način provjere

znanja i

polaganja ispita

• Završni ispit (pismeni i usmeni) • Prezentacija odabrane teme • Kontinuirana provjera, pismena i usmena • Portfolio pisanih radova ( CV, molba za zapošljavanje, ...)

Nastavne jedinice Trajanje,

2

1. UVODNO PREDAVANJE

1.1.Revision of tenses 1.2. Circuit symbols

2 sata

2. ELECTRONICS IN THE HOME

2.1. Mathematical expressions 2.2. Understanding diagrams 2.3. Describing diagrams

2 sata

3. COMPONENT VALUES

3.1. Resistor values 3.2. Capacitor values 3.3. Diode codes 3.4. Linking facts and ideas

2 sata

TEST 1

4. ALARM SYSTEMS

4.1. If sentences 4.2. Word pairs 4.3. Alarm systems 4.4. Explanations

2 sata

5. TRANSISTORS

5. 1. Bipolar transistors 5. 2. Unipolar transistors 5. 3. Reading and note- taking

2 sata

6. TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

6.1. Locating and applying information 6.2. Transistor characteristics 6.3. Ordering components

2 sata

7 . BATTERIES

7.1 SIMPLE PAST versus Present Perfect 7.2. Battery charger

2 sata

3

TEST 2

8. ELECTRIC CHARGES; ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTIVITY

8.1. Atom

2 sata

9. ELECTRIC CHARGES; ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTIVITY

2 sata

TEST 3

10. SEMICONDUCTORS

GIVING PRESENTATIONS

2 sata

11. TEST AND REPAIR INSTRUMENTS

COMPUTERS Students' Presentations

2 sata

12. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FAX Students' Presentations

2 sata

13. CELLPHONES

TRANSMISSION LINES Students' Presentations

2 sata

14. JOB ADS 14.1. Understanding job ads 14.2. Writing a CV and a cover letter

2 sata

15. JOB ADS

15.1. CV and a letter of application 15.2. Role-playing an interview

2 sata

4

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

TIME EXPRESSIONS: now, today, at the moment, at present, this week, next Sunday, … FORM: present of to be (am, is are) + verb + ing

I’m talking now. Am I talking?/ What am I talking about? I am not talking. We’re visiting Tom next week. What are you doing next week? We’re staying in. He’s buying a car this month. Why is he doing that? He isn’t buying …

USE: to talk about an action happening now or around now to talk about actions in the near future and planned things EXERCISES: What _______________________________ now? (your sister, husband, children, parents) this week next Saturday next summer this weekend tonight (do, read, plan, buy, look at, listen to, eat, sell, ……….) Where _______________________________this weekend/this summer? How long ____________________________ staying? How ________________________________ there? Who ________________________________ with? When ________________________________ back?

VERBS THAT DO NOT HAVE CONTINUOUS FORM:

MENTAL ACTIVITY: know, understand, believe, agree, think*, doubt, …

EMOTIONS: love, like, want, desire, hate, …….

SENSES: see*, hear, taste, smell, …….

5

PRESENT SIMPLE

TIME EXPRESSIONS: always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every week, … FORM: -s, -es, for the third person singular (he, she, it, Mary, Tom, my mother,…) do, does, for questions and don’t, doesn’t for negatives

I always drive to work. Do you drive to work? I don’t drive to work. He plays tennis. Does he play tennis? He doesn’t play tennis. Tom often watches TV. What does Tom watch? Tom doesn’t watch TV.

USE: to talk about habitual actions to talk about general truths with verbs which do not take continuous forms when we talk about general things like: 1) eating habits 2) living habits 3) working habits 4) hobbies 5) interests 6) family EXERCISES:

1) What (time) ……. lunch? What time do you have lunch? When ……………dinner? Where ………….. breakfast? What food ………. like?

2) Where... live? house, flat, rented room, in the country, in the city, on your own, with.. When….. get up? How………. go to work? Where/When……. have lunch? What time…….. to bed?

3) ………… work? Where ? How ………get there? How long ……… take you to get to work? How long does it take you to get..

6

What time………. start/finish? Do …………. like it? Why ………… like it? ……………. work long or short hours?

4) ……………. have any free time? When ……….. have it? How ………… usually spend it? ……………… collect anything?

5) What ……….. like doing? Why …………. find that interesting? How often ………… do it?

6) Who ………… live with? How big …….. your family? ……… your wife(husband, sister) work? Where ………… she/he work? ……………. she/ he like her/his job? What time ……….. she/he start/ finish?/

………. she/he/you work overtime?

VERBS: TO BE, CAN, MUST, HAVE GOT, do not follow these rules, but have their own. .

7

PAST SIMPLE TIME EXPRESSIONS: yesterday, two days ago, last week, When?, in 19.., during ….. FORM: a) Regular verbs (play, live) adding –D, -ED -------- played, lived b) Irregular verbs (go, take) special form -------------- went, took DID for questions and DIDN’T for negatives DID, DIDN’T + play, live, go, take

She lived in Zagreb last year. Did she live in Split? She didn’t live there. They went out last night. Where did they go? They didn’t go out. We took a train to Paris. Why did you take a train? We didn’t take a bus.

USE: to talk about actions and states in the past the actions and states finished we know the time when the actions and states happened 1) When ……………………………. get up yesterday? 2) How ………………………………go to work? 3) What time ………………………...start/finish? 4) What ………………………………have for breakfast? 5) What time …………………………go to bed? 6) What ………………………………do in the evening? 1) When …………………………….finish high school? 2) ……………………………………go to university? 3) When ……………………………. get your first job? 4) ……………………………………like it? 1) Where ………………………………. spend your last holiday/weekend? 2) Who …………………………………go there with? 3) How …………………………………. get there? 4) How long ……………………………. stay? 5) ……………………………………….. have a good time? 6) What ………………………………….do? 7) How ………………………………….. come back? 1) When ………………………………… buy your car/ TV, a new pair of shoes/ a book? 2) How much ……………………………cost? 3) How ………………………………….. pay? by credit card, by cheque, in cash, Why? 4) …………. your wife/ husband, child … like it?

8

VERB TO BE: PRESENT/PAST

PRESENT PAST I am hungry. Am I…..? I am not….. I was hungry. Was I..? I was not. You are fit. Are you..? You are not.. You were fit. Were you? You were not. He is good. Is he …..? He is not…. He was good. Was he…? He was not. We are …. Are we...? We are not.. We were….. Were we..? We weren’t. They are… Are they.? They are not. They were … Were they? They weren’t.

1) How …… you today? 2) How ……. you yesterday? 3) Why ……. he worried? 4) How ……. your parents/ children today? 5) What …….. the weather like today? 6) What …….. the weather like yesterday? 7) What ……. Split like? 8) Where …… your friends now? 9) Where ……. they yesterday? 10) Where ……. you born? Where …….. your father born? 11) When ……… your mother born? 1) What …….. you interested in? Why ……. you interested in it? 2) What ……… you interested in as a child? 3) What subjects ……….. you good at? 4) What subjects …….. your sister/ brother good at? 5) Where ……….. you when the Americans landed on the moon? (1969) 6) Who …….. your best friend in high school? ……… he/she still your friend? 7) ……….. you rich today? 8) ……….. you rich as a teenager? 9) …….. the weather better today than it ……. yesterday? 10) …….. you happier 10 years ago than today? 11) …….. your life better 10 years ago than today?

9

PRESENT PERFECT

TIME EXPRESSIONS: already, since, for, yet, ever, never, so far, recently, just…. FORM: have, has + past participle (regular verbs –d, -ed irregular verbs special form, 3rd column) USE: 1) to talk about past actions, we don’t know the time, the time is not important, but experience 2) to talk about an action that started in the past and is still going on, unfinished past 3) to talk about an action that just happened I have seen that film. Have you been to the USA? I’ve never been in jail. She has lived here for 20 years. How long has she lived here? She hasn’t lived abroad. We have just gone out. Why have you gone out? We haven’t gone out. 1) EXPERIENCE 1) ……….. you ever ……….(be) abroad? 2) What countries ………… you ………….(visit)? 3) How many times ……….. you …………(travel) by plane?

4)………. your brother/ sister …………….(travel) by plane? 5) ……… you ever ………..(eat) Chinese food? ………. your colleague ……..(eat) it? have a car accident 1) ……… you ever…………? write a poem/love letter 2) How many times ……… you ………? drive a Ferrari/Porsche lie to someone you love steal something from a shop/hotel meet someone famous 2) UNFINISHED PAST

1) How long …….. you ……… (work)? 2) How long………you ……….(know) your best friend? 3) How long ……...you ……….(live) in your present flat/house? 4) How long ……...you………..(be) in this classroom? 5) How long ……...you ……….(have) the same hairstyle? 6) How long ……...you………..(be) a parent?

10

CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

RESISTOR- electronic component for opposing the flow of charge

VARIABLE RESISTOR- resistor with resistance that can be changed mechanically

POTENTIOMETER- variable el. component for dividing voltage into two smaller parts

THERMISTOR- resistor made from a semiconductor material sensitive to heat, decreasing its resistance as it gets warmer

LDR- light dependent resistor

CAPACITOR- el. component which stores charge

11

INDUCTOR- coil which resists changes in voltage and current

TRANSFORMER- component consisting of two or more coils of wire for increasing, decreasing or isolating an AC supply voltage

AERIAL- device for collecting or sending signals, transmitted through free space, antenna

EARTH- common zero voltage point in a circuit

CELL- component which changes a form of energy (usually chemical) into electrical energy

12

METER- ammeter el. instrument for measuring current - voltmeter el. instrument for measuring el. voltage

SWITCH- electrical component for opening and closing a circuit

FUSE- a safety device which heats up and melts, breaking the circuit when the current becomes too large

MICROPHONE- a device for converting sound waves into electrical signals

LOUDSPEAKER- a device for converting electrical signals into sound

RELAY- electromechanical switch operated by an electromagnet

13

DIODE- semiconductor component which allows current to flow only in one direction

TRANSISTOR- semiconductor component with three electrodes (emitter, base & collector) used for switching or amplifying an el. signal

MOSFET IG FETBipolar J-FET Darlington

LOGIC GATE- el. switching circuit that operates according to mathematical rules of logic

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER- an extremely high gain analogue IC amplifier - amplifier- el. circuit for increasing the size of a signal

14

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS + plus/and How much is seven plus three? _ minus/take away How much is seven minus three? x times/ is multiplied by Three times two equals six. : is divided by Nine divided by three equals three. = equals/is equal to % percent < is less than > is greater than

2

1 one half ;

2

5 five halves

3

1 one third

b

a a over b

0.25 nought point two five; zero point twenty-five

square root

3 cube root

x2 x squared

x3 x cubed

x5 x to the power of five

x-5 x to the power of minus five

xn x sub n; x subscript n n! n factorial

∫ the integral of 17,537 seventeen thousand, five hundred and thirty-seven

15

1) ELECTRONICS IN THE HOME Comprehension questions:

1) How and when did electronics begin? 2) What were the first devices and what were they like? 3) What did the invention of the transistor mean? 4) When did microelectronics begin and how? 5) Why was the introduction of the microprocessor important?

Diagrams: Block diagram- shows the function of each unit and the path of the signals between them Circuit diagram- shows the connection and values of the components Systems approach- understanding the function of each unit

2) COMPONENT VALUES

Vocabulary: digit znamenka band prsten vary mijenjati (se) stem proizilaziti, potjecati adjacent susjedni overlap preklapati se range opseg, domet resistor otpornik capacitor kondenzator Linking facts and ideas (povezivanje činjenica i ideja) Relative clauses

1) Resistors are electronic components. 2) Resistors are used to add resistance to a circuit. Resistors are electronic components which add resistance to a circuit. (koji)

Clauses of purpose ( namjera, svrha)

1) Each resistor is marked with colours. 2) The colours indicate the value of the transistor.

Each resistor is marked with colours to indicate its value. (da bi pokazale)

16

ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSES

TEST ONE

NAME_________________________ DATE__________________________

1) Answer the following questions!

a) Explain the difference between a block diagram and a circuit diagram.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

b) Why are resistors coded with coloured bands and what do the colours

represent?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

c) Why do manufacturers make resistors with tolerances?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

/9

2) Fill in the gaps with one word from the box.

picofarads connected consists microhenry

variable capacitor supply diode

The circuit 1) _____________ of a four hundred and seventy 2)

_______________ inductor which is connected in parallel with a 3)

_____________capacitor. The 4) ____________ can be varied between five

and sixty-five 5) _____________. The aerial is 6) ____________ to the top of

the tuner. It is also connected to the positive terminal of the 7)

_______________ in the detector. The bottom end of the tuner is connected

tom earth via the zero voltage 8) __________________ rail.

/8

17

3) Match the words to the correct definition.

a) amplifier 1) electronic component which stores charge

b) resistor 2) semiconductor component that allows current to flow only in one direction c) capacitor 3) coil which resists changes in voltage and current

d) switch 4) electronic circuit for increasing the size of a signal

e) diode 5) electronic component for opposing the flow of charge

f) inductor 6) electronic component for opening and closing a circuit

a ____ b ____ c ____ d ____ e ____ f ____ /6

4) Collocations: match the words that go together.

A B

a) food 1) values

b) low 2) resistor

c) supply 3) switch

d) systems 4) processor

e) preferred 5) rail

f) reed 6) approach

g) variable 7) powered

a ____ b ____ c ____ d ____ e ____ f ____ g ____

/7

TOTAL/30

18

ALARM SYSTEMS

Listening (Tapescript)

Government figures released today show that crime against property has increased by 17 % over the last 10 years. Crimes involving cars show the steepest rise. If the trend continues, about 1 car in every 20, will be vandalised, broken into, or stolen this year. The Government is launching a three-pronged ( in three directions) attack on car crime. Firstly, it is pressing motor manufacturers to fit better locks on all new cars. It takes an experienced car thief no more than 15 seconds to break into most models at present. Secondly, it is launching an advertising campaign to persuade car owners to be more vigilant about car theft. Finally, insurance companies are being encouraged to offer lower premiums to motorists who install an alarm system in their vehicles. Vocabulary:

release objaviti involve uključiti launch otpočeti, lansirati persuade nagovoriti, uvjeriti vigilant budan, svjestan mount montirati tamper umiješati se, prtljati saturation zasićenje transducer pretvarač bias prednapon, polarizacija Comprehension questions:

1) How much has the crime against property increased over the last 10 years? 2) What are the Government's measures concerning the car manufacturers? 3) Why is the Government launching an advertising campaign? 4) What should the insurance companies offer to motorists who install an alarm system? 5) Explain how these devices work:

a) door switch b) window foil c) pressure mat d) passive infra-red detector

How can the simple alarm circuit be improved by adding these features?

a) Entry and exit delays b) Automatic cut-off c) Tamper protection d) Battery back-up

If-sentences: If a burglair tries to force the alarm open, sensors will trigger the alarm.

19

TRANSISTORS

Bipolar transistors: Bipolar transistor is a device which consists of three layers (two junctions), and provides power or voltage amplification. It has three regions: the emitter, the base and the collector. The emitter-to- base junction is biased in the forward direction, while the collector- to- base junction is biased in the reverse direction. In the n-p-n transistor electrons flow from the emitter to the collector; in the p-n-p transistor, electrons flow from the collector to the emitter. The direction of the current is always opposite to the flow of electrons. Transistors can be used for a wide variety of control functions, such as amplification, oscillation and frequency conversion. Unipolar transistors:

Unipolar transistors are different from bipolar transistors basically because current flow is controlled by the variation of the electric field, established by a control voltage, while with bipolar transistors it is controlled by variation of the current in the base terminal. Field-effect transistors (FET) are unipolar devices because their operation is controlled by one type of charge carrier, electrons in n-channel devices and holes in p-channel devices. These devices are classified as junction-gate field-effect transistors (JFET), or metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOS/FET). Vocabulary:

layer sloj junction spoj, veza biased polariziran in forward direction propusno polariziran in reverse direction nepropusno polariziran charge carrier nositelj naboja Comprehension questions: 1) What is a bipolar transistor and what regions does it consist of? 2) How is the emitter-to-base junction biased? 3) What is the difference between the two types: p-n-p and n-p-n? 4) Where are transistors used? 5) How is unipolar transistor different from the bipolar transistor?

20

TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Vocabulary

case style kućište pin connection nožica power dissipation gubitak snage current gain pojačanje breakdown voltage probojni napon

BATTERIES

Strictly speaking a battery consists of two or more cells. In non-technical English, however, battery is also used for single cells. Everyone knows what a battery is: it’s one of those little tubes that you put in your Walkman or your torch so that you can have music or light wherever you go. It’s portable electricity. In fact, batteries come in many shapes and sizes, not simply tubes, and we could really call them cells, because a battery is a number of cells linked together, They range from the button-sized cells which keep your watch going on for more than a year, to the heavy batteries which can power submarines. There are two different types of cells: one is called a primary cell, and the other a secondary cell. Both types change chemical energy into electricity. Primary cells are thrown away when the chemicals they contain are used up. Secondary cells can be recharged and used again and again. The commonest and cheapest kind of primary cell is the Zinc-carbon cell. It consists of a zinc can which contains two chemicals. The zinc is the negative electrode. One of the chemicals, manganese dioxide, is the positive electrode. Millions of cells like these are used every year in radios, torches, and tape recorders. More and more people want a cell which can be used again and again. The NiCad cell fits this description. It is a secondary cell with a nickel positive electrode and a cadmium negative electrode. Ni for nickel, Cad for cadmium- NiCad. These cells are more expensive, but they can be recharged hundreds of times. They are used in many cordless appliances such as portable phones. Comprehension questions:

1) What are batteries? 2) How can they vary in shape and size? 3) What two different types of cells are there, what is the difference? 4) What energy do they change? 5) Where are they used according to the type?

21

ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSES

TEST TWO

NAME_________________________

DATE__________________________

5) Answer the following questions!

d) How is a unipolar transistor different from a bipolar transistor?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

e) What is the difference between the two types: p-n-p and n-p-n?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

f) What is the use of transistors?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

/18

6) Complete the summary of the text.

The three regions making the bipolar transistor are 1) ____________,

2)_________, and 3) ____________. Different symbols used for n-p-n and

p-n-p transistors show the difference in the direction of 4) ______________

5) _____________ and the respective polarities of the voltages applied to

the emitter and the 6) ____________ in the normal operation. In field-effect

transistors, which are 6) _____________ 7) __________, the conduction

current is controlled by an 8) ____________ 9) _______________. They are

classified as either 10) _______________ or 11) ______________.

/12

TOTAL/30

22

BILL BRYSON: A SHORT HISTORY OF NEARLY EVERYTHING

ATOM

Let us consider the structure of the atom. Every atom is made from three kinds of elementary

particles: protons, which have a positive electrical charge; electrons, which have a negative

electrical charge; and neutrons, which have no charge. Protons and neutrons are packed into

the nucleus, while electrons spin around outside. The number of protons is what gives atom

its chemical identity. An atom with one proton is an atom of hydrogen, one with two protons

is helium, and so on. Each time you add a proton, you get a new element. (Since the number

of protons is always balanced by an equal number of electrons, you can sometimes find that it

is the number of electrons that defines an element, it is the same thing.

Neutrons don't influence an atom's identity, but they add to its mass.

Neutrons and protons occupy the atom's nucleus. The nucleus of an atom is tiny, (extremely

small)- only one millionth of a billionth of the full volume of the atom- but fantastically

dense, as it contains all the atom's mass.

If an atom was expanded to the size of a cathedral, the nucleus would be only about the size of a fly – but a fly is many thousands of times heavier than the cathedral.

ELECTRIC CHARGES; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

One fundamental property of electrical charge is its existence in two varieties that are named positive and negative. All charged particles can be divided into two classes, where all members of one class repel each other, while attracting members of the other class. Electric current is caused by the motion of charge carriers. The electric current is a measure of the amount of charge passing any point of the wire per unit time. (količina naboja koja u jedinici vremena proñe kroz poprečni presjek vodiča) According to their ability to conduct current, materials are divided into electrical insulators and electrical conductors. The electrical difference between a good insulator and a good conductor is huge, as both properties depend on the mobility of atomic particles; in the electric, the mobility of the charge carriers, electrons or ions. In electrical conductivity some substances can change conductivity, depending on conditions such as their temperature. Materials called semiconductors have this property. Metals are the best conductors. Their conductivity is caused by free electrons. Since they are not attached to any single atom, they are able to move through the whole crystal lattice.

23

Comprehension questions

1) What does an atom consist of and how is it connected to electric current?

2) How is electricity defined?

3) How are materials divided according to their conductivity?

Use the information from the text to complete the following sentences

1) Charged particles can be divided into two classes: ___________________________

2) Regarding their conductivity, materials are divided into ___________________,

___________________ and __________________.

3) Semiconductors are materials that _________________________________________.

4) High conductivity of metals is caused by ____________________________________

5) The electric current is ___________________________________________________.

24

ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSES

TEST THREE

NAME_________________________

DATE__________________________

1) Answer the following questions!

a) What is the difference between the two types of batteries and where are they used?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

b) What do you know about the structure of atom and how is it connected to electric

current?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

c) How do we divide materials according to their conductivity?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

/15

2) Fill in the gaps with one word from the box.

properties crystal outer conductivity temperature semiconductors electrons Some substances can change their conductivity over a wide range, depending on

conditions such as their 1) ______________. A useful class of materials called

2) ______________ have this property and even more curious 3) ___________.

The metals are the best conductors. High 4) ____________ of metals is caused

by free 5) ___________, able to move through the whole 6) __________ lattice.

25

The metal atoms easily lose one or two_______________ electrons.

/15

3) Write the meaning of the following definitions.

1) A measure of the ability of a material to conduct an electrical current -

________________

2) An electrostatic quantity, measured as a surplus or deficiency of electrons -

________________

3) A material that conducts almost no current - _____________________

4) It protects a circuit - _____________________

5) It detects the movement - ______________________ /10

4) Collocations: match the words that go together.

A B

h) integrated 1) sensor

i) circuit 2) cell

j) alternating 3) switch

k) primary 4) supply

l) zener 5) diode

m) reed 6) circuit n) surface 7) current

o) vibration 8) bias

p) reverse 9) diagram

q) mains 10) wave

a ___ b ___ c ___ d ___ e ___ f ___ g ___ h ___ i ___ j ___

/10

TOTAL/50

26

SEMICONDUCTORS

Introductory questions

1. Which are most frequently used semiconductor materials? 2. What two processes take part between electrons and holes in semiconductor materials? Semiconductors are materials that have resistivity in the range between conductors and insulators. The conductivity increases not only with temperature but also with the presence of impurities in the crystal lattice. They are used in a wide variety of solid state devices, such as transistors, integrated circuits, diodes etc. Intrinsic semiconductors are those in which the energy gap between the conduction band and the valence band is comparable to thermal energies. To separate the electron-pair bonds and provide free electrons for electrical conduction, it is necessary to apply high temperatures or strong electric field. Each electron that is thermally excited into the conduction band leaves behind a vacant energy level in the valence band. The vacancies are holes or positive charge carriers. The number of electron-hole pairs per second produced in the semiconductor is the generation rate.

Another way to obtain free electrons is to add small amounts of other elements that have a different atomic structure (impurities). The presence of impurities in a semiconductor affects the conductivity significantly. Extrinsic semiconductors are those whose properties depend on the presence of impurities and on the type and concentration of impurity. Donor impurities are atoms which have more valence electrons than are required to complete the bonds with neighbouring atoms. The number of conduction electrons is greater than the number of mobile holes, and the semiconductor is n-type. Acceptor impurities are atoms that have fewer valence electrons than required to complete the bonds with neighbouring atoms, so they accept any electrons to complete the bonds. Therefore holes are predominant and the semiconductor is known as p-type. Majority carriers are those that predominate in a particular semiconductor, while the others are minority carriers. The conductivity of an extrinsic semiconductor depends on the type and amount of impurities present. This can be controlled by adding impurities of a particular sort to achieve the desired type of conductivity. This process is called doping and the amount of impurity is the doping level.

27

Vocabulary

resistivity specifični otpor

solid state poluvodički

intrinsic čist, bez primjesa

valence band valentni pojas

conduction band vodljivi pojas

generation rate brzina generiranja (parova)

extrinsic primjesni (poluvodič)

donor impurities donorska primjesa

acceptor impurities akceptorska primjesa

dope dodavati primjese

Comprehension questions

1) What are semiconductors? Where are they used?

2) What increases conductivity?

3) What is an intrinsic semiconductor?

4) How are free electrons obtained in an extrinsic semiconductor?

5) When is a semiconductor said to be n-type and when p-type?

28

PRESENTING IN ENGLISH

GIVING A PRESENTATION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IS A CHALLENGE.

CONCENTRATE TOO HARD ON THE FACTS AND YOU MAKE LANGUAGE

MISTAKES. CONCENTRATE TOO HARD ON YOUR ENGLISH AND YOU GET

YOUR FACTS WRONG.

Tell me and I forget;

Show me and I remember;

Involve me and I understand.

Ancient Chinese Proverb 1. WHAT MAKES A GOOD PRESENTATION?

- enthusiasm for the subject / business of presenting it

2. WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE SUCCESS OF A GOOD

PRESENTATION? - new & unusual content (content is crucial):

- a clear structure;

- a good sense of timing;

- imaginative use of visual aids;

- the ability to make people laugh……..and think.

3. HOW TO BECOME A GOOD PRESENTER?

1. Leave Nothing To Chance

2. Know Exactly How To Start

3. Get Straight To Your Point

4. Talk To Your Audience

5. Know What Works

6. Be Concise

7. Speak Naturally

8. Know Your Audience

9. Treat Your Audience As Equals

10. Be Yourself

11. Take Your Time

12. Don’t Make A Special Effort To Be Funny

13. Let Your Visuals Speak For Themselves

14. Never Compete With Your Visuals

15. Develop Your Own Style

16. Enjoy The Experience

17. Welcome Questions From Your Audience

18. Finish Strongly

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4. GETTING STARTED

GREETINGS

FAIRLY FORMAL MORE FRIENDLY

- Perhaps we should begin. OK, let’s get started.

- Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Morning, everyone.

- My name’s … I’m …

- I’m responsible for… I’m in charge of…

- If you have any questions to ask, Feelfree to ask any

questions

I’ll be happy to answer them. you like as we go along.

- Perhaps we can leave any questions And, don’t worry, there’ll be

you may have until the end of plenty of time left over for

presentation. questions at the end.

OPENING REMARKS / STATING YOUR PURPOSE

- This morning I’d like to … / What I want to do this

morning is…

- discuss - talk to you about

- report on - tell you about

- and present - and show you 5. OUTLINING THE SCOPE OF THE TALK

I have divided my talk into …… sections:

●I’d like firstly to talk about…

●The second part will concern…

●In the third part I’ll deal with…

●And finally, I shall raise briefly the issue /address the problem…

6. OPENING THE MAIN SECTION

• So, I’ll start off by…

o -bringing you up-to-date on…

o -making a few observations…

o -giving you an overview of…

• I’d like to start by drawing your attention to / suggesting that…

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7. MOVING TO A NEW POINT (SIGNPOSTING)

Simple phrases guiding the audience:

• To move on To go back To summarize

• To expand on To recap To turn to

• To digress To conclude To elaborate on

8. HIGHLIGHTING

I’d like you to ask yourselves a simple question.

• WHAT… I’d like you to do now IS …

We can’t expect too much too soon.

• WHAT we can’t do IS …

It is important / significant / interesting to point out…

• The important / significant / interesting thing to point out is …

9. INDICATORS OF THE COMPLETION OF A SECTION / POINT • Well Well now Well right

• Okay OK. So,… Right

• Right then Good Now

10. SUMMARIZING

• To sum up then

• In conclusion I would just like to say

11. THANKING THE AUDIENCE

• And let me finish there. Thank you.

12. USING YOUR VOICE

• Pay attention to stress patterns;

• Learn lots of word partnerships – stressed words are content words;

• Pausing is a matter of choice, but better always after stressed words / at

the end of a chunk;

• Vary the speed of your speaking / the tone of your voice.

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13. BASIC TECHNIQUES USED TO EFFECTIVELY GET YOUR MESSAGE

ACROSS

• Using intensifiers to emphasize certain points: really, absolutely, actually,

completely, definitely,

• Emphasizing words or phrases;

• Giving more than one reason;

• Using repetition of words, statements, key words.

14. IMPRESSING & INFLUENCING THE AUDIENCE

• Asking rhetorical questions rather than giving statements;

• Making use of dramatic contrasts;

• Using famous quotations;

• Chunking in three points;

• The simpler, the more noticeable;

• Creating rapport with the audience.

15. HANDLING QUESTIONS

• Comment before you answer. You get some time to think. 4 basic types:

- good questions;

- difficult questions;

- unnecessary questions;

- irrelevant question.