marika gogolaZe

giorgi mariamiZe

s a n o t a r o

s a m a r T a l i

I wigni

I gamocema

Tbilisi 2016

gamomcemloba `iuristebis samyaro~

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (es iqneba teqsti, foto-ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saavtoro uflebis mqone subieqtis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebis darRveva isjeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.

© marika gogolaZe, 2016© giorgi mariamiZe, 2016

ISBN 978-9941-9477-2-8

gamomcemloba “iuristebis samyaro”

Tbilisi, m. kostavas #75; tel:. 2 38 35 99; 557 51 51 34

EEEE-mail: Lawyers.world@yahoo.com; https//www.facebook.com/PublishingHouselawyersworld

3

winasityvaoba

qarTul damoukidebel notariats 1996 wlidan mieca

SesaZlebloba, ganviTarebuliyo da daemkvidrebina

adgili saerTaSoriso asparezze. am periodidan

dRemde etapobrivad iqmneboda qarTuli notariatis

maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic

sxvadasxva dros aris gamocemuli da maTSi araerTi

cvlilebaa Sesuli. swored am arsebiTi xasiaTis

cvlilebebma Seqmna aucilebloba, gamocemuliyo es

wigni, sadac didi yuradReba aqvs daTmobili

aqtebis SedarebiT analizs, arsebuli xarvezebis

ganxilvas, maTi gamosworebis gzebis dasaxvasa da

wignis avtorebis rekomendaciebs.

garda Teoriuli masalisa, wignSi mocemulia

praqtikuli magaliTebi da kazusebi, aseve, kazusebis

amoxsnis gzebi da variantebi. winamdebare gamocemaSi

ganxilulia notariatis sferosTan dakavSirebuli

iseTi samarTlebrivi sakiTxebic, romlebze pasuxsac

moqmedi kanonmdebloba pirdapir ar iZleva.

wigni gankuTvnilia momavali da moqmedi

notariusebisTvis, studentebisTvis, notariusTa

palatis staJiorebisTvis, zogadad iuristebisTvis da

nebismieri dainteresebuli pirisTvis. mkiTxvels

SesaZlebloba eqneba siRrmiseulad moaxdinos

„notariatis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis, „sanotaro

moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb“ instruqciis,

notariusTa palatis wesdebisa da sxva samarTlebrivi

aqtebis Seswavla da maTi praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.

4

madlobas movaxsenebT wignis avtorebs, aseve, wignis

SeqmnaSi monawile yvela pirsa Tu kolegas, romelTa

ZalisxmeviTac aRniSnuli wignis gamocemisTvis

momzadeba da gamocema moxda.

saqarTvelos notariusTa palata

sarCevi

5

sarCevi

Tavi I: laTinuri notariati .............................................................................. 13

1. laTinuri notariatis istoria ............................................................ 13

a) warmoSobis safuZvlebi ......................................................................... 13

b) romis imperia ..................................................................................................14

g) bizantiis imperia ........................................................................................16

d) saeklesio notariati .............................................................................. 18

e) “axali era” ........................................................................................................ 21

2. laTinuri notariati ..................................................................................... 24

a) zogadi mimoxilva ...................................................................................... 24

b) sanotaro instrumentebi ...................................................................... 26

g) laTinuri notariatis gavrcelebis farglebi ............... 26

3. saerTo samarTlis notariati (notary public) ............................ 27

a) zogadi mimoxilva ...................................................................................... 27

b) istoria ................................................................................................................ 30

g) Sedareba laTinur notariatTan .................................................. 34

4. laTinuri notariatis saerTaSoriso kavSiri ...................... 35

a) zogadad kavSiris Sesaxeb .................................................................. 35

b) kavSiris miznebi .......................................................................................... 38

g) kavSiris wevroba ......................................................................................... 39

d) kavSiris resursebi ...................................................................................41

e) kavSiris mmarTvelobiTi organoebi .......................................... 42

(1) kavSiris saerTo kreba ................................................. 42

(a) saerTo krebis Semadgenloba ............................................ 42

(b) saerTo krebis sxdomebi ........................................................ 43

(g) xmis micemis ufleba .................................................................. 43

sanotaro samarTali

6

(d) saerTo krebis uflebamosileba .................................. 43

(2) kavSiris prezidenti ..................................................... 45

(3) kavSiris saorganizacio komiteti ............................ 46

(a) komitetis uflebebi da movaleobebi ....................... 46

(b) komitetis Semadgenloba ........................................................ 47

(g) komitetis krebebi ......................................................................... 48

(4) kavSiris generaluri sabWo ....................................... 48

(a) kavSiris generaluri sabWos ufleba-

movaleobani ................................................................................................. 48

(b) kavSiris generaluri sabWos Semadgenloba ..... 50

(g) kavSiris generaluri sabWos wevrebisa da

maTi Sesabamisi notariusTa palatebis

movaleobebi ................................................................................................. 50

(d) kavSiris generaluri sabWos krebebi ...................... 51

(5) kavSiris finansuri zedamxedvelobis

sabWo (CSF) ............................................................................ 52

(6) kavSiris aRmasrulebeli (oficialuri) pirebi ... 52

(7) notariusTa saerTaSoriso kongresi ....................... 54

v) saqarTvelos notariusTa palata rogorc kavSiris

wevri ............................................................................................................................. 54

z) kavSiris individualuri wevroba ............................................... 55

(1) ratom unda gaxde individualuri wevri? .............. 55

(2) vis SeuZlia gaxdes individualuri wevri? ........... 55

(3) ra dadebiTi mxareebi gaaCnia kavSiris

individualur wevrobas? .................................................. 56

(4) rogor unda gavxdeT kavSiris individualuri

wevri? ..................................................................................... 57

sarCevi

7

(5) rodis wydeba kavSiris” individualuri wevroba?

................................................................................................. 58

T) laTinuri notariatis fundamenturi principebi ......... 58

(1) notariusebi da maTi funqcia .................................... 58

(2) sanotaro dokumentebi (aqtebi) ................................. 59

(3) sanotaro saqmianobis organizeba ............................ 60

(4) sanotaro eTika .............................................................. 61

i) sanotaro eTikis principebi ............................................................. 62

(1) profesiuli momzadeba ................................................ 62

(2) notariusis ofisi ......................................................... 62

(3) urTierToba kolegebTan da profesiul

kavSirebTan ........................................................................... 63

(4) jansaRi konkurencia .................................................... 64

(5) saqmianobis reklamireba.............................................. 65

(6) notariusis arCeviToba ................................................ 65

(7) sanotaro momsaxurebis (saqmianobis)

personaluri aspeqtebi ...................................................... 66

(8) konfidencialobis dacvis profesiuli

valdebuleba ........................................................................ 66

(9) damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba ....................... 67

(10) keTilsindisiereba da pasuxismgebloba ............... 67

Tavi II: mmarTveloba da TviTmmarTveloba notariatSi .......... 69

1. saqarTvelos notariati ........................................................................ 74

a) zogadi mimoxilva ...................................................................................... 74

b) saqarTvelos notariusTa palata ............................................... 77

sanotaro samarTali

8

g) saqarTvelos notariusTa palatis statusi da

uflebamosilebani ............................................................................................ 80

(1) sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris cneba .......... 82

(2) sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris

“specialuri uflebaunarianoba” .................................... 85

(3) uflebaunarianobis SeZena .......................................... 89

(4) notariusTa palatis uflebamosilebani ................ 91

d) notariusTa palatis wesdeba ......................................................... 95

(1) wesdebis mimRebi organo ............................................. 95

(2) notariusTa palatis wesdebis an masSi

Setanili cvlilebebisa Tu damatebebis ZalaSi

Sesvlis dro ...................................................................... 104

(3) notariusTa palatis wesdebis normebis gauqmeba

(Zaladakargulad gamocxadeba) an masSi

cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana .......................... 106

(4) notariusTa palatis wesdeba, rogorc

normatiuli aqti ............................................................... 116

(5) wesdebis Sinaarsi ........................................................ 128

(6) notariusTa palatis wesdebis xelmowera da

ZalaSi Sesvla ................................................................... 135

(7) palatis wesdebis Zaladakargulad

gamocxadeba ........................................................................ 137

e) notariusTa palatis wevroba da sawevro

gadasaxadi ............................................................................................................. 140

(1) palatis wevris yovelTviuri sawevro

gadasaxadi ........................................................................... 140

sarCevi

9

(2) sanotaro moqmedebis sanotaro reestrSi

registraciis safasuris gadaxdis

valdebuleba ...................................................................... 151

v) notariusTa palatis wevrTa saerTo kreba .......................153

(1) zogadi mimoxilva........................................................ 153

(2) palatis wevrTa saerTo krebis saxeebi ................ 158

(3) palatis wevrTa saerTo krebis

uflebaunarianoba ............................................................. 166

(4) palatis wevrTa saerTo krebis kompetencia ....... 168

(5) palatis wevrTa saerTo krebis sxdomebi da

sxdomis oqmi ...................................................................... 175

z) notariusTa palatis gamgeoba ..................................................... 176

(1) gamgeobis statusi da Semadgenloba ..................... 176

(2) gamgeobis kompetencia ................................................ 203

(3) gamgeobis Tavmjdomare da sxdomebi ...................... 212

(a) gamgeobis Tavmjdomare .......................................................... 212

(aa) gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris arCevis wesi ........... 212

(bb) gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris

uflebamosileba .............................................................................. 216

(gg) gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris

Semcvleli piri ............................................................................... 218

(dd) gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris

uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyveta ........................... 219

(ee) gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris

gadawyvetileba ................................................................................. 219

(b) gamgeobis sxdomebi .................................................................... 219

(4) gamgeobis aparati ........................................................ 227

sanotaro samarTali

10

(a) zogadi mimoxilva ....................................................................... 227

(b) akrZalvebi da valdebulebebi ...................................... 228

(g) gamgeobis aparatis struqtura .................................... 230

(d) palatis aRmasrulebeli direqtori ..................... 231

(e) palatis saswavlo centri ................................................. 235

(aa) saswavlo centris miznebi ........................................ 236

(bb) saswavlo centris funqciebi ................................. 237

(gg) saswavlo centris struqtura

da marTva ................................................................................................ 238

(v) gamgeobis aparatis wevrebis daniSvnisa

da gaTavisuflebis wesi ............................................................... 242

(aa) notariusTa palatis gamgeobis

sakonkurso-saatestacio komisia ................................... 243

(bb) konkursis Catarebis wesi

da pirobebi...........................................................................................244

(aaa) konkursi ...............................................................................244

(bbb) konkursis principebi ............................................. 245

(ggg) konkursis mizani da amocanebi ................... 245

(ddd) konkursis gamocxadeba ...................................... 246

(eee) konkursSi monawileobis

uflebis mqone pirebi .......................................................... 247

(vvv) dawesebulebis ufleba-movaleobani ....... 248

(zzz) kandidatis ufleba-movaleobani ............. 249

(TTT) konkursis Catarebis formebi

da pirobebi ..................................................................................... 249

(iii) komisiis saqmianoba ................................................... 250

(kkk) sapretenzio komisia ................................................ 251

sarCevi

11

(lll) konkursis Sedegebis

gasaCivreba ....................................................................................... 252

(z) gamgeobis aparatis TanamSromelTa

Sromis anazRaureba .......................................................................... 255

(T) gamgeobis aparatis TanamSromelTa

disciplinuri pasuxismgebloba ........................................... 258

(aa) disciplinuri gadacdoma da

disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis zomebi .............. 258

(bb) disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis

moxsna ......................................................................................................... 263

(5) monacemebis gaxmaurebis akrZalva

(konfidencialuroba) ....................................................... 264

(6) palatis gamgeobis angariSvaldebuleba

iusticiis ministris winaSe ........................................... 264

(7) palatis warmomadgenlobiTi organo .................... 266

T) notariusTa palatis xelmZRvanelobis

valdebuleba da saCivrebi ..................................................................... 270

i) notariusTa palatis safinanso-sarevizio

komisia ...................................................................................................................... 271

(1) safinanso-sarevizio komisiis funqcia da valdebulebani ................................................................... 271

(2) safinanso-sarevizio komisiis arCevis wesi da Semadgenloba ............................................................... 272

(3) safinanso-sarevizio komisiis muSaobis wesi ....................................................................................... 275

(4) . safinanso-sarevizio komisiis angariSvaldebuleba ............................................................................. 277

k) notariusTa palatis eTikis (disciplinuri)

komisia ...................................................................................................................... 278

sanotaro samarTali

12

l) notariusTa palatis xarjTaRricxva

(biujeti) ................................................................................................................. 279

(1) biujetis damtkiceba ................................................... 279

(2) biujeti .......................................................................... 280

(3) saqarTvelos notariusTa solidarobis

fondi ................................................................................... 282

(4) notariusTa palatis sapensio fondi .................... 284

(5) notariusTa palatis gamgeobis fondi ................. 286

(6) notariusTa palatis gamgeobis

pasuxismgebloba ................................................................ 286

m) notariusTa palatis angariSvaldebuleba

da saxelmwifo kontroli ...................................................................... 290

n) notariusTa palatis saqmianobis Sewyveta

da likvidacia .................................................................................................... 321

(1) notariusTa palatis saqmianobis Sewyveta ........... 321

(2) notariusTa palatis likvidacia ............................ 323

2. Seswavlili masalis gameoreba .......................................................... 327

a) qvizi: ............................................................................... 327

b) kiTxvebi: ......................................................................... 329

g) qvizisa da kiTxvebis pasuxebi .................................... 329

Tavi I: laTinuri notariati

13

Tavi I: laTinuri notariati

1. laTinuri notariatis istoria

a) warmoSobis safuZvlebi

e.w. “mwerlebi” (aRmwerelni) mas Semdeg arseboben, rac istoriis aRwera werilobiTi saxiT daiwyo, Tum-

ca “notariulad damowmebis” (notary’s authentication) xer-xebi pirvelad babilonSi gamoigones, rodesac saval-debulo gaxda xelmowerebisa da sxvadasxva niSnis

datana Tixis firfitebze. egvipteSi “papirusisa” da

“kalmis” gamogonebam meti formalizmi SesZina doku-

mentebs da specializirebuli e.w. “notarius-mwerlebis” arseboba ganapiroba, romelTac “seS en pero” (“faraonis mwerali”) ewodebodaT.1 ptolemes2

xanis “agoranomosebma” 3 safuZveli Cauyares “damow-

mebis xelovnebas” mowmeebis savaldebulo daswrebis gareSe. uZvelesi xanis israelSic arsebobda analo-

giuri funqciis mqone “notarius-mwerlis” Tanamdeboba, romelsac “soferi” ewodeboda. berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi, TiTqmis yvelgan, saxelmwifoebri-vi instrumentebi, anu saxelmwifoebrivi aqtebi da sa-kuTrebis gadaformebis (registraciis) dokumentebi, oficialur reestrebSi (official registers) inaxeboda da

1 Janet H. Johnson, Ptolemaic Bureaucracy from an Egyptian Point of View,

142-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary 2 ptoleme – aleqsandriaSi moRvawe egviptel-berZeni mwerali -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy 3 agoranomosi - arCevadi oficialuri Tanamdeboba antikur saberZ-neTSi da bizantiis imperiaSi, romlebic bazrebze wesrigs akon-

trolebdnen, anu, e.w. “bazris mayurebeli”, romelTa uflebamosi-lebaSic, bevr sxva uflebasTan erTad, Sedioda garkveuli saxis prouqtebze fasebis dadgena, produqtebis da maTi wonis, aseve sasworebis serTificireba, da amasTan, qalaqebis xorbliT moma-rageba - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoranomos

1

sanotaro samarTali

14

SemuSavebuli iyo “mnemonebis” (mwerlebis) mier (cno-

bilni aseve rogorc: “basiliki ipografi” (“mefis

mwerlebi”)), romlebic garkveul olqebze iyvnen mi-magrebulni da romelTa aqtebmac mowmeTa zepiri Cve-nebebi Caanacvla.4

gviani antikuri xanis bizantiis imperiaSi impera-

toris karze (am kaiserlichen Büros) arsebobda, rogorc

“saxelmwifo mwerlis” (Amt des Staatsschreibers), ufro

zustad ki, e.w. “sakancelario Cinovnikis” (Kanzleibeamten) Tanamdeboba (Tan. berZ.: notarios; laTin.: notarius), ise “sasamarTlo mwerlisa” da “saTemo mwer-lis” Tanamdebobebi (Tan. berZ.: taboularios; laTin.: tabu-

larius). AqalaqebSi arsebul profesiul gaerTianebebSi muSaobdnen daxelovnebuli ”aqtebis Semdgenelni” (Tan. berZ: symbolaiographos; laTin.: tabellio) romelTa mi-siasac kerZo pirTaTvis mowmeebis TandaswrebiT aqte-bis (cnobebis) Sedgena (Urkunden vor Zeugen für Private aus-

zustellen) warmoadgenda. swored aRniSnul tradicias efuZneba adreuli Suasaukuneebis bizantiuri nota-riati, romelic italiis bizantiur nawilzec (mag.: veneciaSic) vrceldeboda.5

b) romis imperia

romSi “mwerlebi” (scribae) moRvaweobdnen rogorc

“sasamarTlos mdivnebi” da dokumentebis “gadamwerni”

(aslebis gamkeTebelni), maSin, rodesac “notariusi” (notarius) axdenda procesebze nakarnaxevis, aseve, gan-cxadebebis (Setyobinebebis) (notae) mokled Cawerasa da

Sejamebas. sxvadasxva tipis “notariusebi” arsebobdnen,

4 Alain Moreau, Le Notaire dans la société française : d'hier à demain, 2nd edn.

(Paris: Economica, 1999), 31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary 5 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notar

2

3

Tavi I: laTinuri notariati

15

kerZod: zogi procesebis Caweras axdenda, sxvebi sa-xelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis dokumentebis gadaweras axorcielebdnen (transcribed state papers), iyvnen iseTebic,

romlebic “magistrat mosamarTleebs” (magistrates) sa-marTlebrivi dokumentebis formebiT amaragebdnen an sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa da dekretebis (gan-kargulebebis) aRweras (registracias) axdendnen (some

supplied magistrates with legal forms, and others registered judgements

and decrees). iyvnen iseTi “notariusebic”, romlebic mxolod saqmeebis aRweras, anderZebisa da sakuTrebis gadasvlis dokumentebis Sedgenas axdendnen da Semdeg eseni saqmis ganmxilveli magistrati mosamarTlis wi-naSe iluqeboda da xdeboda maTze sasamarTlos beW-dis dasma, riTac isini oficialuri da sarwmuno do-kumentis (public and probative acts) Zalas iZenda. amisgan gansxvavebiT, dokumentebis umravlesoba araoficia-luri saxiT (private form) dgeboda. gamonaklisis saxiT

arsebobdnen, aseve, “notariusebi” (exceptor), romlebic

“oficialuri klerkis” (mwerlis) statusiT (official

clerk) mimagrebulni iyvnen yvela biurosa Tu sasamar-TloSi da maTi daswreba savaldebulo iyo sabWoebis yvela municipalur Sexvedraze (required at all municipal

meetings of curiae).6

gvian romaul periodSi “notariusebi” gvevlinebian

“registratorebad” (registrars), romlebic mimagrebulni iyvnen provincieli gubernatorebis sasamarTloebze (attached to the courts of provincial governors), imperatoris mdivnebze, aseve, mrCevelTa sabWosa da saimperatoro kancelariis umaRlesi rangis oficialuri pirebis mdivnebze. eklesiebSi maT episkoposebisa da monastre-bis administraciuli mdivnebis Tanamdeboba ekavaT da

6 Joseph P. Byrne, "Notaries", in Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, vol. 2: L–Z, Christo-

pher Kleinhenz, ed. (London: Routledge, 2003), 780. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary

4

sanotaro samarTali

16

rogorc “korespondentebi”7 mniSvnelovan rols Tama-Sobdnen III-IV saukuneebSi gaCaRebul doqtrinalur

brZolaSi. mogvianebiT konstantine didma8 “notarius-

Ta momzadebis institutic” ki (scholae of notaries) Seqmna episkoposebisa da maTi sasamarTloebisTvis.9

g) bizantiis imperia

aRmosavleTSi “tabulariusebi” (tabularius), romle-

bic “simbolaiografosebad” (symbolaiographos) iwode-

bodnen da “iuristebi” (juris), romelTac “nomikosebi” (nomikos) ewodebodaT, ganagrZobdnen dominirebas. es procesi garkveulwilad rom SeeCerebina, imperatorma iustinianem10 axali (kodificirebuli) prevenciuli zomebi SemoiRo dokumentebisTvis sarwmuno Zalis (document probativity) misaniWeblad. aseTi zomebi iyo mag.:

saWiro gaxda “tabelios” (tabellio) savaldebulo daswreba dokumentis damowmebisa da mowmeTa vi-naobis fiqsirebisTvis;11

savaldebulo gaxda mowmeebis daswreba da maTi xelmowerebis savaldebulo datana xelmosawer (dasamowmebel) aqtebze;12

TariRebis datana mefeebisa Tu konsulebis mmar-Tvelobis an maTi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis peri-odebis mixedviT;13

7 pirovneba, romelsac werilebis weris funqcia akisria.

8 romis omperatori Cveni welTaRricxvis 306-337 wlebSi.

9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary

10 bizantiis (aRmosavleT romis) imperatori Cveni welTaRricxvis

527-565 wlebSi. 11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary 12

ix. iqve. 13

ix. iqve.

5

Tavi I: laTinuri notariati

17

“eskaTokolis”14 damateba, romliTac “tabelios” (aqtis Semdgenis) pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi izrde-boda dokumentis Seqmnisas;15

dokumentis Seqmnamde misi teqstis mosamarTlis winaSe wakiTxva.16

zemoaRniSnuli zomebidan zogierTis ganxorciele-

ba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda da “administratorebis” (anu, zedamxedveli da ganmaxorcielebi pirebis) naklebobi-sa da imperiis teritoriebis naxevris dakargvis gamo

(VII saukuneSi), notariusebi “saqalaqo fenomenebad” (urban phenomenon) gadaiqcnen, praqtikuli gamocdilebis dabali standartiT. Tumca, isini mainc rCebodnen ma-Rali rangis iuristebad da mniSvnelovan rgolad sa-samarTlo da samarTlebriv procesebSi, radganac im

droisaTvis “germanuli tipis” zepiri procedurebi ucnobi iyo da jer kidev SenarCunebuli iyo dokumen-tebis legalizaciis romauli tradiciebi. VI saukunis Sua xanebidan gasuli wlebis samarTlebrivi dokumen-tebis udides nawils kanonis Zala mieniWa da am faq-tma maTi farTod gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba Seqmna. Sedegad, amiT, erTi mxriv, sasamarTlo moxeleebis (law court officials) mniSvneloba Semcirda, iseve, rogorc iklo samarTebrivi davebis regularul samoqalaqo sasamarTloebSi warmoebis interesma, xolo meore mxriv, aman farTod gauxsna gza, SedarebiT dabal fa-

14

nawarmoebia berZn. sityvisgan ―eschaton‖ da niSnavda “daskvniT oqms” (closing protocol), romliTac sruldeboda yvela oficialuri (klasikuri) sajaro Tu samarTlebrivi dokumentis Sedgena Sua-saukuneebSi. “eskaTokoli”, rogorc wesi, moicavda iseT komponen-tebs, rogoricaa mag.: ficis teqsti, xelmowerebi, xelmoweris dro da adgili, xelomwerTa vinaoba, xelmomwerTa Tanamdeboba da a.S. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatocol 15

ix. iqve. 16

ix. iqve.

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