valdebulebiTi samarTali - humanrights.gehumanrights.ge/admin/editor/uploads/pdf/gl_11_vald.samartali.pdf · 2 valdebulebiTi samarTali aiwyo da dakabadonda saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa

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valdebulebiTi

samarTali

2 valdebulebiTi samarTali

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avtorebi:

redaqtori:

teq. redaqtori:

gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli:

mzia Toduahuub vilemsi

xaTuna yviralaSvili

irakli svaniZe

Tamar metreveli

wigni dafinansebulia saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis centris mier

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sarCevi:

Sesavali ............................................................................................................... 4

nawili I. valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT (avtori _ mzia Todua) ....................................................................................... 5

sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis urTierTmimarTeba ............. 51.

valdebulebis arsi da struqtura, misi warmoSobis safuZvlebi...122.

valdebulebis Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi problemebi .................. 193.

valdebulebis darRveva da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi 4. pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi, pirobebi da safuZvlebi (e.w. `Tanabari~ da àraTanabari~ pasuxismgeblobis principi, zianis anazRaurebis samarTlebrivi problemebi) .......................................... 35

xelSekrulebidan gasvla (moSla) da masTan dakavSirebuli 5. samarTlebrivi problemebi ...................................................................... 52

nawili II. qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi (avtori _ mosamarTle J.H.M. huub vilemsi) ............................................. 60

Tavi 1. zogadi nawili: qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi ...................................................................... 60

Tavi 2. gansxvavebebi sanivTo samarTalsa da valdebulebiT samarTals Soris ............................................................. 72

Tavi 3. gansxvavebebi saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris ......................................... 79


Tavi 4. valdebulebiTi samarTlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi .............. 84

Tavi 5. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi .............................................. 93

Tavi 6. saxelSekrulebo samarTali ............................................................ 103

Tavi 7. pasuxismgebloba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa darRvevisTvis ................................................................... 114

Tavi 8. zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna valdebulebis darRvevisTvis ...................................................................... 127

Tavi 9. sasamarTlo precedentebi da komentarebi ................................. 133

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Sesavali

samoqalaqo brunva qonebrivi gadaadgilebebis meSveobiT viTarde-gadaadgilebebis meSveobiT viTarde- meSveobiT viTarde-ba. valdebulebiTi samarTali ki, romelic sazogadoebrivi urTi-erTobebis yvelaze did nawils aregulirebs, warmoadgens mTavar mamoZravebel sistemas am urTierTobebSi.

praqtikaSi valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebisa da institute-bis gamoyeneba garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. yovel xelSekrulebas, romlis meSveobiTac ZiriTadad mimdinareobs qonebrivi gadaadgilebebi, Tan axlavs rogorc sanivTo, ise valde-gadaadgilebebi, Tan axlavs rogorc sanivTo, ise valde- Tan axlavs rogorc sanivTo, ise valde-bulebiTi efeqti, rac iwvevs sakiTxis mTel sirTules.

winamdebare naSromis idea daibada 2005 wels, roca saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi daxmarebis centris (CILC) finansuri mxardaWeriT, saias iuridiuli swavlebisa da informaciis centrma samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganmxilvel TiTqmis yvela mosamarTles SesaZlebloba mis-ca, monawileoba mieRoT SexvedrebSi, romlebic valdebulebiTi sa-marTlis problematur sakiTxebs Seexeboda.

SexvedrebSi, qarTvel eqspertebTan erTad, romlebic warmodge-nilni iyvnen Tbilisis saolqo da saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT-loebidan, monawileobda amsterdamis saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris moadgilec.

Sexvedrebis dros ZiriTadad yuradReba iyo gamaxvilebuli valde-bulebiTi samarTlis normebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebaze. am mizniT, gaanalizebul iqna Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlosa da uzenaesi sas-amarTlos praqtika _ is xarvezebi da araerTgvarovneba, romelic calkeul SemTxvevebsa Tu gadawyvetilebebs exeboda.

holandieli eqspertis mier Sexvedrebze keTdeboda SedarebiTi analizi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori gadawyvetileba gamo-hqonda holandiis sasamarTlos da ras eyrdnoboda igi identuri SemTxvevis dros.

Sexvedrebis Sedegad dagrovda sakmaod kargi masala rogorc qar-Tuli, aseve holandiuri praqtikidan imisaTvis, rom wignis gamoce-holandiuri praqtikidan imisaTvis, rom wignis gamoce- praqtikidan imisaTvis, rom wignis gamoce-maze gvefiqra.


gvsurs, udidesi madloba gamovucxadoT saerTaSoriso samarTle-brivi TanamSromlobis (CILC) centrs ideis mxardaWerisa da fin- centrs ideis mxardaWerisa da fin-ansuri daxmarebisaTvis.

udides madlobas movaxsenebT wignis avtorebs _ qalbaton mzia Toduas da baton huub vilemss, romlebmac, miuxedavad drois def-huub vilemss, romlebmac, miuxedavad drois def- vilemss, romlebmac, miuxedavad drois def-vilemss, romlebmac, miuxedavad drois def- romlebmac, miuxedavad drois def-icitisa, gamonaxes saSualeba da Sexvedrebze ganxilul yvela sak-iTxze mogvawodes rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli analizi, ramac safuZveli daudo naSromis gamocemas.

naSromi gankuTvnilia rogorc praqtikosi iuristebis, aseve peda-gogebisa da studentebisaTvis.

Tamar metreveli

saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis

iuridiuli swavlebisa da informaciis centris direqtori

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nawili I

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT

avtori: mzia ToduaTbilisis saolqo sasamarTlo,

samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa saapelacio palata,yofili Tavmjdomare

1. sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis urTierTmimarTeba (sakuTrebis dinamika, anu sakuTreba da samoqalaqo brunva)

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi regulire-samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi regulire-bis procesSi misi monawileebis aRWurva gansazRvruli subieqturi ufle-bebiTa da movaleobebiT ganapirobebs SemdgomSi maT qcevas arsebuli sa-marTlebrivi urTierTobis farglebSi.

subieqturi ufleba gulisxmobs uflebamosili piris SesaZlo qcevis sa-marTlebrivad uzrunvelyofil saSualebas, xolo subieqturi valde-buleba _ valdebuli piris samarTlebrivad ganpirobebuli aucilebeli qcevaa konkretuli samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis farglebSi.

uflebamosili piris interesebis dakmayofileba, rogorc wesi, sanivTo an valdebulebiTi samarTalurTierTobis meSveobiT xdeba.

sanivTo (qonebriv) samarTalurTierTobebSi uflebamosili piris inter-esebis dakmayofilebas adgili aqvs nivTis sasargeblo Tvisebebis xarjze, am nivTze uSualo zemoqmedebis gziT. valdebulebiTi samarTalurTier-Tobebis dros ki piris interesebis dakmayofileba valdebuli piris gan-sazRvruli moqmedebebis xarjze mimdinareobs. aseTi klasifikaciis praq-tikuli arsi sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawile pirTa qcevis sxvadasxva samarTlebriv reglamentaciaSia.

praqtikaSi sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebisa da institute-bis gamoyeneba garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli, rasac uTuod ganapirobebs piris subieqturi uflebis (sanivTo Tu valdebulebiTi) or-saxovani buneba (dualizmi).

dualizmis arsi mis udrek simtkiceSia. yoveli darRveuli uflebis, yo-veli davis bedi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria es ufleba _ sanivTo Tu valdebulebiTi. xSirad am or uflebas Soris mSvidobis Camogdebis, maTi diskretulobis aRmofxvris mcdelobas gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobamde mivyavarT.


iuridiul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, sanivTo (qonebrivi) samarTali im normaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic aregulireben pirTa batonobas nivTebze, anu romlebic uflebamosil pirebs saSualebas aZleven, nivTebze zemoqmedebis gziT daikmayofilon sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebi. Tumca, sanivTo samarTlis amgvari gageba sru-lad da amomwuravad ar asaxavs sakiTxis arss. samoqalaqo kodeqsis (Sem-dgomSi sk) 147-e muxlis mixedviT, qoneba ara marto nivTebi, aramed arama-terialuri qonebrivi sikeTeebicaa (ùsxeulo nivTebi~), romelTa floba, sargebloba da gankargva isevea SesaZlebeli, rogorc sxeulebrivi sagneb-isa (nivTebisa).

sanivTo uflebis dasaxasiaTeblad xSirad gamoyofen sxvadasxva niSnis er-Tobliobas. maT Soris, yvelaze gavrcelebulia: sanivTo uflebis absolu-turi xasiaTi, misi uvadooba, nivTze midevnebis Tviseba, sanivTo uflebi-dan gamomdinare moTxovnebis upiratesi dakmayofileba valdebulebiTi uflebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebTan SedarebiT da a.S.

valdebulebiTi samarTali ki awesrigebs pirebs Soris urTierTobebs, anu saubaria `pirad` uflebebze, romlebic SeZenilia xelSekrulebis, deli-qtis, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva safuZv-liT.

es uflebebi SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes mxolod garkveul pirTa mimarT, moTxovna SesaZloa mimarTuli iyos mxolod konkretuli pirisadmi. Ses-rulebis moTxovna, marTalia, qonebrivi interesis dakmayofilebasTan-acaa dakavSirebuli, magram igi mimarTulia ara nivTis, aramed konkretuli pirisadmi. Tumca, rodesac moTxovnis ufleba ganixileba, rogorc ufleb-is obieqti, SesaZlebelia am uflebis mimarT sanivTo samarTlis reJimis gamoyenebac. zogjer es gza sakmaod efeqturia, magram, umetes SemTxveva-Si, dualizmi am gziT araTu aRmoifxvreba, aramed piriqiT _ Zlierdeba. uflebis `piradi~ xasiaTi vlindeba imaSi, rom gansazRvruli piris (mova-lis) gareSe uflebis realizacia ar SeiZleba, da rom uflebasa da nivTs Soris movalis avtonomiuri neba, misi moqmedeba dgas, romelzedac damok-idebulia TviT uflebis arsebobac.

amdenad, piradi uflebis sanivTo uflebad ganxilvam ar SeiZleba ar migvi-yvanos ama Tu im formiT movalis avtonomiur sferoSi SeWramde.

vindikaciuri sarCeli esaa sanivTo uflebis realizacia, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi wardgenis pirobaa piradi, valdebulebiTi kavSiris ararseboba nivTis mesakuTresa da mflobels Soris.

magaliTad: Tu gamqiravebelma nivTi droebiT sargeblobaSi gadasca dam-qiravebels (sk muxli 531), mas ara aqvs ufleba, SemdgomSi vindikaciuri sarCeliT daibrunos es nivTi, aramed man unda ixelmZRvanelos mxolod qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli qonebis gadacemisa da dab-runebis pirobebiT.

am wesis praqtikuli azri aSkaraa: Tu mesakuTres nebismier SemTxvevaSi (rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise sxva SemTxvevebSic) eqneba vindikaciuri sarCelis wardgenis ufleba, anu, Tu davuSvebT erTdroulad sanivTo da

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valdebulebiTi sarCelis wardgenis SesaZleblobas, maSin mesakuTre aSka-rad privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, xolo samoqalaqo brunva ar ganviTardeba da igi mxolod martivi yidva-gayidvebiT iqneba Semofar-gluli.

samoqalaqo brunva qonebrivi gadaadgilebebis meSveobiT viTardeba da valdebulebiTi samarTali, romelic aregulirebs sazogadoebrivi urTi-erTobebis yvelaze did nawils, ̀ warmoadgens sisxlZarRvTa sistemas, rom-lis meSveobiTac samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv organizmSi mimdinareobs niv-TierebaTa cvla~ (ix. n.egorovi, samoqalaqo samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, 1996 weli, gv. 415).

qonebrivi gadaadgilebebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba saxelSekrulebo sa-marTlis saSualebiT. yovel xelSekrulebas uTuod axlavs rogorc saniv-To, ise valdebulebiTi samarTlis efeqti. swored amaSi mdgomareobs sak-iTxis mTeli sirTule!

isini ar emTxveva erTmaneTs arc SinaarsiT, arc uflebis warmoSobis mo- ar emTxveva erTmaneTs arc SinaarsiT, arc uflebis warmoSobis mo-mentiT, arc safuZvliTa da arc Sewyvetis samarTlebrivi SedegebiT.

magaliTi:

Sps `sinaTlesa~ da s�s `gordas~ Soris daido arasacxovrebeli far- `sinaTlesa~ da s�s `gordas~ Soris daido arasacxovrebeli far-s�s `gordas~ Soris daido arasacxovrebeli far- `gordas~ Soris daido arasacxovrebeli far-arasacxovrebeli far- far-Tis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. s�s `gordas~ sakuTrebis ufleba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT aRiricxa sajaro reestrSi da mas gadaeca farTi mflo-belobaSi. Sps `sinaTlem~ sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi da moiTxova nasyi-Sps `sinaTlem~ sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi da moiTxova nasyi- `sinaTlem~ sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi da moiTxova nasyi-dobis xelSekrulebis gauqmeba (Sewyveta) im motiviT, rom mopasuxem ar gadaixada uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom Sewyvita xelSekruleba da arasacxovrebeli farTi daubruna mosarCeles. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba da ar daak-mayofila sarCeli im safuZvliT, rom myidveli davis dawyebis droisaT-vis ukve mesakuTre iyo da ar arsebobda xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis samarT-lebrivi safuZveli.

aSkaraa, rom xelSekrulebis Sewyveta niSnavs sakuTrebis SenarCunebas ma-nam, sanam ar aris Sesrulebuli nivTze sakuTrebis gadacemis movaleoba. amis Semdeg nivTis dabruneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es gaTvaliswinebulia xelSekrulebiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom qonebis dab-runeba xdeba ara avtomaturad, aramed maSin, Tu amaze arsebobs mxareTa specialuri SeTanxmeba. sk-is 188-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu gamsxvisebelma pirobad daTqva sakuTrebis gadasvla SemZenze mxolod niv- pirobad daTqva sakuTrebis gadasvla SemZenze mxolod niv-Tis safasuris gadaxdis Semdeg, ivaraudeba, rom sakuTreba gadava SemZenze safasuris srulad gadaxdis Semdeg.

Tu gamsxvisebeli uars ityvis xelSekrulebaze, ukve ormxrivad ganxor-gamsxvisebeli uars ityvis xelSekrulebaze, ukve ormxrivad ganxor- uars ityvis xelSekrulebaze, ukve ormxrivad ganxor-cielebuli Sesruleba mxareebma unda daabrunon. amis sawinaaRmdego SeT-anxmeba baTilia. mocemul SemTxvevaSi gamyidvelis sarCeli myidvelis mi-baTilia. mocemul SemTxvevaSi gamyidvelis sarCeli myidvelis mi- mocemul SemTxvevaSi gamyidvelis sarCeli myidvelis mi-marT unda daemyaros sk-is 508-e muxlis pirvel nawils da ara sk-is 172-e muxlis pirvel nawils, Tumca, sasamarTlo praqtika aseT SemTxvevebSi swored vindikaciur sarCels aniWebs upiratesobas.

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...


dualizmis Temis amowurva SeuZlebelia, Tu ar SevexeT uflebis `statiki-sa” da `dinamikis~ sakiTxsac.

samoqalaqo uflebaTa dualizmi zogjer warmodgenilia, rogorc erTg-vari `statika~ da `dinamika~, sadac `statika~ gaigivebulia sakuTrebasTan, xolo `dinamikis~ qveS moiazreba gacvla, brunva, anu xelSekrulebebi da saerTod valdebulebebi. sakiTxisadmi aseT midgomas problemis mxolod moCvenebiT gadawyvetamde mivyavarT. rogorc vindikacia, ise vindikaciis SezRudva _ es erTi uflebis (sakuTrebis) dacvis ori saSualebaa. kerZo subieqturi uflebebis umetesi nawilis ganxilvisas, swored maTi orsaxo-vani mdgomareoba warmoCindeba _ uflebebi erTdroulad, rogorc uZrav-warmoCindeba _ uflebebi erTdroulad, rogorc uZrav- _ uflebebi erTdroulad, rogorc uZrav-ni (`mdgradi~), ise moZraobaSi myofni. sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofa da samoqalaqo brunvis usafrTxoebis dacva garkveulwilad urTierT-sawinaaRmdego cnebebia. xSirad erTi meores xarjze miiRweva. iq sadac, es ori dacvis interesi erTmaneTs ejaxeba, kanonmdebeli rTuli problemis winaSe dgas.

sanivTo (absoluturi) uflebis uzrunvelyofa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom piris samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis arasasurveli cvlileba ar unda xdebodes misi nebis gareSe.

samoqalaqo brunvis usafrTxoebis dacva ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom piris samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis dasaxuli cvlileba ar unda wydebodes misTvis ucnobi garemoebebis gamo. iseT konfliqtur situa-ciebSi, rogoricaa, sakuTrebis SeZena xandazmulobiT (sk-is 165-e da 167-e muxlebi) an keTilsindisieri SemZenis mier arauflebamosili gamsxvise-arauflebamosili gamsxvise- gamsxvise-gamsxvise-blisagan qonebis SeZena (sk-is 187-e muxlis pirveli nawili), warmoiSoba swored zemoT aRwerili winaaRmdegoba sakuTrebis SigniT da is ganixile-ba, rogorc gadaulaxavi `statikasa” da `dinamikas” Soris.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis is normebi, romlebic icaven keTilsindisier SemZens, iuristebs Soris xSirad polemikis sagania. maTi azriT, es normebi `mZime dartymas” ayeneben sakuTrebis uflebas da arsebul qonebriv wesrigSi SeaqvT winaaRmdegobisa da rRvevis marcvlebi. am winaaRmdegobis daZle-vis mcdeloba `naklebi borotebis” paliativis saSualebiT sulac ar aris problemis gadawyveta, xolo im Rrma mizezebis arseboba, romlebic samo-qalaqo brunvaSi sanivTo uflebebis arsSia, ufro aSkarad warmoCindeba.

samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT, namdvili ufle-bebis Sesaxeb zusti da amomwuravi informacia miiRon maSin, rodesac brun-vam ukve upirovno formebi SeiZina. Sesabamisad, isini mudmivi saSiSroebis winaSe dganan, Tu daujereben faqtobriv viTarebas, magaliTad imas, rom moZravi nivTis mflobeli namdvilad misi mesakuTrea (sk-is 158-e muxlis pirveli nawili), sinamdvileSi ki, nivTze mflobeloba SeiZleba titu-titu-lovanma mesakuTrem dakarga misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod.

problemas SesaZlebelia sami ukiduresi gadawyveta hqondes:

SesaZlo Secdomis yvela riskis gadatana moxdes mesakuTreze;1.

yvela riski gadatanil iqnes myidvelze; an2.

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yvela SesaZlo riskis Tavidan asacileblad, SemoRebul iqnes 3. yoveli uflebis registraciisa da aRricxvis reestrebi.

gasagebia, rom nebismieri maTganisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba samoqalaqo brunvis paraliCs gamoiwvevda.

mesakuTris nebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis mkacrad ganusxvise-ganusxvise-blobis principis dacva dasaSvebia mxolod sustad ganviTarebuli sasaqonlo brunvis pirobebSi. brunvis swraf ganviTarebas, rac TavisTa-vad gulisxmobs upirovno dinamikis zrdas, mivyavarT sagamonakliso wese-upirovno dinamikis zrdas, mivyavarT sagamonakliso wese- dinamikis zrdas, mivyavarT sagamonakliso wese-sagamonakliso wese- wese-bis rigorizmTan Sejaxebamde. gamosavali am dapirispirebis SerbilebaSia da, swored amitom, kanonmdebeli mimarTavs e.w. or borotebas Soris `nak-e.w. or borotebas Soris `nak- or borotebas Soris `nak-lebi borotebis~ arCevanis gzas, rac keTilsindisieri SemZenis institu-tis SemoRebas ukavSirdeba (sk-is 185-e da 187-e muxlebi).

sasamarTlo praqtikis winaSe metad mwvaved dgas mesakuTrisaTvis im ba-ba-Tili garigebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis sakiTxi, roca saTanado ufle- garigebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis sakiTxi, roca saTanado ufle-bamosilebis gareSe asxviseben mis qonebas. zogierTi avtoris mosazrebiT, ìs garemoeba, rom myidveli SeiZleba aRmoCndes keTilsindisieri SemZenis rolSi, romlis mimarTac kanonmdebeli ar uSvebs vindikacias, ar unda uSlides mesakuTres xels, waradginos sarCeli baTili (arara) garigebis Sedegebidan gamomdinare~ (ix. m.braginski, v.vitrianski saxelSekrulebo samarTali. moskovi. 1997 weli, gv. 654). mesakuTres unda mieces SesaZle-gv. 654). mesakuTres unda mieces SesaZle- 654). mesakuTres unda mieces SesaZle-bloba, Searyios sakuTrebis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli _ xelSekruleba, Tu is dadebulia sk 54-59 muxlebis moTxovnaTa darRveviT. arara garigebebi samarTlebriv Sedegebs ar warmoSobs da, Sesabamisad, realurad ar moxdeba amgvari nasyidobis dros sakuTrebis uflebis ga-dacema myidvelze; anu, aseT SemTxvevebSi, myidvelis keTilsindisiereba damabrkolebeli garemoeba ar unda iyos titulovani mesakuTrisaTvis.

Tumca, am poziciis momxreebs aviwydebaT is, rom kondiqciuri valdebule-kondiqciuri valdebule- valdebule-bebis momwesrigebeli normebis mixedviT, usafuZvlod miRebuli ubrun-deba garigebis mxares da ara mesakuTres, radganac usafuZvlo gamdidreb-is restituciasTan dakavSirebul moTxovnas ara aqvs sanivTo xasiaTi, igi mkacrad fardobiTia (piraduli), anu exeba mxolod baTili garigebis mxareebs da ar qreba nivTis dakargvis (mesame piris mflobelobaSi gadasv-lis) SemTxvevaSi, ar mihyveba nivTs, rogorc es sanivTo samarTlisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, aramed gardaiqmneba fuladi kompensaciis moTxovnad (sk-is 979-e muxlis meore nawili).

ufro naklebia myidvelis arakeTilsindisierebis albaToba maSin, rode-sac igi iZens sakuTrebas im pirisagan, romelic marTalia, mesakuTre ar aris, magram moZrav nivTs flobs garkveuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, magaliTad, mibarebis an Txovebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. am dros my-idveli sk-is 158-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT varaudobs, rom gamyidvelia nivTis mesakuTre da igi keTilsindisierebis safuZvelze xdeba mesakuTre. Sesabamisad, titulovan mesakuTres aRar SeuZlia, Tavisi uflebis dasa-titulovan mesakuTres aRar SeuZlia, Tavisi uflebis dasa- mesakuTres aRar SeuZlia, Tavisi uflebis dasa-cavad mimarTos vindikaciur sarCels. keTilsindisieri SemZeni sakanon-vindikaciur sarCels. keTilsindisieri SemZeni sakanon- sarCels. keTilsindisieri SemZeni sakanon-mdeblo fiqciis safuZvelze xdeba mesakuTre, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi ufleba daculia, radganac igi iwyebs nivTis flobas xandazmulobiT sa-



kuTrebis uflebis SesaZenad da am momentidan mas gaaCnia kanoniT gansaz-Rvruli da daculi pozicia.

marTalia, `keTilsindisieri SemZenis~ samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba saniv-saniv-To samarTlis normebiT wesrigdeba, magram igi ufro samoqalaqo brunvis (valdebulebiTi samarTlis) produqtia, vidre sanivTo samarTlisa.

rac Seexeba, xelSekrulebis dadebas, aqac, brunvis TvalsazrisiT, keTilsindisierebas (SeZenasTan kavSiris gareSe) iuridiuli mniSvneloba aqvs; magaliTad, sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, baTilia xelSekruleba-sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, baTilia xelSekruleba- 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, baTilia xelSekruleba-346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, baTilia xelSekruleba- muxlis Sesabamisad, baTilia xelSekruleba-baTilia xelSekruleba- xelSekruleba-Ta standartuli piroba, miuxedavad xelSekrulebaSi misi CarTvisa, Tu igi ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis.

aranakleb sainteresoa iseTi problema, rogoricaa xelSekrulebis Ses-rulebis `SeuZlebloba”, romelic saxezea misi dadebis momentSi an Sem-dgomSi iCens Tavs.

magaliTad, ori sameurneo sawarmos xelmZRvaneli debs xelSekrulebas xorblis salewi kombainis ijaraze. mogvianebiT irkveva, rom ijaris sa-gani ekuTvnoda mesame pirs, romelmac vindikaciuri sarCeliT daibruna nivTi. amis Semdeg moijare iTxovs meijaresagan Sesrulebas. magram Ses-meijaresagan Sesrulebas. magram Ses- Sesrulebas. magram Ses-ruleba xom obieqturad SeuZlebelia! samarTlebrivad, moijare kombain-is mesakuTresTan araviTar kavSirSi araa da, Sesabamisad, mas ar SeuZlia arc sanivTo da arc valdebulebiTi moTxovnis wayeneba mesakuTrisaTvis. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, gamosavali SeiZleba iyos keTilsindisieri saqmiani brunvis principis gamoyeneba da im mxaris gansazRvra, romelmac unda ai-Ros xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisTvis braleuli pasuxismge-braleuli pasuxismge- pasuxismge-blobis riski.

`xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis dabrkolebis warmoqmnaSi is mxare iqneba pa-suxismgebeli, romlis qmedebebSic (an im pirebis, vinc mas exmareba) ar ar-sebobs saqmiani brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonivruli windaxedulobis xarisxi.~ amgvarad udgeba aRniSnul sakiTxs germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (ix. k.cvaigerti, h.kotci, `SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali ker- k.cvaigerti, h.kotci, `SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali ker-k.cvaigerti, h.kotci, `SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali ker- h.kotci, `SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali ker-h.kotci, `SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali ker- `SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali ker-samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali ker- Sesavali ker-Zo samarTlis sferoSi”, tomi 2 `jisiai”, gv.180).

amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba metad saintereso magaliTis moyvana sasamarTlo praqtikidan: (ix. saqme #as-57-756-03 uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze. #11 s.f.3134)

a-s sakuTrebas warmoadgenda TbilisSi mdebare uZravi nivTi (miwa da sacx- sakuTrebas warmoadgenda TbilisSi mdebare uZravi nivTi (miwa da sacx-ovrebeli saxli), romelic man notarialurad damowmebuli xelSekrulebiT mihyida b-s 2000 wlis 18 marts da es ukanaskneli aRiricxa nivTis mesa- 2000 wlis 18 marts da es ukanaskneli aRiricxa nivTis mesa-kuTred sajaro reestrSi imave wlis 25 marts. myidveli ver daeufla bi-nas, radganac gairkva, rom 1999 TebervalSi a-s igive bina miuyidia kanoniT dadgenili wesiT vinme g-saTvis, romelmac droulad ar moaxdina Tavisi sanivTo uflebis registracia sajaro reestrSi. pirvelma myidvelma (g) mflobelobis dros daangria Zveli sacxovrebeli saxli da aaSena axali. b-m sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi g-s winaaRmdeg da, rogorc mesakuTrem,

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moiTxova uZravi nivTis ukanono mflobelisaTvis CamorTmeva da misTvis gadacema.

mopasuxem Segebebuli sarCeli aRZra a-sa da b-s winaaRmdeg, romliTac moiTxova 2000 wlis 18 martis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba, sajaro reestrSi ganxorcielebuli Canaweris gauqmeba da sadavo uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis misTvis gadacema.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom b-s sarCeli ar daakmayofila, xolo Segebebuli sarCeli daakmayofila; baTilad iqna cnobili a-sa da b-s So- So-ris dadebuli nasyidobis xelSekruleba Tavisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT. sasamarTlom gamoiyena analogiiT sk-is 485-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, Tu gamyidvelma erTi da igive nivTi ramdenime pirs mihyida, upiratesoba eZleva im myidvels, romlis mflobelobaSic pirvelad gadavida igi; Se-sabamisad, sasamarTlom gaakeTa araswori daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom meore nasyidobis dadebis dros a ukve aRar iyo nivTis mesakuTre da sakuTrebis uflebas ver gadascemda b-s.

sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswina is garemoeba, rom uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenisaTvis mxolod valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi urTierTo-valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi urTierTo- urTierTo-bis (xelSekrulebis) arseboba ar aris sakmarisi, aramed sk-is 183-e muxlis mixedviT, uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia sanotaro wesiT damowme-buli sabuTi da SemZenis registracia sajaro reestrSi. g konstituci-urad ar gamxdara sadavo nivTis mesakuTre imis gamo, rom man ar Seasrula kanoniT dadgenili iuridiuli moqmedeba da ar gaatara Tavisi ufleba reestrSi, e.i. ar gamoiCina saTanado windaxeduleba da amiT SesaZlebloba misca urTierTobis arakeTilsindisier monawile a-s, xelmeored moexdina nivTis gayidva! amitomac, saxelSekrulebo riski swored mas awevs da ar Sei-Zleba am riskis gadatana b-ze, romelic am ukanasknelTan saxelSekrule- romelic am ukanasknelTan saxelSekrule-bo (valdebulebiT) urTierTobaSi ar imyofeboda da, amasTan, mas ar aqvs darRveuli samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis dros keTilsindisierebis principi. b-m ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda scodnoda, rom ufro adre a-m saxli mihyida g-s. rac Seexeba, sk-is 485-e muxlis analogiiT gamoyenebas, mocemuli davis gadawyveta am normis safuZvelze ar SeiZleboda, radganac es norma gamoiyeneba moZravi nivTebis (`saqonlis”) da ara uZravi nivTebis mimarT.

am saqmeze dadgenil iqna aseve is garemoeba, rom pirvelma SemZenma, g-m mflobelobis dros Zvelis adgilze axali saxli aaSena da, rasakvirvelia, aramarTlzomierad moaxdina sadavo nivTis gaumjobeseba. vis da ra saxis materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi SeiZleba wauyenos g-m? valde- valde-bulebiTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare, man Sesrulebis moTxovna a-s unda wauyenos, radganac 1999 wlis Tebervlis nasyidoba nam-dvilia, magram gamyidvels nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema ukve aRar SeuZlia. amitomac man meoradi _ zianis anazRaurebis _ moTxovna unda daayenos.



valdebulebis arsi da struqtura, misi 2. warmoSobis safuZvlebi

valdebulebis arsi

samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi valdebuleba _ es aris gansazRvruli samar- valdebuleba _ es aris gansazRvruli samar-samar-TalurTierToba, romlis ZaliTac, erTi piri _ movale _ valdebulia, me- romlis ZaliTac, erTi piri _ movale _ valdebulia, me-ore piris _ kreditoris _ sasargeblod gansazRvruli moqmedeba Seasru-los (gadasces qoneba, Seasrulos samuSao, gadaixados vali da a.S.), an Tavi Seikavos misi Sesrulebisagan, xolo kreditors ufleba aqvs, mosTxovos movales valdebulebis Sesruleba.

valdebulebiTi samarTlis mowesrigebis sferos warmoadgens iseT val-debulebebTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi, romelTa darRvevisTvisac movales sasamarTlos meSveobiT SeiZleba daekisros Sesruleba an zianis anazRaureba.

kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZveli, pasuxs iZl-eva sk-is 316-e muxlis pirveli nawili. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT Cvens germanel kolegebs imaSi, rom es norma àr aris sworad moTavsebuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis dasawyisSi” (ix. h.biolingi, p.lutringhausi, l.SatberaSvili saqarTvelos sk-is calkeuli moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, Tbilisi, 2005 weli, gv.166), radganac moTxovnis sa-gv.166), radganac moTxovnis sa- radganac moTxovnis sa-fuZvlebs Seicavs ara marto valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebi, aramed sanivTo, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis normebic.

kanonmdeblis mier samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi mo-316-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi mo- muxlis pirvel nawilSi mo-cemuli valdebulebis definicia, rasakvirvelia, srulyofili ar aris da mxolod mianiSnebs movalis valdebulebasa da kreditoris uflebaze.

moqmedeba da umoqmedoba (Tavis Sekaveba) marTlzomieri nebiTi aqtia mkacrad gansazRvruli farglebiT. aramarTlzomieri, anu marTlsaw-marTlsaw-inaaRmdego moqmedebebi ar SeiZleba valdebulebis sagani iyos. samoqalaqo kodeqsi awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTobebs, magram 316-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis cneba praqtikulad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes nebismieri (fardobiTi) relatiuri samarTalurTier-samarTalurTier-Tobis mosawesrigeblad. maT Soris: SromiTi, korporaciuli da a.S. samar- mosawesrigeblad. maT Soris: SromiTi, korporaciuli da a.S. samar-samar-TalurTierTobis mosawesrigebladac.

garda amisa, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi samoqalaqo brunvaSi gamoiyen-eba valdebulebis ufro rTuli samarTlebrivi konstruqciebi, vidre amas sk-is 316-e muxli iTvaliswinebs.

jer erTi, movalisa da kreditoris mxareze SeiZleba pirTa simravles hqondes adgili (ramdenime kreditori an movale sk-is 455 da 463-e muxle-sk-is 455 da 463-e muxle- 455 da 463-e muxle-463-e muxle- muxle-bi), meorec, samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi ormxrivi valdebulebebi Warbobs, rodesac samarTalurTierTobis monawileebi erTdroulad kreditore-samarTalurTierTobis monawileebi erTdroulad kreditore- monawileebi erTdroulad kreditore-bic da movaleebic arian. magaliTad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT, gamy-idveli movalea, gadasces myidvels sakuTrebis ufleba qonebaze masTan

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dakavSirebuli sabuTebiT da miawodos saqoneli (477 nawili pirveli); ima-vdroulad, mas ufleba aqvs, mosTxovos myidvels fasis gadaxda da nayidi qonebis miReba (477-e muxlis meore nawili); Tavis mxriv, myidvels ufleba aqvs, mosTxovos gamyidvels xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qonebis gadacema masTan dakavSirebul sabuTebTan erTad, magram, amave dros, igi valdebulia, uzrunvelyos nayidi qonebis miReba da misi Rirebulebis (fa-sis) gadaxda.

an kidev, aviRoT iseTi xelSekrulebebis konstruqciebi, rodesac am xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sikeTe, sargebeli, Sesruleba sxva pirs xmardeba, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mesame piris sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekrulebebi (sk-is 349-351-e muxlebi). am tipis urTierTobebSi sa-(sk-is 349-351-e muxlebi). am tipis urTierTobebSi sa- 349-351-e muxlebi). am tipis urTierTobebSi sa-349-351-e muxlebi). am tipis urTierTobebSi sa- muxlebi). am tipis urTierTobebSi sa-marTlebrivi Sedegi dgeba im pirisaTvis, romelic urTierTobis monawile araa ( mesame piri). Tu es is mesame piria, romelsac, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, damoukidebeli moTxovnis ufleba aqvs miniWebuli, maSin is ikavebs kreditoris adgils, e.i. masac aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos movalisagan Sesruleba.

magaliTad, sk-is 836-e muxlis Tanaxmad, damzRvevs SeuZlia mzRvevelTan dados dazRvevis xelSekruleba Tavisi saxeliT sxva piris sasargeblod. sxva piris sasargeblod dazRvevisas is uflebebi, romlebic warmoiSoba am xelSekrulebidan, ekuTvnis am pirs. mas SeuZlia, isargeblos Tavisi ufle-bebiT damzRvevTan SeTanxmebis gareSe da Tavisi uflebebis ganxorcieleba moiTxovos sasamarTlos meSveobiT mxolod maSin, Tu sadazRvevo mowmoba mis xelTaa (sk-is muxli 837).

samoqalaqo kodeqsi awesrigebs iseT urTierTobebsac, romelSic mesame pirebi monawileoben da, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos saxezea maT sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekruleba, magram sinamdvileSi es ase araa; magaliTad, saga-rantio xelSekrulebiT, garanti kisrulobs movalis (mesame piris) valde-garanti kisrulobs movalis (mesame piris) valde- kisrulobs movalis (mesame piris) valde-bulebis Sesrulebas, Tuki es ukanaskneli droulad ar Seasrulebs kred-itoris winaSe nakisr valdebulebas (sk-is muxli 879). aseT SemTxvevaSi, movales (mesame pirs) ar SeuZlia garantisagan moiTxovos Sesruleba. amis ufleba aqvs kreditors (beneficiars) garantis mimarT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxebac (sk-is muxli 199). marTalia, am dros kreditori Tavisi moTxovnis gamoyenebis uflebas gadascems mesame pirs, magram mesame piri ara Tavidanve (moTxovnis warmoSobisTanave), aramed mx-olod SemdgomSi daikavebs kreditoris adgils.

valdebulebis warmoSoba

xelSekruleba _ valdebulebis warmoSobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli safuZ-velia, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegia, mxareTa avtonomiurobis principis gamoxatulebaa, romlis ZaliTac mxareebi kisruloben valdebulebas, Sea-srulon an ar Seasrulon esa Tu is moqmedeba. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yoveli piri Tavisufalia, visTanac unda, imasTan Sevides gacvliT urTierTobebSi da gansazRvros am urTierTobis Sinaarsi. amasTan, mxare-



Ta `nebis avtonomia” ar aTavisuflebs monawileebs valdebulebebisagan, gaiTvaliswinon erTurTis dasacavi interesebi.

marTlwesrigis umTavresi amocanac swored is aris, rom samoqalaqo kanon-ebma unda uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisufleba, Tu am Tavisu-flebis ganxorcieleba ar xelyofs mesame pirTa uflebebs (sk-is muxli 9).

moqmedebis Tavisufleba uTuod gulisxmobs saxelmwifos an sxva saxelisu-flebo struqturaTa zegavlenisagan damoukideblad moqmedebis SesaZle-blobas. am ukanasknelis uzrunvelyofis garantiaa saqarTvelos konsti-tucia da samoqalaqo kanonebi (sk-is muxli 10).

amrigad, samoqalaqo kodeqsi (muxli 317), valdebulebis warmoSobis sa-fuZvlebs Soris, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad garigebaa valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli (magaliTad, saanderZo danakisri �legati�, mux-danakisri �legati�, mux- mux-li 1383), upiratesobas aniWebs jer xelSekrulebas, xolo Semdeg aras-aras-axelSekrulebo valdebulebebs.

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis arasruli CamonaTvali ase gamoiyureba:

Tu uflebamosili piri ibrunebs nivTs, igi valdebulia, mpovnels •aunazRauros Senaxvis xarjebi da gadauxados sapovneli �jildo� (muxli 191, nawili mesame);

saziaro uflebebi (sk-is953-968 muxlebi);•

davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba (sk-is 969-975 muxle-(sk-is 969-975 muxle- 969-975 muxle-969-975 muxle- muxle-•bi);

jildos sajarod dapireba. konkursi ( sk-is 755- 762 muxlebi);•

zianis miyeneba (deliqti, sk-is 992 – 1008-e muxlebi);•

usafuZvlo gamdidreba (kondiqciuri valdebulebebi sk-is 976-991 •-e muxlebi);

uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba (sk-is •1009-1016-e muxlebi);

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi;•

iuridiuli faqtebi, romelTac kanoni ukavSirebs samoqalaqo •uflebebis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas (dabadeba, gar-dacvaleba, stiqiuri ubedurebebi, samxedro moqmedebebi da a.S.).

garda aRniSnulisa, valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebac, romliTac dadge-nilia mxareTa uflebebi da movaleobebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarT-lo praqtika araerTgvarovania.

magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 27 ivnisis gad-awyvetilebiT, foTis sazRvao navsadgurs Sps `tamanis” sasargeblod

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daekisra fuladi valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis ZiriTadi daval-ianebis saxiT 140 000 laris, xolo pirgasamtexlos saxiT _ 122 000 laris gadaxda. movalem valdebuleba mainc ar Seasrula jerovnad da gadaacila Sesrulebis vadas. kreditorma moiTxova kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadaw-yvetilebis SeusruleblobiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.

sakasacio instancia daeTanxma mosarCeles imaSi, rom mas ufleba hqonda, moeTxova vadis gadacilebis gamo zianis anazRaureba, Tumca, moTxovna CaTvala dausabuTeblad da miuTiTa Semdegi: `sakasacio sasamarTlo ka-`sakasacio sasamarTlo ka- sasamarTlo ka-ka-satoris yuradRebas miaqcevs amave kodeqsis 412-e muxlze da miuTiTebs, rom anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod is ziani, romelic movalisaTvis winaswar iyo savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis uSua-lo Sedegs. kasators ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrule-kasators ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrule- ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrule-ba ar mouTxovia... aRniSnuli sakasacio sasamarTlos aZlevs safuZvels mi-sakasacio sasamarTlos aZlevs safuZvels mi- sasamarTlos aZlevs safuZvels mi-iCnios, rom movalisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo im SesaZlo zianis varaudi, rac mohyveboda mis qmedebas...~ (ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos admin-(ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos admin- saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos admin-istraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 11 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba # bs-929-788-k).

vfiqrobT, am davis mosawesrigeblad sasamarTlos unda gamoeyenebina 403-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis mixedviTac, movale yvela saxis fu- muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis mixedviTac, movale yvela saxis fu-ladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadagadacilebisaTvis agebs pasuxs. kanoniT gan-sazRvruli procenti am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens im minimalur zians, romelic mtkicebas ar saWiroebs. ZiriTadi Tanxis _ 140 000 laris vadaSi daubrunebloba aniWebda kreditors uflebas, moeTxova vadis gadac- aniWebda kreditors uflebas, moeTxova vadis gadac-ilebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba miuxedavad imisa, rom mas iZulebiT aRsruleba ar mouTxovia. kanonier ZalaSi Sesulma gadawyvetilebam gan-sazRvra mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani, saxeldobr, movalis valdebuleba _ gadaexada vali. movale ar unda dalodeboda kreditoris moqmedebas (iZulebiTi aRsrulebis moTxovnas), radganac es mis uflebas, da ara val-debulebas, warmoadgens!

movale mxolod maSin gaTavisufldeboda pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu kred-itori ar miiRebda mis mier SeTavazebul Sesrulebas an ar Seasrulebda misi mxridan savaldebulo raime saxis moqmedebas (sk-is 390-e muxli).

valdebulebis struqtura

valdebulebis struqtura Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs sk-is 316-e mux-sk-is 316-e mux- 316-e mux-316-e mux- mux-lis pirvel nawilSi da SeiZleba iyos rogorc martivi _ rodesac erT mov-ales upirispirdeba erTi kreditori, ise rTuli _ rodesac erT-erT an orive mxares SeiZleba monawileobdes ramdenime piri. saxeldobr:

ori an meti movale da erTi kreditori _ am konstruqciasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac dazaralebulisaTvis zianis miyenebaSi monawileobs erT-droulad ramdenime piri (sk-is 463-e, 998-e, 701-e, 703-e muxlebi da a.S.).

ori an meti kreditori da erTi movale _ aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac, magaliTad, ramdenime banki an sxva sakredito dawesebuleba



iRebs Tavis Tavze garantias movalis mier aRebuli kreditis droul dab-runebaze (sk-is 455-e, 879-e muxlebi).

or an met movales upirispirdeba aseve ori an meti kreditori _ magali-Tad, erToblivi saqmianobis monawileebi deben nardobis xelSekrulebas mSeneblobis warmoebaze or an met samSeneblo firmebTan.

solidaruli valdebuleba warmoadgens gamonakliss zogadi wesidan da albaT aman ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom kanonmdeblis mier mocemuli val-debulebis cneba ar Seicavs valdebulebebSi pirTa simravlis SesaZle-blobas. Tumca, praqtikaSi am saxis valdebulebebi xSiria. maT dasaxasi-aTeblad ramdenime Taviseburebas SeiZleba xazi gaesvas:

solidaruli valdebuleba,• valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobiT, xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT warmoiSoba.

am saxis valdebuleba maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofs kreditoris •dakmayofilebas.

solidaruli valdebulebis dros moqmedebs Semdegi principi: •èrTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis~.

TeoriaSi cnobilia pirTa simravle valdebulebebSi pasiuri da aq-•tiuri valdebulebebis saxiT. aqtiuri solidaruli valdebulebis dros saxezea kreditorTa simravle da TiToeul maTgans SeuZlia, movales mosTxovos Sesruleba (sk-is 455-e muxli).

pasiuri solidaruli valdebulebis dros kreditori erTia da mas Seu-Zlia, nebismier movales mosTxovos Sesruleba.

valdebulebebSi pirTa simravles adgili aqvs ara marto sk-is 455-e da 463-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, aramed maSinac, rodesac saxezea wilobrivi an subsidiuri valdebulebebi.

wilobrivi valdebulebebi warmoiSoba:

a) Tu erT-erTi solidaruli kreditori movalisagan iRebs valdebulebis mTlian Sesrulebas, maSin mas danarCeni kreditorebis mimarT warmoeSoba valdebuleba, gadauxados danarCen solidarul kreditorebs maTi kuTvni-li wili. solidarul kreditorebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi aqvT Tana-bari wili, Tu maT Soris sxva ram ar aris dadgenili (sk-is 462-e muxli).

b) Tu solidarul kreditors hyavs ramdenime memkvidre, maSin TiToeul memkvidreze gadadis valze uflebis mxolod is nawili, romelic mis sam-kvidro wils Seesabameba (sk-is 461-e muxli). am normis konkretizacias war-moadgens 1484-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis mixedviTac, memkvidreebi valdebulni arian, mTlianad daakmayofilon mamkvidreblis kreditorTa interesebi, magram miRebuli aqtivis farglebSi TiToeulis wilis pro-porciulad.

g) movales, romelmac solidaruli valdebuleba Seasrula, aqvs ukumoTx-ovnis ufleba danarCen movaleTa mimarT wilTa Tanabrobis kvalobaze,

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oRond Tavisi wilis gamoklebiT, Tuki xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli (sk-is 473-e muxlis pirveli nawili).

amrigad, wilobrivi valdebulebis dros TiToeuli movale moqmedebs Tav- wilobrivi valdebulebis dros TiToeuli movale moqmedebs Tav-wilobrivi valdebulebis dros TiToeuli movale moqmedebs Tav- valdebulebis dros TiToeuli movale moqmedebs Tav-isTvis. SeiZleba TiToeuli maTganis valdebuleba damoukidebel valdeb-ulebad iqnes ganxiluli.

subsidiuri valdebulebebis warmoSobis sakvanZo momentebi:

a) am saxis valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvelia xelSekruleba an kano- am saxis valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvelia xelSekruleba an kano-ni. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT sk-is 994-e muxlis mesame nawili, romlis mixedviTac, aT welze meti asakis, magram arasrulwlovani piri pa-suxs agebs im zianisaTvis, romelic man sxvas miayena; magram Tu misi qone-ba ar iqneba sakmarisi zianis asanazRaureblad, maSin kreditors SeuZlia damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba daakisros mis kanonier warmomadgenels.

b) movale asrulebs valdebulebas mxolod im nawilSi, romelic ar Seas- movale asrulebs valdebulebas mxolod im nawilSi, romelic ar Seas-rula ZiriTadma movalem.

g) kreditori, pirvel rigSi, moTxovnas ZiriTad movales uyenebs da es misi movaleobaa da ara ufleba! mxolod movalis saxsrebis arasakmarisoba aniWebs mas uflebas, valdebulebis darCenili nawilis Sesruleba moiTx-ovos subsidiuri movalisagan. magaliTad, Tu Tavdebi kisrulobs pasux-subsidiuri movalisagan. magaliTad, Tu Tavdebi kisrulobs pasux- movalisagan. magaliTad, Tu Tavdebi kisrulobs pasux-ismgeblobas subsidiurad, maSin mas daekisreba valis im nawilis gadaxda, romelic ver gadaixada ZiriTadma movalem (sk-is 895-e muxli).

d) pirebi, romlebic subsidiuri pasuxismgeblobis matarebelni arian, im- pirebi, romlebic subsidiuri pasuxismgeblobis matarebelni arian, im-subsidiuri pasuxismgeblobis matarebelni arian, im- pasuxismgeblobis matarebelni arian, im-ave wesiT ageben pasuxs, rogorc ZiriTadi movaleebi.

amitomac, maT SeuZliaT, kreditors wauyenon ZiriTadi movalis Sesage-Sesage-blebi (xandazmulobaze, bralis ar arsebobaze da a.S. mag. 899-e muxli).

kreditori ar aris damokidebuli movalis keTil nebaze, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tu movale nebayoflobiT ar Seasrulebs nakisr valdebulebas, mas 316(1)-iT miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, movales mosTxovos Sesruleba sasamarT- miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, movales mosTxovos Sesruleba sasamarT-los meSveobiT, Tumca, es yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs wayenebuli moTxovnis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas. aucilebelia, moTxovna iuridiulad var-gisi, anu namdvili iyos.

aranamdvilia moTxovna, Tu gasulia vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic kredi-tors SeuZlia movalisagan raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebis moTxovnis wardgena.

xandazmulobis momwesrigebeli normebi zogjer mkafiod ar aregulire-ben calkeuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare xandazmulo-bis sakiTxebs.

magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 145-e muxli mTavari moTxovnis xandazmu-145-e muxli mTavari moTxovnis xandazmu- muxli mTavari moTxovnis xandazmu-lobis vadis gasvlasTan erTad gasulad miiCnevs am vadas damatebiTi moTx-ovnebisTvisac (pirgasamtexlo, Tavdeboba, movalis garantia da a.S.).



rac Seexeba aqcesoruli uflebidan (aqcesorulia ufleba, romelic isea dakavSirebuli sxva uflebasTan, rom mis gareSe arc SeiZleba arsebobdes, ix. sk-is 153-e muxlis pirveli nawili) gamomdinare moTxovnebis beds Ziri- sk-is 153-e muxlis pirveli nawili) gamomdinare moTxovnebis beds Ziri-sk-is 153-e muxlis pirveli nawili) gamomdinare moTxovnebis beds Ziri- 153-e muxlis pirveli nawili) gamomdinare moTxovnebis beds Ziri-153-e muxlis pirveli nawili) gamomdinare moTxovnebis beds Ziri- muxlis pirveli nawili) gamomdinare moTxovnebis beds Ziri-Tadi moTxovnis xandazmulobis SemTxvevaSi, amaze pasuxs samoqalaqo kod-eqsi ar iZleva.

sk-is 143-e muxlis moSvelieba am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, radganac igi awesrigebs mxolod nivTis mflobelobis xandazmulobas.

mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom `moTxovnis xandazmuloba ar iwvevs saniv-saniv-To uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis xandazmulobas. `marTalia, moTxovnis xandazmulobiT kreditori movalisagan Sesrulebis moTxovnis uflebas kargavs, magram mas SeuZlia, valdebulebis uzrunvelsayofad dagirave-buli nivTis realizacia moiTxovos da am gziT daikmayofilos moTxovna~ (ix. ss kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni mesame, Tbilisi, 2001 weli, gv.40).

arsebobs am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, romelic Cveni az-riT, ufro mkafiod esadageba kanonmdeblis nebas, ar gaavrcelos sanivTo uflebaze sk-is 129-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winadadeba, romlis mixedviTac, uZrav nivTebze saxelSekrulebo moTxovnaTa xandazmulobis vada Seadgens eqvs wels.

ìpoTekis dadgenis winapirobas ara mxolod sajaro reestrSi registra-cia, aramed, sk-is 289-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore da mesame winadade-sk-is 289-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore da mesame winadade- 289-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore da mesame winadade-289-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore da mesame winadade- muxlis pirveli nawilis meore da mesame winadade-bebis Tanaxmad, mxareTa Sesabamisi saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebis arseboba warmoadgens.

amdenad, am debulebam SesaZloa migviyvanos xandazmulobis eqvswlian va-eqvswlian va- va-damde. aq saubari aRar aris uZrav nivTze valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze warmoSobil moTxovnaze, magaliTad, saxlis nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze an sanivTo datvirTvis dadgenis valdebule-sanivTo datvirTvis dadgenis valdebule- datvirTvis dadgenis valdebule-datvirTvis dadgenis valdebule- dadgenis valdebule-baze, aramed uflebebze, romlebic warmoiSobian ukve xelSekrulebiT dadgenili sanivTo uflebidan. sk-is 129-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winadadeba sityvasityviT da viwrod unda ganimartos da uZrav nivTze valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebiT Semoifarglos... uflebebze, romlebic warmoiSobian sanivTo datvirTvis safuZvelze, sk-is 128-e mux-sanivTo datvirTvis safuZvelze, sk-is 128-e mux- datvirTvis safuZvelze, sk-is 128-e mux-sk-is 128-e mux- 128-e mux-128-e mux- mux-lis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad, vrceldeba xandazmulobis saerTo, 10 wliani vada. es vada ki jer ar gasula.

sk-is 291-e muxlidan gamomdinareobs, rom mesakuTres, romelic ar aris ipoTekaris piradi movale, SeuZlia mas daupirispiros yvela is Sesage- piradi movale, SeuZlia mas daupirispiros yvela is Sesage-Sesage-beli, romelic valdebulebiT-samarTlebriv urTierTobas emyareba da romlis wardgenis uflebac pirad movales aqvs. amgvar Sesageblebs aseve miekuTvneba Sesagebeli moTxovnis xandazmulobis gamo.

Tu mesame pirs, romelic ipoTekis safuZvelze sakuTari qonebiT agebs pa-suxs sxvisi valebis gamo, SeuZlia waradginos valdebulebiTi garigebidan gamomdinare piradi Sesagebeli ipoTekis sanivTo uflebis mimarT, bune-Sesagebeli ipoTekis sanivTo uflebis mimarT, bune- ipoTekis sanivTo uflebis mimarT, bune-sanivTo uflebis mimarT, bune- uflebis mimarT, bune-brivia, rom igive ufleba im mesakuTresac eniWeba, romelic Tavad aris movale. es debuleba, me-5 muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, gamoyen-me-5 muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, gamoyen- muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, gamoyen-ebuli unda iqnes analogiiT.

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amdenad, valdebulebiTi moTxovnis xandazmulobis gamo piradi Sesagebe-Sesagebe-li mimarTulia sk-is 291-e muxlis winaaRmdeg da pirvel mopasuxes ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvas kuTvnili miwis nakveTis realizaciaze” (ix. h.boelingi, l.Wanturia, samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meTodika, gamocema meore, Tbilisi 2004 weli. gv.177-179).

erT-erTi solidaruli movalis mimarT moTxovnis baTilobas ara aqvs Zala sxva movaleTa mimarT.

magaliTi: sami iuridiuli piri (a, b, g) erToblivad Tavdebad daudga bankis (d) winaSe mesame pirs (e) am ukanasknelis fuladi valdebulebis Sesasrule- am ukanasknelis fuladi valdebulebis Sesasrule-blad. banki kredits _ 250 000 lars _ gascems mesame pirze. mogvianebiT dg-250 000 lars _ gascems mesame pirze. mogvianebiT dg- lars _ gascems mesame pirze. mogvianebiT dg-lars _ gascems mesame pirze. mogvianebiT dg- gascems mesame pirze. mogvianebiT dg-indeba, rom a-s mxridan Tavdeboba xelmowerilia arauflebamosili piris mier da igi namdvili ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, banks SeuZlia, Sesrulebis moTxovna wauyenos danarCen or TanaTavdebs (b da g).

erT-erTi solidaruli movalisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnis xandazmulo-bis vadis SeCerebas an Sewyvetas ara aqvs Zala sxva movaleTa mimarT, rac imas niSnavs, rom xandazmulobis vadis gamoTvla cal-calke unda moxdes TiToeuli solidaruli movalis mimarT.

aviRoT igive magaliTi: firmebi: a, b da g arian Tanamovaleebi da mopasux-Tanamovaleebi da mopasux- da mopasux-eebi, xolo mosarCeles warmoadgens banki d. sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros samive mopasuxem waradgina Sesagebeli xandazmulobaze. dadginda, rom ori Tavdebis mimarT moTxovna marTlac xandazmuli iyo, magram mesame Tavde-bis mimarT banks adre hqonda sarCeli wardgenili, rac imas niSnavs, rom sk-is 138-e muxlis ZaliT mis mimarT adgili hqonda sasarCelo xandazmu- 138-e muxlis ZaliT mis mimarT adgili hqonda sasarCelo xandazmu-138-e muxlis ZaliT mis mimarT adgili hqonda sasarCelo xandazmu- muxlis ZaliT mis mimarT adgili hqonda sasarCelo xandazmu-sasarCelo xandazmu- xandazmu-lobis vadis denis Sewyvetas da amitomac bankis moTxovna mesame Tavdebis mimarT namdvili iqneba.

valdebuleba moralis, tradiciisa da Cveulebis ZaliTac SeiZleba ar-sebobdes, magram aseTi valdebuleba samarTlebrivad uvargisi iqneba. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes moTxovnebi, romlebic TamaSobi-dan da sanaZleodan gamomdinareoben (sk-is muxli 951).

valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis 3. samarTlebrivi problemebi

Tanamedrove, swrafad ganviTarebadi sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi yoveli valdebuleba saWiroebs erTgvar `dacvas”, romelsac civilisti-civilisti-kaSi ùzrunvelyofas” uwodeben.

am mizniT kanonmdebelma SeimuSava specialuri zomebi, romlebic mimarTu-lia iqiTken, raTa movale aiZulos, Seasrulos Sesabamisi samoqalaqo-sa-iqiTken, raTa movale aiZulos, Seasrulos Sesabamisi samoqalaqo-sa- raTa movale aiZulos, Seasrulos Sesabamisi samoqalaqo-sa-samoqalaqo-sa-marTlebrivi valdebuleba.

bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, vis mier da rogor xdeba valdebulebis Ses-rulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis arCeva?



konkretuli pasuxi yovel konkretul valdebulebaze, xelSekrulebis individualur debulebebze, kreditorisa da movalis pirad urTierTo-bebze iqneba damokidebuli. bolos da bolos, kreditors SeiZleba sulac ar ainteresebdes TviT movale, Tundac rogorc iuridiuli piri, magram mas ar SeiZleba, ar ainteresebdes, magaliTad, Tavdebobisas Tavdebis pirovneba, misi gadaxdisunarianoba da a.S.

sapirispiro suraTsac SeiZleba hqondes adgili: kreditors SeiZleba ufro aRelvebdes movalis imiji, misi keTilsindisiereba saqmian urT-ierTobebSi da bolos, ara marto misi materialur _ finansuri sakuTreba, aramed zogjer `maRal likviduri~ inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis arsebo-maRal likviduri~ inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis arsebo- inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis arsebo-ba.

amitom, zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi mxolod zogadi xasiaTis SeiZleba iyos: valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi ganisaz-Rvreba kanoniT da�an dgindeba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. ganasxvaveben valdeb-da�an dgindeba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. ganasxvaveben valdeb- dgindeba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. ganasxvaveben valdeb-ulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis qonebriv da pirovnul saSualebebs.

qonebrivi uzrunvelyofis saSualebebia: giravnoba�ipoTeka� (sk-is 254,286-e muxlebi), pirgasamtexlo da be (sk-is 417-423-e muxlebi).

pirovnuli uzrunvelyofis saSualebebs warmoadgenen: movalis garantia (sk-is 424-426-e muxlebi), Tavdeboba (sk-is 891-905-e muxlebi) da sabanko ga- 424-426-e muxlebi), Tavdeboba (sk-is 891-905-e muxlebi) da sabanko ga-424-426-e muxlebi), Tavdeboba (sk-is 891-905-e muxlebi) da sabanko ga- muxlebi), Tavdeboba (sk-is 891-905-e muxlebi) da sabanko ga-(sk-is 891-905-e muxlebi) da sabanko ga- 891-905-e muxlebi) da sabanko ga-891-905-e muxlebi) da sabanko ga- muxlebi) da sabanko ga-rantia (sk-is 879-890-e muxlebi).

zogjer valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas kanoni gansazRvravs, maT Soris:

valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis sanivTo-samarTlebrivi saSu-sanivTo-samarTlebrivi saSu- saSu-saSu-alebebiT:

qiravnobis urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, moTxovnebis uzrunv-•elsayofad, miwis nakveTis, saxlis an binis gamqiravebels aqvs gi-ravnobis ufleba damqiraveblis mier iq Setanil nivTebze (sk-is 568-e). igive reJimi gamoiyeneba saijaro urTierTobebSic (sk-is 586-e da 596-e muxlebi).

menardes, Tavisi moTxovnebis uzrunvelsayofad, SeuZlia gamoi-•yenos giravnobis ufleba mis mier damzadebul an SekeTebul moZ-rav nivTze, Tu es nivTi, damzadebis an SekeTebis mizniT, menardis mflobelobaSia (634).

gadamzidvels gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili xarjebis •gamo aqvs tvirTze giravnobis ufleba, vidre igi uflebamosilia, gankargos es nivTi (685).

Semnaxvels Senaxvis xarjebis gamo warmoeSoba saqonlis giravnobis •ufleba manamde, sanam igi mis mflobelobaSia (796).

valdebulebaTa gaqviTvis SesaZlebloba (uzrunvelyofa farTo •gagebiT, 442-e da momdevno muxlebi).

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amasTan, kanonis safuZvelze warmoSobili giravnobisa da garigebiTi gi-garigebiTi gi- gi-ravnobis uflebaTa konkurenciis dros gamoiyeneba sk-is 267-e muxlis me-sk-is 267-e muxlis me- 267-e muxlis me-267-e muxlis me- muxlis me-same nawili, romlis mixedviTac: `kanonismieri giravnobis uflebis mqone mogiravnes aqvs giravnobis sagnidan Tavisi moTxovnebis upiratesi dakmay- aqvs giravnobis sagnidan Tavisi moTxovnebis upiratesi dakmay-ofilebis ufleba sxva mogiravnesTan SedarebiT.

magaliTi: a qiriT cxovrobs b-sTan da ixdis yovelTviurad 800 lars. mas bankis g-s vali aqvs, romelsac ar ixdis. banksa da damqiravebels Soris ideba SeTanxmeba, romlis mixedviTac, a agiravebs binaSi arsebul sxva-dasxva moZrav nivTebs. dagiravebuli nivTebi gadaecema banks. b bankis am moqmedebas ukanonod miiCnevs da iTxovs binaSi nivTebis dabrunebas im sa-fuZvliT, rom a mas ar uxdis qiras da Tavisi moTxovnis dakmayofileba man unda moaxdinos dagiravebuli nivTebis realizaciis xarjze (davalianeba Seadgens 4000 lars). g SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom nivTebi kanonierad im-SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom nivTebi kanonierad im- miuTiTebs, rom nivTebi kanonierad im-yofeba mis (bankis) mflobelobaSi, radganac nivTebis daqiravebuli far-Tobidan mocilebasTan erTad b-s giravnobis uflebam Zala dakarga.

bankis aseT pozicias mxolod maSin eqneboda samarTlebrivi safuZveli, Tu nivTebis mocileba ganxorcieldeboda Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli urTierTobebis Sesabamisad. bankidan kreditis aReba ar SeiZleba aseTad CaiTvalos, rac imas niSnavs, rom b-s giravnobis ufleba upiratesia bankis giravnobis uflebasTan mimarTebiT da bankma nivTebi unda daabrunos.

giravnobis uflebis realizacia kreditorma unda moaxdinos im wesiTa da saSualebebiT, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebi. kerZod:

a) giravnobis sagnis realizaciis ufleba mogiravnes aqvs movalis gi- giravnobis sagnis realizaciis ufleba mogiravnes aqvs movalis gi-mogiravnes aqvs movalis gi- aqvs movalis gi-ravnobiT uzrunvelyofili moTxovnis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi (sk-is muxli 278);

b) mogiravne valdebulia, realizaciamde ori kviriT adre giravnobis sag- mogiravne valdebulia, realizaciamde ori kviriT adre giravnobis sag-mogiravne valdebulia, realizaciamde ori kviriT adre giravnobis sag- valdebulia, realizaciamde ori kviriT adre giravnobis sag-nis realizaciis Taobaze werilobiT gaafrTxilos damgiravebeli da sxva mogiravneebi. werilobiTi gafrTxilebis valdebuleba ar iarsebebs, Tu: giravnobis sagani malfuWebadia, anda arsebobs giravnobis sagnis sabazro an sabirJo fasis dacemis realuri safrTxe ( muxli 282-e, pirveli da mesame nawilebi);

g) Tu mogiravne uSualod TviTon axdens giravnobis sagnis realizacias, ma- Tu mogiravne uSualod TviTon axdens giravnobis sagnis realizacias, ma-mogiravne uSualod TviTon axdens giravnobis sagnis realizacias, ma- uSualod TviTon axdens giravnobis sagnis realizacias, ma-Sin igi valdebulia, giravnobis sagani gaasxvisos samarTlian da gonivrul fasSi Tavisi, damgiraveblisa da sxva mogiravneebis interesebis gaTval-mogiravneebis interesebis gaTval- interesebis gaTval-iswinebiT. am valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi igi pasuxs agebs damgiraveblisa da sxva mogiravneebisaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis. (mux-mogiravneebisaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis. (mux- miyenebuli zianisaTvis. (mux-li 283, nawili pirveli);

d) realizaciis ganmaxorcielebeli mogiravne valdebulia, realizaciis ganxorcielebidan gonivrul vadaSi, gaumarTlebeli dayovnebis gareSe warudginos damgiravebels werilobiTi angariSi giravnobis sagnis real-izaciis Sesaxeb, romelic unda Seicavdes informacias realizaciis xar-jebis, realizaciidan amonagebi Tanxisa da am Tanxis gamoyenebis Taobaze (sk-is 285 prima muxli).



valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis valdebulebiT-sa-valdebulebiT-sa-marTlebrivi saSualebebiT:

Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba.

Tu xelSekrulebis sagania nageboba an am nagebobis calkeuli nawilebi, maSin menardes SeuZlia, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, Tavisi moTxovnebisaTvis moiTxovos ipoTeka samSeneblo miwis na-kveTze (sk-is 635-e muxli).

SemkveTs SeuZlia, eqspeditors mosTxovos dazRvevis xelSekruleb-is dadeba (Tu SemkveTi aSkarad ar gamoTqvams uars werilobiT, eqs-peditori movalea, SemkveTis xarjze daazRvios is ziani, romelic SekveTis Sesrulebisas eqspeditoris moqmedebiT SemkveTs SeiZleba miadges (sk-is 735-e muxli).

kreditis gamcems SeuZlia, kreditis amRebs mosTxovos damatebiTi uzrunvelyofis gamoyeneba (Tu kreditis gacemisas SeTanxmebu-lia sanivTo an pirovnuli uzrunvelyofa, maSin kreditis gamcems kreditis arasrulad dafarvisas SeuZlia moiTxovos damatebiTi uzrunvelyofis gamoyeneba. muxli 870 nawili pirveli).

lizingis mimRebs ufleba aqvs, lizingis gamcems mosTxovos, dauT-mos qonebis momwodeblisagan Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba (mxa-reebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen, rom lizingis mimRebma lizingis gam-cemisaTvis pretenziis wayenebamde unda moiTxovos dakmayofileba qonebis mimwodeblisagan. muxli 578 nawili meore).

rwmunebuls SeuZlia, mosTxovos marwmunebels avansi im xarjebi-saTvis, romlebic mas unda aunazRaurdes (sk-is 717 muxlis nawili mesame).

Sesrulebaze uaris ufleba. am uflebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia erTdroulad sami winapirobis arsebobisas:

pirveli _ misi sagania movalis kuTvnili nivTi, romelic kredi-torma unda gadasces mas an mesame pirs.

meore _ misiT xdeba im valdebulebis uzrunvelyofa, romlis mixed-viTac, movale valdebulia, gadaixados nivTis safasuri an aanaz-Rauros masTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi da sxva ziani.

mesame _ dakavebiT uzrunvelyofili valdebuleba ar unda iyos movalis mier droSi Sesrulebuli.

Sesrulebaze uari, rodesac igi gamoyenebulia valdebulebis uzrunve-lyofis saSualebad, SeiZleba TviTdaxmarebis magaliTadac gamodges, romelic moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, darRveuli an sadavod gamx-dari samoqalaqo uflebis dacvis saSualebaa.

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im pirs, romelsac valdebuleba akisria ormxrivi xelSekrulebi-dan gamomdinare, SeuZlia uari Tqvas valdebulebis Sesrulebaze sapasuxo moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde, garda im SemTxvevebi-sa, roca igi valdebuli iyo, Tavisi valdebuleba winaswar Sees-rulebina (sk-is 369-e da 406-e muxlebi).

gamyidvelis ufleba aqvs, daakavos nivTi. Tu myidveli droulad ar miiRebs nivTs an Tavis droze ar gadaixdis mis fass, gamyidveli valdebulia, Seinaxos nivTi; gamyidvels ufleba aqvs, daitovos niv-Ti an daakavos gzaSi manam, vidre myidveli ar aunazRaurebs Sesabamis xarjebs (sk-is muxli 500).

samomxmareblo kreditis mimRebis ufleba _ uari Tqvas Sesrule-baze (samomxmareblo kreditis dros kreditis mimRebs SeuZlia, uari Tqvas kreditis dabrunebaze, Tu, am kreditTan dakavSirebuli sasy-sasy-idliani xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, Sesagebeli gamyidvelis mi- xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, Sesagebeli gamyidvelis mi-Sesagebeli gamyidvelis mi- gamyidvelis mi-marT mas mianiWebda Tavisi valdebulebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis uflebas. muxli 370, nawili pirveli).

Semnaxvelis ufleba _ uari Tqvas nivTis dabrunebaze (kuTvnili sazRauris miRebamde da SenaxvisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis anazRaure-bamde Semnaxvels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas mibarebuli nivTis dabruneba-ze. muxli 776). analogiuri uflebiT sargeblobs sasawyobo Semnax-sasawyobo Semnax- Semnax-velic.

miTiTebuli uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan movaleze zemoqmedebis xarisxiTa da mTavari miznis _ aiZulon movale, Seasrulos valdebuleba _ miRwevis meTodebiT.

rogorc wesi, valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi kreditoris interesebSi dgindeba. rasakvirvelia, uzrunvelyofis yvela saSualeba ar warmoadgens sanqcias samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismge-samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismge- pasuxismge-blobis TvalsazrisiT, magram isini pirdapir an iribad uqmnian gamous-worebel movales sirTuleebs.

valdebulebis qonebrivi uzrunvelyofis saSualebas _ bes _ kanonmde-beli miiCnevs (sk-is 421-e muxli) fulad Tanxad, romelsac xelSekruleb-(sk-is 421-e muxli) fulad Tanxad, romelsac xelSekruleb- 421-e muxli) fulad Tanxad, romelsac xelSekruleb-421-e muxli) fulad Tanxad, romelsac xelSekruleb- muxli) fulad Tanxad, romelsac xelSekruleb-is erTi mxare aZlevs meore mxares da amiT dasturdeba xelSekrulebis dadebis faqti. am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, be ara marto uzrunvely-ofs momavali valdebulebis Sesrulebas, aramed igi imavdroulad adas-turebs xelSekrulebis dadebasac, rac imas niSnavs, rom movalis mier xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, kreditors SeuZlia, moiTxovos Sesruleba im xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, romlis dade-basac adasturebs be!

be gansxvavdeba sxva uzrunvelyofis saSualebebisagan (pirgasamtexlo, movalis garantia, sabanko garantia, ipoTeka, Tavdeboba) imiTac, rom igi SeiZleba zepiradac daidos. Tumca, sasamarTlo praqtika bes xelSekrule-bas miiCnevs winare xelSekrulebad _ momavali xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebulebis warmomSob SeTanxmebad _ da, Sesabamisad, masze avrcelebs sk-is 327-e muxlis mesame nawilis moTxovnas, romlis Tanaxmadac, moma- 327-e muxlis mesame nawilis moTxovnas, romlis Tanaxmadac, moma-327-e muxlis mesame nawilis moTxovnas, romlis Tanaxmadac, moma- muxlis mesame nawilis moTxovnas, romlis Tanaxmadac, moma-



valSi dasadebi xelSekrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli forma vrceldeba aseve winare xelSekrulebazec. aseTi midgomis gamo, umetes SemTxvevaSi, rTuldeba misi gamijvna àvansisagan,~ romelic warmoadgens valdebuleb-is sruli an nawilobrivi Sesrulebis mizniT gadacemul fulad Tanxas.

magaliTi: gigaursa da buTiaSvils Soris daido am ukanasknelis kuTvni-li maRaziis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. misi gadaformeba myidvelze unda momxdariyo 30 dRis Semdeg. gigaurma, gamyidvelis TxovniT, werilobiTi dokumentis gareSe gadasca mas winaswar 2000 aSS dolari, romelic CaiT-aSS dolari, romelic CaiT- dolari, romelic CaiT-vleboda nasyidobiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxis nawilad. nasyidoba ar daido. mogvianebiT, buTiaSvilma, romlis braliTac ar daido garigeba, werilobiT aRiara valdebulebis arseboba. gigaurma moiTxova bes orma-gad dabruneba.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom sesxis kvalifikacia misca mxareTa urT-ierTobas da mopasuxes daavala mosarCelesaTvis 2000 aSS dolaris dab-mosarCelesaTvis 2000 aSS dolaris dab- 2000 aSS dolaris dab-aSS dolaris dab- dolaris dab-runeba.

saapelacio sasamarTlom gadacemuli Tanxa CaTvala momavali xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis angariSSi avansis saxiT gadaxdilad, rad-ganac mxareTa Soris bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ar akmayofilebda sk-is 327-e muxlis mesame nawilis da 323-e muxlis moTxovnebs. sakasacio sasamarTlo daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvnas bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ba-ba-TilobasTan dakavSirebiT, magram moTxovnis materialur-samarTlebriv safuZvlad miuTiTa garigebis baTilobidan gamomdinare normebze (976-e muxlis pirveli nawilis à~ qvepunqtze da 979-e muxlis pirvel nawilze) da ara sk-is 361-e muxlis meore nawilze, romelic gamoiyeneba movalis mier keTilsindisierebis zogadi principis darRvevisas (ix. saqme #3k�865 24 ianvari 2001 weli).

bes funqcia (praqtikuli arsi) mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

mas gaaCnia mtkicebiTi funqcia _ igi adasturebs xelSekrulebis dadebis faqts.

uzrunvelmyofi funqcia _ be CaiTvleba ZiriTadi valdebulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxdelis angariSSi da amiT garantirebuls xdis mxolod im valdebulebas, romelic am xelSekrulebiTaa gaT-valiswinebuli.

sagadasamxdelo funqcia (igi gaicema mxolod Sesrulebis angariSSi, Tu SeTanxmebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli).

sakompensacio funqcia _ xelSekrulebis is mxare, romelic pasuxs agebs misi SeusruleblobisaTvis, valdebulia, meore mxares aunaz-Rauros amiT gamowveuli ziani, romlis drosac be CaiTvleba zianis anazRaurebis angariSSi.

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bes odenoba ganisazRvreba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. igi ar SeiZleba aRematebodes gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenobas. Tu mainc daido aseTi SeTanxmeba, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia, analogiiT gamoiyenos sk-is 420-e muxli da Seamciros igi.

be kreditors gadaecema winaswar, momavali xelSekrulebis dadebis uzrunvelsayofad im mxaris mier, romelsac momavali xelSekrulebiT daekisreba fuladi valdebulebis Sesruleba.

Tu valdebuleba Sewydeba misi Sesrulebis dawyebamde, an Tu xelSekruleba ar daideba misi bunebrivi, ekonomikuri an iuridiuli SeuZleblobis gamo, be ubrundeba mis mimcems.

valdebulebis Sesrulebis bunebrivi (fizikuri) SeuZlebloba gu-lisxmobs individualurad gansazRvruli sagnis ganadgurebas, da-zianebas an valdebuli piris gardacvalebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTq-vaT, bunebrivi `SeuZlebloba~ unda dadges obieqturi garemoebebis gamo.

valdebulebis Sesrulebis ìuridiuli~ SeuZleblobis qveS igu-lisxmeba kompetenturi saxelmwifo organoebis mier iseTi aqtis gamocema, romlis Sedegadac Sesruleba mTlianad an nawilobriv SeuZlebeli xdeba.

aseT garemoebebs kanonmdebeli ar miakuTvnebs movalis kontragen-tis mxridan valdebulebebis darRvevas, bazarze saWiro saqonlis ararsebobas, movalis gadaxdisuunarobas da a.S.

valdebulebis Sesrulebisas movalis muSakebis arajerovani qceva ganixileba movalis arajerovan qcevad. movale pasuxs agebs im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa Ses-asruleblad iseTive moculobiT, rogorc sakuTari braleuli moq-braleuli moq- moq-medebis dros (sk-is 396-e muxli).

bes bedi mTlianadaa damokidebuli xelSekrulebis monawileTa je-rovan qcevaze.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bes mimcemis braliT ar daideba xelSekruleba, be rCeba mis mimRebs, xolo mimRebis braleuli moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi, be ormagad ubrundeba mimcems (sk-is 423- e muxli).

misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba nebismieri sasyidliani garigebis dadebis dros.

valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT uZveles saSu-alebas pirgasamtexlo (sk-is 417-420-e muxlebi) warmoadgens.



pirgasamtexlos daniSnuleba zianis anazRaurebaa da igi damokide- daniSnuleba zianis anazRaurebaa da igi damokide-bulia ZiriTadi valdebulebis arsebobaze (valdebulebis uzrunve-lyofis damatebiTi saSualebaa).

pirgasamtexlos forma werilobiTia. formas materialur-samarT- forma werilobiTia. formas materialur-samarT-materialur-samarT-lebrivi daniSnuleba aqvs, rac niSnavs imas, rom formis daucveloba pirgasamtexloze mxareTa SeTanxmebis ucilod baTilobas iwvevs. maSinac ki, rodesac ZiriTadi valdebuleba ar moiTxovs werilobiT formas, pirgasamtexlo aucileblad werilobiT unda gaformdes. Tu ZiriTadi valdebuleba rTul sanotaro formas moiTxovs, pir-pir-gasamtexloze kanonis es moTxovna ar gavrceldeba, magram Tu Ziri- kanonis es moTxovna ar gavrceldeba, magram Tu Ziri-Tadi valdebuleba gabaTildeba, es avtomaturad gamoiwvevs pir-pir-gasamtexloze SeTanxmebis baTilobasac.

kreditori Tavisufldeba zianis arsebobisa da moculobis mt-kicebis movaleobisagan. pirgasamtexlos dasakisreblad sakmarisia xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqtis arseboba. amasTan, sasamarTlos SeuZlia, saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, Seamciros Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo. am gziT sasamarTlo axdens samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare mxareTa urTierTvaldebulebebis balan-sirebas.

pirgasamtexlo, misi warmoSobis safuZvlis mixedviT, ori saxisaa: kanonismieri da saxelSekrulebo. misi daricxva warmoebs jarimisa da sauravis saxiT.

pirgasamtexlo zianisagan sruliad damoukidebelia, rac imas niS- zianisagan sruliad damoukidebelia, rac imas niS-navs, rom igi maSinac unda anazRaurdes, rodesac damdgari ziani nak-lebia an saerTod ar damdgara.

zianTan dakavSirebiT, TeoriaSi ganasxvaveben: sagamonakliso, saja-sagamonakliso, saja- saja-rimo, alternatiul da CaTvliT pirgasamtexlos.

jarima warmoadgens araerTjeradad gadasaxdel Tanxas, romelic winaswar dadgenili Tanxis proporciulad procentebSi gamoixate-ba.

sauravi warmoadgens pirgasamtexlos, romelic gamoiangariSeba ganuwyvetliv, mzardi SedegiT. ufro xSirad sauravi gamoiyeneba valdebulebis vadis gadacilebisaTvis. sauravi ericxeba yovel-dRiurad Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi. misi daricxva, rogorc wesi, procentis saxiT xdeba.

kanonismieri pirgasamtexlo kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos yvela SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad mxareTa Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebis Sinaar-sisa. misi odenoba mxareebma SeiZleba gazardon, Tu es akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT.

saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlo _ misi gamoyenebis pirobebi mxolod mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dgindeba.

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sagamonakliso pirgasamtexlos dros ar SeiZleba zianis anazRaure- pirgasamtexlos dros ar SeiZleba zianis anazRaure-pirgasamtexlos dros ar SeiZleba zianis anazRaure- dros ar SeiZleba zianis anazRaure-bis moTxovna. kreditors SeuZlia, mxolod pirgasamtexlo moiTxo-pirgasamtexlo moiTxo- moiTxo-vos. am saxis pirgasamtexlos gamoyenebas adgili aqvs satransporto urTierTobebSi.

sajarimo (kumulatiuri) pirgasamtexlo, romlis drosac mxares eki-(kumulatiuri) pirgasamtexlo, romlis drosac mxares eki- pirgasamtexlo, romlis drosac mxares eki-pirgasamtexlo, romlis drosac mxares eki- romlis drosac mxares eki-sreba erTdroulad zianis anazRaurebac da pirgasamtexloc, samo-pirgasamtexloc, samo- samo-qalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, radganac igi ukidu-resad amZimebs movalis mdgomareobas da, rogorc wesi, kreditors gaumarTleblad privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.

CaTvliTi pirgasamtexlo _ dadgenili pirgasamtexlos gadaxdasTan erTad movales SeiZleba zianic moeTxovos, oRond pirgasamtexlo CaiTvleba asanazRaurebeli zianis odenobaSi.

zogadi wesis mixedviT, kreditors ar SeuZlia, erTdroulad moiTx-ovos valdebulebis Sesruleba da pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevinebac. mas SeuZlia airCios an Sesruleba an pirgasamtexlo. magram Tu pir-pirgasamtexlo. magram Tu pir- magram Tu pir-pir-gasamtexlo gaTvaliswinebulia im SemTxvevebisaTvis, roca valde- gaTvaliswinebulia im SemTxvevebisaTvis, roca valde-buleba ar sruldeba droSi, maSin aseTi moTxovna dasaSvebia. sasa-marTlo praqtika, am TvalsazrisiT, Tanmimdevrulia.

magaliTad, erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarT-lom aRniSna: `...xelSekrulebis arajerovnad Sesrulebisas, kerZod, vadis gadacilebisaTvis, kreditors ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos rogorc valdeb-ulebis Sesruleba, ise pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevineba.

pirgasamtexlo Sesrulebis aRmatebuli moTxovnaa, igi damoukidebelia zianis anazRaurebisagan.

Tu kreditors pirgasamtexlosTan erTad dayenebuli aqvs zianis anazRau-pirgasamtexlosTan erTad dayenebuli aqvs zianis anazRau- erTad dayenebuli aqvs zianis anazRau-rebis moTxovnac, ar SeiZleba orive moTxovna dakmayofildes, vinaidan pirgasamtexlo TavisTavad TviTon warmoadgens zianis anazRaurebis mini- TavisTavad TviTon warmoadgens zianis anazRaurebis mini-malur Tanxas. am SemTxvevaSi, kreditors TviTon SeuZlia gamoiyenos upi-ratesi interesis ufleba, anu airCios moTxovna zianis anazRaurebis Tu pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb. dauSvebelia erTdroulad pirgasamtexlosa da mTliani zianis anazRaurebis dakisreba, vinaidan es iqneba sajarimo sanq-cia, romelic ukiduresad daamZimebda movalis mdgomareobas da gamoi-wvevda kreditoris usafuZvlo gamdidrebas.

analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis gamo procentis gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT.

sk-is 403-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, movale, romelic fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadas gadaacilebs, valdebulia, gadacilebuli drois-aTvis gadaixados kanoniT gansazRvruli procenti, Tuki kreditors, sxva safuZvlidan gamomdinare, ufro metis moTxovna ar SeuZlia.

sakasacio sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom vadis gadacilebisaTvis dawese- sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom vadis gadacilebisaTvis dawese-buli procenti valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis prevenciuli fun-qciis matarebelia, anu moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi saSualebaa.



igi, rogorc pirgasamtexlo, minimaluri zianis anazRaurebis saSualebas warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic dauSvebelia erTdroulad movalisaTvis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasamtexlosa da gadaxdis vadis ga-pirgasamtexlosa da gadaxdis vadis ga- da gadaxdis vadis ga-dacilebisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli procentis gadaxdevineba, rameTu, rogorc pirgasamtexlo, ise gadaxdis vadis gadacilebisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli procenti warmoadgens zianis anazRaurebis Tanxas da ar SeiZleba erTsa da imave darRvevisaTvis movales daekisros gadaxda gaor-magebuli standartiT, miTumetes maSin, roca sk-is 403-e muxlis pirveli nawilis bolo winadadebis Sesabamisad, vadis gadacilebis gamo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli procenti movales daekisreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sxva safuZvlidan gamomdinare, mas ufro metis moTxovna ar SeuZlia. am muxlis moTxovna movales saSualebas aZlevs, airCios xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasamtexlos an mis nacvlad gadaxdis vadis gadac-pirgasamtexlos an mis nacvlad gadaxdis vadis gadac- an mis nacvlad gadaxdis vadis gadac-ilebis gamo kanoniT gansazRvruli procentis anazRaureba.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, movales xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pir-pir-gasamtexlos saxiT gadasaxdeli aqvs 376 856 lari, rac sk-is 420-e muxlis Sesabamisad, rogorc Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo, saolqo sasa-pirgasamtexlo, saolqo sasa- saolqo sasa-marTlom sworad gaanaxevra. valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacileb-is gamo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma procentma ki Seadgina 490 909 lari. aseT SemTxvevaSi, valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis gamo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma procentma Seadgina ufro meti Tanxa, vidre xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebulma pirgasamtexlom.

aqedan gamomdinare, movales valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis unda daeki-sros im Tanxis gadaxda, romelic ufro metia (ix. saqme #3k-422-03. uzenae-(ix. saqme #3k-422-03. uzenae- saqme #3k-422-03. uzenae-#3k-422-03. uzenae- uzenae-si sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze. #11 s.f.3024-3025).

rogorc vxedavT, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, movales fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis gadacilebis dros zianisa da pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis garda, SeiZleba kanonismieri procentis anazRaurebac daekisros.

sk-is 403-e muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobis spe- 403-e muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobis spe-403-e muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobis spe- muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobis spe-cialur zomas. am normas universaluri xasiaTi aqvs da SemoRebulia im mizniT, rom daicvas samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebis uflebebi da kanon-ieri interesebi arakeTilsindisieri movaleebis ukanono da zogjer TaR-liTuri qmedebebisagan. Tavisi bunebiT, pasuxismgeblobis es zoma ar Sei-Zleba gaigivebul iqnes pirgasamtexlosTan da zogadad zianTan. fulad valze kanonismieri procentis daricxva ar abrkolebs movaleze pirgasam-kanonismieri procentis daricxva ar abrkolebs movaleze pirgasam- procentis daricxva ar abrkolebs movaleze pirgasam-pirgasam-texlos dakisrebas, radganac procenti da pirgasamtexlo erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel pasuxismgeblobis zomas warmoadgens.

kanonismieri procentisa da pirgasamtexlos urTierTmimarTeba Semde-gia:

pirgasamtexlo (fuladi Tanxa) valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrun-velyofis damatebiTi saSualebaa, rasac ar warmoadgens sk-is 403-e muxliT gansazRvruli procenti, romelic fuladi valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis prevenciulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

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kanonismieri procentis odenoba ganisazRvreba kanoniT, magali-Tad, sabanko kreditis dros davalianebis Tanxas unda daericxos bankTaSorisi sakredito auqcionis Sesabamisi periodisaTvis fiq-sirebuli saprocento (an sadiskonto) ganakveTis 3%-is gadidebu-li Tanxa (sk-is 869-e muxlis pirveli nawili).

kanoniT gansazRvruli procenti movales SeiZleba gadasaxdelad daekisros gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebamdec mxolod maSin, rode-sac fuli gadaxdis saSualebaa da ara xelSekrulebis sagani, anu rodesac adgili aqvs sxvisi fuliT ukanono sargeblobas maSin, rodesac pirgasamtexlo SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes nebi-smieri saxis valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Ses-rulebisaTvis.

praqtikaSi araerTgvarovani midgomaa ZiriTadi davalianebisa da sesxiT sargeblobis procentis gadaxdis rigiTobasTan dakavSirebiT. erT-erT saqmeze saapelacio sasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta sk-is 387-e muxli da daadgina, rom erTsa da imave valdebulebTan dakavSirebuli moTx-ovnebidan gamomdinare, jer ifareba ZiriTadi davalianeba da Semdeg ses-xiT sargeblobis procenti. amaze uzenaesma sasamarTlom miuTiTa Semde-gi: `…387-e muxli gansazRvravs sxvadasxva valdebulebidan gamomdinare erTmaneTis msgavs ramdenime Sesrulebis Tanmimdevrobas. 387-e muxli ar adgens erTi valdebulebidan gamomdinare Sesrulebis gaangariSebis da dadgenis princips. Tu movales kreditorisaTvis unda gadaexada 100 lari sesxis vali da 200 lari binis qira, movalis es ori Sesruleba erTmaneTis msgavsi Sesrulebaa da 387-e muxlis safuZvelze unda gadawydes maTi Ses-rulebis Tanmimdevroba.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis miTiTebuli norma adgens sxvadasxva safuZvli-dan (xelSekrulebidan) gamomdinare fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis rigiTobas da ara erTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili fu-ladi valdebulebis odenobis dadgenisa da gaangariSebis wess. mocemuli muxli aregulirebs im SemTxvevas, roca sxvadasxva valdebulebidan gamom-dinare moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis vada erTdroulad dadga... mopasuxes unda daekisros Tanxa principiT: jer ifareba saprocento ganakveTi, romelic mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli da aRiarebulia, Semdeg ki ifareba ZiriTadi vali~ (ix. saqme #3k�321-02 13 marti 2002 weli. saq. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze. #5 s.f.834).

kreditoris mxridan valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saWiro (optimaluri) saSualebis arCeva metad problemuri SeiZleba iyos. igi garkveulwilad damokidebulia ara marto movalis, aramed mesame pirebis qcevazec (Tavdebi, banki).

magaliTad, Tavdebs kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas kredi-toris dakmayofilebaze (Tu moTxovna ar gamomdinareobs movalis mier Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebidan an misi gadaxdisuunarobidan), vidre es ukanaskneli ar Seecdeba ZiriTadi movalis mimarT iZulebiT aRsrule-



bas (sk-is 894-e muxli), an kidev mas SeuZlia wamoayenos ZiriTadi movalis kuTvnili Sesageblebi (sk-is muxli 899).

Tavdebobisa da sabanko garantiis Sedarebis sqema ase gamoiyureba:

Tavdeboba (sk-is 891-905)

1. Tavdebi.

2. movale.

3. kreditori.

4. Tavdebi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri piri.

5. xelSekruleba ideba Tavdebsa da kreditors Soris.

6. valdebulebis sagani nebismieri qonebaa.

7. Tavdeboba rogorc usasyidlo, ise sasyidliania.

8. Tavdeboba valdebulebas damatebiT uzrunvelyofs.

9. Tavdeboba gaicema valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadiT.

10. kreditori ar aris SezRuduli, daTmos moTxovna.

11. movalis mimarT regresuli moTxovna yovelTvis saxezea.

12. Tavdebobis ukan gamoTxovna dasaSvebia.

13. Tavdeboba kauzaluri valdebulebaa.

garantia (sk-is 879-890)

1. garanti.

2. principali.

3. beneficiari.

4. garantoria banki an sxva sakredito dawesebuleba.

5. xelSekruleba ideba principalsa da garants Soris.

6. valdebulebis sagania fuladi Tanxa.

7. garantia mxolod sasyidliania.

8. garantia ar aris ZiriTad valdebulebaze damokidebuli.

9. garantia nebismieri vadiT gaicema.

10. beneficiars ar SeuZlia, daTmos moTxovna.

11. garantis regresi principalTan SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli.

12. sabanko garantiis ukan gamoTxovna ar SeiZleba, Tu sxav ram ar aris SeTanxmebuli.

13. garantia abstraqtuli valdebulebaa.

rogorc warmodgenili sqemidan Cans, sabanko garantiis dros kreditori (beneficiari) ufro daculad gamoiyureba.

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garantis pasuxismgeblobis farglebi ganisazRvreba Semdegi garemoebe-biT:

a) Tavdapirvelad misi pasuxismgebloba Semoifargleba im TanxiT, romel-ic miTiTebulia garantiaSi.

b) Tu garantma nakisri valdebuleba beneficiarisaTvis Tanxis gadaxdis Taobaze ar Seasrula droulad an jerovnad, igi pasuxs agebs ukve sak-uTari da principalis moqmedebebisaTvis saerTo safuZvlebiT (sk-is 886-e muxlis meore nawili).

sabanko garantia Zalas inarCunebs ZiriTadi valdebulebis Sewyvetis (an baTilad cnobis) Semdegac ki! Tumca, kreditors am `daculobisaTvis~ gan-`daculobisaTvis~ gan-sazRvruli safasuris gadaxda uwevs principalisaTvis (sk-is 880 muxli) maSin, rodesac Tavdebobis dros, rogorc wesi, es urTierToba usasyidlo xasiaTs atarebs!

amitomac, kreditori valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis arCe-visas unda iTvaliswinebdes konkretuli saSualebebis Taviseburebebsa da maTi gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba-aucileblobis urTierTmimarTebas.

pirgasamtexlo da be erTdroulad samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxis-mgeblobis zomas warmoadgens. maTi arseboba aiZulebs movales valde-bulebis naturiT (realur) Sesrulebas, radganac fiqsirebulad jarimis an sauravis gadaxdevinebis moTxovna kreditorisaTvis raime sirTulesTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli, maSin, rodesac sxva saxis zianis arseboba man ara marto unda daasabuTos, aramed procesualurad unda daamtkicos.

girao, Tavdeboba, sabanko garantia kreditorisaTvis zrdis imis albaTo-bas, rom movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, igi SeZlebs, daikmayofilos Tavisi moTxovna.

valdebulebis Sinaarsi bevrad ganapirobebs valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebis arCevans.

magaliTad, sakredito da sesxis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, valde-bulebebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania ipoTekis�giravnobis, Tavdebobisa da sabanko garantiis gamoyeneba. magram Tu laparakia iseT valdebule-bebze, romlebic gamomdinareobs gansazRvruli samuSaos Sesrulebis an momsaxurebis gawevis samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan, upiratesoba unda mieniWos pirgasamtexlos gamoyenebas, radganac kreditoris inter-esi mdgomareobs movalisagan garkveuli Sedegis da ara fulis miRebaSi.

valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis gareSe ar arsebobs. am saxis urTierTobebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom im valdebulebis aranamdviloba, romlis uzrunvelsayofadac isini arsebobs, avtomaturad iwvevs maT aranamdvilobas! (amis sailustraciod SegiZliaT ixiloT zemoT ganxil-uli magaliTi ipoTekis aranamdvilobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi valdebulebis xandazmulobis gamo).



Tumca, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, am zogadi wesidan gamonaklisi mainc arsebobs!

sabanko garantiis dros garantis valdebuleba beneficiaris winaSe maT Soris urTierTobisas ar aris damokidebuli im ZiriTad valdebulebaze, romlis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofadac aris is gacemuli, maSinac ki, roca garantia Seicavs miTiTebas am valdebulebaze (muxli 881). vfiqrobT, interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo praqtiki-dan erT-erTi saqmis moSvelieba:

korporacia `deu~-m ss èqsportimportbankis~ winaaRmdeg aRZra sarCeli sabanko garantiiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovniT. sarCe-lis safuZvlad miTiTebuli iqna is faqtobrivi garemoeba, rom 1998 wlis 29 aprils mopasuxem (garanti) Sps `veilmotors~-is (principali) TxovniT korporacia `deus~ (beneficiari) saxelze gasca sabanko garantia 178 000 aSS dolarze. gacemuli garantiis mixedviT, principalis mier Tanxis droulad gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, garanti kisrulobda valdebule-bas, gadaexada jarima wliuri 24%-is odenobiT.

Sps `veilmotorsis~ mier Tanxis gadauxdelobis gamo, korporacia `deum~ mimarTa garants, romelmac 1999 wlis 27 dekembers uari ganacxada nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebaze.

mosarCelem sarCeliT moiTxova garantisagan rogorc ZiriTadi daval- sarCeliT moiTxova garantisagan rogorc ZiriTadi daval-garantisagan rogorc ZiriTadi daval- rogorc ZiriTadi daval-ianebis Tanxis, ise jarimis anazRaureba.

mopasuxem sarCeli ar cno im safuZvliT, rom sabanko garantia gacemuli iyo eqvsi Tvis vadiT, xolo beneficiari valdebulebis Sesrulebas iTx-beneficiari valdebulebis Sesrulebas iTx- valdebulebis Sesrulebas iTx-ovda am vadis gasvlis Semdeg.

mesame pirma ̀ Sps veilmotorsma~ ganmarta, rom sadavo Tanxis nawili-155 600 aSS dolari mis mier gadaxdili iqna mosarCelesaTvis.

saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom mocemul saqmeze gaauqma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba sarCe-lis srulad dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb Semdeg garemoebebze miTiTebiT:

sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio palatis mier dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom 1998 wlis 29 aprils mopasuxem gasca sabanko garantia 178 000 aSS dolarze da manve ikisra valdebuleba darCenili Tanxis 24 procentis yovelwliurad gadaxdis Taobaze Tanxis srul gadaxdamde.

sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saapelacio palatam araswori samarT- sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saapelacio palatam araswori samarT-lebrivi Sefaseba misca saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebs; kerZod, man miuTi-Ta, rom saapelacio sasamarTlom garantiiT nakisri valdebuleba aras-worad daukavSira ZiriTad (nasyidobis) valdebulebas da, Sesabamisad, masze arasworad gaavrcela beneficiarsa da principals Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis vadebi;

sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ganmarta, rom sk-is 881-e muxlis imperatiuli moTxovniT sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswineb- muxlis imperatiuli moTxovniT sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswineb-imperatiuli moTxovniT sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswineb- moTxovniT sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswineb-

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uli garantis valdebuleba beneficiaris winaSe ar aris damokidebuli im ZiriTad valdebulebaze, romlis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofadac is aris gacemuli; maSinac ki, roca garantia Seicavs miTiTebas am valdebulebaze;

sakasacio palatis ganmartebiT, samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, pretenziis wardgenis vadis gasvla ar iwvevs sagarantio vadis Sewyvetas an moTxovnis uflebis gauqmebas.

palatam miiCnia, rom 1998 wlis 29 aprilis sabanko garantia gacemuli iqna sk-is 879-e da 884-e muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis va-sk-is 879-e da 884-e muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis va- 879-e da 884-e muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis va-879-e da 884-e muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis vada 884-e muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis va-884-e muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis va- muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis va-dad ganisazRvra ra garantiaSi miTiTebuli Tanxis srulad gadaxda, rac saqmis masalebiT ar iqna dadasturebuli, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 889-e mux-889-e mux- mux-lis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT garantiis moqmedebis vada Sewyvetilad ar unda mieCnia saapelacio sasamarTlos; Sesabamisad, sk-is 888-e muxlis moTxovniT, garanti valdebulia Sesrulebaze beneficiaris mimarT im Tanxis gadaxdiT, razec gasca garantia.

sakasacio palatam aseve miiCnia, rom saqmis masalebiT ar iyo dadgenili is garemoeba, riTac garants sk-is 887-e muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTx-garants sk-is 887-e muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTx- sk-is 887-e muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTx-sk-is 887-e muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTx- 887-e muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTx-887-e muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTx- muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTx-beneficiaris moTx- moTx-ovnis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma SeeZlo (ix. saqme #3k-62-01, 17 ianvari 2001 weli, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos biuleteni).

aRniSnuli Taviseburebis gamo sabanko garantia valdebulebis Sesruleb-is uzrunvelyofis damoukidebel saxed unda iqnes miCneuli.

sk-is 879-e muxls rTuli samarTlebrivi konstruqcia aqvs. am urTierTo- 879-e muxls rTuli samarTlebrivi konstruqcia aqvs. am urTierTo-879-e muxls rTuli samarTlebrivi konstruqcia aqvs. am urTierTo- muxls rTuli samarTlebrivi konstruqcia aqvs. am urTierTo-baSi erTdroulad sami subieqti mainc monawileobs:

principali _ piri, romelic beneficiaris movalea (ZiriTadi valdeb-beneficiaris movalea (ZiriTadi valdeb- movalea (ZiriTadi valdeb-ulebis mixedviT) da sTxovs banks an sxva sakredito dawesebulebas, daudg-es valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantad.

beneficiari _ principalis kreditoria, xolo garanti _ iuridiuli piria (banki an sxva sakredito dawesebuleba).

am saxis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobisaTvis, Cveni azriT, saWiroa sul cota oTxi iuridiuli moqmedebis Sesruleba:

moqmedeba #1 _ principali TxovniT mimarTavs banks, sxva sakredito dawesebulebas an sadazRvevo organizacias, daudges garantad benefi-garantad benefi- benefi-benefi-ciaris winaSe arsebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis procesSi. kanoni ar iZleva pasuxs Txovnis formis Taobaze. Sesabamisad, is SeiZleba gakeTdes rogorc werilobiT, ise zepiri formiTac. Tumca, praqtikaSi principalis Txovna, rogorc wesi, werilobiTia.

moqmedeba #2 _ principalsa da garants Soris ideba werilobiTi SeTanx-principalsa da garants Soris ideba werilobiTi SeTanx- da garants Soris ideba werilobiTi SeTanx-garants Soris ideba werilobiTi SeTanx- Soris ideba werilobiTi SeTanx-meba imis Sesaxeb, rom moxdeba garantiis gacema TviT garantis da ara mesame piris mier.

valdebulebis ZiriTadi subieqti beneficiari ar aris da amitomac kanoni ar moiTxovs misgan garantiis miRebas an sxva saxis Tanxmobas. es xelSekruleba anazRaurebiTi xasiaTisaa _ garants principali SeTanxme-anazRaurebiTi xasiaTisaa _ garants principali SeTanxme- xasiaTisaa _ garants principali SeTanxme-garants principali SeTanxme- principali SeTanxme-principali SeTanxme- SeTanxme-



bul sazRaurs uxdis, radganac garanti principalis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis risks iRebs Tavis Tavze da aseTi samsaxuris gawevisaT-vis man garkveuli sazRauri unda miiRos (sk-is 880-e muxli).

moqmedeba #3 _ sabanko garantiis xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba ga-rantiis gacemis momentidan, e.i. mas Semdeg, rac garanti gascems werilo-garanti gascems werilo- gascems werilo-biT valdebulebas (realuri xelSekrulebaa).

moqmedeba #4 _ beneficiari werilobiT moTxovnas warudgens garants fu-beneficiari werilobiT moTxovnas warudgens garants fu- werilobiT moTxovnas warudgens garants fu-garants fu- fu-ladi Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb.

saxelmwifo am saxis urTierTobebSi SeiZleba monawileobdes, rogorc beneficiari. amis sailustraciod mogvyavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa- amis sailustraciod mogvyavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2004 wlis 9 ivnisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze # bs-573-k-03.

saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 26 agvistos gankargulebis Sesabam-isad, wlis yurZnis mosavlis dabinavebisa da gadamuSavebisaTvis finan-sTa saministros mier sakredito resursad aSS-dan Semotanili xorblis realizaciidan amonagebi Tanxa iqna gamoyenebuli. aRniSnuli gankar-gulebis safuZvelze, finansTa saministros satrasto-sainvesticio kor-satrasto-sainvesticio kor- kor-poracias, tenderSi gamarjvebul sesxis amReb TiToeul subieqtTan ses-xis dabrunebis uzrunvelyofis finansuri garantiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, daevala xelSekrulebebis gaformeba. Sps àlazanTan” gaformda am saxis xelSekruleba 300 000 larze 24 TviT wliuri 10%-is sargebliT. ss ìn-300 000 larze 24 TviT wliuri 10%-is sargebliT. ss ìn- larze 24 TviT wliuri 10%-is sargebliT. ss ìn-10%-is sargebliT. ss ìn- sargebliT. ss ìn-ss ìn- ìn-ìn-teleqtbankma” sasesxo xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis uzrunvely- sasesxo xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis uzrunvely-sasesxo xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis uzrunvely- xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis uzrunvely-ofis mizniT gasca sabanko garantia kreditis ZiriTad Tanxaze. Sps àla-Sps àla- àla-zanma~ finansuri valdebuleba ar Seasrula da beneficiarma _ finansTa saministrom _ garants mosTxova Tanxis dafarva. saapelacio sasamarTlom moTxovnili Tanxa procentebTan erTad solidarulad daakisra orive mo-pasuxes.

sakasacio instancia ar daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetile- instancia ar daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-bas da miuTiTa: `sagarantio weriliTa da sakredito xelSekrulebiT ori damoukidebeli valdebuleba warmoiSva, romliTac mxareTa ufleba-mov-aleobani konkretulad ganisazRvra da valdebulebis solidarul xa-siaTze saubari ar SeiZleba iyos, radgan saxeze ar gvaqvs valdebulebis ganuyofloba. miT ufro, rom ss ìnteleqtbanks” gacemuli garantiiT mx-ss ìnteleqtbanks” gacemuli garantiiT mx- ìnteleqtbanks” gacemuli garantiiT mx-ìnteleqtbanks” gacemuli garantiiT mx- gacemuli garantiiT mx-olod kreditis ZiriTad Tanxaze aqvs valdebuleba aRebuli da mas swored rom gacemuli Tanxa _ 300 000 lari _ unda daekisros, maSin, roca sakred-300 000 lari _ unda daekisros, maSin, roca sakred- lari _ unda daekisros, maSin, roca sakred-ito xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, kreditis wliuri procentisa da saurav-is gadaxda xelSekrulebis uSualo mxaris, damoukideblad warmoSobili urTierTobis monawiles _ Sps àlaznis” _ valdebulebaa... sakasacio sasa-monawiles _ Sps àlaznis” _ valdebulebaa... sakasacio sasa- _ Sps àlaznis” _ valdebulebaa... sakasacio sasa-Sps àlaznis” _ valdebulebaa... sakasacio sasa- àlaznis” _ valdebulebaa... sakasacio sasa-sakasacio sasa- sasa-marTlo aqve moixmobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 888-e muxls, romlis mixed-888-e muxls, romlis mixed- muxls, romlis mixed-viTac, sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswinebuli garantis valdebuleba ben-garantis valdebuleba ben- valdebuleba ben-ben-eficiaris mimarT Semoifargleba mxolod im Tanxis gadaxdiT, romelzec gaica sabanko garantia.“

sabanko garantiis subieqtTa wre kanonmdebelma mkacrad SezRuda. (banki, sxva sakredito dawesebuleba) sxva subieqtebis mier gacemuli garantiis

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samarTlebrivi regulireba specialuri kanonmdeblobiT warmoebs. ga-nasxvaveben saxelmwifo da samTavrobo garantias.

am saxis garantiis gacemis wessa da pirobebs aregulirebs kanoni `saxelm-wifo valis Sesaxeb~.

saxelmwifo da samTavrobo garantia warmoadgens pirobiT valdebule-bas im SemTxvevebisaTvis, Tu kreditis amRebi, sakredito xelSekrulebis mixedviT, uunaro aRmoCndeba, dafaros krediti Sesabamisi procentebiT.

saqarTvelos finansTa saministro riskis fondSi gansazRvruli da gad-aricxuli saxsrebis farglebSi (finansuri riskisaTvis) winadadebas war-udgens mTavrobas da es ukanaskneli kreditisaTvis saxelmwifo garantiis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT xelSekrulebis dadebis Taobaze Tanxmobis mis-aRebad saqarTvelos prezidents mimarTavs. am xelSekrulebis iuridiul dasabuTebas axdens saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro. kreditisaTvis saxelmwifo garantiis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT prezidentis Tanxmoba gankargulebis saxiT gaicema.

samTavrobo garantia warmoadgens pirobiT valdebulebas im SemTxvevebi-saTvis, Tu kreditis amRebi, sakredito xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, uuna-ro aRmoCndeba, dafaros krediti Sesabamisi procentebiT.

4. valdebulebis darRveva da samoqalaqo�samarTlebrivi pa�samoqalaqo�samarTlebrivi pa� pa�suxismgeblobis saxeebi, pirobebi da safuZvlebi. e.w. �Tana�e.w. �Tana� �Tana�bari~ da �araTanabari~ pasuxismgeblobis principi, zianis anazRaurebis samarTlebrivi problemebi

valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismge-samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismge- pasuxismge-bloba gamoxatulebas povebs movaleze kanoniT dadgenili qonebrivi zemoqmedebis zomebSi.

samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawile, romelic arRvevs valdebulebas, pa-suxs agebs dazaralebuli piris winaSe.

samoqalaqo brunvaSi samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa mier valde-bulebis darRvevas aucileblad mohyveba urTierTobis sxva monawileTa uflebebis darRveva. amitomac, qonebrivi sanqcia, romelic gamoiyeneba valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis, yovelTvis miznad isaxavs dazaralebulis darRveuli uflebis aRdgenas an kompensacias (ìm pirma, romelic valdeb-ulia, aanazRauros ziani, unda aRadginos is mdgomareoba, romelic iarse-bebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba.~ sk-is 408-e muxlis pirveli nawili). Tu pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgena SeuZlebelia an amisaTvis saWiroa araTanazomierad didi danaxarjebi, ma-Sin moxdeba zianis kompensireba fuliT (sk-is 409-e muxli).

amrigad, samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas yvela SemTxvevaSi Semxebloba aqvs samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis ZiriTad institutTan _ sakuTrebasTan. ja-



rimis, sauravis, procentis gadaxdas an, zogadad, zianis anazRaurebas Sedegad mohyveba mesakuTris qonebis Semcireba.

valdebulebis marTlsawinaaRmdego darRvevisas adgili aqvs: obieqturi an subieqturi uflebis darRvevas, uflebis borotad gamoyenebasa da xelSekrulebis darRvevas.

saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis darRvevisaTvis samoqalaqo-samarTle-samoqalaqo-samarTle-brivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis winapirobebia:

mxareTa namdvili SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobebze 1. (daculi unda iyos garigebis namdvilobis zogadi pirobebi).

adgili unda hqondes erT-erTi mxaris mxridan marTlsawinaaRmde-marTlsawinaaRmde-2. go qmedebis Cadenas xelSekrulebis debulebebis darRvevis gziT.

saxeze unda iyos faqtobrivad damdgari ziani.3.

damdgari ziani mizezobriv kavSirSi unda iyos damrRvevis marTl-marTl-4. sawinaaRmdego qmedebasTan.

rogorc wesi, valdebulebis darRveva braleuli unda iyos.5.

moTxovnis safuZvlebis mixedviT, kreditori uflebamosilia, movales warudginos Semdegi saxis moTxovnebi:

pirveladi moTxovna• _ rodesac kreditori iTxovs valdebulebis Sesrulebas (SesaZlebelia kombinacia zianis anazRaurebasTan er-Tad).

meoradi moTxovna• _ rodesac kreditori moiTxovs im zianis anaz-Raurebas, romelic warmoiSva movalis qmedebis gamo.

kreditors surs xelSekrulebidan gasvla• (SesaZlebelia kombi-nacia zianis anazRaurebasTan erTad).

damxmare,• anu araZiriTadi moTxovnebi _ rodesac kreditori iseT moTxovnebs ayenebs, romlebic uSualod ZiriTadi valdebulebe-bisagan ar gamomdinareobs, magram damoukideblad warmoadgens xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis aucilebel winapirobas (gansakuTreb-uli valdebulebebis darRveva).

pirveladi moTxovnebi

sk-is 316-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis umTavresi kanonismieri saSualebaa kreditoris ufleba, mosTxovos mov-kanonismieri saSualebaa kreditoris ufleba, mosTxovos mov- saSualebaa kreditoris ufleba, mosTxovos mov-ales Sesruleba, romelic pirvelad moTxovnas warmoadgens.

Tavisi bunebiT, moTxovnis ufleba relatiuria da am uflebis gamoyeneba kreditors mxolod movalis mimarT SeuZlia. Tumca, es ufleba ar aniWebs mas imis uflebas, rom mimarTos TviTnebobas da sasamarTlosaTvis mi-

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marTvis gareSe movaleze fizikuri an sxvagvari zemoqmedebis saSualebiT miaRwios Sesrulebas, garda sk-is 118-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx-sk-is 118-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx- 118-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx-118-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx- muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx-vevebisa (TviTdaxmareba).

Tu Sesrulebis sagans individualurad gansazRvruli sagani warmoadgens, movalem swored es nivTi unda gadasces kreditors. am ukanasknelis nebaze iqneba damokidebuli, miiRebs Tu ara sxva Sesrulebas, Tundac nivTi ufro didi Rirebulebis iyos ( sk-is muxli 379).

movales ekrZaleba, damoukideblad Secvalos Sesrulebis sagani. movalis mxridan SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis nacvlad sxva moqmedebis ganxorciele-ba niSnavs valdebulebis Seusruleblobas da kreditori uflebamosil-ia, valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis movalis qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dasvas.

Tu Sesrulebis sagani Secvladia, anu gvarovnulia, movalem valdebuleba yovelTvis unda Seasrulos (sk-is muxli 382). igi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tavisufldeba pirveladi Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan, rodesac moce-muli gvaris nivTebi samoqalaqo brunvidan saerTod gaqreba, anda maTi SeZena dakavSirebuli iqneba uzomod did danaxarjebTan. saintereso iqne-ba am TvalsazrisiT sk-is 490-e muxlis mesame nawilis danawesis moyvana, romlis Tanaxmadac, gamyidvels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas nivTis Secvlaze, Tu es moiTxovs Seusabamod did xarjebs. kanonmdebels am SemTxvevaSi mxed-velobaSi aqvs mxareTa urTierTvaldebulebebis ekvivalenturobisa da samarTlianobis principis dacva.

ganasxvaveben valdebulebis Sesrulebis faqtobriv da iuridiul SeuZle-blobas.

faqtobriv SeuZleblobas eqneba adgili iseTi garemoebis arsebobis dros, romlisTvisac arc erTi mxare ar agebs pasuxs. movale ar agebs pasuxs ise-Ti SeusruleblobisTvis, romelic gamowveulia kreditoris braleuli moqmedebebiT, am ukanasknels ar eqneba aseT SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebis moTx-ovnis ufleba (sk-is 390-393 muxlebi).

valdebulebis Sesrulebis iuridiul SeuZleblobasTan gveqneba saqme iseTi obieqturi viTarebis arsebobisas, romlis gaTvaliswineba movales ar SeeZlo. zogjer politikuri motiviT, saxelmwifo aqtis safuZvelze, ikrZaleba gansazRvruli saxis produqciis gatana an Semotana (magali-Tad, am ukanasknel dros ruseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aqtiT aikrZala saqarTvelodan Rvinis produqtebis importi). aseT SemTxvevaSi, mxareebs SeuZliaT, miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba moiTxovon saxelmwi-fosagan. saxelmwifo aqtis baTilad cnobis (gauqmebis) SemTxvevaSi, val-baTilad cnobis (gauqmebis) SemTxvevaSi, val- cnobis (gauqmebis) SemTxvevaSi, val-debuleba kvlav SeiZleba namdvili gaxdes, Tu kreditoris mxridan Ses-rulebis interesi kidev iarsebebs.

valdebulebis Tavdapirvel SeuZleblobas adgili aqvs mis warmoSobamde. aq SeiZleboda romauli samarTlis doqtrinis moSvelieba da xelSekrule-ba yovelTvis da yvela garemoebaSi baTilad CagveTvala, Tu gamovlinde-baTilad CagveTvala, Tu gamovlinde- CagveTvala, Tu gamovlinde-boda, rom dadebis momentisTanave misi Sesruleba obieqturad SeuZle-momentisTanave misi Sesruleba obieqturad SeuZle- misi Sesruleba obieqturad SeuZle-beli iyo, magram Tu xelSekrulebis monawilem Tavidanve icoda (an unda



scodnoda) amis Sesaxeb, maSin man pasuxi unda agos xelSekrulebis meore mxaris winaSe garantiis Tavis Tavze aRebisaTvis.

valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas adgili aqvs xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg. Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis Semdeg gaxda SeuZlebeli Sesruleba, movale yovelTvis agebs pasuxs.

pirveladi moTxovnis (naturiT Sesruleba) wardgena yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos Sesrulebis sagnis gadacemis Seu-Zlebloba misi ganadgurebis, dazianebis an CamorTmevis gamo, anda rode-sac saxezea e.w. ̀ gadaucemeli” Sesruleba. mxedvelobaSia iseTi Sesruleba, romelic mxolod movalis nebazea damokidebuli. zogjer aseTi Sesrule-ba mTlianad mis nebaze SeiZleba arc iyos damokidebuli, magram pirveladi moTxovna mainc ar iyos warmatebuli.

magaliTi: gamomcemlobasa da avtors Soris daido xelSekruleba mxat-vruli nawarmoebis Seqmnaze. miuxedavad mcdelobisa, avtori ver asrulebs nakisr valdebulebas, radganac ar gaaCnia sakmarisi warmosaxva, ganwyoba sulieri nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad. kreditori aseT SemTxvevaSi mxolod meoradi moTxovniT _ zianis anazRaurebiT _ unda Semoifarglos.

gadawyvetileba movalis mier valdebulebis naturiT Sesrulebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos mxolod maSin SeuZlia miiRos, Tu movales gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis (ganxorcielebis) SesaZlebloba gaaCnia.

magaliTi: mewarmesa da muSaks (kosmetologs) Soris daido SromiTi kon-(kosmetologs) Soris daido SromiTi kon- Soris daido SromiTi kon-traqti, romlis mixedviTac, muSaki valdebuli iyo, garkveuli saxis mom-saxureba gaewia damqiraveblis klientebisaTvis. erTi Tvis Semdeg muSakma uari Tqva xelSekrulebiT nakisri movaleobebis Sesrulebaze. damqiraveb-els (kreditors) ar SeuZlia, valdebulebis iZulebiT Sesruleba moiTxo-vos, radganac daqiravebul muSaks kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs sakuTari sam-uSao Zalis gamoyenebis adgilisa da drois Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba. am uflebis CamorTmeva ar SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu uflebis ganx-orcielebiT irRveva SromiTi xelSekruleba. msgavs garemoebebSi mewarme iZulebuli iqneba, dakmayofildes sarCeliT zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb (meoradi moTxovna).

kiTxva:

ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli dapirebis Sesrulebis moTxovna?

pasuxi:

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari dapireba gakeTda gansazRvruli for-miT da arsebobs udavo mtkicebulebebi dampireblis ganzraxvis seriozu-lobis Sesaxeb.

gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, damavaldebulebeli dapirebebis micema xdeba Semxvedri samsaxuris gawevis pirobiT. magram Tu aseTi pi-roba ar arsebobs, an Tu dapireba calmxrivi xasiaTisaa, maSin zedmiwevniT unda iqnes garkveuli amgvari uangaro garigebis dadebis ganzraxvis se-riozuloba _ aris Tu ara igi kargad mofiqrebuli, Tu nebis gamomvlenis

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gamoucdelobis, qarafSutobis an sxva garemoebebis Sedegia (sk-is 525-e muxlis mesame nawili da 628-e muxli). Tumca, Sempirebels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas Tavis dapirebaze, Tu arsebobs amis sapatio mizezi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirveladi moTxovnis wardgena dauSvebelia. kreditors SeuZlia, mxolod meoradi moTxovna (zianis anazRaurebis) waradginos.

meoradi moTxovnebi

valdebulebis darRvevis erTian cnebas kanonmdebeli ar iZleva. rode-sac erTi mxare raime mizeziT xelSekrulebas jerovnad ar asrulebs, anda asrulebs dagvianebiT an mxareebis mier SeuTanxmebel adgilze, an kidev sxvagvarad arRvevs xelSekrulebis pirobebs, adgili aqvs urT-ierTvaldebulebaTa normaluri realizaciis darRvevas, rac bunebrivia, iwvevs movalis pasuxismgeblobas. aseTi pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucilebelia subieqtur da obieqtur garemoebaTa erToblioba (qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba, ziani, mizezobrivi kavSiri qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris da brali).

zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, zianis miyenebas adgili aqvs movalis marTlsaw-marTlsaw-inaaRmdego moqmedebiT. gamonakliss warmoadgens sk-is 116 _ 118-e muxle- moqmedebiT. gamonakliss warmoadgens sk-is 116 _ 118-e muxle-sk-is 116 _ 118-e muxle- 116 _ 118-e muxle-118-e muxle- muxle-bi.

zianis ararseboba gamoricxavs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas. Tu ar arse-bobs ziani, arc qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi SeiZleba dadges. ziani samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani da daculi unda iyos. umniSvnelo ziani ar anazRaurdeba.

magaliTad, sk-is 536-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, Tu gaqiravebul nivTs nakli aRmoaCndeba, maSin damqiravebels qiris Semcirebis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu nivTis nakli mniSvnelovani iqne-ba.

zianis anazRaureba yovelTvis gulisxmobs samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis erTi monawiles pasuxismgeblobas meore monawiles winaSe. zianis anazRaurebaSi ganmsazRvreli (universaluri) roli eniWeba aRiare-bul princips, romlis mixedviTac, am saxis moTxovna zogierTi gamonakli-sis garda (Tu sxva ram araa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT), SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes valdebulebis darRvevis yvela SemTxvevisaT-vis da amitomac mas samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis saerTo formad miiCneven. swored amaSia misi upiratesoba samoqalaqo pasuxismge-blobis sxva formebTan mimarTebiT.

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb debulebebis Setanis dros monawileebma unda gaiTvaliswinon samoqalaqo brunvis principebi da samoqalaqo kodeqsis fuZemdebluri moTxovnebi:

monawileTa Tanasworuflebianobis principi, rac imas niSnavs, rom •mxareTa pasuxismgebloba ekvivalenturi da Tanazomieri unda iyos (sk-is muxli pirveli).



valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis erTi kontrahentisaTvis Seusa-kontrahentisaTvis Seusa- Seusa-•bamod maRali samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis daweseba meore kont-kont-rahentis mxridan pasuxismgeblobis saerTod araRebis pirobebSi (xelSekrulebis araTanabari pirobebi) sxva araferia, Tu ara ufle-baTa borotad gamoyeneba mxolod im mizniT, rom ziani miadges sxvas (sk-is me-10 muxlis mesame nawili). sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ba- me-10 muxlis mesame nawili). sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ba-me-10 muxlis mesame nawili). sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ba- muxlis mesame nawili). sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ba-sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ba- 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ba-346-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ba- muxlis Sesabamisad, ba-ba-Tilia ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis sawinaaRmdego pirobebi, rom- ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis sawinaaRmdego pirobebi, rom-lebic sazianoa xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis.

mewarmeTa samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba samoqalaqo brun-samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba samoqalaqo brun- pasuxismgebloba samoqalaqo brun-vis sxva monawileTa pasuxismgeblobasTan SedarebiT maRalia, amitomac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sk-is pirvel muxls marTalia mxedvelobaSi aqvs monawileTa iuridiuli Tanasworoba, magram sinamdvileSi es Tanasworoba zogjer irRveva komerciul pirebTan mimarTebiT da maTi pasuxismgeblo-ba ufro aRmatebulia, vidre mometebuli wyaros mflobelisa, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mflobeli aramewarmea. iuridiuli Tanasworobis aRiarebis miuxedavad, kanonmdebeli uSvebs subieqtebis sxvadasxva qone-briv damoukideblobasa da pasuxismgeblobas.

mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, samewarmeo saqmi-anobad miiCneva marTlzomieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT, damoukideblad da organizebulad. Tu am normas da samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e muxlis pirvel nawils, romelic iZl-24-e muxlis pirvel nawils, romelic iZl- muxlis pirvel nawils, romelic iZl-eva iuridiuli piris definicias, erTmaneTs SevadarebT, davinaxavT, rom samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebuli pirebis samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba faqtobrivad bralis gareSec dgeba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac ziani dauZleveli Zalis Sedegia.

mewarme subieqti maSinac agebs pasuxs, rodesac man Sesrulebis sagani ver miiRo sxva pirisagan (397), igi pasuxs agebs maSinac, rodesac bazarze saqoneli ar iyo, an kidev, roca mas droebiTi gadaxdisuunarobis (fuladi saxsrebis uqonlobis) gamo, ar SeeZlo Seesrulebina saxelSekrulebo val-debuleba.

Tanamedrove marTlwesrigisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania, ekonomikuri urTierTobebis swraf komercializacias daupirispiros `susti~ mxaris samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqturi saSualebebi, maT Soris, `Zlieri~ mxaris mometebuli samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis SemoRebis gziTac.

gansakuTrebiT, es Seexeba momxmareblebTan dadebul standartuli de-bulebebis Semcvel xelSekrulebebs, rodesac mewarmeebi cdiloben saxelSekrulebo riskebis mTlianad klientebze gadatanas da am gziT pa-riskebis mTlianad klientebze gadatanas da am gziT pa- mTlianad klientebze gadatanas da am gziT pa-suxismgeblobisagan Tavis daRwevas. samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seicavs normebs, romlebic icaven fizikur pirebs aseTi mewarmeebisagan (sk-is 346-e, 347-348-e muxlebi).

1993 wlis 5 aprils evropulma Tanamegobrobam miiRo direqtiva daTqmebis aramarTlzomieri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. direqtivis Tanaxmad, xelSekruleb-is pirobebi baTilad icnoba ara mxolod maSin, roca igi `specialurad ar aris SeTanxmebuli”, aramed maSinac, Tu igi `winaswar aris Sedgenili da amitom momxmarebeli ver moaxdens zegavlenas mis Sinaarsze.~

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uaxlesi sasamarTlo praqtika sakmaod mravalferovania samoqalaqo urT-ierTobis `sust~ da `Zlier~ monawileebs Soris davebze miRebuli gadaw-yvetilebebiT:

1. fizikurma pirebma s�s `saqarTvelos banks~ Sesanaxad miabares fuli da Zvirfaseuloba. mibarebuli nivTebi inaxeboda bankis kuTvnil #79 seif-#79 seif- seif-Si, romelic iReboda erTdroulad ori gasaRebiT, romelTagan TiTo cali inaxeboda mxareebTan. seifidan daikarga Senaxuli nivTebi. saketis mTlianoba daculi iyo. xelSekrulebiT, banki pasuxismgeblobas iRebda zianis anazRaurebaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu seifi dazianebuli iqne-boda. igi sasarCelo moTxovnisagan Tavs swored am garemoebaze miTiTebiT icavda.

sakasacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila ra mosarCeleTa moTxovna, gadaw- sasamarTlom daakmayofila ra mosarCeleTa moTxovna, gadaw-yvetileba daamyara Semdeg faqtobriv da samarTlebriv safuZvlebze:

mxareTa Soris arsebobda gansakuTrebuli saxis samarTlebrivi urT-ierToba, romelic marTalia, mowesrigebuli ar aris kanoniT, ma-gram Seesabameba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 319-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis princips. xelSekrulebis mixedviT, bankma droebiTi sargeblobisaTvis gad-asca mis SenobaSi ganTavsebuli depozituri seifi kreditorebs ise, rom masSi Senaxuli nivTis Tvisebisa da Rirebulebis Sesaxeb zusti informacia bankisaTvis cnobili ar iyo.

am urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad sasamarTlom analogiiT sasy-sasy-idliani mibarebis xelSekrulebis momwesrigebeli normebi gamoi- mibarebis xelSekrulebis momwesrigebeli normebi gamoi-yena da dadgenilad miiCnia is garemoeba, rom bankis pasuxismgebloba ufro maRalia, vidre es usasyidlo SeTanxmebisas iqneboda. sasa-marTlom miuTiTa Semdegi: `nivTis sasyidliani Senaxvisas Semnaxv-sasyidliani Senaxvisas Semnaxv- Senaxvisas Semnaxv-els gaZlierebuli gulisxmiereba da pasuxismgebloba unda moeTx-ovebodes, vidre usasyidlo Senaxvisas miuxedavad imisa, mxareebi SeTanxmebuli arian Tu ara valdebulebis farglebze.~

ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdego stan-dartuli pirobebi, romelsac xelSekruleba Seicavs da romelic sazianoa kreditorebisaTvis, baTilia sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad. àmdenad, banks mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT kidevac rom SeezRuda Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis farglebi, xelSekrulebis es piroba, dasaxele-buli normidan gamomdinare, baTilia, vinaidan mocemul SemTxvevaSi iqneboda swored ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawi-naaRmdego daTqma~.

is garemoeba, rom banki mewarme subieqti iyo, romelsac sabanko saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba saxelmwifosagan gacemuli specialuri nebarTvis safuZvelze hqonda mopovebuli, fizikur pirebs aZlevda saSualebas, evaraudaT, rom misi saqmianoba saamisod arsebuli wesebis dacviT warimarTeboda; e.i. maTi bankisadmi ndoba Tavidanve iyo prezumirebuli kontrahentis saimedoobiTa da maTi qonebis mometebulad dacvis varaudiT (ix. saqme #as-722-1045-05



2005 wlis 5 dekembris samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba).

`2. TbilisSi, erT-erT quCaze a.laziaSvilis sacxovrebeli saxlis win dazianda saxlis mkvebavi 20 mm-iani wyalsadenis ganStoeba. dazianebuli wyalsadenidan gamonadeni wylis zemoqmedebiT dazianda a.laziaSvilis kuTvnili saxli, romelic aRniSnulis gamo saWiroebda seriozul sare-konstruqcio samuSaoebs. saxlis mesakuTrem moiTxova miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba Sps `Tbilwyalkanali~-sagan. am ukanasknelma waradgina Ses-Sps `Tbilwyalkanali~-sagan. am ukanasknelma waradgina Ses- `Tbilwyalkanali~-sagan. am ukanasknelma waradgina Ses-`Tbilwyalkanali~-sagan. am ukanasknelma waradgina Ses- am ukanasknelma waradgina Ses-Ses-agebeli, romelSic miuTiTa, rom misi pasuxismgebloba wylis Sida qseleb- romelSic miuTiTa, rom misi pasuxismgebloba wylis Sida qseleb-is dazianebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis winaswar iyo gamoricxuli mosarCe-lesTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad.

sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvna mopas- sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvna mopas-mopas-uxis braleulobis Sesaxeb da miuTiTa Semdegi:

`..mxareTa Soris warmoSobilia valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi urTierToba wyliT momaragebasTan dakavSirebiT. kasatori mxare warmoadgens ra mewarme subieqts, abonentebTan debs xelSekrulebebs standartuli pirobebiT wylis garkveul sa-pirobebiT wylis garkveul sa- wylis garkveul sa-fasurad miwodebis Sesaxeb... sakasacio sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom ana laziaSvilisaTvis miyenebuli ziani gamowveulia Sps ̀ Tbil-Sps ̀ Tbil- ̀ Tbil-`Tbil-wyalkanalis~ braleuli umoqmedobiT.~

samoqalaqo kodeqsi mxareebisagan moiTxovs ra urTierTpativiscemasa da gulisxmierebas kontrahentTan mimarTebiT, orive mxares am Tvalsaz-kontrahentTan mimarTebiT, orive mxares am Tvalsaz- mimarTebiT, orive mxares am Tvalsaz-risiT SeTanxmebulze met valdebulebas akisrebs. swored es valdebule-baa dawesebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis meore nawiliT, romlis ZaliTac, Tavisi Sinaarsisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, valdebuleba SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meore mxaris uflebebisa da qonebisadmi gansakuTrebul gulisxmierebas. Sps `Tbilwyalkanali~ sarCelSi miTiTe-Sps `Tbilwyalkanali~ sarCelSi miTiTe- `Tbilwyalkanali~ sarCelSi miTiTe-`Tbilwyalkanali~ sarCelSi miTiTe- sarCelSi miTiTe-buli garemoebis sawinaaRmdego argumentacias amyarebs im garemoebaze, rom Sida qselis dazianeba mis pasuxismgeblobas ar iTvaliswinebs. mxareTa Soris urTierToba warmoSobilia ra standartuli xelSekrulebis safuZ-velze, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 346-e muxlis Tanaxmad, baTilia xelSekrule-346-e muxlis Tanaxmad, baTilia xelSekrule- muxlis Tanaxmad, baTilia xelSekrule-baTilia xelSekrule- xelSekrule-baTa standartuli piroba, miuxedavad xelSekrulebaSi misi CarTvisa, Tu igi ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis.

amdenad, Sps `Tbilwyalkanals~ mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT an Tavisi samoqme-Sps `Tbilwyalkanals~ mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT an Tavisi samoqme- `Tbilwyalkanals~ mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT an Tavisi samoqme-`Tbilwyalkanals~ mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT an Tavisi samoqme- mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT an Tavisi samoqme-do debulebiT kidevac rom SeezRuda Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis farglebi _ aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi Sida qselebis dazianebis aRkveTasTan mi-marTebiT, xelSekrulebis es piroba, dasaxelebuli normidan gamomdinare, baTilia, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi swored keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdego daTqma iqneboda~ (ix. saqme #as-992-1245-05 2006 wlis 14 Tebervlis uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis ganCineba):

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareTa mier gansazRvruli jarima da sauravi ar Seesabameba valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegebs, sasamarTlo ufle-bamosilia, Seamciros isini (sk-is 420-e muxli).

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Tu xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul Sesrulebasa da am Sesruleb-isaTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa da rodesac aSkaraa, rom xelSekrulebiT erT-erTi monawile misT-vis uaRresad araxelsayrel pirobebSia (kabalur mdgomareobaSi), kanoniT aseTi SeTanxmeba dadebisTanave baTilia da ar warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs (sk-is 56-e muxli).

valdebulebis arajerovani Sesrulebisas pirgasamtexlos an zianis gadaxda ar aTavisuflebs movales valdebulebis naturiT Sesrulebisagan, Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT (sk-is 419-e muxli).

sainteresoa samoqalaqo kodeqsis 410-e muxlisa (dauSvebelia valdeb-410-e muxlisa (dauSvebelia valdeb- muxlisa (dauSvebelia valdeb-ulebis darRvevis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebaze uaris Tqma winaswari SeTanxmebiT) da kodeqsis sxva normebis urTierTmimarTeba. Tu am normas ganvixilavT sk-is 395-e muxlis meore nawilTan mimarTebiT, maSin misi ganmarteba unda moxdes imgvarad, rom dauSvebeli iyos mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmeba movalis mier ganzrax moqmedebiT valdebulebis dar-ganzrax moqmedebiT valdebulebis dar- moqmedebiT valdebulebis dar-Rvevisas zianis anazRaurebisagan misi gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. rac Seex-eba, gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebul zians, misi anazRaurebis val-debuleba SeiZleba ar warmoiSvas, Tu amaze iarsebebs mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmeba (mag. sk-is 497-e muxli) an Tu kanoni gamoricxavs mas (mag. sk-is 527-e muxli).

amgvarad, erTi SexedviT gaugebaria 410-e muxlis danawesi da bunebri-410-e muxlis danawesi da bunebri- muxlis danawesi da bunebri-danawesi da bunebri- da bunebri-vad Cndeba kiTxva, SemTxveviTia Tu ara kanonmdeblis mxridan impera-impera-tiuli normis SemoReba da mxareebis SezRudva, Tavisuflad gansazRvron saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis farglebi?

Tu moviSveliebT samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil umTavres princips, romelic gulisxmobs imas, rom maT keTilsin-disierad unda ganaxorcielon samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (sk-is merve muxlis mesame nawili), yvelaferi naTeli gaxdeba.

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis monawileebis iuridiuli Tanasworobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba adgili hqondes romelime maTganis faqtobriv uTa-nasworobas. aRniSnuli SeiZleba gamoixatos imaSi, rom zogjer erT-erTi mxare imdenad aRematebodes meores Tavisi finansuri da ekonomikuri si-ZlieriT, rom Tavs moaxvios meore mxares misTvis saziano daTqmebi, Sei-daTqmebi, Sei- Sei-Zleba mxareebs Soris arsebulma gadaWarbebulma ndobam ganapirobos ms-gavsi situacia an erT-erTi mxaris fizikuri mdgomareoba (xandazmuloba, avadmyofoba), gamoucdeloba, gaWirveba ar aZlevdes mas gadawyvetilebis mofiqrebis saSualebas da a.S.

amrigad, am normis SemoReba aucilebeli iyo imis sailustraciod, rom kanonmdebeli arakeTilsindisieri mxaris pirispir marto ar tovebs ̀ sust” mxares da ar uwyobs xels araekvivalentur brunvasa da mxareTa mier nak-araekvivalentur brunvasa da mxareTa mier nak- brunvasa da mxareTa mier nak-isri valdebulebebis aSkara disbalanss.

magaliTad, sk-is 497-e muxli SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamyidvels, SezRu-sk-is 497-e muxli SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamyidvels, SezRu- 497-e muxli SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamyidvels, SezRu-497-e muxli SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamyidvels, SezRu- muxli SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamyidvels, SezRu-dos an gamoricxos misi pasuxismgebloba nakliani nivTis gayidvis SemTx-



vevaSi, magram mas ar SeuZlia, fizikur pirTan xelSekrulebis dadebis dros standartuli pirobis saxiT gamoiyenos es ufleba, radganac, sk-is 348-e muxlis ~z~ punqtis Sesabamisad, aseTi SeTanxmeba baTili iqneba.

zianis saxeebia: materialuri, moraluri, pirdapiri, arapirdapiri, nomi-naluri da realuri.

materialuri ziani qonebrivia (materializirebuli), xolo aramaterial-(materializirebuli), xolo aramaterial- xolo aramaterial-aramaterial-izirebuli, araqonebrivi ziani warmoadgens movalis qmedebiT miyenebul tanjvasa da gancdebs, romelsac dazaralebuli ganicdis ama Tu im sike-Tis, rogorc wesi, aramaterialur faseulobaTa xelyofiT.

pirdapiri ziani warmoadgens movalis qmedebis uSualo Sedegs (dadebiTi ziani), romelic anazRaurdeba srulad.

arapirdapiri ziani warmoadgens movalis, mesame pirebis moqmedebis da�an sxva faqtorebis Sedegs. am saxis ziani anazRaurdeba ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis dros (mag. sk-is 742-e muxlis meore nawili).

nominaluri ziani simboluri Tanxaa, romelic dgindeba da ekisreba mov-ales kreditoris uflebis dasadastureblad.

realuri (miuRebeli) ziani warmoadgens im xarjebis erTobliobas, romel-ic gaswia dazaralebulma movalis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gamo, anda is Semosavalia, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi miiRebda, valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo.

Tu ziani saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegia, maSin misi Ses-aZlo moculoba (sidide) saxelSekrulebo Sesrulebis farglebiT ganisaz-Rvreba, Tumca, arasaxelSekrulebo ziani zogjer SeiZleba saxelSekrule-arasaxelSekrulebo ziani zogjer SeiZleba saxelSekrule- ziani zogjer SeiZleba saxelSekrule-bo urTierTobebidan momdinareobdes (mag. sk-is 696-e muxli uSvebs, gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, arasaxelSekrulebo valdeb-arasaxelSekrulebo valdeb- valdeb-ulebis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas). mxedvelobaSia ziani, romelic rela-tiuri uflebis darRvevis Sedegi ki araa, aramed absoluturi uflebisa. ufro zustad, rodesac ziani adgeba erTdroulad sxvadasxva uflebas, rogorc relatiurs, iseve absoluturs, maSin upiratesoba eniWeba am uka-nasknels, radganac aseTi zianis winaswar Sefaseba SeuZlebelia da igi dg-indeba xelyofili sikeTis faseulobis mixedviT.

amis sailustraciod SeiZleba sasamarTlo praqtikidan aseTi magaliTis moyvana:

qoqaSvili muSaobda borjomis #2 Camosasxmel qarxanaSi da 1988 wlidan iRebda sarCos janmrTelobisaTvis vnebis miyenebis gamo. man vagonidan kaustikuri sodis gadmosxmis dros moixsna damcavi saTvale, ris gamoc TvalSi moxvda sodis wveTi da dauzianda marjvena Tvali. saaqcio sazoga-doebis administraciam, 2002 wlis 11 noembris brZanebiT, mosarCeles Seu-wyvita sarCos gadaxda 2002 wlis 1 noembridan im safuZvliT, rom janmrTe-lobis dazianeba mosarCeles miRebuli aqvs sakuTari gaufrTxileblobiT da, amis gamo, ar arsebobda maTi mxridan mosarCelesaTvis zianis anazRau-mosarCelesaTvis zianis anazRau- zianis anazRau-rebis valdebuleba.

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pirveli da saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloebma mosarCeles moTxovna sarCos anazRaurebis Taobaze ar daakmayofiles. amgvari samarTlebrivi daskvnis safuZveli gaxda is garemoeba, rom sasamarTloebis mier damd-gari ziani ganxilul iqna, rogorc relatiuri da ara absoluturi ufleb-is darRvevis Sedegi (mosarCele saxelSekrulebo �SromiT-samarTlebriv� urTierTobaSi iyo movalesTan).

sakasacio sasamarTlom damdgari ziani Seafasa, rogorc absoluturi uflebis darRvevis Sedegi da daakmayofila qoqaSvilis sakasacio saCi-sakasacio saCi- saCi-vari Semdegi motivebiT:

`sakasacio sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sazogadoebis administraciis mier gamocemuli brZaneba arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs. roca kanoni imperatiulad awesebs mometebuli safrTxis wyaroTi miyenebuli dazianebis dros administraciis aucilebel pasuxismgeblobas (garda dauZleveli Zalis moqmedebiT da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dazianeba gamowveu-lia dazaralebulis ganzraxviT), sazogadoebis administraciam saqarT-velos prezidentis 1999 wlis 9 Tebervlis #48 brZanebulebis moSvelie-#48 brZanebulebis moSvelie- brZanebulebis moSvelie-biT, maSin, roca es brZanebuleba amgvar miTiTebebs ar Seicavs, moaxdina kanonis imperatiul danawesTan nebis gamovlenis aSkara Seusabamoba, gaau-imperatiul danawesTan nebis gamovlenis aSkara Seusabamoba, gaau- danawesTan nebis gamovlenis aSkara Seusabamoba, gaau-danawesTan nebis gamovlenis aSkara Seusabamoba, gaau- nebis gamovlenis aSkara Seusabamoba, gaau-qma SromiTi movaleobis SesrulebisaTvis muSakis janmrTelobis vnebis miyenebis Sedegad zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze daniSnuli sarCos gacema. amiT sazogadoebis administraciam mxolod urTierTobis konkretuli monawiles uflebebi ki ar Selaxa, aramed vneba miayena saxelmwifosa da sa- uflebebi ki ar Selaxa, aramed vneba miayena saxelmwifosa da sa-zogadoebis interesebs.

vinaidan kaustikuri sodis mflobeli (mometebuli safrTxis Semcveli nivTierebis mflobeli) sawarmo iyo da muSakis sxeulis dazianeba swored am nivTierebis gadmotvirTvis dros nivTierebis muSakis TvalSi moxve-dris Sedegad moxda, axali samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviTac, sawarmo val-debuli iyo, aenazRaurebina ziani, vinaidan samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-1000 muxlis me-3 nawilis Sesabamisad, am muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba gamoricxulia, Tu ziani gamowveulia dauZleveli ZaliT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca ziani gamowveulia eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis avariiT, anda navTobis, gazis, wy-lis an navTobproduqtebis mimwodebeli mowyobilobis dazianebiT~ (ix. saqme #as-477-1110-03. saq. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samo- #as-477-1110-03. saq. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samo-#as-477-1110-03. saq. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samo- saq. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samo-saq. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samo- uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samo-qalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze , 2003 weli gv. 2736-2741).

Tu adgili aqvs piris absoluturi uflebis darRvevas da saxezea samo-qalaqo kodeqsis 999-e da 1000-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ziani, maSin ar SeiZleba winaswar gamoiricxos an SeizRudos aseTi zianis anazRaure-bis valdebuleba.

meoradi moTxovna (zianis anazRaureba) zogjer sakompensacio xasiaTisaa. am dros valdebuleba saerTod ar sruldeba. Tu kreditori iTxovs zians, maSin mas ar SeuZlia, valdebulebis Sesrulebac mosTxovos movales (sk-is 394-e muxlis pirveli nawili da 419-e muxli).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis dadgenilia vada da kreditors ziani adgeba Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis gamo, maSin mas



SeuZlia SesrulebasTan erTad moiTxovos zianis anazRaurebac (morato-(morato-riuli ziani).

amasTan, aseT SemTxvevebSi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis farglebi, raTa ukiduresad ar damZimdes movalis mdgomareoba kredito-ris usafuZvlo gamdidrebis xarjze. mxedvelobaSia kanoniT gansazRvru-li procentisa da mTliani zianis erTdroulad moTxovna.

srul anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba faqtobrivad damdgari qonebrivi dan-aklisi (dadebiTi ziani), romelic gulisxmobs: a) gaweul xarjebs, b) qone-a) gaweul xarjebs, b) qone- gaweul xarjebs, b) qone-b) qone- qone-bis dazianebas an mis danakargs (am dros SeiZleba adgili hqondes rogorc aqtivebis Semcirebas, ise valdebulebebis (pasivebi) zrdas.

garda amisa, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba aseve miuRebeli zianic, romel-ic, Tumca, aramaterializirebulia, magram warmoadgens im SesaZlo (sava-aramaterializirebulia, magram warmoadgens im SesaZlo (sava- magram warmoadgens im SesaZlo (sava-raudo) Semosavals, romelsac piri miiRebda, valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo (sk-is 411 muxli).

samwuxarod, zianis moculobisa da odenobis gansazRvris meTodologiis ganmsazRvreli zogadi xasiaTis normatiuli aqti ar arsebobs, Tu ar CavT-vliT `SromiTi movaleobis Sesrulebisas muSakis janmrTelobisaTvis vnebis miyenebis Sedegad zianis anazRaurebis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 9 Tebervlis brZanebulebas, rac garkveul sirTu-leebs qmnis sasamarTloebisaTvis konkretul saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.

samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ori ZiriTadi funqciis ma- pasuxismgebloba ori ZiriTadi funqciis ma-tarebelia: igi uzrunvelyofs kreditoris qonebrivi interesis dakmay-ofilebas da, agreTve, mowodebulia, acilebul iqnes momavalSi samo-qalaqo samarTaldarRvevis Cadena.

pasuxismgeblobis ùzrunvelmyofma~ da `gamafrTxilebelma~ funqciam SeiZleba erTgvarad Seaferxos kidec samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa (me-warmeTa) saqmiani aqtiuroba.

swored amitomac, kanonmdebelma daadgina zogadi wesi, romlis mixed-viTac, samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba dgeba bralis arsebobisas. movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mxolod ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moq-ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moq- an gaufrTxilebeli moq-medebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis (395-e muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli winadadeba).

amasTan, kanonmdebels iqve Semoaqvs bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis cne-bac, rodesac miuTiTebs: `Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da valde-bulebis arsidanac sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs~ (sk-is 395-e muxlis pirveli nawilis bolo winadadeba).

kodeqsi movalis arabraleulobis prezumfciulobis principsac amkvi-arabraleulobis prezumfciulobis principsac amkvi- prezumfciulobis principsac amkvi-prezumfciulobis principsac amkvi- principsac amkvi-drebs. dazaralebuli ki ar amtkicebs piris braleulobas, aramed piriq-braleulobas, aramed piriq- aramed piriq-iT, movales ekisreba valdebuleba, daamtkicos, rom mas brali ar miuZRvis zianis dadgomaSi. magaliTad, sk-is 687-e muxlis mixedviT, gadamzidvels ekisreba imis mtkicebis tvirTi, rom tvirTis dakargva, dazianeba an mi-

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tanis vadis darRveva gamoiwvia 686-e muxlis meore nawilSi aRniSnulma garemoebebma.

Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom saproceso samarTlis mixedviT, mtkicebis tvirTi mxareebs Soris sxvagvarad nawildeba. pro-cesis monawile TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romle-bzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels (ssk-is 102-e muxlis pirveli nawili). miTiTebuli norma SejibrebiTobis principis pirdapiri gamoxatulebaa. saproceso da materialuri samarTlis normebs Soris ar-sebuli winaaRmdegoba, rogorc wesi, am ukanasknelis sasargeblod wydeba.

magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeze mxareTa Soris arsebobda samedicino momsax-urebis xelSekruleba. pacienti moiTxovda araswori mkurnalobis Sed-egad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas. kreditori (mosarCele) valdebuli iyo, daemtkicebina movalis moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianis arseboba. mov-ale Tavis Sesagebels imyarebda im garemoebaze, rom kreditorma, ssk 102-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ver warudgina sasamarTlos misi braleulobis dama-braleulobis dama- dama-dasturebeli mtkicebulebebi.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sakasacio instanciam aRniSna: `...mopasuxes (stacio-sakasacio instanciam aRniSna: `...mopasuxes (stacio- instanciam aRniSna: `...mopasuxes (stacio-`...mopasuxes (stacio- (stacio-nars) samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba daekisreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis pirobebi, kerZod, Tu saxezea ziani, is miyenebulia marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT, marTlsaw-marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT, marTlsaw- moqmedebiT, marTlsaw-marTlsaw-inaaRmdego moqmedebasa da damdgar zians Soris arsebobs mizez-Sedego- moqmedebasa da damdgar zians Soris arsebobs mizez-Sedego-mizez-Sedego-brivi kavSiri da zianis mimyenebels miuZRvis brali. amasTan, zianis miyen- kavSiri da zianis mimyenebels miuZRvis brali. amasTan, zianis miyen-ebisas arsebobs braleulobis prezumfcia _ zianis mimyenebeli miiCneva braleulad, Tu ar daamtkicebs misi bralis ararsebobis faqts... mtkice- Tu ar daamtkicebs misi bralis ararsebobis faqts... mtkice-bis tvirTi marTlwinaaRmdegobis da bralis ararsebobis Taobaze awevs mopasuxes~ (ix. saqme #as-33-406-05 uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, 13 aprili, 2005 weli).

sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba mianiWa ara saproceso, aramed materialuri samarTlis normas, saxeldobr, sk-is 1007-e muxlis bolo winadadebis Sesabamisad, zianis mimyenebeli mxolod maSin Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom zianis dadgomaSi mas brali ar miuZRvis.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am wesidan arsebobs gamonaklisic. magaliTad, ux-arisxo produqtiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisas mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba dazaralebuls (1012).

metad mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa pasuxismge-blobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. ganasxvaveben e.w. `SezRudul~ da ZiriTadad mewarmisa da mometebuli sa-e.w. `SezRudul~ da ZiriTadad mewarmisa da mometebuli sa- `SezRudul~ da ZiriTadad mewarmisa da mometebuli sa-frTxis mflobeli piris `mometebul~ pasuxismgeblobas.

`SezRuduli~ pasuxismgebloba, rogorc wesi, gaufrTxileblobiT Cade-nil moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. moqmedi kanonmdebloba icnobs uxeS (am dros piri Tavisi moqmedebiT aucilebeli yuradRebianobis moTxovnebs arRvevs uCveulod maRali xarisxiT) da martiv (am dros yuradRebianobis darRveva SedarebiT dabali xarisxisaa) gaufrTxileblobas.



samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad erT-erTis arsebobac sakma-dasakisreblad erT-erTis arsebobac sakma- erT-erTis arsebobac sakma-risia. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac movalis qmedebaSi martivi gaufrTxileblobis elementebia, is SeiZleba saerTod gaTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan an, uares SemTxvevaSi, minimalizirebul iqnes misi pasuxismgebloba (SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba rogorc kanoniT, ise mx-areTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba dawesdes):

kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebisas movale mxolod maSin aris pa-•suxismgebeli valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis, Tuki Sesruleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda movalis ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblo-bis gamo (sk-is 392-e muxli).

gamnaTxovrebeli pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxile- pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxile-•blobiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis (sk-is 616-e muxli).

Tu mibareba usasyidloa, maSin Semnaxveli valdebulia, iseTive •keTilsindisierebiT Seinaxos nivTi, rogoriTac sakuTar nivTs Sein-axavda (sk-is 765-e muxli).

Tu mibarebuli nivTis wasaRebad gansazRvrulia vada, am vadis •dadgomis Semdeg Semnaxveli pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis (sk-is 774-e muxli).

mogzaurobis momwyobs turistTan SeTanxmebiT SeuZlia SezRudos •Tavisi pasuxismgebloba momsaxurebis Rirebulebis sammagi odenobiT, Tu:

a. turistisaTvis miyenebuli ziani ar iyo gamowveuli ganzrax an ux-eSi gaufrTxileblobiT, an

b. mogzaurobis momwyobi erTpirovnulad mTlianad ar agebs pasuxs turistis winaSe im zianisaTvis, romelic warmoiSva mogzaurobis momwyobis valdebulebis SemsrulebelTagan erT-erTis bralis Sedegad (sk-is 664-e muxli).

Tu gadacilebulia tvirTis mitanis vada da uflebamosili piri •daamtkicebs, rom amis gamo warmoiSva ziani, gadamzidvelma unda aanazRauros igi mxolod am tvirTis Rirebulebis odenobamde (sk-is 692 muxlis meoTxe nawilis pirveli winadadeba).

gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs zednadebSi aRniSnuli da masze darTuli •an gadamzidvelisaTvis gadacemuli sabuTebis dakargvis an maTi aras-gadamzidvelisaTvis gadacemuli sabuTebis dakargvis an maTi aras- gadacemuli sabuTebis dakargvis an maTi aras-wori gamoyenebisaTvis; mas ar SeiZleba imaze meti pasuxismgebloba daekisros, vidre tvirTis dakargvis dros dadgeboda.

Tu rwmunebuli usasyidlod asrulebs misTvis davalebul moqmede-•bebs, igi pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis (sk-is 719-e muxli).

Tu mindobili mesakuTre mimndobis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod ar •iCens iseT gulisxmierebas, rogoric mas sakuTari saqmeebis mimarT unda gamoeCina, igi valdebulia, aanazRauros am moqmedebiT gamowveu-li ziani (sk-is 725 muxlis meore nawilis bolo winadadeba).

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mzRveveli ar aris valdebuli, gadauxados damzRvevs warmoSobili •zianis odenobaze meti Tanxa im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sadazRvevo Tanxa sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis momentisaTvis aRemateba sadazRve-vo Rirebulebas (sk-is 826-e muxli).

gadaxda arauflebamosili pirisaTvis, romelmac Tavisi ufleba daa-arauflebamosili pirisaTvis, romelmac Tavisi ufleba daa- pirisaTvis, romelmac Tavisi ufleba daa-•dastura Tanamimdevruli indosamentebis meSveobiT, aTavisuflebs movales, Tu igi ar moqmedebda ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT (sk-is 925-e muxlis nawili meore).

Tu saqmeebis Sesruleba mimarTulia im safrTxis Tavidan acilebisak-•en, romelic emuqreba mepatrones, Semsrulebeli pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis ( sk-is 970-e muxli).

saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mier sxva pirTa mimarT Tavisi samsaxure-•brivi movaleobis ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, dadgeba saxelmwifosa da mosamsaxuris solidaruli pa-suxismgebloba (1005-e muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebi).

garda aRniSnulisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba uxeSi gaufrTxileblo-biT valdebulebis darRvevis drosac moxdes pasuxismgeblobis gamoricx-va. es gamomdinareobs sk-is 395-e muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarsidan, rom-sk-is 395-e muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarsidan, rom- 395-e muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarsidan, rom-395-e muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarsidan, rom- muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarsidan, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, dauSvebelia mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmeba movalis mier ganzraxi moqmedebiT valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebisagan misi gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

xelSekrulebiT SeiZleba gamoiricxos an SeizRudos gamyidvelis pa-•suxismgebloba naklis mqone nivTis gayidvisas, Tu gamyidveli gau-frTxileblad moqmedebda (sk-is 497-e muxli). aseTive wesi moqmedebs qiravnobis drosac (sk-is 539-e muxli).

mCuqebeli pasuxs agebs mxolod maSin, Tu mis mier gaCuqebuli nivTis •naklis boroti ganzraxviT damalvas mohyveba dasaCuqrebulisaTvis zianis miyeneba ( sk-is 527-e muxli).

Tu gamnaTxovrebeli Segnebulad ar umxels monaTxovres uflebis •xarvezs an naTxovari nivTis nakls, maSin igi valdebulia, aanazRau-ros miyenebuli ziani (sk-is 617-e muxli).

Tu xelmyofma ganzrax ar gaiTvaliswina sxva piris uflebamosileba, •maSin am ukanasknels SeuZlia, moiTxovos is mogeba, romelic aRemate-ba qonebriv danakliss (sk-is 985-e muxlis nawili pirveli).

braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principebze sruli warmodgena rom Segveqm- pasuxismgeblobis principebze sruli warmodgena rom Segveqm-nas, aucilebelia, SevexoT or garemoebas. esaa SemTxveva (kazusi) da dauZleveli Zala samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi.

miTiTebuli garemoebebi TiTqmis yovelTvis aTavisuflebs samoqalaqo brunvis subieqts pasuxismgeblobisagan.

SemTxveva _ es iseTi garemoebaa, romlis winaswar gaTvaliswineba SeuZle-belia, rac imas niSnavs, rom aseTi garemoeba arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar Seva



mxareTa riskis sferoSi. SemTxveviToba gamoricxavs pasuxismgeblobas, Tumca, es ar Seexeba movalis pasuxismgeblobas vadis gadacilebisas.

sk-is 402-e muxlis mixedviT, movale vadis gadacilebis dros pasuxs agebs SemTxveviTobisTvisac, Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom ziani SeiZleba damdgariyo valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis drosac.

dauZleveli Zala _ gansakuTrebuli da, mocemul pirobebSi, aucdeneli (gadaulaxavi) garemoebaa. dauZleveli Zalisa da SemTxveviTobis urT-ierTmimarTeba aseTia: Tu SemTxveviToba subieqturi gadaulaxavobaa, dauZleveli Zala obieqturi gadaulaxavobaa.

rogorc TeoriaSi, ise praqtikaSi dauZlevel Zalas miekuTvneba bunebri-vi movlenebi (miwisZvra, qariSxali, wyaldidoba, Stormi, zvavi da a.S.) da sazogadoebrivi movlenebi (omi, gaficva, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis moratoriumi da a.S.). amasTan, imisaTvis, rom garemoeba namdvilad CaiTva-los valdebulebis Sesrulebis damabrkolebel garemoebad, mas yovelT-vis unda axasiaTebdes ori niSani: gansakuTrebuloba da gadaulaxavoba.

amitomac, dauZleveli Zalis cnebas gansazRvruli fardobiToba (piro-biToba) axasiaTebs. es imas niSnavs, rom valdebulebis Sesrulebisas sxva-dasxva pirobebis arseboba uTuod gavlenas moaxdens dauZleveli Zalis gamoyenebaze. erTi da igive garemoeba erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aseTad iqnes miCneuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv movlenad iqnes ganxi-luli.

magaliTad, Tu gemi mosalodneli Stormis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebisas napiri-dan sakmaod Sors, Sua zRvaSia da xomaldis mflobels saTanado manevri-rebis Casatareblad sakmao dro ar gaaCnia, raTa Tavi Seafaros uaxloes ports, saqme swored dauZlevel ZalasTan gveqneba, magram Tu gemi mosal-odneli Stormis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis miRebisas napirTan axlosaa da misma mflobelma droulad ar miiRo saTanado zomebi gemis portSi Sesayvanad, maSin Stormi misTvis dauZlevel Zalad ar CaiTvleba.

Tu ziani gamowveulia dauZleveli ZaliT saaviacio transportis eqspl-uataciis Sedegad an eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis avariiT, anda navTobis, gazis, wylis an navTobproduqtebis momwodebeli mowyobilobebis da-zianebebiT, maSin ar gamoiricxeba zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba (sk-is 999-e da 1000-e muxlis mesame nawilebi).

piris bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas kanonmdebeli gamonaklisis saxiT dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis darRvevisaTvis.

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, bralis ga-aRniSnuli, bralis ga- bralis ga-reSe pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia vadis gadacilebisaTvis.

kreditori vadis gadacilebisas bralis miuxedavad, valdebulia, aunaz-Rauros movales sagnis Senaxvis gamo zedmetad warmoSobili xarjebi, aseve, mas ekisreba nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riski; garda amisa, igi kar-gavs procentis miRebis uflebas (sk-is 393-e muxli).

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sxva SemTxvevebi:

Tu Sesrulebis sagania gvarovnuli nivTi, romlis Secvlac SeiZleba, movalem valdebuleba yovelTvis unda Seasrulos (382).

myidvels, gamyidvelis bralis miuxedavad, SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze (Tu ufro mniSvnelovan samarTlebriv Sedegs, magaliTad, zianis anazRaurebas ar iTxovs) nivTis naklis gamo (sk-is 491-e muxli).

marwmunebeli movalea, aanazRauros misi bralis gareSe damdgari zianic, romelic warmoeSva rwmunebuls davalebuli moqmedebis Ses-warmoeSva rwmunebuls davalebuli moqmedebis Ses- rwmunebuls davalebuli moqmedebis Ses-rulebisas, Tu ziani dadga davalebuli moqmedebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani safrTxis Sedegad marwmuneblis mi-TiTebis gamo (sk-is 718-e muxli).

bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis SedarebiT meti SemTxvevebia aras-aras-axelSekrulebo samarTalSi; aseTi viTareba imiT aixsneba, rom zianis mi- samarTalSi; aseTi viTareba imiT aixsneba, rom zianis mi-yenebis wyaroa mometebuli safrTxis Semcveli sagani, romlis mflobeli valdebulia, aanazRauros `saSiS~ obieqtTan Tu moqmedebasTan dakavSire-buli ziani (umetes SemTxvevaSi, igi kanoniTaa valdebuli, daazRvios me-same pirebi aseTi zianisagan.)

bralis miuxedavad, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba:

ukiduresi aucileblobis dros miyenebuli ziani, Tu miyenebuli ziani acdenil zianze mniSvnelovania (sk-is 117).

piris mier mcdari varaudiT 118-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli moq-118-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli moq- muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli moq-medebis ganxorcielebis dros miyenebuli ziani (120).

satransporto saSualebaTa eqspluataciis Sedegad miyenebuli ziani ( muxli 999).

nagebobidan gamomdinare, mometebuli safrTxiT gamowveuli ziani (muxli 1000).

reabilitirebuli pirisaTvis ukanono msjavrdadebis, sisxlis sa-marTlis pasuxisgebaSi ukanonod micemis, aRkveTis RonisZiebis sax-iT patimrobis an gausvlelobis xelwerilis ukanonod gamoyenebis, patimrobis an gamasworebeli samuSaoebis saxiT administraciuli saxdelis arasworad dakisrebis Sedegad miyenebuli ziani anazRaur-deba saxelmwifos mier (1005-e muxlis mesame nawili).

Tu ziani miyenebulia Senobidan sagnis gadagdebiT, gadavardniT an gadaRvriT, pasuxs agebs piri, romelsac dakavebuli aqvs sadgomi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac ziani dadga dauZleveli Zalis moq-medebiT an dazaralebulis braliT (1004-e nawili meore).



5. xelSekrulebidan gasvla (moSla) da masTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi problemebi

samoqalaqo brunvis stabiluroba da marTlwesrigi uTuod gulisxmobs um-Tavresi principis _ valdebulebis Sesrulebaze calmxrivad uaris Tqmis dauSvebloba da valdebulebis realuri Sesruleba _ ganuxrel dacvas.

magram am principis dacva yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli da amis mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos.

zogjer monawileebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar arRveven xelSekruleb-is pirobebs, iZulebuli xdebian, obieqturi viTarebis gamo, uari Tqvan xelSekrulebaze (magaliTad, sk-is 398-399 muxlebi).

SesaZlebelia erT-erTma mxarem mniSvnelovnad daarRvios valdebuleba, romelic meore mxares mianiWebs uflebas, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze. kanonmdebeli miiCnevs, rom aseTi uari dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi.

saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisas, kreditori uflebamosilia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze da moiTxovos im zianis anazRaurebac, romel-ic mas miadga xelSekrulebis SeusruleblobiT.

xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba aRmWurveli uflebaa da gansxvavebiT moTxovnis uflebebisagan, masze ar vrceldeba xandazmuloba.

gasvla calmxrivi nebis gamovlenaa (meore mxaris Tanxmoba saWiro araa), romelic SeiZleba zianis momtani iyos ara marto xelSekrulebis monaw-ilesaTvis, aramed mesame pirebisTvisac da amitomac, gasvlis dros am uka-nasknelTa uflebebi mkacrad unda iyos daculi.

xelSekrulebidan gasvlis kanonismieri safuZvlebi mocemulia sk-is 352-e _ 360-e, 405-e muxlebSi.

monawileebs SeuZliaT, gamoiyenon xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisuflebis principi da TviTonac gansazRvron xelSekrulebidan gas-vlis pirobebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo praqtikidan aseTi SemTxveva SeiZleba moviyvanoT:

2000 wlis 22 ivniss Sps ̀ iasonsa~ da saqarTvelos avtorTa da Semsrulebel-Ta sazogadoebas Soris erTi wliT gaformda salicenzio xelSekruleba #5�7, romliTac Sps ìasonma~ ikisra valdebuleba, saqarTvelos avtor-Ta da SemsrulebelTa sazogadoebis angariSze yovelTviurad Caericxa saavtoro honorari 80 lari. 2000 wlis 5 agvistos Sps ìasonma~ weriliT acnoba xelSekrulebis meore mxares imis Taobaze, rom profilaqtikuri samuSaoebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebiT wyvetda salicenzio SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas.

2001 wlis 22 noembridan Sps ìasonma” ganaaxla muSaoba, Tumca, finansuri valdebulebebi saqarTvelos avtorTa da SemsrulebelTa sazogadoebis winaSe ar Seusrulebia. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mxareebs SeTanxmebuli

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hqondaT pirgasamtexlo valdebulebis Sesrulebis yovel vadagadacile-bul dReze 1%-is odenobiT.

mxareebs aseve SeTanxmebuli (xelSekrulebis 7.2. punqti) hqondaT xelSekrulebis moSlis (uaris) da Secvlis pirobebic. misi moqmedebis vada avtomaturad gagrZeldeboda kidev erTi wliT, vidre erT-erTi mxare werilobiTi formiT ar Seatyobinebda meore mxares SeTanxmebis moSlis Sesaxeb, magram araugvianes 30 dRisa im TariRidan, romlidanac SeTanxmeba eqvemdebareboda moSlas.

mosarCele saqarTvelos avtorTa da SemsrulebelTa sazogadoeba moiTx-ovda mopasuxesagan saxelSekrulebo ZiriTadi Tanxisa da pirgasamtexlos gadaxdas.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom sarCeli nawilobriv daakmayofila da Sps ìasons~ daakisra gadasaxdelad 6 602 lari. mopasuxe ar daeTanxma sas-amarTlos daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada ga-grZelda 2001 wlis 22 noembridan, igi miuTiTebda im garemoebaze, rom 2000 wlis 5 agvistos weriliT mxareTa Soris urTierToba Sewyvetili iyo da, Sesabamisad, mas ar ekisreboda Tanxis gadaxdis valdebuleba.

sakasacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila mopasuxes saCivari, gaauqma gasaCiv-rebuli gadawyvetileba da miiRo axali gadawyvetileba, romelSic aRni-Sna: `samoqalaqo kodeqsis 352-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, Tu xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxare 405-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobe-bis arsebobisas uars ityvis xelSekrulebaze, maSin miRebuli Sesruleba da sargebeli ubrundebaT mxareebs... palata Tvlis, rom Sps ìasonis” 2000 wlis 2 agvistos werili aris xelSekrulebis moSlis, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis winadadeba; xelSekrulebidan gasvlis safuZvlebi da motivebi Sei-Zleba ganisazRvros rogorc kanoniT, ise xelSekrulebiT, xelSekrulebi-dan gasvlis kanonismieri safuZvlebi gansazRvrulia sk-is 352-e, 405-e muxlebiT. xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis principidan gamomdin-are, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis garda, xelSekrulebis mxareebs ufleba aqvT, TviTonac gansazRvron xelSekrulebidan gasvlis pirobe-bi. movales, iseve rogorc kreditors, SeuZlia uari Tqvas xelSekrule-baze, Tuki mas, misgan damoukidebeli mizezis gamo, ar SeuZlia Seasrulos xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebuleba...

mxareebma gamoiyenes xelSekrulebidan gasvlis wesis gansazRvris ufleba da xelSekrulebis me-2 da me-3 muxlebSi SeTanxmdnen salicenzio SeTanxme-bis moSlis an Secvlis pirobebze... mopasuxes mier gagzavnili Setyobineba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb mxares miuvida da mas raime pretenzia ar gamouTqvams...

SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb aris mxareTa garigeba da masze vrceldeba zogadad xelSekrulebis dadebis wesebi. mopasuxes mier gakeTebul ofertze (xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb) mopasuxes dumili unda CaiTvalos aqceptad samoqalaqo kodeqsis 335-e muxlis Sesabamisad... vinaidan mosarCeles xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb ecnoba 2000 wlis 7 agvistos, xelSekruleba damTavrebulad unda CaiTvalos xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli 30 dRiani vadis gasvlis Semdeg, 7 seqtembers~ (ix. saqme



#as-760-1396-03 uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, biuleteni #3, gv. 614, 2004 weli).

xelSekrulebidan gasvlis moTxovnis kanonismieri winapirobebia:

xelSekrulebis namdviloba (unda akmayofilebdes garigebis namd-•vilobis zogad pirobebs).

zogadi wesis mixedviT, movalis mxridan xelSekrulebis mniS-•vnelovani (arsebiTi) darRveva (arsebiTi xasiaTisaa darRveva, Tu movalis mxridan ZiriTadi valdebulebis darRvevis gamo, faqto-brivi Sesrulebis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli xde-ba an ikargeba momavalSi misi Sesrulebis imedi, anda kreditors ekargeba Sesrulebis interesi da a.S.).

xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb gancxadebis gakeTebiT monawile •mTlianad gadis xelSekrulebidan, radganac kanoniT dauSvebelia xelSekrulebidan nawilobrivi gasvla.

miuxedavad valdebulebis mniSvnelovani darRvevisa, movales ar •SeuZlia, kreditors mosTxovos xelSekrulebis ZalaSi datoveba.

valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis mTlianad da umTavresad kredi-•tori ar aris pasuxismgebeli (mag. Tu ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi mov-alis mier valdebulebis darRveva ganapiroba kreditoris mxridan sapasuxo moqmedebis ganuxorcieleblobam, muxli 369).

moTxovnas ar upirispirdeba movalis Sesagebeli, romelic ukve •wardgenilia an wardgenili iqneba dauyonebliv xelSekrule-baze uaris Tqmis Semdeg (mag. Sesagebeli xandazmulobaze an valis gaqviTvaze).

saxezea kreditoris mier Sesrulebuli iuridiuli moqmedeba _ •xelSekrulebidan gasvlisaTvis micemuli gonivruli vada, Tu xelSekrulebiT aseTi vada ar yofila dadgenili _ anda, Tu valde-bulebis darRvevis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, ar gamoiyeneba vada _ gafrTxileba.

am zogadi wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgens grZelvadiani valdebulebi-Ti urTierTobidan gasvla, romelic dasaSvebia valdebulebis darRve-vis gareSec pativsadebi safuZvlis arsebobisas (pativsadebia safuZveli, roca xelSekrulebis momSlel mxares konkretuli viTarebis, maT Soris, dauZleveli Zalisa da ormxrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar SeiZle-ba moeTxovos saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gagrZeleba).

xelSekrulebidan gasvla monawileTa Soris axali valdebulebis warmoSo-bis safuZvelia: xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli Sesruleba da sargebeli mxareebma erTmaneTs unda daubrunon (ormxrivi restitu-cia).

praqtikaSi garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli xelSekrulebi-dan gasvlis, xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis, xelSekrulebis moSlis,

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xelSekrulebis gauqmebisa da xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebi xSirad arasworad iy-eneben am cnebebs maTi mkafio gaumijnaobis gamo.

xelSekrulebidan gasvla da uari xelSekrulebaze, rogorc wesi, erTsa da imave samarTlebriv Sedegebs iwvevs; am dros ormxriv restitucias aqvs adgili, mxareebi axdenen xelSekrulebis dadebamde arsebuli mdgomare-obis aRdgenas.

amasTan, Tu grZelvadian urTierTobaze mxare pativsadebi mizezis gamo ambobs uars, maSin saxeze gveqneba xelSekrulebis moSla (Sewyveta) da ara gasvla, rac imas niSnavs, rom manamde ganxorcielebuli Sesruleba ZalaSi darCeba.

xelSekrulebidan gasvla Tavisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT emsgavseba us-afuZvlo gamdidrebas (976-e da 979-e muxlebi), radganac, orive SemTxveva-Si, adgili aqvs garigebiT miRebulis dabrunebas, Tumca, es ori instituti mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: gasvlis dros garigeba namd-vilia, xolo usafuZvlo gamdidrebis dros _ aranamdvili, baTili. garda amisa, gasvlis dros pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas movales SeiZleba daekisros zianis anazRaurebac (sk-is 407-e muxli), rasac, rogorc wesi, usafuZvlo gamdidrebisas adgili ar aqvs.

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi am ori institutis msgavseba zogjer ganapirobebs cnebebis aRrevas da davis mosawesrigeblad orive maTganis normebis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, saqmeze #as-222-521-04 sakasacio instanciam dav-is mosawesrigeblad gamoiyena rogorc xelSekrulebidan gasvlis, ise us-afuZvlo gamdidrebis momwesrigebeli normebi.

Sps `kavuniteqssa” da T.muxuraZes Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, kompania am ukanasknels mSenebare saxlSi sakuTrebaSi gadas-cemda oTxoTaxian binas 2001 wlamde, sanacvlod es ukanaskneli Caabarebda kompanias Tavis kuTvnil oTaxnaxevrian binas, riTac mas gadaxdilad Ca-eTvleboda asaSenebeli binis Rirebuleba. man kompaniis miTiTebiT Tavis kuTvnil binaze sakuTrebis ufleba gadasca vinme m.javaxiSvils, romlis meuRlem samSeneblo masalebi miawoda `kavuniteqss~ da am masalis sanacv-lod gadaeca mas muxuraZis kuTvnili bina.

kompaniam daTqmul vadaSi ver SeZlo muxuraZisaTvis binis aSeneba. mxaree-bma dades axali SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmadac, muxuraZes kompania gadas-cemda xuToTaxian binas 2001 wlis bolomde. arc es SeTanxmeba Seasrula kompaniam. muxuraZem sarCeliT uari Tqva `kavuniteqsTan” da javaxiSvil-Tan dadebul xelSekrulebebze da moiTxova Tavisi binis dabruneba.

kompania daeTanxma xelSekrulebidan gasvlaze mosarCeles, xolo javax-iSvilma sarCeli ar cno. man miuTiTa, rom nasyidobis xelSekruleba namd-vilia da ar arsebobda misi moSlis safuZveli.

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom sarCelis dakmayofilebis samarTlebriv safuZvlad miiCnia sk-is 56-e muxlis meore nawili, 352-e da 405-e muxlis pirveli nawilebi.



saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTloebma gaiziares pirveli instanciis mosazrebebi. sakasacio palatam aRniSna Semdegi: `nasyidobis xelSekrule-ba Sewyvetilia, radgan myidveli Rirebulebas ar ixdis, xolo gamyidveli, sk-is 352-e muxlis safuZvelze, iTxovs gadacemuli nivTis dabrunebas. miTiTebuli normiT, xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmas Sedegad unda mohyves qonebis naturiT dabruneba (restitucia).~ am sakiTxs mTlianad aregu-lirebs sk-is 352-360-e muxlebi.

miuxedavad amisa, sakasacio instancia usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebsac iSveliebs da agrZelebs:

`sk-is 976-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, mimRebs _ viTom-kreditors, kondiqciuri valdebulebidan gamomdinare, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba, daa-brunos is, rac usafuZvlod miiRo... urTierTdakavSirebuli xelSekrule-bebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, garda zemoaRniSnuli normebisa, moTxovnis safuZvlad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes aseve sk-is 989-e muxlic, radgan viTom-kreditorisaTvis an misi miTiTebiT sxvisTvis raimes gadacemisas kanoni iTvaliswinebs gadacemulis ukan dabrunebas~ (ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos biuleteni gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da ga-kotrebis saqmeebze 2004 weli, #6 gv. 1352-1355).

am saxis davebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi sasamarTlo praqtikaSi sak-maod xSiria.

zemoaRniSnuli samSeneblo kompaniis saqmianobidan gamomdinare, sxva fizikuri pirebis sarCelebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, miuxedavad faqtobrivi garemoebebis msgavsebisa, samarTlebrivad araerTgvarovan dasabuTebas Seicaven.

magaliTad, n. WeliZem imave sqemiT gadasca sakuTrebis ufleba vinme a. zubaSvils kompania `kavuniteqsis” miTiTebiT. sakasacio instanciam ar daakmayofila WeliZis moTxovna xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmisa da gadace-mulis dabrunebis Taobaze da miuTiTa Semdegi: `garigebis miznis Seus-rulebloba ar SeiZleba gaxdes garigebis baTilobis safuZveli… sk-is 373-e muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, Tu valdebulebis Sesruleba miiRo im pirma, romelic ar iyo uflebamosili, valdebuleba CaiTvleba Sesrule-bulad, maSin, roca kreditorma misca amis Tanxmoba an am Sesrulebisagan miiRo sargebeli. d.WeliZem Sps `kavuniteqsis” TanxmobiT, a. zubaSvilis mimarT valdebulebis SesrulebiT miiRo sargebeli, riTac man kompania-sTan nakisri valdebuleba Seasrula~ (ix. saqme #as-659-1306-03. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani, 2004 wlis biuleteni #2, gv.543-547).

Cemi azriT, samarTlebrivad es ukanaskneli SemTxveva ufro sworad iqne-boda dasabuTebuli, Tu sasamarTlo gamoiyenebda sk-is 371-e muxlis pirvel nawils, romlis mixedviTac, `Tu kanonidan, xelSekrulebidan an valdebulebis bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom movalem piradad unda Seasrulos valdebuleba, maSin es valdebuleba SeiZleba Seasrulos mesa-me pirmac~. samSeneblo kompaniis mier valdebulebis darRveva ar SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos WeliZesa da zubaSvils Soris dadebuli nasyidobis xelSekrulebis baTilobas an am xelSekrulebidan gasvlas. zubaSvili ar yofila kompaniasa da WeliZes Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTier-

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Tobis monawile da, Sesabamisad, man ar SeiZleba pasuxi agos `kavuniteq-sis~ moqmedebisaTvis. WeliZes samSeneblo kompaniisagan unda moeTxova zianis anazRaureba, radganac pirveladi moTxovna (Sesrulebis Sesaxeb) am SemTxvevaSi warumatebeli iqneboda.

xelSekrulebis moSla da xelSekrulebis Sewyveta, umetes SemTxvevaSi, erTsa da imave samarTlebriv SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli. monawileTa So-ris arsebuli urTierToba momavali droisaTvis wyvets Tavis arsebobas.

rogorc xelSekrulebaze uaris (gasvlis), ise moSlis (Sewyvetis) dros, mx-areTa Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba (ufleba-movaleobebi) jer kidev ZalaSia.

rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis gauqmebas, am SemTxvevaSi monawileTa Soris urTierToba dasrulebulia da gauqmebis moTxovnis wardgenas adgili aqvs momavalSi gansazRvruli pirobebis dadgomis gamo.

magaliTad, sk 529-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, Cuqeba SeiZleba gauqmdes, Tu dasaCuqrebuli mZime Seuracxyofas miayenebs an did umadu-robas gamoiCens mCuqeblis an misi axlo naTesavis mimarT.

xelSekrulebidan gasvlisa da Sewyvetis SemTxvevebis arasruli CamonaTva-li, samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, aseTia:

xelSekrulebis yovel mxares SeuZlia, uari Tqvas Tavisi valde-bulebis Sesrulebaze, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aRmoC-ndeba, rom arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba imisa, rom meore mxare Tavis movaleobaTa mniSvnelovan nawils ar Seasrulebs (sk-is 484-e muxli). am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebels mxedvelobaSi aqvs realuri da ara moCvenebiTi saSiSroeba.

myidvels SeuZlia, nivTis naklis gamo moiTxovos xelSekrulebis moSla (sk-is 491-e muxli).

Tu gamyidveli itovebs uflebas, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze im SemTxvevebisaTvis, roca myidveli ar asrulebs dakisrebul val-debulebebs, uaris Tqmisas yoveli mxare valdebulia, daubrunos erTmaneTs is, rac xelSekrulebiT miiRes ( sk-is 508 muxli).

Tu daqiravebuli nivTi mTlianad an nawilobriv gadaecema dam-qiravebels dagvianebiT an, Tu SemdgomSi mas waerTva sargeblobis ufleba, maSin damqiravebels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze im vadis dacvis gareSe, rac gaTvaliswinebulia xelSekrulebis moSlisaTvis. magram damqiravebels mxolod maSin aqvs uaris ufle-ba, Tu gamqiravebeli am ukanasknelis mier gansazRvrul vadaSi ar aRkveTs sargeblobisaTvis xelSemSlel garemoebebs (541 nawili pirveli).

Tu sacxovrebeli an adamianTa samyoflad gaTvaliswinebuli sxva sadgomi iseT mdgomareobaSia, rom misi gamoyeneba mniSvnelovan sa-frTxes uqmnis maT janmrTelobas, damqiravebels SeuZlia, moSa-los qiravnobis xelSekruleba vadis dacvis gareSe. es ufleba dam-qiravebels aqvs maSinac, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebisas man icoda



safrTxis Taobaze, magram ar ganucxadebia pretenzia (sk-is 542-e muxli).

sacxovrebeli sadgomis damqiravebeli uflebamosilia, qiravno-bis xelSekruleba vadamde moSalos, Tu igi erTi TviT adre gaa-frTxilebs amis Sesaxeb gamqiravebels da SesTavazebs mas gadaxdis-unarian da misaReb damqiravebels, romelic Tanaxmaa, qiravnobis darCenil droSi iyos damqiravebeli (sk-is 555-e muxli).

gamqiravebels SeuZlia, xelSekruleba moSalos (Sewyvitos) vad-amde, Tu damqiravebeli: Tavis saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs braleulad mniSvnelovnad arRvevs, ar ixdis qiras sami Tvis gan-mavlobaSi, an gamqiraveblis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, igi ga-qiravebul nivTs mniSvnelovnad azianebs an qmnis aseTi dazianebis realur saSiSroebas, anda gamqiraveblis mimarT Caidens iseT mar-TlsawinaaRmdego an amoralur moqmedebas, romelic SeuZlebels xdis maT Soris urTierTobis Semdgom gagrZelebas (sk-is 557-558, 562-e muxlebi).

gamqiravebels SeuZlia, moSalos qiravnobis xelSekruleba dam-qiraveblis mxridan valdebulebis mniSvnelovani darRvevis arar-sebobis SemTxvevaSic, Tu saxeze iqneba sk-is 562-e muxliT gan-sazRvruli pativsadebi mizezebi (gamqiravebels sadgomi sWirdeba uSualod TviTon an axlo naTesavebisaTvis).

Tu qiravnobis sagans Seadgens avejiT gawyobili bina, maSin gam-qiravebels yovelTvis SeuZlia xelSekrulebis moSlis vadis dacviT moSalos qiravnobis xelSekruleba (sk-is 562-e nawili 3).

gamsesxebels ufleba aqvs, dauyonebliv (vadamde) Sewyvitos xelSekruleba da moiTxovos valis dabruneba, Tu msesxeblis qone-brivi mdgomareoba arsebiTad gauaresdeba, riTac safrTxe Seeqm-neba sesxis dabrunebis moTxovnas (sk-is 627-e muxli).

SemkveTs SeuZlia, samuSaos dasrulebamde nebismier dros Tqvas uari xelSekrulebaze, magram man unda aunazRauros menardes Ses-rulebuli samuSao da xelSekrulebis moSliT miyenebuli ziani (sk-is 636-e muxli).

nakeTobis naklis gamo, SemkveTs SeuZlia, 405-e muxlis mixedviT, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze. am SemTxvevaSi, igi valdebulia, au-nazRauros SemkveTs xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi (sk-is 644-e muxli).

turists mogzaurobis dawyebamde nebismier dros SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze (sk-is 665-e muxli).

Tu mogzauroba xarveziania da misi momwyobi ar aRmofxvris am xarvezebs turistis mier miTiTebul vadaSi, maSin am ukanasknels SeuZlia, Sewyvitos xelSekruleba (sk-is 661-e muxli).

davalebis xelSekrulebis Sewyveta mxareebs nebismier dros Seu-ZliaT (sk-is 720-e muxlis pirveli nawili).

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saSuamavlo xelSekruleba SeiZleba nebismier dros moiSalos raime vadis daucvelad, Tuki xelSekrulebis vada ar aris gansazRvruli (sk-is 747-e muxlis nawili pirveli).

Tu damzRvevi mzRvevels ar miawvdis informacias arsebiTi gare-moebebis Sesaxeb, an miwodebuli informacia araswori an arazustia, maSin am ukanasknels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze (muxlebi 808-810, 813).

Tu damzRvevma Tavis droze ar Seitana sadazRvevo Sesatani, mzRvevels SeuZlia, erTTviani gafrTxilebis vadis dacviT moSa-los xelSekruleba (sk-is 818-e muxli).

mzRvevels ufleba aqvs, dazRveuli qonebis gasxvisebis Setyobi-dan erTi Tvis vadaSi Sewyvitos sadazRvevo urTierToba SemZenTan. aseTive ufleba gaaCnia SemZensac (sk-is 835-e muxli).

zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, sabanko angariSsworebis xelSekruleba Sei-Zleba Sewydes orive mxaris mier nebismier dros. Tumca, sakredito dawesebulebas SeuZlia am uflebis gamoyeneba mxolod ise, rom ar daazaralos meore mxare _ angariSis mflobeli _ am ukanasknelma sxvagvarad unda SeZlos saangariSsworebo momsaxurebis miReba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca SewyvetisaTvis arsebobs mniSvnelova-ni safuZveli (sk-is 864-e muxli).

movales SeuZlia, nebismier dros Sewyvitos cvalebadi saprocen-to ganakveTiT aRebuli sesxi Sewyvetis samTviani vadis dacviT (sk-is 871-e muxlis meoTxe nawili).

kreditis gamcems SeuZlia, orkviriani damatebiTi vadis mice-miT Sewyvitos sakredito urTierToba, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia kreditis dabruneba nawil-nawil da kreditis amRebma gadaacila zedized, sul cota, or vadas (sk-is 873-e muxli).

Tu Tavdeboba uvadoa, Tavdebs SeuZlia, Sewyvitos xelSekrule-ba samTviani vadis dacviT. vadiani Tavdebobisas xuTi wlis gasv-lis Semdeg xelSekruleba SeiZleba Sewydes aseve samTviani vadis dacviT (sk-is 903-e muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebi).

Tu ar aris gansazRvruli erToblivi saqmianobis vada, maSin yo-vel monawiles SeuZlia gavides xelSekrulebidan, Tu misi gasvla ar daazaralebs erTobliv saqmianobas. Tu vada gansazRvrulia, ma-Sin gasvla daiSveba pativsadebi mizezebis arsebobisas (sk-is 938-e muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebi).

rogorc marCenals, ise sarCens SeuZliaT, uari Tqvan samisdReSio rCenis xelSekrulebaze, Tuki saxelSekrulebo movaleobaTa dar-Rvevis Sedegad mxareTa Soris urTierToba autaneli gaxda, anda sxva arsebiTi mizezebi ukiduresad aZnelebs an SeuZlebels xdis mis gagrZelebas (sk-is 949-e muxlis pirveli nawili).



nawili II

qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebaTa samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi

avtori: mosamarTle J.H.M. huub vilemsi

amsterdamis saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris moadgile

niderlandebis samewarmeo saqmeTa sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare

Tavi 1

zogadi nawili

1. Sesavali

1.1. am wignSi ganxiluli valdebulebaTa samarTali, rogorc saqarTvel-oSi, ise holandiaSi samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi Sedis. orive qveynis SemTxvevaSi, valdebulebaTa samarTlis zogadi nawili da misi sae-rTo struqtura da principebi mocemulia samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, kerZod, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis SemTxvevaSi _ me-3 wignSi, xolo holan-diis samoqalaqo kodeqsis SemTxvevaSi _ me-6, me-7, me-7A da me-8 wignebSi (SemdgomSi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqss movixseniebT rogorc ssk-s, xolo holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqss – rogorc hsk-s).

1.2. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloc da holandiac miekuTvnebian dawerili samarTlis qveynebis ojaxs, gansxvavebiT inglisisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisagan, romlebic saerTo samarTlis qveynebis ojaxSi Sedian.

1.3. am or ojaxs Soris arsebuli sakmaod didi gansxvavebebi erTi Sexedvi-Tac SesamCnevia. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi samarTali gamomdinareobs saqmeebze gamotanili gadawyvetilebebidan, xolo dawerili samarTlis qveynebSi samarTali, maT Soris, maRali donis zogadi abstraqciuli wesebi, ipoveba samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da mosamarTle am zogad wesebs iyenebs mis winaSe warmodgenili konkretuli saqmeebis mi-marT. amgvarad, saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi mosamarTlem unda gamoarkvi-os, ra aris moqmedi samarTali, zogjer ki Tavadac Seqmnas igi da es samar-Tali gamorkveuli da Camoyalibebuli iqneba mxolod mocemul saqmesTan mimarTebiT. samarTlis calkeuli sferos aucilebeli konkretika iqmneba Sesasruleblad savaldebulo precedentis gamoyenebiT. dawerili sam-arTlis qveynebSi ki mosamarTle konkretuli saqmis pasuxs poulobs sam-oqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamis normaSi. saqmeebis gadawyvetisas mosamarTlis

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inteleqtualuri saqmianobis gamosaxatavad xSirad iyeneben gamoTqmas, rom saerTo samarTlis mosamarTle mimarTavs induqciis meTods, xolo dawerili samarTlis mosamarTle – deduqciis meTods.

1.4. sinamdvileSi saqme ase ioladac ar aris da Tu yuradRebiT davakvir-debiT, davinaxavT, rom, saboloo jamSi, praqtikaSi didi gansxvaveba araa dawerili samarTlis mosamarTlisa da saerTo samarTlis mosamarTlis mier saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetaSi, Tu ar CavTvliT Teoriul gansxva-vebebs. amis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis erTi martivi magaliTi SeiZleba moviyva-noT. a aris kargi manqanis amayi mflobeli, magram mas saswrafod sWirdeba fuli. amgvarad, man gadawyvita, gayidos manqana. aRniSnuli mizniT, man miswera b-s werili 2006 wlis 11 ivniss, romelSic igi sTavazobs b-s, rom am ukanasknelma iyidos misi manqana 10 000 larad. b-m werili miiRo 2006 wlis 12 ivniss. b-m, romelmac ar icoda a-s ganzraxva manqanis gayidvis Sesaxeb, magram didi xania surda, hqonoda a-s mflobelobaSi arsebulis msgavsi manqana, miswera a-s werili 2006 wlis 11 ivniss, romelSic SesTavaza, rom igi a-sgan SeiZenda manqanas 10 000 larad. a-m b-s werili miiRo 2006 wlis 12 ivniss. a-m, miiRo ra b-s werili da nanobs ra Tavis gadawyvetilebas, rom 2006 wlis 11 ivnisis weriliT mas SesTavaza manqanis miyidva, dauyovne-bliv daureka b-s da uTxra, rom igi aRar yidis manqanas da igi ukan ixmobs b-sTvis gakeTebul oferts. b-s azriT, a-s mier ofertis ukan gamoxmobas Zala ar aqvs da radgan, erTi mxriv, a-m 2006 wlis 11 ivnisis weriliT gaa-keTa oferti misi kuTvnili avtomobilis gayidvaze da, meore mxriv, b-m imave TariRis weriliT gaakeTa oferti manqanis yidvaze da vinaidan orive werilSi, SemTxveviT, erTi da igive fasi iyo miTiTebuli, a valdebulia, mihyidos manqana b-s.

1.5. zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, sul cota, ori SekiTxva Cndeba. pirveli, dadebulia Tu ara xelSekruleba da meore _ Tuki dadebulia, SeuZlia Tu ara b-s moiTxovos a-sgan konkretuli Sesruleba, anu valdebulia Tu ara a, mihyidos b-s manqana.

1.6. zemoT xsenebuli Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, dawerili samarTlis qvey-nis mosamarTle kiTxvaze pasuxs samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ipovis, xolo sae-rTo samarTlis qveynis mosamarTles mouwevs gonivruli msjelobis sa-fuZvelze gadawyvetilebis gamotana, adre gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze miTiTebiT.

1.7. albaT gasagebia, rom arc qarTul da arc holandiur samoqalaqo ko-deqsSi mosamarTle iol pasuxs ver ipovis. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom orive qveyanaSi kodeqsi mosamarTles didad ver exmareba am saqmis gadawy-vetaSi da man TviTon unda gamoZebnos logikuri da dasabuTebuli gadawy-veta.

1.8. ssk-s 327-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad: `xelSekruleba dade-bulad iTvleba, Tu mxareebi mis yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdnen saamisod gaTvaliswinebuli formiT~, xolo 329-e muxlis pirveli punq-tis Tanaxmad: `xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb winadadeba (oferti) iT-vleba SeTavazebulad, Tu am winadadebaSi, romelic mimarTulia erTi an ramdenime pirisadmi, gamoxatulia, rom winadadebis mimcemi (ofe-

qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi


renti), Tanxmobis (aqceptis) SemTxvevaSi, mzadaa, Seasrulos Tavisi wi-nadadeba~. hsk-s 6:213 muxlis mixedviT: àm Tavis miznebisTvis, xelSekru-leba niSnavs mravalmxriv (iuridiul) moqmedebas, rodesac erTi an meti mxare valdebulebas iRebs erTi an meti mxaris mimarT~, xolo 6:217 muxlis mixedviT: `xelSekrulebas qmnis oferti da misi aqcepti~.

1.9. am SemTxvevaSi naTelia, rom 2006 wlis 11 ivniss orive mxares hqonda iseTi ganzraxvebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan srul TanxvedraSi iyo: a-s surda, b-sTvis mieyida Tavisi manqana 10 000 larad, xolo b-s surda, igive manqana eyida a-sgan aseve 10 000 larad. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxa-reebi yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdnen ssk-s 327-e muxlis pirveli pun-qtis gagebiT, rac niSnavs imas, rom xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba. ma-gram, advokati, albaT, idavebda, rom saqme ase iolad ar aris da imisaTvis, rom xelSekruleba dadebulad CaiTvalos, saWiroa ara marto mis arsebiT pirobebze SeTanxmeba, aramed isic, rom es xelSekruleba ar iyos SemTx-veviTi Sedegi, aramed warmoadgendes oferts da am konkretul ofertze gakeTebul gaazrebul aqcepts, razec laparakia hsk-s 6:217 muxlSi. axla ki ukve mosamarTlis gadasawyvetia, romeli mosazrebaa upiratesi da, mo-cemul SemTxvevaSi, a-s da b-s werilebi unda CaiTvalos Tu ara ofertad, romelic unda iyos an ar iyos aqceptirebuli b-s mier a-sTan mimarTebiT.

1.10. Tu vivaraudebT, da albaT ase moxdeboda mocemul SemTxvevaSi, rom mosamarTle meore mosazrebas miiCnevda samarTlebrivad sworad, es mainc ar niSnavs, rom man gamoitana gadawyvetileba pirvel SekiTxvasTan dakav-SirebiT. SekiTxva SeiZleba asec daisvas: CaiTvalos Tu ara a-s mier 2006 wlis 12 ivniss b-s werilis miReba a-s mier b-sTvis gakeTebuli ofertis aqceptad. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, xelSekruleba dadebulad CaiT-vleba da a-s satelefono zars iuridiuli Sedegi ar eqneba.

1.11. magram Tu aRniSnul SekiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs gavcemT, maSin saq-misTvis gadawyveta jer ar mogviZebnia. am SemTxvevaSi, Semdegi SekiTxva aseTia: a-s kanoniT SeuZlia Tu ara mis mier gakeTebuli ofertis gamox-moba, rogorc faqtobrivad moiqca kidec. am sakiTxs garkveulwilad are-gulirebs ssk-is 331-e muxli: `Tu oferentma aqceptisaTvis gansazRvra vada, maSin aqcepti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod am vadaSi.~ marTa-lia, es norma SedarebiT sityvamwiria, igi mainc gulisxmobs, rom oferents ar SeuZlia ofertis gamoxmoba manam, sanam aqceptisTvis gansazRvruli vada ar amoiwureba. es muxli da ssk-is arc erTi sxva muxli ar gansazR-vravs, SeuZlia Tu ara oferents ofertis gamoxmoba nebismier dros, Tu aqceptisTvis vada ar yofila gansazRvruli. logikurad, SeiZleba vamt-kicoT, rom ofertis gamkeTebels am ofertis gamoxmobis ufleba ar aqvs gonivruli periodis ganmavlobaSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, es niSnavs, rom xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba a-sa da b-s satelefono saubrisas, radgan aSkaraa, rom b Tanaxmaa a-s ofertze. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu mosamarTle aseT gadawyvetilebas gamoitans, mas sxva gadawyvetilebac ga-moaqvs, rac SeiZleba sadavoc iyos, rom b-s gancxadeba, rom a-s mier ofer-tis gamoxmobas iuridiuli Zala ar aqvs, kanoniT niSnavs aqcepts, Tumca, es sityva saerTod ar yofila naxsenebi. es aseve aris mosamarTlis gadawyve-tileba da pasuxi, romelic uSualod gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo kodeq-sis normebidan.

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1.12. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirdapir aregulirebs sakiTxs, SeuZ-lia Tu ara oferents ofertis gamoxmoba, Tu aqceptisTvis vada ar yofi-la gansazRvruli. hsk-s muxli 6:219 adgens: òferti SeiZleba gamoxmobil iqnes, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu gansazRvrulia misi aqceptirebis vada an misi argamoxmoba sxvagvarad gamomdinareobs.~ Tumca, aqve davamateb, rom SekiTxvebi mainc Cndeba. anu, mainc gaugebaria, ra niSnavs ̀ misi argamoxmoba sxvagvarad gamomdinareobs”.

1.13. rac Seexeba meore kiTxvas mocemul magaliTTan mimarTebiT, kerZod, SeuZlia Tu ara b-s, moiTxovos a-sgan konkretuli Sesruleba, Tu xel-Sekruleba dadebulia – aqac sxvadasxva pasuxis gacema SeiZleba. Zvel romaul samarTalSi pasuxi naTeli iyo: erTaderTi dacvis saSualeba xe-lSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi iyo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna. holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, romelic 1992 wlamde – am wels amJamin-deli samoqalaqo kodeqsi Sevida ZalaSi – aRniSnuli sakiTxis mareguli-rebel sakanonmdeblo normebs ar Seicavda, mosamarTleebma Tavad daadgi-nes, rom zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyo konkretuli Sesrulebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gacema, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es kreditoris samarTliani in-teresebis dakmayofilebis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. magaliTad, uZravi qonebis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi, gamyidveli SeiZleba iZulebuli gaexadaT, moexdina konkretuli Sesruleba da gadaeca uZravi qoneba myidvelisTvis. dResdReobiT ki es sakiTxi uSualod regulirebulia kodeqsiT. hsk-s muxli 3:296-is pirveli punqtis mixedviT: `Tu kanonidan, valdebulebis xasiaTisa an samarTlebrivi aqtidan sxvagvarad ar gamomdinareobs, piri, romelic valdebulia, meore mxares miawodos raime, mis mimarT Seasrulos raime an Seikavos Tavi mis mimarT moqmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, CaiTvle-ba movaled mosamarTlis mier meore mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze.”

1.14. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi amgvari konkretuli norma ar moipoveba, amitom sakiTxis gadawyveta damokidebuli iqneba samosamarT-lo kanonSemoqmedebaze – SeiZleba Tu ara valdebulebis konkretuli Sesruleba.

1.15. amitom zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs pirveli da yvelaze mniSv-nelovani daskvna, rom ra samarTlebriv sistemasTanac ar unda gvqondes saqme, SeuZlebelia, icode, ra aris an ras niSnavs samarTali, sanam mosam-arTle ar gamoitans gadawyvetilebas konkretul saqmeze konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. meore daskvna is aris, rom rogoric ar unda iyos samarTlebrivi sistemis struqtura, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis ga-motana arasodes Semoifargleba mxolod kodeqssa an kanonSi mocemuli teqstis avtomaturi misadagebiT. nebismier saqmeze mosamarTles aqvs ram-denime varianti, Tu ra da rogor gadawyvitos. sabolood, man unda airCi-os, Tu romeli varianti gamoiyenos.

1.16. amitom, arCevanis gakeTeba mosamarTlis erT-erTi valdebulebaa. aqve unda aRniSnos, rom samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebis legitimurobisTvis arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, rom mosamarTlem gasagebi mizezebiT daasabu-Tos misi gadawyvetilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos maTi gakritikeba, maga-liTad, zemdgomi saapelacio mosamarTlis mier da rom SesaZlebeli iyos Seusabamobebis acileba samarTlebrivi sistemis SigniT.



1.17. Tumca, amasTan, Tavidan ver avicilebT imas, rom kanonmdebeli ar aris erTaderTi kanonSemoqmedi, maT Soris, saqarTvelos da niderlandebis msgavs qveynebSi, sadac kanoni Cawerilia kodeqsebsa da kanonebSi. samo-samarTlo samarTali, romelzec, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo xelisuflebaa pasuxismgebeli, Seadgens qveynis kanonmdeblobis ganuyofel nawils.

2. kanonmdeblobisa da samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebis urTierTmimarTeba

2.1. is, rac zemoT aRvniSne, iwvevs kidev sxva sakiTxze msjelobas, kerZod, rac exeba kanonmdeblis mier kanonSemoqmedebasa da samosamarTlo kanon-Semoqmedebas Soris urTierTobas. sul cota, ori radikaluri mosazreba SeiZleba arsebobdes amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi radikaluri sistemebi sinamdvileSi SeiZleba ar arsebobdes, arc erTi da arc meore saxis.

2.2. erTi mosazreba aris is, rom kanonmdebeli unda ecados, rac SeiZleba yovlismomcveli kanoni Seqmnas da, Sesabamisad, rac SeiZleba detalurad ganumartos mosamarTles, rogor gamoitanos gadawyvetileba, rodesac samoqalaqo kodeqsidan deduqciis meTodiT miRebuli pasuxi ar aris cal-saxa. am mosazrebis gamoxatuleba mocemulia ssk-is me-2 muxlSi, romelic (ramdenadac Cem mier aRniSnul mosazrebas adasturebs) adgens Semdegs: `2. erTi da imave donis samarTlis normaTa koliziis dros gamoiyeneba specialuri da ufro axali kanoni. am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul zo-gad normebsa da specialur normebs Soris koliziisas gamoiyeneba spe-cialuri normebi. (...) 4. Cveulebani gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, Tu isi-ni ar ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlisa da zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs an sajaro wesrigs.~ am mosazrebis mixedviT, kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi umTavres rols kanonmdebeli asrulebs.

2.3. meore mosazrebis mixedviT, kanonmdebeli aRiarebs da iZulebulia aRiaros, rom samarTlis gawera kodeqsis an kanonis abstraqtuli cnebebiT SeuZlebelia da rom samarTali ganisazRvreba yoveli calkeuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebiT. am mosazrebis gamoxatuleba mocemulia ssk-is me-5 muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebSi, romlebSic naTqvamia: `1. kanonSi pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad gamoiyeneba yvelaze ufro msgavsi urTierTobis maregulirebeli samarTlis norma (kanonis analogia). 2. Tu kanonis analogiis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, ur-TierToba unda mowesrigdes samarTlis zogadi principebis safuZvelze, agreTve, samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebisa da zneobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad (samarTlis analogia).~ amis msgavsi norma moipoveba hsk-is 6:2 muxlis meore punqtSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `kanonis, Cveulebis an samarT-lebrivi aqtis norma, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi savaldebulo iqneboda mo-valisa da kreditorisTvis, ar gamoiyeneba, Tu arsebul garemoebebSi misi gamoyeneba miuRebelia gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis principebidan

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gamomdinare.~ am mosazrebis mixedviT, kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi umTav-res rols mosamarTle asrulebs.

2.4. rogorc aRvniSneT, sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs samarTlis sistema, ro-melic mxolod erT radikalur mosazrebas an mxolod meore radikalur mosazrebas misdevs. samarTliani iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur samarTlis sistemaSi (romlebic dawerili samarTlis qvey-nebia) kanonSemoqmedeba upirveles yovlisa kanonmdeblis funqciaa, rome-lic cdilobs, rac SeiZleba detalurad daadginos (kerZo) samarTali da daareguliros, Tu rogor unda gadawyvitos mosamarTlem saqme, rodesac saqmis gadawyveta iolad an uSualod ar deduqcirdeba samoqalaqo kodeq-sidan, rasac Zalian xSirad aqvs adgili.

sxva SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebeli srulad aRiarebs, rom SeuZlebelia moma-valSi warmosaSobi da samarTalsa da samarTlebriv urTierTobebTan da-kavSirebuli yvela SesaZlo sakiTxis ganWvreta da maTi abstraqtuli ter-minologiiT daregulireba da, rom amis gamo, mosamarTles aqvs garkveuli Tavisufleba da sakuTari pasuxismgebloba imis gadawyvetisas, Tu ra aris samarTali da, Sesabamisad, kanonis Seqmnis ufleba da pasuxismgebloba. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi, samar-Tali aris kanonmdeblisa da mosamarTlis erToblivi qmedebis Sedegi da imisaTvis, rom vicodeT samarTali, unda SeviswavloT rogorc kodeqsi, ise sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi.

2.5. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa Semdegis aRniSvna. amJamad moqmedi holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida 1992 wlis 1 ianvars, 45-wli-ani sakanonmdeblo muSaobis Semdeg, dawyebuli 1947 wlis samefo dekreti-dan, romelic adgenda, rom unda daweriliyo samoqalaqo kodeqsi. saqarT-velos samoqalaqo kodeqsi SemuSavda da ZalaSi Sevida SedarebiT mokle xanSi, 1992 wlidan 1997 wlamde periodSi. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma saWi-rod CaTvala, rom kodeqsis sxvadasxva nawilebs win uZRodes aTi muxli sa-TauriT `samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani – Sesavali debuleba-ni~, romlebic exeba sakanonmdeblo kanonSemoqmedebasa da samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebas Soris urTierTobas. es aTi muxli SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc `kerZo samarTlis konstitucia~, romelic cdilobs, daareguli-ros kanonis ganmartebisa da dadgenis samomavlo sakiTxebi da aseve cdi-lobs, mosamarTles ganusazRvros, Tu rogor unda Seasrulos man masze dakisrebuli funqciebi samarTlis dadgenisas. amiT, kanonmdebloba, ro-gorc samarTlis pirvelwyaro, cdilobs, daareguliros kanonSemoqmedeba samomavlo calkeuli saqmeebisTvis. holandiaSi kanonmdebeli swored ase moiqca, rodesac pirveli samoqalaqo kodeqsi iqna miRebuli mas Semdeg, rac frangebma datoves qveyana 1815 wels. 1838 wels SemoRebul iqna kanoni zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb, romelic Sedgeboda 14 muxlisgan da exeboda met-naklebad imave sakiTxebs, romlebic ssk-is 1-10 muxlebSia aRniSnuli. amis SemCneva SesaZlebelia am muxlebisTvis erTi Tvalis gadavlebisTana-ve. magaliTad, ssk-is me-4 muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebSi naTqvamia: `1. sasamarTlos ara aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsa-julebis ganxorcielebaze im SemTxvevaSic, Tu samarTlis norma ar arse-



bobs, an igi bundovania. 2. sasamarTlos ara aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas kano-nis gamoyenebaze im motiviT, rom mas kanonis norma usamarTlod an araz-araz-neobrivad miaCnia.~ zustad aseTive normebi moipoveba zemoaRniSnuli zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-11 da me-13 muxlebSi. holandieli kanonmdebeli ufro Sors wavida da 1838 wlis zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-12 muxlSi Cawera, rom mosamarTles ekrZaleba gadawyvetilebis gamotana mxolod zogadi wesebis safuZvelze. am normis mixedviT, magali-Tad, uzenaes sasamarTlos, romelic sakasacio sasamarTloa, ekrZaleba faqtebze msjeloba; igi valdebulia, Camoayalibos, ras ambobs kanoni am konkretul SemTxvevaSi da ar Semoifarglos mxolod imis TqmiT, rom xel-Sekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi samarTlebrivi saSualebaa (rogorc Zvel romaul samarTalSi) damrRvevis mier fuliT anazRaureba da sxva samarTlebrivi saSualeba meore mxares ar gaaCnia. ra Tqma unda, es anomaluri gadawyvetileba iqneboda.

2.6. holandiis axali samoqalaqo kodeqsis Seqmnis procesSi ganzraxuli iyo, rom kodeqsis sxvadasxva nawilebs win gauZRveboda imgvari zogadi de-bulebebi, romlebic zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb 1838 wlis kanonSi moip-oveboda _ am normebis axleburi moTxovnebis mixedviT CamoyalibebiT. daiwera TerTmetiode muxli, romlebic ssk-is 1-10 muxlebis msgavsi iyo. magram, saboloo jamSi, holandielma kanonmdebelma gadawyvita, ar SemoeRo aseTi xasiaTis normebi da samoqalaqo kodeqsis proeqtidan amoi-Ro am normebis Semcveli Tavi. kanonmdebelma daaskvna, rom faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia momavlis da mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis procesis marTva im saqmeebze, romelTa gadawyvetac mas mouwevs. marTlac, ismis SekiTxva: ra sargeblobisaa zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb 1838 wlis ka-nonis da ssk-is 1-10 muxlebSi Sesuli normebi. es normebi asaxavs samosam-arTlo kanonSemoqmedebisa da kanonganmartebis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebs, magram isini, realurad, naklebad gamosadegia, rodesac kon-kretuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaa saWiro.

2.7. zemoaRniSnuli SeiZleba ufro dawvrilebiT avxsnaT Semdegi magali-Tis safuZvelze. vTqvaT, a-s surs, Tavisi manqana, romelic 10 000 lari Rirs, mihyidos b-s, romelsac aseve unda am manqanis yidva, magram saamisod fuli ar hyofnis. ra Tqma unda, a-m da b-m SeiZleba dadon xelSekruleba ssk-is 505-e muxlSi aRniSnuli wesiT. es muxli exeba nasyidobas ganvade-biT da adgens, rom gamyidveli, Cven SemTxvevaSi a, valdebulia, myidvels, Cven SemTxvevaSi b-s, gadasces manqana fasis gadaxdamde, xolo myidveli b valdebulia, nivTis fasi gadaixados nawil-nawil drois gansazRvrul SualedSi. marTalia, es SesaZlebelia, magram nakleb savaraudoa, rom fi-zikuri piri a daTanxmdeba imaze, rom erTbaSad ar miiRos nasyidobis fasi. amitom Cndeba kiTxva: rogor unda moxdes, rom, erTi mxriv, b-m marTos kar-gi manqana da a-m miiRos Tavisi 10 000 lari. ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, a-m da b-m dadon ori xelSekruleba. maT SeuZliaT, gaaformon nasyidobis xel-Sekruleba gaTvaliswinebuli ssk-is 477-e muxliT, romlis ZaliTac a val-debulia, gadasces b-s sakuTrebis ufleba manqanaze, xolo b valdebulia, gadauxados mas mTliani fasi. es rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes, a-m unda asesxos b-s 10 000 lari, rac gansazRvrulia ssk-is 623-e muxlSi. am SemTxvevaSi, a da

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b SeiZleba aseve SeTanxmdnen, rom b sesxis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad a-s mimarT gamoiyenebs manqanas, rac gansazRvrulia ssk-is 254-e muxlis pir-veli nawiliT, sanam b srulad ar dafaravs sesxis Tanxas. sxva alternativa aris is, rom a-m da b-m dadon ssk-is 576-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazR-vruli lizingis xelSekruleba. es naklebad savaraudoa, radgan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, a-s TviTon sWirdeba fuli da is ar aris banki. amitom, sa-varaudod, yvelaze realuri gamosavali aris is, rom a da b dadeben manqa-nis nasyidobis xelSekrulebas, xolo b dadebs sesxis xelSekrulebas bank g-sTan 10 000 laris sesxebis Taobaze. albaT banki moiTxovs uzrunvelyo-fis saSualebas da, TavisTavad cxadia, rom manqana saukeTesod gamodgeba am SemTxvevaSi. magram banks urCevnia finansuri lizingis xelSekruleba gaaformos, ra SemTxvevaSic a dadebs nasyidobis xelSekrulebas bankTan, xolo banki finansuri lizingis xelSekrulebas dadebs b-sTan.

2.8. aqedan Cans, rom arsebobs ramdenime gza, romlebiTac garkveuli Sedegis miRweva SeiZleba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi da xSirad mxolod SemTxveviTobazea damokidebuli, mxareebi romel gzas amoirCeven. da Tu profesionali mxare, magaliTad, banki, ar monawileobs, mxareebi ar dade-ben Zalian detalur xelSekrulebas. amitom bevri samsjelo Tema SeiZleba warmoiSvas iuridiul urTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad, manqanis xarisxis an b-s mier valis nawil-nawil gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT. mosam- mier valis nawil-nawil gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT. mosam-arTlisTvis yovelTvis dResaviT naTeli ar aris, ras izraxavdnen mxaree-bi. man unda Seamowmos yvela zemoaRniSnuli xelSekruleba. naklebad sava-raudoa, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani daexmareba mas yve-lasaTvis damakmayofilebeli da martivi pasuxis gacemaSi. agreTve, arc is ikveTeba, rom qarTveli mosamarTlis Sroma, romelsac saxelmZRvanelod ssk-is 1-10 muxlebi aqvs, ioli iqneba holandieli mosamarTlis SromasTan SedarebiT, radgan mas ar aqvs aseTi sakanonmdeblo saxelmZRvanelo.

2.9. es imas ar niSnavs, rom holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar moipoveba ssk-is 1-10 muxlebis msgavsi saxelmZRvanelo wesebi. magram niderlandebSi aris farTod gavrcelebuli tendencia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis arsebo-ba ar niSnavs, TiTqos samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebisTvis adgili darCe-kanonSemoqmedebisTvis adgili darCe- adgili darCe-nili araa; agreTve, realurad, mniSvnelobamoklebulia kanonis mosamarT-mniSvnelobamoklebulia kanonis mosamarT- kanonis mosamarT-mosamarT-lebrivi ganmartebisa da gamoyenebis reglamentireba da instruqtaJi.

3. qarTuli da holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsebis zogadi struqtura

3.1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi eqvsi wignisgan Sedgeba: wigni pir-veli – samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani, wigni meore – sanivTo (qonebrivi) samarTali, wigni mesame – valdebulebiTi samarTali, wigni meoTxe – inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, wigni mexuTe – sa-– inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, wigni mexuTe – sa- inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, wigni mexuTe – sa-– sasa-ojaxo samarTali da wigni meeqvse – memkvidreobis samarTali. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi cxra wignisgan Sedgeba: wigni pirveli – pirebisa da



saojaxo samarTali, wigni meore – iuridiuli pirebi, wigni mesame – saqo-– iuridiuli pirebi, wigni mesame – saqo- iuridiuli pirebi, wigni mesame – saqo-– saqo- saqo-nelTan da uflebebTan dakavSirebuli samarTlis zogadi nawili, wigni meoTxe – memkvidreobis samarTali, wigni mexuTe – sakuTrebiTi xasiaTis uflebebi, wigni meeqvse – valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogadi nawili, wigni meSvide – calkeuli xelSekrulebebi, wigni meSvide A – gagrZeleba, wigni merve – satransporto saSualebebi da satransporto samarTali da wigni mecxre – inteleqtualuri sakuTreba (jer ar Sesula ZalaSi).

3.2. erTi SexedviT, am or kodeqss Soris bevri sxvaobaa, magram, Cemi azriT, es araswori warmodgenaa. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu vilaparakebT èrTi da igive sakiTxebis sxvadasxvagvar reglamentaciaze~. saqarTvelos sam-oqalaqo kodeqsi, magaliTad, aerTianebs holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe, meSvide, meSvide A da merve wignebs erT – mesame wignSi. xolo Tu am wignebis Sinaarss SevadarebT, davinaxavT, rom Tavebis da sakiTxebis Tana-mimdevroba metnaklebad erTnairia.

3.3. Tumca, sxvadasxva struqtura imavdroulad niSnavs imas, rom am ori samarTlis Sedarebisas kodeqsis sxvadasxva adgilebi unda moiSvelio. ma-galiTad, Tu dainteresebuli xarT holandiuri valdebulebaTa samarT-holandiuri valdebulebaTa samarT- valdebulebaTa samarT-liT, unda gaecno ara marto hsk-is meeqvse wigns, aramed mesame wignsac, ro-hsk-is meeqvse wigns, aramed mesame wignsac, ro- meeqvse wigns, aramed mesame wignsac, ro-melSic mocemuli zogadi normebi valdebulebebis mimarTac gamoiyeneba.

3.4. Semdegma magaliTma SeiZleba ufro naTlad warmoaCinos es Tema. ssk-is 709-e muxli gansazRvravs davalebis xelSekrulebas. am xelSekrulebiT, rwmunebuli valdebulia, Seasrulos misTvis davalebuli (mindobili) erTi an ramdenime iuridiuli an sxva moqmedeba marwmuneblis saxeliT da xarjze. magram davaleba aramarto davalebis xelSekrulebis Sedegia, aramed SeiZleba saxelSekrulebo samarTals an TviT valdebulebiT sam-arTalsac ki scildebodes. magaliTad, muSaks SeiZleba hqondes rwmuneba misi SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, muSaki muSaobs su-su-namoebis maRaziaSi da aqvs rwmuneba, dados xelSekruleba momxmarebel- maRaziaSi da aqvs rwmuneba, dados xelSekruleba momxmarebel-Tan damqiraveblis saxeliT. aseve, magaliTad, saxazino SezRuduli pasux-ismgeblobis sazogadoebis direqtors, misi daniSvnisa da Tanamdebobis safuZvelze, aqvs sazogadoebis saxeliT moqmedebis rwmuneba. amgvarad, holandielma kanonmdebelma, gansxvavebiT wina samoqalaqo kodeqsisgan, gadawyvita, davalebis sakiTxi daeregulirebina ara xelSekrulebebis wignSi, aramed mesame wignSi, romelic warmoadgens samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawils da romelic ar exeba saojaxo samarTals.

3.5. igive komentari SeiZleba gamoiTqvas qarTul valdebulebiT samar-TalTan mimarTebiT. magaliTad, iuridiul moqmedebebTan da garigebeb-Tan, agreTve, maT namdviloba-baTilobasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi nor-namdviloba-baTilobasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi nor- dakavSirebuli zogadi nor-mebi, romlebic, rasakvirvelia, gamoiyeneba valdebulebiTi samarTlis da, ufro konkretulad, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis mimarT, mocemulia ara valdebulebebis wignSi, aramed ssk-is 50-62 muxlebSi saTauriT `gari-ssk-is 50-62 muxlebSi saTauriT `gari- 50-62 muxlebSi saTauriT `gari-50-62 muxlebSi saTauriT `gari- muxlebSi saTauriT `gari-gebani – zogadi normebi~. am mxriv, imave wesiTaa dalagebuli holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi. iuridiul moqmedebebTan da garigebebTan dakavSire-buli zogadi normebi mocemulia hsk-is 3:32 - 3:59 muxlebSi da ara meeqvse an meSvide wignebSi.

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3.6. marTalia, holandieli kanonmdebeli ecada, maqsimaluri sistematiza-cia moexdina samarTlis sxvadasxva sferoebisaTvis saerTo samarTlebri-vi cnebebis da normebis dalagebiT, magram man es srulad mainc ver moax-erxa. magaliTad, marTalia, daqorwineba, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiTac, gansxvavdeba nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebisgan, igi mainc garkveul-wilad iseTive iuridiuli moqmedebaa, rogorc nasyidobis xelSekrule-bis dadeba. amitom holandielma kanonmdebelma axal samoqalaqo kodeqsSi Semoitana iseTi fenomeni, rogoricaa `normis gamoyeneba mutatis mutandis.~1 magaliTad, hsk-is 3:59 muxlSi naTqvamia: `saqonelTan da uflebebTan da-hsk-is 3:59 muxlSi naTqvamia: `saqonelTan da uflebebTan da- 3:59 muxlSi naTqvamia: `saqonelTan da uflebebTan da-3:59 muxlSi naTqvamia: `saqonelTan da uflebebTan da- muxlSi naTqvamia: `saqonelTan da uflebebTan da-kavSirebuli samarTlis garda, am Tavis aRniSnuli muxli gamoiyeneba mu-mu-tatis mutandis, Tu samarTlebrivi aqti an samarTlebrivi urTierToba SeusabamobaSia mis gamoyenebasTan.~ magaliTad, sulier avadmyofobasTan dakavSirebuli norma, romelic gamoxatulia hsk-is 3:34 muxlis pirvel na-hsk-is 3:34 muxlis pirvel na- 3:34 muxlis pirvel na-3:34 muxlis pirvel na- muxlis pirvel na-wilSi, gamoiyeneba qorwinebis mimarTac.

3.7. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom samarTlis sistemis an misi nawi-lis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, valdebulebaTa samarTali) Sedarebisas sxva samarTlis sistemasTan an mis nawilTan, ar unda dagvabnios am sistemebis sxvadasxva struqturam da unda vicodeT, rom xSirad sakanonmdeblo `ge-movnebazea~ damokidebuli kanonmdeblobaSi sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Camoya-libeba.

4. ramdenime SeniSvna kanonmdeblobebis Sedarebis Sesaxeb

4.1. is, rac qarTuli da holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsebis zogadi struq-holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsebis zogadi struq- samoqalaqo kodeqsebis zogadi struq-turis Sesaxeb iTqva, iwvevs sam, Cemi azriT, sakmaod mniSvnelovan SeniSv-nas, romlebic ar unda dagvaviwydes sxvadasxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobe-bis Sedarebisas.

4.2. pirveli _ rogorc adre aRvniSneT, xSirad kanonmdebloba aris an ga-moiyureba sxva qveynis kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, oRond sxvagvari sa-TaurebiT. magram arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imis garkvevas, praqtika-Sic erTnairi gamoyeneba aqvs Tu ara kanonmdeblobebs. sakmarisi ar aris mxolod kanonebis teqstebis Sedareba, romlebic, magaliTad, samoqa-laqo kodeqsebSi weria. rogorc mogvianebiT iqneba am wignSi aRniSnuli, teqstobrivi TvalsazrisiT, kanonebSi didi gansxvaveba ar aris qarTul da holandiur valdebulebiT samarTals Soris. vinaidan imaSi garkveva, Tu samarTali rogor aris praqtikaSi gamoxatuli, SeiZleba mxolod pre-cedentuli samarTlis da akademiuri naSromebis SeswavliT da radganac, wignis am nawilis avtorisTvis mainc, gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi da sax-elmZRvaneloebi qarTul samarTalze ar moipoveba farTod cnobil ucxo enaze, mkafio ar aris da verc vimsjelebT darwmunebiT, rom saqarTvelos valdebulebiTi samarTali da holandiis valdebulebiTi samarTali namd-vilad metnaklebad igivea.

1 laTinurad niSnavs `Sesabamisi gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT~.



4.3. meore, Tu davaskvniT, rom or Sedarebul samarTlis sistemas Soris ar-sebobs gansxvavebebi, radganac ver vipoveT erTi da igive wesebi am siste-mebis kanonebSi, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom samarTlis pirveli sistema meo-resgan marTla gansxvavdeba. es gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu SevxedavT, magaliTad, saqarTvelos iuridiul normebs xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis Sesaxeb da SevadarebT am sakiTxis regulirebas qarTul samarTalSi holan-holan-diur samarTals. ssk-is 348-e muxlSi aRniSnulia: `xelSekrulebis stand- samarTals. ssk-is 348-e muxlSi aRniSnulia: `xelSekrulebis stand-ssk-is 348-e muxlSi aRniSnulia: `xelSekrulebis stand- 348-e muxlSi aRniSnulia: `xelSekrulebis stand-348-e muxlSi aRniSnulia: `xelSekrulebis stand- muxlSi aRniSnulia: `xelSekrulebis stand-artul pirobebSi, romlebsac SemTavazebeli iyenebs im fizikuri pirebis mimarT, romlebic ar misdeven samewarmeo saqmianobas, (...) miiCneva baTilad: (...) v. debuleba, romelic gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zia-v. debuleba, romelic gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zia- debuleba, romelic gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zia-nisaTvis, rac gamowveulia SemTavazeblis an misi warmomadgenlis mier ux-SemTavazeblis an misi warmomadgenlis mier ux- an misi warmomadgenlis mier ux-eSi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevis gamo (pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblobis gamo); z. debuleba, romliTac SemTavazeblis mier Zi-z. debuleba, romliTac SemTavazeblis mier Zi- debuleba, romliTac SemTavazeblis mier Zi-SemTavazeblis mier Zi- mier Zi-riTadi valdebulebis darRvevisas: xelSekrulebis meore mxares erTmeva an ezRudeba ufleba, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze (...).~ axla Tu CavixedavT inglisur samarTalSi, ufro konkretulad ki, usamarTlo saxelSekru-lebo pirobebis Sesaxeb inglisis kanonSi, iq ver vipoviT saxelSekrulebo pirobis cnebas, romelic baTilia sakanonmdeblo normis safuZvelze. mag-baTilia sakanonmdeblo normis safuZvelze. mag- sakanonmdeblo normis safuZvelze. mag-ram, inglisSi arsebobs cneba, romelic qarTul samarTalSi ar moipoveba, magram imave mizans emsaxureba, rasac zemoaRniSnuli ssk-is 348-e muxli. inglisSi mosamarTleebma precedentuli samarTlis meSveobiT Camoayali-bes cneba `xelSekrulebis arsebiTi darRveva~. mosamarTleebi ar amboben, rom Tu xelSekruleba Seicavs ssk-is 348-e muxlSi aRniSnulis msgavs piro-ssk-is 348-e muxlSi aRniSnulis msgavs piro- 348-e muxlSi aRniSnulis msgavs piro-348-e muxlSi aRniSnulis msgavs piro- muxlSi aRniSnulis msgavs piro-bas, maSin es piroba baTilia. magram isini am pirobis ganmartebis safuZvel-baTilia. magram isini am pirobis ganmartebis safuZvel- magram isini am pirobis ganmartebis safuZvel-ze amboben, rom es piroba ganekuTvneba arsebiT darRvevas, rac aris ofer-ofer-entis ZiriTadi valdebulebis darRveva. saboloo jamSi, Sedegi qarTul samarTalSic da imave samarTalSic erTi da igivea: Tu oferenti arRvevs Tavis ZiriTad valdebulebas, mas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebul pirobas, rom mas pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba.

4.4. mesame da yvelaze saxifaTo aris situacia, rodesac sxvadasxva qveyana-Si gamoiyeneba erTi da igive cneba, magram mas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs TiToeul am qveyanaSi. cnobil magaliTad gamodgeba inglisis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze aluminis sawarmo Vaasen B.V. Sps ro-Sps ro- ro-ro-malpas winaaRmdeg. am saqmeze, holandiurma aluminis kompaniam alumini, nedleuli masalis saxiT, mihyida inglisur kompanias. xelSekrulebaSi, rogorc xSirad xdeba, ido debuleba, rom sanam myidveli SeTanxmebul fass srulad ar gadaixdida, holandiuri kompania aluminis mesakuTred rCeboda. es midgoma, rogorc Cans mocemulia ssk-is 188-e muxlis pirvel punqtSi. gamomdinare romauli samarTlebrivi cnebidan `fiducia� cum� c��di�� cum� c��di�cum� c��di�� c��di�c��di�to��”, myidveli, romelic ver gaxdeba saqonlis mesakuTre fasis srulad gadauxdelobis gamo, iwodeba `fiduciai� �ig�naa�”, romelsac, Tu inglisuri-dan sityvasityviT gadavTargmniT, miviRebT `fiduciarul mesakuTres~. zemoaRniSnul saqmeSi xelSekrulebaSi SeTanxmebuli iyo, rom gamoyene-bad kanonmdeblobas warmoadgenda holandiuri kanonmdebloba. amgvarad, inglisel mosamarTles unda gamoeyenebina holandiuri kanonmdebloba, rac, rogorc TviTon gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, gaakeTa kidec. magram ing-lisur samarTalSi sityvebi `fiduciaruli mesakuTre” niSnavs `qonebis

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meurves”.2 amgvarad, ingliselma mosamarTlem, romelmac, rogorc TviTon ambobda, gamoiyena holandiuri kanonmdebloba, faqtobrivad gamoitana ga-holandiuri kanonmdebloba, faqtobrivad gamoitana ga- kanonmdebloba, faqtobrivad gamoitana ga-dawyvetileba, romelsac is verasodes gamoitanda holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, radgan holandiuri samarTali ar icnobs inglisuri `qonebis meurvis” cnebas dualuri sakuTrebisTvis (erTi mxriv, `qonebis meurvis” samarTlebrivi uflebebi da, meore mxriv, `qonebis meurveobis benefici-benefici-aris” sargeblis miRebis anu “equitable”3 uflebebi) da `sameurveo qonebis nayofis gakontrolebis~ doqtrinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi spe-cifikuri niSnebiT. mocemul saqmeSi inglisurma kompaniam nayofi miiRo im nedleulisgan, romelic mas holandiurma kompaniam mihyida; es nayofi inglisurma kompaniam, Tavis mxriv, mihyida sacalo movaWreebs, romleb-sac SeTanxmebuli fasi jer kidev ar gadaexadaT inglisuri kompaniisTvis. holandiuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, gamyidvelis sakuTrebis ufleba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac qoneba aRar aris myidvelis, rogorc `fiduci-`fiduci-aruli mesakuTris” mflobelobaSi – am frazis holandiuri samarTlis gagebiT – anu, mocemul saqmeSi, rodesac myidvelma Sesabamisi qonebidan axali nayofi miiRo da mihyida es qoneba mesame pirebs. es niSnavs, ingli-suri kompania rom gakotrebuliyo, holandiuri kompania iqneboda, sxva araferi, Tu ara Cveulebrivi kreditori, yovelgvari upiratesi uflebe-bis gareSe. inglisuri samarTlis mixedviT ki, rodesac inglisuri kompania xdeba `fiduciaruli mesakuTre~ – am frazis inglisuri samarTlis gage-`fiduciaruli mesakuTre~ – am frazis inglisuri samarTlis gage- mesakuTre~ – am frazis inglisuri samarTlis gage-– am frazis inglisuri samarTlis gage- am frazis inglisuri samarTlis gage-biT – da, Sesabamisad, `qonebis meurve~ – rogorc ingliselebs esmiT am cnebis mniSvneloba – maSin holandieli gamyidveli xdeba `beneficiari~, romelsac aqvs zemoxsenebuli `gakontrolebis~ inglisuri doqtrinis upiratesoba, rac mocemul saqmeSi niSnavda, rom mas hqonda mesakuTris da, Sesabamisad, upiratesi uflebebi inglisuri kompaniis moTxovnis uflebe-bze sacalo movaWreebis mimarT, romelTac fasi jer ar gadaexadaT, rac, ra Tqma unda, zians ayenebda Sps `romalpas~ sxva kreditorebs. am ambis dasas-Sps `romalpas~ sxva kreditorebs. am ambis dasas- `romalpas~ sxva kreditorebs. am ambis dasas-`romalpas~ sxva kreditorebs. am ambis dasas- sxva kreditorebs. am ambis dasas-ruli gaxlavT Semdegi: holandiurma kompaniam daumsaxurebeli sargebeli miiRo imis gamo, rom ingliselma mosamarTlem dauSva Secdoma – romelic gasagebicaa – roca erTsa da imave termins holandiur samarTalSic da inglisur samarTalSic erTi da igive mniSvneloba mianiWa, maSin, rodesac, sinamdvileSi, am termins am or qveyanaSi sxvagvarad igebdnen.

2 inglisuri sityvis (trustee) es Targmani pirobiTia, radgan mas anglo-saqsonur samarTlis sistemaSi am sistemisTvis specifikuri samarTlebrivi datvirTva aqvs da SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebul sakuTrebis mindobas – mTargmnelis SeniSvna. 3 am sityvas, romelic araiuridiuli gagebiT `samarTlians~ niSnavs, qarTuli samarTlis sistemaSi zusti Sesatyvisi ar moepoveba.



Tavi 2

gansxvavebebi sanivTo samarTalsa da valdebule�baTa samarTals Soris

1. Sesavali

1.1. rogorc holandiur, ise qarTul samarTalSi mkafiod aris gamijnuli sanivTo samarTali da valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tumca, orive maTgani exeba adamianebis ekonomikur saqmianobas, magram ara rogorc maT mdgoma-reobas da urTierTobas saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi.

1.2. samarTlis TvaliT, nivTi aris realuri qoneba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, miwis nakveTi an saxli an piradi qoneba, romelic iyofa xelSesaxeb qone-bad – magaliTad, Rvinis boTli – da araxelSesaxeb qonebad – magaliTad, wili saaqcio sazogadoebaSi an moTxovnis ufleba mesame piris mimarT. sa-nivTo samarTali samarTlis is nawilia, romelic exeba nivTTan dakavSire-bul samarTlebriv ufleba-movaleobebs. igi Seexeba urTierTobas pirsa da nivTs Soris da fokusirdeba am urTierTobaze.

1.3. valdebulebiTi samarTali ki exeba samarTlebriv urTierTobebs or an met konkretulad gansazRvrul adamianebs Soris da gansazRvravs erTi pi-ris ufleba-movaleobebs meore piris mimarT. valdebulebiTi samarTali exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad is, rom mZRols aqvs valde-buleba sagzao moZraobis sxva monawileebis mimarT, ar miayenos maT ziani, anda myidveli valdebulia, gadauxados SeTanxmebuli fasi gamyidvels, an kidev, damqiravebels aqvs ufleba, isargeblos daqiravebuli farTiT, agreTve, samuSaos mimcems aqvs ufleba muSakis Sromaze.

2. sanivTo samarTlis valdebulebiTi samarTlisgan ganmasxvavebeli zogierTi Tavisebureba

2.1. zogadad, sanivTo uflebas pativi unda sces yvelam. magaliTad, saxlis mesakuTres SeuZlia uCivlos yvelas, vinc arRvevs mis sakuTrebis ufle-bas. aseve, unda vicodeT, vis ekuTvnis sanivTo ufleba da amitom, rogorc minimum, uZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi, sanivTo uflebebi registrirebuli unda iyos reestrSi, romelic yvelasaTvis sajaro unda iyos. valdebule-biTi samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba ki SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod mocemuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis meore mxaris mimarT, ro-melic xSirad movaled iwodeba da romelsac aqvs valdebuleba kredito-ris mimarT.

2.2. samarTlis sistemaTa umetesobaSi, im principis Sedegad, rom sanivTo ufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes yvelas mimarT, es uflebebi SesaZloa dadgindes mxolod kanoniT. am sistemas uwodeben `sanivTo uflebebis Caketil sistemas”, anu qonebrivi uflebebis ”num��us clausus”. valdebule- valdebule-baTa samarTali ki Ria sistemaa. kanoniT dadgenili garkveuli sazRvrebis

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farglebSi pirs SeuZlia, Sevides nebismier samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi, romelsac moisurvebs.

2.3. sanivTo uflebas aqvs, rogorc xSirad frangulad amboben, ”d�oit d� suit�”: sanivTo ufleba Tan sdevs nivTs, vis xelSic ar unda iyos igi. magaliTad, Tu ipoTekiT datvirTuli saxlis mesakuTre saxls gadascems mesame pirs, amiT ar ilaxeba ipoTekaris uflebebi, romelsac SeuZlia, Tavisi ipoTekiT gansazRvruli ufleba gamoiyenos am mesame piris mimarT. amisgan gansxva-vebiT, piradi ufleba, Tumca is qonebas exeba, ar aris am qonebis Tanmdevi. magaliTad, Tu a debs misi manqanis nasyidobis xelSekrulebas b-sTan da manqanis b-sTvis gadacemamde igi am manqanas gadascems c-s, xelSekruleba a-sa da b-s Soris mainc arsebobs da mainc ZalaSia – Tumca a veRar SeZlebs valdebulebis Sesrulebas b-s mimarT – magram b-s ar SeuZlia misi saxel- ar SeuZlia misi saxel-Sekrulebo ufleba manqanasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyenos c-s mimarT.

2.4. sanivTo samarTalSi arsebobs principi p�io� t�mpo�� potio� iu��: mas, visac yvelaze adre hqonda sanivTo ufleba, aqvs upiratesoba im pirTan Sedare-biT, vinc ufleba mogvianebiT moipova. magaliTad, Tu saxlis mesakuTre ipoTekiT datvirTavs mis saxls 2006 wlis 2 marts b-s sasargeblod da 2006 wlis 2 aprils c-s sasargeblod, maSin b-s upiratesi ufleba eqneba g-sTan SedarebiT. xolo Tu a mis kuTvnil velosipeds jer gadascems b-s, xolo Semdeg g-s, b gaxdeba mesakuTre da g-s ar eqneba sanivTo ufleba velosipe- ar eqneba sanivTo ufleba velosipe-dis mimarT. rac Seexeba valdebulebiT samarTals, aq aseTi upiratesobis wesi ar arsebobs. Tu a dadebs misi kuTvnili saxlis nasyidobis xelSekru-lebas b-sTan 2006 wlis 2 marts da g-sTan 2006 wlis 2 aprils, am SemTxvevaSi b-s g-sTan SedarebiT upiratesi ufleba ar eqneba. SeiZleba piriqiTac, Tu mesakuTre saxls gadascems g-s da ara b-s, saxlze uflebis Tvalsazri- saxlze uflebis Tvalsazri-siT, g-s ukeTesi pozicia eqneba b-sTan SedarebiT, radgan mas aqvs sanivTo ufleba, ra SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs principi: vinc ufro adre iyo, mas upi-ratesi ufleba aqvs.

2.5. sanivTo samarTalsa da valdebulebiT samarTals Soris am gansxvave-bis Sedegis yvelaze kargad danaxva SeiZleba gakotrebis magaliTze. Tu, magaliTad, a-m Tavisi velosipedi miaqirava b-s da b gakotrda, a-s SeuZ- SeuZ-lia, Tavisi velosipedi ukan daibrunos gakotrebis mmarTvelisgan. meore mxriv, Tu 2006 wlis 4 ivliss a-m asesxa b-s 4 000 lari da b Tavisi braliT 2006 wlis 4 agvistos mohyva sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevaSi, riTac daS-sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevaSi, riTac daS- SemTxvevaSi, riTac daS-avda g da manve ganicada ziani 2 000 laris odenobiT, xolo amis Semdeg b gakotrda 2006 wlis 4 seqtembers, a ar aris g-sTan SedarebiT ukeTes pozi- SedarebiT ukeTes pozi-ciaSi mxolod im mizeziT, rom misi moTxovna ufro adre dadga. vTqvaT, b-s qoneba Sedgeba 3 000 larisgan; a miiRebs 2 000 lars, xolo g miiRebs 1 000 lars. amitom, valdebulebaTa samarTalSi ar arsebobs upiratesobis wesi, magram arsebobs e.w. pa�itas c��dito�um principi: yvela kreditors Tanaswori mopyroba unda hqondes. es principi niderlandebis SemTxvevaSi Cadebulia hsk-is 3:277 muxlSi. 1992 wlis kanonmdeblobaSi am principis winaaRmdego- 3:277 muxlSi. 1992 wlis kanonmdeblobaSi am principis winaaRmdego-3:277 muxlSi. 1992 wlis kanonmdeblobaSi am principis winaaRmdego- muxlSi. 1992 wlis kanonmdeblobaSi am principis winaaRmdego-brivi normacaa Cadebuli 3:298 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu ori an meti kreditori sasamarTlo wesiT iTxovs konkretul Sesrulebas qonebis maTTvis gadacemis saxiT, upiratesoba eniWeba yvelaze adreul uflebas, Tu kanoni, uflebaTa xasiaTi an gonivrulobis an samarTlianobis princi-gonivrulobis an samarTlianobis princi- an samarTlianobis princi-pi sxvagvarad ar moiTxovs.



2.6. sanivTo samarTalSi moqmedebs principi “n�mo�plus�iu�is�ad alium t�ansf�� pot�st quam ips� hab�t”, rac imas niSnavs, rom aravis SeuZlia imaze upiratesi ufleba gadasces sxvas nivTze, romelic Tavad mas aqvs. magaliTad, me ma-qvs ssk-is 233-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli aRnagobis ufleba 20 wlis va-ssk-is 233-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli aRnagobis ufleba 20 wlis va- 233-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli aRnagobis ufleba 20 wlis va-233-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli aRnagobis ufleba 20 wlis va- muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli aRnagobis ufleba 20 wlis va-diT, me SemiZlia es ufleba gadavce mesame pirs, magram ar SemiZlia gadavce mTlianad uZravi nivTi an aRnagobis ufleba 20 welze meti vadiT. val-debulebiTi samarTlis SemTxvevaSi ki, kanonierad SemiZlia davdo xel-Sekruleba saxlze, romelic me ar mekuTvnis. ra Tqma unda, aq wamoiWreba sakiTxi, SevZleb Tu ara am xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebas, magram es gavlenas ver moaxdens kanoniT xelSekrulebis arsebobaze. magaliTad, Cemi mezoblis saxli mivyide mesame mxares garkveul fasad imitom, rom me, vici ra Cemi mezoblis finansuri problemebi, darwmunebuli var, rom igi sixaruliT daTanxmdeba misi saxlis CemTvis moyidvas ufro dabal fasad, riTac me karg sargebels miviReb. am tipis xelSekrulebebi, kerZod, im qo-nebis nasyidobasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic gamyidvels ar ekuTvnis, sak-maod gavrcelebulia saaqcio sazogadoebebis aqciebiT vaWrobaSi. magali-Tad, bankma SeiZleba gayidos aqciebi dRes moqmedi sabirJo fasiT da aiRos valdebuleba, rom es aqciebi myidvels gadasces erTi kviris Semdeg. bankma SeiZleba ispekuliros, rom am erTi kviris Semdeg aqciebis fasi daeca da erTi kviris Semdeg gadasacemi aqciebi iyidos imaze ufro dabal fasad, vidre is Tavis myidvels SeuTanxmda da amiT miiRos mogeba. xelSekrule-bebi im qonebis Taobaze, romelic gamyidvels ar ekuTvnis, aseve sakmaod gavrcelebulia sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi. magaliTad, kartofilis gamyidveli yidulobs fermerisgan yvela kartofils mosavlis aRebamde erTi wliT adre, rodesac jer erTi kartofilis Teslic ar aris miwaSi Carguli. aseTi xelSekrulebis namdviloba eWvs ar iwvevs, magram aCens rTul SekiTxvebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mogvianebiT gairkva, rom gamyidvels ar SeuZlia Sesruleba, radgan zedmetad wvimiani zamTris gamo kartofi-lis mTeli mosavali ganadgurda. amitom, aqedan gamodis daskvna, rom me ver gadavcem qonebas, romelic Cemi ar aris, magram me SemiZlia gavyido qoneba, Tundac is, jerjerobiT, me ar mekuTvnodes.

2.7. xSirad amboben, rom sanivTo samarTali `statikaa~, xolo valdebu-lebiTi samarTali – `dinamika~. sanivTo samarTali gamoxatavs garkveul statuss mocemul momentSi. ase vTqvaT, is gamoxatavs, rogorc aris msof-lioSi saqoneli da keTildReoba ganawilebuli adamianebs Soris an kompa-niebis msgavs iuridiul pirebs Soris mocemul momentSi. nebismier sazo-gadoebaSi, viRacebs ufro meti qoneba aqvT, vidre sxvebs. valdebulebiTi samarTali ki asaxavs dinamiur process, romlis drosac sazogadoebaSi xdeba an moxdeba saqonlisa da keTildReobis ganawileba an am ganawile-bis Secvla. is, rac am wuTSi maRaziis mflobels ekuTvnis, SeiZleba meore wuTSi ekuTvnodes momxmarebels, Tu misi gadacema moxda namdvili nasyi-dobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.

2.8. amitom sanivTo samarTali asaxavs mdgomareobas, romelic aris moqa-laqeTa Soris saqonlisa da keTildReobis ganawilebis da am urTierTobis Sedegi (da, Sesabamisad, pasuxobs iseT SekiTxvebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad _ vis ekuTvnis konkretuli avtomobili), xolo valdebulebiTi samarTali asaxavs am Sedegis da aseTi ganawilebis mizezs (da, Sesabamisad, pasuxobs iseT SekiTxvebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad _ rogor moxda, rom esa da es av-

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tomobili ekuTvnis ama da am pirovnebas). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: sa-nivTo samarTali asaxavs mdgomareobas, romelic gamiznulia darCenaze (magaliTad, velosipedis mesakuTris uflebebis dacviT, romlis ufle-bebic Seilaxa mesame piris mier), xolo valdebulebiTi samarTali asaxavs imas, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli arsebuli mdgomareobis dasruleba da axlis dadgena (magaliTad, imis meSveobiT, rom a-m da b-m dadon xelSekru- dadon xelSekru-leba, romlis ZaliTac, a-s mier velosipedis mflobeloba dasruldeba da dadgindeba axali mflobeloba b-s mier).

2.9. nivTTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia, gansazRvruli iyos Tavad es nivTi. SeuZlebelia, vinme iyos ganusazRvreli nivTis mflobeli. Tu me myavs ori manqana, romelTagan erT-erTs viyeneb sanivTo xasiaTis garigebis miznebisTvis, magaliTad, igi unda gamoyene-bul iqnes ssk-is 254-e da 255-e muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunve-ssk-is 254-e da 255-e muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunve- 254-e da 255-e muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunve-254-e da 255-e muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunve- da 255-e muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunve-255-e muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunve- muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunve-lyofis saSualebad, aucilebelia, mkafiod iyos ganmartebuli, romel manqanazea laparaki, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofis ufleba ar warmoiSoba. saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi ki, piriqiT, ar aris aucilebeli, rom saqoneli gansazRvruli iyos. es sakiTxi ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes, SeiZleba aseTi magaliTis moyvana. qarxanas, romelic awarmoebs “ladas” markis avtomobilebs, sawyobSi aqvs 100 000 lada, romlebic gaCerebulia mis teritoriaze. qarxana debs nasyidobis xelSekrulebas TbilisSi myof ladas dilerTan. dileri yidulobs 1 000 ladas qarxnis sawyobidan, nayidi avtomobilebis gansazRvris gareSe. nasyidobis xelSekrulebaSi SeTanxme-buli da Cawerilia, rom 1 000 cal gayidul ladas avtomobilze sakuTre-bis ufleba dauyovnebliv gadadis myidvelze. xelSekrulebis dadebidan meore dRes ladas qarxnis TanamSromels 500 cali avtomobili lada qarx-nis gasaCerebeli adgilidan gadahyavs baTumis rkinigzis sadgurSi, sadac xdeba am avtomobilebis markireba, rom isini matarebliT unda gaegzavnos dilers. erTi dRis Semdeg, rodesac aRniSnuli 500 cali avtomobili jer kidev baTumSia Tbilisis mimarTulebiT transportirebis molodinSi da, imavdroulad, danarCeni 500 cali lada kvlav gaCerebulia qarxnis avto-sadgomze, ladas qarxana kotrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, misi dadebis momentidan moyolebuli, arsebobs namdvili xelSekruleba 1 000 ladaze, Tumca, gan-sazRvruli ar aris, romel 1 000 ladazea laparaki ladas qarxnis sawyobSi myofi 100 000 ladadan. da miuxedavad imisa, rom, xelSekrulebis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis dadebis momentidanve dileri xdeba 1 000 gayiduli ladas mesakuTre, qarxnis gakotrebis momentisTvis igi mesakuTrea mxolod ba-Tumis rkinigzis sadgurSi arsebuli 500 cali avtomobilisa, radgan mxo-lod es 500 cali avtomobilia ise saTanadod gansazRvruli, rom maT mi-marT SesaZlebelia dileris sakuTrebis uflebis gamoyeneba.

3. sanivTo uflebebis saxeebi

3.1. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna (paragrafi 2.2.), im principis Sedegad, rom sanivTo ufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes yvelas mimarT, es uflebebi SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod kanoniT da maT xSirad uwodeben `sanivTo uflebebis Caketil sistemas~. umetesoba samarTlis sistemebSi, qarTli



da holandiuri samarTlis sistemebis msgavsad, sanivTo uflebebi sam ka-holandiuri samarTlis sistemebis msgavsad, sanivTo uflebebi sam ka- samarTlis sistemebis msgavsad, sanivTo uflebebi sam ka-tegoriad iyofa.

3.2. yvelaze mniSvnelovani, bevris momcveli da sruli ufleba aris (daut-virTavi) sakuTrebis ufleba. hsk-is 5:1 muxli gansazRvravs sakuTrebis cnebas, rogorc yvelaze srul uflebas, rac pirs SeiZleba hqondes saqo-nelTan dakavSirebiT. ssk-is 170-e muxlis pirveli punqti, marTalia, ar Seicavs cnebas, magram adgens, ra uflebebi aqvs saqonlis mesakuTres. ho-landiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aseTi aRweriloba mocemulia 5:1 muxlis me-2 punqtSi. ra Tqma unda, es gansxvaveba mxolod sakanonmdeblo teqnikis sakiTxia da mas ara aqvs iseTi Sedegi, rom sakuTrebis cnebas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

3.3. kanonis mier sakuTrebis uflebis, rogorc sruli da, faqtobrivad, SeuzRudavi uflebis aRiarebas is Sedegi aqvs, rom mesakuTres SeuZlia, saqonelze sakuTrebis uflebis SenarCunebis paralelurad, gadasces am saqonelze garkveuli SezRuduli uflebebi mesame pirs. nebismieri sam-arTlis sistema aRiarebs – kanoniT dadgenili SezRudvebiT –sxvisi sakuTrebiT sargeblobis rig uflebebs. qarTuli samarTali icnobs aR-nagobis (memkvidreobiT) uflebas (ssk-is 233-e muxli), uzufruqts (ssk-is 242-e muxli) da servituts (ssk-is 247-e muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic- muxli) da servituts (ssk-is 247-e muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic-servituts (ssk-is 247-e muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic- (ssk-is 247-e muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic-(ssk-is 247-e muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic- 247-e muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic-247-e muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic- muxli). holandiuri samarTali ic-holandiuri samarTali ic- samarTali ic-nobs uzufruqts (hsk-is muxli 3:201), servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir-uzufruqts (hsk-is muxli 3:201), servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir- (hsk-is muxli 3:201), servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir-(hsk-is muxli 3:201), servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir- muxli 3:201), servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir-3:201), servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir- servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir-servituts (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir- (hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir-(hsk-is 5:70 muxlis pir- 5:70 muxlis pir-5:70 muxlis pir- muxlis pir-veli), uZravi qonebis ijaras (hsk-is 5:85 muxlis pirveli nawili) da aRna-(hsk-is 5:85 muxlis pirveli nawili) da aRna- 5:85 muxlis pirveli nawili) da aRna-5:85 muxlis pirveli nawili) da aRna- muxlis pirveli nawili) da aRna-gobis (memkvidreobiT) uflebas (hsk-is 5:101 muxlis pirveli nawili).

3.4. sanivTo uflebebis am ori kategoriis garda, romlebic qonebas ZiriTa-dad ganixilavs, rogorc saqonels, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mesakuTris an SezRuduli uflebebiT mosargebles sasargeblod, qoneba aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad, rac gaTvaliswinebulia ssk-is 254-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT da hsk-is 3:227 muxliT. radgan es uzrunvelyofis saSualeba sanivTo xasiaTisaa, Se- muxliT. radgan es uzrunvelyofis saSualeba sanivTo xasiaTisaa, Se-degi gaxlavT is, rom mis mimarT gamoiyeneba sanivTo samarTlis wesebi, ro-goricaa magaliTad, wesi, rom ufro adrindel uflebas upiratesoba aqvs ufro axal uflebasTan SedarebiT, rom movale ver gadascems saqonelze imaze met uflebas, rac TviTon aqvs da rom uflebas pativi unda sces yve-lam. ukanaskneli wesi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan igi niSnavs, rom gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi kreditorze gakotreba uaryofiT gavlenas ar moaxdens, radgan am uflebas pativi unda sces gakotrebis mmarTvelmac da sxva kreditorebmac. es garkveviT aris gamoxatuli ssk-is 254-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi.

3.5. rogorc uZravi nivTi, ise moZravi nivTic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes uzrunvelyofis saSualebad. uZravi nivTis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad gamoyenebas hqvia ipoTeka, romelic moipoveba ssk-is 286-e muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebSi da hsk-is 3:260 muxlis pirvel nawilSi. moZravi nivTis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofas, Cveulebriv, hqvia giravnoba,4 romelic, mar-

4 ssk-is inglisur TargmanSi sityva `giravnobis~ (pledge) nacvlad, erTiani komerciuli kodeqsis terminologiasTan Sesabamisobis mizniT, gamoyenebulia sxva termini – ùz-runvelyofis ufleba~ (security interest). amitomac avtori aRniSnavs, rom `Cveulebriv, hqvia giravnobao~, Tumca, ssk-Si swored termini `giravnobaa~ gamoyenebuli – mTargmnelis Se-niSvna.

79

Talia, zustad am sityviT ara, magram moipoveba ssk-is 254-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi da hsk-is 3:236 muxlSi.

4. mesame pirebis dacva

4.1 zemoT aRiniSna, rom sanivTo samarTalSi moqmedebs principi ”n�mo�plus� iu�is�ad alium t�ansf�� pot�st quam ips� hab�t”, rac imas niSnavs, rom aravis SeuZlia imaze ukeTesi ufleba gadasces sxvas nivTze, rac TviTon mas aqvs. amis Sedegi aris is, rom Tu b gadascems c-s saqonels, romlis mesakuTre aris ara TviTon, aramed a, g ver gaxdeba am saqonlis mesakuTre. Tu g dau-flebulia aRniSnul saqonels, a-s SeuZlia, aRZras warmoeba g-s mimarT da amoiRos saqoneli. erTaderTi ufleba, rac g-s kanoniT aqvs, aris ufleba, uCivlos b-s, magaliTad, miyenebuli zianis gamo. principSi da sanivTo sam- magaliTad, miyenebuli zianis gamo. principSi da sanivTo sam-arTlis xisti wesebis mixedviT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, g-m icoda Tu ara, rom a iyo misTvis gadacemuli saqonlis mesakuTre da ara b.

4.2. miuxedavad amisa, yvela samarTlis sistemaSi arsebobs problema, rom interesTa SeuTavseblobas SeiZleba hqondes adgili, erTi mxriv, nivTis mesakuTresa (romelsac sanivTo samarTlis mixedviT, SeuZlia amoiRos Ta-visi nivTi, roca unda da visganac unda) da, meore mxriv, keTilsindisie-ri SemZeni mesame mxaris dacvas Soris. am konteqstSi keTilsindisiereba niSnavs imas, rom am mesame mxarem ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda scodnoda, rom misTvis gadacemuli qoneba ar ekuTvnoda im pirovnebas, vinc mas igi gadasca, xolo es mesame piri varaudobda, rom gadamcemi pirovneba mes-akuTre iyo.

4.3. rogorc zemoT (paragrafi 2.1) aRiniSna, sanivTo uflebebi SeiZleba da Zalian xSirad eqvemdebareba registracias, rac gaTvaliswinebulia ssk-is 311-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT da hsk-is 3:16 muxlis pirveli nawiliT. registraciis valdebuleba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli im principTan, rom sanivTo uflebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes nebismieri piris mimarT, rac marTebulicaa, radgan icis an, rogorc minimum, aqvs SesaZlebloba icodes, namdvilad aris Tu ara nivTis gadacemis mosurne piri am nivTis mesakuTre. amitom registraciiT xdeba mesame mxaris keTilsindisierebis acileba, zemoT mocemuli TvalsazrisiT.

4.4. magram registraciis SesaZlebloba da zogjer valdebulebac, ZiriTa-dad, uZrav qonebas exeba. ar arsebobs reestri velosipedebis, Zroxebis, leptopebis da sxva aseTi sagnebisTvis. amasTan, xSirad mesakuTris fizi- da sxva aseTi sagnebisTvis. amasTan, xSirad mesakuTris fizi-kur mflobelobaSi ar imyofeba mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli nivTi. xSirad nivTs fizikurad flobs sxva piri, megobari, mezobeli, adamiani, vinc wigni gaanaTxovra, maRaziis mflobeli, romelsac jer ar gadauxdia mis Taroeb-ze dawyobili saqonlis fasi, ris gamoc saqonlis mwarmoebeli inarCunebs am saqonelze uflebas, vidre mas srulad ar gadauxdis maRaziis mflobe-li da a.S.

4.5. umetesoba samarTlis sistemebSi aRniSnuli SeuTavseblobis gadaWra xdeba amgvarad: xelSesaxebi sagnebis SemTxvevaSi, mxare, romelic keTils-indisierad SeiZens nivTs, iqneba daculi, rac niSnavs, rom igi gaxdeba niv-



Tis kanonieri mesakuTre, xolo Tavdapirveli mesakuTre kargavs sakuTre-bis uflebas da rCeba arakeTilsindisieri gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis amara. magaliTad, b-m iqirava velosipedi Tavisi axlo megobari a-sgan, raTa gaiseirnos mzian dRes Tbilisis irgvliv mTeb- raTa gaiseirnos mzian dRes Tbilisis irgvliv mTeb-Si, magram dRis bolos man es velosipedi mihyida c-s, rom iSovos cota fuli da iyidos ludi, radgan mas Zalian moswyurda mTeli dRe velosi-pedze seirnobis Semdeg. Tu c keTilsindisierad moqmedebs, maSin is gax-deba velosipedis mesakuTre da igi valdebuli ar iqneba, daubrunos vel-osipedi a-s. a-s ki rCeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom ziani ainazRauros b-sgan, romelmac daarRvia Tavisi valdebuleba a-s mimarT, dRis bolos daebrunebina misTvis velosipedi, amasTan mTlianad daxarja fuli, rac velosipedis gayidviT moipova, riTac a ugergilo moTxovnis uflebis amara datova.

5.6. im mesame pirTa dacvis wesebi, romlebic keTilsindisierad SeiZenen nivTs aramesakuTresgan, qarTul samarTalSi regulirebulia ssk-is 158-e, 159-e da 160-e muxlebiT. holandiur samarTalSi es wesebi mocemulia hsk-is 3:86 muxlis pirvel nawilSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom, sul cota, ori mniSv- 3:86 muxlis pirvel nawilSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom, sul cota, ori mniSv-3:86 muxlis pirvel nawilSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom, sul cota, ori mniSv- muxlis pirvel nawilSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom, sul cota, ori mniSv-nelovani gansxvavebaa qarTul da holandiur kanonmdeblobebs Soris: holandiuri samarTali ar icavs mesame pirs, Tu mas nivTi saCuqris saxiT gadaeca (hsk-is 3:86 muxlis pirveli nawili) an Tu man nivTi miiRo imis Se-(hsk-is 3:86 muxlis pirveli nawili) an Tu man nivTi miiRo imis Se- 3:86 muxlis pirveli nawili) an Tu man nivTi miiRo imis Se-3:86 muxlis pirveli nawili) an Tu man nivTi miiRo imis Se- muxlis pirveli nawili) an Tu man nivTi miiRo imis Se-degad, rom Tavdapirvel mesakuTres es nivTi mohpares (hsk-is 3:68 mux-(hsk-is 3:68 mux- 3:68 mux-3:68 mux- mux-lis mesame nawili). orive SemTxvevaSi, Tavdapirvel mesakuTres SeuZlia, amoiRos nivTi mesame pirisgan, Tundac mesame piri keTilsindisierad moq-medebda. saqme cota rTuldeba imiT, rom holandielma kanonmdebelma 3:68 muxlis mesame nawilSi gaiTvaliswina gamonaklisis gamonaklisi da Cawera, rom mesame piri, romelic, rogorc momxmarebeli, keTilsindisierad Sei-Zens xelSesaxeb nivTs pirisgan, romelic misi Cveulebrivi samewarmeo saq-mianobis farglebSi yidis am nivTs (magaliTad, Tu momxmarebeli SeiZens velosipeds Cveulebriv velosipedebis maRaziaSi), aseTi myidveli dacu-lia da igi xdeba saqonlis mesakuTre.

5.7. ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis ioli ar aris imis dadgena, mesame piri moq-medebda Tu ara keTilsindisierad. magaliTad, Tu pirma iTxova wigni bib-lioTekidan da wignze StampiT gamosaxulia biblioTekis saxeli, maSin SeiZleba amtkicos, rom mesame piri, romelsac monaTxovre sTavazobs am wignis miyidvas, ar imoqmedebs keTilsindisierad, Tu ise iyidis wigns, rom jer ar gaarkvevs biblioTekaSi, es wigni ekuTvnis Tu ara am biblioTekas. meore mxriv, keTilsindisierad moqmedi mesame pirebis dacvis erT-erTi safuZveli aris is, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli normaluri samoqalaqo brunvisTvis xelSeSla, rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom, principSi, me-xelSeSla, rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom, principSi, me- rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom, principSi, me-same pirs ar evaleba imis gamoZieba, aqvs Tu ara gamsxvisebels gasxvisebis ufleba, Tundac am mesame pirs hqondes garkveuli eWvebi amasTan dakavSi-rebiT.

81

Tavi 3

gansxvavebebi saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris

1. Sesavali

1.1. rogorc niderlandebis, ise saqarTvelos kerZo samarTalSi arsebobs ori kategoriis valdebuleba, kerZod, erTi, romelic iqmneba xelSekru-lebiT da meore, romelic wesdeba samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Ria sistemas: garkveuli SezRud-vebis farglebSi mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon nebismieri xelSekruleba, ro-melsac moisurveben, maT Soris, iseTi xelSekrulebac, romelic pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. rac Seexeba arasaxelSe-krulebo valdebulebebs, aseTi valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. rogorc sanivTo uflebebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac adgili aqvs arasaxelSekrulebo valdebu-lebebis `Caketil sistemas~, anu ”num��us clausus”. saqarTveloSic da nider- saqarTveloSic da nider-nider-landebSic arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas deli- arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas deli-deli-qtidan (tort),5 davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis SesrulebiT (n�gotio�um g�stio), usafuZvlo gadaxdiT da usafuZvlo gamdidrebiT.

1.2. saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris mTa-vari gansxvaveba, ra Tqma unda, aris is, rom saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba warmoiSoba nebayoflobiT, xolo arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba ekis-reba kanoniT, movalis nebis sawinaaRmdegod. es idea asaxulia ssk-is 317-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi da hsk-is 6:1 muxlSi da 213 muxlis pirvel nawilSi.

1.3. am gansxvavebis Sedegi aris is, rom saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebisas mxareebi TviTon irCeven, Tu rogori Sinaarsis unda iyos maTi uflebebi da valdebulebebi. es niSnavs, rom uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlem unda ganmartos mxareTa ganzraxva da gadawyvitos, raze SeTanxmebas izrax-avdnen mxareebi. mosamarTlis saqme ar aris is, Tu ra miaCnia piradad mas samarTlianad da gonivrulad. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis SemTx-vevaSi ki, meore mxriv, valdebulebis Sinaarsi gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo kodeqsidan. uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi mosamarTlem unda gadawyvitos, ase vTqvaT, ra ganzraxva hqonda kanonmdebels an ras niSnavs kanonis sityvebi.

2. xelSekrulebebis ganmarteba

2.1. imis ganmarteba, rasac saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi mxareebi izraxavdnen, xSirad ioli ar aris. umetesad mxareebi faqtobri-vad bevrs arafers izraxavdnen da maT, ubralod, surdaT xelSekrulebis dadeba. da maSinac ki, rodesac mxareebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tanxmdebian

5 anglo-saqsonur sistemaSi gamoiyeneba termini tort, rac niSnavs samoqalaqo samarTaldar-Rvevas, deliqts – mTargmnelis SeniSvna.



molaparakebis gziT da sabolood dadeben mravalgverdian da mravalmux-mravalmux-lian werilobiT xelSekrulebas, ioli ar aris mxareTa saerTo nebis povna. piriqiT, TiToeul mxares Taviseburad esmis xelSekruleba. amitom, mosam-arTlis gadawyvetileba, Tu raze SeTanxmdnen mxareebi, ufro obieqturia, vidre is, rom vTqvaT, TiTqos mosamarTlem daadgina mxareTa Tavdapirve-li ganzraxva.

2.2. amitom kanonmdeblobebi xSirad Seicavs wesebs, romlebic mosamarT-les exmareba xelSekrulebis ganmartebaSi. qarTuli samarTlis SemTx-vevaSi, SeiZleba aRiniSnos Semdegi. ssk-is 337-e muxlSi naTqvamia: `Tu xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes sxva-dasxvanairad, maSin upiratesoba unda mieniWos imas, romelic, Cveulebriv, miRebulia xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebis sacxovrebel adgilze. Tuki mxareebs sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli adgili aqvT, gadamwyvetia aqceptantis sacxovrebeli adgili.~ ssk-is 338-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `xelSekrulebaSi urTierTgamomricxveli an mravalmniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamebis dros upiratesoba unda mieniWos im gamonaTqvams, romelic yvelaze metad See-satyviseba xelSekrulebis Sinaarss.~ ssk-is 339-e muxlis mixedviT: `xel-ssk-is 339-e muxlis mixedviT: `xel- 339-e muxlis mixedviT: `xel-339-e muxlis mixedviT: `xel- muxlis mixedviT: `xel-Sekrulebis mxareTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli savaWro Cveulebebi da tradiciebi.~ holan-holan-diur samarTalSi moipoveba erTi sakanonmdeblo norma ganmartebasTan� interpretaciasTan dakavSirebiT; 6:248 muxlis pirvel nawilSi naTqvamia: `xelSekrulebas aqvs ara marto mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebuli iuridiuli Sedegi, aramed sxva Sedegic, romelic, xelSekrulebis xasiaTis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes kanonidan, CveulebiTi xmarebidan an gonivru-CveulebiTi xmarebidan an gonivru- xmarebidan an gonivru-gonivru-lobisa da samarTlianobis moTxovnebidan.”

2.3. zemoxsenebuli debulebebi cxadyofen, rom saboloo jamSi mosamarT-lis gadasawyvetia an misi gadasawyveti SeiZleba iyos, ra TamaSobs mniSvne-lovan da gadamwyvet rols imis dadgenaSi, Tu ra iyo mxareTa neba da raze SeTanxmdnen isini. amitom, Teoriul-samarTlebrivad, didi gansxvaveba ar aris saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis ganmartebasa da arasaxelSekrule-bo valdebulebebis ganmartebas Soris.

3. valdebulebebis Sesruleba

3.1. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebi xSirad Tvi-Ton iqmnian valdebulebebs, romlebic gamiznulia maT mier Sesrulebaze da amiT, am valdebulebebis Sewyvetaze. magaliTad, Tu a debs nasyidobis xelSekrulebas b-sTan da ivaldebulebs, rom miawodos gayiduli saqo- da ivaldebulebs, rom miawodos gayiduli saqo-neli, maSin igi ar izraxavs valdebulebis arSesrulebas, aramed piriqiT, misi ganzraxva aris is, rom Seasrulos valdebuleba da amiT Sewyvitos igi. igive iTqmis b-ze. igi ar ivaldebulebs, rom gadaixados SeTanxmebuli fasi im ganzraxviT, rom daarRvios xelSekruleba, aramed im ganzraxviT, rom Seasrulos igi da amgvarad gaTavisufldes valdebulebisgan.

3.2. meore mxriv ki, xSirad arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba warmoiSoba swored im faqtidan, rom valdebuli piri arRvevs pirobas. magaliTad, arsebobs zogadi valdebuleba, rom Sens mezobels ar unda Caartya muSti

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mucelSi, magram Tu ganzrax ase moiqcevi da am saqcieliT zians miayeneb me-zobels, maSin moqmedebas iwyebs swored am valdebulebis Seusruleblo-bis, deliqtis Sedegi, rac gamoixateba mezoblisTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaSi.

3.3. mosamarTlis gadasawyvetia, ra Sedegi eqneba arSesrulebas. Tu deliq-turi qmedebiT fizikuri ziani miadga mesame pirs, mosamarTle gadawyvets: ekisreba Tu ara damrRvevs pasuxismgebloba, raSi gamoixateba ziani, ziani gamowveulia Tu ara deliqturi qmedebiT, kanonis mixedviT, damrRvevi srulad agebs pasuxs Tu nawilobriv, magaliTad, ziani nawilobriv TviT dazaralebulis gamowveuli Tu aris da a.S. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, mxareebma SeiZleba kompromiss miaRwion am sakiTxebze da TviTon SeTanxmdnen Cade-nili samarTaldarRvevis Sedegebze, magram ase, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba.

3.4. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis arSesrulebazec, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Zalze xSirad mxareebs xelSekrulebaSi TviTon aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi da darRvevis Sedegebic. am SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles ar SeuZlia, gadauxvios xelSekrulebas. am sakiTxs konkretulma magaliTma SeiZleba ufro naTeli mohfinos. Tu taqsis mZRoli manqanas marTavs uyuradRebod da daazia-nebs fexiT mosiarules, romelic elodeba SuqniSans da romelsac xelSi uWiravs Cemodani, romelSic mas aqvs Zvirfasi saaTi da ori boTli kargi qarTuli Rvino da es nivTebi dazianda, maSin taqsis mZRolma srulad unda aunazRauros fexiT mosiarules, ara marto fizikuri (janmrTelobisTvis miyenebuli) ziani, aramed saaTisa da ori boTli RvinisTvis miyenebuli zi-anic. xolo Tu a debs gadayvanis xelSekrulebas taqsis mZRolTan Tbili-sis centridan Tbilisis aeroportSi misi transportirebis Sesaxeb, a da taqsis mZRoli SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen iseT pirobaze xelSekrulebaSi, rom taqsis mZRolis uyuradRebobiT bargisadmi miyenebuli zianis gamo taq-sis mZRolis pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba. Tu amis Semdeg taqsis mZRo-li manqanas atarebs uyuradRebod da Seejaxeba sxva manqanas, riTac mZime ziani miadgeba Zvirfas saaTs da or boTl karg qarTul Rvinos, romelic a-s saCuqrad miaqvs misi axlo megobrisTvis niderlandebSi, a veRar Se-Zlebs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnas taqsis mZRolisgan misi bargisTvis miyenebuli zianis gamo, Tumca, ssk-is 669-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixed-viT, a-s SeeZleboda aseTi moTxovnis wayeneba, winaswar taqsis mZRolTan rom ar SeTanxmebuliyo taqsis mZRolis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis Sesaxeb. es magaliTi gulisxmobs, rom kanoni mxareebs aZlevs saSualebas, SeTanxmdnen garkveuli pirobis gamoricxvaze an SezRudvaze. holandiuri samarTali namdvilad iZleva amis SesaZleblobas. qarTuli samarTali ki, rogorc Cans, ar iZleva pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis an SezRudvis Sesa-Zleblobas gadazidvis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, ssk-is 669-e muxlis mesame nawilSi naTqvamia: `gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba ar Sei-Zleba gamoiricxos an SeizRudos xelSekrulebiT.~ Cemi azriT, gaugebaria, ratom zRudavs qarTuli samarTali pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis pirobas maSin, rodesac es farTod miRebuli praqtikaa samarTlis sistemebis um-etesobaSi.



4. �konkursi~ saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris

4.1. mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrule-bo valdebulebebi, principSi, urTierTgamomricxavia da es ori erTmaneT-Si ar unda agverios. xelSekrulebisas, mxolod saxelSekrulebo pirobebia gadamwyveti mxareTa Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis dasadgenad. iu-ridiul praqtikaSi xSirad mxare cdilobs miaRwios misTvis sasurvel Se-degs arasaxelSekrulebo normebze da wesebze miTiTebiT, magram mosamar-Tle aman ar unda daabnios. movixmob zemoT aRniSnul magaliTs (paragrafi 3.4). ra Tqma unda, Tu a, romelmac xelSekruleba dado taqsis mZRolTan Tbilisis aeroportSi wayvanaze, Tavis moTxovnas daafuZnebda deliqtze, maSin mas SeeZlo, moeTxova saaTisTvis da Rvinis boTlebisTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. magram Tu a uCivis taqsis mZRols da ambobs, rom taq-sis mZRols srulad ekisreba pasuxismgebloba misi deliqturi qmedebis Sedegze – da uyuradRebod manqanis tareba namdvilad aris deliqturi qmedeba xelSekrulebis miRma, rogorc es Cans magaliTSi, rodesac taqsis mZRolma daaziana fexiT mosiarule, romelic SuqniSans elodeboda – mosamarTlem ar unda daakmayofilos sarCeli da unda gadawyvitos, rom radgan sagzao SemTxveva moxda a-sa da taqsis mZRols Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sesrulebisas, romelSic daTqmuli iyo, rom a ar uCiv-lebda taqsis mZRols uyuradRebobiT bargisadmi miyenebuli zianis gamo, amitom, xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, uari unda eTqvas a-s deliqturi pasux-ismgeblobis safuZvliT moTxovnis wayenebis uflebaze.

4.2. es `konkursis~ problema saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris, romelic TeoriaSi TiTqos `mogvarebulia~, Sei-Zleba martivad gadawydes, Tu, rogorc zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi, arse-bobs saxelSekrulebo urTierToba or mxares Soris. viTareba rTuldeba, rodesac mesame mxarec monawileobs. magram me ar CavuRrmavdebi am prob-lemas winamdebare TavSi da masze yuradRebas gavamaxvileb satranspor-to samarTlis sakiTxebze msjelobisas, radgan swored satransporto urTierTobebSi monawileobs xolme bevri mxare da am urTierTobebs did yuradRebas uTmobs kanonmdebelic da samarTlis Teoriac, romelic cdilobs daareguliros saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo pasux-ismgeblobas Soris `konkursis~ CaxlarTuli sakiTxebi.

es problema rom ufro naTeli gaxdes, moviyvan zemoaRniSnul magaliTs, roca taqsis mZRols a mihyavs aeroportSi, magram saaTi da Rvinis boT-lebi ekuTvnis ara a-s, aramed g-s, romelic aris a-s qarTveli megobari, romelmac a-s sTxova, es saaTi da Rvinis boTlebi Caitanos niderlandebSi da gadasces a-s megobar gogonas. aq Cndeba SekiTxva, SeuZlia Tu ara g-s uCivlos taqsis mZRols deliqtis safuZvelze. gasagebia, rom g-s ar daud-via xelSekruleba taqsis mZRolTan da g ar SeTanxmebula masTan pasuxism-geblobis gamoricxvaze. am SemTxvevaSi, niderlandebSi mainc, farTod ga-vrcelebulia praqtika, rom g-s, principSi, mainc SeuZlia uCivlos taqsis mZRols deliqtis safuZvelze. magram aseve gavrcelebulia, rom, taqsis mZRols, romelmac saerTod ar icoda g-s arsebobis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia miu-TiTos pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxav pirobaze da ar aunazRauros g-s. amis Teoriuli axsna aris is, rom mocemul magaliTSi a CaiTvleba g-s rw-

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munebulad da, davalebis wesebis mixedviT, g xdeba xelSekrulebis mxare, sul cota, pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi debulebis miznebisTvis.

4.4. satransporto urTierTobebSi normaluric kia, rom saqoneli, romlis transportirebazec dadebulia xelSekruleba, ar ekuTvnis xelSekruleb-is arc erT mxares. magaliTad, Tu me msurs, Cemi roiali gadavitano Tbi-lisidan amsterdamSi, me vdeb xelSekrulebas satransporto firmasTan TbilisSi, romelic uSualod TviTon ar moaxdens roialis transportire-bas. SesaZlebelia, roiali gadaitanon baTumSi avtomobilis meSveobiT, Sem-dgom gagzavnon baTumidan roterdamSi zRviT, Semdeg rkinigziT Caitanon roterdamidan amsterdamSi da, bolos, moitanon amsterdamSi mdebare Cems saxlSi manqaniT. gasagebia, rom arc erT am gadazidvis xelSekrulebas uSualod me ar vdeb, maT Soris, arc s�s `tvirTebis sazRvao gadazidvis baTumis gaerTianebul satransporto kompaniasTan~. aseve gasagebia, gamg-zavnma kompaniam icis, rom roiali ar ekuTvnis im mxares, romelTanac debs roialis zRviT gadazidvis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas; agreTve, cnobilia, rom konosamentSi uamravi piroba iqneba pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvebis da SezRudvebis Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, transportirebisas roiali dazianda xmelTaSua zRvaSi da es dazianeba Sedis pasuxismgeblobis SemzRudvel saxelSekrulebo pirobaSi; SemiZlia Tu ara me, amis miuxedavad, mainc vu-Civlo gamgzavn kompanias deliqturi samarTlis safuZvelze, radgan misma romeliRac TanamSromelma dauSva Secdoma. SemiZlia Tu ara, vamt-kico, rom pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli da SemzRudveli pirobebi Cemi problema ar aris, radgan me ar var gadazidvis xelSekrulebis mxare? am kiTxvaze saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli pasuxi, rasakvirvelia, iqneba uary-ofiTi: sayovelTaod miRebulia – Tumca, Teoriulad rTuli samsjeloa – rom gamgzavn kompanias SeuZlia, miuTiTos aRniSnul pirobebze mesame mxareebTan urTierTobaSic.



Tavi 4

valdebulebiTi samarTlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

1. Sesavali

1.1. vidre qarTul da holandiur valdebulebiTi samarTlis sistemebs ufro detalurad Sevadareb, manamde ufro dawvrilebiT aRvwer qarTuli da holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsebis sistemas. rogorc zemoT iqna aR-holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsebis sistemas. rogorc zemoT iqna aR- samoqalaqo kodeqsebis sistemas. rogorc zemoT iqna aR-niSnuli, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi valdebulebaTa samarTlis zogadi nawili, maT Soris, saxelSekrulebo samarTlisa da konkretuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb zogadi wesebi mocemulia mxolod erT – mesame wignSi, xolo holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi – meeqvse, meSvide, meSvide A da merve wignebSi. amasTan, valdebulebiTi samarTlis wesebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise holandiaSi, moipoveba agreTve kodeqsis im nawilebSi, romlebSic zogadad iuridiul moqmedebebzea laparaki.

1.2. amgvarad, struqtura Semdegnairad gamoiyureba. qarTuli samarTlis SemTxvevaSi: wigni pirveli, kari meore – garigebani; wigni mesame, zogadi debulebani, kari pirveli, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, nawili pirveli, kari meore – valdebulebis Sesruleba, kari mesame – valdebulebis darRveva, kari meoTxe – zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba, kari mexuTe – moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi saSualebani, kari meeqvse – val-– val- val-debulebis Sewyveta, kari meSvide – kreditorTa an movaleTa simravle valdebulebaSi, kerZo nawili, kari pirveli – saxelSekrulebo samarTa-– saxelSekrulebo samarTa- saxelSekrulebo samarTa-li, nawili meore, kari meore, kanonismieri valdebulebiTi urTierTobe-kanonismieri valdebulebiTi urTierTobe- valdebulebiTi urTierTobe-bi, kari mesame – deliqturi valdebulebebi. holandiuri sqema Semdegia: wigni mesame, kari meore – iuridiuli qmedebebi, wigni meeqvse, valdebule-– iuridiuli qmedebebi, wigni meeqvse, valdebule- iuridiuli qmedebebi, wigni meeqvse, valdebule-biTi samarTlis zogadi nawili, kari pirveli – valdebulebebi zogadad, kari meore, moTxovnebis da valebis gadacema da moTxovnis daTmoba, kari 3 – deliqti, kari 4 – sxva kanonismieri valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru- deliqti, kari 4 – sxva kanonismieri valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru-deliqti, kari 4 – sxva kanonismieri valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru- kari 4 – sxva kanonismieri valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru-– sxva kanonismieri valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru- sxva kanonismieri valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru-kanonismieri valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru- valdebulebebi, kari 5 – xelSekru-– xelSekru- xelSekru-lebebi zogadad, wigni meSvide, konkretuli xelSekrulebebi, wigni meSvi-de A, konkretuli xelSekrulebebi, gagrZeleba, wigni merve satransporto saSualebebi da satransporto samarTali.

1.3. amboben, rom qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsze gavlena iqonia ara marto germanulma samoqalaqo kodeqsma, aramed holandiurma kanonmdeblobamac. ra Tqma unda, ver vityviT, rom es udavod asea da Tu asea, maSin ramdenad Sors wavida es gavlena. Tumca, Tavisuflad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom orive samarTlis sistemaSi moipoveba bevri msgavsi an SedarebisTvis SesaZle-beli norma da rom, mTlianobaSi, qarTuli da holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsebi erTsa da imave samarTlebriv sistemas miekuTvneba, romelzec laparakia rene davidis cnobil wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflios ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi~. am TavSi me ufro metad Sevexebi valdebulebi-Ti samarTlis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs da, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, Seva-dareb qarTul da holandiur samarTals.

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2. ramdenime fuZemdebluri principi

2.1. hsk-is 6:1 muxlSi naTqvamia, rom valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxo-hsk-is 6:1 muxlSi naTqvamia, rom valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxo- 6:1 muxlSi naTqvamia, rom valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxo-6:1 muxlSi naTqvamia, rom valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxo- muxlSi naTqvamia, rom valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxo-lod kanonis safuZvelze. analogiuri principi, metnaklebad igive, moipo-veba ssk-is 317-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia monawileTa Soris xelSekruleba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca valdebuleba warmoiSoba zianis miyenebis (deliqtis), usafuZvlo gamdidrebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva safuZvlebi-dan.~

2.2. amitom, swored kanoni wyvets, warmoiSvas Tu ara valdebuleba. magram, meore mxriv, kanoni aRiarebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis doqtrinas, rac – kanoniT gansazRvrul garkveul farglebSi – niSnavs, rom: a) pirs (fizikursac da iuridiulsac) Tavisuflad SeuZlia dados xelSekruleba an ar dados xelSekruleba da b) mxareebis gadasawyvetia, ra xelSekruleba unda dadon maT da ra unda iyos xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi. es bolo principi gulisxmobs, rom: a) mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon nebismieri xelSekruleba, romelic regulirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT da SeuZliaT srulad mii-Ron yvela is wesi aseT xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac dadgenilia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT; b) mxareebs SeuZliaT, dadon nebismieri xelSekru-b) mxareebs SeuZliaT, dadon nebismieri xelSekru- mxareebs SeuZliaT, dadon nebismieri xelSekru-leba, romelic regulirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, magram am xelSe-krulebaSi gadauxvion kanoniT dadgenil saxelSekrulebo pirobebs da TviTon daadginon saxelSekrulebo pirobebi TavianTi survilisamebr; g) mxareebs SeuZliaT, dadon xelSekruleba, romelic ar aris regulirebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT an sxva kanoniT.

2.3. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis es principi konkretuli aspeqtebiT gamoxatulia 319-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `kerZo sam-319-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `kerZo sam- muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `kerZo sam-arTlis subieqtebs SeuZliaT, kanonis farglebSi Tavisuflad dadon xel-Sekrulebebi da gansazRvron am xelSekrulebaTa Sinaarsi. maT SeuZliaT, dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebic, romlebic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, magram ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas.~

2.4. 1992 wlamde xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi moipoveboda ho-landiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSic. igi mocemuli iyo Zveli hsk-is 1374-e mux-hsk-is 1374-e mux- 1374-e mux-1374-e mux- mux-lis pirvel nawilSi. es debuleba aRar moipoveba axal kanonmdeblobaSi. igi imdenad TavisTavad cxadad miiCneoda, rom kanonmdebelma aRar CaT-vala saWirod misi Cawera kodeqsSi. amdenad, dResdReobiT, es principi ga-momdinareobs holandiis moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsidan.

2.5. rogorc zemoT iTqva, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba SeuzRudavi ar aris. kanonmdebelma garkveuli SezRudvebi daawesa sazogadoebrivi zneo-bis, sajaro wesrigis da sajaro interesis dacvis mizniT, agreTve, sazo-gadoebis im nawilis dacvis mizniT, romelTac gansakuTrebuli dacva esaWiroeba kanonmdeblisgan, raTa an nawilis mimarT adgili ar hqondes uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebas ufro Zlieri mxaris mxridan. es SezRudvebi SeiZleba gamoixatos im formiT, rom ar SeiZlebodes zogier-Ti xelSekrulebis dadeba an zogierT saxelSekrulebo pirobaze SeTanx-meba. SezRudvebi SeiZleba imaSic gamoixatos, rom xelSekrulebas, rome-lic ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnul SezRudvebs, iuridiuli Zala saerTod ar



hqondes an ar hqondes im nawilSi, rac exeba akrZalul konkretul saxel-Sekrulebo pirobas. am fenomenis samarTlebrivad gamosaxatavad amboben, rom xelSekruleba mTlianad an nawilobriv baTilia. aRniSnuli SezRud-baTilia. aRniSnuli SezRud- aRniSnuli SezRud-vebi SeiZleba da, Zalze xSirad, rodesac SezRudvis mizania susti mxaris dacva, aris kidec gamoxatuli im formiT, rom xelSekruleba mTlianad an misi nawili ar aris baTili. magram im mxares, romlis interesebSic dawese-baTili. magram im mxares, romlis interesebSic dawese- magram im mxares, romlis interesebSic dawese-bulia SezRudva, SeuZlia moiTxovos xelSekrulebis baTiloba. am mxaris gadasawyvetia, moiTxovs Tu ara im xelSekrulebis baTilobas, romelic, principSi, namdvilia. amis samarTlebrivad gamosaxatavad amboben, rom ar-sebobs xelSekrulebis baTilobis safuZveli.

2.6. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi baTilobis Sesaxeb zogadi wesi mo-baTilobis Sesaxeb zogadi wesi mo- Sesaxeb zogadi wesi mo-cemulia 3:40 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: ìuridiuli qmedeba baTilia, Tu igi Tavisi SinaarsiT an mizniT ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebriv zneobas an sajaro wesrigs.~ zogadi wesi baTilobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb moipoveba hsk-is 3:44 muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: ìuridiuli qmedeba SeiZleba baTilad CaiTvalos, Tu igi ganxorcielda muqaris, motyuebis an arasaTanado zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebiT.~ am wesis qarTuli ekvival-ekvival-enti, rogorc Cans, gamoxatulia ssk-is 54-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `ba- rogorc Cans, gamoxatulia ssk-is 54-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `ba-ssk-is 54-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `ba- 54-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `ba-54-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `ba- muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `ba-`ba-Tilia garigeba, romelic arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs, ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs an zneobis normebs.~ hsk-is 44-e muxlis pirveli nawilis ekvivalenti ki, Cemi azriT, aris ssk-is 55-e muxli, rom-ekvivalenti ki, Cemi azriT, aris ssk-is 55-e muxli, rom- ki, Cemi azriT, aris ssk-is 55-e muxli, rom-ssk-is 55-e muxli, rom- 55-e muxli, rom-55-e muxli, rom- muxli, rom-lis Tanaxmad: `1. garigeba SeiZleba baTilad CaiTvalos, Tu garigebiT gan-sazRvrul Sesrulebasa da am SesrulebisTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRau-rebas Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa da garigeba daido mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom xelSekrulebis erT-erTma mxarem borotad gamoiyena Tavisi sabazro Zalaufleba an isargebla xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mZime mdgomareo-biT an gamoucdelobiT (gulubryvilobiT). 2. baTilia garigeba, romelic dadebulia erTi mxaris mier meoreze gavlenis borotad gamoyenebiT, roca maTi urTierToba dafuZnebulia gansakuTrebul ndobaze.~

2.7. unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoxsenebuli debulebebi baTilobis Sesaxeb da baTilobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba ara mxolod xelSekrulebe- safuZvlebis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba ara mxolod xelSekrulebe-bis, aramed, zogadad, iuridiuli qmedebebis mimarT.

2.8. Zveli romauli samarTlis msgavsad, holandiur samarTalSi arsebobs sami tipis valdebuleba, romlebic laTinurad ase gamoixateba: dare, facere da non facere. valdebuleba SeiZleba Seicavdes raimes gadacemis an miwode- valdebuleba SeiZleba Seicavdes raimes gadacemis an miwode-bis movaleobas, magaliTad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze wignis gadacema. an SeiZleba Seicavdes raimes gakeTebis an damzadebis valdebu-lebas, magaliTad, mSeneblobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze saxlis aSeneba. anda valdebuleba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, rom pirma Tavi Seikavos raimes gakeTebisgan, xelSekrulebis an kanonis safuZvelze. magaliTad, pirs, Tu igi miwveuli ar aris an saamiso nebarTva ar aqvs, ar SeuZlia Sevides mezo-blis saxlSi, anda SromiTi xelSekrulebis mxareebis SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen, rom xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg muSaks garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi an garkveuli teritoriis farglebSi ufleba ar aqvs, ganaxorcielos saqmianoba, romliTac konkurencias gauwevs yofil damqi-ravebels.

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2.9. es gansxvaveba am sami tipis valdebulebas Soris hsk-Si moipoveba 3:296 muxlis saxiT, romlis Tanaxmad, `pirs, romelsac sxva piris mimarT aqvs valdebuleba, gadasces raime, gaakeTos raime an Tavi Seikavos raimes gake-Tebisgan, SeiZleba, am sxva piris (kreditoris) Suamdgomlobis safuZvel-ze, mosamarTlem daakisros am valdebulebis Sesruleba.~ rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirdapir ar asaxelebs valdebulebis aRniSnul sam tips, magram masSi CaRrmaveba iZleva safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli samarTalic aRiarebs am sami tipis valdebulebas da ar ic-nobs raime gansxvavebul tips.

2.10. nebismieri samarTlis sistemaSi erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli sakiTxia, rogori reagireba unda moxdes valdebulebis Seusruleblobaze. Zvel romaul samarTalSi valdebulebis darRvevisagan Tavis dacvis erTa-derTi saSualeba iyo fuladi jarima. kreditors SeeZlo, moeTxova zianis anazRaureba fuladi saxiT. laTinurad es wesi ase gamoixateba: omnis con� con�con�demnatio pecuniaria est. Tanamedrove samarTlis sistemebi ixreba iqiTken, rom, Tu SesaZlebelia, mosamarTlem movales unda daakisros Tavdapirveli valdebulebis Sesruleba da kanoni amis ganxorcielebis saSualebebs unda iZleodes maSin mainc, roca valdebulebis sagani konkretuli nivTi an mom-saxurebaa. Tu me viyide saxli imitom, rom me Zalian msurs am konkretul saxlSi cxovreba, CemTvis samarTlis qmna ver iqneba, Tu gamyidveli val-debuli ar iqneba, gadmomces me saxli, aramed SeeZleba, gadamixados kom-pensacia. amdenad, dResdReobiT, pirveladi saSualeba aseT SemTxvevebSi aris konkretuli Sesruleba da kanoni iTvaliswinebs saTanado meqanizms, romliTac me faqtobrivad SemiZlia, gavxde nayidi saxlis mflobeli. am sakiTxs ufro detalurad me-7 TavSi Sevexebi.

2.11. Tanamedrove maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac yoveldRe aTaso-maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac yoveldRe aTaso- qveynebSi, sadac yoveldRe aTaso-biT xelSekruleba ideba, romelTagan umetesoba erTi da igive tipisaa da, bevr SemTxvevaSi, oferenti igive fizikuri an iuridiuli piria, azri ar aqvs TiToeul xelSekrulebaze molaparakebis warmoebas. naklebad war-mosadgenia, rom Sps `saqarTvelos aviaxazebi~ cal-calke molaparakebas gamarTavs TiToeul mis SesaZlo mgzavrTan ucxo qveynis mimarTulebiT sahaero transportirebis xelSekrulebis dasadebad. amitom, oferenteb-oferenteb-ma da, ufro konkretulad, maT, visac dominanturi an monopoliuri mdgo- da, ufro konkretulad, maT, visac dominanturi an monopoliuri mdgo-dominanturi an monopoliuri mdgo- an monopoliuri mdgo-mareoba ukaviaT bazarze, daiwyes xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gamoyeneba, romlebsac isini ar gadauxveven da romlebic molaparakebas ar eqvemdebareba. ubralod rom vTqvaT, es pirobebi ùnda miiRo an unda uaryo~. am fenomens bevrma kanonmdebelma dauTmo yuradReba.

2.12. dominanturi mxare, romelic, Cveulebriv, molaparakebis ukeTes poziciaSia an ukeTesi saSualebebi da codna gaaCnia, SeiZleba ecados misi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas xelSekrulebaSi iseTi stand-artuli pirobebis CadebiT, romlebic ufro misTvisaa sasargeblo, vid-re meore mxarisTvis, romelic, Cveulebriv, momxmarebelia. swored ami-tom, am TvalsazrisiT kanonmdebeli awesebs SezRudvebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebaze, rasac momxmareblis dacva ewodeba da rac gulisxmobs, rom xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi srulad Tavisufal dadgenas ar eqvemdebare-



ba. qarTul samarTalSi moipoveba erTi zogadi norma am sakiTxze. zemoT aRniSnuli ssk-is 319-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad: ̀ mas ar SeuZlia kon-ssk-is 319-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad: ̀ mas ar SeuZlia kon- 319-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad: ̀ mas ar SeuZlia kon-319-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad: ̀ mas ar SeuZlia kon- muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad: ̀ mas ar SeuZlia kon-kon-trahents usafuZvlod SesTavazos xelSekrulebis araTanabari pirobebi.~ magram am zogadi normis garda, qarTulic da holandiuri samarTalic ufro konkretulad uTmobs yuradRebas xelSekrulebis standartul pi-robebs. marTalia, am or samarTlis sistemas Soris arsebobs teqnikuri xa-siaTis gansxvavebebi, arsebiTad maTi wesebi igivea. es sakvirvelia ar aris, radgan qarTul da holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi met-naklebad gadmo-holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi met-naklebad gadmo- samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi met-naklebad gadmo-kodeqsebSi met-naklebad gadmo- met-naklebad gadmo-Rebulia germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsidan – Algemeine Geschäfts Bedingungen. rac Seexeba qarTul samarTals, Sesabamisi wesebi mocemulia ssk-is 346-e, 347-e da 348-e muxlebSi. am wesebis holandiuri ekvivalentebi moipoveba hsk-is muxlebSi 6:223, 6:236 da 6:237. am sistemis Tavisebureba aris is, rom zogierTi standartuli piroba baTilad iTvleba (ssk-is muxlebi 346-347) an iTvleba imdenad usamarTlod, rom dominantur mxares ar SeuZlia maTi sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebis moyvana (hsk-is muxli 6:236), xolo sxva piro-(hsk-is muxli 6:236), xolo sxva piro- muxli 6:236), xolo sxva piro-6:236), xolo sxva piro- xolo sxva piro-bebi SeiZleba baTilad iqnes miCneuli meore mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZ-velze (ssk-is 348-e muxli), anda es pirobebi baTilad SeiZleba iqnes miC-(ssk-is 348-e muxli), anda es pirobebi baTilad SeiZleba iqnes miC- 348-e muxli), anda es pirobebi baTilad SeiZleba iqnes miC-348-e muxli), anda es pirobebi baTilad SeiZleba iqnes miC- muxli), anda es pirobebi baTilad SeiZleba iqnes miC-neuli meore mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, Tu dominanturi mxare ar moiyvans mtkicebulebebs, rom sadao pirobis gamoyeneba samarTliani iyo (hsk-is muxli 6:237). garda amisa, kanoni am konteqstSi ganasxvavebs momxma- muxli 6:237). garda amisa, kanoni am konteqstSi ganasxvavebs momxma-6:237). garda amisa, kanoni am konteqstSi ganasxvavebs momxma- garda amisa, kanoni am konteqstSi ganasxvavebs momxma-rebels (gansazRvruli ssk-is 347-e da 348-e muxlebiT da hsk-is muxlebiT 6:236 da 6:237, rogorc fizikuri piri, romelic ar moqmedebs samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi an romelic ar misdevs samewarmeo saqmianobas) da sxva xelSemkvrel mxareebs, ra SemTxvevaSic kanoni momxmarebels ufro me-xelSemkvrel mxareebs, ra SemTxvevaSic kanoni momxmarebels ufro me- mxareebs, ra SemTxvevaSic kanoni momxmarebels ufro me-tad icavs, vidre profesional mxares. profesional mxares SeuZlia miu-profesional mxares. profesional mxares SeuZlia miu- mxares. profesional mxares SeuZlia miu-profesional mxares SeuZlia miu- mxares SeuZlia miu-TiTos mxolod zogad normaze – ssk-is 346-e muxlze qarTuli samarTlis, xolo hsk-is 6:233 muxlze holandiuri samarTlis SemTxvevaSi.

2.13. mxolod is idea, rom TiToeul xelSekrulebaze molaparakebas azri ar aqvs, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gamogonebas safuZvlad ar dasdebia. es is mizezia, ris gamoc kanonmdebelma yvelaze xSiri xelSe-krulebebi TviTon daaregulira samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. isev da isev, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom puris yovel yidvaze myidvelma gamarTos detaluri molaparakeba puris maRaziasTan nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze, magaliTad, sayideli puri Seesabameba Tu ara im xarisxs, romelic myidvelisTvis misa-Rebia.

2.14. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, calkeuli sakiTxebis maregulirebeli ka-nonmdebloba igive mizans emsaxureba, rasac xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi. es moqalaqeebisTvis aadvilebs yoveldRiur cxovrebas, saqmis ke-Tebas, muSaobas da a.S. xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebisgan gansxva-vebiT, konkretuli xelSekrulebebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs Tandayolil safrTxes, rom xelSekrulebis mxareTa interesebi SeiZleba daubalansebeli darCes, anu rom erTi mxare meore mxaresTan Se-daubalansebeli darCes, anu rom erTi mxare meore mxaresTan Se- darCes, anu rom erTi mxare meore mxaresTan Se-darebiT gacilebiT upirates mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, konkretuli xelSekrulebebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba asaxavs, ra aris saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi misaRebi da samarTliani, Tu mxareebi dadeben aseT xelSekrulebas. amitom konkretuli xelSekrule-

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bebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba aseve gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs maSin, rodesac sadavoa, rogor unda moxdes xelSekrulebis an xelSekru-lebis calkeuli pirobis interpretacia konkretul saqmeze, romelSic mosamarTles SeuZlia gadawyvetileba gamoitanos gonivrulobis safuZ-gonivrulobis safuZ- safuZ-velze analogiis gziT.

2.15. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi samarTlis sistemebi sakmarisad urTierTSedarebadia. valdebulebebi warmoiSoba xelSekrulebis safuZvelze an arasaxelSekrulebo xasiaTi-saa, kerZod, rodesac adgili aqvs deliqts, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmee-deliqts, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmee- davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmee-bis Sesrulebas (n�gotio�um g�stio) da usafuZvlo gadaxdasa da usafuZvlo gamdidrebas. am konteqstSi erTaderTi gansxvaveba, romelic aRniSvnas imsaxurebs, aris is, rom holandiur kanonismieri valdebulebebis samar-holandiur kanonismieri valdebulebebis samar- kanonismieri valdebulebebis samar-kanonismieri valdebulebebis samar- valdebulebebis samar-TalSi gansxvavebaa usafuZvlo gadaxdas (zogadad, valdebulebis Sesru-lebas) (gadaxda sin� causa) da usafuZvlo gamdidrebas Soris. hsk-is 6:203 muxli, valdebulebis usafuZvlo SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, ambobs: `1. pirs, romelmac sxvas gadasca qoneba samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, ufleba aqvs, gamoiTxovos igi mimRebisgan, rogorc usafuZvlo Sesruleba. 2. Tu usafuZvlo Sesruleba exeba fulad Tanxas, restituciis moTxovna SeiZleba wayenebul iqnes imave Tanxaze. 3. pirs, romelmac samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe moaxdina sxva xasiaTis Sesruleba, agreTve aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos misi dabruneba mimRebisgan.~ usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan da-kavSirebiT, hsk-is 212-e muxlSi naTqvamia: `piri, romelic usafuZvlod gamdidrda sxvis xarjze, valdebulia, gonivrulobis farglebSi gamoas-gonivrulobis farglebSi gamoas- farglebSi gamoas-woros ziani misi gamdidrebis farglebSi.~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-deqsSi es ori tipis valdebuleba gaerTianebulia da reglamentirebulia ssk-is 996-991 muxlebSi.

2.16. marTalia, garkveulwilad, samarTlebrivi teqnikis da ara arsebiTi gansxvavebis sakiTxia, rodesac saqme exeba kanonmdeblobas mocemul Te-maze, magram, Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania gansxvavebis danaxva or situacias Soris: erTi mxriv, rodesac gadaxda moxda im xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, romlidanac moxda gasvla an romelic moiSala an romelic saerTod ar arsebobda, magram ivaraudeboda, rom igi dadebuli iyo; meore mxriv, sx-visi moqmedebiT piri ufro gamdidrda, magram am ors Soris saerTod ar arsebobda aranairi samarTlebrivi urTierToba. am or situacias Soris gansxvavebis mniSvneloba is aris, rom samarTlebrivad es ori situacia ab-soluturad identuri araa da maTi gadawyveta yovelTvis erTi da igive samarTlebrivi principebiT ver moxdeba. am gansxvavebis danaxva erTi mar-tivi magaliTiT SeiZleba.

saxlis mesakuTre debs xelSekrulebas mebaResTan, romlis safuZvelzec mebaRem, SeTanxmebuli fasis sanacvlod, mesakuTris baRi unda gaamSvenie-ros. Tu mesakuTre kanonierad Tvlis, rom mebaRem dakisrebuli movaleoba jerovnad ver Seasrula, mesakuTres SeuZlia, moSalos xelSekruleba. ma-Sin warmoiSoba kiTxva: ra Sedegebi aqvs xelSekrulebis moSlas da aqvs Tu ara ufleba mebaRes, miiRos gasamrjelos nawili mainc im sargeblisTvis, rac mesakuTrem mebaRis SromiT miiRo, radgan Tu mesakuTre axal mebaRes daiqiravebs, am axal mebaRes ar mouwevs yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba. pir-vel mebaRes ukve eqneba garkveuli samuSao Sesrulebuli, romelic ra-



Rac fasi mainc Rirs. es saqme aris usafuZvlo gadaxdis magaliTi da saqme unda gadawydes xelSekrulebis arSesrulebis wesebis mixedviT. meore mxriv, Tu gvaqvs igive situacia (mesakuTre debs xelSekrulebas mebaRes-Tan maszed, rom SeTanxmebuli fasis sanacvlod mebaRe gaamSvenierebs mesakuTris baRs), magram mebaRe SecdomiT gaamSvenierebs mezoblis baRs, ris Sedegadac mezoblis baRi gacilebiT ukeTesi gaxdeba, am SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saxlis mes-akuTre, miuxedavad imisa, rom man marTlzomierad moSala xelSekruleba, mainc iqneba valdebuli, gadauxados mebaRes garkveuli Tanxa. mas, ra Tqma unda, surda misi baRis gaumjobeseba da mas SeuZlia, moSalos xelSekru-leba, magram man unda gadaixados im sargeblis safasuri, rac man mebaRis SromiT miiRo. meore SemTxvevaSi, Zalzed sadaoa, mezobelma unda gadauxa-dos Tu ara raime mebaRes. Tumca, SeiZleba imis mtkicebac, rom, marTalia, mezobelma miiRo sargebeli mebaRis Sromis Sedegad, magram es Sroma mas ar mouTxovia da amitom kanoniT mas ar unda daekisros raimes gadaxda.

3. Sesruleba, darRveva da dacvis saSualebebi

3.1. valdebulebiTi samarTlis sferoSi bevri problema warmoiSoba imis ganxilvisas, Sesrulda Tu ara valdebuleba, SeiZleba Tu ara arSesruleba CaiTvalos valdebulebis darRvevad da ra dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba darRveuli valdebulebis gamosworebisTvis.

3.2. mTavari idea aris is, rom valdebuleba unda Sesruldes. es principi Ca-debulia ssk-is 361-e muxlis meore nawilSi, romlis mixedviT: ̀ valdebule-ssk-is 361-e muxlis meore nawilSi, romlis mixedviT: ̀ valdebule-ba unda Sesruldes jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul drosa da adgi-las.~ es principi exeba rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom xelSekrulebis safuZvelze warmoSobili valdebuleba unda Sesruldes imiT, rom piri (movale) akeTebs imas, rac man unda gaakeTos, magaliTad, gadasces qoneba. meore mxriv ki, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba warmoiSoba imiT, rom piri arRvevs valdebulebas, rac niSnavs imas, rom is akeTebs imas, rac ar unda gaakeTos. deliqturi valdebuleba, romelic zianis anazRaurebiT unda Sesruldes, warmoiSoba, magaliTad, imiT, rom piri arRvevs valde-bulebas, daudevrobiT ar miayenos fizikuri ziani meore pirs. amitom SeiZleba iTqvas: arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba warmoiSoba valde-bulebis darRveviT. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom ssk-is 361-e muxlis me-ore nawilSi mocemuli principi ar gamoiyeneba orive – saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo – valdebulebebis mimarT.

3.3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi muxlebi 361-371 eZRvneba valde-bulebis Sesrulebis Temas da Seicavs zogad wesebs amasTan dakavSirebiT. magram am muxlebSi mocemuli debuleba imdenad konkretulia, magaliTad, ssk-is 370-e muxli, rom sistematizirebis mizniT, albaT, ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu isini Sevidoda nasyidobasTan dakavSirebul nawilSi. holandiis samo-qalaqo kodeqsSi valdebulebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi wesebi mocemulia muxlebSi 6:27 – 6:51.

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3.4. nebismieri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, kanoniT, ar CaiTvleba iseT darRvevad, romelic kreditors samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis gatare-baze uflebamosils xdis. pasuxi kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara Seusrulebloba darRveva, umTavresad damokidebuli iqneba Seusruleblobis xasiaTsa da valdebulebis xasiaTze. Tu, magaliTad, yvavilebis maRaziam lamazi yvavilebi unda miitanos qorwilSi 2006 wlis 5 ivliss, maSin azri dae-kargeba Sesrulebas, Tu maRazia yvavilebs 2006 wlis 6 ivliss miitans. 2006 wlis 5 ivliss arSesruleba warmoadgens valdebulebis darRvevas. magram xSirad valdebulebis arSesruleba darRvevas warmoadgens mxolod mas Semdeg, rac valdebulebis SesrulebisTvis damatebiTi vada dainiSneba da am vadaSic ar Sesruldeba. kerZod, ssk-is 405-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. Tu xelSekrulebis erTi mxare arRvevs ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan gamom-dinare valdebulebas, maSin xelSekrulebis meore mxares SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis mis mier damate-biT gansazRvruli vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg.~ igive wesi moipoveba holandiur kanonmdeblobaSi. hsk-is 6:82 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanax-mad: `darRveva iwyeba maSin, rodesac movales miecema werilobiTi Setyo-bineba darRvevis Sesaxeb, romliTac mas uwesdeba gonivruli vada Sesas-ruleblad da an vadaSi Sesruleba ar moxdeba.~ es principi, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoiyeneba, Tu mxareebma dro arsebiT pirobad daTqves an Tu damate-biTi vadis daweseba gonivruli ar aris; es gamonaklisebi asaxulia ssk-is 405-e muxlis meore nawilSi da 394-e muxlis mesame nawilSi, agreTve, hsk-is 6:83 muxlis pirvel nawilSi.

3.5. unda aRiniSnos, rom valdebulebis Seusrulebloba ar warmoadgens valdebulebis darRvevas, Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT dadgenilia, rom movale, garemoebebis arsebiTi cvlilebis gamo, ver Seasrulebs Tav-dapirvel valdebulebas. es fenomeni, rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri samarTlisTvis cnobilia. ssk-is 398-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi naTqvamia: `Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli gaxda, xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aSkarad Seicvala da mxareebi ar dadebdnen am xelSekrulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es cvlilebebi rom gaeTval-iswinebinaT, maSin SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlil garemoebebTan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, calkeul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSekrulebis mxares ar SeiZleba moeTxovos Seucvle-li xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva.~ holandiuri analogis, ssk-is 6:258 mux-lis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: èrT-erTi mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze, sasamarTlos SeuZlia Secvalos an gaauqmos xelSekrulebis Sedegebi mTlianad an nawilobriv, iseTi xasiaTis gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis gamo, romelTa arsebobisas meore mxares, gonivrulobisa da samarTliano-bis normebiT, ar SeiZleba moeTxovos xelSekrulebis Seucvlelad dacva. amgvarad, Secvlas an gauqmebas SeiZleba hqondes ukuZala.~

3.6. valdebulebis Seusrulebloba ar CaiTvleba valdebulebis darRve-vad, Tu Seusrulebloba aris movalis gaufrTxileblobis Sedegi. xSirad, Seusrulebloba miiCneva darRvevad, magram darRvevad ar SeiZleba miC-neul iqnes, Tu movalem ver Seasrula iseTi mizeziT, romlis Tavidan acilebac mas ar SeeZlo. Tu am SemTxvevaSic Seusrulebloba darRvevad iTvleba, maSin saqme gvaqvs e.w. mkacr pasuxismgeblobasTan. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi wesi mocemulia 6:75 muxlSi, romelic ex-



eba Seusruleblobas da ambobs, rom Seusrulebloba aris darRveva, Tu igi gamowveulia movalis gaufrTxileblobiT an movalis braliT. mkacri pasuxismgeblobis magaliTi mocemulia hsk-is 6:77 muxlSi, romlis Tanax-mad: `rodesac valdebulebis Sesrulebisas gamoiyeneba mizanTan Seusa-bamo nivTi, amiT gamowveul Seusruleblobaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba movales...~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mkacri pasuxismgeblobis magaliTi moipoveba 396-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT: `movalem Tavisi kano-nieri warmomadgenlis da im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT unda agos pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari braleuli moqmedebis dros.~

3.7. mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba, rom valdebuleba dairRva, Cndeba kiTxva: ra dacvis (gamosworebis) saSualebebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. es sakiTxi ufro detalurad iqneba ganxiluli me-7 da me-8 TavebSi, magram aqve ram-denime SeniSvnas gavakeTeb.

3.8. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Cndeba kiTxva, uzrunvelyofs Tu ara kanoni konkretul Sesrulebas, kerZod, valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba Tu ara movales daekisros Tavdapirveli valdebulebis Ses-ruleba, rac isedac ekisreboda. TviT valdebulebis xasiaTidan gamomdin-are, saqarTvelos da holandiis sasamarTloebma SeiZleba daakisron konk-retuli Sesruleba, valdebulebis Sesrulebis SedegiT.

3.9. yvelaze gavrcelebuli dacvis saSualeba kreditorisTvis, ra Tqma unda, aris fuladi kompensacia, rac niSnavs, rom movalem unda aanazRau-ros ziani, romelic gamowveulia valdebulebis darRveviT. unda aRiniS-nos, rom zianis anazRaurebasTan erTad sasamarTlom SeiZleba daakisros konkretuli Sesrulebac, kerZod, im saqmeebze, romlebSic darRveviT gamowveulia ziani, romelic srulad ver anazRaurdeba konkretuli Ses-rulebiT.

3.10. rac Seexeba zianis anazRaurebas, xSirad gansxvaveba keTdeba zianis saxeebs Soris. Cveulebriv, fizikuri ziani da qonebrivi ziani anazRaur-deba srulad, yvela garemoebaSi da yvela SemTxvevaSi. xSirad, sxvagvar-adaa saqme e.w. aramaterialur anu moralur zianTan mimarTebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, qarTuli da holandiuri samarTali erTmaneTs kvlav sak-maod waagavs: moraluri zianis anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadad, Tu pirs miadga fizikuri an sxva ziani. ssk-is 413-e muxlis mixedviT: `2. sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelo-bisaTvis vnebis miyenebis SemTxvevebSi, dazaralebuls SeuZlia moiTxovos anazRaureba araqonebrivi zianisTvisac.~ hsk-is 106-e muxlis pirveli nawi-lis mixedviT: `1. nebismieri iseTi zianis SemTxvevaSi, romelic ar gulisx-mobs qonebis, uflebis an interesis dakargvas, pirs, romelsac aseTi ziani miadga, aqvs ufleba, aunazRaurdes ziani, ra SemTxvevaSic samarTlianad unda Sefasdes: (...) b. miadga Tu ara pirs fizikuri ziani, Seilaxa Tu ara piris pativi an reputacia, anda sxvagvarad dazaralda Tu ara piri: (...).~

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Tavi 5

arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi

Sesavali1. 1.1. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod kanonis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 317-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebe-lia monawileTa Soris xelSekruleba. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis ara-rsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebs Soris valdebuleba ver warmoiSoba gar-da im SemTxvevebisa, roca dadgeba movlena an piri Caidens qmedebas (rac SeiZleba gamoixatos moqmedebasa an umoqmedobaSi), rasac kanonmdebloba ganixilavs, rogorc valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvels.

1.2. maSasadame, saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Soris Teoriuli gansxvaveba aris is, rom arasaxelSekrulebo valdebule-arasaxelSekrulebo valdebule- valdebule-bebi warmoiSoba kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da val-debuli piris survilis damoukideblad, roca saxelSekrulebo valdeb-ulebebi warmoiSoba mxolod piris nebis safuZvelze da kanonis im mboWavi moTxovnebis farglebSi, rasac TviTon piri gansazRvravs.

1.3. Sedegad, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa SemTxvevaSi, kanoni ara mxolod valdebulebis warmoSobas, aramed mis zust Sinaarssac gansaz-Rvravs. rac Seexeba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, mxareebi ara marto valdebulebis warmoSobas, aramed mis Sinaarssac gansazRvraven.

1.4. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi urTierTgamomricxavia. piri, romelsac miadgeba ziani, ver mimarTavs sasamarTlos saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis gamo, iseve, rogorc im valdebulebis darRvevis gamo, romelic gamomdin-areobs kanonidan. es Zalian xSirad arasworad aris gagebuli da Tvalsa-CinoebisaTvis mcire magaliTs moviyvanT. warmovidginoT, rom a-m da b-m dades gadazidvis xelSekruleba, romliTac a kisrulobs valdebulebas, satvirTo manqaniT gadazidos 120000 boTli qarTuli Rvino Tbilisidan baTumSi, misi evropaSi transportirebis mizniT. a da b SeiZleba SeTanxmd-nen, rom a ar agebs pasuxs transportirebisas miyenebul zaralze, romel-transportirebisas miyenebul zaralze, romel- miyenebul zaralze, romel-ic warmoiSoba daudevrobiT. marTlac, Tu zarali dadgeba imitom, rom mZ-Rolma Tavisi uyuradRebobiT moaxdina avtosagzao SemTxveva, a ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli b-s winaSe kontraqtis aRniSnuli debulebis Sesabamisad. xolo Tu b uCivlebs a-s sasamarTloSi kontraqtis pirobebis darRvevisaT- sasamarTloSi kontraqtis pirobebis darRvevisaT-vis, mosamarTlem ar unda daakmayofilos b-s moTxovna, rameTu mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom a pasuxismgebeli ar iqneboda aseT SemTxvevaSi damdgari zianisaTvis. Sedegi SesaZloa iyos igive, Tu b Tavis moTxovnas deliqtze daamyarebs, radganac a daudevrobiT moqmedebda. Tu mosamarTle b-s sar- sar-Cels miiRebs deliqtis safuZvelze, is amiT daarRvevs saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebas da ugulebelyofs xelSekrulebaTa Tavisuflebis princips. es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT me-4 Tavis me-3 nawilSi iqneba ganxiluli.



arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa amomwuravi 2. CamonaTvali “Numerus Clausus”

2.1. saxelSekrulebo da kanonismier valdebulebaTa Soris arsebuli gan-kanonismier valdebulebaTa Soris arsebuli gan- valdebulebaTa Soris arsebuli gan-sxvavebis erT-erTi Sedegi aris is, rom xelSekrulebaTa formasa da Si-naarss irCeven Tavad mxareebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kanoni pirda-pir krZalavs garkveuli saxisa Tu Sinaarsis xelSekrulebis gaformebas, xolo arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa regulireba mxolod kanonis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. valdebulebaTa saxelSekrulebo sistema aris `Ria~ maSin, roca arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa sistema aris `daxu-arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa sistema aris `daxu- valdebulebaTa sistema aris `daxu-ruli~. magaliTad, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa mimarT SegviZlia visaubroT valde- valdebulebaTa mimarT SegviZlia visaubroT valde-bulebaTa àmomwurav~ CamonaTvalze.

2.2. am TvalsazrisiT, SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT sxvadasxva samarT-lis sistemebi. Tu yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT umniSvnelo detalebze, maTi umetesoba erTmaneTis msgavsia. yvela samarTlis sistema aRiarebs im valdebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSoba ukanono qmedebebis an deliqtisa-deliqtisa-gan, rac warmoadgens arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa warmoSobis um- rac warmoadgens arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa warmoSobis um-arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa warmoSobis um- valdebulebaTa warmoSobis um-niSvnelovanes safuZvels. deliqturi valdebulebebis maregulirebel normebs Cven vxvdebiT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mesame wignis specialuri nawilis me-3 TavSi, xolo niderlandebSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-6 wignis me-6 TavSi.

2.3. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa kidev erTi kategoria, iseve, rogorc deliqturi valdebulebebi, romelic romauli samarTlidan mom-deliqturi valdebulebebi, romelic romauli samarTlidan mom- valdebulebebi, romelic romauli samarTlidan mom-dinareobs, Seexeba davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebidan war-moSobil valdebulebebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi am sakiTxs eTmoba 969 – 975 muxlebi, niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ki _ me-6 wignis 198 – 202 muxlebi.

2.4. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im valdebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSoba, rodesac erTi piri meores gadascems garkveul saqonels an fulad Tanxas, an ganaxorcielebs mis mimarT iseT qmedebas, romliTac me-ore piri mdidrdeba da ar arsebobs amgvari saqonlisa Tu fuladi Tanxis gadacemis an qmedebis ganxorcielebis aranairi samarTlebrivi safuZveli. amgvari urTierTobebis maregulirebeli muxlebi Tavmoyrilia saqarT-velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-3 wignis me-2 karis me-3 TavSi saTauriT ùsafuZvlo gamdidreba~. Cveni azriT, ukeTesi iqneboda, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, rogorc samoqalaqo kodeqsebis umetesobaSia, gan-kodeqsebis umetesobaSia, gan- umetesobaSia, gan-calkevebuli yofiliyo, erTi mxriv, ùsafuZvlo gadacema da Sesruleba~ da, meore mxriv, ùsafuZvlo gamdidreba~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, valdebuli piri ixdis fulad Tanxas, an gadascems saqonels, an axorcielebs qmede-bas meore piris mimarT, vinaidan mas miaCnia, rom valdebulia am piris mi-marT. Tumca, Semdeg naTeli xdeba, rom amgvari valdebuleba realurad ar arsebobs, radganac is an saerTod ar arsebobda, an arsebobda, magram mogvianebiT mosamarTlis mier Zaladakargulad gamocxadda kontraqti, romlis safuZvelzec warmoiSva es valdebuleba. am SemTxvevaSi, pirma, romelmac usafuZvlo gadacemiT an SesrulebiT garkveuli sargebeli mi-iRo, unda daabrunos yvelaferi da aRadginos pirvandeli mdgomareoba th� status�quo ant�. romauli samarTlis mixedviT, valdebul pirs, romelsac Seu-Zlia pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgenis moTxovna, aqvs condicio ind�biti. me-

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ore mxriv, pretenzia usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba waredginos im mesame pirs, romelic qmedebis Semsrulebel pirTan aranair samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi ar imyofeba, magram miiRo garkveuli sarge-beli. ùsafuZvlo gadacemisa da Sesrulebisagan” gansxvavebiT, mesame pir-ma, ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebis” SemTxvevaSi, ar aris aucilebeli, aRadginos th��status�quo ant�, Tumca, valdebulia, gadaixados kompensacia im odenobis farglebSi, ra odenobis sargebelic man amgvari SesrulebiT miiRo. nid-nid-erlandebis samoqalaqo samarTalSi, iseve, rogorc germanul samoqalaqo samarTalSi, es gansxvaveba naTlad Cans. niderlandebis samoqalaqo samar-niderlandebis samoqalaqo samar- samoqalaqo samar-Tlis me-6 wignis me-2 karis me-3 Tavi (6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad-me-6 wignis me-2 karis me-3 Tavi (6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad- wignis me-2 karis me-3 Tavi (6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad-me-2 karis me-3 Tavi (6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad- karis me-3 Tavi (6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad-me-3 Tavi (6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad- Tavi (6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad-(6:203 – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad- – 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad-– 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad- 6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad-6:211) exeba ùsafuZvlo gad- exeba ùsafuZvlo gad-acemas~, xolo me-3 kari (6:212) ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebas~ aregulirebs. Tu saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqss yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, msgavsi gan-sxvavebebis povna SesaZlebelia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 987-e muxli exeba ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebas”, xolo 976-e muxli, miuxedavad sa-976-e muxli, miuxedavad sa- muxli, miuxedavad sa-Taurisa _ ùsafuZvlo gadacemasa da Sesrulebas~. amiT naTeli efineba imas, Tu ratom unda aunazRauros mopasuxem, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 987-e muxlis mixedviT, mosarCeles im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is `gam-987-e muxlis mixedviT, mosarCeles im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is `gam- muxlis mixedviT, mosarCeles im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is `gam-didrda~, xolo 976-e muxlis mixedviT, man unda `daabrunos~ is, rac miiRo. usafuZvlo gadacemasa da usafuZvlo gamdidrebas Soris arsebul gansx-vavebaze ufro mogvianebiT gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.

2.5. rac Seexeba samoqalaqo samarTlis arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mesame wign-is kerZo nawilis meore kari exeba kanoniT dadgenil arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs. aRniSnuli karis pirveli Tavis saTauri aris `saziaro uflebebi~. Cveni azriT, es kanonmdeblis Secdomaa. saziaro uflebebi warmoadgens ara valdebulebiTi samarTlis, aramed sanivTo samarTlis ganuyofel nawils, rameTu isini aregulirebs – Tu aRniSnuli Tavis sa�Taurs yuradRebiT waikiTxavT – uZravi qonebis TanamesakuTre ori an meti piris uflebebsa da movaleobebs. marTalia, es uflebebi da mova-leobebi asaxulia kanonSi, Tumca, es sruliad ar niSnavs, rom saziaro uflebebis samarTlebrivi subieqti warmoadgens samarTlis nawils, romelic kanoniT dadgenil valdebulebebs Seexeba.

3. deliqturi valdebulebebi: deliqturi samarTali

3.1. ukanono qmedebis Cadena mesame piris mimarT arasaxelSekrulebo samo-arasaxelSekrulebo samo- samo-qalaqo pasuxismgeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli safuZvelia. azri, rom erTi pirovneba meores winaSea pasuxismgebeli, mis mimarT ukanonod ganx-orcielebuli qmedebis gamo, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes zogadi wesis safuZ-velze an sxvadasxva saxis ukanono saqcielis CamoTvliT. dResdReobiT, samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesoba or mosazrebaze Tanxmdeba: maT, erTi mxriv, Camoayalibes deliqturi valdebulebis Sesaxeb erTi zogadi wesi da, meore mxriv, SemoiRes konkretuli wesebi ukanono qmedebaTa konkre-tuli saxeobebisaTvis, romlebic samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs.

3.2. samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesobaSi zogadi wesi Zalze SedarebiTi cnebaa. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxlis Tanaxmad, deliq-992-e muxlis Tanaxmad, deliq- muxlis Tanaxmad, deliq-deliq-turi valdebulebis Sesaxeb zogadi wesi 992-e muxlSia Camoyalibebuli. am muxlis Tanaxmad: `piri, romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi



an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia, aunazRau-ros mas es ziani.~

3.3. holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi wesis ganmartebas 6:162 mux-holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi wesis ganmartebas 6:162 mux- samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi wesis ganmartebas 6:162 mux-6:162 mux- mux-lis 1-l nawilSi vxvdebiT. am muxlis Tanaxmad: `pirovnebas, romlis mimarT Caidines ukanono qmedeba, SeuZlia moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis anazRau-reba.~

3.4. Tu gavaanalizebT orive qveynis samoqalaqo samarTalSi arsebul zogad wess da cota metad CavuRrmavdebiT kodeqsis sxva wesebs, aRmoC-ndeba, rom, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise niderlandebSi, dazaralebulma pirovnebam _ mosarCelem _ sasamarTlos winaSe unda daadasturos xuTi pirobis arseboba. upirveles yovlisa, samarTaldamrRvevis qmedeba unda iyos kanonsawinaaRmdego, meore _ kanondamrRvevis qmedeba gaufrTxile-blobiT mainc unda iyos Cadenili, mesame _ qmedeba samarTaldamrRvevs unda miewerebodes, meoTxe _ mopasuxem unda ganicados ziani da mexuTe _ ziani samarTaldamrRvevis qmedebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli.

3.5. ziani da winapiroba, rom ziani samarTaldamrRvevis qmedebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, me-8 TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.

3.6. imisaTvis, rom pirvel kiTxvas gaeces pasuxi, unda avxsnaT, Tu ras warmoadgens kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedeba. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRin-iSnos, rom `qmedeba~ agreTve ùmoqmedobasac~ gulisxmobs, Tuki mopa-suxes akisria samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, imoqmedos da is Tavs Seikavebs aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan. amdenad, holandiasa da, albaT, saqarTveloSic pirovnebas ekisreba movaleoba, yvela garemoebis gaT-valiswinebiT, keTilsindisierad daexmaros safrTxeSi aRmoCenil pirs. magaliTad, Tu manqana daejaxeba fexiT mosiarules da mZRoli gaiqceva SemTxvevis adgilidan, axlomaxlo gamvleli pirovneba, romelic dainax-avs, rom trotuarze mwoliare piri sisxlisagan icleba, kanonis Tanaxmad, movalea, daexmaros dazaralebuls Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi da, sul mcire, gaafrTxilos policia da dauZaxos saswrafo daxmarebas. mas ufleba ar aqvs, ubralod, gverdze Cauaros mgzavrs da ise moiqces, TiTqos araferi daunaxavs.

3.7. meore, sabolood mosamarTlem unda gadawyvitos, Tu ras niSnavs kanon-sawinaaRmdego qmedeba. zog SemTxvevaSi, es naTelia. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca arsebobs kanoniT gansazRvruli qcevis wesebi. magaliTad, nider-nider-landebSic da saqarTveloSic moZraobis wesebi sxvadasxva satransporto aqtiTa da wesiT regulirdeba. manqanis mZRoli, romelic arRvevs am aqteb-sa da wesebs, ssk-is 992-e muxlis da hsk-is 6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon-ssk-is 992-e muxlis da hsk-is 6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon- 992-e muxlis da hsk-is 6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon-992-e muxlis da hsk-is 6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon- muxlis da hsk-is 6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon-hsk-is 6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon- 6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon-6:162 muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon- muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanon-obas sCadis. Tumca, qcevis wesebi dauwerel kanonebsa da CveulebebSic gvx-vdeba. magaliTad, holandiaSi deliqturi valdebulebis Sesaxeb kanonSi zogadi wesis formulireba im farTo gagebiT, rogorc amJamadaa miRebuli, ukavSirdeba 1919 wels uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi mocemul Sesabamis ganmartebas. uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom dadgenili socialuri qcevis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba ukanonobas warmoadgenda. am SemTxvevaSi, dadgenili socialuri qcevis sawinaaRmdegod iqna miCneuli damqiraveblis mier sxva konkurenti damqiraveblis TanamSromelTan said-umlo molaparakebebis warmoeba im mizniT, rom am ukanasknels daerRvia arsebuli xelSekruleba da masTan daewyo muSaoba. niderlandebSi es iyo arasamarTliani konkurenciis pirveli precedenti, romelic dauwereli

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kanonis wesebs efuZneboda. msgavs SemTxvevas londonSic vxvdebiT, sadac 1932 wels lordTa palatam cnobil saqmesTan _ donogu stivensonis wi� stivensonis wi�stivensonis wi� wi�naaRmdeg _ dakavSirebiT SemoiRo sifrTxilis dacvis movaleoba, rogorc deliqturi valdebulebis zogadi cneba.

3.8. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, niderlandebSi kanonmdebelma dawvrilebiT ganmarta ukanono qmedebis cneba, Tumca, sak-maod bundovnad, magram mainc aRniSna, rom ZiriTadad mosamarTlem unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra warmoadgens ukanono qmedebas. hsk-is 6:162 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad: ìm SemTxvevis garda, roca arsebobs mtkicebis safuZ-veli, ukanonod SeiZleba miviCnioT Semdegi qmedeba: uflebis Selaxva da qmedeba an umoqmedoba, romelic arRvevs kanoniT dakisrebul movaleobas an dadgenili socialuri qcevis Sesabamis dauwerel wesebs.~

3.9. rogorc aRiniSna, imisaTvis, rom dadges kanondamrRvevis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, aucilebelia, misi moqmedeba gaufrTxileblo-biT iyos ganpirobebuli. pirs, romelic SemTxveviT miayenebs vnebas sxva pirs, ar SeiZleba daekisros zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tu aseTi qmedebis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebeli iyo. iseT sazogadoebaSi cxovreba, romelTa wevrebic TavianTi bunebiT srulyofilebamde Sors arian da bevr Secdomas sCadian, SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu am sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT sxva midgoma ar iqneboda. amdenad, unda vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli wesis ukan garkveuli argumentaciaa, romlis miRmac sxva samarTlebrivi wesi igulisxmeba, kerZod is, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevrma TviTon unda ataros Tavisi ziani. es wesi da principi jer kidev romaul samarTalSi ar-sebobda.

3.10. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca piris qmedeba kanonsawinaaRmdegoa da, amave dros, gaufrTxileblobiT ganpirobebuli, riTac mesame pirs miadga ziani, aucilebeli ar aris, dadges piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. calke winapi-robaa, rom qmedeba mas miewerebodes. miuxedavad am winapirobis arsebobi-sa, hss-is 6:162 muxlis I nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, ssk-is 992-e muxlSi mas ar vxvdebiT, Tumca, is mainc deliqturi valdebulebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos zogadi wesis nawils warmoadgens. es SegviZlia vnaxoT ssk-is 993-e _ 996-e muxlebis magaliTze, romlis Tanaxmad, aTi wlis asaks miuRweveli piri, Wkuasusti an suliT avadmyofi an droebiT ugono an sulieri moSlilobis mdgomareobaSi myofi piri pasuxs ar agebs miyenebuli zianisaTvis. msgav-si debuleba niderlandebSic moqmedebs, Tumca, midgoma gansxvavebulia. holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, dauSvebelia, dadges ToTxmeti wlis asaks qvemoT bavSvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi (muxli 6:164). rac Seexeba ToTxmeti wlis zemoT piris Wkuasustobas an invalidobas, holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsi, am SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismge- kodeqsi, am SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismge-blobas ar gamoricxavs (hsk-is 6:165, nawili 1-li).

3.11. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur samarTalSi arsebobs deliqtu-holandiur samarTalSi arsebobs deliqtu- samarTalSi arsebobs deliqtu-deliqtu-ri valdebulebis konkretuli wesebi, romlis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris is, rom piri pasuxismgebelia deliqturi valdebulebisTvis maSinac, Tu qmedeba gulgrilobiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli, an is saerTod ar moqmedebda. es is magaliTebia, romelsac inglisSi `mkacr pasuxismge-blobas~ uwodeben. amdenad, mosarCeles ar sWirdeba amtkicos, rom mopa-suxe gulgrilobiT moqmedebda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wesebi exeba konkretul SemTxvevebs, romelSic, marTalia, miRebulia deliqturi val-



debulebis Sesaxeb zogadi cnebidan amosvla, radganac zianis gamomwvevi moqmedeba konkretuli safrTxis matarebelia, an radganac arsebobs urT-ierToba delikventsa da pasuxisgebaSi micemul pirs Soris, romelic amt-kicebs, rom mesame pirisaTvis miyenebuli ziani mesame pirisaTvis ar iyo gamiznuli.

3.12. rac Seexeba safrTxis gamomwvevi qmedebisaTvis mkacr pasuxismge-blobas, sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemas bevri saerTo moepoveba, Tum-ca, detalebSi gansxvavebebsac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc holandiaSi, mkacri pasuxismgebloba moqmedebs Senoba-nagebobeb-Senoba-nagebobeb-is (ssk-is 1004-e muxli da hsk-is 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare- (ssk-is 1004-e muxli da hsk-is 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare-(ssk-is 1004-e muxli da hsk-is 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare- 1004-e muxli da hsk-is 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare-1004-e muxli da hsk-is 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare- muxli da hsk-is 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare-hsk-is 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare- 6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare-6:174 muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare- muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matare-beli nagebobebis (ssk-is me-1000 muxli da hsk-is 6:175 muxli), cxovelebis (ssk-is 1003-e muxli da hsk-is 6:179 muxli) da uxarisxo produqtiT (ssk-is 1009-e muxli da hsk-is 6:179 muxli) gamowveuli zianisaTvis. am msgavsi magaliTebis garda, saqarTvelos kanonSi mkacri pasuxismgeblobis do-qtrina moqmedebs satransporto saSualebebis moqmedebaze (ssk-is 999-e muxli) da holandiur samarTalSi _ maRaroelTa saqmianobaze.

3.13. mkacr pasuxismgeblobas sxva piris mier Cadenili qmedebis an umo-qmedobisaTvis, am pirsa da realur samarTaldamrRvevs Soris arsebuli gansakuTrebuli urTierTobis gamo, xSirad `sxva piris magivrad aRebul pasuxismgeblobas~ uwodeben. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur samarTal-holandiur samarTal- samarTal-Si, amis naTeli magaliTia mSoblis pasuxismgebloba Svilis mier Cadenil saqcielze, romlis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic ver dadgeba (ssk-is 994-e muxlis meore punqti, hsk-is 6:169 muxli). holandiuri samarTlisagan gan-hsk-is 6:169 muxli). holandiuri samarTlisagan gan- 6:169 muxli). holandiuri samarTlisagan gan-6:169 muxli). holandiuri samarTlisagan gan- muxli). holandiuri samarTlisagan gan-holandiuri samarTlisagan gan- samarTlisagan gan-sxvavebiT, saqarTvelos kanonSi mSoblebi pasuxs ar ageben, Tu maT am zianis acileba ar SeuZliaT. holandiur samarTalSi es wesi mxolod mSoblebis solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs, rodesac maTi Svili ukanono qmedebas sCadis (is unda iyos ToTxmeti wlis, magram ara Teqvsmet wels zemoT) (hsk-is 6:169 muxli, nawili me-2). sxva piris magivrad aRebuli pasuxismgeblobis meore magaliTia damqiraveblis solidaruli pasuxismgebloba samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas daqiravebulis mier ganxorcielebuli ukanono qmedebisaTvis (ssk-is muxli 997 da hsk-is muxli 170, nawili 1-li). aRsaniSnavia, rom holandiisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTul kodeqsSi ar arsebobs calke debuleba, romelic daaregulirebs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas misi mosamsaxuris mier Cadenili ukanono qmedebisaTvis (ssk-is 1005 muxli). es exeba mxolod iseT SemTxvevas, roca saxelmwifo mosamsaxure ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT moqmedeb-da.

4. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba

4.1. ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia, roca pirovneba nebarTvis gareSe ereva sxvis saqmeebSi, magram Tu es sapatio mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli, kanoni aseT qmedebas mxars uWers. amdenad, gamarTlebuli da dasaSvebia, Tu saxls xan-Zari gauCnda saxlis mepatronis SvebulebaSi yofnis dros, mezobeli eca-dos cecxlis Caqrobas da mimarTos yvela saWiro RonisZiebas, raTa saxli da aveji Semdgomi zianisagan gadaarCinos, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxlis mepatrones misTvis aseTi brZaneba ar miucia.

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4.2. amasTan dakavSirebiT, or sakiTxze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba. pirveli: rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri samarTali ambobs, rom Tuki pirovnebas aseT dros sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba uxdeba, mas ekisreba val-debuleba, isini keTilsindisierad Seasrulos (ssk-is 969-e muxli da hsk-is muxli 6:199, nawili 1-li). holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisi debuleba ganavrcobs am azrs da ambobs, rom piri, romelic sxvis saqmeSi CaerTo, valdebulia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gaagrZelos sxvisi saqmeebis marTva.

4.3. meore: orive samarTlebriv sistemaSi pirs, romlis saqmesac asrule-ben, ekisreba arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, aunazRauros misi saqmis Semsrulebel pirovnebas. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 973-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `Semsrulebels ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos gaweuli xarjebis anaz-Raureba, romelic, saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, aucileblad iqna miCneuli.~ holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:200 muxlis, 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad ki: `dainteresebulma mxarem unda aunazRauros sxvisi saqmee-bis Semsrulebels im zianisaTvis, romelic mas miadga am mxaris saqmeebis Sesrulebisas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom misi interesic saTanadod iyos daculi.~ am muxlidan aSkarad Cans, rom arc erTi samarTlebrivi sistema sxvisi saqmeebis Semsrulebels ar aniWebs uflebas, moiTxovos anazRau-reba. mizezi ki, udavod mdgomareobs SemdegSi: unda aRikveTos erTi piris mier meores saqmeSi Carevis waxaliseba im imediT, rom, kanonis ZaliT, mas sargeblis miRebis saSualeba eqneba.

5. usafuZvlo anazRaureba an Sesruleba

5.1. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT usafuZvlo anazRaureba an Sesruleba, rogorc arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sedegi da usafuZvlo gamdidreba, rogorc arasaxelSekrulebo valdeb-arasaxelSekrulebo valdeb- valdeb-ulebis Sedegi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, movaleoba warmoiSoba im mizeziT, rom pirovnebam gadasca sxvas qoneba, an gadauxada Tanxa, anda Seasrula valde-buleba im rwmeniT, rom is kanonis moTxovnis an sxva raime mizezis gamo ase unda moqceuliyo, Tumca, realurad ar arsebobda, an ukve aRar arsebobda aseTi mizezi Tu valdebuleba. sakiTxis TvalsaCinoebis mizniT, ganvixi-lavT ramdenime magaliTs.

5.2. ganvixiloT yvelaze gavrcelebuli da martivi magaliTi. a-m da b-m gad- gad-awyvites meorad manqanebze nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadeba. a Tanxmde-ba, rom b-sgan manqana 2,500 larad SeiZinos. garigebis dasrulebis Semdeg, romlis Tanaxmadac, a-m manqanis Tanxa gadaixada, xolo b-m sanacvlod mas manqana gadasca, a aRmoaCens, rom manqana Zalian cud mdgomareobaSia da b-m is SecdomaSi Seiyvana. es warmoadgens xelSekrulebidan gasvlis an misi ba-Tilad cnobis safuZvels. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis an misi baTilad cno-bis SemTxvevaSi, es niSnavs, rom, erTi mxriv, manqanis b-dan a-sTvis gadacema da, meore mxriv, a-s mier b-sTvis 2,500 laris gadaxda kanonier safuZvels moklebulia (sin� causa, rogorc es romaul samarTalSia mocemuli). a-m unda daubrunos b-s manqana, xolo b-m, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis safuZvelze, daubrunos ukan a-s 2,500 lari. Tu b uars ganacxadebs Tanxis ukan dabrunebaze, maSin a-s SeuZlia uCivlos b-s usafuZvlo anazRaurebis safuZvelze.



5.3. ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi. fostalions SecdomiT miaqvs sauke-Teso qarTuli Rvinis boTlebis Sekvra baraTaSvilis aRmarTze, #12-Si mcxovreb mSvenier qalbaton c-sTvis. realurad, es Rvino a-m mis megobar gogona b-s dabadebis dReze saCuqrad gaugzavna, romelic aseve baraTaSvi- dabadebis dReze saCuqrad gaugzavna, romelic aseve baraTaSvi-lis aRmarTze, #10-Si cxovrobs. ra Tqma unda, c-m es Sekvra, samarTlebri- es Sekvra, samarTlebri-vi safuZvlis gareSe, SecdomiT miiRo. Sesabamisad, a-s ufleba aqvs, moiTx- ufleba aqvs, moiTx-ovos Rvinis dabruneba an c-s mier b-sTvis am Sekvris gagzavna. amrigad, c-s akisria arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, rom daabrunos Sekvra. am SemTxvevaSi, qoneba gadaecema iseT pirs, romelic ar aris kreditori.

5.4. davuSvaT, rom irakli abaSiZem gadawyvita, sadResaswaulod imogzauros holandiaSi saqarTvelos aviaxazebiT. Tumca, aviaxazebis erT-erTi Tanam-Sromlis daudevrobiT, igi aRmoCndeba sxva TviTmfrinavSi da ukana gzaze iaponiaSi uxdeba wasvla. mas, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia gavides kontraqti-dan, an moiTxovos Tanxis ukan dabruneba (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT Semdgomi zianis Sesaxeb) usafuZvlo anazRaurebis gamo. meore mxriv, saqarTvelos aviaxazebs ufleba aqvs, daibrunos misi Sesruleba (ukana gzaze iaponiaSi mgzavroba), radgan misi Sesruleba samarTlebriv safuZvels moklebulia. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos aviaxazebis Sesrulebis dabruneba SeuZlebelia, amdenad, abaSiZem aviakompanias unda aunazRauros TanxiT. Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos aviaxazebis Sesruleba abaSiZisaTvis usargebloa, aRniSnuli aviakompaniis mxridan kompensaciis moTxovna ar dakmayofildeba. magram warmovidginoT, rom abaSiZe unda wa-suliyo holandiaSi (rogorc es mas surda), magram saqarTvelos aviaxazeb-is erT-erTi TanamSromlis gulgrilobiT Cadenili Secdomis gamo abaSiZe Tbilisis aeroportidan holandiis samefo aviaxazebiT gafrinda amster-aeroportidan holandiis samefo aviaxazebiT gafrinda amster- holandiis samefo aviaxazebiT gafrinda amster-amster-damSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ar sWirdeba saqarTvelos aviaxazebi- imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ar sWirdeba saqarTvelos aviaxazebi-saTvis Tanxis gadaxda, holandiis samefo aviaxazebs ufleba aqvs, abaSiZ-isagan moiTxovos Sesrulebis dabruneba, radgan es qmedeba samarTlebriv safuZvels moklebuli iyo. xolo, vinaidan qmedebis naturiT dabruneba SeuZlebelia, abaSiZem unda gadaixados sakmao Tanxa – savaraudod, man es Tanxa saqarTvelos aviaxazebisagan unda miiRos sanacvlod.

5.5. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, romelic ukavSirdeba usafuZvlo anazRaurebas an valdebulebis Sesrulebas, exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca mxareebs hgoniaT, an erT-erT mxares iseTi war-modgena aqvs Seqmnili, rom mas akisria gadaxdis, gadacemis an moqmedebis Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, rac realurad ar arsebobs. usa-fuZvlo anazRaurebis an moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros arasaxelSekrule-arasaxelSekrule-bo valdebulebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom pirovnebam, vinc ga- valdebulebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom pirovnebam, vinc ga-naxorciela gadaxda, gadacema an Sesruleba, ufleba aqvs, ukan miiRos misi Tanxa an Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli qoneba. Tuki saqarTvelos samo-qalaqo kodeqss Tvals gavadevnebT, mivxvdebiT, rom kodeqsic am struqtu-riTaa agebuli. Tumca, Cveni azriT, arc ise gamarTlebulia, rom es aras-aras-axelSekrulebo valdebuleba regulirdeba TavSi, romelsac ùsafuZvlo gamdidreba~ ewodeba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 976-e Tavis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad: pirs, romelmac sxvas valdebulebis Sesasruleblad raime gadasca, SeuZlia mosTxovos fsevdo kreditors (mimRebs) misi ukan dabruneba, Tu: à) valdebuleba garigebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlis gamo ar arsebobs, ar warmoiSoba an Sewyda SemdgomSi.~ igive principia ga-tarebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 978-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT, pirovne-978-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT, pirovne- muxlSi, romlis mixedviT, pirovne-bas, romelic meore pirs iZulebis an muqaris safuZvelze gadascems raimes, ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos misi ukan dabruneba.

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5.6. zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevebSi, mosarCeles ufleba eniWeba, daibrunos gadaxdili Tanxa an gadacemuli qoneba, anda, Tu Sesrulebis dabruneba SeuZlebelia, sanacvlod miiRos Tanxa. es azri gatarebulia ssk-is 979-e muxlis 1-l da me-2 nawilebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad: ̀ 1. ukan dabrunebis moTx-1-l da me-2 nawilebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad: ̀ 1. ukan dabrunebis moTx- da me-2 nawilebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad: ̀ 1. ukan dabrunebis moTx-me-2 nawilebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad: ̀ 1. ukan dabrunebis moTx- nawilebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad: ̀ 1. ukan dabrunebis moTx-ovna vrceldeba SeZenilsa da miRebul sargebelze (....) 2. Tu ukan dabrune-ba SeuZlebelia gadacemuli sagnis mdgomareobis gamo, an Tu mimRebs raime mizeziT ar SeuZlia sagnis ukan dabruneba, maSin man unda aanazRauros misi saerTo Rirebuleba.~ wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sesrulebis ganxorciele-ba sruliad usargebloa fsevdo kreditorisaTvis, rogorc es abaSiZisa da saqarTvelos aviaxazebis SemTxvevaSi iyo da ar arsebobs sxva mxarisTvis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, mocemulia ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `3. ar arsebobs anazRaurebis movaleoba, Tu mimRebi, sa-gnis moxmarebis, sxvisTvis gadacemis, daRupvis, gauaresebis an sxva safuZ-vlis gamo, arc sagniT da arc misi RirebulebiT ar gamdidrebula.~

5.7. holandiuri samarTali am aspeqtSi gansxvavdeba qarTuli samarTli-holandiuri samarTali am aspeqtSi gansxvavdeba qarTuli samarTli- samarTali am aspeqtSi gansxvavdeba qarTuli samarTli-sagan. hsk-is 6:203 muxli, anazRaurebis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, ambobs: `1. pirs, romelmac sxvas gadasca qoneba samarTlebrivi safuZ-vlis gareSe, ufleba aqvs, gamoiTxovos igi mimRebisagan, rogorc usa-fuZvlo anazRaureba. 2. Tu usafuZvlo anazRaureba exeba fulad Tanxas, restituciis moTxovna SeiZleba wayenebul iqnes imave Tanxaze. 3. pirs, romelmac samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe moaxdina sxva xasiaTis Sesru-leba, aseve ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos misi dabruneba mimRebisagan.~ hsk-is 6:210 muxli exeba iseT SemTxvevas, roca Sesrulebis dabruneba naturiT SeuZlebelia, agreTve, problemas, roca pirovnebam sxvas unda aunazRau-ros misTvis usargeblo Sesrulebis safasuri: `Tuki, valdebulebis xasia-Tidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia moqmedebis dabruneba, misi Rirebulebis anazRaureba, miRebis droisaTvis gonivrulobis farglebSi, SeiZleba sxva saxiT moxdes, Tuki mimRebi valdebulebis SesrulebiT gamdidrda, an Tu valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba mas mieweros sanacvlo valdebulebis Sesrulebaze Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi.~

6. usafuZvlo gamdidreba

6.1. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis doqtrina exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca mesame piri iRebs raimes (fuls, qonebas an sxva Sesrulebas) samarTlebrivi sa-fuZvlis gareSe. Tumca, zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevebisagan gansxvavebiT, piri, romelic mesame piris mdgomareobas aumjobesebs, ar aris informi-rebuli mesame piris arsebobis Sesaxeb da, Sesabamisad, arc am mesame piris mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas isaxavda miznad. es SemTxvevebi, ra Tqma unda, moicavs usafuZvlo gadaxdas, qonebis gadacemas an valdebulebis Sesru-lebas, Tumca, gansxvaveba usafuZvlo gamdidrebasa da zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevebs Soris samarTlebriv SedegebSi mdgomareobs. ZiriTadi sxva-oba isaa, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebis dros mosarCeles ufleba ara aqvs, moiTxovos misi Sesrulebis sruli anazRaureba. am SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadi kriteriumia, Tu ramdenad gaumjobesda mopasuxes mdgomareoba. da Tu ase moxda, mas ekisreba valdebuleba, meore mxares aunazRauros maqsimum mxo-lod im raodenobiT, ra raodenobiTac misi qonebis Rirebulebam moimata da ara imaze meti, vidre mosarCele Tavisi SesrulebiT `gaRaribda~. garda amisa, pirovnebas, romelic usafuZvlod gamdidrda, mxolod im SemTxve-



vaSi ekisreba anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tu kompensacia gonivrulia. miuxedavad mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa, mopasuxem ar unda gadauxados mosarCeles, Tu Sesrulebis Sedegi misTvis arasasurveli aRmoCnda, miuxe-davad imisa, rom am Sesrulebis dabruneba SeuZlebelia. ganvixiloT Sesa-bamisi magaliTi:

6.2. Tamaz gersamia aris TbilisSi, ninoSvilis quCa #46-Si mdebare saxlis mepatrone. man mebaResTan dado xelSekruleba, misi Svebulebis periodSi baRis movla-galamazebis Taobaze. mebaRem, SecdomiT, ninoSvilis gamzir-movla-galamazebis Taobaze. mebaRem, SecdomiT, ninoSvilis gamzir- Taobaze. mebaRem, SecdomiT, ninoSvilis gamzir-ze #46-Si mdebare SoTa arvelaZis baRi gaalamaza, romelsac lamaz baRi-#46-Si mdebare SoTa arvelaZis baRi gaalamaza, romelsac lamaz baRi- mdebare SoTa arvelaZis baRi gaalamaza, romelsac lamaz baRi-ani sacxovrebeli aqvs da Svebulebis gamo agreTve ar imyofeboda saxlSi, roca mebaRem es saqmianoba ganaxorciela. mebaRis mier Catarebuli saq-mianobis Sedegad, arvelaZis sacxovrebeli saxlis Rirebuleba arsebiTad gaizarda. Tuki arvelaZes TviTon eqneboda survili, rom misi baRi ise gaumjobesebuliyo, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi misi mezoblis mebaRem gaakeTa, gonivruli iqneboda, rom arvelaZes misi mezoblis mebaRisaTvis gadaexada saxlis gazrdili Rirebuleba, magaliTad, 5,000 lari. magram, Tuki Tamaz gersamiasa da mebaRes Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba 4,000 larze iyo, ma-4,000 larze iyo, ma- larze iyo, ma-Sin arvelaZes ar sWirdeba gadaixados 4,000 larze meti, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sesrulebuli samuSaoTi saxlis Rirebuleba 5,000 lariT gaizarda. meore mxriv, Tuki xelSekruleba 6,000 larze iqneboda dadebuli, ar SeiZ-6,000 larze iqneboda dadebuli, ar SeiZ- larze iqneboda dadebuli, ar SeiZ-leba arvelaZes daekisros 5,000 larze metis gadaxdis valdebuleba. Tu arvelaZes saerTod ar moewona baRi da baRis gaumjobesebisTvis fuls ar xarjavs, mas ver daakisreben aseT valdebulebas.

6.3. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis es principi asaxulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 987-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `pirs, romelmac Segnebulad an SecdomiT xarjebi gaswia meore piris qonebaze, SeuZlia misgan moiTxovos Tavisi danaxarjebis anazRaureba, Tuki meore piri amiT gamdidrda. holandiur samarTalSi analogis povna SesaZlebelia 6:212 muxlSi, romlis Tanax-6:212 muxlSi, romlis Tanax- muxlSi, romlis Tanax-madac: `sxvis xarjze usafuZvlod gamdidrebulma pirma, gonivrulobis farglebSi, unda aanazRauros is Tanxa, rac misi usafuZvlo gamdidrebiT sxva pirma izarala.~ rogorc vnaxeT, holandiur samarTalSi anazRaurebis valdebuleba gonivrulobis farglebSi unda eqceodes. miuxedavad imisa, rom termins `gonivruli~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar vxvdebiT, rogorc Cans da rogorc magaliTebi cxadyofs, sadavo ar unda iyos, rom anazRaurebis wesSi es piroba igulisxmeba. ase rom ar iyos, cota ucnauri iqneboda, pirovnebas aenazRaurebina im gamdidrebisaTvis, romelic misi nebis miuxedavad moxda. paraleli SeiZleba gaivlos davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis SesrulebasTan. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis doqtrinasTan mimarTebiT, kanonma ufleba ar unda misces pirebs, Caerion sxva pirebis saqmianobaSi im imediT, rom kanoni maT sanacvlo anazRaurebis miRebis uflebas miscems.

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Tavi 6

saxelSekrulebo samarTali

1. xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba

1.1. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis mTavari princi-pia xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba. es principi, sul cota or rames niSnavs an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, or qve-princips moicavs. pirveli, Tavisufal da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi nebismier pirs, fizikurs Tu iuridiuls, mag., SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas, aqvs ufleba, dados xelSekruleba an Tavi Seikavos xelSekrulebis dadebisgan. da meore, xelSemkvrel mxareebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT gadawyviton, rogori tipis xelSekrulebis dadeba surT da ra unda iyos am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi. mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon xelSekrulebebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, magaliTad, nardobis xelSekruleba da xelSekru-nardobis xelSekruleba da xelSekru- xelSekruleba da xelSekru-lebaSi Caweron pirobebi, romlebsac samoqalaqo kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs mocemuli tipis xelSekrulebisTvis, xolo Tu pirobebs ar Caweren, igu-lisxmeba, rom isini SeTanxmdnen samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebze. agreTve, mxareebs SeuZliaT, mTlianad an nawilobriv, gad-auxvion samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgenil pirobebs da Tavad SeTanxmdnen maTTvis sasurvel pirobebze. mxareebs aseve SeuZliaT dadon iseTi xel-Sekruleba, romelic konkretulad regulirebuli ar aris samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi reglamentirebul xelSekrulebebsa da samoqalaqo kodeqsiT arareglamentirebul xelSekrulebebs, Cveulebriv, uwodeben saxeldebul xelSekrulebebs (romlebic regulirebulia ko-saxeldebul xelSekrulebebs (romlebic regulirebulia ko- xelSekrulebebs (romlebic regulirebulia ko-deqsiT) da arasaxeldebul xelSekrulebebs (romlebic ar aris regulire-arasaxeldebul xelSekrulebebs (romlebic ar aris regulire- xelSekrulebebs (romlebic ar aris regulire-buli kodeqsiT). xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis es fundamenturi principi mocemulia ssk-is 319-e muxlis pirvel punqtSi.

1.2. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis ganuyofeli nawilia is, rom mosamarTles ar SeuZlia Caerios saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi da TviT xelSekrulebaSi Tavisi mosazrebiT, Tu ra aris samarTliani an goniv-ruli. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi TviTon wyveten am sakiTxs da mosamarTlem unda miiRos is, razec mxareebi SeTanxmdnen. SeiZleba, mosamarTle calkeul SemTxvevaSi Tvlides, rom xelSekruleba arasamarTliania, magram man unda daicvas iuridiuli prin-cipi, rom misi movaleoba da amocana ar aris am saqmeSi Careva. mxareebma TviTon unda gadawyviton, rogori urTierToba iqonion erTmaneTTan. ro-gorc SemdgomSi iqneba ganxiluli, imavdroulad yovelTvis gasagebi araa, ras izraxavdnen mxareebi an raze SeTanxmdnen isini, ra SemTxvevaSic ikve-Teba mosamarTlis roli – gadawyvitos, ra aris xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi.

1.3. rogorc me-4 TavSi ukve aRiniSna, nebismier samarTlis sistemaSi, maT Soris qarTulSi, zemoxsenebuli xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi ar aris SeuzRudavi. am sakiTxs mokled Sevexebi.



2. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva

2.1 pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom zogierTi xelSekruleba saerTod ar SeiZleba daidos anu zogierT saxelSekrulebo pirobaze saerTod ar SeiZ-leba SeTanxmeba. xelSekruleba an saxelSekrulebo piroba ar unda arRvev-des sajaro wesrigs, ewinaaRmdegebodes sajaro interess an kanoniT gan-sazRvrul interesebs. xolo Tu xelSekruleba an saxelSekrulebo piroba warmoadgens aseT darRvevas an aseT winaaRmdegobas, maSin kanoni ar aRia-rebs moqalaqeTa Soris msgavsi SeTanxmebis savaldebulo Zalas, Tundac orive mxares ewados SeTanxmeba. Teoriul-samarTlebrivi saxelwodeba xe-Teoriul-samarTlebrivi saxelwodeba xe- saxelwodeba xe-lSekrulebis Tavisuflebis amgvari SezRudvisa aris is, rom xelSekrule-ba an calkeuli saxelSekrulebo piroba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba, magali-Tad, sajaro wesrigs, baTilia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi wesi amasTan dakavSirebiT mocemulia 54-e muxlSi: `baTilia garigeba, ro- garigeba, ro-melic arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs, ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs an zneobis normebs.~

2.2. zog SemTxvevaSi, mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon raime konkretuli xelSe-kruleba, magram Tavisuflad ar SeuZliaT gansazRvron misi Sinaarsi. anu xelSekrulebis dadebisas maT ar SeuZliaT daadginon kanoniT gansazR-vrulisgan gansxvavebuli pirobebi. savaldebulo xasiaTis aseTi pirobe-bi umTavresad moipoveba im xelSekrulebebSi, romlebSic, kanonmdeblis azriT, erTi mxare ufro Zlier poziciaSi, ris gamoc ufro sust poziciaSi myof meore mxares esaWiroeba gansakuTrebuli dacva kanoniT. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi yvelaze xSiri magaliTebi moipoveba SromiT xelSe-krulebebTan da sacxovrebeli farTis qiravnobis xelSekrulebebTan da-kavSirebiT. magaliTad, hsk-is 7:617 muxlis pirveli nawili, SromiT xelSe-hsk-is 7:617 muxlis pirveli nawili, SromiT xelSe- 7:617 muxlis pirveli nawili, SromiT xelSe-7:617 muxlis pirveli nawili, SromiT xelSe- muxlis pirveli nawili, SromiT xelSe-krulebasTan dakavSirebiT, adgens: ̀ 1. SeTanxmebuli fasis gadaxdis forma SeiZleba iyos mxolod: a. fuladi ...~ aseTi debulebebisTvis damaxasiaTe-belia baTilobis specifikuri Tviseba: Tu, magaliTad, mxareebi SeTanxmd-baTilobis specifikuri Tviseba: Tu, magaliTad, mxareebi SeTanxmd- specifikuri Tviseba: Tu, magaliTad, mxareebi SeTanxmd-nen, rom SeTanxmebuli fasis gadaxdis forma iqneba is, rom muSaks eqneba damqiraveblis manqaniT sargeblobis ufleba, maSin baTili iqneba ara mT-baTili iqneba ara mT- iqneba ara mT-lianad xelSekruleba, aramed mxolod akrZaluli piroba da am akrZalul pirobas Caenacvleba kanoniT dadgenili piroba, romelic gaxdeba xelSe-krulebis nawili da uflebas miscems muSaks, SeTanxmebuli formis miuxe-davad, miiRos gasamrjelo fuladi saxiT.

2.3. xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis, zogadad, raime forma gansazRvruli ar aris. mxolod is faqti, rom ori mxare zepirad SeTanxmdnen, niSnavs, rom xelSekruleba daido. amitom, xelSekruleba, zogadad, rogorc laTi-nurad ewodeba, aris nudum pactum. am principidan SeiZleba, sxvaTa Soris, warmoiSvas problema, rom, radgan xelSekruleba SeiZleba iolad daidos, mxarem SesaZloa xelSekruleba dados winaswar saTanadod gauazreblad, anu SemdgomSi SeiZleba inanos, rom ase moiqca. magram es sinanuli gviani iqneba. garda amisa, Tu mxareebs Soris uTanxmoebaa, maT SeiZleba daiwyon kamaTi, daido Tu ara xelSekruleba. da Tu xelSekruleba zepirad daido, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba sadavo iyos, Tu ra pirobebze SeTanxmdnen mxareebi. swored am sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad, kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs garkveul formas zog SemTxvevaSi. amis naTeli magaliTi moipoveba ssk-is 323-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `xelSekruleba, romliTac erTi mxare

107

iRebs valdebulebas, uZrav nivTze sakuTreba gadasces sxvas an SeiZinos igi, unda damowmdes sanotaro wesiT.~ agreTve, magaliTad, ssk-is 506-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi naTqvamia: `1. ganvadebiT nasyidobis xelSekruleba unda daidos werilobiT.~ es debuleba niSnavs imas, rom Tu xelSekruleba ar aris dadebuli werilobiTi formiT, maSin xelSekruleba dadebuli ar aris, Tundac gamyidvelma daamtkicos, rom mxareebi SeTanxmdnen an Tundac meore mxarem daadasturos, rom is daeTanxma gamyidvelis SeTavazebas. ase-Ti tipis debulebebi gansxvavdeba iseTi debulebebisgan, rogoricaa, maga-liTad, ssk-is 624-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad: `sesxis xelSekruleba ideba zepirad. mxareTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes werilobiTi formac. zepiri xelSekrulebis dros misi namdviloba ar SeiZleba dadgin-des mxolod mowmeTa CvenebebiT.~ Teoriulad, es debuleba ar moiTxovs raime formalobas xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis. Teoriulad, igi mxolod mtkicebis wess Seicavs. magram praqtikaSi gansxvaveba naklebia, radgan am debulebis praqtikuli Sedegi iqneba is, rom Tu sesxis xelSekruleba we-rilobiT ar iqna dadebuli, didi albaTobiT, misi aRsruleba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.

2.4. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis kidev erTi saxesxvaoba adre ukve aRniSnuli ssk-is 319-e muxlis meore nawilia. dominanti mxare ar aris Tavisufali xelSekrulebis dadebisas pirTan, romelsac surs misgan saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZena. am wesis gavrcelebuli konkretuli ma-galiTi mocemulia ssk-is 670-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT, piri, romelic sajarod sTavazobs tvirTis gadazidvas an mgzavrebis gadayvanas, prin-cipSi, valdebulia, dados gadazidvis�gadayvanis xelSekruleba Tanabari pirobebiT.

2.5. magram xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva mocemulia ara mxo-lod saxelSekrulebo samarTlis sferoSi, aramed iuridiuli qmedunari-qmedunari-anobis Sesaxeb zogad wesebSic. amis magaliTia ssk-is me-12 muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebiT gansazRvruli wesi, rom piri unda iyos 18 wlis asaks miRweuli, rom SeeZlos sakuTari Tavis SeboWva xelSekrulebis dadebiT. msgavsi wesi mocemulia, agreTve, ssk-is 58-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. ba-ssk-is 58-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. ba- 58-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. ba-58-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. ba- muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. ba-ba-Tilia mcirewlovnis an sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris nebis gamovlena.~ am wess, rasakvirvelia, bevri gamonaklisi aqvs, romlebic gawerilia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli wignis meore karis meore TavSi, magram amas ar Sevexebi.

2.6. iuridiuli qmedunarianobis fenomenis, ase Tu ise, msgavsia piris md-qmedunarianobis fenomenis, ase Tu ise, msgavsia piris md- fenomenis, ase Tu ise, msgavsia piris md-gomareoba, rodesac, is, marTalia, iuridiulad qmedunariania, dados xel-Sekrulebebi, magram ama Tu im mizeziT moklebulia unars, srulad gaigos, ras akeTebs xelSekrulebis dadebiT, anu srulad Tavisufali ar aris xel-Sekrulebis dadebisas an srulad Tavisufali ar aris, dados im Sinaarsis xelSekruleba, rogoric mas surs. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis idea gu-lisxmobs imas, rom xelSekrulebis damdebi piri Tavisufalic aris, dados xelSekruleba da esmis kidec, ras moqmedebs. kanoni iTvaliswinebs sxva-dasxva mdgomareobas, rodesac es moTxovnebi srulad dakmayofilebuli ar aris da icavs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis doqtrinas ubralod imiT, rom ar cnobs xelSekrulebas dadebulad, Tu piri realurad Tavisufali ar iyo sakuTari survilebis da interesebis SefasebaSi. aseTi SemTxvevebi,



Cveulebriv, warmoadgens xelSekrulebis baTilobis safuZvels da SeiZle-ba moSlil iqnes kanoniT daculi piris mier, Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, kano-ni imdenad miuReblad miiCnevs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobas, rom igi xelSekrulebas baTilad acxadebs.

2.7. aRniSnuli SezRudvis saxeebi mocemulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis ara xe-lSekrulebebis wignSi, aramed (rogorc saqarTvelos, ise niderlandebis SemTxvevaSi) kodeqsis im nawilSi, romelic zogadad iuridiul qmedebebs an garigebebs exeba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi es wesebi mocemu-lia pirveli wignis meore karSi. niderlandebis SemTxvevaSi ki _ kodeqsis mesame wignis meore karSi, romelic zogadad iuridiul qmedebebs exeba.

2.8. saqarTveloSic da niderlandebSic baTils uwodeben xelSekrule-niderlandebSic baTils uwodeben xelSekrule- baTils uwodeben xelSekrule-baTils uwodeben xelSekrule- uwodeben xelSekrule-bas, Tu erT-erTi xelSemkvreli mxare suliT avadmyofia (ssk-is 58-e mux-xelSemkvreli mxare suliT avadmyofia (ssk-is 58-e mux- mxare suliT avadmyofia (ssk-is 58-e mux-(ssk-is 58-e mux- 58-e mux-58-e mux- mux-lis meore nawili, hsk-is 3:34 muxlis pirveli nawili). hsk-is 3:34 muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, dasaSvebia suliT avadmyofi piris mier dadebuli xelSekrulebis moSla. ssk-is 58-e muxlis meore nawilis teqsti aseT xe-ssk-is 58-e muxlis meore nawilis teqsti aseT xe- 58-e muxlis meore nawilis teqsti aseT xe-58-e muxlis meore nawilis teqsti aseT xe- muxlis meore nawilis teqsti aseT xe-lSekrulebaze ambobs, rom igi `baTilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.~ marTalia, sruli damajereblobiT ver vityvi, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli samarTlis mixedviTac, aseTi xelSekruleba aris ara baTili, aramed SeiZ-baTili, aramed SeiZ- aramed SeiZ-leba baTilad CaiTvalos.

2.9. xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobis cnobili safuZvlebia iZuleba da mo-tyueba, gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 85-89 mux-85-89 mux- mux-lebiT da holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 81-84 muxlebiT (muxli 3:44). igi, vinc muqariT an motyuebiT aiZula piri, daedo xelSekruleba, ver aiZu-lebs am meore pirs, rom misTvis savaldebulo Zala hqondes xelSekrule-bas. am meore pirzea damokidebuli, moiwonebs xelSekrulebas, Tu moiTx-ovs mis baTilobas.

2.10. qarTuli samarTalic da holandiuri samarTalic icnobs cnebas, ro-holandiuri samarTalic icnobs cnebas, ro- samarTalic icnobs cnebas, ro-melic warmoiSva inglisur samarTalSi saxelwodebiT àrasaTanado gav-lena.~ xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi Tanasworni arian. magram, sinamdvileSi, sruli Tanasworoba da srulad Tanaswori mo-laparakeba ar arsebobs. garkveuli xarisxis uTanasworobis arseboba xe-lSekrulebas sadavod ar xdis, ramdenadac kanoni misaRebad miiCnevs uTa-nasworobis garkveul xarisxs. magram Tu uTanasworoba, ama Tu im mizezis gamo, metad didia, maSin sust mxares SeiZleba mieniWos dacva im saSuale-biT, rom mas SeeZlos im xelSekrulebis moSla, romelic man arsebuli uTa-nasworobis gavlenis qveS dado. hsk-is 3:44 muxlis me-4 nawilis mixedviT, arasaTanado gavlenis qveS dadebulad iTvleba xelSekruleba, Tu pirma igi dado `gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis, rogorc gadaudebeli mdgomare-obis, damokidebulebis, qarafSutobis (araseriozulobis), aranormaluri sulieri mdgomareobis an gamoucdelobis gamo.~ ssk-is 55-e muxlSi miTi-ssk-is 55-e muxlSi miTi- 55-e muxlSi miTi-55-e muxlSi miTi- muxlSi miTi-Tebulia daculi piris mxolod mZime mdgomareoba an gamoucdeloba, mag-ram aseve miTiTebulia meore piris mier sargeblis miReba `Tavis sabazro Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT~, rac warmoadgens baTilobis safuZ-baTilobis safuZ- safuZ-vels. arasaTanado gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, qarTul samarTalsa da holan-holan-diur samarTals Soris kidev ori mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. pirveli, ssk-is 55-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, garigeba SeiZleba baTilad

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CaiTvalos arasaTanado gavlenis gamo, Tu Zlieri mxaris mier gansazR-vrul Sesrulebasa da SesrulebisTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa. amgvarad, qarTul samarTalSi ori winapirobaa: mxareTa Soris unda iyos uTanasworoba da, aseve, aSkara uTanasworoba unda iyos Sesrulebasa da anazRaurebas Soris. niderlandebSi ki, aucilebeli ar aris, uTanasworobis arseboba Sesrulebebs Soris. da meore, qarTuli samarTali, holandiurisgan gansxvavebiT, ganasxvavebs xelSekrulebebs, romlebic SeiZleba baTilad CaiTvalos arasaTanado gavlenis gamo da xelSekrulebebs, romlebic baTilia arasaTanado gavlenis gamo. kerZod, 55-e muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT: `baTilia garigeba, romelic dadebu- muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT: `baTilia garigeba, romelic dadebu-`baTilia garigeba, romelic dadebu- garigeba, romelic dadebu-lia erTi mxaris mier meoreze gavlenis borotad gamoyenebiT, roca maTi urTierToba dafuZnebulia gansakuTrebul ndobaze.~ aseT dros, ssk-is 55-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvruli SemTxvevisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanasworoba-uTanasworoba, rogorc Cans, araviTar rols ar asrulebs.

2.11. zogadad, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad miCneuli, mag-ram arsebiTad sxva xasiaTis, aris Secdoma. es sakiTxi mowesrigebulia ssk-is 72-80 muxlebiT, anu mocemulia kodeqsis zogad nawilSi, romelic zogadad iuridiul qmedebebs exeba. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ki, piriqiT, es sakiTxi gansazRvrulia saxelSekrulebo samarTlis zogad na-wilSi, kerZod, im nawilSi, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebas exeba. hsk-is 228-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT: `1. xelSekruleba, romelic daido Secdomis gavleniT da romelic ar daideboda, faqtebi rom sworad Sefa-sebuliyo, SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili: a. Tu Secdoma gamowveulia meore mxaris mier miwodebuli informaciiT, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu meo-re mxare varaudobda, rom xelSekruleba daideboda aseTi informaciis mi-uxedavad; b. Tu meore mxares, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac man icoda an unda scodnoda, unda ecnobebina SecdomaSi Sesuli mxarisTvis; g. Tu meore mxa-g. Tu meore mxa- Tu meore mxa-rem xelSekrulebis dadebisas gaakeTa iseTive araswori varaudi, rogorc SecdomaSi Sesulma mxarem, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu meore mxare, Tundac faqtebi sworad Sefasebuliyo, ver mixvdeboda, rom SecdomaSi Sesuli mx-are amis gamo xelSekrulebas ver dadebda.~

2.12. Secdomisas ar warmoiSoba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa mxareTa qmedu-Secdomisas ar warmoiSoba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa mxareTa qmedu- ar warmoiSoba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa mxareTa qmedu-qmedu-unaroba, mxareTa uTanasworoba an erT-erTi mxaris cudi saqcieli. Sec- mxareTa uTanasworoba an erT-erTi mxaris cudi saqcieli. Sec-domis regulireba ubralod exeba imas, Tu ra reagireba unda moaxdinos samarTalma, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg gairkva, rom erT-erTma mxarem an Tundac orive mxarem aRmoaCina, rom faqtebi ar Seesabameba maT im warmodgenebs, romliTac dades xelSekruleba. samarTalma gamyofi xazi unda gaavlos or Secdomas Soris: pirveli, romelic SecdomaSi Sesuli mxaris riskia da meore, romelic SecdomaSi Sesul mxares xelSekrulebis baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas aZlevs. martivi magaliTia, rodesac b Se-dis maRaziaSi da surs, iyidos wiTeli Rvinis dekantatori. Tu b-s surs, iyidos damuSavebul kristaliani dekantatori, magram amis Sesaxeb ar ac-kristaliani dekantatori, magram amis Sesaxeb ar ac- dekantatori, magram amis Sesaxeb ar ac-dekantatori, magram amis Sesaxeb ar ac- magram amis Sesaxeb ar ac-nobebs maRaziis mflobel a-s da iyidis Cveulebrivi SuSisgan damzadebul dekantators, arada, hgonia, rom iyida damuSavebul kristaliani dekanta- arada, hgonia, rom iyida damuSavebul kristaliani dekanta-arada, hgonia, rom iyida damuSavebul kristaliani dekanta- hgonia, rom iyida damuSavebul kristaliani dekanta-kristaliani dekanta- dekanta-dekanta-tori, maSin b-s marTlac SecdomiT daudia xelSekruleba. magram mxolod es faqti ar aZlevs b-s xelSekrulebis baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas; ami- xelSekrulebis baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas; ami-baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas; ami- moTxovnis uflebas; ami-saTvis saWiroa, sul cota, maRaziis mflobel a-sTvis b-s daezustebina, rom mas kristaliani dekantatoris yidva surda. amdenad, Secdomis feno-kristaliani dekantatoris yidva surda. amdenad, Secdomis feno- dekantatoris yidva surda. amdenad, Secdomis feno-dekantatoris yidva surda. amdenad, Secdomis feno- yidva surda. amdenad, Secdomis feno-



meni xelSekrulebis ganmartebasTanac aris kavSirSi. ormxrivi Secdomis cnobili magaliTia inglisuri saqme, romelic `pierlisis~ saxeliTaa cno-`pierlisis~ saxeliTaa cno- saxeliTaa cno-bili. a daTanxmda, eyida da b daTanxmda, gaeyida kotonis (bambis) partia, romelic unda Camosuliyo `pierlisze bombeidan~. sinamdvileSi ki bom-`pierlisze bombeidan~. sinamdvileSi ki bom- bombeidan~. sinamdvileSi ki bom-beidan gamovida ori gemi da orive maTganis saxelwodeba iyo `pierlisi~, pirveli gamovida oqtomberSi, meore gamovida dekemberSi. mogvianebiT damtkicda, rom myidveli gulisxmobda oqtomberSi gamosul gems, xolo gamyidveli gulisxmobda dekemberSi gamosul gems. mosamarTlem gadawy-vita, rom myidvels pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreboda dekemberSi gamosul gemze datvirTuli saqonlis miRebaze uaris Tqmis gamo. gayiduli saqon-lis aRweriloba iseTi iyo, rom orive tvirTs miesadageboda da radgan ar arsebobda sxva garemoeba, romelic mkafiod miuTiTebda mesame daintere-sebul mxares, romel tvirTze iyo laparaki, SeuZlebeli gaxda Sepirebis Sinaarsis dadgena. SeTanxmebuli pirobebis orazrovnebis gamo sasamarT-lom daadgina, rom igi moklebuli iyo SesaZleblobas, gamoerkvia, saer-Tod arsebobda Tu ara raime SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris.

3. xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvla

3.1. xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sedis, Tu ori an meti mxare nebayoflobiT Se-Tanxmdeba, rom isini iqnebian urTierTvaldebuli im saganze, razec Se-urTierTvaldebuli im saganze, razec Se- im saganze, razec Se-Tanxmdnen. Cveulebriv, es gamoixateba gamoTqmiT, rom xelSekruleba da-debulia, rodesac arsebobs oferti da am ofertis aqcepti. xelSekruleba aris ofertis da aqceptis Tanxvedris Sedegi. amitom, imis gadawyvetisas, dadebulia Tu ara xelSekruleba, mosamarTlem unda daadginos, gaakeTa Tu ara erTma mxarem SeTavazeba, romelSic gamovlenili iyo am ofertis SinaarsiT iuridiulad SeboWvis neba da gamoTqva Tu ara meore mxarem am ofertis aqceptis da misi SinaarsiT iuridiulad SeboWvis neba. amitom, xe- aqceptis da misi SinaarsiT iuridiulad SeboWvis neba. amitom, xe-aqceptis da misi SinaarsiT iuridiulad SeboWvis neba. amitom, xe- da misi SinaarsiT iuridiulad SeboWvis neba. amitom, xe-lSekruleba Taviseburad ori Tanxvedri azris iuridiuli damTxvevaa, anu cons�nsus ad id�m – rogorc mas romaul samarTalSi ewodeba.

3.2. es idea gamoxatulia ssk-is 327-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanax-ssk-is 327-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanax- 327-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanax-327-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanax- muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanax-mad: `xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba, Tu mxareebi mis yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdnen saamisod gaTvaliswinebuli formiT.~ igive idea ga-moxatulia hsk-is 6:217 muxlis pirvel nawilSi Semdegi teqstiT: `xelSe-hsk-is 6:217 muxlis pirvel nawilSi Semdegi teqstiT: `xelSe- 6:217 muxlis pirvel nawilSi Semdegi teqstiT: `xelSe-6:217 muxlis pirvel nawilSi Semdegi teqstiT: `xelSe- muxlis pirvel nawilSi Semdegi teqstiT: `xelSe-krulebas qmnis oferti da misi aqtepti.~

3.3. amitom, aucilebelia dadgindes, arsebobs Tu ara oferti da aqcepti. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi iuridiuli termini òferti~ met-naklebad gansazRvrulia 329-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi. meore mxriv, iuri-329-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi. meore mxriv, iuri- muxlis pirvel nawilSi. meore mxriv, iuri-diuli termini àqcepti~, marTalia, moipoveba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, magaliTad, 331-e muxlSi, magram mis gansazRvrebas kodeqsi ar Seicavs. holandiur kanonmdeblobaSi arc oferti da arc aqcepti gan-holandiur kanonmdeblobaSi arc oferti da arc aqcepti gan- kanonmdeblobaSi arc oferti da arc aqcepti gan-oferti da arc aqcepti gan- da arc aqcepti gan-aqcepti gan- gan-sazRvruli ar aris.

3.4. zogjer SeiZleba naTlad iyos gasagebi, dgindeba Tu ara ofertis da aqceptis arseboba. Tu uZravi qonebis mesakuTre SesTavazebs misi kuTvni-li saxlis miyidvas 60 000 larad konkretul pirs, romelmac gamoTqva am saxlisadmi interesi da daazustebs, rom oferti ZalaSia erTi kviris va-

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diT da saxlis gadacema moxdeba ofertis gakeTebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg, am SemTxvevaSi sirTules ar warmoadgens am ofertis gageba. amasTan, Tu es konkretuli piri am erTi kviris vadaSi calsaxad da upirobod acnobebs oferents, rom igi Tanaxmaa yvela SemoTavazebul pirobaze da surs, iyi-dos saxli ofertSi aRniSnuli pirobebiT, am SemTxvevaSic ueWvelad gasagebia, rom es aris aqcepti. magram, Tu, magaliTad, saxlis mesakuTre daiqiravebs uZravi qonebis agents, romelic adgilobriv gazeTSi gamo-aqveynebs sareklamo gancxadebas saxlis 60 000 larad gayidvis Taobaze, am SemTxvevaSi gadaWriT ver vityviT, rom es aris oferti. holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, uZravi qonebis agentis mier sareklamo gancxadebis gamoqveyneba gazeTSi ar niSnavs oferts, aramed iTvleba yvelas mimarT gagzavnil mowvevad ofertis gakeTebaze. amitom, holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, Tu dainteresebuli piri telefoniT daurekavs agents da ety-vis, rom is moxaruli iqneba saxli SeiZinos dasaxelebul 60 000 larad, es ar niSnavs xelSekrulebis dadebas, radgan saxlis mesakuTrem jer kidev unda moaxdinos an ar moaxdinos aqcepti. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul samar-TalSic igive wesia, Tanaxmad 329-e muxlis meore nawilisa: `2. winadadeba, romelic mimarTulia pirTa ganusazRvreli wrisadmi, warmoadgens mowve-vas ofertze, Tu am winadadebaSi sxva ram ar aris pirdapir miTiTebuli.~ amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom, rodesac uZravi qonebis nasyidobaze gvaqvs laparaki, ofertisa da aqceptis TanxvedrasTan erTad, daculi unda iyos xelSekrulebis werilobiTi formac, Tanaxmad ssk-is 323-e muxlisa.

3.5. oferti SeiZleba iyos oferti, da aqcepti SeiZleba iyos aqcepti, Tun-dac mxareebma es sityvebi sulac ar axsenon. xelSekrulebebis umetesoba ideba ise, rom mxareebi ar iyeneben iuridiul terminologias. Tu piri Se-dis supermarketSi, iRebs Tarodan sam boTl Rvinos, midis salarosTan, ixdis fass da gamodis maRaziidan RviniT xelSi, maSin iurists gamoaqvs daskvna, rom xelSekruleba daido da Sesrulda kidec, Tumca, mxareebma SeiZleba erTi sityvac ar uTxres erTmaneTs. marTlac, am SemTxvevaSi, iu-ridiuli gagebiT, adgili hqonda oferts da mis aqcepts, Tumca, SeiZleba sxva sakiTxi iyos, vin aris oferenti da vin aqceptanti.

3.6. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur samarTalSi garkveuli probleme-bi SeiZleba warmoiSvas ofertTan da aqceptTan dakavSirebiT, rasac me mokled Sevexebi. pirvel rigSi, ismis kiTxva, nebis gamoxatvis ofertad miCnevisTvis aucilebelia Tu ara, rom neba miuvides meore mxares. qar-Tuli samarTlis mixedviT, pasuxi dadebiTia, radgan ssk-is 51-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT: `1. nebis gamovlena, romelic moiTxovs meore mxaris mier mis miRebas, namdvilad CaiTvleba im momentidan, roca igi me-ore mxares miuva.~ holandiur samarTalSi msgavsi debuleba ar moipoveba, magram es ar niSnavs, rom nebis gacxadeba, romelic ar misvlia meore mx-ares, uSedegod darCeba.

3.7. sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli sakiTxi, SeiZleba Tu ara ofer-tis gamoxmoba. SesaZlebelia oferts ganesazRvros moqmedebis vada, ris Sedegadac dauSvebeli iqneba ofertis gamoxmoba am vadaSi. qarTul sa-marTalSi es wesi met-naklebad iribad gadmocemulia ssk-is 331-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu oferentma aqceptisTvis gansazRvra vada, maSin aq-cepti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod am vadaSi. holandiur samarTalSi



es wesi ufro pirdapiraa Camoyalibebuli 6:219 muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: òferti SeiZleba gamoxmobil iqnes, garda im SemTxve-visa, Tu gansazRvrulia misi aqceptirebis vada an misi gamoxmoba sxvagvar-ad gamomdinareobs.~ Tu oferts vada gansazRvruli ar aqvs, maSin ofer-tis gamoxmoba dasaSvebia, Tu ara – es sakiTxi yovelTvis gasagebi ar aris. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi amaze raime konkretul debulebas ar Seicavs. gonivrulobis principidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xelSekruleba dadebuli iqneba, Tu ofertis aqceptireba moxdeba of-ertis gakeTebidan gonivrul vadaSi. holandiuri samarTali ganasxvavebs ofertis formebs: `1. zepiri ofertis aqceptireba unda moxdes dauyovne-bliv; werilobiTi ofertis aqceptireba unda moxdes gonivrul vadaSi.~ ofertis gamoxmoba misi aqceptirebis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, dauSvebelia da xels ar SeuSlis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlas.

3.8. rogorc zemoT iTqva, xelSekruleba dadebulad CaiTvleba, Tu aq-cepti zust TanxvedraSia ofertTan, anu Tu òTxive kuTxeSi emTxveva.~ saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebis dros, rogorc wesi, xdeba ise, rom meore mxare ofertis zog pirobas eTanxmeba, zogs ki _ ara, anda TviTon sTava-zobs mocemuli pirobebis Secvlas. umetesoba samarTlis sistemebSi, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SemTavazeblisa da meore mxaris rolebi icvleba. ssk-is 333-e muxlis meore nawilSi es Semdegnairadaa Camoyalibebuli: `2. roca pasuxSi gamoTqmulia Tanxmoba xelSekrulebis dadebaze, oRond sxva pirobebiT, vidre amas oferti iTvaliswinebda, aseTi pasuxi CaiTvleba uarad of-ertze da, amave dros, _ axal winadadebad.~ igive wesia gansazRvruli hsk-is 6:225 muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. Secvlili ofertis aqcepti miiCneva axal ofertad da Tavdapirvel ofertze uarad.~ magram, amave dros, amave mux-lis meore nawili azustebs: ̀ 2. Tu oferenti dauyovnebliv uars ar ganacx-adebs SemoTavazebul cvlilebebze da ofertis aqceptisTvis gamiznuli pasuxi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba ofertisgan, maSin es pasuxi warmoadgens xelSekrulebaze Tanxmobas am aqceptis Sesabamisad.~

3.9. me ukve Sevexe Semxvedri ofertis fenomens, romlis magaliTi moy-vanilia pirveli Tavis 1.4 paragrafSi. am sakiTxs detalurad arc saqarTve-los da arc holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsebi ar aregulirebs, magram sa-marTliani iqneba Tu vityviT, rom, gonivruli ganmartebiT, Semxvedri oferti ar qmnis saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas, aramed esa Tu is oferti eqvemdebareba aqcepts.

4. xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis dadgena

4.1. mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba, rom xelSekruleba dadebulia, ismis kiTx-va: ra aris xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi da ra ufleba-movaleobebi warmoi-Soba. ra Tqma unda, mxareebs SeiZleba maTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis yvela detali ise hqondeT gawerili, rom eWvs araferi badebdes, magram es mxolod TeoriaSi. praqtikaSi ki mxareebs Soris Zalzed xSirad uTanxmoe-baa im sakiTxze, Tu konkretulad ra pirobebze SeTanxmdnen. amis Semdgom mosamarTlis dasadgenia, ra pirobebze SeTanxmdnen mxareebi.

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4.2. xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mosamarTle, pirvel rigSi, unda eca-dos, gamoarkvios, hqondaT Tu ara mxareebs saerTo ganzraxva. rogorc zemoT iTqva, mosamarTlis gadasawyveti ar aris, ra miaCnia mas gonivru-lad, aramed mosamarTlem unda gamoarkvios, ras gulisxmobdnen mxareebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebisas Tavisufalni arian urTierTSoris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arCevasa da gansazRvraSi. es ki, umTavresad, mtkicebulebebs ukavSirdeba. mxareTa an mowmeTa mosmeniT SeiZleba dadg-indes, visi argumentebia swori.

4.3. magram xSirad (Tu yovelTvis ara), rodesac mxareebs Soris davaa, SeuZlebelia mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgena faqtebis analizis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba obieqturad unda ganmartos mesame mxarem, mosamarTlem, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, ras niSnavs mocemuli xelSekruleba kanonis mixedviT. am kuTxiT, xelSekrulebis gan-martebas bevri aqvs saerTo kanonis ganmartebasTan.

4.4. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma mizanSewonilad CaTvala, daedgina xelSekrulebis ganmartebis ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo wesi im SemTxve-visTvis, rodesac saerTo ganzraxva ver dgindeba. es wesebi, romlebic ssk-is 337-340 muxlebSia Camoyalibebuli, msgavsia ssk-is 2-5 muxlebSi mocemu-li kanonis ganmartebis wesebisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mivuTiTebdi imas, rac zemoT aRvniSne pirveli Tavis meore nawilSi kanonmdeblis kanonSe-moqmedebasa da samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebas Soris urTierTobaze. amitom, xelSekrulebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiTac, daskvna aris is, rom ZiriTadad mosamarTlis gadasawyvetia xolme, ra aris samarTliani da gonivruli.

4.5. holandiis Zveli samoqalaqo kodeqsic Seicavda bevr wess xelSekruleb-is ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram es wesebi axal samoqalaqo kod-eqsSi gamotovebul iqna im safuZvliT, rom sakmaod rTulia, gansazRvro da daareguliro, rogor unda ifunqcioniros sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-bebis miRebam an rogor funqcionirebs igi faqtobrivad. amitom, Tavad mosamarTlis prerogativaa, gamoZebnos xelSekrulebebis ganmartebis sakuTari gza. xelSekrulebis SinaarsTan da, Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT mxolod erTi zogadi wesisTvis moiZebna adgili 1992 wlis kodeqsSi. hsk-is 6:248 muxlis mixedviT: `1. xelSekrule-bas aqvs ara marto mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebuli iuridiuli Sedegi, ar-amed sxva Sedegic, romelic, xelSekrulebis xasiaTis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes kanonidan, CveulebiTi xmarebidan an gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis moTxovnebidan. 2. wesi, romelic mxareTaTvis savaldebu-loa xelSekrulebis ZaliT, ar gamoiyeneba imdenad, ramdenadac, mocemuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi gamoyeneba iqneba miuRebeli gonivru-lobisa da samarTlianobis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.~

4.6. meoTxe Tavis 2.11 da 2.12 paragrafebSi me ukve Sevexe xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebs. kerZod, im sakiTxs, es pirobebi, maTze SeTanxme-bis da maTi xelSekrulebis nawilad qcevis Semdeg, mainc SeiZleba iyos Tu ara baTili an baTilad cnobili im mizeziT, rom susti mxare daculi unda iyos ekonomikurad Zlieri mxarisgan. am sakiTxs win uZRvis kiTx-va, xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebze SeTanxmdnen Tu ara mxareebi



da iqca Tu ara es pirobebi xelSekrulebis nawilad. am kuTxiTac, kanoni iTvaliswinebs susti mxaris dacvas. kanoni ganasxvavebs Cveulebriv momx-mareblebs meore mxarisgan, romelic sakmarisad Zlieria imisaTvis, rom daicvan TavianTi interesebi (gansakuTrebiT biznesmenebisgan). rac Seex-eba momxmareblebs, maT SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs principi, rom xelSekruleb-is standartuli pirobebi xelSekrulebis nawilad iqceva, Tu momxmare-belma (visac sTavazoben): a) icis, rom SemTavazebels surs, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi iqces xelSekrulebis nawilad; b) icis am pirobebis Sinaarsi da g) aSkarad gamoxatavs Tanxmobas imaze, rom es pirobebi iqces xelSekrulebis nawilad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dumili ar iTvleba Tanx-mobad xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebze.

4.7. es wesi asaxulia ssk-is 343-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `xelSekruleb-is standartuli pirobebi mxolod maSin iqceva maT SemTavazebelsa da xelSekrulebis meore mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Semadgenel nawilad, roca: a. SemTavazebeli xelSekrulebis dadebis adgilze Tvalsa-Cino warweras gaakeTebs da miuTiTebs am pirobebze da b. xelSekrulebis meore mxares SesaZlebloba aqvs, gaecnos am pirobebis Sinaarss da, Tu Tan-axmaa, miiRos es pirobebi.~ holandiuri samarTali am sakiTxze gansxvave-buli poziciisaa, radgan hsk-is 6:232 muxlis mixedviT: `meore mxarisTvis zogadi pirobebi savaldebuloa maSinac, Tundac xelSekrulebis dadebis momentisTvis SemTavazebels scodnoda an SeiZleba scodnoda, rom meore mxarem ar icoda am pirobebis Sinaarsi.~ magram, Tu ufro kargad davak-virdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom holandiuri samarTalic icavs sust mxares im-asTan dakavSirebiT, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi unda iqces Tu ara xelSekrulebis nawilad; hsk-is 6:233 muxlSi naTqvamia: `zogadi pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebuli norma SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili: (...) b. Tu SemTavazebelma misca meore mxares zogadi pirobebis gacnobis Sesa-Zlebloba.~

5. mesame pirebis sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekrulebebi

5.1. ra Tqma unda, xelSekruleba ufleba-movaleobebs qmnis mxolod maT-Tvis, vinc dado es xelSekruleba xelSekrulebis mxareebisTvis. es prin-cipi, romelic, uZravi qonebis samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, aris val-debulebiTi samarTlis zogadi principi, iseve Zvelia, rogorc Tavad saxelSekrulebo samarTali. Zvel romaul samarTalSi igi gamoxatuli iyo Semdegi maqsimiT: ��s�int��alios�acta�aliis�n�qu��noc��n�qu��p�od�ss��pot�st. am prin-cipiT, mesame mxare ver iqneba im xelSekrulebiT SeboWili, romlis mxarec TviTon ar aris da ar SeuZlia aseTi xelSekrulebiT miiRos sargebeli.

5.2. magram am wesidan arsebobs gamonaklisebi, romelTagan yvelaze mniS-vnelovani da xSiri aris is, rom xelSekrulebis mxareebma SeiZleba sargebeli gadascen mesame mxares. amis cnobili magaliTebia dazRvevis xelSekruleba da sapensio sqemis xelSekruleba. magaliTad, qmarma Sei-Zleba dados sicocxlis dazRvevis xelSekruleba, romelic Seicavs de-bulebas, rom misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mis qvrivs SeuZlia, moiTxovos

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Tanxis garkveuli nawili sadazRvevo kompaniisgan. an damqiravebelma Sei-Zleba dados xelSekruleba sicocxlis mzRvevel kompaniasTan maszed, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis dasrulebis Semdeg muSakebs ufleba eqnebaT, mzRvevelma maT gadauxados garkveuli yovelTviuri fuladi Tanxa pen-siis saxiT.

5.3. rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri samarTali aRiarebs aseTi xelSekrulebebis kanonierebas. orive samarTlis sistema Seicavs wesebs aRniSnul Temaze samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi. ssk-is 349-351 muxlebi Seicavs zogad debulebebs mesame pirTa sasargeblod dadebul xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebiT. niderlandebSi msgavsi normebi moipoveba 6:253 – 6:256 mux-lebSi.

5.4. TavisTavad cxadia, mesame mxaris nebazea damokidebuli, miiRebs Tu ar miiRebs sargebels aseTi xelSekrulebidan da mas veravin aiZulebs, moiqces Tavisi nebis sawinaaRmdegod. aq ismis ori kiTxva: pirveli, sargeb-lis miRebis SemTxvevaSi mesame mxares aqvs Tu ara ufleba, TviTon uCivlos xelSekrulebis mxares, romelmac ivaldebula mesame pirisTvis sargeb-lis gadaxda, Tu mxolod im mxaresTan erTad SeiZleba uCivlos, romelmac mas sargebeli dauwesa, Tu mxolod am xelSekrulebis mxares aqvs Civilis ufleba Sesrulebis moTxovniT. meore, sargeblis damwesebel mxares Seu-Zlia Tu ara, uCivlos xelSekrulebis im mxares, romelmac ivaldebula sargeblis gadaxda.

5.4. holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, Cans, orive kiTxvaze pasuxi mkafio da gasagebia. hsk-is 6:253 muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT: `xelSekrulebiT mesame pirs eniWeba ufleba, moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba xelSekrulebis nebismieri mxarisgan an sxvagvarad miuTiTos xelSekrule-baze maT winaaRmdeg, Tu xelSekruleba Seicavs Sesabamis normas da Tuki me-same piri Tanaxmaa am uflebis ganxorcielebaze.~ amgvarad, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sargeblis miRebis Semdeg mesame pirs ufleba aqvs, Tvi-Ton uCivlos movales sasamarTloSi. hsk-is 6:256 muxlis Tanaxmad: `mxares, romelmac daTqma gaakeTa mesame piris sasargeblod, SeuZlia moiTxovos Sesruleba am mesame pirisTvis, Tu es mesame piri Tanaxmaa.~ amdenad, sarge-blis damwesebelsac aqvs, principSi, ufleba, uCivlos movales.

5.5. qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, pirvel SekiTxvaze pasuxi met-naklebad igivea. ssk-is 349-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `mesame piris sasargeblod dadebu-li xelSekrulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba moiTxovos rogorc kreditorma, aseve mesame pirma, Tu kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTval-iswinebuli, anda TviT valdebulebis arsidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.~ sakanonmdeblo norma ar iTvaliswinebs mesame piris Tanxmobas, rogorc winapirobas, magram, Cemi azriT, amiT didi gansxvaveba holandiur samar-TalTan ar vlindeba. ssk-is 351-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `Tu mesame piri uars ambobs xelSekrulebiT SeZenil uflebaze, maSin kreditors SeuZlia Tvi-Ton moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tu xelSekrulebidan an val-debulebis arsidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.~ vfiqrobT, es wesi srul TanxvedraSia mis holandiur ekvivalentTan.



Tavi 7

pasuxismgebloba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis

1. Sesavali

1.1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitori ar asrulebs masze dakisrebul val-debulebas da, Sesabamisad, arRvevs mas, wamoiWreba sakiTxi, Tu ra saxis samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebi gaaCnia, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, kreditors Tavisi interesebis dasacavad. Teoriulad SesaZlebelia gam-ovyoT oTxi saxis samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba. pirvel rigSi, kredi-tors SeuZlia konkretuli qmedebis Sesrulebis moTxovna, meore rigSi, mas SeuZlia moiTxovos finansuri anazRaureba zianisaTvis, mesame rigSi, ormxrivi uflebebisa da valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic gaaCnia orive mxares, kreditors ufleba aqvs, ar Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli movaleoba manam, sanam meore mxare arRvevs dakisrebul valdebulebas da bolos, ukidures SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia, uari ganacxados xelSekrule-baze an Sewyvitos igi da amgvarad wertili dausvas mxareebs Soris arse-bul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobas. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sa-marTlebrivi dacvis xsenebuli saSualebebi principSi ar aris ormxrivad eqskluziuri xasiaTis. magaliTad, SesaZloa saxeze iyos SemTxveva, rode-sac kreditors eniWeba samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis saxiT garkveu-li moqmedebis Sesrulebis ufleba iseve, rogorc zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli ufleba, Tuki debitoris gamo moxdeba moqmedebis Ses-rulebis gaWianureba.

1.2. aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom pasuxismgeblobis dadgena saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis, moiazrebs gadawy-vetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra warmoadgens kanonSi ar-sebuli valdebulebis Sinaarss da rogor unda iqnes kanonSi arsebuli valdebuleba gansazRvruli. moqmedebis yoveli Seusrulebloba ar war-moadgens samarTlis Tanaxmad valdebulebis darRvevas. magaliTad, Tuki klienti orSabaTs yidulobs maRaziaSi lamaz avejs da maRaziis gamyidve-li pirdeba mas, rom miutans avejs myidvels saxlSi meore dRes, anu samSa-baTs, raRa Tqma unda, maRaziis gamyidveli ar Seasrulebs Tavis danapirebs, Tuki igi samSabaTs daurekavs myidvels da acnobebs mas, rom ar SeuZlia misTvis avejis mitana, radganac is manqana, romliTac dagegmili iyo ave-jis mitana gamovida mwyobridan da saWiroebs SekeTebas, ase rom, avejis miwodeba moxerxdeba mxolod oTxSabaTs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, adgili ar aqvs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevas am debulebis samarTlebrivi gagebiT da myidvels ar SeuZlia _ warmatebulad _ wavides sasamarTloSi da moiTxovos samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba gamyidvelis mier masze dakisrebuli movaleobis Seusruleblobis gamo.

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2. darRvevis dadgena

2.1. Sesabamisad, pirvel rigSi, unda dadgindes, saxelSekrulebo danapire-bis Seusrulebloba warmoadgens Tu ara darRvevas samarTlebrivi Tval-sazrisiT. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki zemoxsenebul kiTxvasTan dakav-SirebiT pozitiur pasuxs miviRebT, wamoiWreba sakiTxi, Tu samarTlebrivi dacvis ra saSualebebi iqneba xelmisawvdomi.

2.2. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT zogadi wesis povna SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 394-e muxlis me-2 nawilsa da 405-e muxlis 1-l nawil-Si da, aseve, niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 683-e muxlSi. danapire-bis Seusrulebloba, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, mxolod maSin iTvle-ba valdebulebis darRvevad, Tuki damatebiTi vada, romelic daTqmulia kreditoris mier valdebulebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, gavida da debitors gagrZelebuli vadis ganmavlobaSic ar Seusrulebia masze dak-isrebuli valdebuleba.

2.3. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos da niderlandebis samarTlebriv sistemaSi ar arsebobs normebi im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra formiT unda daadg-inos kreditorma damatebiTi dro moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. raRa Tqma unda, xsenebuli niSnavs, rom mas SeuZlia am vadis dadgena zepirad, magram naxsenebi ar aris, rekomendirebulia Tu ara werilobiTi forma, raTa Tavi-dan iqnes acilebuli kamaTi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rodis moxda kerZod gagrZelebuli vadis amowurva.

2.4. kreditori ar aris valdebuli, daadginos drois damatebiTi vada im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac naTelia, rom es ver gamoiRebs Sedegs da ami-tomac damatebiTi vadis gansazRvra ar emsaxureba raime sasargeblo mi-zans. kreditori aseve ar aris valdebuli, daadginos damatebiTi vada im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac dro dadgenilia mxareebis mier an, xelSekrulebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs. xsenebu-li wesebi gamomdinareobs da asaxulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 394-e muxlis me-3 nawilsa da 405-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi. aRniSnuli wesebi SesaZloa ganmartebul iqnes garkveuli magaliTebis moyvaniT.

2.5. Tuki A-m mihyida B-s cnobili qarTveli mxatvris tilo da SeuTanxm-da B-s, rom tilos miutanda 2006 wlis 1-l ivliss, ar SeiZleba saqmis sxva detalebis gareSe iTqvas, rom A-m daarRvia valdebuleba, Tuki igi ver Se-Zlebs tilos gadacemas SeTanxmebul dRes. B-m unda daadginos gonivruli damatebiTi vada tilos miwodebisaTvis. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A 2006 wlis 30 ivnisisaTvis naTels xdis B-saTvis, rom igi ar gadascems mas tilos im mizeziT, rom aRmoaCina tilos unikaluroba da surs misi SenarCuneba, maSin A daarRvevs Tavis valdebulebas, rodesac 2006 wlis 1-li ivlisi Caivlis da A ar gadascems tilos B-s.

2.6. SemTxveva, rodesac damatebiTi vadis daniSvna ver gamoiRebs veranair Sedegs, iqneba maSin, rodesac A-m mihyida Tavisi manqana B-s, magram gadace-mamde A-s gadasacemi manqaniT mouvida avaria da manqana gamousadegari gaxda.



2.7. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A qiraobs oTaxs binaSi B-sagan (romelic aris rusTavelis gamzirze mdebare saxlis mesakuTre) im dRisaTvis, rode-sac saqarTvelos axlad arCeulma prezidentma unda gaiaros parlamen-tisaken inauguraciisaTvis da qiravnobis mizans warmoadgens is, rom A-m kargad dainaxos prezidenti, maSin, raRa Tqma unda, drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelSekrulebisaTvis. aucilebeli ar aris xsenebulis garkveviT gansazRvra xelSekrulebaSi. Tuki SemdegSi B inauguraciis dRes ar aris saxlSi, ar miucia gasaRebi A-sTvis da, amgvarad, A-s ar Seu-Zlia oTaxis gamoyeneba SeTanxmebul dRes, B daarRvevs xelSekrulebas da A-s aRar sWirdeba damatebiTi vadis dadgena moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis.

2.8. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia darRvevis dadgena moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis daTqmul dRemde. magaliTad, qarTuli kartofiliT movaWre 2006 wlis maisSi yidulobs 100 000 kilogram holandiur karto-fils, romelic Camotanil unda iqnes gemiT 2006 wlis 1 seqtembers da, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki niderlandebis mTavroba 1 agvistos daadgens, rom kar-tofilis mTeli eqsporti 2006 wlisaTvis akrZalulia sasoflo-sameurneo avadmyofobis gamo, maSin myidveli ar aris valdebuli, icados 2006 wlis 1 seqtembramde, raTa dadgindes, rom gamyidvelma daarRvia xelSekruleba.

2.9. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos da ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sakiTxi, dadge-nilia Tu ara darRveva an moTxovnilia Tu ara damatebiTi drois dadgena moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis, sul sxva sakiTxia, vidre pasuxismgebloba, Tu aseTi saxezea, romelic ekisreba debitors darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. gan-sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac vexebiT xelSekrulebis darRvevisaTvis zianis anazRaurebas, is sakiTxi, unda aanazRauros Tu ara debitorma ziani, unda gadawydes calke. ase rom, im SemTxvevaSi, romelic naxsenebia 2.8. punqtSi, TavisTavad, cxadi ar aris, rom holandieli gamyidveli pasuxismgebelia qarTveli kartofiliT movaWresaTvis zianis anazRaurebaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxi ganxilul iqneba qvemoT.

3. konkretuli qmedebis Sesrulebis moTxovna, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba

3.1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitori ar asrulebs masze dakisrebul saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas, samarTlebrivi dacvis pirveli saSuale-ba, romelsac kreditorma SeuZlia mimarTos, aris konkretuli moqmedebis Sesruleba. sakiTxi mdgomareobs imaSi, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisas SeuZlia da ubrZanebs Tu ara sasamarTlo debitors, ganaxor-cielos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba da eqneba Tu ara am sasamarTlos brZanebas zegavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba, rom valdebuleba Sesrule-buli iqneba keTilsindisierad.

3.2. rogorc es adrec iqna aRniSnuli, warsulSi romis samarTalSi konkre-tuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmi, ar arsebobda. samarTlebrivi dacvis erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgenda zianis anazRaureba: omnis�cond�mnatio�p�cunia�ia��st. niderlandebSi 1966 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom im SemTxvevebSi, rode-

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sac zianis anazRaureba ar warmoadgenda samarTlebrivi dacvis adekvatur saSualebas, sasamarTlos SeeZlo ebrZanebina debitorisaTvis masze dak-isrebuli konkretuli valdebulebis Sesruleba. dResdReobiT samarT-lebrivi dacvis es saSualeba gansazRvrulia niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. imave kodeqsis 3:296-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom is piri, romel-ic, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, valdebulia, gasces raime, ganaxorcielos an Tavi Seikavos raime qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, kreditoris mimarTvis safuZvelze gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT, iZulebuli iqneba ase moiqces `garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kanoni, valdebulebis xasiaTi an samarTlebrivi aqti sxvagvar wesebs adgens.~

3.3. zogadad daSvebulia, rom mosamarTle gascems brZanebas konkretuli qmedebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac zianis anazRaureba, romelic unazRaurebs kreditors gancdil zians, ar aris adekvaturi. xsenebuls adgili aqvs maSin, Tuki xelSekrulebis sagans war-moadgens konkretuli saqoneli. Tuki pirma SeiZina qarTuli Suasaukuneeb-is mxatvrobis tilos erTaderTi nimuSi, an Tuki pirma SeiZina konkretuli saxli Tbilisis lamaz nawilSi, romelSi dasaxlebac wlebis ganmavlo-baSi surda, aseTi myidvelisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tuki mas miscemen fulad kompensacias gamyidvelis uaris SemTxvevaSi. aseT dros konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba, kreditoris azriT, warmoadgens samarTlebrivi dacvis erTaderT Sesaferis saSualebas. meores mxriv, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki pirma SeiZina 100 aslidan erT-erTi igive Suasaukunee-bis tiloebidan da gamyidveli uars ambobs gadacemaze, zogadad, myidveli sakmarisad iqneba daculi kanonmdeblobiT, Tuki mas zians aunazRaure-ben fuladi kompensaciiT da, Sesabamisad, mas SeeZleba iyidos tilos sxva asli, Tuki es mas surs.

3.4. calke sakiTxia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba (romelic brZanebs garkveuli qmedebis Sesrulebas) unda aRsruldes Tu ara imgvarad, rom kreditorma sinamdvileSi miiRos nayidi saqoneli an Sesrulebul iqnes is samuSao, romelTan dakavSirebiTac daido xelSekruleba. niderlandebSi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitorma unda gadasces moZravi nivTebi, sasamarT-lo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba SesaZlebelia. niderlandebis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi gansazRvrulia, rom sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels sas-amarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze SeuZlia CamoarTvas saqoneli Sesa-bamis pirs da gadasces igi kreditors. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelSekrule-ba warmoadgens uZravi qonebis gayidvis xelSekrulebas, imisaTvis, rom qonebaze mesakuTreoba gadavides myidvelze, saWiroa, Sedges notariuli aqti, romelic daregistrirebul unda iqnes sajaro reestrSi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas, xsenebuli wesis povna SeiZleba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 83-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi. niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 3:300 da 3:301 muxlebis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitori uars acx-adebs notariusTan misvlasa da qonebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli aqtis xelmoweraze, mosamarTles SeuZlia, miiRos gadawyvetileba, rom mis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas gaaCnia igive samarTlebrivi Zala, rogoric deb-itoris mier xelmoweril sanotaro aqts da rom gadawyvetileba SesaZloa registrirebul iqnes sajaro reestrSi im efeqtiT, rom mesakuTreoba sakuTrebaze gadava gamyidvelidan myidvelze.



3.5. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitoris piradi TanamSromloba aucilebelia valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eqimi gamoTqvams Tanxmobas pacientisaTvis neiroqirurgiuli operaciis Cat-arebaze, sasamarTlos brZanebas ar eqneba aranairi pirdapiri efeqti, Tuki debitori mainc uars acxadebs valdebulebis Sesrulebaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganaCenis aRsruleba SesaZlebelia mxolod iribi gziT, ma-galiTad, mosamarTlis brZanebis saSualebiT, rom debitori valdebulia, gadaixados fulis garkveuli odenoba im yoveli dRisaTvis, rodesac igi uars acxadebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis damorCilebaze.

3.6. marTalia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, rogorc es gamomdin-areobs kodeqsis 361-389-e muxlebidan, sawyis wertils warmoadgens debitoris movaleoba, Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba da, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevria detaluri wesebi qmedebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT (rogorc es gvxvdeba niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqs-Si, romlis 6:27-5:51-e muxlebi detalurad awesrigeben xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas), rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs wesi, rom mosamarTles SeuZlia, brZanos xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT konkretuli qmedebis Sesrule-ba, Tuki debitori arRvevs valdebulebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranairi msgavsi norma ar moipoveba samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis nawili valdebulebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, me-3 karis me-3 Tavi, exeba mxolod zianis anazRaurebas, rogorc xelSekrulebis darRve-visagan samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebas.

4. zianis anazRaureba, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba

4.1. umetes SemTxvevaSi, kreditori, romelic waawydeba xelSekrulebis darRvevas, iRebs kompensacias im danakargisaTvis, romelsac igi gan-icdis darRvevis Sedegad. Semdgom TavSi ganxilul iqneba sakiTxi, Tu rogor unda iqnes gadawyvetili, ra ziani miadga pirs valdebulebis, maT Soris, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRveviT. winamdebare punqtSi yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebuli iqneba im sakiTxze, Tu ra warmoad-gens gansasazRvr niSnebsa da wesebs debitoris pasuxismgeblobis dadgeni-saTvis mis mier saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis gamo, rac iwvevs zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas.

4.2. pirveli principis povna SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kod-eqsis 394-e muxlis 1-l punqtSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `movalis mier val-debulebis darRvevisas kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba. es wesi ar moqmedebs maSin, rodesac movales ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis~. Sesabamisad, warmoiSoba kiTxva _ rodis aris pasuxismgebeli piri, romelsac akisria valdebulebis Sesruleba ar asrulebs saxelSekrulebo danapirebs. im SemTxvevaSi, ma-galiTad, rodesac gamyidveli yidis Zalian ZviradRirebul tropikul Tevzs da gadaaqvs Tevzi wyliT savse avziT, ra drosac Tevzebi ixocebian miwodebisas wylis dabali temperaturis gamo, iqneba Tu ara gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli da unda aanazRauros Tu ara man ziani, Tuki dadgenilia,

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rom igi ver akontrolebda wylis temperaturas? pasuxi gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 395-e muxlis 1-li nawilidan, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mxolod ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis, Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da valdebulebis arsidanac sxva ram ar gamomdinar-eobs.~ Semdegi sakiTxia, gamyidveli moqmedebda ganzrax Tu gaufrTxile-blad. pasuxi aris is, rom tropikuli Tevzis gamyidvelma unda Seamowmos wylis temperatura, romelSic Tevzia moTavsebuli transportirebisas da, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas es ar ganuxorcielebia, igi moqmedebda gau-frTxileblad. Sesabamisad, igi iqneba pasuxismgebeli. is principi, rom debitori pasuxismgebelia mxolod qmedebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi da qmedebis Seusrulebloba gamowveulia gaufrTxileblobiT, SesaZloa amovikiTxoT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 401-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `vada gadacilebulad ar CaiTvleba, Tuki valdebuleba ar Sesrulda iseTi garemoebebis gamo, rac movalis braliT ar aris gamowveu-li.~

4.3. ase rom, qmedebis SeusruleblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakav-Sirebuli kanonmdebloba SesaZloa ganmartebul iqnes, rogorc braleul qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgebloba. analogiuri xdeba nider-landebis kanonmdeblobaSic. magram am ukanasknelSi aris xsenebuli prin-cipidan garkveuli gamonaklisebi. ra moxdeba, magaliTad, Tuki avejis gadamtani daTanxmdeba klients avejis gadatanaze erTi saxlidan meoreSi da gadatanis momsaxure personals, gaufrTxileblobiT, xelidan gau-vardeba antikvaruli minis Zvirfasi sagani, romelic iatakze dacemisas srulad daimsxvreva? aseve, am SemTxvevaSi, debitori, romelic avejis gadamtans warmoadgens, pasuxismgebeli iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis braleul qmedebas ar hqonia adgili. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 396-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `movalem Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis da im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT unda agos pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari braleuli moqmedebis dros.~ xsenebuli pasuxismgebloba ar emyareba bra-leuli qmedebis Sedegad warmoSobil pasuxismgeblobas, aramed warmoad-gens e.w. mkacr pasuxismgeblobas.~

4.4. magram warmovidginoT, rom avejis gadamtans TokiT aaqvs antikvar-uli tumbo meore sarTulze da uecrad Toki gawydeba or nawilad. Sede-gad, tumbo davardeba quCaSi da mTlianad usargeblo gaxdeba. iqneba Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi avejis gadamtani pasuxismgebeli? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, dadebiTia, Tuki avejis gadamtani sargeblobda cudi xarisxis TokiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis Sesrulebisas igi moqmedebs gaufrTxile-blad, vinaidan jerovani gulmodginebiT ar arCevs Sesabamis aRWurvilo-bas, romelsac iyenebs xelSekrulebis Sesasruleblad. magram ra iqneba pasuxi im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki avejis gadamtanma SearCia saukeTeso xarisxis Toki da Toks gaaCnia defeqti, romlis aRmoCenac SeuZlebelia da, Sedegad, igi gawydeba? aseT SemTxvevaSi, adgili ar aqvs gaufrTxileblobas avejis gadamtanis mxridan. pasuxi kiTxvaze _ ekisreba Tu ara mas pasuxismgebloba, naTeli ar aris da misi moZieba SesaZlebelia ukve xsenebuli saqarTve-los samoqalaqo kodeqsis 395-e muxlis 1-li nawilis interpretaciis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmadac: `movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba



mxolod ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis, Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da valdebulebis arsidanac sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.~ SesaZlebelia imis gonivruli mtkiceba, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi avejis gadamtani, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar moqmedebda gaufrTxileblad, pasuxismgebelia, radganac xelSekrulebis xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs, rom gamosayenebel aRWurvilobaSi arsebul defeqtebze pasuxismgebelia avejis gadamtani, romelic iyenebs am aRWurvilobas. yo-vel SemTxvevaSi, es aris is pasuxi, romelic holandielma mosamarTlee-bma gasces aRniSnul kiTxvaze. ase rom, arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, zogadad xelSekrulebis mxare, romelic gamoTqvams Tanxmobas iseTi qmedebis Ses-rulebaze, romliTac garkveuli Sedegi iqneba miRweuli, rogoric aris, magaliTad, avejis gadatana erTi saxlidan meoreSi, mkacrad pasuxismgebe-lia im aRWurvilobaze, romelsac igi iyenebs.

4.5. Semdgom magaliTs kidev ufro SeuZlia gaarTulos siZneleebi, rom-lebic SesaZloa warmoiSvas imis gadawyvetisas, pasuxismgebelia Tu ara debitori, romelic ar asrulebs valdebulebas da samarTlebrivad unda aanazRauros Tu ara man ziani. warmovidginoT, rom A-s gaaCnia man-qanaTmSenebeli qarxana. A debs SeTanxmebas B-sTan _ romelic dakavebulia samanqano biznesiT _ Tormeti manqanis gayidvis Sesaxeb, romlebic miwode-bul unda iqnes 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis, maSin, rodesac A da B aseve Tanxm-debian, rom drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. B-s aRar mouxdeba damatebiTi drois dadgena da amitomac A daarRvevs valdebulebas, Tuki manqanebi ar iqneba miwodebuli 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis. rogori iqneba samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, Tuki A ar gadascems manqanebs B-s im mizeziT, rom italiurma kompania Pirelli-m, romlisganac A yidulobs saburavebs man- romlisganac A yidulobs saburavebs man-A yidulobs saburavebs man- yidulobs saburavebs man-qanisaTvis, ar miawoda A-s saburavebi Tavis droze? pasuxi savaraudod iqne-A-s saburavebi Tavis droze? pasuxi savaraudod iqne- saburavebi Tavis droze? pasuxi savaraudod iqne-ba is, rom A-m, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar moqmedebda gaufrTxileblad, unda aunazRauros B-s gancdili ziani da italieli saburavebis mwarmoe-B-s gancdili ziani da italieli saburavebis mwarmoe- gancdili ziani da italieli saburavebis mwarmoe-blis mier moqmedebis Sesruleba-arSesrulebaze riski ekisreba A-s. ami-Sesruleba-arSesrulebaze riski ekisreba A-s. ami- riski ekisreba A-s. ami-A-s. ami- ami-tomac A mkacrad iqneba pasuxismgebeli. magram analogiuri Sedegi dadge-A mkacrad iqneba pasuxismgebeli. magram analogiuri Sedegi dadge- mkacrad iqneba pasuxismgebeli. magram analogiuri Sedegi dadge-ba Tu ara, Tuki, magaliTad, italiel saburavebis mwarmoebels ar SeuZlia Tavis droze moamaragos A saburavebiT im mizezis gamo, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebelma, im mizniT, rom daecva da xeli Seewyo qarTuli ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, SemoiRo kanoni, romelic ukrZalavs qarTvel manqanis mwarmoeblebs saburavebis Semotanas sazRvrebs garedan da avaldebulebs maT, gamoiyenon mxolod saqarTveloSi warmoebuli saburavebi. Tuki aseTi ram moxdeba, gadawyvetileba savaraudod iqneba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nider-nider-landebSi, rom A ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswineb- rom A ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswineb-A ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswineb- ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswineb-uli qmedebis SeusruleblobisaTvis imgvarad, rom ar iqneba gamoyenebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 395-e muxlis 1-li nawili da kanonmdeb-395-e muxlis 1-li nawili da kanonmdeb- muxlis 1-li nawili da kanonmdeb-1-li nawili da kanonmdeb- nawili da kanonmdeb-lis Careva A-sTvis imoqmedebs, rogorc e.w. fors�maJoruli situacia.

4.6. pasuxi bolo SemTxvevaze, savaraudod, gansxvavebuli iqneba, Tuki A-s ecodineboda, rom saqarTvelos parlamentSi midis msjeloba imaze, miRebul iqnes Tu ara kanoni, romelic ukrZalavs qarTvel manqanis mwar-mwar-moeblebs saburavebis Semotanas sxva qveynidan, Tu B A-sTan molaparake- saburavebis Semotanas sxva qveynidan, Tu B A-sTan molaparake-B A-sTan molaparake- A-sTan molaparake-A-sTan molaparake- molaparake-molaparake-bis dros wamoWris sakiTxs zemoxsenebul msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT da hkiTxavs A-s, SeZlebs Tu ara es ukanaskneli manqanebis miwodebas daTqmul dros, xolo A daamSvidebs B-s, ar inerviulos, radganac darwmunebulia,

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rom 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis manqanebis miwodebas SeZlebs. aseT SemTx-vevaSi, Tuki kanoni miRebul iqneba da A ver SeZlebs manqanebis miwodebas daTqmul dRes, igi pasuxismgebelia xelSekrulebis darRvevaze. argumen-ti iqneba is, rom A-m sakuTar Tavze aiRo riski, rom SesaZloa kanonmdebeli Careuliyo da amitomac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kanonmdebeli namdvilad Caereoda, xsenebuli Careva ar SeiZleboda A-sTvis miCneuliyo fors-ma-A-sTvis miCneuliyo fors-ma- miCneuliyo fors-ma-fors-ma-Jorul situaciad. ase rom, A pasuxismgebeli iqneba, B-sTvis zianis anaz- situaciad. ase rom, A pasuxismgebeli iqneba, B-sTvis zianis anaz-A pasuxismgebeli iqneba, B-sTvis zianis anaz- pasuxismgebeli iqneba, B-sTvis zianis anaz-B-sTvis zianis anaz- zianis anaz-Raurebaze.

4.7. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevaze pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli normis moZieba SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 402-e muxlis me-2 winadadebaSi, romelic exeba iseT situacias, rodesac debitori gadaaWarbebs valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis gansaz-Rvrul dros. xsenebuli winadadeba Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: ̀ igi (debitori) pasuxs agebs SemTxveviTobisTvisac, Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom ziani SeiZle-boda damdgariyo valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis drosac.~ xsenebuli winadadeba niSnavs Semdegs: mizezi, romelic valdebulebis Sesrulebis daTqmul dRemde xels uSlis debitors masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis SesrulebaSi da rac ar aris gamowveuli debitoris gaufrTxileblobiT, warmoadgens fors-maJors im Tanmdevi SedegiT, rom debitori ar aris pa-fors-maJors im Tanmdevi SedegiT, rom debitori ar aris pa- im Tanmdevi SedegiT, rom debitori ar aris pa-Tanmdevi SedegiT, rom debitori ar aris pa- SedegiT, rom debitori ar aris pa-suxismgebeli SeusruleblobisaTvis. xsenebuli ar CaiTvleba fors-maJo-fors-maJo-rad, Tuki igi ganxorcieldeba daTqmuli dRis gasvlis Semdgom. Tanmdevi Sedegi iqneba is, rom debitors daekisreba pasuxismgebloba Seusrule-blobisaTvis im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki Seusrulebloba ar iyo gamowveuli misi braleuli qmedebiT. xsenebuli wesi moicavs saxelSekrulebo ris-braleuli qmedebiT. xsenebuli wesi moicavs saxelSekrulebo ris- qmedebiT. xsenebuli wesi moicavs saxelSekrulebo ris-kis tvirTs da, raRa Tqma unda, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac drois faqtors ar gaaCnia gadamwyveti mniSvnelo-ba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebisaTvis da kreditorma unda daadginos drois damatebiTi vada manam, sanam daiwyebs imis mtkicebas, rom debitori pasuxismgebelia xelSekrulebis darRvevaze. mocemul magaliTs kidev ufro naTeli SeuZlia gaxados xsenebuli. Tuki, magaliTad, kartofilis gamyidveli gamoTqvams Tanxmobas 100 000 kilogrami kartofilis miwode-baze 2006 wlis 1 seqtembrisaTvis da mas ar SeuZlia kartofilis miwode-ba, radganac kartofili inficirebulia gadamdebi uCveulo sasoflo-sameurneo daavadebiT, romelic gavrcelda 2006 wlis 1 maiss, savaraudod, gamyidveli ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli kreditoris winaSe. Tuki adgili eqne-ba SemTxvevas, roca kartofilis gamyidveli ar miawvdis kartofils 2006 wlis 1 seqtembers da amitomac igi arRvevs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas, myidvels ar SeuZlia, dauyovnebliv gawyvitos xelSekruleba an iCivlos zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT. radganac drois faqtors ar gaaCnia ga-damwyveti mniSvneloba, pirvel rigSi man unda daadginos damatebiTi vada qmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. Tuki myidveli daadgenda kartofilis miwode-bisaTvis axal dRed 2006 wlis 1 oqtombers da kartofilis mimwodebeli ver SeZlebda miewodebina misTvis kartofili 2006 wlis 1 oqtombrisaTvis uCveulo gadamdebi sasoflo-sameurneo daavadebis gamo, romelic gavr-celda 2006 wlis 15 seqtembers, kartofilis gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iqneba da daekisreba zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba miuxedavad imisa, rom kartofilis armiwodeba, raRa Tqma unda, ar ganxorcielda misi gau-armiwodeba, raRa Tqma unda, ar ganxorcielda misi gau- raRa Tqma unda, ar ganxorcielda misi gau-frTxileblobiT, aramed sasoflo-sameurneo avadmyofobiT.



5. qmedebis Seusrulebloba, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba

5.1. raRa Tqma unda, ucnauri iqneboda, Tuki ormxrivi xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic akuTvnebs orive mxares uflebas da akisrebs valde-bulebebs, rogorc, magaliTad, iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs gay-idvasTan, erTi mxare isev iqneboda valdebuli, Seesrulebina masze dak-isrebuli valdebuleba, rodesac meore mxare arRvevs valdebulebas.

5.2. amitomac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A SeuTanxmda B-s, rom miawvdida 30 Rors 2006 wlis 25 ivlisisaTvis da mTavroba 2006 wlis 24 ivliss akrZalavs ne-bismieri cxovelis transportirebas 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi jilexis gavr-jilexis gavr- gavr-celebis gamo, raRa Tqma unda, B ar aris valdebuli, 2006 wlis 25 ivliss gadauxados SeTanxmebuli safasuri A-s. Tuki A aRZravs samarTalwarmoe-A-s. Tuki A aRZravs samarTalwarmoe- Tuki A aRZravs samarTalwarmoe-A aRZravs samarTalwarmoe- aRZravs samarTalwarmoe-bas B-s winaaRmdeg, am ukanasknels SeuZlia, daeyrdnos Tavis uflebas, ar ganaxorcielos qmedeba manam, sanam A ar Seasrulebs masze dakisrebul valdebulebas. amas Zvel romis samarTalSi ewodeboda �xc�ptio non adimpl�ti cont�actus.

5.3. niderlandebSi xsenebuli ufleba gansazRvrulia 6:262-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `rodesac erT-erTi mxare ar asrulebs masze dakisrebul valdebulebas, meore mxares SeuZlia masze dakisrebuli val-debulebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis Sekaveba.~ aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc es aRniSnuli muxlidan gamomdinareobs, imisaTvis, rom kreditors warmoeS-vas ufleba, Tavi Seikavos qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan meore mxaris mier masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis Seusruleblobis gamo, kavSiri unda ar-sebobdes valdebulebebs Soris ise, rom erTi valdebuleba pirdapir iyos dakavSirebuli sxva valdebulebasTan. kreditors ar SeuZlia, Tavi Seika-vos gadaxdisagan im velosipedisaTvis, romelic man iyida debitorisagan im safuZvelze, rom debitors ar daubrunebia misTvis wigni, romelic eTx-ova kreditors.

5.4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs mkafio debuleba, romelic uflebas aniWebs kreditors, Tavi Seikavos qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan im momentamde, sanam debitori ar Seasrulebs valdeb-ulebas. Tumca, TavisTavad cxadia, rom mosamarTle ar ubrZanebs myidvels, Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba da, magaliTad, gadaixados gasayid nivTebze SeTanxmebuli fasi, Tuki gamyidvels ar miuwodebia myid-velisaTvis saqoneli. is gancxadeba, rom aRniSnuli norma aseve arsebobs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, SesaZloa daSvebul iqnes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 484-e muxlis 1-l nawilze miTiTebiT, romelic gan-484-e muxlis 1-l nawilze miTiTebiT, romelic gan- muxlis 1-l nawilze miTiTebiT, romelic gan-1-l nawilze miTiTebiT, romelic gan- nawilze miTiTebiT, romelic gan-Tavsebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis konkretul nawilSi da exeba gayidvasTan dakavSirebul xelSekrulebas. xsenebuli muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSekruleb-is TiToeul mxares SeuZlia, uari ganacxados valdebulebis Sesruleba-ze, Tuki arsebobs imis realuri safrTxe, rom meore mxare ar Seasrulebs masze dakisrebul valdebulebas. xsenebuli naTlad warmoadgens zogadi wesis ganxorcielebas, romelic exeba mxaris mier qmedebis ganxorciele-baze Tavis Sekavebis uflebas, meore mxaris mier valdebulebis darRvevis gamo.

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6. xelSekrulebaze uaris gancxadeba, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba

6.1. TavisTavad, darRveva an qmedebis ganxorcielebaze Tavis Sekaveba ar warmoadgens xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas. im dromde, sanam xelSekruleba ar iqneba Sewyvetili, am xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebi kv-lav ZalaSi rCeba ara mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxva mxare valde-bulebis darRvevis gamo pasuxismgebelia kreditorisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdaze, aramed aseve im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mxare ar aris pasuxismge-beli, radganac mas SeuZlia, daeyrdnos fors�maJors. amitom, rodesac kreditori, romelic waawydeba mis mimarT gansaxorcielebeli valde-bulebis Seusruleblobas sxva mxarisagan, ar aqvs mniSvneloba, aris Tu ara es mxare pasuxismgebeli, moisurvebs, rom gaTavisufldes masze dak-isrebuli valdebulebisagan, man unda Sewyvitos xelSekruleba da amiT uari Tqvas masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebaze. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xelSekrulebaze uaris gancxadebis samarTlebrivi saSuale-ba ar arTmevs kreditors uflebas, moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac meore mxare pasuxismgebelia aseT darRvevebze.

6.2. niderlandebis kanonmdeblobaSi ormxriv xelSekrulebaze uaris gancxadebis ufleba formulirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:265-e mux-6:265-e mux- mux-lis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. erTi mxaris mier masze dakisre-1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. erTi mxaris mier masze dakisre- nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. erTi mxaris mier masze dakisre-buli valdebulebis yoveli Seusrulebloba aZlevs meore mxares ufle-bas, srulad an nawilobriv Sewyvitos xelSekruleba (...)~. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi xsenebuli ufleba gansazRvrulia met-naklebad im moculobiT, ra moculobiTac uflebis formulireba ukavSirdeba kredi-toris movaleobas, gansazRvros qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis damate-biTi vada, Tuki debitori arRvevs xelSekrulebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 405-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `Tu xelSekrulebis erTi mxare arRvevs ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebas, maSin xelSekrulebis meore mxares SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze valdebulebis Sesrulebi-saTvis mis mier damatebiT gansazRvruli vadis uSedegod gasvlis Sem-dgom.~ 405-e muxli exeba, Tavis mxriv, or gansxvavebul rames da amitomac xelSekrulebaze uaris gancxadebis ufleba gaxda am muxlis nawili da exe-ba sakiTxs, rodesac debitori arRvevs xelSekrulebas da pasuxismgebelia darRvevisaTvis.

6.3. rogorc saqarTvelos, ise niderlandebis kanonmdebloba aRiarebs, rom saqmis yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa ar iyos samar-Tliani, kreditori wyvetdes xelSekrulebas, Tundac debitori arRvevdes xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs. aRniSnulis naTelsay-ofad moviyvanT martiv magaliTs: rZis qarxana A-m SesaZloa xelSekruleba gaaformos supermarketebis kompaniasTan 1000 boTli axali rZis yoveldRi-ur miwodebasTan dakavSirebiT. xelSekruleba moicavs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, xelSekrulebis Sewyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod 6 TviT adre Setyobinebis Semdgom. xsenebuli debuleba Cadebul iqna xelSekrulebaSi rZis qarxnis interesebidan gamomdinare, radganac man, Tavis mxriv, daudo xelSekruleba qveyanaSi moqmed ramdenime fermers qarxnisaTvis Zroxis rZis miwodebasTan dakavSirebiT da romlebTanac rZis qarxana daTanxmda,



ar Seewyvita xelSekruleba 6 Tviani Setyobinebis vadis gasvlamde. rZis qarxana yoveldRiurad awvdis 1000 boTls daTqmul dros, magram 8 Tvis Semdgom erT-erT dRes, rZis qarxnis erT-erTi muSis Secdomis gamo, 970 boTli iqna miwodebuli, rac aRmoCenil iqna miwodebis Semdgom. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom xsenebuli warmoadgens darRvevas, razec pasuxismgebelia rZis qarxana, radganac drois faqtors, savaraudod, gaaCnia mniSvneloba (anu mniSvneloba ar aqvs 1030 boTli miewodeba meore dRes Tu ara), arago-nivruli iqneba, Tuki supermarketebis kompanias SeeZleba xelSekrulebis Sewyveta am mizeziT dauyovnebliv. aseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac kreditors ar gaaCnia ufleba, Sewyvitos xelSekruleba, daregulirebulia saqarT-velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 405-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmadac: `xelSekrulebaze uari dauSvebelia, Tu: a) valdebulebis darRveva umniS-a) valdebulebis darRveva umniS- valdebulebis darRveva umniS-vneloa.~ me-3 nawili aseve moicavs SemTxvevebs, rodesac xelSekrulebaze uari dauSvebelia. niderlandebSi wesi, rom garkveul pirobebSi kredi-niderlandebSi wesi, rom garkveul pirobebSi kredi- wesi, rom garkveul pirobebSi kredi-tors ar gaaCnia xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis ufleba, Camoyalibebulia zemoxsenebuli 6:265-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `(...) garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac, darRvevis konkretuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare da mcire mniSvnelobis gamo, gamarTlebuli ar aris xelSekrulebisa da misgan gamomdinare Sedegebis Sewyveta.~

6.4. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelSekrulebaze uari iqna gacxadebuli da xelSekrulebis erT-erT mxares ganxorcielebuli aqvs mTlianad an nawi-lobriv qmedeba, raRa Tqma unda, mas aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos mis mier ganx-orcielebuli qmedebis retrospeqcia. magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A-m gadasca saxli myidvels _ B-s da am ukanasknels ar SeuZlia an ar surs, ga-B-s da am ukanasknels ar SeuZlia an ar surs, ga- da am ukanasknels ar SeuZlia an ar surs, ga-daixados safasuri, xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis Semdgom A-s ufleba aqvs, ukan daibrunos saxli. xsenebulidan gamomdinare, B-s ekisreba valdeb-B-s ekisreba valdeb- ekisreba valdeb-uleba, ukan daubrunos saxli A-s. xsenebuli wesi gansazRvrulia saqarT-A-s. xsenebuli wesi gansazRvrulia saqarT- xsenebuli wesi gansazRvrulia saqarT-velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 352-e muxlSi. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxare, 405-e muxlSi mocemul garemoebebSi, uars ambobs xelSekrulebaze, ukve ganxorcielebuli qmede-bebis Sedegad warmoqmnili sargebeli ukan unda daubrundeT mxareebs (restitucia).~ igive wesia gansazRvruli niderlandebis samoqalaqo kod- igive wesia gansazRvruli niderlandebis samoqalaqo kod-niderlandebis samoqalaqo kod- samoqalaqo kod-eqsis 271-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `mxareebis mier ganxorcielebuli valdebulebebisagan warmoSobili sargebeli im moculobiT, ra moculo-biTac xsenebuli valdebulebebi Sesrulebul iqna, samarTlebrivi safuZ-vlebi maTi SesrulebisaTvis igive rCeba, magram warmoiSoba mxareebisaTvis valdebuleba, rom ukan iqnes dabrunebuli valdebulebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad warmoSobili sargebeli.~

6.5. rogorc Cans, orive qveynis kanonmdebloba moqmedebs imis safuZvelze, rom xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmas TavisTavad ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi efeqti, da rom gadacema (magaliTad saxlis gadacema), romelic ganxor-cielda, samarTlebrivi meqanizmis saSualebiT, ar iTvleba ganxorciele-bulad. Tuki es iqneboda samarTlebrivi wesi, amas eqneboda mniSvneloba da xsenebul magaliTSi, sadac A-m gadasca saxli myidvels, xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis Semdgom CaiTvleba, rom A-s arasodes daukargavs ufleba sax-A-s arasodes daukargavs ufleba sax- arasodes daukargavs ufleba sax-lze da igi rCeba mesakuTred samarTlebrivi meqanizmis Tanaxmad. radganac es ar aris samarTlebrivi wesi, B-saTvis valdebuleba warmoiSoba, rogorc

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es zemoT iqna naxsenebi, A -sTvis saxlis ukan dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT. xsenebuli, ra Tqma unda, wamoWris B-s valdebulebis sakiTxs, gadasces saxli A-s. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba A isev saxlis mesakuTre.

6.6. SesaZlebelia imis damatebiT aRniSvna, rom xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis Semdgom ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad warmoSobili sargeblis ukan dabrunebis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebuli muxlebi ar warmoadgens saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas, aramed isini warmoiSoba kanonidan da amitomac isini arasaxelSekrulebo xasiaTisaa. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 352-e muxlis 1-li nawili gansazRvravs zogadi wesis gamoyenebas, romlis povnac SesaZlebelia kodeqsis 976-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romeli muxlic moTavsebulia usafuZvlo gamdidrebis TavSi. niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 271-e muxli warmoadgens zogadi wesis gamoyenebas. es wesi gansazRvrulia niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:203-e muxl-niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:203-e muxl- samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:203-e muxl-6:203-e muxl- muxl-Si, romelic moTavsebulia umizezo gadaxdis TavSi. SegviZlia mivuTiToT me-4 Tavis 2.15 da 2.16 punqtebze da gavimeoroT, rom, Cveni azriT, sasurve- Tavis 2.15 da 2.16 punqtebze da gavimeoroT, rom, Cveni azriT, sasurve-2.16 punqtebze da gavimeoroT, rom, Cveni azriT, sasurve- punqtebze da gavimeoroT, rom, Cveni azriT, sasurve-lia iseTi SemTxvevebis gamijvna, romlebic ukavSirdeba umizezo gadaxdas da usafuZvlo gamdidrebas. pirveli tipis SemTxvevebSi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, myidveli usafuZvlod gamdidrda Tu ara, man mxolod unda daabrunos ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli.

6.7. bolos, SesaZlebelia imis naTlad warmoCena, rom xelSekrulebaze uaris Semdgom ukve ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli sarge-blis ukan dabruneba, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba, xelmi-sawvdomia mxolod maSin, Tuki qmedebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc aseTi, SeiZleba dadgenil da gansxvavebul iqnes. Zalian xSirad es ase ar xdeba: magaliTad, myidvels SeuZlia SeWamos saWmeli, romelic man iyida da, aseve, manqanaTmSenebelma qarxanam SesaZloa daamzada manqanebi iseTi metalisa-gan, romelic mas miewoda metalurgiuli qarxnis mier, magram ar gadaux-dia amisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevebSi, raRa Tqma unda, kreditors ufleba aqvs, miiRos kompensacia zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi xsenebuli wesis moZieba SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 352-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `na-352-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `na- muxlis me-2 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `na-me-2 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `na- nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `na-turiT dabrunebis nacvlad movales ekisreba fuladi anazRaureba Tu: a) SeZenilis xasiaTidan gamomdinare gamoricxulia misi dabruneba (...).~ nid-nid-erlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:272-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad: `1. rodesac Sesruleba an valdebuleba, Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba dabrunebul iqnes im droisaTvis, misi Rirebulebis kompensaciiT unda iqnes Canacvlebuli.~

7. xelSekrulebis Secvla garemoebebis Secvlis paralelurad

7.1. mas Semdgom, rac mxare dadebs xelSekrulebas, igi valdebulia, kanonm-deblobis Tanaxmad, Seasrulos igi, Tundac SemdgomSi inanos xelSekruleb-is dadeba an miiCnios, rom man dado cudi xelSekruleba da Zalian cudi garigeba an garemoebebi Seicvala an gansxvavebulia imisagan, rac arsebob-gansxvavebulia imisagan, rac arsebob- imisagan, rac arsebob-da xelSekrulebis dadebis periodSi. Tuki igi ar asrulebs xelSekrule-bas, igi daarRvevs mas da pasuxismgebeli iqneba amaze. myidveli, romelic



yidulobs im kompaniis wilebs, romelzec fiqrobs, rom es ukanaskneli did mogebas naxavs, ar SeuZlia Sewyvitos xelSekruleba Tu xelSekrulebis dadebidan mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi kompania ucabedad did danakargs gan-icdis. Tuki mas es ar ganuxorcielebia aseT momentamde, piri kvlavac val-ganuxorcielebia aseT momentamde, piri kvlavac val- aseT momentamde, piri kvlavac val-debulia, gadauxados daTqmuli fasi wilisaTvis gamyidvels da, Tuki man ukve gadaixada fasi, aRar SeuZlia uari ganacxados xelSekrulebaze da moiTxovos gadaxdili safasuris ukan dabruneba.

7.2. magram xsenebul princips gaaCnia erTi gamonaklisi. orive _ saqarT-velosa da niderlandebis _ kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, xelSekruleba SeiZleba Seicvalos mosamarTlis mier, Tuki xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi gansazRvruli garemoebebi imdenad Seicvala, rom SesaZlebelia imis miCneva, rom orive mxare, mxed-velobaSi miiRebdnen ra Secvlil garemoebebs, savaraudod, ar dadebdnen xelSekrulebas. xsenebuli wesis povna saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi Ses-aZlebelia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 398-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanax-398-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanax- muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanax-1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanax- nawilSi, romlis Tanax-madac: `Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli gaxda, xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aSkarad Seicvala da mxareebi ar dadebdnen am xelSekrulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es cvlilebebi rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, calkeul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSekrulebis mxares ar SeiZleba moeTx-ovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva.~ niderlandebis kanonm-niderlandebis kanonm- kanonm-deblobaSi aseTi wesi gansazRvrulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:258 muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. erT-erTi mxaris moTxovnis safuZ- nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. erT-erTi mxaris moTxovnis safuZ-velze, sasamarTlos SeuZlia Secvalos xelSekrulebis debulebebi an gaauqmos isini mTlianad an nawilobriv, gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebe-bis dadgomis safuZvelze, romlebsac iseTi xasiaTi gaaCniaT, rom meore mxares, gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis standartebidan gamomdinare, ar SeuZlia moelodes, rom xelSekruleba SenarCunebul iqneba ucvle-lad. xelSekrulebis Secvlas an gauqmebas SesaZloa gaaCndes ukuqceviTi Zala.~

7.3. xsenebuli muxlebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod Zalze gamon-gamon-aklis SemTxvevebSi. magaliTad, A germaniaSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi yidis Soreuli aRmosavleTidan Semotanil navTobis nedleuls B-ze nider-B-ze nider- nider-nider-landebSi da SeTanxmebaa miRweuli 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi miwodebaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ucabedad politikuri krizisi warmoiSoba Soreul aR-mosavleTSi, romlis gamoc navTobis nedleulis fasi uecrad avardeba da ormag fasze meti gaxdeba, xsenebuli ver gaxdeba mosamarTlisaTvis imis mizezi, rom Secvalos xelSekruleba. analogiuri tipis SemTxvevebi ar xvdeba sakiTxTa iseT sferoSi, romlis gaTvaliswinebac mxareebs ar See-ZloT, radganac aseTi tipis krizisis moxdena SesaZlebelia. magram, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki navTobis fasis zrda gamowveuli iqneboda cunamis gamo, romelic Tavs daatyda mTel Soreul aRmosavleTs 2004 wlis dekemberSi, kiTxvaze pasuxi SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos _ gonivrulad SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom xsenebuli fenomeni iseTi moulodneli da gansakuTrebu-li iyo, rom winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda keTilsindisierebis principTan, Tuki A miawvdida navTobs B-s adre SeTanxmebul fasSi. amitomac dasaSvebi iqneba, rom mosamarTlem Secvalos xelSekrulebis pirobebi, garemoebebis Secvlis Sesabamisad.

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Tavi 8

zianis moTxovna valdebulebis darRvevisas

1. Sesavali

1.1. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebis movaleobasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi Seexeba yvela SemTxvevas, sadac dadgenilia zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba. amdenad, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba (Tuki es dadasture-bulia) ukavSirdeba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevas Tu aras-axelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevas, rogoricaa deliqti. amdenad, es wesebi ZiriTadad valdebulebiT samarTalSi moqmedebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis am principze 326-e muxlic msjelobs: `wesebi saxel-326-e muxlic msjelobs: `wesebi saxel- muxlic msjelobs: `wesebi saxel-Sekrulebo valdebulebis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba aseve sxva arasaxelSekru-lebo valdebulebaTa mimarT, Tuki valdebulebis xasiaTidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.~

1.2. am zogad wesebs vxvdebiT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 408-e – 415-e muxlebSi da holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis 95-e – 110-e muxleb- muxlebSi da holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis 95-e – 110-e muxleb-holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis 95-e – 110-e muxleb- samoqalaqo kodeqsis 95-e – 110-e muxleb-95-e – 110-e muxleb- – 110-e muxleb-– 110-e muxleb- 110-e muxleb-110-e muxleb- muxleb-Si.

2. zogadi wesi

2.1. zianis anazRaurebis movaleobasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi wesebi, romlebsac vxvdebiT rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur samarTalSi, Zi-holandiur samarTalSi, Zi- samarTalSi, Zi-riTadad martivia. ukanono qmedebis gamo zianis dadgomas, iqneba es sax-elSekrulebo Tu arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRveva, unda mo-hyves im pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgena, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, movalem unda aRadginos, rogorc es laTinurad JRers, status�quo ant�. am zogad wess saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 408-2 muxlis 1-l na-408-2 muxlis 1-l na- muxlis 1-l na-1-l na- na-wilSi vxvdebiT.

2.2. Tumca, Tavisi arsiT, es zogadi wesi martivia da yvela saxis konkre-tuli da, zogjer, rTuli kiTxvebis dasmis safuZvelsac iZleva. vecdebiT, ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.

“LuCruM CessaNs et daM NuM eMergeNs”3. 3.1. erTi cnobili kiTxva, romelsac xSirad laTinurad svamen, ase JRers: movalem kreditors mxolod is ziani unda aunazRauros, rac man realu-rad ganicada, Tu, agreTve, is mogebac, rac kreditorma movalis mxridan valdebulebis darRvevis gamo veRar miiRo? magaliTad, 2005-2006 wlebis zamTris periodSi a-m b-s mihyida 100,000 kilogrami kartofili, fasi: 10 kilogrami 1 lari, romelic mas 2006 wlis agvistosTvis unda miewodebina. a-m ver Seasrula micemuli piroba maSin, roca 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis



kartofilis sabazro Rirebuleba 1,2 lars Seadgenda. udavoa, rom b veRar miiRebda yovel 10 kilogramze 20 TeTris mogebas kartofilis mesame pir-ze miyidviT.

3.2. rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri samarTali adgens, rom b-s ufle- ufle-ba aqvs, moiTxovos ara marto faqtobrivad damdgari zianis anazRaureba, aramed is miuRebeli Semosavalic, romelsac b yoveli 10 kg kartofilis 1,2 larad mesame pirisaTvis miyidviT miiRebda. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 411-e muxli adgens: `ziani unda anazRaurdes ara mxolod faq-411-e muxli adgens: `ziani unda anazRaurdes ara mxolod faq- muxli adgens: `ziani unda anazRaurdes ara mxolod faq-tobrivad damdgari qonebrivi danaklisisTvis, aramed miuRebeli Semos-avlisTvisac. miuReblad iTvleba Semosavali, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi miiRebda, valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo.~

analogiur wess holandiur samarTalSi 6:96 muxlis 1-l nawilSi vxvdebiT: `qonebis, uflebisa da interesebisaTvis miyenebul zians warmoadgens ro-gorc faqtobrivi danaklisi, ise miuRebeli Semosavalic.~

4. zianis abstraqtuli da konkretuli kalkulacia

4.1. ganvixiloT, movaleobis darRveviT gamowveuli ziani unda daangariS-des konkretuli saqmis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu zianis kalkulaciisTvis zogadi meTodi unda gamoviyenoT.

4.2. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, holandiuri samarTali mosamarTlis ga-holandiuri samarTali mosamarTlis ga- samarTali mosamarTlis ga-dawyvetilebas eyrdnoba. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxi ar moiZebneba. precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, holandiel mosamarT-leebs am sakiTxze orgvari midgoma aqvT. upirveles yovlisa, zianis da-angariSeba konkretul safuZvelze unda moxdes. magaliTad, Tu kartofi-lis SemZens mesame pirTan dadebuli aqvs am kartofilis sabazro fasTan SedarebiT ufro sarfianad miyidvis xelSekruleba, radganac is mox-erxebuli gamyidvelia, maSin, xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, pir-velma gamyidvelma myidvels unda aunazRauros im sarfiani kontraqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac man mesame pirTan dado. da Tu, magaliTad, manqanis mZRoli daudevrobiT daazianebs fexiT mosiarules, man pirovnebas unda aunazRauros yvela, maT Soris, sxeulis dazianebiT damdgari ziani, im Sem-TxvevaSic, Tuki aRniSnuli ziani dazaralebulis susti janmrTelobis gamo ufro Zlieria, vidre, Cveulebriv, aseT viTarebaSi SeiZleboda yo-filiyo. rogorc inglisis deliqtur samarTalSia aRniSnuli: damnaSavem unda miiRos dazaralebuli iseTi, rogorsac SemTxvevis adgilas naxavs.

4.3. meore mxriv, holandiuri samarTali mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs kredito-holandiuri samarTali mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs kredito- samarTali mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs kredito-ris mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Sedegebs, romlis saSualebiTac kreditorma SeZlo zianis Semsubuqeba (igulisxmeba mogebis miRebac), ro-melic man movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegad ganicada da, am-denad, saqmis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebidan gamoaklo. es SemTxveva 3.1. nawilSi aRniSnuli 100.000 kilogrami kartofilis miyidvis magaliTze SeiZleba ganvixiloT. Tuki, am SemTxvevaSi, myidveli b yovel 10 kilogram kartofils mesame pirs 1,25 larad mihyidida, romelic sabazro fasTan SedarebiT 0.05 TeTriT metia, pirveli gamyidvelis _ a-s mier b-sTvis as- as-anazRaurebeli ziani daiTvleboda yovel aT kilogramze 1, 25 laris da-angariSebiT. a-s valdebuleba, aenazRaurebina b-sTvis aseTi saxiT daT- aseTi saxiT daT-

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vlili ziani, ar gaiqviTeboda, Tu b a-s mier kartofilis miuwodeblobis gamo moelaparakeboda mesame pirs xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb. a-s mouwevda, imave odenobiT aenazRaurebina ziani b-sTvis, ra odenobiTac mas b-s mier mesame pirTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis arsebobis pirobebSi unda aenazRaurebina ziani. meore magaliTia, roca mZRoli a daudevrobiT b-s manqanas ejaxeba. a-s daekisreboda gonivrul farglebSi manqanis Seke- daekisreboda gonivrul farglebSi manqanis Seke-Tebis xarjebi, miuxedavad imisa, b-s manqana SekeTebuli iyo Tu ara. maSinac ki, Tu manqana SekeTebuli ar iqneboda, mas, abstraqtuli kalkulaciis sa-fuZvelze, unda aunazRauron ziani ise, TiTqos manqana SekeTebuli iyo.

4.4. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar moiZebneba zusti pasuxi kiTxvaze, zianis daangariSeba konkretuli kalkulaciis safuZvel-ze unda moxdes Tu abstraqtuli. ase rom, am sakiTxze gadawyvetileba mo-samarTlem unda miiRos.

5. kauzacia

5.1. erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli problema, romelic exeba valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebis movaleobas, aris kauzaciis sakiTxi. anazRaurebis movaleoba vrceldeba mxolod iseTi zianze, romelic val-debulebis darRvevis gamo dadga.

5.2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 412-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ànazRau-412-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ànazRau- muxlis Tanaxmad, ànazRau-rebas eqvemdebareba mxolod is ziani, romelic movalisaTvis winaswar iyo savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis uSualo Sedegs.~ holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:98 Tavis Tanaxmad ki: `zianis anazRaure-6:98 Tavis Tanaxmad ki: `zianis anazRaure- Tavis Tanaxmad ki: `zianis anazRaure-bis moTxovna dasaSvebia mxolod iseTi zianis dros, romelic movalis sam-oqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs, rac, pasuxismgeblobisa da zianis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba mas mieweros, rogorc aseTi moqmedebis Sedegi.~

5.3. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur kodeqsSi mocemuli debuleba naT-holandiur kodeqsSi mocemuli debuleba naT- kodeqsSi mocemuli debuleba naT-lad ganmartavs, Tu ra saxis zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs kreditors. ase rom, bolos, mosamarTlesa da precedentul samarTalzea damokidebuli, gansazRvros anazRaurebis valdebulebis farglebi im pi-rebis mimarT, visac daurRvies aRebuli valdebuleba.

5.4. Tu CavuRrmavdebiT am debulebebs, ori calke kiTxvis gamoyofa iqne-ba SesaZlebeli: pirveli kiTxva _ faqtTan dakavSirebiT, xolo meore _ ubralod, normatiuli xasiaTis. Tavdapirvelad, unda dadgindes, ramde-nad iyo damdgari ziani valdebulebis darRvevis uSualo Sedegi. evropu-li kontinenturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirveli kiTxva yalibdeba, rogorc: conditio sin� qua non. pirovnebas SeiZleba daevalos kompensaciis anazRau-reba, Tuki, pirvel rigSi, dasturdeba, rom kreditoris mier dasaxele-bulma mizezma an danaSaulebrivma qmedebam namdvilad gamoiwvia ziani. magaliTad, Tu eqimi operaciis dros Caidens Secdomas da amis Semdeg pa-cienti Sromisuunaro gaxdeba, eqimis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dadgeba, Tu dadgindeba, rom Sromisuunaroba, sityvis sam-edicino gagebiT, eqimis SecdomiT iyo gamowveuli. Tu, magaliTad, mosam-arTle daaskvnis, rom uunaroba pacientis susti Zvlovani sistemis Sedegi iyo, rasac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs eqimis mier operaciis dros Cadenil



SecdomasTan, eqimis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dadgeba kauzaciis arar-kauzaciis arar- arar-sebobis gamo. kauzaciasTan dakavSirebiT, pirveli kriteriumi, conditio sin� qua non doqtrinis winapiroba, maSasadame, aris Semdegi: dadgeboda Tu ara ziani valdebulebis darRvevis gareSe.

5.5. Tuki dadgindeba, rom ziani valdebulebis darRvevis uSualo Sedegia, daismeba normatiuli saxis meore SekiTxva: zustad ras niSnavs saqarTvel-os samoqalaqo kodeqsis 412-e muxlis winadadeba: `ziani, romelic movali-412-e muxlis winadadeba: `ziani, romelic movali- muxlis winadadeba: `ziani, romelic movali-saTvis winaswar iyo savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmede-bis uSualo Sedegs~ da ra igulisxmeba holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:98 muxlSi: `ziani, romelic ukavSirdeba iseT qmedebas, romelic, pasuxismge-blobisa da zianis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, movalis samoqalaqo samarT-lebriv pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs da romelic SeiZleba mas mieweros?~ pro-blemis naTelsayofad, martiv magaliTs ganvixilavT. daudevrobis gamo, sawvaviT datvirTuli satvirTo avtomobilis mZRoli avariaSi xvdeba. Se-degad, 10,000 litr sawvavze meti gadmoiRvreba satvirTo avtomanqanidan da daabinZurebs rogorc quCis zedapirs, aseve asfaltis safaris qvemo fe-nas, miwas. quCis dasufTavebas 100,000 lari sWirdeba. udavoa, rom mZRolma es Tanxa unda gadaixados, radganac aseTi ziani winaswar SeiZleboda yo-filiyo savaraudo. magram, warmovidginoT, rom aseTi SemTxveva moxdes iq, sadac quCis safaris qvemoT wylis sacavebia ganTavsebuli, saidanac mTeli qalaqi maragdeba. dazianda es sacavebi, ris gamoc wylis miwodeba qalaqs ramdenime kviriT SeuCerda. am SemTxvevaSi, miyenebuli ziani uzar-mazaria da milionobiT lars utoldeba. saeWvoa, rom satvirTo avtoman-qanis mZRols unda daekisros aseTi zianis anazRaureba, radganac nakleb realuria, mas evarauda, rom mis daudevrobas SeiZleboda Tbilisis mos-axleobis ramdenime kviriT uwylod darCena mohyveboda. samoqalaqo ko-deqsSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar moiZebneba da, Sesabamisad, mosamarTlem unda daadginos, erTi mxriv, zianis anazRaurebis xarisxi, romelic piris mier valdebulebis darRvevas mohyva da, meore mxriv, ar dauSvas usazRvro, aragonivruli da ararealuri pasuxismgeblobis daweseba. holandiuri samarTlebrivi praqtikis Tanaxmad, am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani kri-teriumia, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba garkveuli riskisagan Tavis dazRveva da ramdenad Cveulebrivi movlenaa am riskis arseboba.

5.6. SesaZloa es iyos SemTxveva, roca, zianis dadgomis gamowveva, savarau-dod, SeeZlo or an met movlenas, roca mosarCeles ar SeuZlia daadginos, Tu visi braleulobiT moxda es. magaliTad, gias stkiva Tavi da dalevs or afTiaqSi nayid sxvadasxva wamals. is imdenad avad xdeba, rom ToTxmeti dRis ganmavlobaSi ar SeuZlia samuSaoze wasvla. Tu dadgindeba, rom orive wamali sazianoa, xolo SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, romelma wamalma gamoi-wvia gias avadmyofoba, gasarkvevia, Tu romeli afTiaqis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi unda dadges. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar moiZebneba. rac Seexeba holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqss, 6:99 muxli Semdegnairad aregulirebs sakiTxs: `roca SeiZleba ziani ori an meti mizeziT damdgariyo, romlebzec ori sxvadasxva pirovneba agebs pasuxs da dadgenilia, rom ziani erTi am mizezTaganis arsebobiT mainc iyo ganpirobebuli, zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba ekisreba TiToeul aseT pirovnebas, Tuki erT-erTi ar daamtkicebs, rom damdgari ziani im moq-medebis uSualo Sedegs ar warmoadgens, raSic mas brals sdeben.~

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5.7. ra Tqma unda, 5.6 nawilSi ganxiluli SemTxveva unda ganvasxvaoT im Sem-Txvevisagan, roca naTelia, rom ziani saqmeSi arsebuli orive mizezis uSu-alo Sedegia. magaliTad, ori avtomanqana daudevrobiT trotuarze mima-val fexiT mosiarules daejaxeba, romelic seriozul dazianebebs miiRebs. arc am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs zogadad aRiarebuli konkretuli debuleba, romelic am kiTxvas upasuxebda, Tumca, swori gadawyvetileba iqneboda, rom orive mZRols fexiT mosiarulesaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis erTo-blivad da mkacrad egoT pasuxi da orives gaeyo zianis asanazRaureblad aucilebeli Tanxa im proporciulobiT, ra zianic maT fexiT mosiarules miayenes. am SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba, romelmac ziani gamoiwvia, warmoadgens deliqts – rogorc am magaliTSia ganxiluli. solidaruli pasuxismge- – rogorc am magaliTSia ganxiluli. solidaruli pasuxismge-– rogorc am magaliTSia ganxiluli. solidaruli pasuxismge- rogorc am magaliTSia ganxiluli. solidaruli pasuxismge-blobisaTvis miyenebuli zianis sakiTxi ganxilulia ssk-is 998 Tavis 1-l nawilSi. igive principia gatarebuli ssk-is 1013-e muxlSi, romelic uxa-ssk-is 1013-e muxlSi, romelic uxa- 1013-e muxlSi, romelic uxa-1013-e muxlSi, romelic uxa- muxlSi, romelic uxa-risxo produqciis mwarmoebelTa solidarul pasuxismgeblobas exeba.

5.8. meore kiTxva exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca zianis warmoSobas garkveul-wilad mesame pirma da TviT dazaralebulis moqmedebamac Seuwyo xeli, ro-melic, gamomdinare aqedan, damnaSavea. ganvixiloT yvelaze gavrcelebuli magaliTi: manqanis mZRoli a ejaxeba b-s, radganac man, SecdomiT, ar dauT- radganac man, SecdomiT, ar dauT-mo am manqanas maSin, roca meore manqanis mZRoli b dadgenil standartze gacilebiT swrafad moZraobda. amrigad, damdgari ziani gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, b-s siCqaris dadgenil standartebSi rom emoZrava. sakiTxs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 415-e muxlis pirveli punqti aregulirebs. Tumca, es muxli arc ise gasagebadaa Camoy-alibebuli. Cans, rom Seicavs wess, romlis mixedviTac, an msxverplma b-m SeiZleba moiTxovos damnaSave a-sgan zianis srulad anazRaureba, an mas saerTod ar SeuZlia a-sgan raime saxis anazRaurebis moTxovna, kerZod, Tu dadgindeba, rom misi brali aRemateba a-s brals. ssk-is 415-e muxlis 1-li nawili adgens, rom: `Tu zianis warmoSobas xeli Seuwyo dazaralebulis moqmedebamac, maSin zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba da am anazRaurebis moculoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ufro metad romeli mxaris braliT aris ziani gamowveuli.~ amrigad, muxli Seicavs `yvelafris an arafris~ anazRaurebis wess. holandiur samarTalSi es wesi ufro dabalansebulia, radganac dazaralebulis bralis an misi daudevrobis SemTxvevaSi, daza-ralebulma SeiZleba moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba imis mixedviT, Tu ra wvlili miuZRvis orive mxares am zianis dadgomaSi. kerZod, holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:101 muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. Tuki, arsebuli garemo-6:101 muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. Tuki, arsebuli garemo- muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. Tuki, arsebuli garemo-ebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, zianis warmoSobas dazaralebulis moqmedebamac Seuwyo xeli, mis mimarT zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba mcirdeba, gadana-wildeba ra damdgari ziani dazaralebulsa da im pirs Soris, vinc es ziani unda aanazRauros.~

6. moraluri ziani

6.1. arsebobs zianis sul mcire sami saxesxvaoba: pirovnebis sxeulis dazia-neba, uZrav qonebaze miyenebuli ziani da ziani, romelic piris ekonomikur interesebs SeiZleba miadges. zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevebi swored am sami saxis zians Seexeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CamoTvlili zianis saxeobebi xi-luli da xelSesaxebia da realurad maTi gazomva Tu daTvla arcTu ise Znelia.



6.2. samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesobaSi ganixileba sakiTxi, Tu ramde-nad aris SesaZlebeli àramaterialuri zianis~, romelsac agreTve, mo-ralur zians uwodeben, anazRaureba. magaliTad, pirs RamiT jibis qurdi daesxa Tavs. amis Semdeg is veRar bedavs Ramis saaTebSi quCaSi gasvlas imis SiSiT, rom mas kvlav gaZarcvaven. an ganvixiloT SemTxveva, romelsac pirs travmuli SegrZnebebi uCndeba mas Semdeg, rac avtokatastrofis dros sxeulis mZime dazianebebs miiRebs, an rodesac sajaro Seuracxyofis miy-enebis Semdeg pirs mudmivi kardiologiuri Civilebi aqvs. samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesoba cdilobs, Tavi aaridos moraluri zianis anazRau-rebis SesaZleblobis gafarToebas, imdenad, ramdenadac Znelia aseTi zia-nis arsebobis dadastureba da zianis Rirebulebis zusti gaangariSeba. amitom, samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesobaSi gamoiyeneba iseTi modeli, romlis mixedviTac, aramaterialuri zianis anazRaureba dasaSvebia, mag-ram mxolod zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da SezRuduli raodeno-biT, ZiriTadad, roca msxverpli agreTve sxeulis dazianebasac miiRebs. saqarTvelo da holandia, am TvalsazrisiT, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxlis pirveli nawili adgens, rom: àraqonebrivi zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxov-àraqonebrivi zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxov- zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxov-nil iqnes mxolod kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT~, xolo imave muxlis me-2 nawili das-me-2 nawili das- nawili das-Zens, rom: `sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelobisTvis vnebis miyenebis Sem-TxvevebSi, dazaralebuls SeuZlia moiTxovos anazRaureba araqonebrivi zianisTvisac.~ holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqsSic moiZebneba analogiuri muxli 6:106, nawili 1, punqti b): `nebismieri zianisaTvis, romelic ar war-6:106, nawili 1, punqti b): `nebismieri zianisaTvis, romelic ar war- nawili 1, punqti b): `nebismieri zianisaTvis, romelic ar war-b): `nebismieri zianisaTvis, romelic ar war- `nebismieri zianisaTvis, romelic ar war-moadgens qonebriv zians (qonebis dakargva, uflebebi da interesebi) pi-rovnebas ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis samarTliani Sefaseba, Tuki dazaralebulma miiRo sxeulis dazianeba, an Seilaxa misi saxeli da Rirseba, an Tu sxvagvarad moxda misi Seuracxyofa.~

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Tavi 9

kazusebi da komentarebi

kazusi 1

qeTi melua aris Tbilisis gareubanSi, gazafxulis quCa #12-Si mdebare mSvenieri saxlis mepatrone. radganac qeTi saqarTvelos datovebas da inglisSi cxovrebis dawyebas apirebs, is avalebs uZravi qonebis agents Sps `saukeTeso gayidvebis saagentodan~, rom misi saxeliT gayidos aRniS-nuli saxli. Sps `saukeTeso gayidvebis saagento~ 2005 wlis 22 oqtombers gancxadebas Tbilisis yoveldRiur gazeTSi aTavsebs, romelic mkiTxv-els acnobs, rom sacxovrebeli saxlis gasayidi Rirebuleba 300,000 lar-ia. jon fosteri, amerikeli, romelic TbilisSi, amerikis saelCoSi iwyebs muSaobas da romelic qarTveli megobrebisagan Seityobs, rom TbilisSi, gazafxulis quCa #12-Si mdebare saxli qeTi meluas sakuTrebaa, swers mas werils, sadac aRniSnavs, rom quCidan danaxvisas moixibla misi saxliT da sTavazobs mas 300,000 lars. werili qeTi meluas safosto yuTSi 2005 wlis 22 oqtombers aRmoCndeba. imave dRes jon fosteri kiTxulobs gancxadebas gazeTSi, rekavs Sps `saukeTeso gayidvebis saagentoSi~ da ucxadebs, rom kontraqti ukve Sedga. uZravi qonebis agenti saswrafod acnobebs qeTi me-luas SemoTavazebis miRebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, qeTi melua, romelsac cudi gamocdileba aqvs amerikelebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmde-gia, rom saxlis momavali mflobeli jon fosteri gaxdes.

kiTxva:

jon fosteri iwyebs samoqalaqo warmoebas pirveli instanciis sasamarT-loSi da iTxovs konkretul Sesrulebas, anu saxlis misTvis gadacemas. ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba misi mcdeloba?

pasuxi:

am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel sayuradRebo faqts uZravi qonebis agentis mier gazeTSi gancxadebis ganTavseba warmoadgens. ibadeba kiTxva am gancxadebis samarTlebrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb. unda ganvixiloT ori Tvalsazrisi: pir-veli, ramdenad warmoadgens gazeTSi ganTavsebuli gancxadeba oferts da, meore, warmoadgens Tu ara is mowvevas ofertis gakeTebaze. pirveli versi-is SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mesame piri, rogoric jon fosteria, naTlad daafiq-sirebs sakuTar ganzraxvas, anu gamoTqvams survils, iyidos saxli aRniS-nul fasad, magaliTad, darekavs da ganacxadebs, rom Tanaxmaa, SeiZinos saxli SemoTavazebul fasad, maSin SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kontraqti daido. problemas warmoadgens is, rom, rodesac uZravi qonebis gayid-vaze vsaubrobT, fasi kontraqtis mxolod da mxolod erT-erTi pirobaa. xelSekrulebis pirobebSi TanabarmniSvnelovania qonebis gadacemasa da Tanxis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. amdenad, SegviZlia vi-davoT, rom, roca mxolod fasze xdeba SeTanxmeba, sanam kontraqti dade-bulad CaiTvleba, sxva pirobebis dakonkretebac unda moxdes.



Tuki meore versias mivemxrobiT, kerZod imas, rom gazeTSi gancxadebis ganTavseba sxva araferia, Tu ara mowveva ofertze, jon fosteris mier ganxorcielebuli satelefono zari, kanonis Tanaxmad, ofertad CaiTv-leba, romelsac qeTi meluas mxridan unda mohyves aqcepti, sanam daid-eba xelSekruleba. radganac am ukanasknelis mxridan aqcepts adgili ar hqonia, kontraqtic dadebulad ar CaiTvleba da davac imaze, rom unda momxdariyo xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebze SeTanxmeba, uadgiloa. holan-diis uzenaesma sasamarTlom imsjela saqmeze da gadawyvita, rom uZravi qonebis agentis mier gazeTSi saxlis gayidvis Taobaze gakeTebuli gancx-adeba ar warmoadgens oferts, Tumca, kanonis Tanaxmad, unda ganixile-bodes, rogorc mowveva ofertze.

garda amisa, ibadeba kiTxva, ramdenad aris am SemTxvevaSi fasze SeTanxmeba miRweuli, radganac, imave dRes, roca gamoqveynda gancxadeba, qeTi meluas uZravi qonebis agentma miiRo jon fosteris werili, rom mas surda SeeZina saxli im fasad, rasac gamyidveli daasaxelebda. am kiTxvaze pasuxi uary-ofiTia, radgan jon fosteris werili ar aris qeTi meluas ofertze pas-uxi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gazeTSi gasul gancxadebasa da jon fosteris werilSi identuri fasebia miTiTebuli, imisaTvis, rom kontraqtis arse-boba dadasturdes, aucilebelia, dadgindes kavSiri ofertsa da aqcepts Soris. SemTxveviTi faqti, roca or mxares identuri mosazreba gauCnda, ar SeiZleba kontraqtis dadebis safuZvlad CaiTvalos.

rac Seexeba kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia jon fosters, moiTxovos natu-riT Sesruleba, pasuxi ase Camoyalibdeba: faqtobrivad, masze unda gaices naturiT Sesrulebis brZaneba, radganac saxli konkretuli nivTia da jon fosteri ver miiRebs imas, rac mas realurad surda. ase rom, am SemTxvevaSi, fuladi kompensacia misaRebi ekvivalenti araa. Tumca, moTxovna ar unda dakmayofildes, radganac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar yofila dadebuli samarTlebrivad aRsrulebadi xelSekruleba.

kazusi 2

Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompania~ awyobs meoradi iaponuri man-qanebis partiis auqcions. auqcionze stanislav petrovi mzadaa, gadaixa-dos yvelaze maRali fasi Tormetcilindriani micubiSis markis avtomanqa-naSi. is ixdis 30,000 lars. Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompania~ nebas rTavs stanislavs, auqcionis damTavrebisTanave, dauyovnebliv waiyvanos manqana da gasaRebsac aZlevs. auqcionis datovebis Semdeg, stanislavi Tbilisidan baTumisken saval gzaze maRali siCqariT moZraobs, ra dro-sac manqanebis saval nawils kveTs fexiT mosiarule. stanislavi cdilobs, SeaCeros manqana, Tumca, uSedegod, radganac muxruWebi, teqnikuri mizeze-bis gamo, aRmoCndeba gafuWebuli. stanislavi manqaniT ejaxeba fexiT mo-siarule mamakacs, romelsac hyavs coli da Tormeti arasrulwlovani bavSvi. axalgazrda kaci iRupeba avtokatastrofaSi. ori dRis Semdeg sta-nislavi Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompaniisagan~ iRebs angariS-faqturas 30,000 larze, romlis pirvel gverdzec weria, rom auqcionze manqanis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces furclis ukan daweril standartul debulebebs. erT-erTi debulebis Tanaxmad ki: gamyidveli ixsnis Semdgom pasuxismgeblobas nebismieri teqnikuri nakliT

137

gamowveuli zianisaTvis, ganurCevlad am zianis gamomwvevi mizezisa da ar aanazRaurebs am naklis gamosworebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens SemTxveva, Tuki teqnikuri naklis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb myidveli gamyidvels ori Tvis vadaSi acnobebs.

kiTxva:

SeuZlia Tu ara stanislavs, Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompanias~ mosTxovos zianis anazRaureba, rac 500,000 lars Seadgens da mas sasamarT-lom qvrivisa da misi arasrulwlovani bavSvebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad daakisra?

pasuxi:

pasuxi, savaraudod, uaryofiTia. romc davuSvaT, rom am pirobaze mxareebi SeTanxmebuli iyvnen, es SeTanxmeba unda momxdariyo xelSekrulebis dade-bis momentSi. ra Tqma unda, xelSekrulebis arc erTi mxare ar aris aRWurvi-li iseTi uflebamosilebiT, rom daamatos xelSekrulebaSi pirobebi, roca xelSekruleba ukve dadebulia. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, romlis Tanax-mad, xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxaris uflebaa, ara marto erTpirovnulad gadawyvitos xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, aramed erTpirovnulad Secvalos xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg misi Sinaarsi. es ukanaskneli, ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba princips, rom xelSekruleba ori mxaris SeTanxmebaa, rom-lebic, kanonis Tanaxmad, Tanasworuflebianni arian da Tavisufali nebis gamoxatvis safuZvelze Tavs iboWaven saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebiT. saqme sxvagvarad gadawydeboda, Tuki dadgindeboda, rom, standartuli praqtikis da Cveulebis Tanaxmad, am saxis yvela xelSekruleba gamonak-lisi pirobis arsebobis safuZvelze ideba da myidvelma es icoda an, savar-audod, unda scodnoda. Tumca, am saqmeSi am varaudis mxardamWer faqtebs ver vxvdebiT.

kazusi 3

rejent strit hotelis mepatrone TbilisSi, sastumros saxuravis SekeTe-bis mizniT, xelSekrulebas debs Sps `Tbilisis samSeneblo kompaniasTan~. xelSekrulebis nawilis Tanaxmad, saxuravze unda daidgas qvis moZravi lomebi, romelTa drodadro Camotanac SesaZlebeli iqneba sastumros baRSi gamarTul wveulebebze, roca saqarTvelos parlamenti yovelwliur festivalebs umaspinZlebs. xelSekrulebis saerTo Rirebuleba 2,000,000 laria. samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg sastumros xelmZRvaneloba aRmoa-Cens, rom samuSao arasaTanadod da araprofesionalurad ganxorcielda. wvimebis dros sastumros zeda sarTulis iataki mTlianad sveldeba, xolo saxuravs nawilebi ise scviva, rom sakmaod saxifaToa sastumros nangrevebs Soris aRmoCnde. sastumrom xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Rire-bulebis naxevari winaswar gadaixada. danarCeni Tanxa kvlav gadasaxdelia. sastumro, romelic uars ambobs xelSekrulebaze, misi ZiriTadi nawilis darRvevis gamo, iwyebs warmoebas sasamarTloSi da iTxovs, rom samSeneblo kompaniam aanazRauros sastumros saxuravis SekeTebisaTvis saWiro Tanxa



da sastumros bolo sarTulis dazianebiT gamowveuli xarjebi. samSeneblo kompania, Segebebuli sarCeliT, sasamarTlosagan iTxovs xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gadauxdeli Tanxis 1,000,000 laris anazRaurebas da qvis lomebis dabrunebas, romlebic sastumros avtofarexSi inaxeba da maTi Rirebuleba 30,000 lars Seadgens.

kiTxva:

ras gadawyvets sasamarTlo sastumros sarCelsa da samSeneblo kompaniis Segebebul sarCelTan mimarTebiT?

pasuxi:

saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis mixedviT, mosamarTlem dava sastumros sas-argeblod unda gadawyvitos. samSeneblo kompaniam romelic mSeneblobis kontraqts debs, unda uzrunvelyos Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi, Sesa-bamisad, Sesrulebul saqmianobaSi arsebuli nebismieri xarvezi kontraqtis darRvevas niSnavs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs imas, rom xelSekrulebis arse-biTi darRvevis gamo, sastumros ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze, samSeneblo samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad sxva kompania daiqiravos da ziani ainazRauros. sastumros, agreTve, ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos xelSekruleb-is darRveviT gamowveuli sxva mosalodneli zianis anazRaurebac da, amde-nad, samSeneblo kompaniam unda aanazRauros sxva samSeneblo kompaniis da-qiravebiT gamowveuli zedmeti xarjebi. kanonSi ar aris miTiTebuli zusti safuZveli, Tu ratom unda daabrunos sastumrom lomebi, Tuki is mzad aris, gadaixados maTi fasi, magram Tu sastumro ar dafaravs maT xarjebs, lomebi unda daubrundes samSeneblo kompanias, radganac xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg qonebis gadacema lomebis saxiT samarTlebriv safuZv-els moklebulia da, amdenad, sastumros ekisreba lomebis dabrunebis ar-asaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba.

rac Seexeba Segebebul sarCels, Tuki samSeneblo kompaniis mier xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqts gaviTvaliswinebT, sastumros ufleba aqvs, Tavi Seikavos Tavisi Sesrulebisagan da ar gadaixados darCenili Tanxa. magram, vinaidan sastumro irCevs xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmas, faqtobrivad, is kargavs uflebas, Tavi Seikavos Sesrulebisagan. man unda gadaixados samSeneblo kompaniis mier ukve Sesrulebuli samuSaos Rire-buleba. magram Tuki am safuZvelze sastumros daekisreba valdebuleba, samSeneblo kompanias gadauxados xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli jer kidev gadauxdeli Tanxis garkveuli odenoba, man, ra Tqma unda, samSene-blo kompaniis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gaqviTos Tavisi movaleoba Tavisive moTxovnis mimarT damdgari zianisa da zedmeti xarjebisaTvis, rac man sxva samSeneblo kompanias unda gadauxados saxuravisa da sastumros zeda sarTulis SesakeTeblad da im damatebiTi xarjebisTvisac, rac man unda gadaixados Semdgomi zianis Tavidan asacileblad.

139

kazusi 4

muxuraZe TbilisSi flobs samoTaxian binas, romlis Rirebuleba 40,000 laria. is 1999 wlis 2 marts xelSekrulebas debs samSeneblo kompania `ka-vuniteqsTan~. kontraqtis Tanaxmad, `kavuniteqsi~ valdebulia, muxuraZes 2001 wlis bolomde auSenos oTxoTaxiani bina. muxuraZem, binis mSeneblo-bis safasurad, `kavuniteqss~ sakuTari sacxovrebeli bina unda dauTmos. muxuraZem `kavuniteqsis~ winaSe dadebuli valdebuleba dauyovnebliv, pirnaTlad Seasrula da `kavuniteqsis~ instruqciis Tanaxmad, bina vinme m. javaxiSvils gadasca. binis javaxiSvilisTvis gadacemis safuZveli aris is, rom javaxiSvili `kavuniteqss~ samSeneblo masalebiT amaragebs, romelic am samSeneblo kompanias muxuraZisaTvis binis asaSeneblad sWirdeba. amri-gad, yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT da samSeneblo kompaniisaTvis miwode-buli masalebis safasurad, javaxiSvili muxuraZis binis mesakuTre xdeba. 2001 wels cnobili xdeba, rom `kavuniteqsi~ ver axerxebs daTqmul vada-Si muxuraZisaTvis binis Cabarebas. muxuraZe da `kavuniteqsi~ deben axal xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, `kavuniteqsi~ muxuraZisaTvis 2002 wlisaTvis xuToTaxiani binis aSenebas kisrulobs. `kavuniteqsma~ verc es valdebuleba Seasrula da, maSasadame, axali kontraqtic daarRvia. muxu-raZem aRZra sarCeli `kavuniteqsisa~ da javaxiSvilis winaaRmdeg. is acx-adebs, rom javaxiSvilisaTvis samoTaxiani binis miyidvis xelSekruleba baTilad unda gamocxaddes da iTxovs misi binis dabrunebas. javaxiSvili ar scnobs sarCels da, sakuTari Tavis dacvis mizniT, acxadebs, rom marTa-lia, mas binis Tanxa 40,000 lari muxuraZisaTvis ar gadauxdia, magram samo-Taxiani binis miRebis faqti mainc namdvilia.

kiTxva:

rogor unda gadawydes es dava?

pasuxi:

rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos sakmaod xSirad umsje-lia aseTi tipis saqmeebze. es kazusi sakmaod gavrcelebul SemTxvevebs exeba. miuxedavad amisa, swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod martivia. Tuki dakvirvebiT ganvixilavT am kazuss, aRmovaCenT, rom, pirveli: muxuraZesa da `kavuniteqss~ Soris pirvelad dadebuli xelSekruleba, kanonis Tan-axmad, WeSmaritad namdvilia. meore, usafuZvloa vivaraudoT, rom `kavu-niteqssa~ da javaxiSvils Soris samSeneblo masalebis CamotanasTan dakav-SirebiT dadebuli xelSekruleba ar aris namdvili. amdenad, gvaqvs ori namdvili xelSekruleba: erTi _ dadebuli muxuraZesa da `kavuniteqss~ Soris, romelic iTvaliswinebs `kavuniteqsis~ mier binis aSenebas, xolo muxuraZis mxridan SeTanxmebuli Tanxis gadaxdis valdebulebas da meore xelSekruleba _ dadebuli `kavuniteqssa~ da javaxiSvils Soris, romlis safuZvelzec, javaxiSvilma samSeneblo kompanias unda miawodos masalebi da `kavuniteqsma~ gadaixados Tanxa am masalebSi. kanonSi ar aris gaTval-iswinebuli raime winaaRmdegoba, rac Seaferxebda am ori xelSekrulebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas, anu SemdgomSi mxareebis SeTanxmebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom muxuraZe `kavuniteqsisaTvis~ gadaxdis valdebulebas, Tanxis gadaxdis magivrad, Seasrulebda javaxiSvilisaTvis binis gadace-



miT. Tu muxuraZe javaxiSvils gadascems binas, is javaxiSvils aRar uxdis fuls, Tumca, ubrunebs vals `kavuniteqss~. meore mxriv, kanoni arc `kavu-niteqssa~ da javaxiSvils Soris arsebul SeTanxmebas ewinaaRmdegeba, roca isini Tanxmdebian, rom javaxiSvili miiRebs muxuraZis binas, rogorc `ka-vuniteqsis~ mxridan mis mimarT arsebuli valis anazRaurebas. muxuraZis mier javaxiSvilisaTvis binis gadacema ar niSnavs, rom muxuraZe javaxiS-vils vals unazRaurebs, aramed imas, rom `kavuniteqsi~ uxdis vals muxu-raZes. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevasTan, rom nebismier mesame mxares SeuZlia gadaixados vali da xelSekrulebis mxareebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen pirveladi xelSekrulebis pirobebidan gadaxvevaze, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba Sei-Zleba gansxvavdebodes Tavdapirveli SeTanxmebisagan. es xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis doqtrinis nawils warmoadgens.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es ori xelSekruleba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, samkuTxeds qmnis, kanoniT mainc ar arian erTmaneTTan kavSirSi. swored aqedan gamomdinare, marTalia, `kavuniteqsma~ muxuraZesTan dadebuli valdebuleba ver Seasrula, maTi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta SesaZlebelia muxuraZis mxridan xelSekrulebaze uaris TqmiT, Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom muxuraZis mier javaxiSvilisaTvis binis gadacemis faqti amieridan aran-amdvilia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom javaxiSvilma marTlac miawoda `ka-vuniteqss~ samSeneblo masalebi, mas sruli ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos `kavu-niteqsisagan~ sanacvlod anazRaureba, rac gamoixata misTvis samoTaxiani binis gadacemiT. amdenad, sadavo aRar aris, rom muxuraZis mier javaxiS-vilisaTvis binis gadacema kanonieria. es kanonieri iyo imdenad, ramdena-dac `kavuniteqss~ unda daefara misi vali samSeneblo masalebis mowode-bisaTvis. amis anazRaureba ganxorcielda muxuraZis mier kavuniteqsis saxeliT. javaxiSvilis mier muxuraZisaTvis 40,000 laris gadauxdelobis faqti aq mniSvnelobas moklebulia, radganac mas bina muxuraZisagan ar SeuZenia, Tumca, `kavuniteqss~ namdvilad miawoda samSeneblo masalebi, rac binis safasurs warmoadgenda.

am msjelobis Sedegia is, rom muxuraZe dgas `kavuniteqsis~ mxridan mis mi-marT Sesrulebis ararsebobis riskis winaSe. magram, radganac javaxiSvils araferi esaqmeba muxuraZesa da ̀ kavuniteqss~ Soris dadebul xelSekrule-basTan, arc maT Soris arsebul saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa darRve-vis gamo unda ganicados danaklisi.

141valdebulebiTi samarTali


143valdebulebiTi samarTali


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valdebulebiTi samarTali - humanrights.gehumanrights.ge/admin/editor/uploads/pdf/gl_11_vald.samartali.pdf · 2 valdebulebiTi samarTali aiwyo da dakabadonda saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa