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romis samarTali(safuZvlebi)
valdebulebiTi
samarTali
(zogadi nawili)
2013 1DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
valdebuleba (obligatio)`valdebuleba samarTlis borkilia, romlis
ZaliT Cven gvevaleba, rom Cveni saxelmwifoskanonebis Sesabamisad vinmes raimeSevusruloT.~ inst., w. III, t. XIII.
valdebuleba Tavisi bunebiT aris ndobaze (credo) damyarebuli urTierToba; amitomac mxarevaldebulebaSi, romelsac moTxovnis uflebagaaCnia, iwodeba kreditorad (creditor), xolomxare, romelsac awevs valdebuleba _ movaled(debitorad, debitor).
2013 2DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
valdebulebis ZaliT erTi piri (movale) valdebulia Seasrulos meore piris(kreditoris) sasargeblod raime moqmedeba, an Tavi Seikavos raime moqmedebisagan, xolo kreditors ufleba aqvs mosTxovosmovales misi movaleobis Sesruleba.
valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSikreditors aqvs sarCelis wayenebis ufleba.
(Tu ar aris sarCelis wayenebis ufleba, maSin arc valdebulebas aqvs adgili; gamonaklis warmoadgendamxolod naturaluri valdebulebebi.)
2013 3DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
civiluri valdebuleba (obligatio civilis), pretorulivaldebuleba (obligatio praetoria) da naturaluri
valdebuleba (obligatio naturalis)
`xolo yvela valdebulebis umTavresi dayofa or saxeobas iZleva: saxeldobr, valdebulebebi aris an civiluri, an pretoruli. civiluria is valdebulebebi, romlebic an kanoniT ariandadgenili, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, civilurisamarTliT aris miRebuli. pretorulia is valdebulebebi, romlebic pretoris iurisdiqciiTaris dawesebuli da romlebsac agreTve ,,sapatio~ [valdebulebebs] uwodeben.~ inst., w. III, t. XIII, 1.
2013 4DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
valdebuleba, romelsac ara aqvs sasarCelo dacva, magrammainc aqvs iuridiuli mniSvneloba naturalurvaldebulebad iwodeba. es valdebuleba principatisepoqaSi gaCnda da misi wyaro ojaxis ufrosisdaqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis qmedebani iyo. ojaxisufross SeeZlo marTebulad eRiarebina misixelisuflebis qveS myofi piris mier aRebuli vali daSeeZlo uaric eTqva mis gadaxdaze; paterfamilias-is xelisuflebis qveS myof pirs ar qonda ufleba valisaRebisa. amitom kreditori ver aRZravda sarCelsojaxis ufrosis winaaRmdeg.
Tumca Tu es vali gadaxdili iqneboda, misi ukangamoTxova dauSveblad iTvleboda; sxva SemTxvevaSiSecdomiT (ararsebuli valdebulebiT) gadaxdilisukan dabruneba SeiZleboda.
2013 5DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
valdebulebis Sinaarsi SeiZleboda yofiliyo:
1. raime nivTis gadacema _ dare;
2. raimes gakeTeba (moqmedeba an moqmedebisaganTavis Sekaveba) _ facere;
3. raimes gadaxda (zaralis, zianis anazRaureba) _ praestare.
valdebuleba, Tundac igi mdgomareobdes erTi piris miermeore pirisadmi nivTis sakuTrebad gadacemaSi, arwarmoSobs sakuTrebis uflebas mocemul nivTze; mxolodam valdebulebis Sesrulebis (anu nivTis gadacemisSemdgom) xdeba piri mesakuTre; amitom piri romelmac iyidanivTi, ar iTvleba mesakuTred, Tundac gadaxdili qondesfasi, am pirs mxolod nivTis gadacemis moTxovnis uflebaaqvs; mesakuTred ki igi gaxdeba nivTis gadacemis Semdgom.
2013 6DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli
`valdebulebas warmoSobs an xelSekruleba, an kvazi-xelSekruleba, an deliqti da an kvazi-deliqti.~ inst., w. III, t. XIII, 2.
iuridiuli faqtebi
iuridiuli faqti ewodeba samarTlis normiTgaTvaliswinebul garemoebas, romlisarsebobasTan aris dakavSirebulisamarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSoba, Secvla an Sewyveta.
2013 7DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
iuridiuli faqtebi iyofa xdomilebad damoqmedebad. xdomileba warmoiSoba adamianis nebisgareSe da misgan damoukideblad (mag. adamianisdabadeba da gardacvaleba, vadis gasvla da sxva). moqmedeba ki adamianzea damokidebuli; Tavis mxrivmoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos aramarTlzomieri (mag. qurdoba, Seuracxyofa) da marTlzomieri (mag. xelSekruleba).
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCniaT immarTlzomier moqmedebebs, romlebic uSualodiwveven ufleba-movaleobaTa warmoSobas, Secvlasan Sewyvetas. maT garigebebi ewodebaT. romaeliuristebs ar SeumuSavebiaT garigebis cneba, isinimxolod calkeul xelSekrulebebs ganixilavdnen.
2013 8DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
garigebaSi gamoixateba mis damdeb pirTa neba. Tugarigebis namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisia erTi pirisneba, maSin garigeba calmxrivia (mag. anderZi, romelic moanderZis nebas gamoxatavs). Tu garigebisnamdvilobisaTvis ori mxaris nebaa aucilebeli, maSin garigeba ormxrivia (mag. xelSekruleba)
kontraqtebi (contractus) da paqtebi (pactum)
kontraqtebi is xelSekrulebebia, romlebicsargeblobdnen sasarCelo dacviT; paqtebi ki _ araformaluri SeTanxmebebia, romlebicTavdapirvelad ar sargeblobdnen sasarCelodacviT, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi zogierTmamiiRo sasarCelo dacva.
2013 9DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
Zveli romis samarTali icnobda xelSekrulebissam ZiriTad saxes: 1) neqsum (nexum), romelicmancipaciis msagavsad rTuli ritualis formiT, spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT tardeboda dadebitori xelSekrulebis Sesrulebisuzrunvelsayofad, sakuTari, piradi TavisuflebiTagebda pasuxs;
Tu igi droulad ar Seasrulebda valdebulebas, kreditors SeeZlo daedo misTvis borkilebi dadaemwyvdia 60 dRis ganmavlobaSi; am xnismanZilze kreditors, bazrobis dReebSi samjerunda gaeyvana qalaqis moedanze, sadacgamocxaddeboda misi valis odenoba.
2013 10DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
movales Semweoba unda eTxova naTesavebisa daaxloblebisaTvis, rom maT gadaexadaT vali; Tumesamed gayvanis SemTxvevaSic es ar moxdeboda, movales sikvdiliT sjidnen an monad yiddnen. Zv.w. IV s-Si es wesi aikrZala;
2) stipulacia (stipulatio) _ sityvieri (zepiri) xelSekruleba, romelic ideboda kiTxva-pasuxisformiT;
3) literaruli (werilobiTi, sityvidan _ litteris)
xelSekruleba.
neqsumisagan gansxvavebiT stipulaciasa da literarulxelSekrulebebs arseboba ar Seuwyvetia.
2013 11DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
mogvianebiT gaiusi gamoyofs xelSekrulebis oTxsaxes:
1) realuri, rodesac valdebuleba warmoiSobanivTis gadacemis Semdgom;
2) verbaluri, rodesac valdebulebiswarmoSobisaTvis sakmarisia sityvieri SeTanxmeba;
3) literaruli, romlis drosac valdebulebawarmoiSveba werilobiTi sabuTis safuZvelze da
4) konsesualuri, romlis drosac valdebulebiswarmoSobisaTvis sakmarisi iyo mxareTaSeTanxmeba.
am klasifikaciaSi ar Sedis e.w. usaxelo kontraqtebi.
2013 12DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
`pirvel rigSi Cven xelSekrulebissafuZvelze warmoqmnilvaldebulebebs ganvixilavT, romlebic Tavis mxriv oTx saxeobadiyofa. saxeldobr, valdebuleba idebaan nivTis (realuri), an sityvis(verbaluri), an werilobiTi [sabuTis] (litereluri) da an SeTanxmebis(konsesualuri) safuZvelze.~ inst., w. III, t. XIII, 2.
2013 13DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
valdebulebiTi samarTali
calmxrivi da ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi
imisda mixedviT Tu vis warmoeSveba da rogornawildeba valdebuleba SegviZlia ganvasxvavoTcalmxrivi da ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi.
calmxrivi xelSekrulebis magaliTia sesxisxelSekruleba, rodesac gamsesxebels ufleba aqvsmoiTxovos sesxis dabruneba da araviTarivaldebuleba mas ar akisria; msesxebeli kivaldebulia daabrunos Tanxa;
ormxrivis magaliTia qiravnobis xelSekruleba; gamqiravebeli valdebulia gadasces nivTidamqiravebels droebiT sargeblobaSi; damqiravebeli ki valdebulia gadaixados qira dadaabrunos nivTi xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlisSemdgom.
2013 14DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
ormxriv xelSekrulebebSi SegviZliaganvasxvavoT xelSekrulebebi, rodesacmxareebs warmoeSvebaT Tanabari (mag. yidva-gayidvis xelSkruleba) da araTanabariufleba-movaleobani (mag. TxovebisxelSekruleba _ mTxovebeli valdebuliagansazRvruli drois mere daabrunos nivTi –es ZiriTadi valdebulebaa; gamTxovebels kivaldebuleba warmoeSveboda mxolod maSin TugaTxovebuli nivTi zarals miayenebdamTxovebels, es ki yovelTvis ar xdeba damTxovebelis valdebulebasTan SedarebiTmeorexarisxovania).
2013 15DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
xelSekrulebis namdvilobis pirobebi:
1. mxareTa Tanxmoba;
2. kanoniereba (samarTlebrivi safuZveli _ iusta causa);
3. keTil zne-CveulebaTa (bonae mores)sawinaaRmdego ar unda yofiliyo (arunda qonoda saZraxisi safuZveli _ turpiscausa);
4. fizikurad SesaZlebeli unda yofiliyomisi Sesruleba;
5. formaluri mxaris dacva;
2013 16DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis adamianma undagamoxatos neba; misi Sinagani gadawyvetilebasakmarisi ar aris, rom mas iuridiuli Sedegimohyves, radganac adamianis aseTi, Sinagani nebaucnobia garSemomyofTaTvis. neba garegnulad undagamoixatos: sityviT, JestiT, werilobiT da sxva.
SesaZloa isec momxdariyo, rom nebis gareganigamoxatva Seusabamo yofiliyo SinagangadawyvetilebasTan. Zveli romauli samarTaliupiratesobas nebis garegan gamoxatvas aniWebda, mogvianebiT ki upiratesoba Sinagan nebas mieniWa.
2013 17DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
sirTules iwvevda is SemTxveva Tu erTipiris nebis gamoxatvaSi iyo SeusabamobaSinagan nebasTan, xolo meore mxarisaTvises ar iyo cnobili. es sakiTxi Tavs iCensim SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adgili aqvsSecdomas (error).
Secdoma aris piris araswori warmodgenafaqtobriv garemoebebze (faqtebisarcodna ignorantia facti), ris gamoc misiSinagani nebis, survilis winaaRmdeggamoxata neba.
2013 18DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
Tu es Seusabamoba moxda nebisgamomxatvelis braliT, maSin man undaSeasrulos valdebuleba im SinaarsiT, rogoriTac es meore mxarem gaigo;
Tu misi braliT ar aris, maSin SeuZliaibrZolos, rom ar Seasrulosvaldebuleba am SinaarsiT da ar iyosdamokidebuli nebis garegan, arasworgamoxatulebaze.
didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia aseve SecdomisarsebiTobasac.
2013 19DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
Tu Secdoma arsebiTi xasiaTisa iyo (mag. sxvadasxva miwis nakveTi qondaTmxedvelobaSi myidvelsa da gamyidvelserror in corpore) maSin xelSekruleba arCaiTvleboda dadebulad;
xolo Tu Secdoma araarsebiTi xasiaTisaiyo (mag. erTsa da imave nakveTi qondaTmxedvelobaSi magram sxva saxeliTmoixseniebdnen error in nomine) maSinxelSekruleba dadebulad CaiTvleboda.
2013 20DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
arsebiTia aseve Secdoma, Tu igi exeba garigebisxasiaTs; mag. pirs gonia rom fuls SesanaxadaZlevs, am ukanasknels ki gonia, rom sesxadaZleven; am SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebas (arc Senaxvis da arc sesxis) ara aqvs adgili, radganacar arsebobs mxareTa Tanxmoba.
Secdomas SeiZleboda kontragentis vinaobaSichqonoda asebiTi xasiaTi; es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mispirad Tvisebebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba gaaCnia, mag. Tu mgonia, rom cnobil mxatvars SeukveTe naxati, magram sinamdvileSi xelSekruleba sxva pirTandavde.
2013 21DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
sagnis TvisebaSi (arsSi), Secdoma (error in substantia)arsebiTia, Tu igi imdenad didia, rom faqtiuradsxva nivTTan gvaqvs saqme (mag. vyidulob oqrosTass, sinamdvileSi ki is spilenZisaa, vyidulobRvinos, sinamdvileSi Zmaria, an vyidulob monamamakacs, sinamdvileSi mona qalia da sxva).
magram, Tu Secdoma nivTis xarisxSia (error in qualitate;
mag. vyidulob oqros Tass, sinamdvileSimooqroulia; vyidulob mona qaliSvils, sinamdvileSi qalia), rac nakleb mniSvnelovania, maSin xelSekruleba namdvilia, Tumca myidvelsSeuZlia moiTxovos fasis Semcireba.
2013 22DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
piris neba xelSekrulebaSi unda iyos gamoxatuliTavisuflad, yovelgvari zemoqmedebis (motyuebis, iZulebis, muqaris) gareSe.
motyuebiT dadebuli xelSekruleba iwvevdaiuridiul Sedegebs, Tumca motyuebul pirsSeeZlo aReZra motyuebis sarCeli (actio de dolo) dagaeuqmebina aseTi xelSekruleba.
iZuleba SeiZleboda yofiliyo fizikuri dafsiqikuri, gamoxatuli muqariT (metus). muqarisfaqti rom dadebuli xelSekrulebis gauqmebissafuZveli gamxdariyo, igi kanonsawinaaRmdego darealuri unda yofiliyo.
2013 23DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
kanoniereba (samarTlebrivi safuZveli _ iusta causa)magaliTad xelSekruleba ar iqneboda namdvili, Tu
daideboda samoqalaqo brunvida amoRebul nivTzean sxvagvarad ewinaaRmdegeboda kanons.
keTil zne-CveulebaTa (bonae mores) sawinaaRmdego arunda yofiliyo (ar unda qonoda saZraxisi
safuZveli _ turpis causa)magaliTad xelSekruleba dadebuli imis Taobaze,
rom piri cols ar moiyvanda, an prostituciiTiqneboda dakavebuli, an mkvlelobisaTvisdaiqiravebda; am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi`damqiravebels,~ Tu is gadascemdamkvlelobisaTvis iaraRs, am iaraRis ukangamoTxovis uflebac ar qonda.
2013 24DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
xelSekruleba Sesasruleblad fizikuradSesaZlebeli unda yofiliyo; gaiusisinstituciebSi naTqvamia, rom xelSekrulebadadebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom xeliT cas Seexebi, ar aris namdvili.
xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis mniSvnelobaqonda aseve formaluri mxaris dacvas. Tusaxeze ar iyo forma, magaliTad realurixelSekrulebis dros ar momxdara nivTisgadacema, an yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis drosar moxda SeTanxmeba gasayid nivTsa da fasze.
2013 25DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
xelSekrulebaSi SeiZleboda Sesuliyo
iseTi punqtebi, romlebic ar iyo
aucilebeli, magram mxareTa survilis
gaTvaliswinebiT SehqondaT
xelSekrulebaSi. aseTi elementebi iyo
pirobebi (condicio) da vadebi (dies).
2013 26DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
piroba (condicio) iseT miTiTebebswarmoadgens xelSekrulebaSi, romlismeSveobiTac xelSekrulebis iuridiuliSedegebi damokidebuli xdeba momavalSiama Tu im movlenaTa dadgomaze an ardadgomaze, Tanac ucnobia es movlenadadgeba Tu ara. xelSekrulebaSipirobebis SetaniT mxareebi mocemulixelSekrulebiT iuridiuli SedegiswarmoSobas, Secvlas an SewyvetasukavSireben ama Tu im movlenas. mag. Tugemi Camova, mogcem as oqros.
2013 27DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
vadebi (dies) gavs pirobebs imiT, romxelSekrulebaSi vadis SetaniT xelSekrulebebisiuridiuli Sedegebi damokidebuli xdebagansazRvrul movlenebze; gansxvaveba ki isaa, romvadis Setanisas movlena, romelzedacdamokidebulia iuridiuli Sedegebi aucilebladunda dadges, Tumca SeiZleba ucnobi iyos maTidadgomis dro.
saerTod ganasxvaveben: a) vadas, romlis drosaccnobilia, rom movlena dadgeba da cnobiliarodis (mag. xelSekrulebis dadeba ori TviT) dab) vadas romlis drosac cnobilia rom dadgeba, magram ucnobia rodis (uvado xelSekruleba).
2013 28DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
xelSekrulebis dadeba _ stipulaciisSemTxvevaSi iniciativa modioda kreditorisagan, SekiTxvis formiT, mag. mpirdebi gadamixado asioqro?
sxva SemTxvevaSi ki iniciativa modioda orivemxarisagan, mag. yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebisdros erTi mxare akeTebda xelSekrulebisdadebis winadadebas (oferta) meore mxare kiiRebda am winadadebas (aqcepti).
warmomadgenloba _ Tavdapirvelad valdebulebauSualod xelSekrulebis damdeb pirTanasocirdeboda (neqsum), mogvianebiT kiwarmomadgenlad SeiZlebda ganxiluliyo mag. paterfamilias ojaxis wvri, mouravi, mona.
2013 29DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
` [valdebulebebs] iZenT ara marto Tqven
TviTon [piradad], aramed agreTve im
pirebis meSveobiTac, romlebic Tqveni
xelisuflebis qveS imyofebian,
magaliTad, Tqveni monebis da Tqveni
vaJiSvilebis meSveobiT, oRond [im
gansxvavebiT], rom is, rasac Tqven monis
meSveobiT SeiZenT, mTlianad Tqvenia,
2013 30DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
valdebulebiTi samarTali
xolo Tqveni xelisuflebis qveS myofiTqveni bavSvebis mier valdebulebiTSeZenili ki iyofa sakuTrebisa dauzufruqtis Cveni konstituciiTdadgenili cnebebis Sesabamisad. da immogebaze, romelic vaJiSvilma sarCeliTmiiRo, mamas uzufruqtis [ufleba] eqneba, magram masze sakuTrebis uflebavaJiSvils rCeba, rasakvirvelia, sarCels, Cveni axali konstituciiT dadgenilidayofis Tanaxmad, mama aRZravs.
2013 31DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
1. Tqven iZenT agreTve Tavisufali adamianebissaSualebiT da sxvisi monebis meSveobiTac, romlebsac Tqven keTilsindisierad flobT; oRond mxolod or SemTxvevaSi; e.i. [imSemTxvevaSi] Tuki isini iZenen an TavianTiSromiT, an Tqveni nivTis saSualebiT.
2. zemoTqmulis msgavsad, am or SemTxvevaSiTqven iZenT agreTve im monebis meSveobiTac, romlebzec Tqven uzufruqtis an sargeblobis ufleba gaqvT.~ instituciebi, wigniIII, tituli XXVIII
2013 32DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
pirTa Secvla valdebulebaSi
• valdebulebis gadasvla memkvidreobiT _ memkvidreebi pasuxs agebdnen samkvidrosdamtoveblis valdebulebebze, asevemaTze gadadioda moTxovnis ufleba. esganpirobebuli iyo uZveles epoqaSisakuTrebis saojaxo xasiaTiT. valdebulebas, romelsac iRebda ojaxismama saerTo iyo mTeli ojaxisaTvis.
2013 33DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
• cesia (cessio) _ moTxovnis daTmoba, kreditoris Secvla.
axal kreditors erqva cesionari, Zvelkreditors _ cedenti (cedens). moTxovnisSemZens eniWeboda sarCelis wayenebisufleba; gamoiyeneboda warmomadgenlobaromlis safuZvelze cesionarigamodioda sasamarTlo proceszemosarCeled, xolo sarCelisdakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi anazRaurebaxdeboda warmomadgenlis saxelze.
2013 34DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
• valis gadacema _ valdebulebaSiSesaZlebelia erTi movalis meoreTiSecvla. movalis pirovnebas arsebiTixasiaTi aqvs kreditorisaTvis, igiendoba mocemul movales, misgadaxdisunarianobas. amitom erTimovalis Secvla meoreTi, anu valisgadacema SesaZlo iyo kreditorisTanxmobiT. es xdeboda novaciis formiT.
2013 35DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
valdebulebis Sewyveta
1) valdebulebis Sesruleba. imisaTvis, romvaldebuleba CaTvliliyo Sesrulebuladramdenime garemoebas eqceoda yuradReba:
a) vin asrulebda movaleobas. ase magliTad, gadaxda SeeZlo im adamians, visac SeeZloTavisi mdgomareobis gauareseba (Wkuasusti verSeasrulebda); aseve, Tu valdebulebis Sinaarssmkacrad piradi xasiaTi gaaCnda aucilebeliiyo valdebulebis piradad Sesruleba(mxatvris valdebuleba daxatos suraTi), sxvaSemTxvevaSi SeeZlo mesame pirsac.
2013 36DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
b) vis winaSe Serulda valdebuleba. valdebulebaunda Sesrulebuliyo im piris winaSe visac amisuflebamosileba gaaCnda. aseTia kreditori, misikanonieri warmomadgeneli, rwmunebuli.
g) Sesruleba savaldebuloa valdebulebisSinaarsis Sesabamisad. mag. kreditorisTanxmobis gareSe movales ara aqvs uflebavaldebuleba Seasrulos nawil-nawil.
d) valdebuleba unda Sesruldes xelSekrulebiTgaTvaliswinebul vadaSi. Tu xelSekrulebiTvada ar aris gansazRvruli movale valdebuliakreditoris pirvelive moTxovniT Seasrulosvaldebuleba.
2013 37DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
e) rodesac romSi praqtikaSi SemovidaxelSekrulebis dadeba sxvadasxva adgilasmcxovreb pirTa Soris, mniSvneloba SeiZinavaldebulebis Sesrulebis adgilma (miTumetes, rom fasebi sxvadasxva adgilas gansxvavebuliiyo).Sesrulebis adgilad iTvleboda sarCeliswayenebis adgili, anu movalis adgilsamyofelian mxareTa SeTanxmebiT q. romi.
2) novacia _ valdebulebis ganaxleba, romlisdrosac Zveli valdebulebis Sewyveta xdebodaaxali valdebulebis dadgeniT.
2013 38DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
3) gaqviTva _ valdebuleba SeiZleboda SewyvetiliyoSegegebuli moTxovniT. urTierTvaldebulebisgaqviTva xdeboda im zomiT, ra zomiTac erTimoTxovna Tanxvdeboda meores (mag. Tu erT pirsmarTebs meoris 800, meores ki pirvelis 500, gaqviTvis SemTxvevaSi pirvels darCeboda 300).
4) valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba _ valdebuleba Sewydeba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobiTTu es gamowveulia garemoebiT, romelzec movalepasuxs ar agebs (xdomileba, kazusi).
5) moTxovnaze kreditoris uaris SemTxvevaSi.
6) sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadis gasvlisSemTxvevaSi.
2013 39DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
`yovelgvari valdebuleba wydeba am valdebulebis SesrulebiT; an kreditorisTanxmobiT erTi moqmedebis nacvlad sxvamoqmedebis SesrulebiT. amasTan, ara aqvsmniSvneloba imas, Tu vin Seasrulavaldebuleba _ Tavad movalem Tu mismagier _ sxvam. vinaidan valdebulebisgangaTavisufleba xdeba am valdebulebis sxvapiris mier Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSic, Tundac es kreditoris daukiTxavad an misisurvilis sawinaaRmdegod moxdes.
2013 40DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
aseve, Tu movale valdebulebasSeasrulebs, valdebulebisgan misiTavdebebic Tavisufldebian. igivexdeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu, piriqiT, valdebulebas fideiusoriSeasrulebs: _ [e.i.] Tavisufldeba aramarto Tavad [fideiusori], aramedagreTve _ movalec.~ instituciebi, wigni III,
tituli XXIX.
2013 41DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
`garda amisa, valdebuleba wydeba[agreTve] ,,novaciiT~, magaliTad, Tuseiusma ticiusisgan imis stipulaciamoaxdina, rac Sen misi (seiusis) gemarTa. vinaidan axali pirisSemosvliT warmoiSoba axalivaldebuleba, pirveli [valdebuleba] wydeba, gadadis ra igi momdevnovaldebulebaSi.~ instituciebi, wigni III, tituli
XXIX, 3.
2013 42DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
valdebulebiTi samarTali
pasuxismgebloba valdebulebisSeusruleblobisaTvis
Tavdapirvelad valdebulebisSeusruleblobisaTvis movale piradad agebdapasuxs, mogvianebiT ki qonebiT.
movale pasuxs agebda mxolod maSin, Tu masbrali miuZRoda kreditorisadmi miyenebulzaralSi. bralis yvelaze mZime forma zianismiyenebaa ganzrax _ dolus. bralis meore formaagaufrTxilebloba _ culpa. igi ori saxisa iyo: uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba (culpa lata) da msubuqigaufrTxilebloba (culpa levis).
2013 43DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
uxeS gaufrTxileblobad CaiTvlebida iseTi qceva, romelsac ar dauSvebda yoveli saSualo adamiani. msubuq gaufrTxileblobad iTvleboda iseTi qceva, romelsac ar dauSvebda kargi, mzrunveli meurne.
bralis sakiTxs mniSvneloba qondapasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis.
Tu pirma gamoiCina sruli yuradReba damzrunveloba, magram ziani mainc dadga (kazusi), aseT SemTxvevaSi pasuxs ar agebda. mag. gemis an sastumros patroni pasuxs agebda mindobiliqonebis daRupvisaTvis, magram Tu es qonebadaiRupeboda gadaulaxavi Zalis (vis maior) gamo _ ara.
2013 44DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis
saSualebebi
• Tavdeboba
• be
• giravnoba
2013 45DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
Tavdeboba _ `promisorebis magier valdebulebas,Cveulebriv, sxvebi kisruloben, romlebsacfideiusorebs uwodeben; maT kreditorebi, rogorcwesi, iReben, radgan isini zrunaven, rom ukeTesadiyvnen uzrunvelyofilni.
1. fideiusori yvela saxis valdebulebaSi SeiZlebaarsebobdes, e.i. realurSi, verbalurSi,literalurSi da konsesualurSi, da arc imasaqvs mniSvneloba, civiluria Tu naturaluri isvaldebuleba, romelSic fideiusori monawileobs.da es iqamdec ki midis, rom valdebulebas[fideiusori] monis magierac kisrulobs, _ gind is,vinc monisgan fideiusors miiRebs, gareSe piriiyos da gindac _ Tavad am monis mesakuTre, _ imnaturalur valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT,romelic monas Tavis mesakuTris winaSe akisria.
2013 46DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
Tavdeboba
2. fideiusori ara marto Tavad iRebsvaldebulebas, aramed mas Tavis memkvidresacutovebs.
3. fideiusors SeuZlia winac uswrebdesvaldebulebas da ukanac mosdevdes mas.
4. Tu saxeze ramdenime fideiusoria, ramdenic arunda iyvnen isini, valdebuleba TiToeulmaTgans mTeli moculobiT ekisreba. ase rom,kreditors ufleba aqvs valdebulebis mTelimoculobiT Sesruleba visganac is moisurvebs,imisgan moiTxovos.
2013 47DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
5. valdebuleba fideiusorebs ise ar unda daakisron,rom maT im pirze meti marTebdeT, romlisTavdebebic isini arian. vinaidan maTivaldebuleba mTavari valdebulebis ,,aqcesiaa~[damatebaa d.b.] xolo aqcesiaSi ar SeiZleba, romimaze meti iyos, vidre mTavar nivTSia. xolo, meoremxriv, ufro naklebi Tanxis dakisrebaSesaZlebelia. ase rom, Tu promisors[valdebulebis subieqts d.b.] aTi oqro marTebs,maSin fideiusors xuTi oqro marTlzomieradekisreba, magram piriqiT dakisreba ar SeiZleba.
garda amisa, Tu promisoris valdebuleba pirobiTaqvs aRebuli, fideiusors SeuZlia [esvaldebuleba] upirobod ikisros. magram, piriqiTdakisreba ar SeiZleba.
,,naklebi~ da ,,meti~ exeba ara marto valisraodenobas, aramed agreTve [valdebulebisSesrulebis] dros. ,,meti~ niSnavs [nivTis] maSinvemicemas, ,,naklebi~ ki _ Semdeg micemas.
2013 48DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
6. xolo, Tu fideiusori movalis nacvlad gadaixdis, maSin mas gadaxdilis dasabruneblad movaliswinaaRmdeg ,,davalebis~ (mandatis) sarCeli eZleva.
7. berZnebi fideiusors umravles SemTxvevaSi aseTiformuliT iReben: ,,patiosan sityvas viZlevi~, ,,vambob~, ,,msurs~ an ,,minda~. xolo Tu fideiusoriityvis ,,azri gamovTqvi (ganvacxade)~, iTvleba, romman Tqva ,,vambob~.
8. unda vicodeT, rom fideiusorebis stipulaciasTandakavSirebiT saerTod miRebulia, rom iuridiulmoqmedebad iTvleba yvelaferi is, rac aseTad arisCawerili. aqedan gamomdinare, cnobilia, rom Tuvinme Tavs Tavdebad werilobiT gamoacxadebs, yvelaferi es samarTlebrivad swor moqmedebadCaiTvleba.~ (inst. III w. XX tituli)
2013 49DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
be _ `... dausjelad garigebaze uaris TqmaSesaZlebelia, oRond Tu bes saxiT ukve raimear aris gadacemuli. da Tu es ase moxda,nasyidobis xelSekruleba gind werilobiTiformiT iyos dadebuli da gindac _ zepirad,mxare, romelmac xelSekrulebaze uari Tqva, Tuigi myidvelia, maSin igi mis mier micemul beskargavs, xolo Tu _ gamyidveli, maSin manormagi Tanxa unda daubrunos, Tundac besSesaxeb araferi iyos daTqmuli.~ (inst. III w.XXIII tituli)
2013 50DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) valdebulebiTi samarTali
obligatio
obligatio civilis
obligatio praetoria
obligatio naturalis
contractus
pactum
nexum
stipulatio
error
2013 51DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI
condicio
dies
cessio
cedens
dolus
culpa
culpa lata
culpa levis
vis maior
romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)
SekiTxvebi?gmadlobT
yuradRebisaTvis!gisurvebT warmatebebs!
2013 52DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI