Ria ekonomikis makroekonomika: ZiriTadi cnebebi Tavi 29 marina nacvalaZe

Ria ekonomikis makroekonomika: ZiriTadi cnebebi

Tavi 29marina nacvalaZe

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.

Ria da Caketili ekonomika

Caketili ekonomika aris ekonomika, romelic ar urTierTqmedebs sxva qveynebis ekonomikasTan

Ria ekonomika aris ekonomika, romelic Tavisuflad urTierTqmedebs sxva ekonomikebTan


Ria ekonomika

aRiwereba iseTi cvladebiT, rogorebica eqsporti, importi, savaWro balansi da savaluto kursi.

Ria ekonomika yidulobs da yidis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas msoflios sasaqonlo bazrebze;

Ria ekonomika yidulobs da yidis kapitalur aqtivebs msoflios finansur bazrebze.


saqonlis nakadi: eqsporti, importi da wminda eqsporti eqsporti aris qveynis SigniT

warmoebuli da qveynis gareT gayiduli saqoneli da momsaxureba.

importi aris qveynis gareT warmoebuli da qveynis SigniT gayiduli saqoneli da momsaxureba.


saqonlis nakadi: eqsporti, importi da wminda eqsporti wminda eqsporti (NX) aris ucxoelTa

mier SeZenili samamulo saqonlis Rirebulebisa (eqsporti) da samamulo rezidentebis mier SeZenili ucxouri warmoebis saqonlis Rirebulebis (importi) sxvaoba.

wminda eqsports aseve uwodeben savaWro balanss.

savaWro balansi aris qveynis eqsportisa da importis RirebulebaTa sxvaoba.


saqonlis nakadi: eqsporti, importi da wminda eqsporti

savaWro deficiti aris situacia, rodesac wminda eqsporti (NX) aris uaryofiTi.

importi > eqsporti savaWro upiratesoba aris situacia,

rodesac wminda eqsporti (NX) dadebiTia. Eeqsporti > importi

dabalansebuli vaWroba gviCvenebs imas, rom wminda eqsporti nulis tolia – eqsporti da importi erTmaneTis tolia.


faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben qveynis

eqsportze, importze da wminda eqsportze.

momxmarebelTa gemovneba samamulo da ucxouri saqonlis mimarT.

saqonlis fasi qveyanaSi da ucxoeTSi.

savaluto kursi, romliTac adamianebs SeuZliaT erovnuli valutiT ucxouri valuta iyidon.


faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben qveynis eqsportze, importze da

wminda eqsportze.

momxmarebelTa Semosavlebi. qveynidan qveyanaSi saqonlis

transportirebis xarjebi. mTavrobis politika saerTaSoriso

vaWrobasTan mimarTebiT.


mSp-is procen-

tebi

eqsporti

importi

0

5

10

15

1950 1955

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 19901985 1995

aSS-is ekonomikis internacionalizacia

1995


kapitalis nakadi: wminda ucxouri investiciebi

wminda ucxouri investiciebi ucxour aqtivebSi samamulo rezidentebis mier gadaxdili Tanxisa da samamulo aqtivebSi ucxoelTa mier gadaxdili Tanxis sxvaobaa. aSS-is moqalaqes, romelsac $20 000

aqvs, SeuZlia iyidos rogorc `toiotas” markis avtomobili, aseve korporacia `toiotas”aqciebi.

pirveli garigeba saqonlis nakads warmoadgens, xolo meore garigeba – kapitalis nakads.


kapitalis nakadi: wminda ucxouri investiciebi

rodesac saqarTvelos moqalaqe ruseTis fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis kompania `bilainis” aqciebs yidulobs, es garigeba saqarTvelos wminda ucxour investiciebs zrdis.

rodesac ruseTis moqalaqe saqarTvelos samTavrobo obligaciebs yidulobs, es garigeba saqarTvelos wminda ucxour investiciebs amcirebs.


gavixsenoT: rogori saxis investiciebi viciT?

rogori saxis investiciaa makdonaldsis mier saqarTveloSi restornis gaxsna?

rogori saxis investiciaa amerikelis mier qarTuli korporaciis aqciebis SeZena?


pirdapiri da portfeluri investiciebi

orive SemTxvevaSi aSS-is moqalaqeebi sxva qveyanSi arsebul aqtivebs yiduloben, amitom orive garigeba aSS-is wminda ucxour investiciebs zrdis.


cvladebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen wminda ucxour

investiciebze

ucxouri aqtivebis sargeblis realuri ganakveTi.

samamulo aqtivebis sargeblis realuri ganakveTi.

ucxoeTSi aqtivis flobis ekonomikuri da politikuri riski.

samTavrobo politika, romelic gavlenas axdens samamulo aqtivebis ucxour mflobelobaze.


wminda eqsportisa da wminda ucxouri investiciebis toloba

wminda eqsporti (NX) da wminda ucxouri investiciebi (NFI) erTmaneTs unda awonasworebdes.

mTlianad ekonomikaSi, NX da NFI erTmaneTis toli unda iyos:

NFI = NX es toloba samarTliania, vinaidan

TiToeulma garigebam, romelic tolobis erT mxareze moqmedebs, zustad asee unda imoqmedos meore mxarezec.

es toloba igiveobaa _ igi samarTliania masSi monawile cvladebis ganmartebebidan gamomdinare.


wminda eqsportisa da wminda ucxouri investiciebis toloba – magaliTi:

amerikuli korporacia `boingi” yidis TviTmfrinavs. mas yidulobs iaponuri aviakompania.

saqonlis nakadi: amerika saqonlis nakadi: amerika iaponiaiaponia

ucxouri aqtivebi: amerika ucxouri aqtivebi: amerika iaponiaiaponia



saqonlis nakadi: amerika saqonlis nakadi: amerika iaponiaiaponia

ucxouri aqtivebi: amerika ucxouri aqtivebi: amerika iaponiaiaponia

izrdeba aSS-is wminda eqsportic da aSS-is wminda ucxouri investiciebic.



`boings” SeuZlia ienebi dolarebSi gaucvalos sxva amerikul kompanias, romlesac ienebi surs `toSibas” kompiuterebis SesaZenad.

aSS importi (kompiuterebi) = aSS eqsporti (TviTmfrinavebi)

es garigebebi ar imoqmedebs arc aSS-is wminda eqsportze da arc aSS-is wminda ucxour investiciebze.


danazogebi, investiciebi da maTi damokidebuleba saerTaSoriso

nakadebTan

wminda eqsporti mSp-is erT erTi komponentia:

Y = C + I + G + NX erovnuli danazogi qveynis

Semosavlis is nawilia, romelic rCeba mimdinare moxmarebisa da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis xarjebis gaRebis Semdeg:

Y - C - G = I + NX


danazogebi, investiciebi da maTi damokidebuleba saerTaSoriso

nakadebTan

erovnuli danazogi (S) tolia Y-C-G anu:

S = I + NX

an

samamulo investiciebi

wminda ucxouri investiciebi

danazogi +=


realuri da nominaluri gacvliTi kursebi

msoflio bazarze saerTaSoriso fasebi axorcieleben momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis gadawyvetilebis koordinacias.

ori umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso fasebia – nominaluri da realuri gacvliTi (savaluto ) kursebi.


nominaluri savaluto kursi nominaluri savaluto kursi is kursia,

romliTac erTi qveynis valuta meore qveynis valutaze icvleba.

nominaluri savaluto kursis gamoxatva ornairad SeiZleba: ucxouri valutis wili dolarTan mimarTebaSi. aSS-is dolaris wili ucxour valutasTan

mimarTebaSi. Tu savaluto kursia 80 ieni erT dolarSi, es imas

niSnavs, rom savaluto kursia 1/80 (=0.0125) dolari erT ienSi.

Cvens msjelobaSi nominalur savaluto kurss gamovxatavT ucxouri valutis aSS dolarTan SefardebiT, magaliTad 80 ieni erT dolarSi.


nominaluri savaluto kursi

Tu dolari yidulobs ufro met ucxour valutas, amboben rom moxda dolaris Rirebulebis zrda.

Tu dolari yidulobs ufro nakleb ucxour valutas, amboben rom moxda dolaris Rirebulebis Semcireba.


realuri savaluto kursirealuri savaluto kursi aris kursi, is Tanafardobaa, romliTac pirovnebas SeuZlia SeiZinos erTi qveynis saqoneli da momsaxureba meore qveynis saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT.


realuri savaluto kursi

realuri savaluto kursi erTmaneTs adarebs samamulo da ucxouri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebs: Tu germanuli ludi amerikulze orjer

Zviria, maSin realuri savaluto kursi aris 1/2 boTli germanuli ludi erT boTl amerikul ludze.



realuri savaluto kursi damokidebulia nominalur savaluto kursze da ori qveynis valutiT gamoxatul saqonlis fasebze.

price Foreignprice Domestic x rate exchange Nominal

Real

Exchange Rate



vinaidan realuri savaluto kursi damokidebulia ori qveynis valutiT gamoxatul saqonlis fasebze, ekonomistebi gaangariSebebSi samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss iyeneben. avRniSnoT: - Tu aSS-is fasebis indeqsi aris - P, - fasebis indeqsi ucxouri firmebisTvis aris - P*,- aSS dolarsa da ucxour valutas Soris nominaluri savaluto kursi aris - e

SegviZlia gamovTvaloT realuri savaluto kursi aSS-sa da sxva qveyanas Soris:

realuri savaluto kursi = realuri savaluto kursi = (e x P)(e x P) / / P*P*

es realuri savaluto kursi asaxavs qveyanaSi arsebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis kalaTis fass ucxoeTSi arsebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis kalaTis fasTan SedarebiT.



qveynis realuri savaluto kursi am qveynis wminda eqsportis ZiriTadi determinantia. aSS-is realuri savaluto kursis

Semcireba niSnavs imas, rom amerikuli saqoneli ufro gaiafda ucxour saqonelTan mimarTebaSi.

es stimuls aZlevs rogorc adgilobriv, aseve ucxoel momxmareblebs iyidon ufro meti amerikuli da naklebi ucxouri saqoneli.



Sedegad, aSS-is eqsporti izrdeba da aSS-is importi mcirdeba, da orive es cvlileba zrdis aSS-is zrdis aSS-is wminda eqsports.wminda eqsports.

da piriqiT, aSS-is realuri savaluto kursis zrda niSnavs, rom amerikuli saqoneli gaZvirda ucxour saqonleTan SedarebiT, amitom aSS-is wminda eqsporti mcirdeba.aSS-is wminda eqsporti mcirdeba.


msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti

msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti aris Teoria, romlis mixedviTac nebismieri valutis erTi erTeuliT unda SegveZlos saqonlis erTi da imave raodenobis SeZena yvela qveyanaSi.


msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis ZiriTadi logika

msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis Teoria efuZvneba princips, romlesac ewodeba erTiani fasis kanoni.

am kanonis Tanaxmad, saqoneli yvelgan erT fasad unda iyidebodes.



Tu ar sruldeba erTiani fasis kanoni, iarsebebs gamouyenebeli (ganuWvreteli, ganusazRvreli) mogebis miRebis SesaZlebloba (unexploited profit opportunities).

sxvadasxva bazrebze sxvadasxva fasebis upiratesobis gamoyenebis process arbitraJi ewodeba.



yavis fasi sietlSi – 4$; yavis fasi bostonSi – 5$;

ra moxdeba bazarze amis ra moxdeba bazarze amis Sedegad? Sedegad?

yavis fasi aSS-Si – dabalia; yavis fasi iaponiaSi – maRalia;

ra moxdeba aSS-sa da iaponiaSi?ra moxdeba aSS-sa da iaponiaSi?


msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis ZiriTadi Sedegebi

Tu dolaris msyidvelobiTi unari yovelTvis erTi da igivea rogorc amerikaSi, aseve qveynis gareT, maSin realuri savaluto kursi – samamulo da ucxouri saqonlis fardobiTi fasi - ar Seicvleba.

ori qveynis valutas Soris nominaluri savaluto kursi damokidebulia qveyanaSi arsebuli fasebis doneebze.


msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis ZiriTadi Sedegebi

vinaidan msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis Teoriis Tanaxmad erT dolars (an nebismier sxva valutas) yvela qveyanaSi saqonlis erTi da imave raodenobis yidva unda SeeZlos,

=> ori qveynis valutis nominaluri savaluto kursebi am or qveyanaSi arsebuli fasebis dones asaxaven.

im qveynebis valutis Rirebuleba, romlebSic inflacia SedarebiT maRalia, mcirdeba, xolo im qveynebis valutis Rirebuleba, romlebSic inflacia SedarebiT dabalia, izrdeba.

10,000,000,000

1,000,000,000,000,000

100,000

1

.00001

.00000000011921 1922 1923 1924 1925

savaluto kursi

fulis miwodeba

fasebis done

indeqsi (ianv.1921 = 100)

fuli, fasebi da nominaluri savaluto kursi germaniis hiperinflaciis dros


msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis Teoriis gamoyenebis SezRudvebi:

ori mizezi, Tu ratom ar marTldeba es ori mizezi, Tu ratom ar marTldeba es TeoriaTeoria

mravali saxis saqoneli erTmaneTSi advilad ar icvleba.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi warmoebuli ori saxis saqoneli, romelTa erTmaneTSi gacvlac SesaZlebelia, yovelTvis srulyofilad Semcvlelebi ar arian.


savarjiSo 1.erTi boTli mineraluri wyali SeerTebul StatebSi 0.75 dolari Rirs, xolo meqsikaSi – 12 peso. a) ras udris pesosa da dolaris kursi erTmaneTis mimarT, Tu daculia msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti?b) rogor Seicvleba gacvliTi kursi, Tu meqsikaSI fasebi gaormagdeba?

a) Tu daculia msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti, maSin 12 peso erT boTl wyalze gayofili $0.75 erT boTl wyalze udris gacvliT kurss - 16 peso erT dolarze. b) Tu meqsikaSi fasebi gaormagdeba, gacvliTi kursic gaormagdeba da gaxdeba 32 peso erT dolarze.


savarjiSo 1.

erTi boTli mineraluri wyali SeerTebul StatebSi 0.75 dolari Rirs, xolo meqsikaSi – 12 peso. a) ras udris pesosa da dolaris kursi erTmaneTis mimarT, Tu daculia msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti?b) rogor Seicvleba gacvliTi kursi, Tu meqsikaSi fasebi gaormagdeba?

pasuxi:a) Tu daculia msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti,

maSin 12 peso erT boTl wyalze gayofili $0.75 erT boTl wyalze udris gacvliT kurss - 16 peso erT dolarze.

b) b) Tu meqsikaSi fasebi gaormagdeba, gacvliTi kursic gaormagdeba da gaxdeba 32 peso erT dolarze.


savarjiSo 2rogor imoqmedeben qvemoT CamoTvlili garigebebi rogor imoqmedeben qvemoT CamoTvlili garigebebi

aSS-is eqsportze, importze da wminda eqsportze?aSS-is eqsportze, importze da wminda eqsportze?

a) xelovnebaTmcodneobis amerikeli profesori zafxuls evropuli muzeumebis TvalierebaSi atarebs

pasuxi:pasuxi: rodesac xelovnebaTmcodneobis amerikeli profesori zafxuls evropuli muzeumebis TvalierebaSi atarebs, is fuls xarjavs ucxour saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, ase rom amerikis eqsporti ar Seicvleba, importi gaizrdeba da wminda eqsporti Semcirdeba.

b) parizeli studentebi erTad midian arnold Svarcenegeris ukanaskneli filmis sanaxavad

pasuxi:pasuxi: rodesac parizeli studentebi erTad midian arnold Svarcenegeris ukanaskneli filmis sanaxavad, gamodis rom ucxoelebi yiduloben amerikul saqonels, ase rom, eqsporti gaizrdeba, importi ar Seicvleba da wminda eqsporti gaizrdeba.

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Ria ekonomikis makroekonomika: ZiriTadi cnebebi Tavi 29 marina nacvalaZe