kultura da modernizacia - Cultural Studies - საწყისი …kulturiskvlevebi.weebly.com/uploads/1/8/3/7/18376403/009...Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi pirveli Tema

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

kultura

da

modernizacia

saleqcio kursi

ivane wereTeli

qeTevan kakitelaSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 7 - 7

supranational structures. Democracy is the basis for the European union. The members of the European union are the countries, which aspire to the growth and strengthening of democracy. European union is the result of modernization, as the modernization is the development of a society with attributes of democracy. Georgia tries to find out the answer on the challenge of globalization through the integration in European Union.

Modernization and westernization are inevitable processes for the societies aiming to integrate in the Western unity The geopolitical position of Georgia enables it to join global processes; Georgia has it’s own function in a number of economic and political projects. Hence, Georgia will face the global culture.

Above mentioned processes of localization has been developed in Georgia as well as in other parts of the world. Even the process of “McDonaldization” has gone through the certain localization in Georgia. This is just the process, which was defined as glocalization: in many places but in a different kind. The purpose of is a fast food; in the West one usually spends 7-9 minutes in this restaurant; in non western countries McDonald’s has changed it’s profile; in Georgia it is not only a place for fast feed, but also it is used for entertainment; schoolchildren, students, grandmothers and grandfathers together with their grandchildren go there for amusement. The process of “McDonaldization” was accompanied by the appearance of the national “fast-food” units. There are number of national dishes useful for fast food objects. Thus, the occurrence of western hamburgers has stimulated transformation of local cookery, its adaptation to the contemporary situation and creation of new Georgian dishes.

In this case the Georgian culture has managed to preserve its original character. Cookery is not a decisive factor, but it is one of the important artifact of the Georgian culture

It is difficult to image the replacement of the national culture by the global one. But it certainly does not mean complete denying of the global culture. The way of integration into the Western society lays through the modernization, thus rejecting of the global culture is impossible for Georgia. And it is not necessary either.

Georgia will not be able to get rid of the global culture. The statistical data are given, in which the changes taking place in the Georgian society for

last years are fixed.

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wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

TOPIC 9. “MINOR CULTURES” AND THE PROBLEM OF MODERNIZATION. GEORGIAN CULTURE AND THE PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION.

In the case of minor cultures’ modernization, we should mention several categories, especially tradition, as in numerous cases, modernization of minor cultures are discussed as a process, conducted at the expense of disparaging the traditions of these cultures, equal to losing their own peculiarity.

Nowadays, modernization bares an “anti-traditional” character, especially in case of analyzing the nonwestern cultures’ modernization, as the modernization of these communities was conducted at the expense of suppressing local traditions. Within the context of the western community, modernization means extension of western traditions and its development.

However there is a great contrast between “traditional” and “modern” communities, successful modernization can take place, if it is based on some elements of traditional regulation. Thus successful functioning of the “modern” community depends on the existence of relevant traditional preconditions, their introduction and use into the modern system.

That’s why it is necessary:

1. To review correlation of tradition and variability, to conduct analysis of the present traditional community forces, which facilitate the process of changes and of those, which impede it. Correspondingly, the place of these factors should be analyzed in the general structural and cultural system of regulation.

2. To reveal difference among the changes, which accompany to the traditional order and which leave these limits and cause renewal of the community.

3. To disclose the differences between the changes, which promote further development of the community and which undermine this ability. 115

4. To reveal a general character of impact of modern changes on the traditional system.

5. To determine how community can work out within its own heritage and it has an ability to solve these problems; or to reach this through the adaptation to new conditions of its central institutions and without important changes in the sphere of values and ideas (or their transformation). (S.N.Eisenshtadt).

On the basis of discussed information, we have tried to determine typological (traditional or innovational, individualistic or collectivistic) essence of Georgian culture; to analyze correlation of tradition and modernization, peculiarities of the Georgian culture, to find out the degree of modernization of the Georgian society. We have overviewed the history of Georgia during the last two centuries; changes, that have influenced Georgian culture on the background of ongoing processes in the modern world. Thus, we have outlined the possible variants of the development of Georgian culture.

It is necessary to admit, that during the Soviet period Georgia was excluded from the world processes. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has appeared face to face with the problems of globalization. Therefore it is interesting to work out the best way for Georgia to deal with the processes of globalization and which nuances should have been underlined. On the background of the ideas of the western and non-western thinkers, we have tried to examine the Georgian reality.

There is no national way out the challenges of globalization, there is only the transnational way out. Regionalism – this is a creation of transnational, supranational unities. The creation of transnational and supranational unities are caused by economical and political factors and such unities are based on cultural similarities. Nowadays, only the European countries are united in

118

sarCevi

Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi 3

Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi 10

Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da

aramodernuli kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze 20

Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi etapi 39

Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia 52

Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio

sazogadoeba globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe 61

Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis

cnebaTa urTierTmimarTebisTvis 68

Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa

warmomadgenlebis TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva 68

Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ da modernizaciis problema.

qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi 89

CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION (Summary) 111

3

Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi

pirveli Tema eTmoba im ZiriTadi cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebs, romlebic

kursis manZilze iqneba gamoyenebuli. am terminebiT operireba aucilebelia iseT

sakiTxebze msjelobisas da im procesebis aRsawerad, romelic gardauvalia sxvadasxva

regionsa da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kulturul sivrceSi modernizaciis procesis

mimdinareobisas. es aris kulturaTa Soris kontaqtis problema _ misi sxvadsxvagvari

gamovlineba (asimilacia, kulturuli Soki, konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi, kul-

turuli konfliqti, kulturuli difuzia), tradiciis roli da adgili modernizaciis

procesSi, tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTmimarTebis problema; identurobis

problema aradasavlur kulturebSi mimdinare modernizaciuli gardaqmnebis

pirobebSi da a.S.

pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretaciis

gadmocema, ramdenadac modernizaciuli procesebis warmoSoba da mimdinareoba or

ZiriTad _ kulturul da civilizaciur _ doneze xdeba da am procesebis Seswavla da

analizi am ori fenomenis farglebSi da maT safuZvelze unda mimdinareobdes.

kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretacia.

kulturis fenomenze saubrisas yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mis or aspeqtze:

1. kultura _ rogorc kacobriobis universaluri maxasiaTebeli;

2. kultura _ rogorc calkeul sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa

da mijnebis ZiriTadi safuZveli.

pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs, rom kultura aris Homo sapiens-is, rogorc

biologiuri saxeobisa da socialuri arsebis unikaluri unaris Sedegi. swored am

niSniT gansxvavdeba es saxeoba yvela sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. adamianSi

genetikuradaa (biologiuradaa) determinirebuli potencia _ iyos kulturis

Semoqmedi, kvlavmwarmoebeli da gadamcemi, magram am potenciis realizeba mxolod

socialur garemoSia SesaZlebeli, rac aucilebel pirobad iTxovs kavSirs wina

Taobebidan gadmocemuli socialuri cxovrebis gamocdilebasTan da mTlianad

damokidebulia socializaciis procesze. rogorc r.benediqti aRniSnavda, `kultura

ar eZleva adamians dabadebidan, ar aris Cadebuli Canasaxovan ujredebSi rogorc

krazanebTan an WianWvelebTan, aramed aTvisebuli unda iqnes yoveli axali Taobis mier

ufrosTagan Seswavlis gziT~1. anTropolog e.hiobelis gansazRvrebiT, kultura aris

ìntegrirebuli sistema qcevis Seswavlili modelebisa, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia

sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis da romlebic ar warmoadgenen biologiuri memkvidreobis

Sedegs~2.

e.tailori, romelic kulturis cnebis pirveli mecnieruli gansazRvrebis

avtoradaa miCneuli, xazs usvams kulturis socialur bunebas. misi sityvebiT,

`kultura Sedgeba codnis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, xelovnebis, zneobis, kanonebis, zne-

Cveulebebisa da zogi sxva unar-Cvevisgan, romlebic SeZenilia adamianis rogorc

sazogadoebis wevris mier~3.

kultura SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve RirebulebaTa, qcevis normaTa da standartTa

erTobliobad, romelic aregulirebs adamianTa urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, sazo-

gadoebasa da bunebasTan.

1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). Tb., 2003. gv. 24. 2 iqve, gv.22. 3 iqve.

4

1. Multiculturalizm; 2. Pluralizm; 3. Globalization It is clear, that globalization, described by Al-Qadri, is a source of multicultural is a source of

creation of multicultural world (global) society. This viewpoint is supported by him, unless the interests of small societies and cultures will be considered by the West.

Several years ago was published Glisan’s novel, called “Sartorius”, which tells about the tribe of Batatu. It is the modern fable about non-domination. Though the existence of nationality, called Batatu, is clearly determined in time and space (500 AD, Central Africa), is still mythical tribe. Such myth is necessary for the world, as Batatu is embodiment of those people, who does not wish to be a sample for others and addresses to them not with the purpose of subjection, but for coexistence.

The concepts like “relation", "creolization", "universality" - fill each other. "Universality" is a modern world with its diversity and chaos. The chaos is not simply disorder, but it is impossibility of events’ definition and the lack of the world’s reasonable management. "Relations" call for transversality, instead of causal-investigatory of events.

According to Glisan’s opinion the novelty will come from the small countries, which have neither colonial past, nor strongly expressed national traditions. They are not afraid of disappearance or loss of the status. We should get accustomed to the new structure of the world, where the relations between centre and periphery will be absolutely different from the present. Everything at the same time will be both centre, and periphery.

According to the abovementioned factors, globalization is tolerated by people who don’t have their own, original culture. The representatives of the last one are against of this process.

The authors of these theories are the representatives of non-Western world. Each of them recognize successive development of global culture. Therefore, they try to find means of adaptation to the modern conditions. All of them are aware of the Western culture, therefore it is easy for them to perceive differences and similarities between their and other cultures. However, there are number of cases, which can be perceived as their responses to the "challenges" of the West, rather than as objective estimation of reality.

As we have mentioned above, the turn of cultures to their own roots and the localization according to cultural characteristics were caused by the challenges of globalization. The close and constant relations between societies have revealed several existing differences between them, which called forth definition and systematization of own culture’s characteristic features. L.Sengor has made it on an example of the African culture. He has presented the characteristics of the African culture and it’s differences from the Western one.

Localization leads up to the multiple world. In global community original cultures are coexisting with one another. Due to the transparency of borders, the solve of various problems, connected with travel, the facilities of constant connection have call forth the fact, that nowadays one does not leave the frameworks of their own culture, despite of physical distance, they have constant and continuous contact with their houses. This factor protects them from cultural assimilation. For example, in the USA, namely in New York, some Chinese are able to pass around whole their life successfully without English, as they do not tear away from the Chinese world, while traveling around the whole USA. Multiculturalism is the main challenge of globalization. Thus, society or the country will be presented as a multicultural unity. For example, China is not only political and economical unity, in determined geographical borders, but it is also an imaginary society, with it’s cultural sings, which is scattered in various territories of globe. Thus we can talk about China in China, China in America, China in Russia. These challenges led to the various problems for the Western countries.

117

Therefore, only culture itself is insufficient to deal with the global culture; financial support and material maintenance of this culture is also necessary.

Due to the experience of his country, Katrin Lalumier the representative of France in European Parliament, states in the article “The War for Culture”: The process of globalization is followed by the standardization of ideas and unification of the way of life by the American standard.

France has realized, that the French people have painfully felt the approach of the American culture. Nowadays, France is one of the countries, which rejects globalization, perceiving it as Americanization. France has turned back to the roots of own culture and has begun to advertise it on a large scale. Thus, France aims to save it’s original culture. We can conclude, that without economic maintenance, localization and preservation of own culture is impossible.

It is interesting, that "facilitating circumstances" are offered to the societies by globalization; transnational corporations, international organizations and various funds, carrying out activities in the concrete country, usually offer several opportunities in this direction. To clarify this phenomenon, we can take example from the Georgian reality: the national Georgian dance group “Erisioni” became popular all over the world after it was financed by the French organization; The purpose of the project was an offering something new to the world business, leading up to the profit. From the point of view of business, the joint project has appeared to be successful for both sides. Besides this, the Georgian dances have achieved new success.

As the answer to the challenges of globalization, Leopold Sengor’s (well-known African scientist), theory about the originality of the Negroid-African culture is quite interesting. He dreamed about synthesis of the Western conceptualism and African imagination. He dreamed of future Euro-Africa, which would become the predecessor of the world civilization, based on united culture of mankind. He considered that African civilization is an unique civilization. Leopold Sengor and his supporters concluded without organic synthesis with sensible, human African spirit, the Western civilization is doomed to failure. There have appeared concepts like “the African-European” and “European-African”. The African opposes to the European. The European is an engineer, pragmatist, who continuously exploits nature, himself and beings like him. Through all his life he works as a machine, counting money. He perceives world by means of formula, i.e. consciousness. But the African is a poet; the nature is displayed and expressed by him. The attitude towards the nature is idealistic. There is a reign of collective soul, mutual aid and interconsistency; apart from Europe – where social antagonism, conflicts, aggression and discrimination of the man by the man are taking place.

The Pakistan scientist Muhammad Tahir-Al-Qadri has offered his viewpoint in the article “Globalization of Culture?”. Al-Qadri is the supporter of cultural integration, thus he is the follower of the idea about universal values, namely: the standards of success and achievement, activities and occupation, material comfort, practicality and efficiency, science and technology, freedom and individual choice, individual initiative and other elements. All these are sources to carry out a dialogue between cultures. According to Al-Qadri’s opinion, the cultural interaction is impossible without dialogue. It is necessary to integrate majority and minority, in order to conduct a dialogue, but special resources are required for this. In this case, the main responsibility is assigned to the majority. Al-Qadri is dissatisfied with West’s attitude towards Islam. The western society does not have the right image of Islam. It is familiar with Islam through contemporary viewpoints, created and provided by it’s own media sources.

Al-Qadri declares, that for an explanation of cultural diversity and for real integration, ethnocentrism is incompatible. Ethnocentrism is a judgment about other culture by means of own standards. Uni-culturalizm is also unable to solve this problem, as it transforms all ethnic cultures into one whole.

It is necessary to search for the decision of this problem in three directions:

116

maSasadame, farTo azriT, kulturis cneba `xazs usvams adamianis gansxvavebas yvela

sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. kulturaSi igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi

aqti, aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc adamianis universaluri damokidebuleba sam-

yarosadmi, romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis àxal samyaros~ da sakuTar Tavs~1. kultura

aris yovelive is, rac socialuri memkvidreobis Sedegia da rac uzrunvelyofs

socialuri gamocdilebis memkvidreobiTobas.

kulturis meore aspeqti ki gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianis rogorc kulturis

Semoqmedis, matareblisa da gadamcemis unari sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxva-

vebulad realizdeba, ama Tu im socialuri jgufis arsebobis specifikuri pirobebisa

da ganvlili istoriuli procesebis mixedviT. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT

kulturebze, romlebic qmnian samyaros unikalur, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebel

models. sxvadasxva kulturaSi adamianebi gansakuTrebulad aRiqvamen samyaros,

sazogadoebas da adamians maTTan mimarTebaSi. yovel kulturas aqvs RirebulebaTa da

normaTa gansxvavebuli sistema, qcevis wesebi, idealebi da yovelive is, razec

e.tailori miuTiTebda. kultura, aseT SemTxvevaSi, xdeba identifikaciis safuZveli,

is, riTac adamiani gansazRvravs `Tavisiansa~ da ùcxos~. `kultura, yvelaze farTo

mniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls datoveb~2.

amdenad, kultura aris is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, ris safuZvelzec emijnebian

erTmaneTs sxvadasxva sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, riTac isini Tavs ganarCeven

sxvebisagan da riTac sxvebi ganarCeven maT danarCenebisagan.

amgvarad, kultura SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc:

1. socialuri qcevis determinanti;

2. subieqturi codnisa da interpretaciebis determinanti;

3. TviTidentifikaciis meqanizmi;

4. socialuri cxovrebis regulatori;

5. socialuri gamocdilebis translatori;

6. saadaptacio meqanizmi.

kulturis sinonimad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT termini `sazogadoeba~, radgan

adamianis moRvaweobis kulturul da sazogadoebriv dones kursis farglebSi

TanabarmniSvnelovnad moviazrebT.

civilizaciis cnebis aseve mravalgvar interpretacias Soris sami ZiriTadi

midgoma ikveTeba:

1. lokalur-istoriuli (n.danilevski, o.Spengleri, a.j.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni);

2. istoriul-stadiuri, romelic ama Tu im kriteriumze dayrdnobiT ganarCevs

ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis civilizacias;

3. msoflio-istoriuli, romlis farglebSi civilizacia ganixileba rogorc

kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis safexuri.

kursis farglebSi Cven veyrdnobiT civilizaciis lokalur-istoriul

interpretacias, romelic civilizacias ganixilavs rogorc kulturul zesistemas

(p.sorokini), romelic aerTianebs garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs kulturebs.

civilizacia _ esaa kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo done, romlis

farglebSi arsebuli kulturebi mravalferovania, Tumca erTmaneTisagan maTi

gansxvavebulobis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre sxva civilizaciebis Semadgeneli

kulturebi. i.v. iakoveci aRniSnavs, rom `TiToeul civilizacias aqvs sakuTari

centri-birTvi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs mocemuli civilizaciis

1 iqve, gv.21. 2 Culture Sshock. A Reader in Modern Culture Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970. p.74.

5

niSnebsa da Taviseburebebs; periferia, romelic periodulad farTovdeba da

viwrovdeba da, romelic SeiZleba mezobeli civilizaciis niSnebs atarebdes da

mezobel civilizaciebTan momijnave teritoriebi~1.

civilizacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc socialuri da kulturuli super-

sistema, romelic ar emTxveva arc ers, arc saxelmwifos da, arc romelime socialur

jgufs. igi scildeba konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs. civilizaciur maxasiaTeb-

lebad miCneulia droisa da sivrcis aRqma; samyaros xedva da masSi adamianis adgilis

gansazRvra; bunebis aRqma, masze zemoqmedebisa da misi Semecnebis xerxebi da a.S.

identuroba (kulturuli, civilizaciuri)

identuroba (Identitit, Identitas – laT. ìgive da igive~, erTi da igive) — adamianis

fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar `me~-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul realobasa

da individualobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs (nawilobriv

gacnobierebulad da zog SemTxvevebSi qvecnobieradac) ama Tu im tipologiur

kategoriebTan (rogoricaa socialuri statusi, sqesi, asaki, jgufi, kultura).

socialur mecnierebebSi gamoyofen socialur identurobas, kulturul identu-

robas, eTnikur identurobas, jgufur identurobas... identuroba (misi SegrZneba) yalibdeba adamianis individualuri ganviTarebis

kvaldakval da socializaciis, identifikaciis, pirovnuli integraciis Sedegia.

individis mier socialur-kulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba da

gaziareba, sakuTari Tavis, adgilis mikuTvneba ara aris erTgvarovani procesi da

xasiaTdeba garkveuli cvlilebebiTac; ZiriTadad es procesi axalgazrdobis dros

sruldeba. mecnierebi aseve gamoyofen identurobis dakargvis, Selaxvis SesaZleblobasac,

romelic ZiriTadad individis asakobrivi, fsiqologiuri krizisis an socialur-

kulturuli garemos mkveTrad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi realizdeba. maSasadame, iden-

turobis dakargva Tanamdevia iseTi movlenebisa rogoricaa gaucxoeba, deperso-

nalizacia, anomia, pirovnuli disorientacia, socialuri izolireba, gaoreba

(marginalizacia), fsiqologiuri paTologia. socialur-kulturuli kulturuli

cvlilebebis dros identurobis krizisma SeiZleba farTo, sayovelTao masStabebi

miiRos, Tumca mas zogjer dadebiT rezultatamdec mivyavarT (rogoricaa

cvlilebebisadmi adaptacia, struqturuli cvlilebebi da sxv.). identurobis meqamizmi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs socialuri struqturisa da

kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis, gadacemis procesSi. mravali mecnieri upiratesobas aniWebs termins ìdentifikacia~, vidre ìdentu-

roba~. pirveli Tavad processac gulisxmobs da ara marto movlenas. termini pirvelad

xmarebaSi fsiqoanalizmis fuZemdebelma zigmund froidma SemoiRo. misi skola

identifikacias `mes~ TviTganviTarebis mTavar, centralur meqanizmad moiazrebs. identifikaciis cnebas aseve aqtiurad iyeneben sociologebi da socialuri

fsiqologiis mkvlevrebi rogorc socializaciis, socialuri rolebis, adaptaciis,

miRebis, socialur-kulturuli modelebis aTvisebis mTavar elements.

kulturuli identuroba aris ama Tu im istoriuli erTobis wevr individTa am

erTobis kulturis wevrad TviTmoazreba.

civilizaciuri identuroba aris ama Tu im kulturis matarebelTa (TviT)gaazreba

romelime civilizaciuri erTobis wevrad.

1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv. 39.

6

consider that modern stage of development is a new phase of western imperialism, where national governments have played the role of monopolitical capital’s agents. According to an American theorist H. Gleizer, globalization is a spread of the Western information and entertainment sources, which affects on the countries of the non-Western world.

TOPIC 8. THE MODERN WORLD ACCORDING TO WESTERN AND NON-WESTERN WORLD.

The interrelations of global and local cultures lead up to the certain results. Each concrete society has it’s specific relations with unfamiliar and new culture. Therefore, the answers of Western and non-Western societies to the challenges of globalization are interesting for us. In this chapter the theories of Western and non-Western intellectuals are discussed.

In our opinion, there are two answers to the challenges of globalization or result of it’s development, namely - localization and multiculturalism. Within the framework of localization, the phenomenon, called glocalization, is discussed. The concept "global" means “simultaneously in many places”, or “translocally”.

The global culture is supported by the strong society, which aims to strengthen the certain rules all over the world. The global culture is backed by the strong economic system. This is the most important factor. For example, due to the lack of finances, the family traditions are destroyed in Africa, it actually leads up to the transformation of the whole culture, based on the family tradition. This case is quiet interesting due to the fact, that according to this viewpoint, original culture is influenced by economics and transnational corporations, and global culture does not take part in it. Certainly, it does not mean to ignore well advertised global culture’s influence. We can conclude that the process of the Western globalization is an united system, consisting of three parts: economics, politics and culture; All these parts are connected with each other. The rule of the management of politics and economics is determined by culture. On the other hand, they affect

greatly on culture. Japan’s culture of the 20th

century is Japanese, however due to the political and

economic influences, nowadays it differs greatly from the Japanese culture of the 18th

century. As a result of external influence it has gone through a great transformation. According to Fukyiama’s methodology, Japan has gone through modernization and democratization from up to down; thus, Japan had believed in democratic values on the first stage, and, as a result of it, civil society and other institutions were formed. As this was the determinant factor in transformation and development, the Japanese culture has not been changed. The Japanese culture is a traditional culture, but it is not a closed one. Shintoism enables to be a Shintoist and the Christian simultaneously, or either Buddhist and the Muslim. The Japanese culture is able to receive external influences and transform them. However, Japan subordinates them to the own culture. This had an effect on Japanese kitchen: The business-culture of Davos is followed by the “Fast-Foodization” as “time is money”; this is caused by the total “McDonaldization”. However, “Fast-Foodization” in Japan has accepted a local character. The market of “fast feed” is full of hamburgers and the Japanese and Chinese dishes as well. The appearance of hamburgers on Japan’s market have given stimulus to the development of local products and dishes, representing Japanese culture. Thus, Japan has managed to localize in this sphere.

According to the widespread opinion, we are able to deal with the process of globalization, when the average revenue exceeds 5000 USD. We have already mentioned, that globalization of culture is a process of mutual relations between global and local cultures. In the process of globalization the Western culture is backed by political and, first of all, with economic factors.

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Samuel P. Huntington (professor of the Harward University). The dynamics of globalization of culture were observed by the groups of scientists in several countries. As a result of researches, Pitter L. Berger outlined four directions of global culture’s extension:

• Davos culture, or international business - culture;

• “Mc-global” culture, or mass consumed culture;

• International faculty club culture;

• New religious movements.

The growing global culture is distributed both at elite, and at wide layers. Probably, the main way of culture’s distribution at an elite level is the one, named by Huntington as Davos culture. The international culture of leading business and political groups is defined by this term. The driving force of this culture, like economic and technological globalization is international business. The representatives of this culture are not only the people who visit Davos quiet often, but the ones, who aim to be the member of this community, but yet are not those.

In global culture there is one more elite sector, which often accompanies business culture, or opposes it. This sector is the globalization of the Western intellectuals, which was named by Berger as the Faculty Club Culture. Its distribution occurs by various ways: by means of academic structures, funds, non-governmental organizations, etc. It creates its own market – consisting of ideas, norms of behavior created by Western, namely, American intellectuals, such as experts, human rights watchers, etc.

The Protestantism plays an important role in distribution of global culture. This subject has been explored for a long time by David Martin, English sociologist. He estimated that the number of followers of this religion is 250.000. The practice of this religion is followed by certain changes in family structure, education and especially in attitude to business, wich has definite effects on the economics as a whole.

The global culture aims to allocate man from it’s community and traditions and contributes to their individualization. Traditions and collective spirit is destroyed by modernization, thus the individual becomes more self-sufficient. This leads up to the individual independence. The new global culture has much in common with the process of modernization. Today in many parts of the world these two processes coincide with each other.

At an early stage of modernization people are excited by the new opportunities and the feeling of freedom. Therefore, the new global culture is attractive to those who appreciates personal freedom and aims to realize it.

TOPIC 7. MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION: THE INTERRELATION OF CONCEPTS.

One of the main problems is the interrelation of two concepts, that are modernization and globalization. Generally, ther exist two viewpoints:

According to the first one, globalization is the wider process than westernization. In addition, globalization is equal to modernization. This viewpoint is supported by A. Giddens, R. Robertson, M. Elbrow and U. Konol. On example of the countries of Eastern Asia it became obvious that modernization is possible without westernization.

According to the second approach, globalization is only a global diffusion of the Western modernism. It aims to expanse westernization – e.g. Western capitalism and institutes. This viewpoint is shared by A. Amin and L. Benton. R. Gilpin considers that world’s internalization is a product of the distribution of the American world influence. A. Kilinikos and some other scientists

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tradicia

tradicia _ wina Taobebidan arawerilobiTi gziT memkvidreobiT miRebuli da

damkvidrebuli Cveuli azrovnebisa da qcevis standartebis erToblioba, informacia

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis adrindeli gamocdilebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, socia-

luri poziciisa da institutebis Sesaxeb.

tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli gamocdilebis didi erTobliobis

mxolod im komponentebs, romlebic sazogadoebis winaSe periodulad wamoWrili

problemebis gadaWris yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iqca da romelic SenarCunda

istoriuli, struqturuli da organizaciuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. tradicia

kulturis TviTmyofadobis erT-erTi gamomxatvelia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrun-

velyofs am TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas.

tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebs, romlebic

ara mxolod gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundeba xangrZlivi drois

ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara marto

imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es termini

gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis TiTqmis

identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad.

kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba

ase ewodeba uSualo kavSirurTierTobis saxes, romelic yalibdeba, sul mcire, or

kulturas Soris, agreTve am urTierTobaTa Sedegad warmoSobil gavlenebsa da

ormxriv cvlilebebs. kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvne-

loba aqvs faseulobaTa, TvisebaTa, kulturuli aqtivobis formebis Secvlas, axali

orientirebis gaCenas, rac garedan momdinare impulsebis gavleniT xdeba. kulturaTa

urTierTqmedeba, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi procesia (aranakleb ramdenime aTeuli

wlisa).

gamoyofen kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis sxvadasxva dones: 1) eTnikuri done _

urTierToba eTnosebs, istoriul-eTnografiul, eTnokonfesiur da sxva jgufebs

Soris. 2) erovnuli done, sadac regulaciur funqcias mniSvnelovanwilad saxel-

mwifo-politikuri struqturebi asruleben. 3) civilizaciuri done.

kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi ganarCeven kultura-donors da kultu-

ra-recipients. pirveli mets gascems, vidre iRebs, meore _ piriqiT. istoriuli

periodis manZilze es rolebi SeiZleba icvlebodes.

cnobilia urTierTqmedebis rogorc mSvidobiani, nebayoflobiTi (Tanaswor-

uflebiani TanamSromloba), ise aramSvidobiani, ZaldatanebiTi (koloniuri, samxedro

dapyrobebi) formebi.

kulturuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegebi araerTgvarovania, maTi Sefasebis krite-

riumebis moZebna Znelia. Sesabamisad, Znelia saubari calsaxad dadebiT an uaryofiT

Sedegebze, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca erTi kultura iwyebs aSkara daqveiTebas,

meoreSi gaTqvefas an ukvalod qreba. aseTi Sdegis Tvalis midevneba yvelaze ukeT

SeiZleba reliqturi an arqauli kulturebis magaliTze, romlebic TavianTi istoriis

romeliRac periodSi Tanamedrove tipis kulturebs Seejaxnen da mzad ar aRmoCndnen,

aeTvisebinaT maT mier SeTavazebuli kulturuli formebi.

ufro rTulia msjeloba im kulturaTa urTierTqmedebaze, romlebic Zireulad ar

gansxvavdebian tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT.

yovel kulturas aqvs dacviTi meqanizmebis mTeli sistema, romelic icavs mas sxva

kulturaTa gansakuTrebiT intensiuri zemoqmedebisagan.

7

gamoiyofa kulturaTa/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:

1. konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi. pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva,

`sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli~ formebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdileba

ganixileba rogorc ùcxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad unda ganidevnos. meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxare

inarCunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisebrioba, magram

kontaqtSi myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~

kulturuli realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTi

arsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

urTierTmizidvisa da urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zala

sakmaod didia imisTvis, rom Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris,

amasTan, TiToeuli mxare meores aRiqvams rogorc ùcxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis,

moSorebis xarisxi ki sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebul

kulturul elementTa daaxloebis, Serwymisa axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebul

Tvisebriobad CamoyalibebisaTvis.. simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari

iyos: dawyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo

`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, damTavrebuli

mdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistema

gvevlineba. mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi Cndeba

Tvisebrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebuli

kulturuli realoba.

kulturuli konfliqti

kulturuli konfliqti — pirovnebebs, jgufebs, pirovnebasa da jgufs,

pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas, jgufsa da sazogadoebas, sxvadasxva jgufsa da

koalicias Soris RirebulebaTa, orientaciaTa, poziciaTa winaaRmdegobis kritikuli

stadia. kulturuli konfliqti ganpirobebulia monawile mxareTa socialuri

gamocdilebis gansxvavebulobiT. yvela konfliqti dinamikuria da moicavs winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis molapa-

rakebaTa gziT maTi gadaWris, mtruli moqmedebebis mxareTa Soris axali kontaqtebis

damyarebisa da konpromisis monaxvis stadiebs. arsebobs konfliqtis sxvagvari

gamosavalic: brZola saboloo gamarjvebamde an konfliqtis mogvarebis gadadeba

momavlisaTvis. kulturuli konfliqtis tipur magaliTebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT jvarosnuli

laSqrobebi, religiuri, samoqalaqo, revoluciuri, erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli

omebi, saeklesio inkviziciis moqmedeba, ama Tu im sarwmunoebaze iZulebiTi moqceva,

genocidi da a.S. kulturuli konfliqti dakavSirebulia tolerantobisa da sxva kulturis mimarT

interesis problemebTan. kulturuli konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli tipia Semoqme-

debiTi konfliqti mimarTulebebs, skolebs, jgufebs an ama Tu im dargis calkeul

warmomadgenlebs Soris.

kulturis difuzia

kulturis difuzia aris ori an meti sazogadoebis kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis

uerTierTSeRweva da urTierTgamdidreba. esaa kulturis gavrceleba-moZraobis

8

TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN AND NON-MODERN CULTURES.

In this chapter some models of cultures’ typology are considered from the viewpoint of their attitude to modernity and nоn-modernity. These models are: a collectivistic or individualistic, traditional or innovative types of culture, the cultures of space and time. Characteristics of such cultures are examined as well.

Eventually, such grouping of cultures may lead us to East-West dichotomy. Does the existence of such dichotomy correspond to the reality? is the classification of East/West societies as nonmodern, collectivistic, traditional and modern, individualistic, innovational, reasonable? – these will be a subject of discussion.

TOPIC 4. MODERNIZATION – ONE OF THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN COMMUNITY.

We shall try to discuss the notion of modernization in details, according to which modernization is a sum of sociocultural signs, which characterizes a specific phase of the Western community (civilization) development. This complex should be considered in general, in the context of the Western society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms preceeding this civilization.

Besides, the roots of modernization in Western civilization and distinctive features of the Western society, due to which the appearance of modern society became possible, are discussed.

We also argue historical peripheries of establishing a modern society in the west, we’ll talk of modernization as a continuation of the western tradition, − one of the phases in the Western society’s development.

TOPIC 5. GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION.

It is necessary to argue the problem of arising of the concept of globalization and its definitions. The globalization as a process must also be analyzed. It should be mentioned that the process determined by economic factors have spread in all levels of life (generally there are three levels: economics, politics and culture). Globalization of culture leads up to the contrast processes in the different societies. For the number of societies the process of modernization is closely connected with the spread of the global culture, modernization is possible only in the atmosphere of globalization.

TOPIC 6. CONTEMPORARY MODERNIZED WORLD SOCIETY AND THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION.

In the process of globalization studies we collide with the paradox: before we start to explore this phenomenon, it seems that we are aware of it; however during the study it’s essence becomes vague.

Taking into the consideration a vast number of scientific papers, articles and theories about globalization, we think it will be helpful to set a framework for future researches.

This framework was developed in 1999-2002, as a result of the research which had been carried out by the Boston University and Institute of Study of Economic Culture (ISEC). The research was conducted under the supervision of Pitter L. Berger (sociologist, director ISEC) and

113

In the framework of this course the concept of “society” will be used as a synonym of culture, as we interpret the cultural and social levels of human activity as the equal spheres of human life. Definition of the concept of civilization is based on its local-historical interpretation. According to this viewpoint, civilization is a cultural super system, embodying cultures, which are similar by certain characteristics. Civilization is the widest level of cultural identity. The cultures, which are the members of the concrete civilization, are different, but the degree of their difference from cultures of other civilizations is deeper.

In the first chapter, concepts of identity (cultural and civilizational), tradition, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion of cultures and other forms of cultural interaction (confrontation, symbiosis, synthesis) are discussed.

TOPIC 2. THE CONCEPT OF MODERNIZATION. THEORY OF MODERNIZATION

Modernization, in a broad sense, implies the permanent process of establishment of a new forms of thinking and technologies. In this sense, modernization is a continuous and open-ended process and it is not a once-and-for-all-time achievement. In a narrow sense, in sociology this term is used to mark the transformation of traditional, rural and agrarian society into secular, industrial and urban one.

Nowadays, the process of modernization is not confined to the internal development of individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its original Western base to take in the whole world.

The modernization within the framework of this course is considered as:

1. One of the stages in the development of western community. At this stage we'll discuss in detail the conception of modernization, according to which modernization is a complex of sociocultural signs characteristic to a specific phase of the western community (civilization) development. This complex should be discussed in general, in the context of the western society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms preceeding this civilization.

2. The unity of social and cultural signs which, due to the modern stage’s specific development of world societies, became the characteristic of other non-Western cultures and civilizations. Several chapters of this course are devoted to the contemporary cultural processes, derived by the modernization of non-Western societies.

In the same chapter are discussed the most important factors of modernization in social, cultural, political, economic and institutional spheres, as well as the controversial and contradictory results of world’s modernization processes.

The evolution of the theory of modernization since M. Weber up to date is analyzed. The cultural, acultural and negative theories of modernization are examined.

112

gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic ar gulisxmobs aucileblad migraciul procesebs.

kulturuli difuziis saSualebebad miiCneva turizmi, misionerTa moRvaweoba,

savaWro urTierTobani, omi, samecniero konferenciebi, gamofenebi, studentebisa Tu

specialistebis gacvliTi programebi da a.S. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe

evropeli misionerebi aq ara marto TavianT religiur kodeqss amkvidrebdnen, isini

sxva samyaros `kulturis elCebi~ iyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi (maTgan aiTvises qarTvelebma

qaris wisqvili, funTuSeulobis cxoba da sxva).

kulturis difuzia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ara marto xalxebsa da qveynebs,

aramed jgufebs da klasebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, ganarCeven or mimarTulebas:

1) kulturis difuzia eTnosebs, garkeuli statusis mqone individebis jgufebs

Soris (mag., policielebis mier qurduli samyaros leqsikis aqtiuri xmareba);

2) kulturuli elementebis vertikaluri gavrceleba araTanabari statusis mqone

subieqtebs Soris. aseT process uwodeben statifikatorul kulturul difuziasac,

romelic SeiZleba ori _ aRmavali da daRmavali _ formiT ganviTardes (mag.,

aristokratiis mier mdabiuri saubris stilis elementebis gadmoReba an fufunebis

sagnebis sayovelaod qceva).

kulturuli Soki

Tavdapirveli reaqcia individualuri an jgufuri cnobierebis SejaxebasTan

individebis an jgufebis ucxo kulturul realobasTan. kulturuli Sokis situacia

_ esaa konfliqtis situacia idnividebis Cveul Rirebulebebs, normebs, enas,

yoveldRiur praqtikas Soris. damaxasiaTebelia im garemosi, romelic man datova da im

axali garemosTvis, romelSic is aRmoCnda. kulturul Soks met-naklebad ganicdis

yvela, vinc moxvdeba pirvelad ucxo kulturul garemoSi (turistebi, emigrantebi da

a.S.). Sokuri reaqciis Zala ganisazRvreba Rrma gansxvavebiT yofil da axal kulturebs

Soris. fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba pirovnebis, orientaciuli SesaZlebloba,

rigidulobis xarisxi an plastiuroba, arsebuli an Zveli kulturuli elementebis

arqona. magaliTad, ojaxi, megobrebi, romlebsac individi gadmoitans TavisTan axal

kulturul konteqstSi. xarisxi Riaobis an daxurulobis warmomadgeneli axali

kulturisa, romelTanc kontaqtSia individi. kulturul Soks aseve SeiZleba hqondes

adgili jgufuri Semecnebis doneze, rodesac ucxo kulturul garemoSi ereva mTeli

jgufi (mag., masobrivi emigraciis SemTxvevaSi) anda rodesac intensiuri kulturuli

difuziis Sedegad warmoiSoba konfrontaciis situacia Zvel da axal Rirebulebebis,

normebis, yofaqcevis modelebs Soris. ukanaskneli xSirad xdeba sazogadoebrivi

tradiciis modernizaciis msvlelobis dros. gamoiyofa oTxi SesaZlebloba konfliqtis daZlevis: nayofi kulturis Sokis

getoizaciaa. mosulebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben SigniT axals maTi

kulturisaTvis izolirebul anklavebs (geto), sadac inaxaven da inarCuneben

tradiciebs TavianTi kulturuli yofaqcevis modelebs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba

gamodges dasavleTis TiTqmis yvela msxvili qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `Caina

Tauni~ (China Town) da braiTon biCi (kvartlebi) niu-iorkSi. asimilacia. mosulebi cdiloben mTlianad Seeguon axals maTi kulturisaTvis,

SeeTvison mis normebs, Rirebulebebi, qcevi modelebs da mTlianad uaryofen im

kulturul memkvidreobas, romelic datoves. urTierTmoqmedeba. mcdeloba moZebnon raRac saSualo xazi, gaaerTianon axali da

Zveli kulturis elemetnebi. isini Seecdebian SeaTavson orive kulturis yofaqcevis

normebi, cdiloben moawesrigon kulturaTa Soris komunikacia, gaamdidron rogorc

sakuTari kultura, agreTve is, romliTac isini amJamad sargeblobdnen. amis magaliTia

9

sawarmoSi momuSave indoeli da Turqi muSebi, romlebic samuSaoze xelmZRvaneloben

Tanamedrove da industiruli Sromis wesebiT, xolo saxlSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi

ixelmZRvaneleben TavianTi tradiciebiTa da wes-CveulebebiT. kolonizacia. pirvelmosulebi daiwyeben yvelanair propagandas, Tavsmoxvevas

cxovrebaSi Tavisi sakuTari yofaqcevis modelebis, daupirispiron isini imas, rac

tradiciuli kulturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelSic isini aRmoCndenen. es

xdeba rogorc saomari, aseve mSvidobiani dapyrobis dros, aseve modernizaciis

procesSi. termin `kolonizacias~ am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs SefasebiTi mniSvneloba, es

faseulobiTi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri cnebaa. saqme exeba kulturul

koloniozacias; politikuri kolonizacia kulturuli kolonizaciis mxolod kerZo,

Tavisi SedegbiT arc ise radikaluri SemTxvevaa. kulturuli Soki, farTo azriT, rogorc filosofiur-kulturuli an filo-

sofiur-istoriuli kategoria, kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa CamoyalibebisaTvis

TiTqmis gadamwyveti kategoria aRmoCnda. XII-XVII ss. mogzaurTa gadmocemebma,

romlebic aRwerdnen axali qveynebisa da xalxebis usasrulo raodenobas, evropaSi

kulturuli Soki gamoiwvia, rac safuZvlad daedo kulturis fenomenis rogorc

Seswavlis obieqtis Camoyalibebas. am kulturulma Sokma evropelTa gonebaSi

gadatrialeba moaxdina, romelsac SeiZleba anTropologiuri revolucia vuwodoT.

misi arsi isaa, rom Seirya evropelTa warmodgena sakuTar gansakuTrebulobaze;

aRmoCnda, rom kacobrioba Sedgeba mravali kulturisagan. Tuki kopernikiseulma

revoluciam mospo samyaros centris yofnis iluzia, anTropologiurma revoluciam

mospo evropis iluzia ekumenis centrSi yofnisa. mTlianad kulturuli Soki TamaSobs kulturaSi dadebiT rols, vianidan xels

uwyobs kulturaTa urTierTqmedebasa da urTierTgamdidrebs, tradicul kulturaSi

sxva kulturul elementTa integracias, kulturaTa Riaobis zrdas.

asimilacia

procesi, romlis Sedegad erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi kargaven TavianT

Tavdapirvel kulturas da iTviseben im eTnikuri jgufis kulturas, romelTanac

uSuali kontaqti aqvT. es procesi SeiZleba spontanurad mimdinareobdes _ aseT

SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba ganixilebodes akulturaciis erT-erT tipad, akulturaciis

procesis Sedegad. cneba àsimilacia~ XIX s-is bolodan damkvidrda amerikul kulturanTro-

pologiaSi, Tavdapirvelad — termin àmerikanizaciis~ sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. misi

pirveli gansazRverba r.parksa da e.berjess ekuTvniT: àsimilacia urTierTSeRwevisa

da Serevis procesia, romlis ganmavlobaSi individebi an jgufebi iZenen sxva

individebis istoriul mexsierebas da iziareben ra maT gamocdilebas, CarTuli

aRmoCndebian saerTo kulturul cxovrebaSi~. XX s-is Sua wlebamde es termini

gamoiyeneboda aSS TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis dominirebad kulturaSi indielTa

tomebis inkorporaciis mniSvnelobiT. amerikuli sazogadoeba ganixileboda

uzarmazar `SemoqmedebiT laboratoriad~, sadac sxvadasxva kulturuli tradicia

erTmaneTs ereva da `gadaidnoba~ sinTezur mTlianobad. XX s-is meore naxevarSi j. van

der zandenma ganasxvava calmxrivi asimilacia, roca umciresobis kultura mTlianad

gamoidevneba dominirebadi kulturis mier, da kulturaTa Sereva, romlis drosac

daqvemdebarebuli da gabatonebuli jgufebis elementebi erTmaneTs ereva, qmnis

mdgrad kombinaciebs da safuZvels uyris axal kulturas. m.gordonma daamkvidra asimilaciis xarisxobrivi ganxilvis tradicia. dRes

miCneulia, rom sruli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTia; Cveulebriv, adgili

10

Ivane Tsereteli Ketevan Kakitelashvili

CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION Summary

TOPIC 1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS

The first topic aims to interpret the basic concepts and terms, which will be used in the framework of the course. These terms deal with the problems and description of developments, which are connected with the process of modernization in different regions, thus in different cultural spaces. The problems of intercultural contacts and its various forms (assimilation, confrontation, symbiosis, synthesis, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion), the role and place of tradition in the process of modernization, problems of interconnection of tradition and modernization, the question of identity in non-Western cultures in the light of significant changes accompanied with modernization shall be discussed through the course.

As the process of modernization has arisen and developed on two levels, that are culture and civilization, it is necessary to define these two phenomena. The study and analysis of these processes should be based on these concepts.

As the phenomenon of culture is concerned, its two aspects must be mentioned:

1. Culture, as an universal determinant of humanity;

2. Culture, as the basis of differences and borders between distinct societies.

According to the first approach, culture is a result of an unique ability of Homo Sapiens – biological and social being. This factor differs humans from other biological kinds.

Man is genetically (biologically) determined to create, reproduce and transmit culture. Realization of these unique abilities is possible only during the social practice, in connection with experience of preceding generations, together with the process of socialization.

Apart from this, culture is represented as a complex of values, patterns of behavior and standards, which regulate people’s interrelations and their attitudes towards the nature and society. Thus, culture is a complex of social heritage, providing the succession of social experience.

The second aspect of culture implies that man’s ability to create and to pass culture is realized differently in particular societies. These differences are caused by specific conditions of development and the history of the concrete social group. Hence, we can speak about the peculiar models of the world, each created by separate culture.

Culture is the main characteristic, by means of which the representatives of diverse societies differentiate themselves from others.

Thus, culture can be defined as:

• Determinant of social behavior;

• Determinant of individual knowledge and interpretations;

• Mechanism of self-identification;

• Regulator of social life;

• Translator of social experience;

• Adaptation mechanism.

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Tanacxovrebis gamo, yofier doneze saerTo Tvisebebi CamouyalibdaT, msgavsi iyo

Cacma-daxurvis stili, stumar-maspinZlobis, pirovnebis Rirsebis Sefasebis, is, rasac

vaJa-fSavela ‘’kai ymas’’ uwodebda msgavsia qarTvelebis, afxazebis, osebis, somxebisa

da azerbaijanelebisaTvis. geografiulma mezoblobam am mxriv didi roli iTamaSa.

saqarTveloSi mWidrod dasaxlebulni ar arian istoriulad ucxo kulturis

warmomadgenlebi da, jerjerobiT, sazRvrebis gaxsnas ar moyolia emigraciis talRis

zrda, rac aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. statistikuri monacemebi kargi

saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi

sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba, mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir

kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic

modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi.

modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac

dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT dadebiT process Tan axlavs

uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas,

Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi

aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze.

emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas. globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas,

rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia,

isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da aRiarebas.

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aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im xarisxiT transformacias dominirebadi

eTnikuri jgufis kulturis zegavleniT. amasTan, xSirad umciresobis kulturis

ukuzegavlenac friad Zlieria. dRes mkvlevarTa umravlesoba garkveul sifrTxiles iCens termin àsimilaciis~

mimarT, misi politikuri Seferilobis gamo.

Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi

modernizacia

modernizacia, farTo azriT, gulisxmobs zogadsakacobrio evuluciis Tanmdevi,

axali saazrovno formebisa da teqnologiebis damkvidrebis permanentuli process.

aseTi gagebiT, modernizacia uwyveti da usasrulo procesia da misi Sedegi ar aris

erTjeradi monapovari.

viwro azriT, am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo,

agraruli sazogadoebidan sekularuli, industriuli, urbanistuli sazogadoebad

transformacias.

modernizaciis procesi dReisaTvis ar Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis

Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes globaluri masStabiT, radgan

modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan _ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli

samyaro moicva.

modernizacia kursis farglebSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc:

1. dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli etapisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic unda

ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am

civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo

kavSirSi.

2. socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic msoflio sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis specifikam sxva, aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa

(kulturaTa, civilizaciaTa) maxasiaTeblad aqcia. am aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa

modernizaciis procesSi gamokveTili axali kulturuli procesebis aRweras

kursSi ramdenime saleqcio Tema eTmoba.

modernizaciis pirveli gageba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dasavluri sazogadoebis

istoriuli da Tanamedrove ganviTarebaze msjelobisas, xolo meore _ Tanamedrove

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawerad.

modernizaciis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad miCneulia:

ekonomikaSi _ axali teqnologiebisa da kapitalis gamoyenebis gazrda, bunebrivi

resursebis farTo aTviseba, meurneobis meoradi da mesameuli seqtorebis

gafarToeba, kapitalis, Sromisa da sasaqonlo bazris ganviTareba.

socialur sferoSi _ socialurobis adrindeli, winaswargansazRvruli (askrip-

tiuli) tipebisa da socialuri kuTvnilebis zogadi tipebis Sesusteba, adrindeli,

pirvel rigSi, religiuri, saerTo askriptiuli kavSirebis fragmentacia da axali,

sabazro an profesiul kriteriumebze damyarebuli racionaluri kavSirebis sferos

gafarToeba. am ukanasknels Tan sdevs socialuri da profesiuli diferenciaciis

zrda, gansakuTrebiT klasobrivi, qonebrivi da funqciuri, warmoebis, politikuri da

sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa, urbanizaciis zrda da soflis

CarTva sabazro urTierTobebSi. statusis adrindeli, memkvidreobiT miRebuli da

jgufisadmi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvrul askriptiuli simboloTa nacvlad mzard

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aRiarebas iRebs `miRwevis~ kriteriumi moRvaweobis axal, upirveles yovlisa,

sameurneo, finansur da saqmian sferoSi.

politikis sferoSi _ centralizebuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis Camoyali-

beba, romlis farglebSi yalibdeba sakuTari interesebisaTvis mebrZoli sxva-

dasxvagvari socialur-politikuri moZraobebi, elitebi da jgufebi; dinastiuri

reJimebis legitimurobis tradiciuli formebis Sesusteba da demokratiis zogierTi

elementis Semotana; cvlileba centrsa da periferias Soris urTiermimarTebaSi, rac

gamoixateba imiT, rom periferiisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba xelisufleba centrSi.

kulturul sferoSi _ RirebulebiTi orientaciebis diferenciacia, sazoga-

doebrivi codnisa da ganaTlebis sekularizacia da pluralizacia, ideologiuri

mimarTulebebis mravalferovneba, masmediis ganviTareba. upiratesoba eniWeba da

aRiarebuli xdeba qcevis sul ufro meti individualizacia da pirovnebis TviT-

gamorkveva. sulier sferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebad miiCneva sekularizmis gavr-

celeba risi safuZvelic aris meurneobisa da politikis avtonomiurobis zrda,

moRvaweobis praqtikuli da racionaluri formebis gafarToeba, sadac ganmsazRvreli

kriteriumebi ara moraluri, sulieri an estTetikuri mosazrebebia, aramed

efeqturoba da praqtikuli sargebeli. am cvlilebebis (romelTa xarisxis gansazRvra

empiriuladac aris SesaZlebeli) arsebiTi parametrebi mosaxleobis mobilurobis,

socialur da politikur marTvaSi misi monawileobis da, aseve sxvadasxva socialur

jgufis Tanamedrove kulturaSi CarTulobis xarisxia. modernizacia moicavs

mosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebs, aTavisuflebs ra maT yofisa da warmoebis

uZravi formebisagan. magram modernizaciis procesis struqturaSi yovelTvis xdeba

mewarmeTa fenis gaZliereba da daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis zrda.

instituciuri TvalsazrisiT _ modernizacia gamoixateba institutebis

diferenciaciis zrdaSi, romlebic sakuTar Tavze iReben moRvaweobis axali formebis

regulacias. cxovrebis yvela sfero, religiuris CaTvliT, ufro mravalferovani

xdeba.

socialuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis mamoZravebli Zala, umeteswilad, is

aqtiuri fenebia, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT adre arsebul ZiriTad

socialur fenebTan mimarTebaSi.

xSirad modernizaciis iniciatorebad gamodian ucxo kulturuli elementebi, sxva

konfesiuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi. maT axasiaTebT gazrdili

mobiluroba da aqtiuroba savaWro-sawarmoo sferoSi.

amgvarad, modernistuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:

industrializacia, urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi,

Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstitucionalizmi, liberaluri demokratia,

individualizmi, sekularizmi, racionaluri azrovneba.

modernizaciis winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi

modernizaciis Teoriis kritikis Sedegad, gamovlinda is mravalferovani wina-

aRmdegobrivi Sedegebi, romlebic Tan sdeven sazogadoebis modernizaciis process. es

winaaRmdegobani yvela SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT.

1. ~tradiciisa~ da `Tanamedroveobis~ Sejaxeba, rac iwvevs gaxleCas socialurobis

tipebsa da kulturul sferoebs Soris, aseve aviwroebs adre arsebuli kulturis

moqmedebis sferosa da moRvaweobis axal sferoebSi misi statusis damcrobas

ganapirobebs. axal pirobebSi xdeba askriptiul kavSirebze damyarebuli socia-

lurobis adrindeli principebisa da im Tanamedrove orientaciebis dapirispireba,

romlebic mimarTulia warmatebebze komerciuli saqmianobaSi, profesionalizmsa

da praqtikul codnaSi da a.S. urTierToba da urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlebic

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mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi, migraciis Sedegia, radgan Sobadobisa da

mokvdavobis Sefardeba jerjerobiT ar aris im doneze gauaresebuli, rom msgavsi

Sedegi gamoeRo.

davakvirdeT mosaxleobis gare migracias:

მოსახლეობის გარე მიგრაციის სალდო (ათასი კაცი)

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

-140,9 -142,6 -127,2 -123,1 -123,1 -39,2 -36,3 -35,2 -31,2 -29,1

rogorc vxedavT, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari, migraciis

mxriv, Zalzed arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba. es ki, Cveni azriT, pirdapir kavSirSia

socialur problemebTan. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom imigrantTa TiTqmis absolutur

umravlesobas swored aqtiuri mosaxleoba warmoadgens. 1998 wlidan migraciis

procentuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, Tumca, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, am

procesebma gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis milioniT Semcireba, rac

saqarTvelos msgavsi qveynisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.

statistikuri monacemebi kargi saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis

danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba,

mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare

gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs

garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi. modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis

socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT

dadebiT process Tan axlavs uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba

iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas, Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas

daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis

pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze. emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas.

globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas, rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa

adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia, isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro

metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da

aRiarebas.

saqarTvelo, SesaZloa, am mxriv katastrofis winaSe ar imyofebodes, magram

yurdRebamisaqcevia is, rom ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis gamo, romelic

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoiSva, iklebs yvelanairi maCvenebeli _

qorwineba, Sobadoba minusebisken mieqaneba. saqarTvelodan migraciis gamomwvevi

mizezic swored ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebia da ara, vTqvaT ganaTlebis

miReba an biznesi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is problemebi, rac ganivaTarebul qveynebSi

modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia, saqarTveloSi mxolod ekonomikuri da socialuri

siduxWiris gamo Seiqmna. qorwinebisa da demografiuli sakiTxis daRmasvla

gamowveulia ara qalis socialuri rolis gazrdiT (sabWoTa kavSiris dros ufro meti

qali iyo dasaqmebuli saqarTveloSi, vidre axla, es ki imis bralia, rom Semcirda

samuSao adgilebi), aramed imiT, rom saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo Tu teritoriuli

mTlianobis dasacavad warmoebulma omma, aseve Seqmnilma kriminogenulma situaciam

Seiwira swored is Taoba, romlis saSualebiTac unda momxdariyo genofondis zrda.

amas emateba ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi da saxeze gvaqvs qorwinebisa da

Sobadobis kleba, mosaxleobis Semcireba.

saqarTvelo warmoadgens multieTnikur saxelmwifos. multikulturaze saubari,

Cveni azriT, gamoricxulia, radgan aq mcxovreb erovnebebaTa umravlesobas, didi xnis

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კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება

1990 1995 2000 2001 2002

კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება, ერთეული 6353 5181 7865 8755 8143

აბორტები 1995 2000 2001 2002

აბორტების რაოდენობა სულ, ათასი 34.9 9.5 9.7 8.8

მინი-აბორტი 8.6 5.4 5.3 5.1

ჩვილ ბავშვთა სიკვდილიანობა 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002

გოგო 813 645 444 451 449

ბიჭი 1097 955 656 647 653

სულ 1910 1600 1100 1098 1102

rogorc vxedavT, droTa ganmavlobaSi iklebs qorwineba, aseve ganqorwineba.

sabednierod, moiklo Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobamac, amasTan erTad, iklebs

abortebis raodenobac, rac, albaT, kontraceptivebis moxmarebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli

da TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, magram mTlianobaSi mokvdavobisa da Sobadobis

Sefardeba uaryofiTisaken ixreba. es procesi aqtualuria imdenad, ramdenadac

pirdapir kavSirSia aqtiuri mosaxleobis procentul maCvenebelTan. aqtiuri

mosaxleobis raodenoba ki, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mniSvnelovania rogorc

ganviTarebadi, aseve ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisac.

davakvirdeT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas wlebis

ganmavlobaSi:

1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

შრომისუნარიანზე უმცროსი 1423,0 1059,5 1037,7 1015,7 996,3 987,5 959,3

შრომისუნარიანი 3039,3 2767,4 2743,9 2721,2 2697,3 2678,9 2685,1

შრომისუნარიანზე უფროსი 938,5 678,0 688,2 698,3 707,8 705,1 698,2

15 წლის და მეტი ასაკის მოსახლეობის განაწილება ეკონომიკური აქტიურობის მიხედვით 2002 წელს

ქალები კაცები

ეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობა ეკონომიკურად არააქტიური მოსახლეობა

108

axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs da romlebic gaformebulia sakralizebuli

normebiT, moraluri orientaciebiTa simbolikiT, kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas

da ejaxebian imperativebs, romlebsac sabazro kavSirebis funqcionaluri samyaro

karnaxobs. askriptiuli socialurobis adrindeli totaluri sistemebi, romelSic

TiToeul individs Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli, kargaven

adrindel mniSvnelobas, ixliCebian sxvadasxva nawilebad, amasTan mzardi

mniSvneloba eniWeba axal, funqciur da miRweviT kriteriumebze damyrebul

sistemebs. unda iTqvas, rom miRweviTi orientaciebi met-naklebad arsebobs

nebismier `tradiciul~ garemoSi, magram iq isini askriptiul sazogadoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel ierarqiul sistemaSi iyo CarTuli. axal pirobebSi miRweviT

orientaciebma, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos rogorc urTierTobaTa individua-

lizacias, aseve sazogadoebis danawevrebas sxvadasxva jgufebad da erTobebad.

modernizaciis Teoriebi

dasavluri kulturaSi modernizaciis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis sxvadasxvagvari

axsna arsebobs. veberiseuli xedva upiratesobas im faseulobaTa xasiaTSi xedavs,

romelic materialuri sikeTis dagrovebasa da gafarTebazea orientirebuli. meore

mimarTuleba upiratesobas socialur-politikur struqturas (upirveles yovlisa,

sofelTan SedarebiT qalaqis siWarbes) aniWebda (f.brodeli, igive m.veberi). mesame

mimarTuleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas Zalauflebis ganawilebis principsa da am

principis institutebSi gamyarebas aniWebda (S. eizenStadti).

saukunenaxevris manZilze modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani

iyo Sexeduleba msoflio istoriis Tanamedrove etapeze TiToeuli sazogadoebis

sworxazovani ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es miuTiTebda yoveli sazogadoebis im sistemaSi

Sesvlis aucileblobaze, romelic dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si Camoyalibda da,

Sesabamisad, maT `centralur~ civilizaciasTan `mierTebaze~. zustad es iyo prog-

resis, rogorc procesisa da miznis arsi. socialuri regulaciis yvela adrindeli

varianti, miRwevebi da Rirebulebebi gadaisinja dasavleTis mier Seqmnili

TanamoedroveobaSi Sesasvlelad. amitom yvela aradasavluri kultura, upirveles

yovlisa, axal realobaSi SesvlisaTvis vargisianobis TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda.

yvela saxis istoriuli da adgilobrivi da istoriuli Tavisebureba ganixileboda

mxolod rogorc sawyisi fazis specifika, romelic swraf transformaciasa da

gaqrobas eqvemdebareboda. XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis garkveuli periodis manZilze

ganviTarebis Taviseburebis problematika faqtobrivad im mkvlevarTa yuradRebis

miRma darCa, romlebic aradasavluri qveynebis ganviTarebis gzebsa da SesaZ-

leblobebze saubrobdnen. metic, Tu adre aqcenti keTdeboda dasavluri

sazogadoebisa da misi ganviTarebis specifikaze, SemdgomSi damkvidrda dasavluri

modelis universalurobis idea mTeli msofliosaTvis.

70-iani wlebis dasawyisamde modernizaciis Teoria `vesternizaciis~ koncefciis

bazaze viTardeboda, romelic dasavluri liberalizmis universalobas amtkicebda.

vesternizaciis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom gaTanamedrovebis procesi

rogorc istoriulad, ise logikurad gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, meurneobis

warmarTvis kapitalisturi meTodis miRebas, aseve dasavleTis, rogorc `msoflio

civilizaciis~ eqspansia. problema mxolod `sastarto pirobebisa~ da `winaaR-

mdegobebis~ gamovlenaSi, aseve sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa universaluri xasiaTis mqone

modernizaciis indeqsis mixedviT SefasebaSi mdgomareobda.

koloniuri sistemis daSlasa da suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, rasac

Tan sdevda kulturuli TviTmyofadobis ideologiuri mtkiceba, ar gamouwvevia

sworxazovani koncefciis gadaxedva. dekolonizaciis procesi dasavlur isto-

riografiaSi ganixileboda, rogorc dasavluri ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri

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da kulturuli formebis gavlenis Sedegi, rogorc maTi `difuzia~. sociokulturul

WrilSi modernizacia unda warmarTuliyo rogorc moZraoba àvtoritetulobidan

Tavisuflebisaken~, rogorc dromoWmuli tradiciebis gardaqmna da gadalaxva,

teqnikur efeqturobaSi ganxorcielebuli racionalobis damkvidreba da saparla-

mento demokratiis gafarToebaze damyarebuli axali politikuri kulturis aTviseba.

sazogadoebaTa dayofa `dasavleT-aRmosavleTis~ diqotomiis safuZvelze

gulisxmobda maT dayofas `ganviTarebis unaris mqone~, `mowinave~ da `CamorCenil~

sazogadoebebad. am ukanasknelTaTivis ki gardauvali iyo saerTo gzisaTvis gverdis

avla. am process Tan axlavs dasavluri faseulobebis, normebis da qcevis

stereotipebs aucilebeli sesxeba. xSirad, modernizacia gaigeba rogorc avtori-

tarizmisa da despotizmis gadalaxva, qcevisa da sazogadoebis regulaciis tra-

diciuli formebis TandaTanobiTi gandevna da maTi axali, gonivrulobisa da mecni-

erul principebze dayrebuli formebiT Canacvleba. ucvleli da dromoWmuli

wesrigidan sazogadoeba gadadis mudmivi cvlilebebisa da srulyofis procesisaken.

aseTi principebi sxvadasxva variaciebiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes liberalur, refor-

matorul an socialistur mimarTulebebSi. aradasavluri kulturuli memkvidreobis

Seswavla Seesabameboda ìstorizmis~ im ganwyobas, romlis mixedviT warsulis

istoriam `Caiara~ da amitom unda Seicvalos axali, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT.

naSromebi, romlebic aRmosavluri kulturebis Zveli da klasikuri periodis

istoriisa da aradasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturisa da funqciobis kvlevas

eZRvneboda mxolod erTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleoden _ am

sazogadoebaTa tipis cvlileba gardauvali iyo reformebis an revoluciis gziT.

civilizaciuri TvalTaxedviT, modernizaciis Teoria Tavdapirvelad `Zveli~

civilizaciebis `gadalaxvasa~ da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis progresis universaluri

gzis dasaxvaSi mdgomareobda. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis Teoria

socialurobis, rogorc tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis, CamorCenilobisa da

ganviTarebulobis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda.

aseTi midgomis farglebSi tradicia aRiqmeboda rogorc Semaferxebeli Zala, romlis

Sesusteba da gadalaxva uzrunvelyofda Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli sistemis

damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas.

arsebobda tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli im `naklovani

Taviseburebebis~ CamonaTvali, romelic xels uSlida da aferxebda imitaciur

modernizacias. am CamonaTvalSi Sedioda socialuri struqturis Semdegi Tavise-

burebani: askriptiuli kavSirebi: urTierTvaldebulebebi ojaxisa da naTesaobis

farglebSi, megobruli da klanuri kavSirebi, mcire jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi azri; am

kavSirebidan gamomdinare, koleqtiuri warmodgenebis upiratesoba da individis

jgufisagan ganuyofeloba; lokalur erTeulebsa da teritoriebze mijaWvuloba;

kasturi da klasobrivi barierebi; mkacri msoflmxedvelobrivi kontroli, orien-

tirebuli saboloo da maradiul Rirebulebebze sawinaaRmdegod instrumentuli

faseulobebisa, romlebic yoveldRiur praqtikul qcevas aregulireben. gardaqmnebis

damabrkolebel kulturul winaaRmdegobebad miCneuli iyo Semdegi Rirebulebebi:

`samuSao~ drois ignorireba, yoveldRiuri da Seupavari Sromis unaris arqona,

fatalizmi, eTnocentrizmi, siamayisa da Rirsebis gamZafrebuli gancda, moride-

bulobis konservatiuli normebi, adgilobrivi politikuri avtoritetebis pativis-

cema da `sakuTar~ miwasTan mijaWvuloba, Cuqebis rogorc gacvlis formisadmi

pozitiuri damokidebuleba da a.S. kulturis struqturaSi aRiniSneba gaxleCa maRal

moralur orientaciebsa da adamianuri yofis realuri pirobebis ugulvebelyofas

Soris, problemebis realuri gadaWris Tavidan arideba, statusis, genderuli da

14

meti adamianis danaklisi arcTu mcirea. sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia kleba _

sikvdilianobis zrdam da Sobadobis Semcirebam, Tu migraciulma procesebma.

pirvel rigSi, davakvirdeT mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maCvenebels:

შობადობა, მოკვდაობა და მოსახლეობის ბუნებრივი მატება

სულ, ათასი მოსახლეობის 1000 კაცზე

წლები დაიბადა

გარდაიც-ვალა

ბუნებრივი მა-ტება, კლება(-)

დაიბადა


ბუნებრივი მატება, კლება(-)

1980 89,4 43,3 46,1 17,6 8,5 9,1

1985 97,7 46,1 51,6 18,5 8,7 9,8

1990 92,8 50,7 42,1 17,1 9,3 7,8

1991 89,1 52,4 36,7 16,3 9,6 6,7

1992 72,6 54,9 17,7 13,4 10,2 3,2

1993 61,6 57,5 4,1 12,0 11,2 0,8

1994 57,3 50,3 7,0 11,8 10,4 1,4

1995 56,3 49,1 7,2 11,9 10,4 1,5

1996 55,0 48,0 7,0 11,9 10,4 1,5

1997 54,0 47,6 6,4 11,9 10,5 1,4

1998 51,5 47,3 4,2 11,5 10,5 1,0

1999 48,7 47,2 1,5 10,9 10,6 0,3

2000 48,8 47,4 1,4 11,0 10,7 0,3

2001 47,6 46,2 1,4 10,8 10,5 0,3

2002 46,6 46,4 0,2 10,7 10,7 0,0

rogorc vxedavT, Sefardeba mokvdaobasa da Sobadobas Soris wlebis manZilze

uaryofiTi Sedegisaken iklebs. Cvens xelT arsebuli ukanaskneli oficialuri

monacemi 2002 wlisaa, romlis mixedviTac Sefardeba nulis tolia.

sruli suraTis dasaxatad davakvirdeT Sobadobis klebis gamomwvev mizezebs.

mizezi SesaZlebelia iyos qorwinebis raodenobis kleba, abortebis mateba, Cvil

bavSvTa sikvdilianobis zrda:

ქორწინება 1995 2000 2002

ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი

დაქორწინებულია, სულ 21481 21481 12870 12870 12535 12535

ganqorwineba

1989 7,4 aTasi

2000 1.9 aTasi

2001 2,0 aTasi

2002 1,8 aTasi

107

dedaqalaqi Tbilisi

saxelmwifo ena qarTuli

religiuri aRmsarebloba marTlmadidebloba

sxva religiuri jgufebi mahmadianebi, somxuri monofizitebi, ebraelebi,

kaTolikebi, baptistebi da iezidebi

erovnuli umciresobebi afxazebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, rusebi, somxebi

gaeroSi Sesvlis TariRi 1992w. 31 ivlisi

erovnuli valuta lari

mTliani Sida produqti

(erT sulze 2002w.)

1626 lari

lari/aSS dolaris

gacvliTi kursi (2002 w)

1.8 lari

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba

dabadebisas (2002 w.)

mamakaci 68 weli

qali 75 weli

am monacemebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli suraTis daxatva: saqarTvelo

warmoadgens mcirericxovan, patara teritoriaze gansaxlebul qveyanas; miuxedavad

laris kursis ganmtkicebisa (2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, igi aSS dolarTan

Seadgenda 1,80), igi sakmaod Raribia, Tumca sicocxlis xangrZlivoba arcTu ise

dabalia; qveyanaSi cxovroben sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa da erovnebis

warmomadgenlebi; warmovadgenTT maTi raodenobis procentul maCvenebels.

მოსახლეობის ეროვნული შემადგენლობა (მოსახლეობის აღწერების მონაცემებით)

ათასი კაცი პროცენტობით მთელ მოსახლეობასთან

1979 1989 2002 1979 1989 2002 მთელი მოსახლეობა

4993,2 5400,8 4371,5 100 100 100

ქართველი 3433,0 3787,4 3661,2 68,8 70,1 83,8 აფხაზი 85,3 95,9 3,5 1,7 1,8 0,1 ოსი 160,5 164,1 38,0 3,2 3,0 0,9 რუსი 371,6 341,2 67,7 7,4 6,3 1,5 უკრაინელი 45,0 52,4 7,0 0,9 1,0 0,2 აზერბაიჯანელი 255,7 307,6 284,8 5,1 5,7 6,5 სომეხი 448,0 437,2 248,9 9,0 8,1 5,7

ებრაელი 28,3 24,8 3,6 0,6 0,5 0,1

ბერძენი 95,1 100,3 15,2 1,9 1,9 0,3

ქურთი 25,7 33,3 20,8 0,5 0,6 0,5

rogorc vxedavT, wlebis manZilze qarTvelebis procentuli maCvenebeli izrdeba; es,

pirvel rigSi, sxva erovnebis xalxTa migraciis Sedegad moxda, da ara Tavad qarTvelTa

raodenobis zrdis xarjze; aqve unda iTqvas, rom 1989 wels mudmivi mosaxleobis

raodenoba iyo 5 401 aTasi, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT igi Semcirda 4 372 aTasamde. milionze

106

asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunika-

ciuri barierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciul

etiketTan da mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motoruli

nimuSebi da sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlis

aTvisebaSi.

tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis damabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTro-

pologiuri diskreditacias Tan erTvoda civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religias

exeboda. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, aradasavluri religiebi ar miiCnevian

modernizaciuli potenciis matareblad.

amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialur-

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individi

rogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi daaRwia askriptiul kavSirebs da romelic sakmaod

Tavisufalia qcevasa da azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelic

ar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofna

gardaqmnebisaTvis da maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmis

mixedviT moqmedebs.

XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa da diskreditacia da

modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebobda kolonializmis kritikisa da aradasavluri

sazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis dacvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris mier

vesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdeboda, imiT

iyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda aradasavlur

sazogadoebebze dasavluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. dasavluri

kulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa da aziis, afrikisa da

laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa da damoukideblobisaTvis.

1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbobda Sromebi, romlebic

tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda da romlebSic

aradasavluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixileboda rogorc udavo

dabrkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT

upiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa da racionalizmis Rirebulebebs.

magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem,

warumatebelma modernizaciam da revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveli

universaluri modelebis gadaexedva da ganviTarebis procesebis axali, SedarebiTi

kvlevis wamowyeba.

dasavlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulma

kvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa da mis xasiaTTan

dakavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina,

rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi da damokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovan

araerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCnda, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri,

naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi.

es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad,

sazogadoebis rRveva da misi kriminalizacia sdevda Tan.

diqotomuri Teoriebi da koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCnda aexsna moderni-

zaciuli procesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gardamavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba,

maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika da aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebuli

politikuri da ekonomikuri kompleqsebis damoukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba.

amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri,

aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Sedarebas, upirveles yovlisa es exeboda

religiasa da kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel

15

faqtors. ufro adekvaturi Teoriis ZiebaSi uari iTqva iseT terminebze, rogoricaa

èvropeizacia~ da `vesternizacia~, romlebic gulisxmobs yovelmxriv gaigivebas

dasavleTTan, xolo terminma àmerikanizacia~ kritikuli da negatiuri datvirTva

SeiZina.

Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis adreuli modelebis kritika, pirvel

rigSi, mimarTuli iyo ~tradicia-modernizaciis~ diqotomiis winaaRmdeg. es kritika

emyareboda ganviTarebis, rogorc evoluciuri procesis gansazRvrebas, romelic

gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mowyobis adrindeli socialur-kulturuli principebis

gandevnasa da Canacvlebas. kritikis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti gaxda kulturuli

memkvidreobisa da urTierTobaTa socialur-kulturuli sistemis rolis gamov-

lineba. progresistuli koncefciebis sawinaaRmdegod, kulturuli memkvidreoba

ganixileboda rogorc stabilurobis SenarCunebis winapiroba, romelic uzrun-

velyofs sazogadoebis funqciobas. xolo tradicia ganixileboda rogorc socialur-

kulturuli kavSirebis aucilebeli birTvi, romelic uzrunvelyofs individis

socializaciis arsebiT formebs, jgufTaSoris urTierTobis organizaciasa da

sazogadoebis erTobas.

nebismier damuSavebul variantSi modernizaciis Teoria aRiarebs ori sferos

urTierTqmedebas _ sazogadoebis integraciasa da diferencias, Sesabamisad, misi

damoukideblobisa da SenarCunebaSi, rac politikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoixateba

suverenitetis principSi, xolo kulturuli TvalsazrisiT _ TviTmyofadobis,

identurobis principSi. am daskvnebma msoflio samecniero literaturaSi gamoiwvia

modernizaciis procesis arsis gadaxedva. aseTi gaazrebis erTgvar kategoriuli

formulirebaa s.hanTingtons ekuTvnis: `modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs

vesternizacias. aradasavluri sazogadoebebma SesaZloa ganicadon modernizacia ise,

rom uari ar Tqvan sakuTar kulturaze, ar miiRon dasavluri Rirebulebebi,

institutebi da qcevis formebi. sinamdvileSi modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs

da iwvevs dasavleTis SedarebiT dasustebas. SiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro sul ufro da

ufro modernizebuli da naklebad dasavluri xdeba~.

rogorc ukve iTqva, didi xnis manZilze sxvadasxva saxis kulturul faqtorebs

SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda. modernizaciis subieqtebad upirveles

yovlisa saxelmwifoebi miiCneodnen, ufro sworesd ki politikuri reJimebi.

Sesabamisad, politikis sfero ganmsazRvrelad iTvleboda ekonomikasTan da

politikasTan SedarebiT. magram gardaqmnebma rac ufro farTod moicves socialuri

regulaciis sxvadasxva sfero, miT ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa sakuTriv kulturuli

kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri regulaciis specifikis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom es specifika mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli

kulturuli velis doneze.

bolo sami aTwleulis manZilze modernizaciis procesSi nacionaluri da

civilizaciuri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis principi sabolood damkvidrda

samecniero literaturaSi.

sazogadod, modernulobis warmoSobis ori Teoria arsebobs. isini warmoadgenen

or gansxvavebul gagebas imisa, Tu riT gansxvavdeba Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

Tavisi winamorbedisagan. erTi gagebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebasa da,

magaliTad, Sua saukunebis evropas Soris iseTive gansxvaveba arsebobs, rogoric Sua

saukuneebis evropasa da amave periodis CineTsa Tu indoeTs Soris. sxva sityvebiT, Cven

SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba civilizaciebs Soris, romelTagan

TiToeuls Tavis sakuTari kultura aqvs. meore gagebiT, adreuli saukuneebidan

dRemde arsebuli cvlilebebi Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT raRac `ganviTarebis~ msgavsiT _

16

iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTarebis qveynebSi. 50 wlis win TeTri saxlis

maspinZlebi Riad saubrobdnen amerikaze, rogorc `qristianul qveyanaze~; dRes Tavad

buSic ki, moerideba Riad aseT fomulirebas.

rogorc aRvniSneT, multikulturalizmi, pirvel rigSi, dasavlur samyaros

emuqreba, amis mizezi ki ganviTarebis maRali donea. sxva kultturis warmomadgenlebi

dasavleTSi swored finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT Cadian. kulturul

problemebTan erTad, emigracia politikur-ekonomikur problemebsac qmnis; Raribi

qveynebidan Casuli xalxi iafi muSaxelia; amis gamo dasavleTis qveynebSi

adgilobrivebs, SesaZloa, garkveuli problemebi SeeqmnaT samsaxuris Sovnis mxriv.

magram yvelze mTavari sul sxvaa, rac bolo periodSi xSirad iCens xolme Tavs.

magaliTad, safrangeTma miiRo kanoni, romelmac akrZala Cadris tareba safrangeTSi;

demokratiuli proncipebidan gamomdinare, safrangeTSi mcxovrebma muslimebma didi

winaaRmdegoba gauwies am kanons. maT aiZules safrangeTis mTavroba da sakuTar

qveyanaSi miaRebines kanoni, romelic, pirvel rigSi, kulturul-religiuri niSniT

gansxvavebulobas usvams xazs. am nabijiT muslimurma samyarom safrangeTSi frangebi

aiZula eRiarebinaT islamis Zala. anu multikulturalizmis Sedegad frangulma

sazogadoeam kanonmdeblobis dros unda gaiTvaliswonos arafranguli, araevropuli

da aradasavluri samyaros warmomadgenelTa moTxovnebi. msgavsi problemebi

saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar exeba, radgan saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs iseTi

ekonomikuri done, romelic did imigraciul procesebs ganapirobebda.

aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces imas, rom modernizaciis xarisxis zrda

ganapirobebs zemoT ganxiluli problemebis zrdasac. f.fukuiama acxadebs, rom

uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSS da safrangeTs kvlav emuqreba imigrantTa miReba.

bevri iqneba damokidebuli am qveynebze, kerZod, Tu rogor moaxerxeben isini

imigrantTa integracias sakuTar istoriul kulturaSi.

globalizacia namdvilad aris Sinagani procesi, romelic gagrZeldeba uaxloesi

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, XXI saukunis postindustriul qveynebs da

sazogadoebebs mouwevT Sejaxeba amerikuli kulturis im elementebTan, romelTac

dRes evropelebi miuReblad miiCneven, askvnis igi.

modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis process ori _ rogorc pozitiuri, aseve

negatiuri mxare aqvs. qalis socialuri aqtivobis gazrdam gamoiwvia Sobadobis kleba.

yvelaze metad daberebis procesi Tavs iCens ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aqtiuri

mosaxleobis Sevseba ki xdeba sxva kulturis qveynebidan mosuli imigrantebiT.

arsebobs problemebi, romelic mosdevs modernizaciis dadebiT process; amitom

sainteresoa, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. suraTis kargad

warmoCenisaTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnevT warmogidginoT statistikuri monacemebi.

saqarTvelo

mmarTvelobis forma saprezidento respublika

mdebareoba aRmosavleTis grZedis 40’ da 47’

CrdioloeT ganedis 41’ da 44’

teritoriis farTobi 69 700 km/kv

mosaxleoba (2002 wlis

aRweris mixedviT)

4 602 aTasi kaci

mosaxleobis simWidrove 66 adamiani km/kv-ze

105

piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba mas da Tavis mxriv eqceva sxva civilizaciis Tu kulturis

gavlenis qveS1.

Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba cifrebsa da sttistikur monacemebSi

arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciis procesi qmnis iseT gamowvevebs, romelic

ukavSirdeba ojaxuri tradiciebis cvlilebas, Sobadobis Semcirebas; es problemebi,

rogorc Cans, modernizaciis procesis Tanmdevia.

f.fukuiamas TqmiT, modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia `didi SeSfoTeba~, rac 60-

ian wlebSi ganviTarebul industriul qveyanaTa safuZvels, sayrdens Seexo.

socialuri SeSfoTeba gamowveuli iyo ori saxis teqnologiuri gardaqmniT. erTi

mxriv, moxda gadasvla industriuli sazogadoebidan informatikis samyaroSi, sadac

fizikuri Sroma Secvala gonebrivma. meore mxriv, gamoCnda biomedicinis artefaqtebi

(laT. artefaqtum _ xelovnurad Seqmnili), magaliTad, preparatebi, romelTa

saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia sqesobrivi kavSiris gareSe cocxali organizmebis Seqmna.

am garemoebam Secvala damokidebuleba mamakacsa da qals Soris da qalis socaluri

aqtivoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi gazarda. man didi zegavlena moaxdina ojaxur

Rirebulebebze, aRzrdaze. am procesis Sedegebs, f.fukuiamas azriT, `Cven mxolod

axla vxvdebiT da vatyobT. SesaZloa, SeSfoTebis talRam sxvadasxva sazogadoebs

sxvadasxva dros gadauara, magram Sedegebi yvelgan saerToa~2.

aRniSnulma talRam didi gavlena moaxdina, agreTve Sobadobaze. ganviTarebul

qveynebSi Sobadobam iklo. safrangeTSi daregistrirebulia yvelaze TvalSisacemi

cifrebi Sobadobis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba weliwadSi 1% Seadgens, rac erTi Taobis

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi 30%-mde adis. es ki sakmaod didi cifria. rac Seexeba saSualo

asaks, igi ganagrZobs zrdas. XXI saukunis Sua wlebSi evropis macxovrebelTa saSualo

asaki miaRwevs 60 wels. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac biologiurad aqtiur

macxovrebelTa umravlesoba warmodgenilia an Zalze axalgazrdebiT, an Zalze

xanSiSesulebiT. iaponia da evropa aRmoCndebian iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebis

garemocvaSi, sadac saSualo asaki gansazRvrulia istoriuli normis mixedviT da

biologiurad aqtiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilis asaki 20 weli iqneba, Tavad ki am

zRvars didad gascdebian. aseTma demografiulma cvlilebam politikuri Sedegebic

gamoiRo da ganviTarebul qveynebS imigrantTa roli gaizarda. imigrantebi ki

warmodgenili arian yvelaze Raribi da kulturulad gansxvavebuli qveynebidan.

f.fukuiama saubrobs safrangeTsa da aSS Soris arsebul politikur

dapirispirebaze da miiCnevs, rom diplomatiuri krizisis safuZveli safrangeTis

globalizaciis gamowvevebisadmi damokidebulebaSia saZiebeli. f.fukuiama askvnis,

rom globalizacia, romelic frangebma Seafases rogorc maTi kulturuli

Rirebulebebis arealSi amerikis Carevis, SeRwevis mcdeloba, faqtobrivad, aris

modernizaciis universaluri procesis niSani. SesaZloa, amerikelebi am procesSi, sxva

qveynebTan SedarebiT, adre Caebnen, magram sxva danarCenebic male aRmoCndebian igive

procesis zemoqmedebis qveS3. ganviTarebis am xaziT, postindustriuli qveynebis

ganviTarebis saerTotraeqtoria mimarTulia multikulturuli sazogadoebebis

Semnisaken. es ki ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis, romlebsac sakuTari

istoriuli Rirebulebebi aqvT, sakmaod Zneli misaRebia. aSS kulturuli

gansxvavebuloba, romelic evropelTa mxridan mudmivi kritikis sagania, Zalian male

1 aSkareli n. saqarTvelo cvalebad samyaroSi. _ gaz. “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 7-9 noemberi, 9-12 noemberi. 2 Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru. 3 Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.

104

rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasasruli da modernis dasawyisi. am gabato-

nebuli TvalTaxedviT, procesebi friad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba.

modernulobis gagebis pirvel variants pirobiTad kulturuls uwodeben, xolo

meores _ akulturuls. arsebobs kulturaTa simravle, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs

ena da gamocdileba, romlebic gansazRvraven pirovnulobis, socialuri urTierT-

obebis, cudisa da kargis, saTnoebisa/zneobisa da uzneobis da a.S. specifikur gagebas.

es modeli _ modernulobis kulturuli Teoria _ Tanamedrove dasavleTSi

momxdar cvlilebebs axali kulturis warmoSobis safuZvelze xsnis. Tanamedrove

atlantikuri samyaro aris kultura (an erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli kul-

turaTa jgufi), romelsac aqvs, magaliTad, pirovnebis, bunebis, kargisa da cudis sa-

kuTari, specifikuri gageba, es kultura SeiZleba davupirispiroT sxva danarCenebs,

Tavisi winamorbedi civilizaciebis CaTvliT (romelTanac, cxadia, uamravi saerTo

aqvs).

amis sapirispirod, akulturuli Teoria am transformacias kulturisagan ganye-

nebulad xsnis. am TvalsazrisiT, es cvlilebebi ar ganixileba rogorc konkretul

kulturaSi mimdinare procesi, aramed miiCneva movlenad, romelic SeiZleboda

Sexeboda nebismier tradiciul kulturas. magaliTad, akulturuli Teoria

modernulobas ganixilavs, rogorc mravali sxvadasxva mizezis Sedegs: vTqvaT,

mecnieruli cnobierebis zrdis, sekularuli TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebis, efeqtu-

ri/instrumentuli racionalizmis aRzevebis, faqtsa da mis Sefasebas Soris absolu-

turad cxadi sxvaobis da sxv. sxvagvarad, modernuloba SeiZleba davukavSiroT

rogorc socialur, aseve inteleqtualur cvlilebebs: trasformaciebi, inte-

leqtualuris CaTvliT, ganixileba rogorc daCqarebuli mobilurobis/cvlilebebis,

populaciis koncentraciis, industrializaciis da a.S. Sedegi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi

modernuloba transformaciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic TiToeul kulturas SeuZlia

ganicados da, savaraudod, iZulebuli iqneba ganicados.

es cvlilebebi ar aris gansazRvruli am kulturebis mdgomareobiT da, magaliTad,

pirovnebis, sazogadoebis an sikeTis specifikuri gagebiT; ufro metad, esaa

cvlilebebi, romelsac yoveli kultura, principSi, msxverplad ewireba. magaliTad,

TiToeul kulturas SeiZleba Seexos mecnieruli cnobierebis zrda, yovel religias

_ sekularizacia, instrumentuli azrovnebis zrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios saboloo

aRsasruli, warmodgena metafizikurze SeiZleba Zireulad Seicvalos faqtsa da mis

Sefasebas Soris gaCenili dapirispirebis gamo.

modernuloba, am Teoriis mixedviT, gagebulia rogorc konkretuli kulturisagan

ganyenebuli racionaluri an socialuri procesebis Sedegi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom es

Teoria ugulebelyofs im istoriul mizezebs, ris gamoc es cvlilebebi Tavda-

pirvelad warmoSva swored am, da ara sxva civilizaciaSi, an ris gamoc am cvlilebebs

erTni ufro advilad eqvemdebarebian, sxvani ki _ Znelad. saqme ufro isaa, rom es

procesi ganisazRvreba ara rogorc kulturuli specifika, aramed rogorc zogadi

funqcia, romelic kulturul specifikas msxverplad iwiravs. Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, es procesebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc

erTi specifikuri, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gagebis an RirebulebaTa sistemis

arCevanis asaxva. socialuri ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

iseT istoriul movlenebs, rogoricaa industralizacia, romelic gavlenas axdens

Rirebulebebze; magram amgvari movlenebi xSirad ar aris miCneuli konkretul

sferoSi specifikuri arCevanis gamoxatulebad. rodesac saqme exeba racionalur

axsnas, is miiCneva zogadi SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebad, romelic eloda Sesabamis

pirobebs ralizaciisaTvis. garkveuli pirobebSi adamianebi mividnen im daskvnamde,

17

rom racionaluri azrovneba efeqturia, rom instrumentuli racionalizmi amarTlebs

sakuTar Tavs, rom religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi iwvevs gauTvaliswinebel

naxtomebs, rom faqti da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva ramaa. am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba

zogierTma RirebulebiTma da msoflmxedvelobiTma sistemam SesaZloa gaadvilos,

zogierTma ki _ Seaferxos. isini (e.i. RirebulebiTi sistemebi da cvlilebaTa procesi)

ar aris erTmaneTze ganuyrelad gadajaWvuli. ufro metad, isini gansazRvrulia imiT,

rac, Cveni azriT, moicavs RirebulebaTa da gagebaTa gavrcelebis mTel konteqsts.

albaT, cxadia, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze gabatonebuli modernulobis

Teoriebi akulturuli xasiaTisaa. bevrma modernulobis ganviTareba, nawilobriv

mainc, axsna imiT, rom Cven davinaxeT zemoT moxseniebul savaraudo WeSmaritebaTa

mTeli wyeba. sxvagvarad, cvlilebebi nawilobriv axsnil iqna kulturulad

neitraluri (kulturisagan ganyenebuli) socialuri ganviTarebis movlenebiT

rogoricaa e.durkheimiseuli moZraoba socialuri erTobis meqanikuri formebidan

diferencirebuli, organuli formebisaken. an aleqsis de tokvilis varaudi, `mcocavi

demokratiis~ Sesaxeb (romelSic igi gulisxmobda moZraobas Tanasworobisaken). maqs

veberis interpretaciiT, racionalizacia myari procesia, romelsac droTa

ganmavlobaSi yvela kultura gaivlis.

magram yvelaze popularulia modernulobis mizezobrivi ganmartebebi. mxolod

socialur axsnas mivyavarT mizezamde: socialuri cvlilebebi, iseTebi rogoricaa

mobiluroba da industrializacia, ganapirobeben inteleqtualur da sulier

cvlilebs, radgan isini ubiZgeben xalxs, daTmon Zveli Cvevebi da rwmenebi _ religia

an tradiciuli morali _ romlebic miuRebeli xdebian, kargaven ra damoukidebel

racionalur safuZvels, rac gaaCnia modernulobis iseT warmodgenebs rogoricaa

individualizmi da instrumentuli azrovneba.

magram SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva _ ra vuyoT modernulobis farTod gavrcelebul

da popularul negatiur Teorias, romelic modernizaciis process ganixilavs ara

rogorc zrdas, aramed rogorc daqveiTebas da dakninebas? sainteresoa, rom isinic

Taviseburad akulturistebi arian. amis warmosaCenad, Cven unda ganvavrcoT zemoT

motanili ganmarteba. imis nacvlad, rom cvlilebebi ganixilos rogorc SesaZ-

leblobaTa realizacia, negatiuri Teoria modernulobas xSirad mxolod safrTxis

Semcvelad miiCnevs. magram xSirad is konkretuli kulturisagan damoukideblad

ganixileba. modernulobas axasiaTeben rogorc perspeqtivadakargul, safuZvelga-

moclil (fesvebdakargul) movlenas, romelic qedmaRlobis gamo uaryofs adamianuri

SesaZleblobebis SezRudulobas, Cvens damokidebulebas istoriaze an RmerTze. is

ganusazRvrel ndobas ucxadebs aramdgrad/cvalebad adamianur gonebas; akninebs

TviTSemwynareblobas, romelic Sorsaa cxovrebis heroikuli ganzomilebisagan.

modernulobis ganmartebebis udidesi nawili pozitiur da negatiur inter-

pretaciaze modis. isini akulturulobisaken arian midrekilni. kulturuli

interpretaciebi Zlieria, magram maTi ricxvi naklebia. magaliTad, fridrix nicSe

Tanamedrove samecniero kulturas axasiaTebda rogorc ganpirobebuls faseulobaTa

specifikuri mTlianobiT. veberma, garda imisa, rom SemogvTavaza racionalizaciis

rogorc myari, kulturulad damoukidebeli Zalis Teoria, protestantuli eTika

gaiazra rogorc religiur-moralur SexedulebebaTa gansakuTrebuli erToba,

romelmac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmi.

amgvarad, akulturuli Teoriebi gabatonebuli arian. es cudia. imisaTvis, rom

avxsnaT, Tu ratom, ufro cxadad unda vaCvenoT, ras aniWeben es Teoriebi

upiratesobas, ra gamoaqvT wina planze da ras ar aqceven yuradRebas.

18

niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyana ... bizantiis wes-wyobilebiT imarTeboda. Cven

yvelani erTob axlo videqiT aziasTan, erTob vemonebodiT mis magaliTs, mis xasiaTs.

es xasiaTi erTianad, upiratesad, despotis pirad SexedulebebSi, pirad survilSi,

nebaSi, TviT-mnebelobaSi mdgomareobda. despots bizantiaSi imperatori erqva, CvenSi

_ mefe, sxvagan _ mTavari, magram saqmiT, SinaarsiT yovelgan erTi da igive Tviseba

hqonda: is iyo marto, da meti ara iyo-ra~1.

rac Seexeba bizantiis SedarebiT neli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da, Semdgom,

misi dacemis mizezebs, aseTebad xSirad saxeldeba bizantiuri saxelisuflebo da

samarTlebrivi institutebis specifika, ganviTarebuli biurokratiuli aparati,

saxelmwifo marTvis ukiduresi centralizacia, dasavluri (`klasikurad~ miCneuli)

feodaluri institutebis neli ganviTareba da sxv.2 magram bizantinologTa nawili

amgvar axsnas arasworad miiCnevs da umTavres mniSvnelobas sagareo faqtors aniWebs.

m.i.siuziumovi, g.g.litavrini da sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bizantiis imperia

permanentul omSi iyo Cabmuli, romelic yovelwliurad nTqavda uzarmazar adamianur

da materialur resursebs. aseT pirobebSi imperiis xelisufalni iZulebulni iyvnen,

nebismieri saSualebiT SeenarCunebinaT stabiluroba, moexdinaT arsebuli wyobilebis

konservireba. did socialur reformebs SeeZlo daerRvia socialuri wonasworoba.

sagareo faqtori hipertrofirebul rols iZenda da saSinao faqtorad iqceoda3.

Tavis mxriv, bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebis damkvidreba

CvenSi xels uwyobda ufro mWidro integracias bizantiur civilizaciasTan,

ramdenadac bizantiuri (aRmosavlurqristianuli) civilizaciis miRwevaTa aTvisebis

procesi ufro swrafi da efeqturi iyo im qveynebSi, sadac arsebobda an yalibdeboda

mmarTvelobis centralizebuli forma4.

roca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemis mizezTa Ziebisas CvenSi bizantiuri

modelis arsebobasa da mis uaryofiT rolze vmsjelobT, iqneb, marTebuli iyos meti

yuradRebis miqceva igive sagareo faqtoris mniSvnelobaze. iqneb, civilizaciaTa

mijnaze yofnam CvenTanac ganapiroba am faqtoris hipertrofirebuli roli da misi

saSinao faqtorad transformacia, rogorc es bizantis SemTxvevaSi moxda?

sxva saqmea, rom bizantiis dacemis Semdeg CvenSi bizantiuri yaidis

saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebi SenarCunda, romlebSic sul ufro

Zlierdeboda aRmosavluri elementebi. mogvianebiT ki maT kargad moergo `bizantiuri

ornamentebiTa da dasavluri aqsesuarebiT damSvenebuli~ rusuli mmarTvelobis wesi.

ase yalibdeba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo aparatis funqciobis zemoT naxsenebi

aziuri stili, romelic Cveni aradasavlurobis erT-erT yvelaze mkafio

gamoxatulebad saxeldeba5.

dRes saqarTvelo aRiqmeba gaurkvevli mikuTvnebulobis saxelmwifod, romelic

imyofeba TviTgamorkvevis procesSi da ganicdis zemoqmedebas: 1) dasavluri

civilizaciis mxridan; 2) dasavlursa da slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebs

Soris gaxleCili ruseTis mxridan; 3) dasavlursa da islamur civilizaciebs Soris

gaxleCili TurqeTis mxridan. Cveni sazogadoebis erTi nawili iRebs ama Tu im

civilizaciis gavlenas, anu dasayrdeni da gamtaria misTvis, xolo meore nawili,

1 nikolaZe n. bulgaria. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t.14, Tb., 1997, gv. 222-223. 2 ix.: Сюзюмов М.Я. Некоторые проблемы исторического развития Византии и Запада. – В сб.: Византийский временник,

т.35, М., 1973, с.4. 3 Сюзюмов М.Я. Историческая роль Византии и ее место во всемирной истории. – В сб.: Византийский временник, № 29,

М., 1968, с.44; Литаврин Г.Г. Геополитическое положение Византии в средневековом мире в VII-XII вв. – В кн.: Византия между Западом и Востоком. Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с. 16.

4 Оболенский Д. Византийское содружество наций. М., 1998, с.299. 5 niJaraZe g. Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba politikuri qcevis aspeqtSi. _ gaz.: “ganaxlebuli

iveria”, Tb., 2000, 1-2, gv.11.

103

ekonomikur sistemebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba dasavleTisadmi saqarTvelos

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Teziss umagrebs safuZvels.

qarTuli feodalizmis evropulTan msgavsebis gaqroba, rasac safuZveli XIII

saukuneSi Caeyara, fasdeba rogorc `qarTuli istoriis drama da specifika~1.

batonymobis qcevam qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis umTavres safuZvlad,

socialuri infrastruqturis umniSvnelovanesi elementis _ vaWar-xelosnuri

qalaqisa da mesame wodebis _ ganadgurebam da politikuri sistemidan misma

gauCinarebam ganapiroba dasavleTTan msgavsebis moSla da aRmosavluri politikuri

RirebulebiTi orientaciis mimarTulebiT gadaxra2.

a.joxaZem yuradReba miaqcia friad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: Cveni politikuri

elitis suliskveTeba TandaTan aRmosavluri gaxda, magram goneba Tavs mainc

dasavleTis (qristianuli samyaros) nawilad moiazrebda. gvian SuasaukuneebSi

àRmosavluri suliskveTebis qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas qveSecneulad aRmosav-

leTTan integracia surda, integraciis es procesi karga Sorsac iyo wasuli, magram

religiuri sxvaoba aRmosavleTTan kanonieri qorwinebis sanqcias ar iZleoda~3.

swored es daedo safuZvlad ruseTisaken swrafvas, rac gaazrebuli iyo rogorc

evropasTan daaxloeba. `rusi Cinovnikis da jariskacis mundirma qarTul zepur

sazogadoebas qristianuli dasavleTis nairsaxeobis iluzia Seuqmna. gajiutebulma

cnobierebam ver SeniSna, rom rusuli saxelmwifo monRolur administraciul

sistemaze dayrdnobili despotia iyo, romelsac bizantiuri ornamentebi da

dasavluri aqsesuarebi amkobda~4.

daaxloebiT igives werda Tavis droze gr.lorTqifaniZe: àziuri saqarTvelos

evropuli suli mudam dasavleTisken iswrafvoda. am swrafvaSi XVIII saukunis bolos

erekles saqarTvelom TiTqos evropis surogati ruseTSi pova~5.

SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi friad sainteresoa, magram gveCveneba, rom igi

Tavisaufali ar aris calmxrivobisa da sakiTxis gamartivebisagan. mxolod religiuri

sxvaoba aSorebda saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan? arsebobda raime safuZveli, rac

aRmosavleTTan `kanonier qorwinebas~ SesaZlebels gaxdida?

an kidev, sainteresoa, mainc ram ganapiroba `cnobierebis gajiuteba~? iqneb,

bizantiasTan xangrZlivi da mWidro kontaqtis gamocdilebam, romelic didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTaTvis dasavleTad moiazreboda (muslimur aRmosavleTTan

mimarTebaSi) da romlis memkvidred SemdgomSi Tavi ruseTma gamoacxada? Tavad

bizantia ki mxolod elinizmisa da laTinizmis memkvidre ar iyo. misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo naxevradaRmosavluri _ ZiriTadad, sasanuri sparseTisagan

nasesxebi _ politikuri institutebi, monarqis xelisuflebis centralizaciis,

zekanonierebisa da sakralizaciis CaTvliT. yovelive aman didi gavlena iqonia

bizantiasTan kontaqtSi myofi yvela xalxis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris, cxadia, Cveni

politikuri sistemis formirebazec. swored bizantias umadlian es xalxebi

saxelmwifoebriobis formaso, aRniSnavda r.landa6.

Tavis droze niko nikolaZe miuTiTebda Cveni saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis bizantiur

xasiaTze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aziuri despotiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali

1 joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01. 2 iqve. 3 joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01. 4 iqve. 5 lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,

1995, gv.156. 6 Ланда Р. Межцивилизационные связи и историческое взаимодействие народов Черноморья. – В журн.: Центральная Азия

и Кавказ, М., 2000, № 1 (7), с.205-206.

102

akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni arian axsnan modernulobis tranzicia

gadasvla, rogorc tradiciuli rwmenebisa da maTdami erTgulebis dakargva. es

danakargi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc instituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegi.

magaliTad, mobiluroba da urbanizacia ganixilulia rogorc mizezi, romelic

asustebs statikuri sasoflo sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebsa da safuZvlebs. am danakargs/cvlilebebs, SesaZloa, safuZvlad edos Tanamedrove samecniero azris

ganviTareba. cvlilebebi SeiZleba dadebiTad iyos Sefasebuli; an piriqiT,

uaryofiTad _ imaT mier, visTvisac tradicia ufro faseulia da visac mecnieruli

azrovneba SezRudulad miaCnia. magram yvela es Teoria Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs erT

garkveul aspeqtSi: Zveli Sexedulebebi da maTdami erTguleba Sesustebulia. Zveli

horizontebi, nicSeseuli warmodgeniT, gaqra. ra Cndeba am danakargis Semdeg. codnis miRebis empiriul-mecnieruli midgomis

gabatoneba amkvidrebs individualizms, negatiur Tavisuflebas da instrumentul

racionalobas. isini wina planze gamodian, maT adamianebi ~normalurad~ afaseben,

radgan kacobrioba aRar aris Seferxebuli Tu dabrmavebuli yalbi crurwmenebiT da

cxovrebis arafrismomcemi wesiT, romelsac es rwmenebi ganapirobebda. erTxelac miTi

da Secdoma gaqra. mxolod empiriuli midgomaa efeqturi codnis misaRebad. da es

maSinve cxadi gaxdeba rogorc ki, gavTavisufldebiT metafizikis monobisagan. mzardi

instrumentuli racionaloba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs maqsimalurad davikmayofiloT

survilebi, Cven yovelTvis mxolod gvafrTxobdnen usafuZvlo direqtiviT _

SegvezRuda sakuTari Tavi. individualizmi aris normaluri/bunebrivi Sedegi ada-

mianis mier sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebisa/TviTpativiscemisa, RmerTis iluzoruli

moTxovnebis, yofierebis borkilebisa da wminda/RvTiuri sazogadoebrivi wesrigis

gareSe.

sxvagvari Sefaseba, romelic avsebs gamorCenil niuansebs, aris imis SesaZleblobis

daSveba, rom dasavluri modernuloba SeiZleba emyarebodes Tavis sakuTar,

originalur sulier sawyisebs da ar iyos gagebuli warmoSobili martivad da

gardauvlad _ rogorc ganviTarebis Sedegi.

akulturuli Teoriis batonobis mizezebi gasagebi xdeba, rodesac vacnobierebT,

rom dasavlelebi saukuneebis manZilze cxovrobdnen modernulobisaken gardamaval

periodSi, im civilizaciis gareT, romelsac qristianul samyaros vuwodebT. rTulia

icxovro cvlilebaTa periodSi da ar iyo tendenciuri. am suliskveTebiT Cven, sakmaod

xSirad, SefasebiT axsnas vaxdenT xolme, romelime mxaris sasargeblod. cvlilebebi

uproblemod aixsneba imiT, rom Cven `SevZeliT~ siyalbis danaxva, an daviviwyeT

mniSvnelovani WeSmaritebani. kulturuli xedvis farglebSi aseTi damajerebeli

daskvnebis gamotanisaTvis, saWiro iqneboda modernulobis kompleqsuri SedarebiTi

Sefaseba, imis sapirispirod, rom mas ganapirobebda qristianoba. aseT mkafio

daskvnamde misvla friad rTuli (Tu SeuZlebeli ara) amocanaa. kulturuli Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, Cven sakuTar kulturas ganvixilavT, rogorc

erT-erTs sxvaTa Soris, da es Cveni civilizaciis axali monapovaria, amitom gasakviri

araa, rom revoluciuri cvlilebebis pirveli Sefaseba akulturuli iyo. Cveni

winaprebis umravlesoba sxva civilizaciebs ganixilavda rogorc barbarosuls,

warmarTuls an velurs. absurduli iqneboda molodini, rom safrangeTis revoluciis

Tanamedroveebs, orive politikuri mxaris warmomadgenlebs, am politikur

gadatrialebaSi kulturuli cvlilebebi daenaxaT. im periodSi kulturuli

pluralizmis idea mxolod isaxeboda. magaliTad, iohan gotfrid herderis TxzulebebSi.

19

magram maSinac ki, rodesac es pozicia ufro advilad misaRebi gaxda, Cven, sakuTari

poziciis erTgulebis gamo, mis ignorirebas vaxdenT. es nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT,

rom SefasebiTi axsna ufro damakmayofilebelia. Cven gvinda an ganvadidoT

modernuloba, an gavTaTxoT is. es nawilobriv gamowveulia SiSiTac, rom kulturul

Teoria SefasebiT midgomas SeuZlebels gaxdis. ukanaskneli azri, albaT, mcdaria,

magram asea Tu ise aq es garkveul rols TamaSobs.

sxva faqtori, romelic biZgs aZlevs akulturul Teorias, aris materialisturi

midgoma, romelic popularuli iyo socialur mecnierebebsa da istoriaSi. am

konteqstSi me vgulisxmob im interpretaciebs, romlebic ugulebelyofdnen moralur

da sulier faqtorebs ufro `miwieri~ kategoriebis sasargeblod. amgvarad, zemoT

CamoTvlili movlenebi _ mecnierebis ganviTareba, individualizmi, negatiuri

Tavisufleba, instrumentuli azrovneba da modernuli kulturis sxva mniSvnelovani

Taviseburebani _ xSirad ganixileboda rogorc socialuri cvlilebebis, industria-

lizaciis, udidesi mobilurobis an urbanizaciis Sedegi. aq, ra Tqma unda, mniSvne-

lovania mizezobrivi kavSirebis Tvalis midevneba, magram isini ugulebelyofilia,

iseve rogorc problema, ganapirobebs Tu ara es cvlilebebi Tavad kulturaSi raime

cvlilebas zneobriv idealTa TvalsazrisiT. pasuxi xSirad uaryofiTia.

ra Tqma unda, socialuri cvlilebebi, romlebmac, savaraudod, ganapiroba axali

msoflmxedvelobis Casaxva, Tavad unda iyos axsnili, es moiTxovs zogierTi adamianuri

motivaciis gaTvaliswinebas. Tu Cven ar vivaraudebT, rom industrializacia da

qalaqebis sayovelTao zrda ugonurebis Semotevisas moxda. Cven gvWirdeba garkveuli

codna imisa, Tu ratom iltvoda xalxi mkacrad erTi mimarTulebiT, magaliTad,

warmoebaSi teqnologiis gamoyenebis zrdisaken, an mosaxleobis didi koncen-

traciisaken. magram xSirad Cndeba aramoraluri motivaciebi. amaSi me vgulismob

motivaciebs, romlebsac SeuZlia xalxis aqtivizeba romelime moralur/sulier

idelaTan kavSiris gareSe, rogorc adre aRvniSne. rogorc Sedegi, es socialuri

cvlilebebi xSirad axsnilia rogorc miswrafeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebisaken,

gadarCenis an sxvaTa kontrolisaken. ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es SeiZleba erwymodes

moralur idealebs, magram maTi arseboba saWiro araa. da amgvarad, es aramoraluri

kategoriebi interpretacia ganixileba rogorc sakmaod mZimed da metismetad

mecnierulad miiCneva.

maSinac ki, roca individualuri Tavisufleba instrumentuli azrovnebis

gavrcelebad ganixileba rogorc ideebi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT

socialuri cvlilebebis axsna, isini xSirad aramoraluri kategoriebiT arian

gagebuli. am ideaTa mniSvneloba/siZliere xSirad gaiazreba ara maTi

moraluri/azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc im upiratesobaTa erToblioba,

romelic xalxs eboZa maTi moraluri msoflmxedvelobis miuxedavad, miuxedavad

imisa, hqondaT Tu ara maT aseTi msoflmedveloba saerTod. Tavisufleba

SesaZleblobas gaZlevs, gaakeTo is, rac ginda, instrumentuli azrovnebis farTo

gamoyeneba nebismieri survilebis umetesobas gikmayofilebs.

cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis interpretacia kulturulad

dominirebuli xdeba. modernulobis sulieri sawyisebis kvlevis motivacia Zalian

sustia. namdvilad, am sawyisebis Tundac zogierTi momentis Secnobis SesaZlebloba

nuls utoldeba. da es kulturul Teoriebs dRis wesrigidan xsnis.

20

bunebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTad

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebas

amJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre dasavlurqristianulTan

(evropulTan)1.

amdenad, religiuri parametri ver CaiTvleba umTavres ganmsazRvrelad

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis dadgenis gzaze. amis naTelsayofi magaliTebi sxva

adgilas ukve movitaneT (ix. TaviIV, $ 1) da axla sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.

rac Seexeba dasavluri (evropuli) civilizaciisadmi Cvens kuTvnilebas, unda

aRiniSnos, rom TviT evropaSi Tanaarsebobs identurobis ramdenime Sre _ evropuli,

dasavleTevropuli, aRmosavleTevropuli; erovnuli; religiuri. germaneli

politologis v.vaidenfeldis sityviT, evropis istoria _ esaa diferenciaciisa da

unifikaciis istoria2. arsebuli mravalferovnebis gacnobiereba evropuli kulturis

erT-erTi safuZvelia. evropisadmi kuTvnilebis Segneba emyareba evropeli xalxebis

erToblivi kulturuli ganviTarebis gamocdilebas, interess saerToevropuli

istoriisadmi, saerTo tradiciebisa (politikuri da samarTlebrivi) da saerTo

memkvidreobis (religiuri da kulturuli) arsebobas. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc

mecnierebi aRniSnaven, evropuli integracia aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevda, rom ara

evropel inteleqtualTa Taobebis Zalisxmeva, romelTac SeZles saerTo warsulis,

awmyosa da momavlis Rrma Teoriuli gaazreba da, misi demonstrirebiT, evropel

xalxTa orientireba erTiani evropisadmi kuTvnilebaze3. swored inteleqtualTa

ZalisxmeviT `Seikera~ evropel xalxTa kulturebis `nakuwebisagan~ kulturaTa

evropuli ojaxis èrTiani sabani~.

ramdenad monawileobdnen qarTvelebi am muSaobaSi? sakmarisi aRmoCnda Tu ara

qarTvel inteleqtualTa erTi nawilis ramdenimesaukunovani mcdeloba imisaTvis, rom

qarTveli iseve myarad axerxebdes evropasTan TviTidentificirebas, rogorc,

magaliTad, skandinavieli an italieli? vfiqrobT, gagviWirdeba am kiTxvebze dadebiTi

pasuxebis gasacemad saWiro argumentebis moZieba.

saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis problemisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebo

sakiTxs warmoadgens socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamikis Seswavla da

maTi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra dasavlur, bizantiur da aRmosavlur

sistemebTan mimarTebaSi. am mxriv dRevandel mkvlevar-istorikoss soliduri

memkvidreoba xvdeba winamorbedTa Sromebis saxiT, romlebSic, mdidari faqtobrivi

masalis analizis safuZvelze, friad sayuradRebo daskvnebia Camoyalibebuli.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iv.javaxiSvilis, s.janaSias, n.berZeniSvilis gamokvlevebi,

romelTac safuZveli Cauyares Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis socialur-

ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavlas, rac Semdgom maTma mowafeebma ganagrZes. mkvlevarTa

daskvniT, feodalizmis aRmocenebidan XIII saukunemde saqarTveloSi arsebuli

socialuri da ekonomikuri institutebi (miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ sruliad

ucnobi aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis, SeuvalobiT daculi didi feodaluri

samflobeloebis arseboba, socialuri struqtura da sxv.), mTlianad feodaluri

sistema did tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavnebs evropulTan, kerZod, frangulTan

(`paraleluri ganviTareba~). SemdgomSi es msgavseba TandaTan gaqra, Tumca ar

Camoyalibebula tipologiuri msgavseba aRmosavluri (islamuri) samyaros socialur-

1 Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176. 2 cit. naSromidan: Зотова О.М. Идея европейского единства и национальная идентичность. – Вестник Московского ун-

та, сер.18. Социология и политология. М., 1999, № 3, с.154. 3 Зотова О.М. dasax. naSr., gv. 162.

101

daukavSirda. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze

saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuri

orientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad transformirda,

islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani dapirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanma

miiRo, agreTve religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe1.

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cveni

mahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiT

ixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~), `musurmanni~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), ìslemTa eri~ (iqve), ìslemni~ (ìstoriani da

azmani...`), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic2.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis cnobili moRvawis gr.lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTvelos

kulturuli da civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. es

politika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnavda igi. _

aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mudam ufro evropis nawils

warmoadgenda, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqonda da aqvs, rom jerjerobiT

yovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia~3.

magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri da, Tundac, sarwmunoebrivi

orientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur

da ekonomikur interesebze damyarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlivi

drois manZilze yalibdeba da warmoadgens mravali sxvadasxva garemoebis (zogjer _

SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri

identuroba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, da

SeiZleba asustebdes maT4.

s.semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTad

msazRvrelad, rac farTodaa gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi,

dakavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan da saTaves evropocentrizmidan

iRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebeli aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad5. magram es

maxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis,

romlebic warmoadgenen dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis

samyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.

mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT garemoebas: konfesiurad

Wrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravali

saukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba ara

religiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur da eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi,

fsiqologiasa da xasiaTSi6.

kulturisa da civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiT

XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovida amerikeli kulturologi

f.begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni ki

ara, misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT

1 kacitaZe k. orientirebi, gv.4. 2 dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” da qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi

(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239. 3 lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,

Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157. 4 Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика,

политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120. 5 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35. 6 iqve.

100

Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da aramodernuli

kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze.

tipologizaciis problema kulturis mecnierebebSi

kulturaTa kvlevebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovansi mimarTuleba kulturaTa iden-

tifikacia, maTi tipis gansazRvra da klasifikaciaa. amitom bunebrivia im TeoriaTa

simravle, romlebic kulturaTa tipilogizaciis bevr sxvadasxva models gvTavazoben.

gamoyofen, magaliTad, kulturis barbarosul da civilizebul, aRmosavlur da

dasavlur, tradiciul da inovaciur, pirvelyofilamdel, pirvelyofil, samxedro,

religiur, mecnierul, racionalur, werilobiT, udamwerlobo da sxva uamrav tips.

kulturaTa tipologiis meTodologiuri safuZvelia kulturuli procesis

sxvadasxva koncefcia: evoluciuri, cikluri, kulturul-istoriuli versiebi da sxv.

arsebobs tipologiuri Teoriebi, romlebSic ama Tu im tipis kulturis struqturul

safuZvlad miiCneva adamianis kulturulad determinirebuli qceva, geografiuli,

qronologiuri, erovnuli da sxva principebi1.

kulturaTa tipologiuri kvleva dReisaTvis kulturologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

da yvelaze aqtualuri problemis _ civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis (identurobis) _

gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva. es problema scildeba wminda samecniero interesebs

da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv da politikur interesebTan.

civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra xSirad ganixileba im krizisidan Tavis

daRwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi

saxelmwifoebi. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven im garemoebasac, rom dasaxelebuli problema

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria e.w. mcire erebisaTvis.

inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba rogorc kulturaTa tipologizaciis erT-erTi

determinanti

kulturaTa tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris erTi saintereso niSni maTi

tradiciulobisa da inovaciurobis TvalsazrisiT gamijvnaa. rogorc iTqva,

tradiciis qveS igulisxmeba socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebi,

romlebic ara mxolod gadaecemian Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundebian xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara

marto imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es

termini gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis

TiTqmis identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad. inovaciis qveS

ki, igulisxmeba axali teqnologiebisa da qcevis axali modelis formirebis meqanizmi.

inovaciebi qmnian winapirobas socialur-kulturuli cvlilebebisaTvis.

ganasxvaveben ra kulturaTa am or tips, mecnierebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,

pirvelis qveS gulisxmoben arqaul sazogadoebebs an Zvel civilizaciebs rogorc

dasavlur, ise aRmosavlur kulturebs ganviTarebis kapitalizmamdel etapze.

Cveulebriv, tradiciul sazogadoebebs gansazRvraven rogorc statikurs,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciisa da specializaciis, agreTve

urbanizaciis naklebi xarisxi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, tradiciul sazogadoebebs

aRweren rogorc damyarebuls `tradiciuli~ elitis Zalauflebaze, romelic marTavs

ama Tu im `zeciuri mandatis~ safuZvelze. tradiciuli sazogadoeba SezRudulia

kulturuli horizontebiT, romelsac tradicia amyarebs. amgvarad, termini

`tradiciuli~ gamoiyeneba im sazogadoebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic SedarebiT nela

gardaiqmneba, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saqmianobis legitimacia warsulze

dayrdnobiT. pirovneba tradiciul kulturebSi realizdeba mxolod romelime

1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv.56.

21

korporaciisadmi misi mikuTvnebis Sedegad da, umravles SemTxvevaSi, igi mkacrad aris

mimagrebuli ama Tu im socialur jgufTan.

inovaciuri kulturebis qveS, romelsac `modernistuls~ da `teqnogenursac~

uwodeben, gulisxmoben sazogadoebebs, romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mecnierul-

teqnikuri progresi, Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstituciuri saparlamento

dawesebulebebi da piradi Tavisufleba. es yovelive ki damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove

dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnul elementebs SeiZleba funqciuri

datvirTva hqondeT romelime aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi, ris gamoc is, agreTve

modernistul sazogadoebad miiCneva. inovaciuri Tu modernistuli sazo-

gadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciis, urbanizaciis, ganaTlebis maRali

done da informaciis sayovelTaoba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, modernistuli

sazogadoeba emyareba masebis farTo monawileobas, romelic ar Rebulobs

legitimurobis tradiciul principebs da xelisuflebas akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas

efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. inovaciur sazogadoebas, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT,

axasiaTebs kulturuli dinamika da orientacia cvalebadobebsa da novaciebze. misi

Tavisebureba da ZiriTadi faseulobaa individualizmi, rac gulisxmobs pirovnebis

Tavisuflebebisa da uflebebis pativiscemas, agreTve individualuri pasuxismgeb-

lobis princips. pirovneba ganixileba yovelgvari erTobisagan damoukideblad.

Cvenis azriT, kulturaTa tradiciuloba an inovaciuroba ZiriTadad

ganisazRvreba kulturaTa xasiaTis TaviseburebiT: erTi mxriv, misi midrekilebiT

tradiciaTa SenarCunebisaken, warsulisaken, meore mxriv, miswrafebiT siaxlisaken,

cvlilebebisaken. kulturaTa es maxasiaTeblebi (iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni)

yalibdeba rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani Tviseba, romelic mxolod nawilobriv

eqvemdebareba da araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTlianad ar aris gansazRvruli droiTi da

sivrciTi faqtorebiT. amitom, albaT, ar iqneba swori, Tu vityviT, rom ama Tu im

sazogadoebis geografiulad aRmosavluri mdebareoba da qronologiurad

premodernul xanaSi arseboba ukve sakmarisi argumentia misi tradiciulobis

dasamtkiceblad. modernistuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dasavleTSi SesaZlebeli

gaxda aq manamde inovaciuri sazogadoebis arsebobis gamo, dasavleTSi sazogadoeba

inovaciuri iyo kapitalizmamdel xanaSic. amdenad, albaT, ar aris saWiro istoriis

dayofa tradiciuli da inovaciuri kulturebis xanad. isini SeiZleba droSi

Tanaarsebobdnen. garda amisa, unda ganvasxvaoT cneba `modernistuli~ (romelic

gulisxmobs Tanamedrove etapze dasavlur samyaroSi wamoqmnil kulturul tips),

ìnovaciuri~ kulturebisagan, rac aris kulturis Tviseba _ iyos orientirebuli

siaxleze. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad tradiciul sazogadoebebis modernizacia udris

vesternizacias inovaciurobis gareSe.

koleqtivisturi da individulisturi sazogadoebebi

individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,

romlebze dayrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras da mis

tipologizebas.

koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTan

SedarebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTadad motivirebulia im

jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba

tradiciulia da ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,

religiuri erToba da sxv.) da SedarebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnob-

megobarTa wre da sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)

da `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.

22

nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis umarTebulobas da imas, rom koleqtivisturi

sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri da piriqiT1.

civilizaciisa da kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTeblad miCneulia

lingvisturi tradicia _ gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba sityva-logosisadmi2,

romelic jer kidev Zvel samyaroSi Camoyalibda da mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra

gansxvaveba uZveles civilizaciaTa da kulturaTa Soris. induri, Cinuri Tu antikuri

(berZnul-laTinuri) civilizaciebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen sityvisadmi

damokidebulebis niSniT.

evropuli lingvisturi tradicia istoriulad saTaves iRebs berZnul-laTinu-

risagan. igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs or gansxvavebul Stos: dasavleTevropuls,

romelic dakavSirebulia, pirvel rigSi, romanul-germanul samyarosTan, da aRmo-

savleTevropuls, romelic berZnul-bizantiur samyaros ukavSirdeba. dasavleT-

evropuli lingvisturi tradicia laTinurenovani da, Sesabamisad, erTiani iyo mTeli

romanul-germanul-kelturi evropisaTvis XV-XVI saukuneebamde, ris Semdeg daiywo

mxolod dasavleT evropisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saintereso cvlilebebi3. aRmosav-

leTevropul tradicias ki adreuli etapidanve axasiaTebs ganStoebis tendencia

adgilobrivi enebisa da kulturebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, qarTuli da somxuri

lingvisturi tradiciebi TiTqmis warmoSobisTanave daSordnen berZnul-bizantiur

wyaros ara mxolod damwerlobis saxiT, aramed enis bunebasTan da literaturul-

werilobiT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT damokidebulebiTac.

savaraudoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli lingvisturi tradiciis Seswavla

sayuradRebo Sedegebs mogvcems misi tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri

kuTvnilebis gansazRvris kuTxiT.

civilizaciaTa tipologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens misi komunikaciurobis

xarisxi. igi gansazRvravs civilizaciis dinamikurobas an adinamikurobas4. isic unda

iTqvas, rom es maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva drosa da regionSi sxvadasxvagvarad

moqmedebs. erTi da igive civilizacia (da kultura) SeiZleba sxvadasxva periodSi

komunikaciisTvis mzaobas (Riaobas) an daxSulobas amJRavnebdes. es rig faqtorebzea

damokidebuli. aseve, civilizacia (kultura) erTsa da imave periodSi SeiZleba

SerCeviTad komunikaciuri iyos, anu Ria _ romeliRac kulturasTan urTier-

TobisaTvis da daxSuli _ sxvebisaTvis. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodebi da,

mTlianad, es istoria am TvalsazrisiTac Sesaswavlia.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi parametri, romlis mixedviTac civilizaciaTa Teoriebis

umravlesobaSi civilizaciebi erTmaneTisagan imijneba, religiaa. swored am niSniTa

da masze dafuZnebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebiT ganasxvaveben dasavlur, qristianul-

marTlmadideblur, muslimur, konfuciur da sxv. civilizaciebs. amave parametrs

efuZneba saqarTvelos aRiareba dasavluri (evropuli) an aRmosavleT qristianuli

civilizaciebis nawilad, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari.

rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli

Seasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas daefuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis

CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi

damkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo

saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadidebloba

erovnulobasTan gaigivda da misi dacva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas

1 surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv.86. 2 ix.: Алпатов В.М. Культурные фреалф и лингвистические традициию – В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.128-133;

Бокадарова Н.Ю. Европейская цивилизация: национальные культуры и языковые нормы. – iqve, gv. 133-140. 3 Бокадарова Н.Ю. dasax.naSr., gv.134. 4 Сванидзе А.А. К проблеме преемственности и взаимосвязи цивилизаций.- В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.199.

99

(mamakacuri) kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mamakacisa da qalis socialuri

rolebis mkveTri gamijnva; normirebulia mamakacuri da qaluri profesiebi da

saqmianobis sferoebi; qalis cxovreba ufro mkacradaa reglamentirebuli, vidre

mamakacis, da wesis darRvevisaTvis mas mamakacze ufro mZime sasjeli elis;

sazogadoebas msWvalavs mamakacuri faseulobani, fasobs yvelaferi didi, masStaburi

da Zlieri; warmatebis demonstrireba karg tonad miiCneva; azrovneba raciona-

lurobisaken iswrafvis. feminur kulturebSi pirveladia is faseulobani, romlebic,

tradiciulad, qalis rols ukavSirdeba: Tavmdabloba; komforti da daculoba;

sxvebze _ gansakuTrebiT, sustebze _ zrunva; orientacia urTierTobebze da ara

saqmeze; lamazad miiCneva ara `yvelaze didi~, aramed patara da koxta; mniSvnelovania

romelime jgufisadmi kuTvnileba; azrovneba intuitiurisaken ixreba. g.hofstedes

mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, Tanamedrove ganviTarebul kulturebSi maskuli-

nobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva iaponia, romelsac mosdevs germanulenovani

kulturebi. feminurobis maCvenebliT pirveloben skandinaviis qveynebi da holandia1.

Tumca miCneulia, rom maskulinoba-feminurobis done kulturaSi met-naklebad myaria,

igi mainc SeiZleba Seicvalos konkretuli socialur-politikuri garemoebebis

zegavleniT. magaliTad, omebi, politikuri krizisebi da msgavsi movlenebi gmirebis

moTxovnilebas badebs da maskulinobis Rirebulebas zrdis2, magram Zneli saTqmelia,

ramdenad myaria aseTi koniunqturiT gamowveuli cvlileba da, saerTod, cvlis Tu ara

igi kulturis maskulinur Tu feminur xasiaTs.

maskulinuri da feminuri kulturebis garda, arsebobs Sereuli tipis kulturebi.

g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

masSi Tanaarseboben maskulinuri da feminuri niSnebi, romelTa ucnaur kombinacias

ganapirobebs Cveni kulturis erTgvari infantilizmi.

fsiqologTa interesis sferos scildeba imis kvleva, ganviTarebis romeli

etapidan iCens Tavs es infantilizmi, bavSvuroba, survili _ davrCeT bavSvad, ro-

melsac mudmivad sWirdeba deda. saerTod, es (da sxva) kulturuli ganzomilebebi

istoriul WrilSi aravis ukvlevia. aseTi samuSaos Catarebas, albaT, istorikosTa da

fsiqologTa erToblivi Sroma dasWirdeba, romelTagan pirvelebis mier moZiebul

faqtebsa Tu movlenebs (miRebuls ara mxolod istoriul xdomilebaTa qronologiuri

rigis gaxsenebiT, aramed saistorio wyaroTa analizis da sxva monacemebis Sejerebis

gziTac) meoreni kulturis fsiqologiuri kvlevis meTodebis momarjvebiT

gaiazreben.

jerjerobiT ki, fsiqologTa mier mxolod is aRiniSneba, rom `sazogadoeba an

maskulinuri unda iyos, an feminuri; infantilur sazogadoebas mxolod daqvemde-

barebuli qveynis statusiT SeuZlia arseboba~, aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom

Cveni sazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiTac unda Camoyalibdes, anu gansazRvros sakuTari

saxe. magram aq Ria rCeba sakiTxi: ramdenad cnobieria kulturuli ganzomilebebis

Camoyalibebis procesi, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am procesebis mizanmimarTuli marTva?

rac Seexeba individualizmi-koleqtivizmisa da maskulinoba-feminurobis

maxasiaTebelTa urTierTmimarTebas, literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis

sapirispirod, g.hofstede aRniSnavda maskulinobis individualizmTan, xolo femi-

1 g.niJaraZe saintereso garemoebaze miuTiTebs: skandinaviis qveynebis mosaxleobis didi nawili,

ZiriTadad, mrisxane vikingebis STamomavlebi arian (ix.: niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura..., gv. 80).

rogorc Cans, maskulinoba-feminobis xarisxi pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris cxovrebis wesTan, an kidev

simyariT ar xasiaTdeba da SedarebiT advilad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas. 2 surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 85.

98

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi

qarTvelTa personalizmisa da individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier

SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~

koleqtivistur kulturas~, sadac ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,

samegobro, nacnobTa wre da yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi

arsebuli normebi1. sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze

yalibdeboda, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) damoukidebeli ar iyo da

qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydeboda. calkeuli

individis azrovnebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebiT

Semoifargleboda (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda ufro did

socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze da, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul

normaze, rogoricaa kanoni2.

vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa da, Tanac,

konkretuli maxasiaTeblis dadgenis mcdeloba wingadadgmuli nabijia Cveni

kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod

dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tundac kanonTan damokidebulebis

TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli

Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad.

cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa da sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,

magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,

mkafiod ganisazRvros, ara SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)

maxasiaTebliad da ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi

moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver davaRwevT aRrevasa da bundovanebas,

romelic arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,

g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa da yofis erTmaneTisagan daSoreba qarTuli kulturis erT-

erTi maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad da

Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli

sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis

(kanonis) da yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri daSorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi3).

Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa da kulturis maxasiaTebelTa

gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.

Cveulebriv, individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeb-

lad miiCneven. aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas

imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis

koleqtivisturi orientacia da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis

gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia, vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis

ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi4.

XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT

xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs5.

`Sua saukuneebis dasavleTi iseTive àradasavluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli danarCeni

msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa da reformaciis

procesebma, romlebic daupirispirda `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa da

1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7. 2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8. 4 surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli

kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7. 5 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.

23

koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~1. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli sazo-

gadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT ev-

ropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas. dasavleT

evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas gamoar-

Ceven.

saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq indivi-

dualisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi

aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis

aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata da mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur

kulturad Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT

gvqonda saubari.

sivrcisa da drois kulturebi

samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `drois kulturisa~ da `sivrcis kulturis~

cnebebi. am klasifikaciiT, Tanamedrove dasavleTi, moderni _ drois kulturaa; misi

mTavari maxasiaTebelia dinamikuroba, mudmivi cvalebadoba, romelic ukeTesisaken

gamudmebul svlad gaiazreba. Sesabamisad, arsebobs mniSvnelobaTa mobiluri

struqturebi da cvalebadi formebi. CveulebaTa azri mudmivad kiTxvis qveS dgeba da,

saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare, icvleba. aradasavleTi, premoderni an aramoderni

_ sivrcis kulturaa, romelic aRbeWdilia TavianT adgilsamyofelze adamianTa da

saganTa mijaWvulobis niSniT. es aris mSvidi, statikuri inercia, romelic adamianebs

simyudrovis, usafrTxoebisa da movlenaTa prognozirebadobis gancdas aniWebs.

drois kategoria am kulturisaTvis ucxo ar aris, magram igi, iseve rogorc masTan

dakavSirebuli cvalebadoba, did rols ar TamaSobs. drois kulturis sworxazovani,

swrafwarmavali droisagan gansxvavebiT, es cikluri droa, romelic wrebrunvas

asrulebs gaCenas, aRsasrulsa da kvlav gaCenas Soris. sivrcis kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia myari sazogadoebrivi jgufebis arseboba, romlebic gansazRvraven

calkeul individTa cxovrebas dabadebidan sikvdilamde da romlebTanac es

individebi mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli. sivrcis kultura aRbeWdilia myari

ritualebiT, wes-Cveulebebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunviT. es wes-Cveulebebi am saxiT

mxolod am kulturaSi _ am sivrceSi, am niadagze arseboben, simyudrovisa da

Sinaurulobis ganwyobas uqmnian im adamianebs, vis Cveulebebsac isini warmoadgenen2.

saqmis gamartiveba iqneboda daSveba, rom droisa da sivrcis niSniT dasavluri da

aRmosavluri kulturebi mkafiod emijnebian erTmaneTs. v.Smidis azriT, sivrcis

kultura arsebobs planetis oTx mexuTedze, TviT aRmosavleT evropis CaTvliT.

ufro metic _ daZabuloba drosa da sivrces Soris Tavs iCens ara mxolod

erTmaneTisagan geografiulad gamijnul regionebSi, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac:

magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi faSisturi dajgufeba gamodis modernis

winaaRmdeg da piriqiT, iranSi XXI saukunis damdegs mravali axalgazrda uwevs

winaaRmdegobas aramodernul, xist mmarTvelobas3.

sabolood kulturaTa aseTi saxis dajgufebam:

individualisturi koleqtivisturi

inovaciuri tradiciuli

drois sivrcis

1 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4. 2 Smidi v. omi sivrcesa da dros Soris (leqcia, wakiTxuli 2001 wlis 15 oqtombers, iv.javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi). _ gaz.: “Cveni mwerloba” 49 (75), Tb., 7-14 dekemberi, 2001, gv.2. 3 Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.

24

iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvravda da agvarebda

(cudad Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa da loialobis safasurad~1.

marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganagebda

qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala da ara mTliani

qveynisa, aramed sxvadasxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseT

viTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ da `koleqtiuri

arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed swored

mcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa da

pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqedanve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mier

aRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualur

urTierTobaTa damyarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi da, amave dros, sajaro

qcevis CvevaTa deficiti.

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT dasaxelebuli

adaptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSe

axal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas.

axla davubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT kulturaTa

(sazogadoebaTa) dasavluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv,

individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven.

aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegi

garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia

da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia,

vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas

da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi2. XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic

mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi

tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs3.





koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~4. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli

sazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT

evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas.

dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas

gamoarCeven.

saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individu-

alisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi


aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur kulturad

Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqonda saubari.

holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTi

maxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs,

`kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli5. maskulinuri

1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 2 surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli

kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7. 3 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984. 4 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4. 5 ix.: surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _

Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82.

97


























mkafiod ganisazRvros, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)



romelsac arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,








Cveni Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, albaT, isic metyvelebs, rom g.niJaraZes

saSualeba aqvs imsjelos zemoT dasaxelebuli maxasiaTeblis funqciobasa da rolze

qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganixilos igi istoriul

WrilSi. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs am maxasiaTeblis moqmedebis adaptaciur Rirebulebaze

damoukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi: es iyo erT-erTi faqtori, romlis meSveobiT Cven

SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba, ena, kulturuli faseulobebi4. es sistema morgebuli

1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7. 2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8. 4 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.

96

SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-dasavleTis diqotomiamde. ramdenad Seesabameba

realobas am diqotomiis arseboba, ramdenad marTebulia aRmosavleT/dasavleTis

sazogadoebaTa klasificireba rogorc aramodernuli, koleqtivisturi, tradiciuli

da modernuli, individualisturi, inovaciurisa, es diskusiis msjelobis sagani

iqneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs kulturs tradiciisa da modernizaciis

urTierTqmedebis gaazrebas.

aRmosavleTi-dasavleTi _ kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis fenomenze yuradRebis gamaxvileba saWirod

CavTvaleT, pirvel rigSi, imdenad, ramdenadac pirdapir kavSirSia tradiciulobisa da

modernulobis gagebis erT-erT interpretaciasTan.

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ kacobriobis cnobierebaSi arsebuli mudmivi

opozicia _ warmogvidgeba ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli sivrcis saxiT. TavisTavad

es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens eTnikuri

(da, Sesabamisad, kulturuli) TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan sivrces. metic, isini

swored erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi yalibdebian met-naklebad mkafiod gamokveTil

mTlianobad. am ori samyaros tipologia da mecnieruli Seswavla mTlianad dasavluri

samyaros iniciativaa. aman bevri ram gansazRvra maTze Sexedulebis formirebis

TvalsazrisiT, rac xSirad ar Tanxvdeboda arsebul sinamdviles (es gasakuTrebiT

aRmosavleTze iTqmis). unda aRvniSnoT, rom dasavleTi, aRmosavleTisagan

gansxvavebiT, ufro advilad aRiqmeba TavisTavad erTobad, radgan integrirebuli

dasavleTis tradicias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. aRmosavleTis erTgvarovan sivrced

ganxilva ki samarTlianad eqvemdebareba kritikas. aRmosavleTi moicavs muslimur,

konfuciur, budistur da sxva erTobebs j.stidmani sruliad uaryofs dasavleT-

aRmosavleTis diqotomias. misi azriT, aRmosavleTze, aziaze ar SeiZleba saubari,

rogorc raimegvar erTobaze, radgan igi Sedgeba `subkontinenturi civili-

zaciebisagan~: SoreulaRmosavluri, induri da islamuri1.

miuxedavad amisa, mainc xdeba Zalian pirobiTi maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva,

romlebiTac ganasxvaveben dasavlur an aRmosavlur kulturebs:

socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi

dasavleTi aRmosavleTi

ganviTarebuli, urbanistuli CamorCenili, sasoflo

industriuli agraruli

warmoeba rogorc bazisi ganawileba rogorc bazisi

politikuri maxasiaTeblebi


samoqalaqo, demokratiuli patriarqaluri, avtoritaruli,

despoturi

istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi


istorizmi aistorizmi

xazovani dro cikluri dro

1 Стидман Дж. Миф об Азии. // Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций. Хрестоматия. М., 1998. c. 261.

25

kulturul istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi-


materializmi suliereba

sekularizacia religiuroba

realizmi/pragmatizmi idealizmi

obieqtivizmi subieqtivizmi

pluralizmi monizmi

racionaloba intuiciuroba

bunebis damorCileba bunebasTan adaptacia

dinamizmi statikuroba

samarTali morali

mecnieruli codna sakraluri codna

Tavisufleba wesrigi

neba fatalizmi

anTropocentrizmi Teocentrizmi

ra Tqma unda, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom es maxasiaTeblebi araTu mTel

civilizacias, aramed erT konkretul kulturasac ki idealurad `miesadagos, magram

Tu romelime kultura met-naklebad pasuxobs erT an meore `moTxovnebs~, mainc

gveZleva misi tipologiurad gansazRvris saSualeba.

radgan kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena kulturaTa klasifikaciis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi safuZvelia, amitom unda SevexoT sakiTxs, romelic kulturuli

maxasiaTeblis raobasa da mis kulturasTan urTierTmimarTebas exeba.

kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im

sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic am

sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa da azrovnebis formaSi

vlindeba da dakavSirebulia koleqtiuri fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi

droSi met-naklebad ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da

mas èrovnul~ an `kulturul xasiaTs~ uwodeben. a.baroninis ganmartebiT, erovnuli

xasiaTi naciis fsiqikuri wyobis komponentia, romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc

realobis sxvadasxva gamovlinebisadmi konkretuli eTnikuri erTobis urTierTobis

(damokidebulebis) sistema, gamovlenili azrovnebis myar stereotipebSi, emociur

reagirebasa da zogadad qcevaSi1. rogor xdeba kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis

formireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT, ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs,

romlebic dakavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan,

aseve gare faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad, maT

urTierTzemoqmedebasTan.

kulturul maxasiaTeblebs daaxloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven

eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba sxvadasxva

terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli xasiaTi, kulturuli

(eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba, mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas,

rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc `mouxelTebelia~, bolomde axsnili ar aris da,

SesaZloa, arc eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba

zustad aixsnas, aseve (da miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri xasiaTis

erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra.

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian samyaros xedviTa da

masSi adamianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa da masze zemoqmedebis (misi

Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv.; individisa da

1 Баронин А.С. Этническая психология. Киев, 2000. с.254.

26

gamovlinebas xedavs XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul kulturaSi da askvnis, rom àm inerciis

cxovelmyofeloba ar ganelebula XIX-XX saukunebSic~1.

amgvarad, g.gaCeCilaZis mixedviTac, qarTuli kulturis adgili kvlav aRmosavlur

kulturaTa Soris iZebneba, Tumca Tavad mkvlevari daskvnisagan Tavs ikavebs, mxolod

savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `kulturis am meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe impresionizmis doneze rCeba qarTuli kulturisa da mentalobis analizis

yvelaze warmatebuli cdebi rogorc literaturis istoriaSi, ise kulturis

filosofiaSi~2.

g.niJaraZem qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra sxva maxasi-

aTebliT scada, kerZod, mimarTa germaneli fsiqiatris kreCmeris mier SemoTavazebul

pirovnebaTa `fsiqiatriul~ klasifikacias, romelic Semdgom gadatanil iqna

kulturebzec. miCneul iqna, rom yoveli kultura ganamtkicebs garkveuli tipis

ganwyobebsa da qcevebs da xels uSlis sxvaTa damkvidrebas. yovel kulturaSi

miRebuli normebisa da faseulobebis kompleqsi midrekilia ama Tu im `fsiqiatriuli~

mimarTulebiT _ paranoiduli, katatoniuri Tu isteroiduli. magaliTad, amerikul

(aSS) kulturas paranoidul tips miakuTvneben, laTinuramerikul kulturebs _

katatoniurs da a.S. g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura isteroidul tips

ganekuTvneba. misi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania emociis ufro intensiuri

gamoxatva, vidre gancdis siRrmes Seesabameba. qarTuli kulturis isteroiduli

xasiaTis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebad mkvlevari miiCnevs Cveni kulturis `bazur~

ritualebs _ panaSvidsa da sufras3. masve mocemuli aqvs am ukanaskneli ritualis

friad saintereso analizi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia qarTuli sufris (rogorc misi

mimdinareobis, aseve menius) ritualuri xasiaTi.

ritualizebisaken midrekileba aseve aRmosavlur kulturaTa maxasiaTeblad

iTvleba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom g.gaCeCilaZis azriT, qarTuli kulturis

midrekileba yofiTobis ritualizebisaken mkafio gamovlinebaa movaleobasTan

mimarTebaSi adamianis Sefasebis tradiciisa (sircxvilis kultura), xolo dakrZalvis

ceremoniali da Wama-smis rituali amis TvalsaCino dasturia. Tumca kulturaTa

gzajvaredinze yofnis faqti aqac mJRavndeba: `Tamada qarTul sufraze da

sadRegrZelos poetika Tavidan bolomde nasazrdoebia `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~

poetikidan gamoxmobili aqsesuarebiT~4.

movaleobisadmi damokidebulebis niSniT sxvagvarad afasebs qarTul kulturas

k.kapaneli, romlis azriT, `Cvens ers ufro afeqtebi amoZravebs, vidre movaleoba~,

saidanac gamomdinareobs, cota ar iyos, ucnauri daskvna imis Taobaze, rom `qarTul

kulturas axrCobs, originalobas umcirebs da nebisyofas usustebs ùCemoT vin

imRereToba~... Cveni kulturis provincializmi damTavrda logikurad personalizmiT.

socialuri, koleqtiuri arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqti CvenSi ar moqmedebs;

qarTveli piradi interesebis TvalsazrisiT uyurebs yovlgvar sazogado saqmes,

yovelgvar istoriul moZraobas~5.



tipologizebas.



1 gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr. 2 iqve. 3 niJaraZe g. qarTuli sufra kulturul konteqstSi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2000, 8-9, gv.12. 4 gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr. 5kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv.327-328.

95

tovebdnen rogorc TavianT zne-Cveulebebs da stils, agreTve fiziologiur

elementebs, ujredebs, sisxls~1.

sainteresoa, ratom mxolod azielebi (Tumca, cxadia, maTi ricxvi meti iyo da

maTTan kontaqti _ xangrZlivi)?

zogi mkvlevris azriT, mfarvelis Zieba qarTuli kulturis aradasavlurobis erT-

erTi mkafio niSania. àraferia ufro araevropuli, an aradasavluri, vidre kargi

`patronis~ Tu `mfarvelis~ Zieba, romlis kalTasac amoefarebi, _ wers g.nodia. _

`dasavlurobis~ TviT ideisTvis ganmsazRvrelia adamianis Tavisufleba, misi

pasuxismgebloba, misi arCevani, da Semdeg misi aqtivoba, Sroma, mimarTuli am arCevanis

gansaxorcieleblad. es aqtivoba, Sroma, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs Zalisxmevas

sakuTari cxovrebis mosawyobad da sakuTari Tavis Sesaqmnelad~2.

vfiqrobT, g.nodias daskvna metismetad kategoriulia. niSnavs Tu ara mfarvelis

Zieba pasuxismgeblobis sxvisTvis gadabarebas? iqneb, es swored sakuTar Tavze

pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa (moZebnili `mfarvelis~ gamo), is arCevania, romlis ufleba

adamianis TavisuflebaSi Sedis da romlis ganxorcielebas sworedac zemoT naxsenebi

`Sroma da aqtivoba~ sWirdeba?

sad ganTavsdeba qarTuli kultura fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa mixedviT?

qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvrisaTvis g.gaCeCilaZe

gvTavazobs resentimentis _ mexsierebaSi motivtive `mtanjvel mogonebaTa~ _

maxasiaTebels, romelsac garkveuli funqcia ekisreba kulturis sistemaSi. am

sistemaSi, aRniSnavs g.gaCeCilaZe, resentimenti aris toinbiseuli `gamowvevisa da

pasuxis~ analogi. masze dayrdnobiT ganasxvaveben `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~

kulturebs. pirveli tipis kultura pirovnebaze socialuri kontrolis orientirad

sircxvilis kategorias iyenebs (ra azris arian Cems Sesaxeb sxvebi), meore _ sindisisa

(rogor gamoviyurebi Cemi TviTSefasebis samsjavroze)3.

am ori tipis gamijvna Znelia, radgan maT Soris sazRvrebi gamWvirvale ufroa,

vidre Seuvali. da mainc, garkveuli pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierebi iyeneben

am maxasiaTebels kulturaTa tipologizaciasTvis: aRmosavluri kulturebi

(iaponuri, Cinuri, arabuli) sircxvilis kulturebad miiCneva, dasavluri (evropuli,

amerikuli) _ danaSaulisa4.

rogorc g.gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, bunebrivia, rom aRmosavlur-dasavlur kultu-

raTa gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTveloSi, rogorc sarkeSi, ise irekleba

`sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~ kulturaTa tipologia5. danaSaulis kulturis

klasikur nimuSad miaCnia mkvlevars `galobani sinanulisani~, amave kulturidan

gamoxmobil gmirebad _ vaJas joyola, aluda da mindia. amave dros, qarTul

kulturaSi adamiani fasdeba movaleobasTan anu rolebriv funqciasTan misi

Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze, movaleobaTa arsis matarebeli ki sircxvilis kulturaa. am

tipis kulturis, rogorc erTi medlis, or mxared miaCnia g.gaCeCilaZes adre Sua

saukuneebis `SuSanikis wameba~ da renesansuli `vefxistyaosani~, igive tipis

1 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, iqve,

gv.330. 2 nodia g. winaTqma krebulisaTvis “Wkua vaisagan”, Tb., 1994, gv.IV. 3 gaCeCilaZe g. Ressentiment-is (“mtanjvel mogonebaTa”) erTi gamoZaxilis Sesaxeb da gamo. _ gaz. “axali 7

dRe”, Tb., 2001, 13-19 aprili, gv.14-15. 4 ix. Jurn. “ogoniokidan” gadmobeWdili Jurnalist a.nikonovis interviu fsiqologiis mecn. doqt.

t.stepanenkosTan: aRmosavleTi _ dasavleTi: sircxvilis kultura mtyuanobis winaaRmdeg. _ gaz.

“saqarTvelos respublika”, 17-18. 10. 2001. 5 gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.

94

koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT Sromisadmi; damokidebulebiT

samarTlis rogorc socialur urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniurisa da

imqveyniuris urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT sikvdilisadmi; religiurobis

formebiT; istoriis aRqmiTa da misi mimarTulebis gaazrebiT (progresi, wrebrunva,

regresi); damokidebulebiT mSoblebsa da Svilebs, Taobebs, saerTod, socialuri

mTelis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris da sxv.

dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs kidev mravali

maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris _ ierarqiuli urTierTobebi, informaciis gacvlis

sxvadasxva wesi, araverbaluri komunikaciis sxvadasxva forma. es yvelaferi naTlad

vlindeba ara mxolod filosofiuri Tu socialuri moZRvrebebis, an istoriuli

warsulis aRqmis analizisas, aramed yofiT da saqmian urTierTobebSic. magaliTad,

dasavluri kulturebi zustad gansazRvraven dros da dagvianeba danaSaulad Tu ara,

araseriozul saqcielad iTvleba, aziis rig qveynebSi dagvianebiT veravis gaakvirveb,

aq aCqareba saWiro ar aris. arabebi yavis smasa da saubars saqmis keTebad miiCneven,

amerikelebi ki mas drois fuW flangvad Tvlian. Cinelebi da iaponelebi udides pativs

scemen ierarqiul urTierTobebs, amerikelebi ki Tanasworobis xazgasmas cdiloben.

amerikuli instruqciebi imasac ki iTvaliswinebs, rom aziis warmomadgenlebTan

fotografirebis dros sasurvelia jdoma, raTa TvalSisacemi ar iyos simaRleSi

sxvaoba. iaponelebs principulad ar SeuZliaT àra~-s Tqma, radgan es maT kulturaSi

uzrdelobad iTvleba, amitom molaparakebis dros isini aTasgvari zrdilobiani

formiT cdiloben uaris Tqmis Tavidan acilebas, rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Seyavs maTi

dasavleli partniorebi1.

cxadia, rom nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili niSniT romelime kulturis

tipologiuri gansazRvra friad Znelia. kidev ufro rTuli warmosadgenia, rom esa Tu

is kultura zustad `Cajdes~ maxasiaTebelTa mTel CamonaTvalSi. Cven mxolod

romelime tipisadmi misi zogadi kuTvnilebis gansazRvra SegviZlia, isic pirobiTad.

magaliTad, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac aSkaraa, rom qarTul kulturas zog

SemTxvevaSi dasavluri maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba, zogSi — aRmosavluri, xan ki arc

erTi da arc meore. es bunebrivicaa, radgan dasavleT-aRmosavleTis mijnaze

mdebareobisa da xan erTis, xan meoris orbitaSi moqcevis gamo, Cvens kulturaSi

`daileqa~ rogorc erTis, ise meoris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da gamomuSavda kidev

mesame — orivesgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi.

unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavlur da dasavlur civilizaciaTa tipologiuri gamijvnis

sakiTxi sabolood garkveuli ar aris. i.pavlenko aRniSnavs, rom Tu aRmosavlur

sazogadoebaTa buneba, ase Tu ise, gamoikveTa bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevaTa

Sedegad, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, jer kidev elis

Seswavlas2. albaT, pavlenko sabWoTa da rus mkvlevarTa ukanaskneli aTwleulis

naSromebs gulisxbobs, Torem kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, Zalian

saintereso pasuxi aqvs gacemuli maqs vebers3.

evropeli da rusi mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom evropulma (dasavlurma)

civilizaciam gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic ar

icnobs sxva civilizacias esoden masStaburi, msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli

gavleniT. Tu XIX saukunemde, Spenglerisa da toinbis kvaldakval, kidev SeiZleba

msoflio istoriis danawevreba calkeul, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel

1 Почепцов Г.Г. Теории коммуникации. М.-Киев, 2001, с.600-603. 2 Павленко Ю.В. Происхождение цивилизаций: Альтернативные пути. – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к цивилизации.

Коллект. монография, под ред. Н.Н.Крадина, А.В.Коротаева, Д.М.Бондаренко, В.А.Лынши. М., 2000, с.127. 3 Вебер М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. – Избранные произведения. М., 1990, с. 61-344.

27

civilizaciaTa istoriebad, SemdgomSi, swored evropis mier inicirebulma

transformaciebma erTiani sakacobrio istoria Teoriulidan praqtikul sferoSi

gadaitana.

mkvlevarTa azriT, es roli ganpirobebuli iyo evropuli civilizaciis unikaluri

Sinagani TaviseburebebiT, romelTac gansazRvres misi sicocxlisunarianoba da

eqspansia, socialur-kulturul niSebSi Canergvisa da ucxo kulturul garemoSi

gadarCenis unari. mecnierTa nawili ZiriTad Taviseburebad miiCnevs antikur epoqaSi

Camoyalibebul polisis struqturas, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis struqturul-tipologiur gansxvavebas. polisi orientirebuli iyo

moqalaqis kerZo sakuTrebasa da Tavisufali bazris institutebze, rac principulad

ucnobi iyo aRmosavleTis nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis1. mas daefuZna evropuli

feodalizmi avtonomiuri qalaq-komunebiT, romlebic politikur brZolaSi

damoukidebel subieqtebad gamodiodnen, rac agreTve ucnobi iyo sxva

civilizaciebisaTvis. Camoyalibda erTiani mwkrivi antikuri polisidan — Sua

saukuneebis saqalaqo komunebis gavliT — industriuli da postindustriuli

sazogadoebisaken2.

dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis problema

Tanamedrove etapze

XX s-is bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze didi yuradReba eqceva civilizaciaTa da

kulturaTa urTierTobis problemaTa Seswavlas. am sakiTxebs sxvadasxva kuTxiT

ikvlevs kulturologia, sociologia, saistorio mecniereba. am mimarTulebiT

mimdinare kvlevaTa da miRweuli Sedegebis popularizaciaSi makoordinirebel

funqcias asrulebs `kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis kvlevisa da swavlebis

saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ (SIETAR International), romelic yovelwliurad marTavs

konferenciebs, gamoscems specialur Jurnals.

cnobili germaneli mecnieris karl iaspersis Teoriis mixedviT, msoflios

dayofas dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad safuZveli e.w. `RerZul droSi~ Caeyara,

saidanac saTaves iRebs, agreTve erTiani, globaluri msoflio, rogorc im droisaTvis

Soreuli perspeqtiva. swored maSin yalibdeba is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis saxe gansazRvres. rogorc wesi, samecniero

literaturaSi es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg opoziciur wyvilebad jgufdeba: indivi-

dualizmi-koleqtivizmi, inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba, racionaloba-intuiciuroba,

Tavisufleba-wesrigi, neba-fatalizmi, anTropocentrizmi-Teocentrizmi, materiali-

zmi-suliereba, pragmatizmi-idealizmi, obieqtivizmi-subieqtivizmi, dinamizmi-stati-

kuroba, istorizmi-aistorizmi da sxv. aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi urTierTSeRwevadni

gaxdnen, pirvel rigSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis arealSi, sadac aRmocenda didi

civilizaciebi, maT Soris evropulic.

rac Seexeba maxasiaTebelTa dajgufebas opoziciur wyvilebad, Tavis droze,

p.sorokini miuTiTebda, rom aseTi diqotomiuri sqemebis gardauval nakls warmo-

adgens erTi tipis farglebSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli

socialur-kulturuli warmonaqmnebis Tavmoyra, agreTve did Tu mcire erTobaTa

specifikis gamokveTis sirTule. Cveni azriT, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis swored mcire

kulturebze, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli kultura da romelTa

1 Васильев Л.С. Восток и Запад в истории (Основные параметры проблематики). – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к

цивилизации, с.104. 2 Драгунский Д.В., Цымбурский В.Л. Генотип европейской цивилизации. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1991,

№ 1, с.7-8.

28

im determinantTagan, romlebze dayrdnobiT axdenen kulturaTa tipologizebas,

erT-erTi sainteresoa fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. SevexebiT zogierT maTgans,

romelTa gaanalizebisa da maT konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis raobis gaazrebis

sayuradRebo mcdelobani samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba.

fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa erToblioba Cvens saistorio wyaroebsa da

literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba sityviT `xasiaTi~. qarTvelTa xasiaTis pirvel

yvelaze srul aRweras vaxuSti bagrationTan vxvdebiT. mis mier aRniSnul

fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan zogierTi momdevno xanis mecnierTa ganxilva-

analizis sagnad iqca, amitom srulad movitanT vaxuStiseul daxasiaTebas: `xolo

kacni amis queynisani arian... mxneni muSakni, WirTa momTmenni, cxensa zeda da

mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, mkvircxlni, mswraflni; salaSqroTa Sina axovanni,

saWurvelT moyuareni, amayni, laRni, saxelis meZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa

saxelTaTvis ara rideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissa, stumarTa da ucxoT moyuareni;

mxiarulni, ukeTu orni anu samni arian, ararai SeiWirvian; uxuni, arca Tvissa da arca

sxvisas krZalaven; saunjeTa ara mmesvelni; gonierni, mswrafl-mimxdomni, mCemebelni,

swavlis moyuareni. urTierTis mimyolni, sikeTis damswavlelni da mimgebelni,

sircxvilis mdevarni, keTil-borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyuareni,

Tualmgebni da moTakileni~1.

qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvris mcdelobas vxvdebiT

k.kapanelis naSromSi `qarTuli kulturis suli~, Tumca avtori operirebs ara

kulturis, aramed temperamentisa da sulis cnebebiT: `Cveni temperamenti qaluri da

isteriulia: tragedias qarTuli suli ar icnobs; rac unda cudad mimdinareobdes

cxovreba Cvens garSemo, Cven mainc ocnebebsa da imedebSi varT~. `qarTuli suli

isteriuli da paTetiuria, arasistematuri~. `qarTveli fsiqologiurad akrobati da

Jonglioria~2.

araracionalizmi, romelsac k.kapaneli qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs

(erTTavad ocnebebsa da imedebSi yofna) tipuri aradasavluri niSania. rogorc Tavad

k.kapaneli ambobs, àRmosavleTi grZnobis qveyanaa: sisxlis intensiuri moZraoba

gulis saSualebiT gonebas ebrZvis~3. es savsebiT Seesabameba imave avtoris mier

qarTuli kulturis Sefasebas sxva niSnebis mixedviTac. kerZod, sxva naSromSi

k.kapaneli aRniSnavs, rom `Soreuli warsulidan saqarTvelo ganicdida aRmosavleTis

gavlenas. qarTuli literatura da xalxuri metyveleba erTnairad atarebs daRs

muslimanur-arabuli kulturis gavlenis. `vefxistyaosani~ aTargulia muslimanur-

arabuli kulturis ideologiur dazgaze. droTa viTarebaSi qarTuli suli Caiketa

aziuri cxovrebis degradaciis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo istoriulma aucileblobam

daayena muslimanur qveynebTan erTad degeneraciis gzaze~4. mxolod XIX saukunis

dasawyisidan Semodis `qarTuli kulturis aRmosavleTur wyobaSi dasavleTuri

kultura~, romelic mxolod Soreuli naSTis saxiTRa SemorCeniliyo5.

qarTvelTa kulturuli raobis sakiTxze msjelobisas k.kapaneli aRniSnavda:

`qarTul ZarRvebSi moZraobs sisxli Cqari, ryevadi TiTqmis yvela aRmosavluri rasis

da tomis: gadmodiodnen ra aRmosavleTidan saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze azielebi,

1 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. — qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1973, gv. 45. 2 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv. 328-330. 3 kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. _ iqve, gv. 108. 4 iqve, gv.98-99. 5 iqve, gv.108.

93

fiziologebis mier SemoTavazebulia Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri

lateralizaciisa da misgan gamomdinare sivrciTi orientaciis gaTvaliswineba

kulturuli identurobis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis1. hemisferoTa funqciuri

lateralizacia niSnavs adamianis fsiqikuri procesebis organizaciaSi tvinis

naxevarsferoTa gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT monawileoba. rogorc aRmoCnda, Tavis

tvinis funqciur lateralizacias, sqesobriv da asakobriv TaviseburebebTan erTad,

eTnikuri Taviseburebebic gaaCnia, romlebic urTierTqmedeben garemosTan,

damokidebuli arian socialur-kulturul faqtorebze da, Tavis mxriv, zegavlenas

axdenen sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze2.

hemisferoTa funqciuri lateralizacia nawilobriv kulturulad determinire-

bulia. sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba Tavis

tvinis funqciur asimetriaSi, sivrceSi orientaciis procesis organizaciis

TvalsazrisiT3.

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiTa da fiziologTa mier SemoTavazebuli

meTodis gamoyenebiT qarTuli kulturis raobis kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi friad

sayuradReboa, Tumca isini jerjerobiT gamoqveynebuli ar aris da amitom maTze

sityvas ar gavagrZelebT.

2000 wlis seqtemberSi neirobiologi, profesori volf zingeri moxsenebiT

warsdga germanel istorikosTa dReze aaxenSi, romelic 43-jer Catarda. man miuTiTa

aRqmisa da mogonebaTa procesebze, rogorc kvlevis erTnairad saintereso saganze

neirobiologebisa da istorikosebisaTvis. pirvelni mas ikvleven rogorc tvinis

funqcionirebis erT-erT sferos, magram, v.zingeris azriT, am kvlevaTa Sedegebi

mniSvnelovania istorikosebisTvisac: isini warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis iyeneben

teqstur da grafikul wyaroebs, romelTa umravlesoba swored aRqmis,

interpretaciisa da mogonebebis Sedegia. mecnieris azriT, wyaroTa sandoobis

xarisxze msjelobisas istorikosebs marTebT tvinis funqcionirebis kvlevis SedegTa

gaTvaliswineba, kerZod, maT mxedvelobaSi unda hqondeT, rom adamianis cnobiereba

garesamyarodan Semomavali signalebis farTo speqtridan arCevs mxolod imaT,

romelTac is elis, romlebic gamosadegia am rTul samyaroSi gadarCenisaTvis. swored

am mciredidan iqmneba Semdeg msoflios suraTi4.

fsiqologebisa da geografebis mier damuSavda e.w. mentaluri rukis koncefcia,

romelic geograf r.m. dounzisa da fsiqolog d.sTeas saxelebs ukavSirdeba.

mentaluri ruka ganimarteba rogorc adamianis subieqturi Sinagani warmodgena

garemomcveli sivrcis nawilze, am nawilis adamianis mier Seqmnili gamosaxuleba.

mentaluri rukis cneba mniSvnelovania saistorio mecnierebisTvisac, radgan

adamianTa jgufebi Tu erTobebi aseve qmnian istoriuli da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT

specifikur warmodgenebs garemomcveli samyaros sivrciT struqturaze. kultu-

rologiisaTvis sayuradReboa ama Tu im sazogadoebis (kulturis) warmodgena

sivrceze, gamoxatuli teqsturad Tu gamosaxulebaTa saxiT — magaliTad, werilobiT

wyaroebSi, rukebsa da naxatebze5.

1 mayaSvili m., samadaSvili i., azmaifaraSvili T., SaianTan Sai a.T. Tavis tvinis funqciuri lateralizaciis

eTnikuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. _ Jurn.: axali paradigmebi, 1, Tb., 1998, gv.155; mayaSvili m. Tavis

tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria adamianis sivrciT orientaciaSi. disertacia biologiur

mecn. doqtoris samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998. 2 mayaSvili m. dasax. naSr., gv.6. 3 iqve, gv.130. 4 Шенк Ф.Б. Ментальные карты: Конструирование географического пространтсва в Европе. – В журн.: Политическая наука,

№ 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.6. 5 iqve, gv.8.

92

tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis mixedviT Znelad xerxdeba, miT umetes, Tu isini

civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi mdebareoben.

isic unda iTqvas, rom Znelia diqotomiuri sqemis `SenarCuneba~ erTi kultu-

ris/civilizaciis mTeli istoriis manZilze, amitom saWiro xdeba damatebiTi deter-

minantebis Semotana1.

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi TviTidentifikacias erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi axdenen.

swored civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesSi gamoikveTeba TiToeuli kulturis

identuroba. am procesSi xdeba faseulobaTa gadarCeva _ dromoWmulis mniSvnelobis

dakargva da drois Sesabamis faseulobaTa aqtualizacia2.

rogorc amerikeli mkvlevari j.stidmani aRniSnavs, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi

mudmivad urTierTqmedeben, iTviseben erTmaneTis faseulobebs, amdidreben

erTmaneTs. aRmosavleTTan urTierTobam didi gavlena iqonia evropuli civilizaciis

Camoyalibebaze3.

d.Saieganis azriT, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis didi kulturebis Seqmna

warsulSi arsebul civilizaciaTa nayofieri dialogis Sedegi iyo4.

a.pirenis sityviT, evropelTa Sexebam islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis ùcxos~

WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebidan

moyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTebs

muslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VII

saukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, daiwyo evropuli kulturis centris

gadanacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan (romelic arabul provinciad iqca)

CrdiloeTisaken. dasrulda romauli tradicia da saTave daedo TviTmyofad

romanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul Tanamegobrobad,

aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~ samyarod5.

erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic daexmara dasavleTs (evropas)

sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis daxasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze

dasavleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia,

SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe.

da mainc, zemoT CamoTvlili opoziciuri wyvilebi, iseve rogorc dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis nebismieri maxasiaTebeli, ZiriTadad, asaxavs dasavlelTa warmodgenas

sakuTar Tavsa da aRmosavlelebad wodebul aradasavlelebze. es damokidebuleba

samecniero literaturaSi orientalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. miCneulia, rom mas

safuZveli 1312 wels Caeyara, roca venis saeklesio krebam daadgina arabuli,

berZnuli, Zvelebrauli da siriuli enebis kaTedraTa Seqmna parizis, oqsfordis,

boloniis, avinionisa da salamankas universitetebSi.

XIX s-is Sua xanebisaTvis evropaSi soliduri codna dagrovda aRmosavleTis

Sesaxeb, magram igi, ZiriTadad, Zveli periodiT Semoifargleboda. Seiswavleboda

Zveli wignebi, xelnawerebi, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Sesaswavl qveyanaSi

Casul evropel mkvlevars eWvi ar epareboda Tavis `wignismier~ codnaSi, magram

realoba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda warmodgenisagan, adgilobrivi mkvidrni —

literaturuli saxeebisagan. faqts axsna Wirdeboda da isic moiZebna: aborigenTa

gadagvareba da odesRac didebuli kulturis daknineba. dasavleTis orientalisturi

1 Ерасов Б.С. О статусе культурно-цивилизационных исследований. – В сб.: цивилизации и культуры. Вып.1. Россия и

Восток: цивилизационные отношения. М., 1994, с.15. 2 Василенко Н.А. Источники и механизмы согласия в межкультурном диалоге. – В сб.: Цивилизации и культуры. Вып.3. М.,

1996, с.406. 3 Steadman J.M. The Myth of Azia. N.Y., 1969, p.26-27. 4 Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Ciltural Studies. V-VI, 4, Tokyo, 1977, p.36-37. 5 cit.naSromidan: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71.

29

skolebis damsaxurebaa Zveli civilizaciebis Seswavla, evropis biblioTekebSi Zveli

xelnawerebis Tavmoyra da maTi katalogebis gamocema, kvlevis meTodikis SemuSaveba,

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi sakuTari warsulisadmi interesis gaRviveba. amave dros,

orientalizmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba, asaxavs evropelTa damokidebulebas

aRmosavleTis rogorc pasiuri òbieqtisadmi~, romlis miRwevebi Soreul warsulSi

darCa. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmi gacilebiT mets gveubneba TviT dasavleTze,

vidre aRmosavleTze1.

XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX s-is dasawyisSi, evropuli civilizaciiT inteleqtualTa

nawilis imedgacruebam gaacxovela interesi aRmosavleTis, rogorc mdidari

kulturis mxaris mimarT, romlisganac dasavleTs bevri ram unda eswavla, Tu surda

Tavi daeRwia momakvdinebeli meqanicizmisa da materializmisaTvis; aqac interesis

sagnad gvevlineboda ara aRmosavleTi TavisTavad, aramed dasavleTisaTvis misi

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

orientalizmi ganasaxierebda aRmosavleTisadmi evropelTa aqtiur

damokidebulebas. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmma `Seqmna~ iseTi aRmosavleTi,

romelic mTlianad gansxvavdeboda dasavleTisagan da xasiaTdeboda myari niSnebiT _

religiuriT, enobriviT, kulturuliT. uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, aRmosavleTi _ es

iyo aRmosavleli adamianis saxli, sadac is cxovrobda aRmosavlur komfortSi,

aRmosavluri despotizmis pirobebSi, aRmosavluri fatalizmis grZnobiT2.

kolonializmis epoqis dasasrulTan erTad, dasavleTi axali realobis winaSe

aRmoCnda, waawyda ra politikurad gaaqtiurebuli da mebrZoli aRmosavleTis

gamowvevas.

dasavlur orientalizmze reaqciis saxiT gvevlineba aradasavlel xalxTa

mcdeloba, gaiazron sakuTari kulturis originaluroba, xazi gausvan socialuri da

kulturuli arsebobis sakuTari wesis ara mxolod Tanasworobas, aramed

upiratesobas evropulTan SedarebiT. aTwleulebis manZilze yalibdeba met-naklebi

mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone araerTi koncefcia, magaliTad, leopold sengoris

saxelTan dakavSirebuli negritiudi — moZRvreba negro-afrikuli civilizaciis

TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb, romlis sulierebasTan, grZnobadobasTan, uSualobasTan

organuli kavSiris gareSe dasavleTis meqanikuri cxovrebis wess gardauvali daRupva

emuqreba. ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis dasabuTebas, progresis dasavluri modelis

alternativis Seqmnas cdiloben laTinoamerikeli mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT,

`gaTavisuflebis filosofiis~ mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TavianT

miznad acxadeben kontinentis evropocentristuli istoriis daZlevas. isini

aRniSnaven, rom XV saukunidan TandaTan damkvidrda evropuli civilizaciis

universalurobis idea, romelic dRes kulturuli imperializmis saxiT vlindeba. amas

mosdevs laTinuri amerikis qveynebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amerikanizacia. mzardi

erTgvarovnebis logikas `gaTavisuflebis filosofia~ upirispirebs universalizmis

axal models, romelic kulturaTa mravalferovnebis ideas emyareba3.

zemoT saubari gvqonda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqca kulturis fenomeni

mecnieruli da politikuri dapirispirebis obieqtad. dasavleTSi

ganaTlebamiRebulma da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iq momuSave aRmosavlelma mkvlevrebma

laparaki daiwyes dasavluri orientalizmis krizissa da misi principebis gadasinjvis

1 Said E. Orientalizm, p.118. 2 Said E. Orientalizm, p.104. 3 Петякшева Н.И. Трактовка феномена конкисты в латиноамериканской «философии освобождения». – В сб.: Iberica

Americans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.49-54; Деменчонок Э.В. Историко-культурная драма прошлого и проблема «Латинская Америка-Запад» в современной латиноамериканской философии. – Там же, с.54-59.

30

elementze dayrdnobiT. es imas niSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebis warmatebuli

funqcionireba didad aris damokidebuli Sesabamisi tradiciuli winapirobebis

arsebobaze, Tanamedrove sistemaSi maT CarTvaze da gamoyenebaze.

amitom aucilebelia:

1. gadaixedos tradiciisa da cvalebadobis Tanafardoba, Catardes mocemuli

tradiciuli sazogadoebis im ZalTa/faqtorebis analizi, romlebic xels uwyoben

cvlilebebis process da imaTic, romlebic abrkoleben mas. Sesabamisad unda

gaanalizdes am faqtorTa adgili regulaciis zogad struqturul da kulturul

sistemaSi;

2. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic axasiaTebs/Tan axlavs

Tavad tradiciul wesrigs da romlebic scildebian am farglebs da iwveven

sazogadoebis ganaxlebas;

3. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic xels uwyoben

sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas da romlebic am unars Zirs uTxrian;

4. gamovlindes tradiciul sistemaze Tanamedrove cvlilebebis zemoqmedebis

zogadi xasiaTi;

5. ganisazRvros, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoebas gamoimuSaos Tavis sakuTar

memkvidreobaSi unari gadaWras es problemebi; an miaRwios amas axal pirobebTan

adaptaciiT Tavisi centraluri institutebisa da faseulobiT-azrobriv sferoSi

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe (an maTi transformaciiT) (S.N. Eisenshtadt).

qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi

am leqciebze SevecdebiT kursis manZilze miRebuli informaciisa da codnis

safuZvelze movaxdinoT qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri (tradiciuli Tu

inovaciuri, individualisturi Tu koleqtivisturi) raobis gansazRvra; aseve

qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi Tavs movuyriT miRebul codnas kulturaSi

tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTqmedebis/proporciis Sesaxeb; moderni-

zaciasTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli kulturis Taviseburebebis gaanalizebas wina (VIII)

TemaSi motanili xuTi punqtis safuZvelze. vecdebiT gavarkvioT qarTuli

sazogadoebis modernizebulobis xarisxi. amisaTvis, kursis interesebidan gamom-

dinare, mimovixilavT ukanaskneli ori saukunis saqarTvelos istorias; visaubrebT

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis fonze qarTul kulturaSi momxdar (an

mosalodnel) cvlilebebze. aqedan gamomdinare, davsaxavTT qarTuli kulturis

ganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebs.

qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis

kvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimarTuleba

eTnologTa mier mopovebuli masalebiT didi xania cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva xalxi

biologiur aqtebsac ki (Jestebi, Tavis daWeris manera, sakvebis miReba, moZraoba,

avadmyofoba, sikvdili da a.S.) sxvadasxvagvarad ganaxorcielebs, da am gansxvavebaTa

safuZveli kulturaa.

arsebobs kulturaTa nairgvari klasifikacia, sxvadasxva kriteriumze dayrdnobiT

SemoTavazebulia kulturaTa sxvadasxva tipologiuri modeli. Cveulebriv, kultu-

ris raobaze msjeloben iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa gaxsniloba—

karCaketiloba, originaluroba—imitaciuroba, tradiciuloba—inovaciuroba da a.S.

ukanasknel wlebSi kulturuli identurobis problemis kvlevaSi, humanitarebTan

erTad, aqtiurad CaerTnen fiziologebi, fsiqologebi, geografebi da neiro-

biologebi.

91

muslimur sazogadoebebs garkveuli siZneleebi SexvdaT modernizaciis gzaze,

amitom faipsi, im Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, rom vesternizacia modernizaciis

aucilebeli pirobaa, miuTiTebs winaaRmdegobaze islamsa da Tanamedroveobas Soris

ekonomikur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa kapitaldabandeba, memkvidreobis kanoni da qalis

Sromis ufleba. magram igi mainc eTanxmeba maqsin rodinsons imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

àr arsebobs araviTari damajerebeli argumenti imisa, rom muslimurma religiam xeli

SeuSala muslimur samyaros Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gziT ganviTarebaSi~. faipsi

amtkicebs, rom islami da modernizacia arc sxva sakiTxebSi ewinaRmdegebian

erTmaneTs. morwmune muslimebs ZaluZT ganaviTaron mecniereba, nayofierad imuSaon

qarxnebSi an gamoiyenon daxvewili iaraRi. modernizacia ar moiTxovs aranair

politikur ideologias an iseT institutebs, rogoricaa arCevnebi, saxelmwifo

sazRvrebi, samoqalaqo organizaciebi. arc dasavluri cxovrebis sxva damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebia aucilebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc mrwamsi, islami

akmayofilebs menejmentis konsultantsac da glexsac. SariaTi arafers ambobs

modernizaciis Tanamdev iseT cvlilebebze rogorica gadasvla soflis meurneobidan

mrewvelobaze, moZraoba soflidan qalaqisken Tu socialuri uZraobis socialuri

mobilurobiT Secvla. igi ar exeba arc iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa sayovelTao

ganaTleba, komunikaciis daCqarebuli saSualebebi, transportis axali saxeobebi Tu

jandacva. yvelaze radikali antivesternistebi da adgilobrivi kulturebis aRorZinebis

momxreebic ki uyoymanod iyeneben Tanamedrove teqnikas _ eleqtronul fostas,

kasetebs Tu televizias — sakuTari ideebis propagandisaTvis. erTi sityviT, modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs vesternizacias. aradasavlur

sazogadoebebs SeuZliaT da SeZles kidec modernizeba sakuTari kulturis uaryofisa

da yvela dasavluri Rirebulebis, institutisa Tu Cveulebis aTvisebis gareSe. es

ukanaskneli, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa: ra dabrkolebebic ar unda Seuqmnan

aradasavlurma kulturebma modernizacias, isini verc ki Seedreba im sirTuleebs,

romlebic vesternizaciis process eRobeba. bavSvuri gulubryviloba iqneboda

gvefiqra, aRniSnavs brodeli, rom modernizacia, anu èrTi civilizaciis triumfi~,

SeiZleba, sawindari gaxdes istoriuli kulturebis mravalricxovnebis mospobisa,

romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xorcs isxamdnen msoflios did civilizaciebSi.

amis nacvlad, modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs da amcirebs dasavleTis Zalas.

msoflio xdeba sul ufro da ufro modernuli da naklebad dasavluri.



rodesac mcire kulturebis modernizaciis sakiTxs vexebiT, dgeba tradiciis

kategoriis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, radgan, umetes SemTxvevaSi mcire kulturebis

modernizacia ganixileba rogorc am kulturaTa tradiciis dakninebis xarjze

ganxorcielebuli procesi, rac am kulturaTa TavisTavadoebis dakargvas utoldeba.

modernizaciam àntitradiciuli~ xasiaTi, albaT, aradasavluri kulturebis

modernizaciis gaanalizebis Sedegad miiRo, radgan am sazogadoebaTa moder-

nizacia, umetesad adgilobrivi tradiciebis daTrgunvis xarjze xdeboda.

dasavlur sazogadoebis konsteqstSi ki modernizacia sworedac dasavluri

tradiciis gagrZelebasa da ganviTarebas niSnavs.

rac ar unda didi iyos kontrasti `tradiciulsa~ da `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs

Soris, warmatebuli modernizacia SeiZleba moxdes tradiciuli regulaciis zogierT

90

aucileblobaze1. e.saidma saWirod miiCnia istoriuli azrovnebis — orientalizmis

filosofiur-istoriuli safuZvlis — binaruli opoziciebidan (`voluntarizmi _

determinizmi~, `dasavluri sazogadoeba — aziuri sazogadoeba~ da a.S.) polimorfuli

obieqtebisa da ganviTarebis nairgvari variantebis mravalganzomilebian analizze

gadasvla, evropocentristuli universalizmis Secvla mravalganzomilebiani

midgomiT, evropuli istorizmis Sesatyvisad dalagebuli masalis `daSla~ da

xelaxali dalageba2. a.abdel-maleki ki aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleTis xalxTa zewolam

da socialur mecnierebebSi momxdarma Zvrebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula

orientalizmis gardaqmnaSi Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad3.

tradiciuli orientalizmis kritikosebs momxreebi TviT dasavlelTa Sorisac

gamouCndnen (j.stidmani, j.gudi da sxv.).

XX s-is bolo meoTxedSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori tendencia: erTi mxriv,

kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiva, meore mxriv, aradasavluri samyaros

gaaqtiureba da msoflios e.w. `fragmentacia~. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erT

ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca globalizaciisa da partikularizmis tendenciaTa

urTierTqmedeba, rig SemTxvevebSi ki _ dapirispireba4. bipolaruli msoflios

demontaJma, rac Sedegad mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da da `civi omis~

dasrulebas, dRis wesrigSi daayena axali msoflios saxis sakiTxi, kerZod, misi erTi

Tu mravalpolusianobis perspeqtiva. es problema, politikurTan erTad, kulturis

sferosac moicavs.

dasavleli mecnierebi sul ufro mets laparakoben msoflios aradasavluri

centrebis Camoyalibebis, islamuri fundamentalizmis safrTxis, konfuciuri

samyaros eqspansiis Sesaxeb. dasavluri samyaros kulturul-civilizaciuri

oponentis rolSi aqtiurad gamodis yofili `mesame samyaro~5, romlis sivrceze

mniSvnelovani procesebi mimdinareobs. igi ramdenime struqturul zonad daiSala,

Camouyalibda sakuTari CrdiloeTi da samxreTi.

`vin icis, iqneb XXI saukuneSi orientalizaciis procesma, rogorc gabatonebulma

tendenciam, Secvalos modernizaciis procesi? wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi

samyaro pretenzias acxadebs alternatiuli civilizaciuri centris rolis

Sesrulebaze axal, postmodernul msoflioSi~, _ kiTxulobs a.neklesa6.

`wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi samyaros~ mzard perspeqtivas Seexo

s.hanTingtonic Tavis cnobil naSromSi. man aRniSna dasavluri civilizaciis rolis

gaoreba aradasavlur civilizaciebTan mimarTebaSi: erTis mxriv, dasavleTi

politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro Zlierebis mwvervalzea da, Sesabamisad,

warmatebiT axerxebs sakuTar kulturul faseulobaTa gavrceleba-danergvas

danarCen msoflioSi; meore mxriv ki, igi sul ufro mzard winaaRmdegobas awydeba

aradasavluri civilizaciebis mxriv, romlebSic aSkarad SeimCneva `sakuTari

kulturuli fesvebisaken mibrunebis~ procesi7. erTni cdiloben modernizacias

vesternizaciis gareSe, meoreni ver axerxeben am ukanasknelis Tavidan acilebas,

mesameni ki konfrontaciul gzas irCeven.

1 ix.: Abdel-Malek A. Orientalism in Crisis. – Abdel-Malek A. Civilizations and Social Theory. Albany, 1981, p.73-96; Said E.

Orientalism. L., 1978 da sxv. 2 Said E. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.127-128. 3 Abdel-Malek A., dasax. naSr., gv.88. 4 Празаускас А.А. Этнонационализм, многонациональное государство и процессы глобализации. – В журн.: Политические

исследования. М., 1997, № 2, с.42. 5 termini “mesame samyaro” 1952 w. daamkvidra frangma mkvlevarma alfred sovim “mesame wodebis” analogiiT

— im wodebisa, romelmac Tavis droze daamxo arsebuli msoflwesrigi. sovis azriT, ignorirebul

“mesame samyaros” momavalSi SeeZlo sul sxva adgilis damkvidreba msoflioSi. 6 Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.78. 7 hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? gv. 10-11.

31

XX saukunis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi _ SeeerTebinaT `dasavluri teqnika da

aRmosavluri morali~, `muSaoba da locva~, mecniereba da adamianuri faseulobani,

racionalizmi da humanizmi. mwvave problemam — SesaZlebelia Tu ara sxva civilizaciam

aiTvisos dasavluri teqnologia da moaxerxos misi transformireba sakuTar

RirebulebaTa Sesabamisad — cnobil amerikel mkvlevar m.melkosTan Semdegi

interpretacia SeiZina: `Tu CineTma SesZlo induri budizmis transformireba ise, rom

igi ufro daosizms daemsgavsa, ratom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi igi

moaxerxebs dasavluri teqnologiebisa da politikuri ideebis transformirebas ise,

rom isini Cinur kulturas Seesatyvisebodnen?~1

mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs èkleqtikuri msoflios~ Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb,

romelic moicavs dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs da romlis

dasaxasiaTeblad xSirad mimarTaven `msxvilad daWrili salaTis~ an `nakuwebisagan

Sekerili sabnis~ metaforas. es metaforebi Caenacvla `sadnobi Rumelis~ saxeliT

cnobil Teoriul winamorbeds, romliTac aRiniSneboda amerikuli kulturis xasiaTi,

Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciis gadamuSavebisa da

urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. axali saxeliT monaTluli fenomeni ki gulisxmobs ara

mTlian, erTian kulturas, aramed eTnikur kulturul elementTa narevs.

èkleqtikuri msoflios~ liderad jer kidev rCeba dasavleTi, magram aziur-

wynarokeanuri regioni zustad reagirebs civilizacia-lideris nebismier

warumateblobaze da cdilobs mis gamoyenebas Tavis sasargeblod. swored igi SeiZleba

mogvevlinos liberaluri dasavleTis principebis mTavar metoqed2.

meore nawili ar iziarebs amgvar xedvas. magaliTad, a.dirliki miiCnevs, rom aziur-

wynarokeanuri regioni warmoadgens geoekonomikur sistemas, romlis saTaveebTan

idgnen aRmosavleT aziaSi SeWrili evropelebi da amerikelebi. misive azriT, dRes am

sistemis farglebSi mimdinare procesebi dakavSirebulia ukve aRmosavleT azielebis

mier iniciativis xelSi aRebasTan, rasac mosdevs `kvazikonfuciuri menejeruli

kapitalizmis~ mier aSS da kanadaSi sakuTari niSebis Seqmna. amis Sedegad civilizacia-

lideri kargavs sakuTari sistemis funqcionirebis mniSvnelovan rgolebze kontrols,

romelic dasavleTis samyaroSi CarTul ucxo kulturul erTobaTa warmomadgenlebis

xelSi gadadis3.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi garemoeba: Tu XIX saukunesa da

XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi aradasavluri warmomavlobis imigrantebi, xvdebodnen ra

dasavluri kulturis `sadnob RumelSi~, iRebdnen da iTvisebdnen samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis kulturas, axla isini arc cdiloben Camoyalibebul socialur garemoSi

adaptirebas, aramed qmnian diasporebs, tradiciul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul, met-

naklebad daxSul lokalur erTobebs, romlebic cxovroben pirvel rigSi sakuTari da

mxolod Semdeg _ maspinZeli qveynis normebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, isini, rogorc wesi,

iReben dasavleTis qveSevrdomobas da gardaqmnian (cvlian) dasavleTis qveynebis

socialur garemos4.

CineTisa da, saerTod, aRmosavleT aziis garda, dasavleTis civilizaciur

oponentad xSirad ganixilaven muslimur samyaros. xSirad saubroben bipolarizmis

axali formis — dasavleTisa da islamis samyaros dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. dasavleTis

gamowvevis pasuxad muslimuri samyaros gamococxlebis erT-erT formad gvevlineba

1 Melko M. World Systems Theory: Faustian Delusion. – Comparative Civilizations Review, 1994, 30, p.11-12. 2 Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? (С Ламанским, Шпенглером и Тойнби над глобусом ХХ1 века. – В журн.: т.5, № 3

(Россия и ее южные соседи). М.., 2001, с.186. 3 Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? ..., с.186. 4 Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективах

межцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования. М., 2001, № 6, с.137.

32

dasavleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebisa, qristianul rjulze moeqciaT isini. Tu

Cinelebi rodesme isesxeben raimes qristianobidan, albaT, Secvlian mas ise, rom igi

Tavsebadi gaxdes Cinuri kulturis ZiriTad elementebTan. analogiurad, muslimma

arabebma aiTvises, daafases da gamoiyenes èlinuri memkvidreoba ukiduresad

utilitaruli miznebisaTvis. iyvnen ra ZiriTadad dainteresebulni garkveuli

garegnuli formebis an teqnikuri mxareebis aTvisebiT, maT icodnen, Tu rogor

ugulebeleyoT berZnuli filosofiuri azris nebismieri elementi, romelic

ewinaaRmdegeboda yuranis fundamenturi normebiTa da swavlebiT dadgenil

`WeSmaritebas~. iaponiamac msgavsi gza gaiara. VII saukuneSi man ganaxorciela Cinuri

kulturis importi da sakuTari nebiT, `yovelgvari ekonomikuri da politikuri

zewolis gareSe, gardaqmna igi~ ufro maRal civilizaciad. `momdevno saukuneebSi

erTmaneTs enacvleboda kontinenturi gavlenisagan SedarebiTi izolaciisa (roca

xdeboda adrindel nasesxeb elementTa gadarCeva da sasargeblos SeTviseba) da

kontaqtisa Tu kulturuli sesxebis periodebi~. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iaponurma

kulturam SeinarCuna TviTmyofadi saxe. qemalistTa mozomili msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom aradasavluri sazogadoebebi

SeiZleba modernizdnen vesternizebis gziT, ar mtkicdeba. ukiduresi qemalistebis

warmodgena, TiTqos aradasavluri sazogadoebebi unda vesternizrdnen, raTa

SemdgomSi modernizdnen, ar gamodgeba sayovelTao `receptad~. Cndeba kiTxva:

arseboben Tu ara iseTi aradasavluri sazogadoebebi, sadac lokaluri kultura ise

aferxebs modernizaciis process, rom es kultura Zireulad unda amoiZirkvos da

Seicvalos dasavluri kulturiT? Teoriulad, es ufro SesaZlebelia dasrulebul,

vidre instrumentul kulturebSi. instrumentuli kulturebi `xasiaTdeba saboloo

miznebisagan gancalkevebuli da damoukidebeli Sualeduri miznebis vrceli arealis

arsebobiT. es sistemebi advilad ganaxldeba, afarebs ra cvlilebas tradiciis safars.

aseT sistemebs ZaluZT ganaxleba ise, rom arc gamoamJRavnon Zireuli cvlilebebi

TavianT socialur institutebSi. piriqiT, siaxle Zvelis daviwyebas emsaxureba~.

dasrulebuli sistemebi, piriqiT, `xasiaTdeba mWidro kavSiriT Sualedur da saboloo

miznebs Soris... sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, xelisufleba da a.S. warmoadgenen

saguldagulod SekavSirebul, kargad Sekrul sistemas, romelic gamsWvalulia

religiiT, rogorc Semecnebis saxelmZRvanelo proncipiT. aseTi sistemebi yovelTvis

mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni siaxlisadmi~. apteri iyenebs am kategoriebs afrikul

tomebSi momxdari cvlilebebis analizisaTvis. aizenStadtma SedarebiTi meTodis

gamoyenebiT gaaanaliza aziis didi civilizaciebi da msgavs daskvnebamde mivida.

Sinagan cvlilebebs `mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs socialuri, kulturuli da

politikuri institutebis avtonomia~. am mizeziT, SedarebiT ufro instrumentuli

xasiaTis iaponuri da induri sazogadoebebi ufro advilad da adre daadgnen

modernizaciis gzas, vidre konfuciuri da muslimuri sazogadoebebi. maT ufro meti

unari gaaCndaT Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa sesxebisa da maTi gamoyenebisa sakuTari

kulturis ganmtkicebisaTvis. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Cinurma da muslimurma

sazogadoebebma an uari Tqvan rogorc modernizaciaze, ise vesternizaciazec, an

orive miiRon? arCevani arc ase SezRudulia. iaponiasTan erTad, singapuri, taivani,

saudis arabeTi da, naklebad, iranic Tanamedrove (modernul) sazogadoebebad

gardaiqmnen yovelgvari vesternizaciis gareSe. sainteresoa, rom Sahis mcdelobebma,

qemalistur kurss gahyoloda da ganexorcielebina orive _ modernizaciaca da

vesternizaciac, mZafri antidasavluri, magram ara antimodernuli reaqcia gamoiwvia.

CineTic aSkara reformistul gzas daadga.

89

ukanaskneli mniSvnelovania, gamomdinare iqidan, rom mis gareSe pirvelis

ganxorcieleba ararealuria, da orive SesaZlebelia. reformizmisaTvis modernizacia

sasurveli da SesaZlebelia yovelgvari Zireuli vesternizebis gareSe, romelic,

amavdroulad, arasasurvelicaa. maSasadame, uTanxmoebaa uaryofis politikasa da

qemalizms Soris modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis sasurvelobis Taobaze, aseve

qemalizmsa da reformizms Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad realuria modernizacia

vesternizaciis gareSe. cxrili 3.1 swored am mimarTulebebs gamosaxavs. ùarmyofeli~ A wertilze

darCeba; qemalisti diagonals mihyveba B wertilamde; reformatori horizontals

gauyveba C wertilamde. ra gziT wavidnen sinamdvileSi sazogadoebebi? ra Tqma unda,

yovel aradasavlur sazogadoebas ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, romelic, SesaZloa,

SesamCnevad gansxvavdebodes mocemuli sami prototipuli marSrutisagan. mazrui

imasac amtkicebda, rom egvipte da afrika D wertilis mimarTulebiT wavida: es iyo

`kulturis vesternizaciis mtkivneuli procesi teqnikuri modernizaciis gareSe.~ Tu

modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis nebismier ZiriTad formas ganvixilavT, rogorc

aradasavluri sazogadoebebis pasuxs dasavleTisadmi, maSin gamogviva mrudi -

Tavdapirvelad vesternizacia da modernizacia erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia:

aradasavluri sazogadoeba iTvisebs dasavluri kulturis TiTqmis yvela elements,

amave dros, SeimCneva modernizaciis neli procesi. Tumca, rogorc ki modernizacia

daCqardeba, vesternizaciis intensivoba klebulobs da iwyeba adgilobrivi kulturis

aRorZineba. Semdgomi modernizacia ukve cvlis civilizaciur balanss dasavlur da

aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa Soris da aZlierebs sakuTar kulturaze mijaWvulobas.

maSasadame, cvlilebaTa adreul stadiaze modernizacia vesternizaciis

saSualebiT xorcieldeba. Semdgom etapebze modernizacia devesternizaciis gziT

midis da ganapirobebs adgilobrivi kulturebis gamococxlebas ori saxiT:

sazogadoebriv doneze, modernizacia aviTarebs ekonomikas, jars, axdens

sazogadoebis politikur konsolidacias, aniWebs am sazogadoebis wevrebs TavianTi

kulturisadmi rwmenasa da TviTdajerebulobas. individualur doneze, moder-

nizacias Tan axlavs gaucxoebisa da anomiis grZnoba, radgan irRveva tradiciuli

kavSirebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis normebi, rasac pirovneba mihyavs

identurobis krizisamde, romelzec pasuxs religia iZleva. es zogadi hipoTezuri modeli iTvaliswinebs rogorc socialur mecnierebaTa

Teoriebs, ise istoriul gamocdilebasac. dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs ra ùcvlelobis

Teorias~, rainer baumi askvnis, rom àdamianis mier idealuri mmarTvelobisa da

idealuri pirovnuli avtonomiis mudmivi Zieba sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba cakleul

kulturebSi. am mxriv multikulturuli da homogenuri msofliosaken swrafva ar

ikveTeba. piriqiT, rogorc Cans, is sistemebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ganviTarebis

istoriul da adre-modernul safexurebze, kvlav ucvleladaa SenarCunebuli. sesxebis Teoria, SemuSavebuli frobeniusis, Spenglerisa da bouzmanis mier, xazs

usvams sazRvrebs, romelTa farglebSi civilizacia-recipientebi SerCeviTad

iTviseben sxva civilizaciebis elementebs, axdenen maT adaptirebas, gardaqmnasa da

asimilacias da amiT uzrunvelyofen TavianTi kulturebis umTavresi Rirebulebebis

_ `paideumi~ _ gadarCenas. msoflios TiTqmis yvela aradasavluri civilizacia

arsebobda, sul cota, erTi, zogi ki ramdenime aTasi weli. arsebobs araerTi magaliTi

sxva civilizaciaTagan sesxebisa, sakuTari arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. mkvlevrebi

aRniSnaven, rom CineTis mier indoeTisgan budizmis aTvisebas ar gamouwvevia CineTis

ìnduizacia~. Cinelebma igi TavianT miznebsa da saWiroebebs Seusabames, Cinuri

kultura ki Cinuri darCa. Cinelebs SeuZliaT Seadginon qronologiuri CamonaTvali

88

islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis gziT fiqroben

dasavluri faseulobebiT `mowamluli~ sazogadoebis reislamizacias, amave dros,

mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebas da Tanamedrove

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Casmas islamis konceptualur CarCoebSi. maTi

damokidebuleba dasavleTisadmi sam ZiriTad punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1.

nostalgia (swored islamma Seitana dasavleTSi civilizacia); 2. dasavleTis

RirebulebaTa mankierebisa da òrmagi standartebis~ mxileba (zneobrivi principebis

dacvas igi mxolod sxvebisagan moiTxovs); 3. islamis apologia1.

globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia dasavluri cxovrebis wesis,

maskulturisa da azrovnebis tipis eqspansiasTan. kulturis globalizacia

vesternizaciis, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — amerikanizaciis formas iRebs, rasac

saTanado reaqcia mohyveba nacionalizmis sxvadasxva formis gaZlierebis saxiT.

istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturebi warmoadgenen adamianis yofis,

RirebulebaTa da normaTa ierarqiis, TviTSegnebis safuZvels. adamians aSinebs

kulturuli fesvebis dakargvisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, anomiis anu fsiqologiuri

dezorientaciis safrTxe. xSirad es nayofier niadags qmnis fundamentalizmisaTvis.

vesternizaciis process Tan sdevs eTnikuri miTebis, mogonebebisa da tradiciebis

gamococxleba. maT pirispir ki, dgas globaluri, kosmopolituri kultura, romelic,

konkretul istoriul identurobasTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri kulturisagan

gansxvavebiT, moklebulia `mexsierebas~.

vfiqrobT, globalizaciis Tanamedrove interpretaciebSi gadaWarbebiT fasdeba

integraciuli procesebis mniSvneloba. magram naTelia, rom Soreul perspeqtivaSic ki

msoflios mravalferovneba ar waiSleba. rogorc i.krasini aRniSnavs, `msoflio mudam

mravalferovani iyo, magram yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom SeiZleba misi

gaerTmniSvnelianeba. iqmneboda nairnairi sqemebi, da Tumca bevri realoba maTSi ar

`jdeboda~, igulisxmeboda, rom integraciisa da konvergenciis Sedegad msoflio

homogenuri gaxdeboda, da es dasavluri civilizaciis farglebSi moxdeboda~2.

magram suraTi gacilebiT rTulia. cxadia, miswrafeba dasavluri nimuSebisa da

standartebisaken dResac didia da mas zurgs umagrebs dasavleTis teqnologiuri

upiratesoba. Cvens Tvalwin garegnuli ieri icvala mravalma aratradiciulma

sazogadoebam, Tumca maT ar uRalatiaT TavianTi Zireuli principebisaTvis,

romlebic SeuTavsebelia dasavlur individualizmTan. afrikul tomTa beladebi

prezidentebad iqcnen, indoneziaSi gaCnda parlamenti, ganviTarebadi qveynebis

umravlesobaSi deklarirebulia xelisuflebis dayofis principi. mkvlevarTa nawili

amas ubralo mimkriad miiCnevs da misi axsnisaTvis Semdeg martiv mizezs gvTavazobs:

dasavluri kreditebisa da investiciebis mopovebis umTavres pirobas warmoadgens

demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaken svlis formaluri niSnebis arseboba.

tradiciul sazogadoebaTa liderebi dasavluri principebis Sesabamisad iqcevian

mxolod dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi, saSinao sakiTxebis

gadawyvetisas ki tradiciul stereotipebs emyarebian3.

erTi sityviT, saubaria globaluri (dasavlur Targze aWrili) kulturis mxolod

formebis kopirebaze, rac SedarebiT iolad xdeba. magram am formebis safuZvlebi

saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda. dRes dasavluri moda, moxmarebis sagnebi, garTobis

1 sanikiZe g. islamizmi, fundamentalizmi, integrizmi, tradicionalizmi — cnebaTa ganmartebisaTvis. —

sag.saq.saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.42-43. 2 Актуальные вопросы глобализации (Круглый стол «МЭ и МО»). – В журн.: Мировая экономика и международные

отношения, М., 1999, № 5, с.42. 3 Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в., c.135.

33

industria farTodaa gavrcelebuli iqac, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xsenebac ki

ar aris.

afrikuli warmoSobis mkvlevarma a.a.mazruim yuradReba miaqcia dasavluri

kulturis mimzidvelobisa da misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis urTierTdaSrevebas

dasavleTTan aradasvluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi: `mosuli (dasavluri —

n.C.) kultura iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa da zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa da

protestis grZnobas~1. sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba aradasavlur civilizaciaTa

miswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis damkvidrebisaken. `Cven vcxovrobT

ara mxolod mTlian samyaroSi, aramed `samyaroebis samyaroSi~2, sadac mimdinareobs

pasuxis Zieba globalizaciis gamowvevaze.

iraneli mecnieris, Teiranis universitetis profesor d.Saieganis azriT, es

gamowveva principulad gansxvavdeba warsulSi kulturaTa urTierTqmedebisagan,

radgan saqme exeba socialuri da individualuri yofis organizaciis amosaval

principTa totalur SeuTavseblobas. dasavleTisaTvis esaa istoriuli evoluciis,

grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi samyarosgan gancalkevebuli sulis, nebis primatisa da

raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebze samyaros dayvanis principebi. iq damkvidrebuli

samyaros sekularizacia niSnavs mis despiritualizacias, bunebis ukidures

obieqtivacias, saidanac gamomdinareobs scientizmi da teqnicizmi. Zireulad

gansxvavebulia aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa principebi. istoria aq wmindaTawmindaa da

uSualod ukavSirdeba esqatologias. adamianuri instinqtebi da vnebani ar miiCneva

istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad, _ rogorc islamSi, ise induizmSi maT

daqvemdebarebuli adgili mieCinebaT, an kidev isini aRiqmeba mZime tvirTad,

romlisganac gaTavisuflebaa saWiro.

d.Saiegani Tvlis, rom dasavluri civilizaciis, rogorc universaluris,

damkvidreba an angrevs sxva kulturaTa eTikur da esTetikur faseulobebs, an dayavs

isini àdgilobriv koloritamde~. kulturaTa sinTezi ucxo RirebulebaTa zewolis

pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, radgan motanili faseulobebi diametrulad sawinaaRmdegoa

adgilobrivisa. es moaswavebs dagrovil memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmas, damoukidebel

azrovnebaze, qcevasa da qmedebaze xelis aRebas, sabolood ki — uaris Tqmas sakuTar

Tavze. `Tu aRmosavlur samyaros ara aqvs sxva arCevani, garda àSkara gamowvevis~,

`garduvali bedisweris~ miRebisa, rac dasavleTTan Segueba-morgebaSi gamoixateba,

maSin es iqneba aRmosavluri civilizaciebis tragikuli aRsasruli. esaa yofierebis

ori tipis mkacri Setakeba, romelTa Soris kompromisi SeuZlebelia~, — askvnis

mkvlevari3.

`Tanamedrove muslims ar SeuZlia, ar awarmoos mudmivi jixadi (wminda omi) ara

mxolod sakuTar TavTan, raTa SeinarCunos saRi goneba da sulieri sijansaRe, aramed

Tavis garemomcvel samyarosTanac, raTa daicvas winaparTa didebuli sulieri da

mxatvruli memkvidreoba da gadasces igi momaval Taobas~, _ wers s.nasri4.

niSandoblivia saudis arabeTis princis gancxadebac, romelic s.hanTingtons

mohyavs: ùcxouri importi mSvenieria lamazi nivTebis an maRalteqnikuri sagnebis

saxiT. magram socialuri da politikuri institutebis importi SeiZleba

1 Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457. 2 Актуальные вопросы глобализации, с.42. 3 Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Cultural Studies. Tokyo, 1977, 4, p.35-36. 4 Наср С.Х. О столкновении принципов западной и исламской цивилизаций. –В кн.: Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций.

Под ред. Б.С.Ерасова, с.481-482.

34

gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n). evropuli enebi da dasavluri saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebi savaldebuloa, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni marTlac xels

uwyoben Tavisufal azrovnebasa da uzrunvelyofil cxovrebas. muslimebi mxolod

maSin miaRweven iseT mdgomareobas, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba teqnikuri siaxleebis

aTviseba da Semdgom ganviTareba, Tu isini upirobod miiReben dasavlur models~.

samoci wliT adre, vidre es sityvebi daiwereboda, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi msgavs

daskvnamde mivida da otomanTa imperiis nangrevebidan axali TurqeTi Seqmna, didi

Zalisxmeva gaswia rogorc misi vesternizebis, aseve modernizebisaTvis. am kursis

arCeviTa da muslimuri warsulis uaryofiT aTaTurqma TurqeTi `gaxleCil qveynad~

aqcia, romlis sazogadoeba muslimuri iyo Tavisi religiiT, memkvidreobiT,

CveulebebiT da institutebiT, magram hyavda mmarTveli elita, romelsac ganzraxuli

hqonda misi gaTanamedroveoba, dasavlur yaidaze mowyoba da dasavleTTan yofna. XX

saukunis bolosaTvis ramdenime qveyana adgas qemalistur gzas, isini cdiloben

Secvalon aradasavluri identuroba dasavluriT. maTi mcdelobebi gaanalizebulia

meeqvse TavSi. reformizmi. uaryofa gulisxmobs sazogadoebis izolirebis uimedo mcdelobas

Tanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi. qemalizmi niSnavs Znel da mtkivneul gzas

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli kulturis ngrevisa da misi Canacvlebisa sxva

civilizaciidan Semotanili (nasesxebi) kulturiT. mesame gza gulisxmobs

modernizaciis Sexamebas adgilobrivi kulturis umTavresi faseulobebTan,

CveulebebTan da institutebTan. rasakvirvelia, es mimarTuleba yvelaze ufro

popularuli iyo aradasavlur elitebs Soris. CineTSi cinis dinastiis mmarTvelobis

bolo xanebSi aqtualuri iyo devizi `ti-iongi~: Cinuri swavleba _ fundamenturi

principebisaTvis, dasavluri swavleba _ praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis.~ iaponiaSi es

iyo `vakon, iosei~ (iaponuri suli, dasavluri teqnika~). 1830-iani wlebis egvipteSi

muhamed alim scada `teqnikuri modernizaciis Catareba seriozuli kulturuli

vesternizaciis gareSe~. Tumca es mcdeloba kraxiT damTavrda; britaneTma aiZula igi,

uari eTqva mTel rig reformebze, romlebic modernizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. amis

Sedegad, rogorc ali mazrui SeniSnavs, ègviptes ar ewera iaponiis bedi teqnikuri

modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis gareSe, arc aTaTurqiseuli bedi teqnikuri

modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis saSualebiT~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi

jamal al-din al-avRanma, muhamed abdulam da sxva reformatorebma kvlav scades

islamisa da Tanamedroveobis urTierTmorgeba, amtkicebdnen ra ìslamis Tavseba-

dobas Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan da dasavluri azrovnebis saukeTeso momentebTan~,

cdilobdnen muslimuri dasabuTeba moeZebnaT Tanamedrove ideebisa da institutebis

(iqneboda es samecniero, teqnikuri Tu politikuri _ konstitucionalizmi da

warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba) misaRebad safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis.~ es ukve farTo

reformatoruli moZraoba iyo, romelic, midioda ra qemalizmis gziT, ara marto

moderniziaciisken iswarfvoda, aramed zogierTi dasavluri institutis aTvisebis-

Tvisac iyo mzad. aseTi saxis reformizmi muslimuri elitebis mxridan dasavleTisadmi

yvelaze gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1870-iani wlebidan

1920-ian wlebamde, sanam igi ar waawyda gamowveveas jer qemalizmis, xolo mogvianebiT

_ fundamentalisturi formis ufro daxvewili reformizmis mxridan. uaryofis politika, qemalizmi da reformizmi efuZneba sxvadasxva warmodgenas

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris SesaZlebeli da ra _ sasurveli. uaryofis politikisaTvis

orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ arasasurvelia da SesaZlebelia orives

uaryofa. qemalizmisaTvis orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ sasurvelia,

87

karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Cinelebis

warmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxze

Cinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorc

iaponiisa, dasavleTis iaraRis meSveobiT dasrulda, romelic 1839-1842 wlebis

opiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebidan vxedavT, XIX saukuneSi

dasavluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen aradasavlur sazogadoebebs,

ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika. meoce saukuneSi momxdarma winsvlam satransporto da sakomunikacio saSualebaTa

sferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierTdamokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufunebad

aqcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebad

realuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove da urTierT-

dakavSirebuli xdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulma

sasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiT

ar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fundamentalistebi~, _ wers daniel faipsi

islamTan dakavSirebiT, ùaryofen rogorc modernizacias, ise vesternizacias. isini

mdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadeben

Sidawvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavs

jgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izala

kanoSi, sadaTis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tavdamsxmelebi, dayvas zogierTi dajgufeba

malaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiT

maTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofis

politikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviT

rom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania. qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi dasavleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi,

anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs

warmodgenidan, rom modernizacia sasurveli da aucilebelia, da rom adgilobrivi

kultura SeuTavsebelia modernizaciasTan, amitom masze uari unda iTqvas, an igi unda

ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad unda vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes

warmatebiT modernizeba. modernizacia da vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs da

isini Tanadroulad unda warimarTon. msgavsi damokidebuleba gamoxatulia

mecxramete saukunis dasasrulis zogierTi iaponeli da Cineli moazrovnis

msjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazo-

gadoebebma daiviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi da aRiaron inglisuri, rogorc

saxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro dasavlur wreebSi iyo

popularuli, vidre aradasavlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu ginda

warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi unda gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti ki

isaa, rom `[aradasavlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi

da sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli,

industrializmis Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebisadmi.~ aqedan gamomdinare, ekono-

mikuri ganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis mkveTr da Zireul

reorganizacias, da, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisis

xelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:ànomiis Tavidan

asarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza darCeniaT, radgan modernizacia vester-

nizacias gulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis...

sekularizmis daTmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba da teqnologia

moiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaa

politikur institutebTan dakavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve unda iyos aTvisebuli,

rogorc garegnuli forma. dasavluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve unda iyos

86

momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami CvenTvis mxolod religia ki ara, cxovrebis wesia.

Cven, saudelebs, gvsurs modernizeba, magram ar vsaWiroebT vesternizebas~1.

dasavlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis Sedegebisa da

perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi gacilebiT naklebradikaluria iraneli

literaturaTmcodne, doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 wels

gamoaqveyna wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: àrc dasavluri, arc aRmosavluri _

adamianuri~. miuxedavad dasavleTisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, igi

miiCnevs, rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis dakonserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zveli

tradiciebis farglebSi. igi unda viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa da

sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara dasavluris aTviseba _ es istoriuli

aucileblobaa, radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWreba

garkveuli kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed dasavleTis winaSe qedis moxra,

cxovrebis ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT,

gadamwyvet rols Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmac

SesaZlebeli gaxada enis, literaturisa da kulturis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva saxis

zewolis pirobebSi. unda viamayoT imiT _ dasZens mkvlevari _ rom iranuli kultura

arc aRmosavluria, arc dasavluri, igi adamianuria2.

cxadia, daskvna, cota ar iyos, ucnauria, magram sakiTxis dasma sainteresoa: sxva

iraneli mkvlevrebi, maT Soris, zemoT naxsenebi d.Saiegani iranuli kulturis

aRmosavlurobas eWvqveS ar ayeneben. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic.

cnobili istorikosi da literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesori

islami noduSeni aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic mudam

zemoqmedebda iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs

Soris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis SenarCuneba,

anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi3.

vfiqrobT, ganxiluli poziciebi sainteresoa CvenTvisac: rogorc davinaxeT,

iranelebi xazs usvamen dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris TavianT yofnas (Cveni

Tvalsawieridan, iranuli kultura calsaxad aRmosavluria), Cveni mkvlevrebis nawili

ki daJinebiT cdilobs qarTuli kulturis an mxolod dasavluri, an mxolod

aRmosavluri maxasiaTeblebis moZiebas.

aradasavlel mkvlevarTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebelia mtkiceba, rom Tu ara

koloniuri eqspansia, aRmosavleTis yvela qveyana, iaponiis CaTvliT, dRes TiTqmis XV

saukunis doneze iqneboda. yvelaferi axali da Tanamedrove aRmosavleTSi

dasavleTidan movida, vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis procesis Sedegad, da

aRmosavleTi yovelive (an TiTqmis yovelive) amiT mSvenivrad sargeblobs. am

TvalsazrisiT, swored kolonializmma daaaxlova aRmosavleTi dasavleTTan4.

sapirispirod, aRmosavleli mkvlevrebi cdiloben daasabuTon, rom Rirebulebani

da miRwevebi, romlebiTac ase amayobs Tanamedrove dasavleTi, arc aRmosavluri, maT

Soris, muslimuri sazogadoebebisaTvisaa ucxo, zog SemTxvevaSi ki es ukanasknelni

winac uswreben dasavlelebs. magaliTad, a.a.mazrui aRniSnavs, rom Tumca qalTa

mdgomareoba muslimur qveynebSi dasavleTis mZafri kritikis sagania, magram,

dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, am qveynebSi qals yovelTvis gaaCnda qmrisgan

1 hanTingtoni s. dasavleTi — unikaluri, ara universaluri. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis

sakiTxebi, X, Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2001, gv.185. 2 Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998,

с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs daesesxnen

zarinkubs da igi Semdegnairad gadaakeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc dasavluri _ islamuri. 3 iqve, gv.9. 4 Васильев Л.С. dasax. naSr., gv.107.

35

damoukidebeli sakuTrebis ufleba, rac, vTqvaT, britanelma qalebma mxolod 1870

wels miiRes. muslimuri samarTali aseve Tanabrad cnobda rogorc vaJebis, ise

qaliSvilebis memkvidreobiT uflebebs, bevr dasavlur qveyanaSi ki cota xnis win

qalebs aseTi ufleba ar hqondaT. did britaneTSi qalebma saarCevno ufleba 1928 wels

miiRes, aSS-Si — 1920 wels, safrangeTSi — 1971 wels; am droisaTvis bevr muslimur

qveyanaSi (irani, erayi, pakistani da sxv.) qalebi arCevnebSi monawileobdnen. ufro

metic — pakistanSi, bangladeSSi, TurqeTSi qalebi ikaveben premier-ministris postebs,

aSS-s ki arasdros hyolia qali-prezidentio, dasZens a.a.mazrui.

misi azriT, kulturebi/civilizaciebi unda fasdebodes ara mxolod umaRles

miRwevaTa mixedviT, aramed mankierebaTa da Seubraleblobis xarisxiT, romlisTvisac

isini swiraven sakuTar Tu sxva xalxebs. am TvalsazrisiT, islams ufro Zlieri

imuniteti aqvs nacionalizmis, komunizmis, rasizmis, genocidis winaaRmdeg. Tu

muslimur samyaroSi dasavlurze Zlieria politikuri Zalmomreoba, dasavleTSi

gacilebiT masStaburia quCis Zaladoba. dasavluri liberaluri demokratia

uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis maRalmwarmoeblurobas, mosaxleobis farTo monawileobas

marTvaSi, magram dasavlurma pluralizmma warmoSva rasizmi, faSizmi, genocidi.

dasavleTma mets miaRwia yovelive saukeTesos realizaciaSi, rac adamianis bunebaSia,

aRmosavleTma — adamianis bunebis yvelaze cudi mxareebis SezRudvaSi. zogierTi

adamianuri kriteriumiT (stabiluri ojaxi, socialuri Zalmomreobisagan dacva da

sxv.), muslimuri samyaro win uswrebs dasavleTs. yovelive amis gamo, a.a.mazruis

daskvniT, kacobriobam unda gamoiyenos ara mxolod dasavleTis, aramed aRmosavleTis,

kerZod, muslimuri samyaros gamocdilebac1.

aqve davZenT, rom am da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSic Tavad sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba

ufro saintereso da mniSvnelovania rogorc `pasuxi~ dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~, vidre

motanili magaliTebis realobasTan Sesabamisoba.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia

dasavleTisa da aradasavluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, dasavluri

Rirebulebebi, masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. am

movlenas `koka-kolonizaciisa~ da `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben.

saqme ufro Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSS-

s politikur da kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebis

farTomasStabiani standartizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT,

jinsebiTa da koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTac

farTod avrcelebs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi da romlebic ukritikod

moixmareba masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabi

sakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams2. azieli studentebi (da

profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT,

Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturi

dogmebi3.

meore mxriv, XX s-is 50-iani wlebidan saTaves iRebs aRmosavlur kulturebTan

dasavleTis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi movlena. Tu aqamde

dasavleTi Tavis msoflaRqmas amdidrebda aRmosavluridan nasesxebi esTetikuri Tu

dekoratiuli elementebiT, am droidan evropulenovani aRmosavleli mwerlebis

masobrivi SemoWris Sedegad `Seiqmna sruliad axali tipis literatura —

orbunebovani, orcnobierebiani, organzomilebiani... miviReT aRmosavluri

1 Mazrui A.A. Islamic and Western Value. – Foreign Affairs, N.Y., 1997, vol.76, 5, p.118-132. 2 Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322. 3 iqve, gv.323-324.

36

mis Tavidan acilebas, ubrundeba sakuTar kulturas. TavisTavad sakuTari kultu-

risaken mibruneba kargicaa da aucilebelic, magram aman ar unda miiRos garemosagan

izolaciis saxe. izolacia gamoiwvevs karCaketilobas, rasac SesaZloa sazogadoebis

statikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvla moyves (magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia ori koreis da

uaxloes warsulSi ori germaniis Sedareba). rogorc Cans, rac ar unda didi da Zlieri

iyos kultura, gamoricxulia gare samyarosTan urTierTobisa da siaxleTa miRebis

gareSe misi ganviTareba. TviT iseTi didi kultura, rogoricaa CineTi, romelsac

Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos civilizacia, ver uaryofs amas. igi cdilobs garedan

Sesuli siaxleebi marTvadi gaxados, miiRos is, rac surs. amitom uwodes CineTis

magaliTs ~marTvadi globalzacia~.

axlis miReba ar niSnavs Zvelis uaryofas da modernizaciis procesi ar aris

tradiciebisgan gaTavisufleba. k.tompsoni miiCnevs, rom kulturuli memkvidreoba da

Tanamedrove adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba absoluturad daukavSirebelia

erTmaneTTan, CemTvis ufro misaRebia S.eizenStadtis mosazreba. misi TqmiT, rac ar

unda didi iyos kontrasti ~tradiciul~ da ~Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs Soris,

warmatebuli modernizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod tradiciuli elementebis

regulaciaze dayrdnobiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa iaponiis magaliTi, romelzec

Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. msjelobis mizania damajerebeli gaxados daskvna, romlis

mixedviTac globaluri kultura da Tavad globalizacia ar warmoadgens iseT

saSiSroebas, rogoradac igi saqarTveloSi aRiqmeba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi

idealuria da yuradRebis miqcevas ar saWiroebs.

globalur kulturasTan urTierToba saqarTvelos aucileblad mouwevs. am

kulturaTa urTierTobas unda moyves raime Sedegi. saqarTvelos mier globaluri

kulturis sruli uaryofa iseve miuReblad da uaryofiTad mimaCnia, rogorc

adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Canacvleba.

adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis urTierTobas Teoeriulad, SeiZleba, is

Sedegebi mohyves, romelzedac Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. esenia: konfrontacia,

simbiozi, sinTezi. magram SesaZlebelia, kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba ar mivides

romelime am tipis realizaciamde da Semoifarglos mxolod kulturul Rirebu-

lebaTa urTierTgacvliT, romelic intesivobiTa da xarisxiT Camouvardeba

zemonaxseneb tipebs.

pasuxebi dasavleTs da modernizacia dasavleTis eqspansiam aradasavluri sazogadoebebis modernizeba da vester-

nizireba gamoiwvia. am sazogadoebebis politikuri da inteleqtualuri liderebis

pasuxi dasavleTis Semotevaze samgvari iyo: 1) orives _ modernizaciisa da

vestrenizaciis _ uaryofa, 2) orives miReba, 3) erTis miReba da meoris uaryofa. uaryofa. 1542 wlidan _ dasavleTTan pirveli kontaqtis damyarebidan _ XIX

saukunis Sua xanebamde iaponia dasavleTis mkveTri uaryofis gziT midioda. daSvebuli

iyo modernizaciis mxolod SezRuduli formebi, magaliTad, sabrZolo masalebis

SeZena, xolo dasavluri kulturis importi, maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeulad _

qristianobisa, sastikad ikrZaleboda. XVII saukuneSi dasavlelebi saerTod gamoaZeves

qveynidan. ukompromiso damokidebulebas bolo moeRo 1854 wels, rodesac kapitanma

perim ZaliT daarRvia iaponiis karCaketiloba, 1868 wels meiZis restavracias mohyva

aqtiuri mcdelobebi, gaeziarebinaT dasavleTis gamocdileba. ramdenime saukunis

manZilze CineTic cdilobda, xeli SeeSala modernizebisa da vesternizebis seriozuli

mcdelobebisaTvis. 1601 wels qveyanaSi SeuSves qristiani misionerebi, Tumca 1722

wlisaTvis isini saguldagulod gamoaZeves iqidan. iaponiisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis

85

kulturiT sakuTaris Canacvleba miuRebeli da warmoudgenelia, radgan es niSnavs

sakuTaris, TviTmyofadisa da originaluris dakargvas. kultura imdenad aris

sazogadoebis sisxlSi gamjdari, rom misi revoluciuri Secvla drois mokle

monakveTSi SeuZlebelia. saqarTvelosaTvis sakuTari kulturis globaluri

kulturiT Canacvleba warmoudgenelia. es Cven kargad dagvanaxa Tundac kulinariaze

gakeTebulma kvlevam, sadac qarTulma xinkalma sagrZnoblad dasjabna hamburgeri. es,

ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas. zogadad rom vTqvaT,

globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ki _

warmoudgeneli, radgan saqarTvelo cdilobs dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracias,

rac modernizacis gareSe warmoudgenelia. politikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi

warmatebis miRweva da dasavlur yaidaze sazogadoebis mowyoba kulturis doneze

urTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es urTierToba ki iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebaSi

garkveuli saxis cvlilebebs, sxva kulturasTan adptirebas da morigeba-Seguebas.

globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas saqarTvelo verc moaxerxebs da, Cveni azriT,

arc unda iyos aucilebeli da saWiro. modernizacia, f.fukuiams TqmiT, sazogadoebaSi

cvlilebebs oTx doneze iwvevs _ ideologia, institutebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

da kultura. saqarTvelom globaluri kuluturis talRa unda gamoiyenos moder-

nizacisaTvis, anu Tu saqarTveoloSi ise, rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva adgilze,

globaluri kulturis gavrceleba daemTxva modernizacias an gamoiwvia igi,

globalizacia saqarTveloSi dadebiT procesad unda CaiTvalos. globaluri

kultura, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, vrceldeba iseTi saSualebebiT, romelTac

s.hanTingtonma da p.bergerma ~daosuri kultura~ da ~inteleqtualTa~ saklubo

kultura uwodes.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis

sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli, romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad

icvamen da erTobian, aseve, SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris

gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore

nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur

saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul

kulturul faseulobebze.

globalur kulturaSi arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSirad

erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri inte-

ligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo

kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT:

akademiuri struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis

sakuTar bazars _ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli,

kerZod, amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa

damcvelebi, specialistebi da sxvani.

ìnteleqtualTa saklubo kultura~ da `daosuri kultura~ aris saqarTveloSi

sazogadobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi garanti da safuZvelia im cvlilebebisa, romelic

aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes institutebisa da samoqalaqo saozgadoebis doneze.

anu SesaZlebelia, saqarTveloSi globaluri kultura da modernizaciis procesi

erTmaneTs daemTxves. amdenad globaluri kulturis suli uaryofa, Cveni azriT, romc

SegveZlos, dadebiTi Sedegis momtani ar unda iyos.

arsebobs SiSi imisa, rom modernizaciis procesi uaryofs warsulidan SemorCenil

tradiciebs, spobs maT da adamians met Tavisuflebas sTavazobs. bevrisaTvis es

tradiciisgan gaTavisufleba kulturis originalobisa da TviTmyofadobis dakargvas

niSnavs. amitom xSirad modernizacia uaryofiTad fasdeba da sazogadoeba cdilobs

84

warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romlis filosofiur-mxatvrulma koncefciam

sruliad gadaasxvafera msoflios mTliani literaturuli procesebi~1. mecnierebi

miuTiTeben axali tipis mxatvruli azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze, romelic aRniSnulia

`metisurobis~, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi aRmosavleTis yofnis niSniT2. magaliTad,

inglisur literaturul premiebs xSirad iReben inglisurenovani ucxoeli mwerlebi,

frangul literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arabuli warmoSobis avtorebi.

erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTis mier evropuli literaturuli sivrceebis dapyrobis

tendencia zogadad mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis mkveTri

maxasiaTebelia. sul raRac erTi saukunis win ki gansxvaveba aRmosavlur da dasavlur

azrovnebas Soris imdenad didi iyo, rom pirveli Cineli da iaponeli mTargmnelebi ki

ar Targmnidnen, TiTqmis Tavidan werdnen evropul romanebs3.

aRniSnuli procesi mxolod literaturis sferos ar exeba.

TviT kulturuli konvergenciis Teoriis momxreebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom

mimdinareobs kulturis globaluri homogenizacia transnacionalur korporaciaTa

zegavleniT (`koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~ da sxv.), aRniSnaven, rom `msoflio

produqciis~ mwarmoebel korporaciaTa saqmianoba warmatebulia imdenad, ramdenadac

isini adaptirdebian adgilobriv kulturasTan. ìmportior~ qveynebSi dasavluri

dawesebulebani Tu moxmarebis saSualebani sxva socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul

funqciebs asruleben, vidre samSobloSi. `sonis~ prezidentma akio moritam am

procesis aRsaniSnavad SemogvTavaza termini `glokalizacia~ (globalizacia+lo-

kalizacia), anu òrive mxares yureba~4.

mecnierebi saubroben kardinalur mijnaze, romelsac miadga kacobrioba da

romlis iqiT istoria, rogorc Cans, kalapots icvlis. `dominirebadma civilizaciam

Zlierebis piks miaRwia da globaluri gaxda, magram igi namdvil sulier katastrofas

ganicdis. qristianuli kultura — am supercivilizaciis macocxlebeli wyaro —

TandaTan adgils uTmobs axal realiebs, cnobierebis organizaciis sxva formebs,~ —

wers a.neklesa5.

2001 wlis miwuruls gamoqveynda ukiduresi memarjvene amerikeli politikosis

patrik biukenanis wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `dasavleTis sikvdili: rogor

emuqreba Cvens saxelmwifosa da civilizacias mosaxleobis kleba da imigrantTa

Semosevebi~ (Patrick J.Buchanan. The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization). sxvaTa Soris, am wignis publikacia 11

seqtembris teraqtebis gamo gadaido, Tumca igi jer kidev zafxulSi mzad iyo

gamosacemad. avtori dasavluri samyarosa da, kerZod, aSS-saTvis friad samwuxaro

samomavlo perspeqtivas xatavs: 2050 wlisaTvis aSS mesamexarisxovan qveynad

gadaiqceva, evropis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisa da iaponelebis ricxvi katastrofulad

daiklebs, sabolood ki, isini sulac gaqrebian aziisa da afrikis muslimuri qveynebis

demografiuli Semotevis Sedegad. ganaxldeba islamis zewola evropis qveynebze, rac

ukve iyo istoriaSi, magram misi Sedegebi amjerad gacilebiT tragikuli iqneba

evropelTaTvis. arc ruseTis momavali esaxeba biukenans naTel ferebSi: CineTi

gandevnis mas cimbiridan da Soreuli aRmosavleTidan, muslimuri samyaro ki _

kavkasiidan da centraluri aziidan. qristianTa _ kaTolikeTa, protestantTa da

1 ebraliZe T. or kulturas Soris. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba” (saliteraturo CanarTi gazeTisa “axali epoqa”),

23 (49), 8-15 ivnisi, 2001, gv.3. 2 Прожогина С.В. Литература магрибинцев во Франции: продолжение диалога культур Востока и Запада. – В кн.: Восток-

Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998, с.178. 3 ebraliZe T. dasax naSr., gv.3. 4 Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура.- В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000, с.322. 5 Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.74.

37

marTlmadidebelTa _ ricxvi TandaTan Semcirdeba. erT-erT TavSi _ àmerikis

deqristianizacia~ _ biukenani dasavleTis qveynebis demografiuli krizisis mTavar

mizezad qristianuli sarwmunoebis daqveiTebas miiCnevs da acxadebs, rom ukve isaxeba

axali aTeisturi civilizacia, romelic safuZvels uryevs dasavlur kulturas.

globalistebi msoflios kulturul gaerTgvarovnebasa da inglisuri enis

sayovelTao gavrcelebas winaswarmetyveleben. òri-sami Taobis Semdeg sazogadoebis

mxolod yvelaze gaunaTlebel wevrebs ar ecodinebaT inglisuri... Tqveni ena xdeba

raRac, razec ilaparakeben saxlSi, megobrebis wreSi, is, garkveulwilad, kulturuli

dialeqti iqneba da ara komunikaciis mTavari saSualeba~, _ ambobs inglisuri

literaturis amerikeli mkvlevari j.benseni1. am mtkicebis sapirispirod, isev

lingvistebi miuTiTeben, rom rac ufro meti sxvadasxva erovnebis adamiani miiRebs

monawileobas inglisuri enis funqcionirebaSi, miT meti leqsikuri erTeuli Seva masSi

sxva enebidan, gaCndeba gramatikuli inovaciebi, Seiqmneba inglisuri enis sxvadasxva

versia da maTze mosaubreebs sul ufro metad gauWirdebaT erTmaneTis gageba.

dasavlel mkvlevarTa nawili (e.gelneri da sxv.) aRniSnavs, rom samecniero da

teqnikuri codna SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos individTa mier yoveldRiur praqtikaSi,

ise, rom ar gamomdinareobdes misi kulturidan, ar warmoadgendes misi kulturis

nawils. Semecnebis xerxi ar emyareba religias, kulturas, civilizaciur

Rirebulebebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qimiuri formulebi an planetaTa ganlagebis

codna ar gvixsnis, rogor vicxovroT, rogor aRvzardoT bavSvebi, Tayvani vceT

RmerTebs. mravalma aradasavlurma kulturam SeiZleba aiTvisos mecnierebis

Tanamedrove Sexedulebani, Semecnebisa da marTvis racionaluri meTodebi, dasavlur

civilizaciad transformirebis gareSe2.

jer kidev a.toinbi miuTiTebda, rom erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT socialuri

cxovrebis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi, romelTagan pirvel

ors Seexo unifikacia (da ara erToba), mesame ki, gacilebiT ufro Rrma da

fundamenturia, vidre pirveli ori.

globalistTa da kulturuli pluralizmis momxreTa kamaTSi gaCnda msoflios

kulturuli momavlis kidev erTi, ase vTqvaT, neitraluri versia — kulturis

kreolizaciis Teoria, romlis avtoria martinikeli frangulenovani mwerali,

mTargmneli da filosofosi eduard glisani. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierT-

Sexvedrasa da SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis arsebobis axal formas. msoflioSi

arsebul situacias igi aRniSnavs terminiT `kreolizacia~; misi azriT, es aris mudmivi

procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis warmoSobas. unda

SeveguoT im azrs, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, amasTan, arc erTi

mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas da ar gaiTqvifeba kulturul magmaSi, _ wers

glisani. igi Tvlis, rom siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ara aqvT arc

koloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebad

eSiniaT `statusis~ gaqrobis an dakargvisa. erT-erT aseT regionad igi karibis

kunZulebs miiCnevs, sadac, misi azriT, gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba urTierTobaTa

Tanamedrove modelebi, arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da erTobis mZlavri

potenciali. amdenad, karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva, Tumca

kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. kacobriobis arsebobis

1 wiklauri m., edilaSvili m. dedamiwa arasodes iqneba nacrisferi. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, Tb., 2001, 16

(40), gv.3. 2 Левашова А.В. Современная международная система: глобализация или вестернизация. – В журн.: Социально-

гуманитарные знания, М., 2000, № 1, с.264.

38

sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTiani da gansxvavebuli samyaro, romelic

ganfenilia dedamiwis sxvadasxva teritoriaze _ CineTi CineTSi, CineTi amerikaSi,

CineTi ruseTis teritoriaze. es gamowveva ufro did problemebs jerjerobiT

dasavleTis qveynebs uqmnis.

zemoT warmodgenili analizis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia garkveuli daskvnebis

gakeTeba.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. misi proeqtireba

Tavdapirvelad moxda dasavleTSi. globalizacia ar warmoadgens dasavleTis,

konkretulad amerikis samoqmedo gegmas. igi bunebrivad warmoSobili procesia.

msoflioSi mimdinare modernizaciis procesma, romlis saTavec dasavleTi iyo,

ganviTarebis garkveul dones miaRwia. msoflio Zalzed mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels

daemsgavsa, sadac yovel mosaxles urTierTTan aqvs kontaqti. mWidro kontaqtma

gamoaaSkarava sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. daingra miTi dasavluri

modernizaciis, rogorc ganviTarebis erTaderTi aucilebeli pirobis Sesaxeb.

globalizacia araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba sazogadoebaTa mier. igi yvela doneze

misaRebia iseTi kulturebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT warsuli, es is kulturebia,

romlebic axla yalibdebian, amitom maTTvis advilia yovelive axlis miReba.

globalizacia miuRebelia kulturebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT warsuli, is, rac

Seqmnilia maT mier, raSic warmodgenilia maTi suli, cnobiereba, mentaliteti. radgan

kulturebi, romelTac dRes globalur, viwro samyaroSi uwevT arseboba da aqvT

Zalzed mWidro kontaqtebi, odesRac erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad Camoyalibdnen.

maT TanamedroveobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierToba daiwyes maSin, rodesac

warmoadgendnen zrdasrul erTobebs. anu is, rac ganapirobebda maT qcevas,

Camoyalibda manamde, sanam erTmaneTs safuZvlianad gaicnobdnen. es pirveladoba

sayuradReboa, radgan erT kulturas ar SeuZlia raime cvlileba Seitanos meore

kulturis siRrmiseul, pirvelad SreSi. Tanamedrove etapze mWidro urTierTkavSiri

da Sexeba ki ar aaxlovebs kulturebs, aramed aRrmavebs maT Soris arsebul

gansxvavebebs.

globalizacia mravalmxrivi procesia. Tu Tavdapirvelad gamowvevebi mxolod

dasavleTidan momdinareobda, Tanamedrove etapze mas aradasavluri kulturebic

qmnian. da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ukve saubaria aradasavluri kulturebis mier

ganxorcielebul kontrSetevebze.

saqarTvelo globalur procesebSi maSin Caeba, rodesac TiTqmis gamoxatuli iyo

konturebi, Tu sad gamoCndeboda globalizaciis ZiriTadi da mZlavri mowina-

aRmdegeebi. Cven SevecadeT, msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da kulturebis

warmomadgenel inteleqtualTa mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriebisa da mosazrebebis

saSualebebiT garkveuli warmodgena Segveqmna globalizaciisadmi saerTo damoki-

debulebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT zogadad ramdenime

mimarTuleba, romelTa CarCoebSic gavanawilebT kulturis globalizaciis mimarT

sazogadoebaTa damokidebulebebs:

1. globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa;

2. adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Secvla;

3. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis Tanaarseboba sagrZnobi da mkveTri Serevis

gareSe;

4. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturebis TaviseburebaTa sinTezi.

Zalzed sainteresoa, Tu romeli maTgania saqarTvelosaTvs misaRebi. didi sja-

baasi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia istoriuli wasuli, tradiciebi, saerTod

TviTmyofadi kultura, ar aris saWiro. warsulis mqone kulturebisaTvis globaluri

83

organizaciis Sesaxeb, sadac sruliad gansxvavebuli urTierToba iqneba centrsa da

periferias Soris; yvela iqneba erTsa da imave dros centric da periferiac.

rogorc aqedan Cans, globalizacia misaRebia imisaTvis, visac ar gaaCnia sakuTari,

ukve mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi kultura. magram is, vinc amgvari

kulturis warmomadgenelia, ewinaaRmdegeba am process.

Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriebis avtorebi aradasavluri samyaros

warmomadgenlebi arian. yoveli maTgani aRiarebs globaluri kulturis aRmavlobas;

aqedan gamomdinare, isini cdiloben, moZebnon Tanamedrove procesebTan Segueba-

morigebis saSualebebi. samive maTgani kargad icnobs dasvalur kulturas, amitom

maTTvis advili dasanaxia sakuTar da ucxo kulturas Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, Tu

msgavseba. Tumca, rig semTxvevebSi, maTi Sexedulebani ufro dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~

pasuxia, vidre realobis obieqturi Sefaseba.

rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturis roli ufro da ufro

izrdeba. unda iTqvas, rom Tavad kulturis xasiaTi ganapirobebs sazogadoebis

damokidebulebas globalizaciis mimarT. kerZod, zemoT moyvanili Teoriebis

mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli inteleqtualebi sxvadasxvagvar

saxels arqmeven kulturis globalizaciis process: globaluri kulturis

gavrceleba, makdonaldizacia, koka-kolonizacia, hamburgerizacia, fast-fudizacia,

vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, kreolizacia _ yvela es aris sxvadsxvagvari axsna,

gageba msoflioSi mimdinare erTi procesisa, romelsac yvelaze zogadad

globalizacia ewodeba globalizaciis process sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, xolo is, Tu

ras daarqmevs mas sazogadoeba, gamoxatavs konkretuli sazogadoebis

damokidebulebas procesisadmi. glisanis mier SemoTavazebuli cneba `kreolizacia~

ar aRniSnavs mxolod karibis kunZulebze mimdinare process. es mxolod

damokidebulebaa mis mimarT: xalxi, visac ar gaaCnia Rrma istoriuli warsuli da

tradiciebi, umtkivneulod miiRebs globalur kulturas da moxdeba sazogadoebis

modernizeba. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili gansazRvreba Seiqmna da Camoyalibda

globalizaciis gamowvevebisa da masze gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegad.

rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis gamowvevebma ganapiroba kulturebis mier

sakuTari `fesvebisaken~ mibruneba, lokalizeba kulturuli niSniT. sazogadoebaTa

Soris axlo da mudmivma urTierTobebma ufro naTelyo maT Soris arsebuli

gansxvavebebi, ramac ganapiroba sakuTari kulturis maxasiaTebelTa sistematizacia

da mkveTrad gansazRvra, ise, rogorc es afrikuli kulturis magaliTze l.sengorma

gaakeTa. l.sengors axali araferi uTqvams, ubralod axleburad, sistemuri saxiT

warmoadgina afrikuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebi da misi gansxvaveba dasavluri

kulturisagan.

lokalizacia ganapirobebs kulturuli niSniT msoflios mravalpolusianobas.

msoflio sazogadoebaSi Tanaarseboben originaluri kulturebi. sazRvrebis

gafermkrTalebam, Sor manZilze mgzavrobis problemis moxsnam, mudmivi kontaqtis

saSualebebma ganapiroba is, rom adamiani sakuTar kulturul centrs aRar scildeba,

miuxedavad fizikuri daSorebisa, mas sakuTar saxlTan mudmivi da uwyveti kontaqti

aqvs; es ki adamianebs kulturuli asimilaciisgan icavs. magaliTad, amerikaSi, kerZod,

niu-iorkSi dasaxlebuli Cinelebis erTi nawili ise amTavrebs cxovrebas, rom

inglisuri enis swavlac ki ar sWirdeba, radgan Cinur samyaros ar scdeba, miuxedavad

imisa, rom SesaZloa mTeli amerika moiaros. globalizacia qmnis erT metad aqtualur

gamowvevas, es aris multikulturalizmi; anu sazogadoeba, qveyana warmodgenili

iqneba multikulturuli erTobiT. magaliTad, CineTi aris ara marto geografiul

sazRvrebSi moqceuli politikur-ekonomikuri erTeuli, aramed warmosaxviTi

82

Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebis

winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben1.

mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebis mqone qveynebi da xalxebi ki

cdiloben, TavianTi misia sxvagvarad dainaxon da daasabuTon. Cexi mwerali m.kundera

aRniSnavs: `me vxedav patara xalxebis istoriul misias Tanamedrove msoflioSi,

romelic didi saxelmwifoebis anabaraa darCenili, es ukanasknelni ki cdiloben mis

`gamoWras~ sakuTar Targze. patara xalxebi, mudmivad eZieben ra sakuTar saxes da

ibrZvian TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis, xels uwyoben imas, rom msoflio win

aRudges saSinel unifikacias, SeinarCunos tradiciaTa siWrele da cxovrebis wesis

mravalferovneba, adamians ki gaaCndes samSoblos jadosnuri grZnoba~2.

amerikanizaciis formiT mimdinare globalizaciis process SeSfoTebiT adevneben

Tvals TviT dasavluri samyaros warmomadgenlebic. XX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

aSS wamoayena kulturul RirebulebaTa Tavisufali gacvlis idea, rasac didi kamaTi

mohyva. safrangeTi da kanada SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom maT emuqreboda

amerikuli kulturuli produqciiT walekvisa da amerikuli cxovrebis wesis

moZalebis safrTxe. 1993 w. evrokavSirma, safrangeTis winadadebiT, uari Tqva

Tavisufal gacvlaze kulturis sferoSi.

`Cven globalizaciis atmosferoSi vcxovrobT, rac ganapirobebs ideaTa

standartizaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas — pirvel rigSi, amerikuli

modelis Sesabamisad.кшyvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia sakuTari istoria, tradiciebi, ena,

filosofia da religia, SeSfoTebulia aRniSnuli tendenciiT, _ werda

evroparlamentSi safrangeTis deputati katrin lalumieri3. msoflios

standartizaciis perspeqtivis sapirispirod, sul ufro mets laparakoben

kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.

mkvlevarTa azriT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pluralistur `samyaroTa samyaroSi~

iarsebebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime civilizaciur-kulturuli centri, romelTa

urTierTobaSi gaCndeba problema erTi, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli simboloTa

enidan sxva kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa somboloebis enebze Targmnisa. s.hanTin-

gtonis sityviT, Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluri

civilizacia da TiToeul arsebul civilizacias mouwevs sxvebTan Tanaarseboba.

kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Tanaarsebobis perspeqtiva gansakuTrebiT

mtkivneul Temad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg, romlebic

Sefasebul iqna rogorc ori planetis Sejaxeba erT planetaze, civilizaciaTa adre

nawinaswarmetyvelevi Sejaxeba, modernis Sejaxeba aramodernTan da winaremodernTan,

romlis aRmsrulebelni TviT modernis iaraRebs iyenebdnen da maT modernisave

winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. dasavleli mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom es Tavzardamcemi

qmedeba biZgs miscems sxvagvari msoflios Seqmnas, romelSic sivrciTi da droiTi

kulturebi aRar moindomeben erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. es axali msoflio aRar iqneba

martooden droiTi kulturis sul ufro mzardi da mZlavri aRmavlobis imedze _ im

kulturisa, romelic gamanadgureblad moqmedebs sivrciT kulturebze4.

1 Культурная креолизация мира. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.39. 2 ix.: Хольцер Я. Была или не была? (Существовала или нет центральная Европа: чешские споры о центральноевропейской

ментальности малого народа). – В журн.: Политическая наука, № 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.76.

3 Лялюмьер К. Борьба за культурное многообразие. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.25.

4 Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.

39

Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

erT-erTi etapi

am etapze dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT modernizaciis im gagebas, romlis mixedviT

modernizacia dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli

etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic

unda ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am

civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo kavSirSi.

aqve SevexebiT dasavleTSi modernuli sazogadoebis damkvidrebis istoriul

peripetiebs, visaubrebT winamorbedi istoriuli realobis Sesaxeb, modernizacias

ganvixilavT, rogorc dasavluri tradiciis gagrZelebas, dasavluri sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps.

dasavleTi da modernizacia

universaluri civilizaciis gaCenis SesaZleblobis mesame da yvelaze farTod

gavrcelebuli argumenti mdgomareobs wamodgenaSi, rom igi aris modernizaciis

yovlismomcveli procesis Sedegi, romelic jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi daiwyo.

modernizacia moicavs industrializacias, urbanizacias, wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa

mzard procents, ganaTlebas, simdidres da socialur mobilurobas, samuSao

adgilebis gamravalferovnebas da daxvewas. swored XVIII saukuneSi dawyebuli

samecniero da teqnologiuri codnis uzarmazari eqspansiis Sedegia is, rom dRes

SegviZlia vakontroloT da CamovayaliboT Cveni garemo sruliad axali saxiT.

modernizacia revoluciuri procesia, romelic mxolod sazogadoebebis

primitiulidan civilizebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas Tu SegviZlia SevadaroT, anu

calkeuli civilizaciebis gaCenas tigrosisa da evfratis auzebSi, nilosisa da indis

xeobebSi 5000 wlis win. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi, codna

da kultura didad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan. dasavleTi pirveli

modernizda da modernuli kulturis aTvisebis avangardSia. vinaidan sxva

sazogadoebebi iTviseben ganaTlebis, muSaobis, simdidrisa da klasobrivi

organizaciis msgavs formebs, aqedan momdinareobs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom

dasavluri kultura universalur msoflio kulturad iqceva. is, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs modernul da tradiciul kulturebs

Soris kamaTs aRar iwvevs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos modernuli

kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTs ufro hgvanan, vidre tradiciuli

kulturis matarebeli xalxebi. ra Tqma unda, samyaro, sadac zogierTi sazogadoeba

maRal doneze modernizebulia, xolo sxvebi _ kvlav tradiciuli, ufro naklebad

erTgvarovania, vidre samyaro, romlis yvela sazogadoeba SedarebiT Tanabrad

modernizebulia. magram raRa vuyoT im samyaros, sadac yvela sazogadoeba

tradiciuli iyo? aseTi samyaro xom ramdenime aseuli wlis win arsebobda. iyo igi

naklebad homogenuri, vidre, rogorc fiqroben, iqneba sayovelTaod modernizebuli

momavali msoflio? albaT, ara. `minis (dinastiis) CineTi... ueWvelad, ufro axlos iyo

valuas (danastiis) safrangeTTan~, ambobda brodeli, `vidre mao Ze dunis CineTi _

mexuTe respublikis safrangeTTan.~ da mainc, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc modernuli sazogadoebebi ufro SeiZleba

erTmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. pirveli mizezia

intensiuri urTierTqmedeba modernul sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, SeiZleba, ver

warmoSobs saerTo kulturas, magram aadvilebs mokle droSi teqnikis, gamogonebebis,

Cveulebebis gadacemas erTi sazogadoebidan meoreSi, Tanac im doniT, romliTac es

40

rogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisaTvis warmoadgens multikulturuli

msoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis saSualebas, rac misTvis misaRebia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasavleTis mxridan gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mcire sazogadoebebisa da

kulturebis interesebic.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globali-

zaciis procesi kulturaTa Serevas niSnavs da es procesi maTTvis ar warmoadgens

raime saSiSroebas, piriqiT _ maTTvis globalizaciis gamowvevebi misaRebia;

eduard glisani _ martinikeli mwerali da filosofosi _ kulturis

`kreolizaciis~ Teoriis avtoria. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierTSexvedrasa da

SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis axal formas, damyarebuls sakuTar tradiciebsa da

fesvebze, oRond gamdidrebuls sxva xalxTa kulturuli tradiciebiT. misTvis

amosavalia ùrTierTobis~ cneba, romelic upirispirdeba kulturul dominirebas an

multikulturas (es ukanaskneli kulturul mravalferovnebas enacvleba).

ramdenime wlis win gamoqveynda misi romani `sartoriusi~, romelic batatus toms

exeba. es aris Tanamedrove igavi aradominirebaze. Tumca batatus xalxis arseboba

drosa da sivrceSi mkafiodaa gansazRvruli (Zv.w. 500 weli, centraluri afrika),

magram batatu miTiuri tomia. msoflios sWirdeba aseTi miTi, radgan batatu im xalxis

gansaxierebaa, romelsac ar surs iyos nimuSi sxvebisaTvis da mimarTavs maT ara

dasamorCileblad, aramed TanaarsebobisaTvis.

ùrTierToba~, ~kreolizacia~, ~universaloba~ _ es cnebebi urTierTSemavsebelia.

ùniversaloba~ _ esaa Tanamedrove msoflio mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT da qaosiT.

qaosi ubralod uwesrigoba ki ar aris, aramed movlenaTa gansazRvrisa da msoflios

gonivruli marTvis SeuZleblobaa. ùrTierToba~ aRniSnavs, pirvel rigSi, movlenaTa

transversalur, da ara mizez-Sedegobriv Tanafardobas.

mwerali gadaWriT ilaSqrebs terminis `kreoluri kultura~ winaaRmdeg. misi

azriT, situacias msoflioSi gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba termini `kreolizacia~. es

aris mudmivi procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis

warmoSobas. `kreoluri kultura~ ki is terminia, romelsac multilingvizmi da

multieTnikuri sawyisi dogmisa da nimuSis rangSi ayavs, amitom igi miuRebelia

avtorisaTvis, romelic yovelgvari nimuSis winaaRmdegia.

SekiTxvaze, xom ar niSnavs `msoflio qaosis~ pozitiuri mniSvnelobiT xmareba imis

daviwyebas, rom qaosi iwvevs urTierTobis gawyvetas da babilonis godolis Senebas,

mwerali pasuxobs: me vgulisxmob, rom Cven ar SegviZlia dagegmva da ganWvreta. Cvenma

Carevam samyaro ufro rTuli gaxada. amieridan Cven xeli unda aviRoT msoflios

marTvis ambiciur survilze. unda SeveguoT im azrsac, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan

Sexvedris Sedegad. amasTan, arc erTi da arc meore mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas

da ar gaiTqvifeba multikulturul magmaSi. es yvelaferi Znelad gaiazreba da kidev

ufro Znelad xorcieldeba, magram swored es udebs zRvars `msoflio qaoss~.

mwerlis azriT, karibis kunZulebi is regionia, sadac gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba

urTierTobaTa Tanamedrove modelebi. aq arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da

erTobis mZlavri potenciali. karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva. Tumca

kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. mwerali Tvlis, rom kacobriobis

arsebobis Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebic

winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben.

e.glisanis azriT, siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ar aqvT arc


eSiniaT statusis gaqrobis an dakargvisa. Cven unda SeveCvioT azrs msoflios aseTi

81

cxovrebis ufro maRal donemde, sruliad ar aris calsaxad dasavleTis sasargeblo,

meores mxriv ki, is Rirebulebebi, romliTac ase amayobs dasavleTi, sulac ar aris

dasavluri warmoSobis, an kidev aRmosavleTSi dasavleTze adre damkvidrda.

rogorc vxedavT, am ori avtorisaTvis cxovrebis mxolod dasavluri stili

misaRebi ar aris, isini upiratesobas afrikuls aniWeben, miuxedavad imisa, rom

cxovrebis ekonomikuri done dasavleTSi gacilebiT maRalia. swored es ganasxvavebs

kulturebs, msoflaRqmebs. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva moments ayenebs win.

erT-erTi mosazreba SemogvTavaza pakistanelma mecnierma muhamed tahir-al-

qadrim statiaSi `kulturis globalizacia?~ al-qadri kulturuli integraciis

momxrea, xolo amosavali wertili aris is, rom arsebobs zogadsakacobrio faseulo-

bani, esenia: warmatebisa da miRwevebis standartebi, moqmedeba da muSaoba, materi-

aluri komforti, praqtikuloba da efeqturoba, mecniereba da teqnologia, Tavi-

sufleba da individualuri arCevani, individualuri iniciativa da sxva elementebi,

anu saSualeba kulturaTa Soris dialogis gamarTvisa, radgan al-qadris azriT,

kulturuli urTierTqmedebis miRweva maT Soris dialogis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tumca

amas esaWiroeba umravlesobis da umciresobis mxridan integraciisaTvis garemos

Seqmna. aq Tavdapirveli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba umravlesobas.

kulturuli urTierTqmedebis safuZvelia kulturuli Riaoba. Cven mzad unda

viyoT yvela kulturaSi arsebuli problemebis, prioritetebisa da moTxovnebis

mosmenisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, es kultura umravlesobis saxiTaa warmodgenili, Tu

romelime eTnikuri umciresobis kuTvnileba, acxadebs al-qadri.

amis Semdgom al-qadri saubrobs muslimuri da dasavluri sazogadoebis

msgavsebaze. avtonomia, ganaTleba, sicocxlisunarianoba, morali, sulieri kmayo-

fileba, samuSao eTika, socialuri harmonia, globaluri perspeqtivebi da ekologiuri

cvlilebebi _ es is ZiriTadi safuZvlebia, romlebzec, misi TqmiT, SeiZleba

multikulturalizmis damyareba. adamianTa uflebebi kidev erTi faqtoria, romelsac

kulturi globalizaciis procesi SeiZleba daefuZnos. islami aris fuZemdebeli da

saukeTeso mxardamWeri adamianTa uflebebisa da demokratiisa, acxadebs, al-qadri.

misi TqmiT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania kulturaTa Soris arsebul msgavsebebze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba, da, amave dros, gansxvavebebis realisturi da demokratiuli

Sefaseba. ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis xelovnurad miReba.

rogorc Cans, al-qadri ukmayofiloa islamisadmi dasavleTis damokidebulebiT.

dasavlur sazogadoebas ar aqvs islamis WeSmariti suraTi. is icnobs mxolod

dRevandel Sexedulebas, romelic misive mediiTaa miwodebuli. swored esaa imis

mizezi, rom nebismieri mcireodeni incindenti, romlisganac negatiuri daskvna

SeiZleba iyos gamotanili, gaSuqebulia da propagandirebulia mediiT da mis irgvliv

farTo debatebi imarTeba, maSin rodesac, aTasobiT pozitiuri faqtori uaryofilia

da amis Sedegad SeuZlebelia xidis gadeba kulturebs Soris.

am msjelobaze dayrdnobiT, al-qadri acxadebs, rom kulturuli mravalferov-

nebisa da realuri integraciis naklebobis asaxsnelad eTnocentrizmi ar gamodgeba.

eTnocentrizmi _ es aris sxva kulturis gansja sakuTari standartebiT. arc

unikulturalizmi gadawyvets am sakiTxs, ramdenadac is yvela eTnikur kulturas erT

mTlianobad aqcevs.

am problemis gadawyveta sami mimarTulebiTaa saZiebeli.

esenia:

1. multikulturalizmi;

2. pluralizmi;

3. globalizacia.

80

warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi. meore mizezi isaa, rom tradiciuli

sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, modernuli sazogadoeba ki

mrewvelobaze, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes meurneobis sistemas _ xelosnobidan

dawyebuli, klasikuri mZime mrewvelobis gavliT, rTul teqnologiebze damyarebuli

industriiT damTavrebuli. soflis meurneobis sistema da misi Tanamdevi socialuri

struqtura ufro damokidebulia bunebriv garemoze, vidre mrewvelobis sistema. igi

icvleba niadagisa da klimatis mixedviT da SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis flobis,

sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da xelisuflebis sxvadasxva formis warmoSoba. vitfogelis

hidravlikuri civilizaciis Teoriis miuxedavad, soflis meurneoba, romelic

damokidebulia masStaburi sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobasa da funqciobaze, xels

uwyobs centralizebuli da biurokratiuli politikuri xelisuflebis warmoSobas.

sxvanairad ar xdeba. mdidari niadagi da kargi klimati xSirad xels uwyobs masiuri

saplantacio meurnebis gaCaRebas da misi Tanamdevi socialuri wyobis Camoyalibebas,

romelic moicavs mdidari miwaTmflobelebis mcirericxovan da plantaciaSi momuSave

glexebis, monebis Tu ymebis did fenas. masStaburi soflis meurneobis porobebSi

SeiZleba gaCndes damoukidebel glexTa sazogadoeba. mokled, sasoflo-sameurneo

sazogadoebebSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi garemoTi.

mrewveloba naklebadaa damokidebuli bunebriv garemoze. industriul organizaciaSi

arsebuli gansxvavebebi ki ufro kulturasa da socialur wyobaSi arsebuli sxvaobebiT

unda iyos gamowveuli, vidre geografiuli mizezebiT; aqedan pirveli SeiZleba

gardaiqmnas, magram ukanaskneli _ arasdros. maSasadame, modernul sazogadoebebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram arian ki isini

aucileblad erTgvarovanni? am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs mosaz-

rebidan, rom modernuli sazogadoeba unda daemsgavsos mxolod erT — dasavlur

models, rom modernuli civilizacia igive dasavluri civilizaciaa. Tumca, es

savsebiT mcdari msjelobaa. dasavluri civilizacia warmoiSva VIII-IX saukuneebSi da

Tavisi individualuri niSan-Tvisebebi Semdgom saukuneebSi SeiZina. misi modernizeba

moxda arauadres XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. dasavleTi dasavleTs warmoadgenda

gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre igi modernuli gaxdeboda. dasavleTis mTavari niSan-

Tvisebebi, romlebic mas sxva civilizaciebisgan ganarCeven, win uswrebs dasavleTis

modernizacias. ra niSan-Tvisebebi hqonda dasavlur sazogadoebas aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,

sanam is modernizdeboda? sxvadasxva mecnierma sxvadasxvanairi pasuxi gasca am

kiTxvas, isini gansxvavdebian detalebSi, magram aRiareben ZiriTadi institutebis,

Cveulebebis da rwmena-warmodgenebis erTobliobas, romlebic savsebiT kanon-

zomierad SeiZleba miviCnioT dasavluri civilizaciis safuZvlad. esenia: klasikuri memkvidreoba. rogorc mesame Taobis civilizaciam, dasavleTma bevri

ram SeiTvisa winamorbedi civilizaciebisgan, gansakuTrebiT ki, klasikuri

civilizaciisagan. klasikuri civilizaciis memkvidreoba mravalferovania: berZnuli

filosofia da racionalizmi, romauli samarTali, laTinuri ena da qristianoba.

muslimurma da marTlmadideblurma civilizaciebmac bevri ram aiTvises klasikuri

civilizaciisagan, magram Seudareblad naklebi, vidre dasavleTma. kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi. dasavluri qristianoba _ Tavdapirvelad

kaTolicizmi, Semdeg kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi _ warmoadgenen dasavluri

civilizaciis istoriulad umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels. Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis

mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze is, rac dasavluri civilizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,

dasavleT saqristianod iwodeboda; arsebobda erTobis kargad ganviTarebuli grZnoba

dasavleTis qristian xalxebs Soris, romlis meSveobiT isini Tavs ganasxvavebdnen

41

Turqebis, mavrebis, bizantielebisa da sxvebisagan; swored RvTisa da oqros

gulisaTvis gavidnen dasavlelebi kontinentidan msoflios dasapyrobad XVI

saukuneSi. reformacia da kontrreformacia, dasavleT saqristianos gayofa

protestantul CrdiloeTad da kaTolikur samxreTad dasavleTis istoriis aseve

gansakuTrebuli Strixia, romelic sruliad ucxo iyo aRmosavluri

orTodoqsiisaTvis da saerTod ar arsebobda laTinuri amerikis sinamdvileSi. evropuli enebi. ena, religiis Semdeg, rigiT meore, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

faqtoria, romelic erTi kulturis xalxs meorisgan ganasxvavebs. dasavleTi sxva

civilizaciaTa umravlesobisagan gamoirCeva enebis mravalricxovnebiT. hindi,

mandarini, rusuli da TviT arabuli TavTavianTi civilizaciebis ZiriTad enebad arian

miCneuli. dasavleTma memkvidreobiT laTinuri miiRo, magram erebis Camoyalibebis

kvalobaze warmoiSva erovnuli enebic, romlebic romanul da germanul enaTa vrcel

jgufebSi moeqcnen. XVI saukunisaTvis maT, ZiriTadad, miiRes TavianTi dRevandeli

saxe. sasuliero da saero xelisuflebis gayofa. dasavleTis mTeli istoriis manZilze

eklesia, Semdeg ki eklesiebi, saxelmwifosagan gancalkevebiT idga. RmerTi da keisari,

eklesia da saxelmwifo, sasuliero avtoriteti da amqveyniuri Zalaufleba

gamokveTil dualizmad gvevlineba dasavlur kulturaSi. mxolod indur

civilizaciaSi Tu iyo religia da politika ase gamokveTilad gamijnuli

erTmaneTisagan. islamSi RmerTi keisaria, CineTsa da iaponiaSi keisari RmerTia;

marTlmadideblobaSi RmerTi keisris umcrosi partnioria. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

gamijvna da maTi perioduli dapirispireba, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia

dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis, sxva erTobebSi ar fiqsirdeba. Zalauflebebis aseTma

gamijvnam, udavod, didi biZgi misca dasavleTSi Tavisuflebis ideis ganviTarebas. kanonis batonoba civilizebul cxovrebaSi kanonis uzenaesoba romaelebisgan

miRebuli memkvidreobaa. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma SeimuSaves bunebiTi

samarTlis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monarqebs eniWebodaT Zalauflebis

ganxorcielebis ufleba, risi Sedegicaa inglisSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis tradiciis

Camoyalibeba. XVI da XVII saukuneebSi, absolutizmis batonobisas, kanonis uzenaesoba

ufro irRveoda, vidre daculi iyo, magram idea xelisuflebis damorCilebisa gare

SezRudvebisadmi ZalaSi rCeboda: `Non sub homine sed sub Deo et lege~ (àra kacis, aramed

RvTisa da kanonis qveSevrdomoba~). kanonis uzenaesobis tradiciam safuZveli Cauyara

konstitucionalizmsa da adamianis uflebebs, maT Soris, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas,

ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. sxva civilizaciaTa umravlesobaSi kanoni gacilebiT

nakleb rols TamaSobda cnobierebisa da qceves CamoyalibebaSi.

.

socialuri pluralizmi. tradiciulad, dasavluri sazogadoeba pluralisturi

iyo. rogorc doiCi SeniSnavda, dasavleTs gamoarCevs `sxvadasxva avtonomiuri jgufis

arseboba da simyare, romlebic ar arian damyarebuli sisxlismier naTesaobaze an

qorwinebaze~. VI da VII saukuneebidan dawyebuli, aseT jgufebs Tavdapirvelad

warmoadgendnen monastrebi, samonastro ordenebi, gildiebi, SemdgomSi evropis

araerT kuTxeSi maT moicves mravali sxvadasxva gaerTianeba da sazogadoeba.

gaerTianebaTa pluralizms SemdgomSi klasobrivi pluralizmi daemata. dasavleT

evropuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi arsebobda SedarebiT Zlieri da

damoukidebeli aristokratia, soliduri fena glexobis saxiT da mcirericxovani,

magram mniSvnelovani klasi vaWrebisa. evropul sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi

feodaluri arsitokratiis Zliereba mTavari mizezi iyo imisa, rom iq absolutizmis

fexis mokideba SeuZlebeli xdeboda. evropuli pluralizmis gageba diametrulad

sapirisporoa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saRaribis, aristokratiis sisustisa da

42

araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcelebasac. magram iqidan Semosuli maskulturis

nimuSTa niaRvari masSi vrceldeba, Cveni kulturis nimuSebi ki mxolod Zalian viwro

momxmarebels miewodeba.

kulturaTa Soris urTierTobaSi did rols TamaSoben pirovnebebi, romelTa

biografias SesaZloa ewodos globaluri, radgan arseboben adamianebi, romlebic

ibadebian erT sazogadoebaSi, ganaTlebas iReben sxvagan, sxva qveyanaSi qmnian ojaxs da

ase Semdeg. maTi cxovreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, transnacionaluria. zemoT Cven ganvixileT

globaluri kulturis gavrcelebis saSualebebi. davosuri kultura da

inteleqtualTa saklubo kultura xels uwyobs pirovnebis biografiis globalizebas.

biznesmenebs, sagareo uwyebis TanamSromlebs, diplomatebs, saerTaSoriso safinanso

Tu samoqalaqo institutebis warmomadgenlebs xSirad uwevT cxovreba sxvadasaxva

adgilze. amis Sedegad pirovnebebi axerxeben, Rrmad gaicnon maTTvis ucxo kultura.

gacnobis Semdeg arsebobs ori SesaZlo Sedegi: pirovneba axdens kulturaTa

maxasiaTeblebis mkveTr gamijvns da meore, pirovnebisaTvis misaRebia kulturaTa

Serwyma; ufro TvalnaTeli rom gaxdes, SemogTavazebT ramdenime sxvadsxva kulturis

warmomadgeneli inteleqtualis Teorias. TiToeul am adamians SeiZleba ewodos

globalizebuli biografiis mqone.

sainteresoa warmoSobiT afrikeli, kerZod, senegaleli mecnieris leopold

sengoris biografia da Teoria senegali safrangeTis kolonia gaxldaT. l.sengori iyo

kaTolike, miiRo brwyinvele dasavluri ganaTleba, icoda Teologia, muSaobda

safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, iyo `zRvispira qveynebis~ deputati, muSaobda vice-

spikerad safrangeTis nacionalur krebaSi da bolos gaxda senegalis pirveli

prezidenti. es imitom movyeviT, rom xazi gagvesva imisaTvis, Tu ra axlo kavSiri

hqonda mas dasavlur civilizaciasTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom igi dasavluri

faseulobebiT cxovrobda. magram saintereso is aris, rom es kultura ar qceula mis

Sinagan kulturad, radgan sengorisaTvis dasavleTi ar iqca etalonad. amas mowmobs

is, rom cxovrebis ukansaknel wlebSi l.sengorma Seqmna Teoria zango-afrikuli

kulturis TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb. misi ocneba iyo sinTezireba dasavluri Rrma

konceptualizmisa da afrikuli naTeli warmosaxvisa. igi ocnebobda momaval evro-

afrikaze, romelic iqneboda winamorbedi kacobriobis erTian kulturaze

dayrdnobili msoflio civilizaciisa. l.sengori da misi momxreebi, imaze dayrdnobiT,

rom afrikuli civilizaciac civilizaciaa da, amasTan erTad, originaluri da

TviTmyofadi, ufro Sors wavidnen, maTi azriT, dasavluri, manqanis msgavsi

civilizacia aucileblad ganwirulia kraxisaTvis, Tu ar moxda misi organuli sinTezi

afrikul mgrZnobiare, uSualo adamianur sulTan. gaCnda iseTi cnebebi, rogoric aris

afrikeli evropeli, da evropeli afrikeli. afrikeli absoluturad sawinaaRmdegoa

evropelisa. am dapirispirebis ganviTarebam ganapiroba ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego

pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. afrikeli daupirispirda evropels. evropeli _ es aris

inJineri, pragmatikosi, romelic ganuwyvetel eqspluatacias uwevs bunebas, Tavis

Tavs da Tavis msgavsebs; mudam, rogorc manqana, isea, Tvlis fuls. samyaros Seicnobs

formuliT, mecnierebiT, gonebiT. afrikeli ki aris poeti, lirikosi; igi bunebas

aireklavs, gamoxatavs da masTan urTierTobas amyarebs cekviT, xelovnebiT, suliT,

grZnobiT. afrikaSi idiliuri damokidebulebaa bunebasTan, koleqtivizmi,

urTierTdaxmareba da urTierTTanagrZnoba, evropaSi ki _ socialuri antagonizmi,

konfliqtebi, agresia, adamianis mier adamianis diskriminacia.

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aSS-Si moRvawe afrikeli mkvlevris ali mazruis

pozicia, romelic dasavlur da aRmosavlur Rirebulebebze msjelobs da cdilobs

daamtkicos, rom, erTis mxriv, pasuxi kiTxvaze _ arsebobis romel wess mivyavarT

79

saSualebas iZlevian am mimarTulebiT. aviRoT faqti qarTuli sinamdvilidan:

qarTuli xalxuri cekvis ansambli èrisioni~ msoflioSi popularuli swored mas

Semdeg gaxda, rac frangulma organizaciam daafinansa. erToblivi proeqtis mizans

warmoadgenda msoflios Sou-biznesis bazarze siaxlis Setana da mogebis naxva.

erToblivi proeqtiT orive mxare mogebuli darCa biznesis TvalsazrisiT, xolo

qarTuli cekva ganviTarebis da warmatebis Semdeg safexurze avida1.

sxvadasxva kulturebis urTierTobis Sedegad kulturuli artefaqtis

transformacis TvalsazrisiT meore kargi magaliTia suxiSvilebis ansamblis mier

warmodgenili Sou àsa-farTi~. maT mier filarmoniaSi gamarTuli koncerti or

nawilad iyofa: pirveli klasikuri qarTuli xalxuri cekvebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo

meore ganyofileba absoluturad ucxoa, im gagebiT, rom nacionaluri baletis

mocekvaveebi scenaze tradiciuli qarTuli tansacmliT ar gamodian; qalebs Sarvlebi

acviaT da Tavze kacis, ufro zustad, yaraCoRelis qudebi axuravT, mamakacebi Sav

formebSi arian gamowyobilni, tanze `kapiSoniani~ maisurebiT; maTi moZraobebi,

marTalia, qarTuli cekvidan aris aRebuli, magram sruliad uCveuloa; qarTul

tradiciul dol-garmonTan erTad, ismis eleqtronuli musikis hangebi, gamoyenebulia

aratradiciuli dasartymeli instrumentebi. anu iliko suxiSvilma (umcrosma)

qarTul cekvebSi Seitana sxva kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Cveni interesis

sagans ar warmoadgens imis garkveva, Rirebulia Tu ara àsa-farTi~, rogorc

qoreografiuli xelovnebis nimuSi, ubralod, igi qarTuli da dasavluri kulturis

urTierTobis Sedegia.

gvinda kvlav èrisions~ davubrundeT; ansamblis gastrolebis win moxda Sous

reklamireba. sareklamo klipis Sinaarsis moyoliT Tavs ar SegawyenT, mxolod xazs

gavusvamT imas, rom is aris franguli sareklamo klipi, romelic damzadda qarTuli

cekvis popularizaciis mizniT. es klipi warmoadgens frangebisaTvis mosayol qarTul

miTs. arsebiTad Secvlili araferia. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom musikas da

tradiciul sacekvao ileTebs damatebuli aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Seqmnili

efeqtebi; anu frangebis winaSe warsdga absoluturad qarTuli `genia rokviT

ganfenili~.

kidev erTi magaliTi: sul axlaxans erTi saintereso da sagulisxmo faqti moxda.

qarTuli teleseriali `mglebis xorumi~ iyida aSS erT-erTma satelevizio arxma.

marTalia, am filmis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri amerikulia,

magram igi qarTuli `boevikia~ da ara amerikuli. igi saintereso gaxda

amerikelebisaTvis, radgan filmis istoria moTxrobilia maTTvis ucxo qveynis Sesaxeb

da mTxrobelic am qveynis warmomadgenelia. amas emateba isic, rom msgavsi Janris

teleserialis gadaReba amerikaSi imaze gacilebiT Zviri dajdeboda, vidre `mglebis

xorumis~ Sesyidva, Targmna da reklamis gakeTeba.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom amerikeli da

frangi Sou-biznesmenebis interesis sferoSi moxvda qarTuli kulturis artefaqtebi,

anu masobrivi kulturis gavrceleba ar aris calmxrivi procesi; Tu saqarTvloSi

Semodis evropuli da amerikuli masobrivi kultura, aseve saqarTvelodanac

eqsportirdeba kaulturis garkveuli artefaqtebi, Tan iseT doneze, rom did

ovaciasac iwvevs (igive èrisioni~ da Tundac is, rom qarTul xalxur simRerebs

mRerian frangebi, iaponelebi, amerikelebi da sxva). anu konkretuli adgilobrivi

kulturebi Tavis TavSi atareben imis saSualebas, moaxerxeben Tu ara globalur

kulturasTan konfliqtis gareSe urTierToba-morigebas da sakuTari originalobis

1 qarTvelebis warmatebas, albaT imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom manamde “suxiSvilebis” ansambls msoflio

masStabiT hqonda aRiareba.

78

centralizebuli biourokratiuli imperiebis siZlierisa, romlebic ruseTis da

CineTis realobaSi arsebobda, iseve rogorc TurqeTis samflobeloebsa da sxva

aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi. warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. socialurma pluralizmma imTaviTve misca

dasabami kerZo sakuTrebas, parlaments da sxva institutebs, romlebSic warmodgenili

iyo aristokratiis, samRvdeloebis, vaWrebisa da sxva fenebis interesebi. am

organoebSi warmomadgenlobis formebi, modernizaciis kvaldakval, gardaiqmnen

Tanamedrove demokratiul institutebad. absolutizmis periodSi zogi maTgani

saerTod gaauqmes an mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. miuxedavad aseTi SemTxvevebisa, es

institutebi mTavar saSualebas warmodgenda politikur cxovrebaSi xalxis farTo

monawileobis uzrunvelsayofad. arc erT Tanamedrove civilizacias ar aqvs

warmoamdgenlobiTi organoebis arsebobis msgavsi aTaswlovani gamocdileba. jer

kidev IX saukunidan adgilobriv doneze, italiis qalaqebSi, daiwyo moZraoba

TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romelic Semdgom CrdiloeTiT gavrcelda, àiZulebda ra

episkoposebs, adgilobriv baronebs da sxva warCinebulebs, burJuebisTvisac

gaeziarebinaT, da xSirad, bolos mTlianad daeTmoT Zalaufleba~. saxalxo

warmomadgenlobas nacionalur doneze SemdgomSi daemata avtonomiurobis xarisxi

adgilobriv doneze, rac arnaxuli movlenaa msoflios sxva regionebisaTvis. individualizmi. dasavluri civilizaciis bevrma zemoT CamoTvlilma elementma

biZgi misca individualizmis, pirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis ideas, rac

unikaluri movlenaa civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. individualizmi ganviTarda

XIV-XV saukuneebSi; XVII saukuneSi dasavleTSi moxda Tavisufali arCevanis uflebis

aRiareba, rasac doiCi `romeo da julietas revolucias~ uwodebda. yvela

adamianisaTvis Tanabari uflebebi (ùRatakesi kacic inglisSi iseve imsaxurebs

sicocxles, rogorc umdidresi~), Tu sayovelTaod ar xorcieldeboda, xazi mainc

gansakuTrebiT esmeboda. individualizmi meoce saukuneSi arsebul civilizaciebs

Soris dasavleTis erT-erT gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad rCeba. am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebul erT-erTi gamokvleviT, romelSic 50 qveynis monacemebi iyo

warmodgenili, individualizmis umaRlesi indeqsis mqone qveyanaTa pirveli oceuli

moicavda yvela dasavlur qveyanas, portugaliis da aseve israelis gamoklebiT.

individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis meore kroskulturuli gamokvlevis avtorma

aseve xazi gausva dasavleTSi individualizmis dominirebas, danarCen msoflioSi

arsebuli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac ufro koleqtivizmi ikveTeba da aRniSna,

rom `Rirebulebani, romlebic dasavleTSi umniSvnelovanesia, danarCen msoflioSi

yvelaze naklebmniSvnelovania~. dasavlelebica da aradasavlelebic isev da isev

individualizms miiCneven dasavleTis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSnad. zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgens dasavluri civilizaciis

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. arc imis Tqma msurs, rom es

maxasiaTeblebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis da yvelgan arsebobda. ra Tqma

unda, es ase ar yofila: dasavleTis istoriaSi araerTi despotia cnobili, romelic

ugulebelyofda kanonis uzenaesobas da auqmebda warmomadgenlobiT organoebs.

zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis miCneva dasavleTis maxasiaTeblebad aseve ar

niSnavs, rom isini sxva civilizaciebSi ar arsebobs. cxadia, arsebobs. magaliTad,

yurani da SariaTi warmoadgenen muslimuri sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo

bazaa; iaponias da indoeTs, dasavleTis msgavsad, aqvT klasobrivi sistema (da,

savaraudod, swored amis gamo arian isini oradori didi aradasavluri sazogadoeba,

romlebic demokratiul mTavrobas irCeven nebismieri vadiT). saTiTaod aRebuli, arc

erTi es niSan-Tviseba ar iyo unikaluri mxolod dasavleTisaTvis, mxolod maTi

43

erToblioba qmnida dasavleTis gansxvavebul saxes. es ideebi, tradiciebi da

institutebi ufro mZlavrad iyo warmodgenili dasavleTSi, vidre sxva

civilizaciebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini qmnian mTavar, mudmiv birTvs dasavluri

civilizaciisa. swored maTgan gamomdinareobs dasavleTis dasavluroba da ara

modernuloba. amavdroulad, isini warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebmac dasavleTs

saSualeba misca modernizebuliyo da am procesis avangardSi Camdgariyo msoflio

masStabiT.

universaluri civilizacia: mniSvnelobebi xSirad amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove samyaro mowmea ùniversaluri civilizaciis~

Sobisa (es termini v.s.naipols ekuTvnis). ras gulisxmoben am terminSi? naipolis idea

zogadad gulisxmobs kacobriobis kulturul gaerTianebas, mTeli msoflios xalxebis

mier saerTo faseulobebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, orientaciebis, tradiciebisa da

institutebis gaziarebas. ufro zustad, es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes siRrmiseul,

magram umniSvnelo, an mniSvnelovan, magram arasiRrmiseul mxareebs, an sulac _

umniSvnelosa da zedapiruls. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs aqvT

garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebani _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobis

borotebasTan gaigiveba; saerTo sabazo institutebi _ magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxiT

warmodgenili ojaxis instituti. sazogadoebaTa umravlesobas erTmaneTis msgavsi

`moraluri kodeqsi~ aqvs — elementaruli zneobrivi warmodgena imaze, Tu ra aris

kargi da ra aris cudi. Tu ùniversaluri civilizaciis~ cnebaSi es azria Cadebuli, igi

Rrma da mniSvnelovania, magram, amave dros, es arc axalia da arc aqtualuri. is faqti,

rom adamianebs aqvT ramdenime saerTo fundamenturi Rirebuleba da instituti mTeli

istoriis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba gvixsnides adamianis qcevis garkveul konstantebs,

magram mas ar ZaluZs Suqi mohfinos an axsnas istoria, romelic savsea adamianis qcevaSi

momxdari cvlilebebiT. garda amisa, Tu mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo

universaluri civilizacia arsebobs, maSin ra termins viyenebT kacobriobis didi

kulturuli dajgufebebis aRsaniSnavad, rasebis garda? kacobrioba iyofa

qvejgufebad — tomebad, erebad da ufro farTo kulturul erTobebad, romelTac

civilizacia ewodeba. Tu civilizaciis cneba ayvanilia mTeli kacobriobis aRmniSvnel

gagebamde, maSin an udidesi kulturuli dajgufebis _ kacobriobis _ aRmniSvneli

axali termini unda gamovigonoT, an unda davuSvaT, rom es didi, magram ara

kacobriobis masStabis mqone dajgufebebi gaqreba. magaliTad, vaclav haveli,

amtkicebda, rom ` Cven axla vcxovrobT erT globalur civilizaciaSi~ da rom igi sxva

àraferia, Tu ara Txeli saburveli~, romelic `faravs an malavs kulturaTa, xalxTa,

religiaTa samyaroebis udides mravalferovnebas, istoriul tradiciebsa da

istoriulad Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs; yvelaferi es, garkveuli azriT, mis

safarqveSaa moqceuli~. `civilizaciis~ terminisaTvis globaluri mniSvnelobis

miniWeba, xolo im didi kulturuli erTobebis `kulturis~ an `subcivilizaciis~

saxeliT moxsenieba, romlebic yovelTvis civilizaciebad iwodeboda, mxolod da

mxolod terminebis semantikur aRrevas Tu gamoiwvevs. meore, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ùniversaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba

gamoiyenebodes im elementebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTa arseboba damaxasiaTebelia

civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalaqebi da

ganaTlebuloba — is, rac ganarCevs maTgan pirvelyofil sazogadoebebsa da

barbarosebs. es, cxadia, terminis meTvramete saukuniseuli gagebaa, romelic

civilizaciis mxolobiT ricxvs gulisxmobs da romlis mixedviT, universaluri

44

naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis problema; aRar vsaubrob kulturul cxovrebaze.

raionebi Caketil sivrceebad iqcnen, siaxle TiTqmis ar xdeba, rac xels uSlis

ganviTarebas.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciaze saubari SeiZleba iq, sadac saSualo

wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 5000 aSS dolars. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT, rom

kulturis globalizacia _ es aris globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturebis

urTierTobis procesi. globalizaciis dros dasavleTidan moemarTeba kultura,

romelic uzrunvelyofilia politikuri da, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikuri saSualebebiT;

amitom globaluri kulturis gamowvevebze adekvaturi pasuxis gasacemad mxolod

kultura ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa am kulturis materialuri uzrunvelyofac.

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tavisi qveynis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, saubrobs safrangeTis

deputati evroparlamentSi katrin lalumieri. Tavis naSromSi `brZola kul-

turisaTvis~ is aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciis procesi iwvevs ideaTa standarti-

zaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas, amerikuli modelis mixedviT. mis

gancxadebaSi sainteresoa erTi aRiareba: safrangeTs eSinia Tavisi enisa da kulturis

dakargvis. is xazs usvams globalizaciis gavlenas safrangeTze, gansakuTrebiT

kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoze. magaliTad mohyavs kinoindustria. kinos, romelic

pirvelad safrangeTSi gaCnda, frangebi miudgnen rogorc garTobisa da xelovnebis

sferos, da is meorexarisxovnad miiCnies. amis paralelurad, aSS-m Seqmna holivudi da

momavali giganturi audiovizualuri industriis safuZveli, saTanado gavrcelebis

sistemiT. lalumieri aRniSnavs, rom aSS, audiovizualuri industriiT, kino-

kulturiT, maskulturiT emuqreba safrangeTs. igi amas win unda aRudges Tavisi

kulturis Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi organizaciaTa (gavrcelebis da popula-

rizaciis saSualebebiT) mxardaWeriT. sabolood lalumieri erT rCeva-rekomendacias

iZleva: kargad organizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes kulturul

Semoqmedebas da unda aZlevdes mas axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa da ayvave-

bisTvis.

rogorc davinaxeT, safrangeTma igrZno amerikuli kulturis moZaleba, rac

frangebma metad mtkivnulad aRiqves. dRes safrangeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania,

romelic mkacr uars acxadebs globalizaciaze da mas aRiqvams, rogorc

amerikanizacias. amis sapirispirod, safrangeTi miubrunda sakuTar kulturas da

daiwyo misi farTo masStabiT reklamireba, raTa gvian, magram mainc SeZlos sakuTari

originaluri da gansxvavebuli kulturis SenarCuneba. amis mixedviT, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis gareSe lokalizacia da sakuTari

kulturis SenarCuneba gamoricxulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, survili saSualebas ver

daemTxveva da, SesaZloa, sazogadoeba aRmoCndes igive mdgomareobaSi, rogoric

f.m.manenjim afrikis magaliTze daxata.

rodesac vsaubrobT kulturis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofaze da mxolod am

SemTxvevaSi mis gadarCenaze, Cndeba kiTxva: dasavlur _ evropul da amerikul _

kulturas, aqedan gamomdinare, mis ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs Znelad Tu gauweven

konkurencias da winaaRmdegobas sxva sazogadoebebi; xom ar niSnavs es, rom

ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian kulturuli

gaerTgvarovnebisa da kulturuli imperializmis batonobisaTvis?! Cveni azriT,

kultura ganwirulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba sami-oTxi Taobis ganmavlobaSi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis nulovan niSnuls ver gascda; magram sainteresoa, rom

globalizacia Tavad sTavazobs sazogadoebebs `Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs~;

transnacionaluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da fondebi,

romelTac garkveuli miznebiT uwevT konkretul qveyanaSi moRvaweoba, garkveul

77

procesia, rasac glokalizacia daerqva: mraval adgilze erTdroulad, da amasTan

erTad, gansxvavebulad. Tavad restoran `makdonaldsis~ daniSnuleba, rogorc

cnobilia, swrafi kvebaa. dasavleTis qveynebSi am restoranSi adamiani saSualod 7-9

wuTs Cerdeba; aradasvlur qveynebSi `makdonaldsma~ sxva daniSnuleba SeiZina.

saqarTvloSi igi warmoadgens ara marto swrafi kvebis obieqts, aramed igi dasvenebisa

da garTobis adgilicaa. skolis moswavleebi, studentebi, bebia-babuebi Svili-

SvilebTan erTad, Seyvarebuli wyvilebi xSirad dadian iq `drois satareblad~. amasTan

erTad, `makdonaldsis~ gverdiT saqarTveloSi gaCnda uamravi e.w. `sacxobebi~ da

erovnuli sakvebis warmoebis wertilebi. isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTul kulinariaSi

`fast-fudizaciisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis povna arcTu ise Zneli

aRmoCnada. tradiciuli xaWapurisa da lobianis, kartofilisa da xorcis Rvezelis

gverdiT gaCnda misi msgavsi axali `sasusnavebi~, magaliTad, rogoric aris brinjisa da

xorcis Sereuli farSiT momzadebuli Rvezeli, bostneulis Rvezeli, romelsac

`bostneulis samarxvo pica daerqva~ da sxva mravali. sxvagvarad, dasavluri

hamburgerebis Semosvlam safuZveli misca adgilobrivi kulinariis transformacias,

Tanamedroveobaze morgebas da axali qarTuli kerZebis Seqmnasac ki. amasTan erTad

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvloSi `makdonladsze~ ufro swrafad kveba swored zemoT

naxseneb `sacxobebSia~ SesaZlebeli.

SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, globalur kulturasTan

mimarTebaSi qarTuli kultura axerxebs sakuTaris, originaluris win wamowevas, rac

imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qarTul kulturas, rogorc tradiciulsa da originalurs,

aqvs saSualeba ar gaiTqvifos globalur kulturaSi da moaxerxos lokalizeba;

SesaZloa, kulinaria ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols, magram igi kulturis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani artefaqtia.

qarTuli samzareulos magaliTze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizacia `makdonal-

dizaciasTan~ ar igivdeba (ès erovnuli katastrofa arc saqarTvelos emuqreba,

vinaidan metad avtoritetul qarTvel eqspertebs mravalsaaTiani moxsenebis wakiTxva

SeuZliaT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor yvela parametrebiT dajabna qarTulma xinkalma da

xaWapurma hamburgeri da Cisburgeri~), Tumca qarTulma samzareulom ganicada `fast

fudizacia~, rac TavisTavad globalizaciis Sedegia da Tanac sakmaod sasargebloc.

`makdonaldizacia~, `fast-fudizacia~ masobriv-samomxmareblo globaluri

kulturis elementebia; rodesac vsaubrobT globaluri masobrivi kulturisa da

adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis urTierTobaze, aucileblad unda ganvixiloT

dasavluri _ evropuli da amerikuli _ satelevizio, kino da Sou-biznesis sxva saxis

elemetTa zemoqmedebis xarisxi. ramdenime welia saqarTveloSi, ufro zustad

TbilisSi, regularulad ewyoba sxvadsxva musikaluri festivali, Camodian msoflioSi

cnobili Semsruleblebi, gaixsna satelevizio arxebi, arsebobs sakabelo televiziebi,

romlebic sxvadasxva qveynis arxebis Tvalyuris devnebis saSualebas iZleva.

globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturis urTierTobaze saubrisas da, saerTod,

saqarTveloSi globalizaciis procesze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli sazogadoeba, faqtobrivad, daiyo or

nawilad: Tbilisi, romelTan erTadac SeiZleba kidev ramdenime qalaqis warmodgena

(baTumi, quTaisi, foTi) da danarCeni saqarTvelo. zemoT CamoTvlil qalaqebs

urTierToba aqvT, ara marto qalaqis da qveynis farglebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac.

arsebobs informaciis adgilobrivi da met-naklebad uwyveti saSualebebi:

satelevizio arxebi, radiosadgurebi da beWdviTi gamocemebi. danarCeni saqarTvelo

am yvelafers, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis moklebulia. ar arsebobs safosto

momsaxureba, anu Jurnal-gazeTebi ar miewodebaT Tavis droze; ganicdian informaciis

76

civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, anTropologebisa da pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis

bediT Sewuxebuli xalxis saubedurod. am gagebiT, civilizacia, kacobriobis istoriis

msvlelobis kvalobaze, TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda da misi (mxolobiT ricxvSi)

gavrceleba Tavsebadi iyo sxvadasxva civilizaciis (mravlobiT ricxvSi) arsebobasTan. mesame, termini ùniversaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes warmodgenebs,

faseulobebsa da doqtrinebs, romlebic saerToa bevri adamianisaTvis dasavlur

civilizaciaSi da zogierTebisaTvis _ sxva civilizaciebSi. amas SeiZleba `davosis

kultura~ vuwodoT. yovelwliurad aTasamde bankiri, biznesmeni, saxelmwifo moxele,

moazrovne Tu Jurnalisti mTeli rigi qveynebidan ikribeba msoflio ekonomikur

forumze davosSi, SveicariaSi. TiTqmis yovel maTgans aqvs universitetis diplomi

sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, biznesSi, samarTalSi, isini

ikvleven sityvebsa Tu ricxvebs, Tavisuflad floben inglisur enas, dasaqmebuli

arian saxelmwifo organoebSi, korporaciebsa da aqtiur saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi

Cambul samecniero dawesebulebebSi, xSirad mogzauroben sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs

gareT. isini, ZiriTadad, iziareben saerTo warmodgenebs indvidualizmze, sabazro

ekonomikasa da politikur demokratiaze, rac damaxasiaTebelia dasavluri

civilizaciis sazogadoebisaTvis. `davosis xalxi~ akontrolebs, faqtobrivad, yvela

saerTaSoriso dawesebulebas, mravali qveynis mTavrobas da msoflios ekonomikuri da

samxedro potencialis met wils. aqedan gamomdinare, `davosis kultura~ uaRresad

mniSvnelovania. meore mxriv, ramdeni adamiani iziarebs am kulturas msoflio

masStabiT? dasavleTs gareT, albaT, 50 mln-ze naklebi, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 1

procenti. igi sakmaod Sors aris imisgan, rom universaluri kultura iyos, da

liderebs, romlebic ekuTvnian `davosis kulturas~, yovelTvis rodi aqvT myari

dasayrdeni sakuTar sazogadoebebSi. rogorc hedli buli aRniSnavda, ès saerTo

inteleqtualuri kultura mxolod elituri movlenaa: bevr sazogadoebaSi misi

fesvebi friad myifea... saeWvoa, rom igi Seezrdeba imas, rasac saerTo zneobriv

principebs, saerTo faseulobebs uwodeben da rac esoden gansxvavebulia saerTo

inteleqtualuri kulturisagan.~ meoTxe, miRebuli azria, rom dasavlur warmodgenaTa sistemebisa da popularuli

kulturis sayovelTao gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi universalur civilizacias

qmnis. es mosazreba arc Rrmaa da arc mniSvnelovani. kulturuli siaxleebi

civilizaciidan civilizacias gadaecemoda mTeli istoriis manZilze. erTi

civilizaciis wiaRSi gaCenil inovacias, rogorc wesi, meore civilizacia iTvisebs.

Tumca aq laparakia teqnikur siaxleebze, romlebsac ar mohyveba didi kulturuli

gardatexebi an siaxleebi; isini warmavalia, da ar cvlian mimRebi civilizaciis

ZiriTad kulturas. am siaxleebs recipienti civilizacia iTvisebs egzotikurobis an

iZulebis gamo. gasul saukuneebSi dasavlur samyaros periodulad gadauvlida xolme

Cinuri da induri kulturis garkveuli elementebiT gamowveuli enTuziazmis talRa.

XIX saukuneSi dasavleTis kulturuli siaxleebi popularuli gaxda indoeTsa da

CineTSi, radgan iq SeimCneoda dasavleTisadmi loialuroba. mosazreba, TiTqos

popularuli kulturisa da samomxmareblo saqonlis mTels msoflioSi gavrceleba

dasavluri civilizaciis triumfia, aufasurebs kidec Tavad dasavlur kulturas.

dasavluri kulturis arsia Magna carta (Tavisuflebis didi qartia), da ara Magna Mak

(didi sendviCi). is faqti, rom aradasavlelma SeiZleba es ukanaskneli miirTvas, sulac

ar niSnavs, rom misTvis misaRebia sxva faseulobebic. es sruliadac ar gamoxatavs aradasavlelis damokidebulebas dasavleTisadmi.

sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi eqvsiode axalgazrda SeiZleba jinsebSi iyos gamowyobili,

koka-kolas svamdes, reps usmendes, amave dros ki, locvebs Soris, romelTac isini

45

meqisaken pirSeqceuli aRavlenen, bombs amzadebdnen amerikuli samgzavro

TviTmfrinavis asafeTqeblad. 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi amerikelebi yovelgvari

ìaponizirebis~ gareSe moixmardnen milionobiT iaponur manqanas, televizors,

kameras da eleqtronul xelsawyos, metic _ es yvelaferi iaponiisadmi antagonisturi

damokidebulebis fonze xdeboda. mxolod gulubryvilo ampartavnoba Tu

afiqrebinebs dasavlelebs, rom aradasavlelebi `vesternizdebian~ dasavluri

saqonlis SeZenis Sedegad. marTlacda sasaciloa, rodesac dasavlelebi TavianT

civilizacias aigiveben SuSxuna sasmelebTan, gaxunebul jinsebTan da sendviCTan. universaluri popularuli kulturis ufro daxvewili versia yuradRebas

amaxvilebas ara samomxmareblo saqonelze, ara koka-kolaze, aramed mediasa da

holivudze. amerikis gavlena msoflio kinoze, televiziasa da konoproduqciaze

aRemateba kidec amerikis poziciebs saaviacio mrewvelobaSi. 1993 wlis monacemebis

mixedviT, 100 yvelaze popularuli filmidan 88 amerikuli iyo. ori amerikuli da ori

evropuli organizacia dominirebs globaluri masStabiT axali ambebis mopovebasa da

gavrcelebaSi. aq erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT ori movlena. pirveli _ esaa

sayovelTao moTxovnileba produqciaze, romelic dakavSirebulia siyvarulTan,

seqsTan, ZaladobasTan, idumal ambebTan, gmirobasTan, simdiresTan; agreTve mogebaze

orientirebuli kompaniebis (pirvel rigSi, amerikuli) unari _ gamoiyenon es

moTxovnileba sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. Zalian cotaa an saerTod ar arsebobs

argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom vifiqroT, TiTqos globaluri komunikaciis

saSualebaTa gasayovelTaoebas gamoewvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi adamianTa

warmodgenebsa da rwmenaSi. `garToba~, ambobda maikl vlaxosi, `sulac ar niSnavs

kulturuli saxis Secvlas.~ meore: adamianebi siaxleebs aRiqvamen imTaviTve

gansazRvruli Rirebulebebis da Tvalsawieris poziciidan (e.i. Taviseburad). èrTi da

igive vizualuri gamosaxulebis gadmocema planetis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~, amtkicebs

kiSore mahbubani, `sxvadasxvanair aRqmas iwvevs. dasavleTSi aplodismentebiT

Sexvdebian mfrinavi raketebiT baRdadis dabombvis kadrebs, xolo sxvebi dainaxaven,

rom feradkaniani erayelebi da somalelebi, TeTrkaniani serbebisagan gansxvavebiT,

ufro metad isjebian dasavleTis mier — sagangaSo signalia yvela TvalsazrisiT.~ globaluri kavSiris saSualebebi dasavluri gavlenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs aradasavlur

sazogadoebaTa populist politikosebs, lanZRon dasavluri kulturuli

imperializmi da darazmon TavianTi sazogadoebebi gaqrobis piras myofi sakuTari

kulturebis erTianobis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis. globalur komunikaciaTa

sferoSi dasavleTis gavlenis masStabebi dasavleTisadmi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa

mtruli da uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mTavar wyarod (mizezad) gvevlineba. metic,

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa modernizaciam da

ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adgilobrivi da regionuli mediaindustriis

gaCena, romlis muSaoba gaTvlili iyo iqauri sazogadoebebis gemovnebaze. magaliTad,

1994 wels, CNN International daadgina, rom mas hyavda 55 milioniani potenciuri

mayurebeli, anu msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 1 procenti (saocaria, rom es

raodenoba emTxveva `davosis kulturis~ matarebeli xalxis raodenobas), misma

prezidentma ki ganacxada, rom inglisurenovanma gadacemebma, sabolood, SeiZleba

bazris mxolo 2-4 procenti Seadginos. maSasadame, regionuli (e.i. civilizaciuri)

telekompaniebi daiwyeben gadacemebs espanurad, iaponurad, arabulad, frangulad

(dasavleT afrikisaTvis) da sxva enebze. `globalur redaqcias~, sami mkvlevris

daskvniT, `kvlav ewinaaRmdegeba babilonis godoli~. ronald dors moyavs

diplomatiur wreebsa da sazogado moRvaweebSi globaluri inteleqtualuri

46

doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris ukeTes ganaTlebasa da

janmrTelobaSi. es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tu qalsac da kacsac

Tanabari uflebebi aqvT, Teoriuladac da praqtikuladac. CrdiloeTs mniSvnelovani

rolis Sesruleba ekisreba am procesSi. arasodes unda iqnes daSvebuli is, rac

SezRudavs xalxis usafrTxoebas, identurobis grZnobasa da Rirsebas. afrikam unda

iswavlos sakuTari xalxis gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema. amave dros, CrdiloeTma

yuradReba unda miaqcios afrikeli xalxis gamonaTqvams: `Sen ar SeiZleba icode da ver

gauZRvebi mezoblis saxlis saSinao saqmeebs~

ZiriTadi problema, rac globalurma kulturam afrikul sazogadoebas Seuqmna,

momdinareobs Semdegidan: daviwyoT imiT, rom globaluri kultura, afrikul

kulturasTan SedarebiT, aris meti SesaZleblobebis mqone, igi ufro Zlieria; Zala

gamoixateba imaSi, rom globalur kulturas, rogorc erTi saxis niSan-Tvisebebis

erTobliobas, romelic cdilobs garkveuli Rirebulebebis mTel msoflioSi

damkvidrebas, zurgs umagrebs politikurad da ekonomikurad Zlieri sazogadoeba.

globaluri kultura materialuri TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofilia, rasac, Cveni

azriT, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis naTeli dadasturebaa zemoT moyvanili

magaliTi; materialuri uzrunvelyofis gamo afrikaSi dairRva ojaxis Zveli

tradicia, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mTeli kulturis gadagvareba, radgan

afrikuli kulturis safuZveli ojaxia; frida maiale-manenjis statiis wakiTxvis

Semdeg Cndeba ganwyoba, rom afrikeli dilemis winaSe dgas: an materialuri minimumis

uzrunvelyofa, an kulturis saxis SenarCuneba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom am

magaliTis mixedviT, originalur kulturaze gavlenas axdens ara globaluri

kultura, aramed ekonomika, anu transnacionaluri korporaciebi; aq ar aris saubari

imaze, rom kargad reklamirebuli globaluri kultura moqmedebs. amis mixedviT

SeiZeleba davaskvnaT, rom dasvleTidan globalizaciiis procesSi moemarTeba erTiani

sistema, warmodgenili sami mimarTulebiT: ekonomika, politika da kultura. samive

maTgani erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. kultura gansazRvravs politikisa da ekonomikis

marTvis wesebs, Tavad politika da ekonomika zemoqmedebas axdens kulturaze. XIX

saukunis iaponuri kultura isev iaponuria, magram politikuri da ekonomikuri

zemoqmedebis gamo, igi gansxvavdeba XVIII saukunis iaponuri kulturisagan. gare

zewolis Sedegad man ganicada transforamacia; demokratizacia da modernizacia

iaponiam, fukuiamas meTodologiis mixedviT, ganicada zevidan qveviT, anu iaponiam,

pirvel rigSi, irwmuna demokratiiuli faseulobani, amis Sedegad ki moxerxda

institutebis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturis

transformacia, ganviTareba da ara Secvla. iaponuri kultura tradiciuli

kulturaa, magram ar warmoadgens Caketil mTlianobas. Sintoizmi saSualebas iZleva,

iyo erTdroulad Sintoisti da qristiani, an budisti, an kidev muslimi. anu iaponur

kulturas aqvs unari, rom miiRos garedan mosuli da aqcios igi iaponurad,

dauqvemdebaros sakuTar kulturas. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb iaponur samzareuloze:

daosuri biznes-kulturis Tanmdevia `fast-fudizacia~ _ swrafi kvebis kultura,

radgan `dro fuli Rirs~; aman ganapiroba msoflios `makdonaldizaciis~ perspeqtiva;

magram moxda ise, rom `fast-fudizaciamac~ iaponiaSi adgilobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.

swrafi kvebis bazarze dRes warmodgenilia hamburgerebi, iaponuri suSi, gyidon-i

(lambaqi brinjiTa da xorciT) da Cinuri warmoSobis bulioni ramen. garedan mosuli

hamburgeris gaCenam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi, sakuTari kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis win wamoweva; iaponiam moxerxa lokalizeba.

sainteresoa, rom msgavsi procesebi saqarTveloSic ganviTarda; igive

makdonaldizaciam saqarTveloSic garkveuli lokalizeba ganicada. es zustad is

75

socialuri struqturebis samyaroa; igi saxelmwifos mxridan manipulirebas naklebad

eqvemdebareba; meoTxe done aris kultura; igi yvelaze Rrmaa da moicavs iseT

movlenebs, rogoricaa ojaxis struqtura, religia, moraluri Rirebulebebi;

demokratiuli institutebis sayrdeni aris jansaRi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, xolo

Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winamZRvaria kultura. f.fukuiamas azriT, dasavleTi

samarTliani socialuri wyobis aSenebas cdilobs zemodan qvemoT, anu amosavali

wertilia pirveli da meore done; xolo aRmosavluri kulturebi mesame da meoTxe

donidan iwyeben da miemarTebian zeviT. modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi

aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis

demokratizaciis procesi kulturis transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir

kavSirSi. amis gamo maTi reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben

demokratias, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar

sazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili kulturaa.

frida maial-manenji Tavis naSromSi: `globalizaciis efeqti afrikul kulturaze,

danaxuli afrikeli qalis TvaliT~, aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciam didi gavlena iqonia

afrikeli xalxis yofaze, konkretulad ki sociumSi qalis rolze. globalizaciam,

romlis mizania globaluri bazrisaTvis da misi ZalebisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikis

farTod gaxsna, uzarmazari gavlena iqonia afrikel xalxze da aiZula isini SeecvalaT

cxovrebis gza da wesi. globalizaciis procesma ubiZga afrikul qveynebs, moexdinaT

ucxouri investiciebis deregulacia, importis liberalizacia, Sesustda saxelmwifo

kontroli. amis Sedegad, qalebi, romlebic am kontinentze did rols asrulebdnen

fermerobasa da industriaSi, ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebisa da sawarmoebSi axali

marketingis danergvis Semdeg umuSevrebi darCnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen, miemarTaT

qveynebis gareT vaWrobisaTvis. isini gavidnen qveynidan, ris Sedegadac bavSvebs

mSoblebis zrunva daakldaT. globalizaciis kidev erTi Sedegi afrikaSi ojaxis

rRveva aRmoCnda. statiis avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebis ojaxidan gasvlis Semdeg

bavSvebi aRar sxdebian buxris irgvliv da aRar usmenen im moTxrobebs, romlebic

aswavlian sakuTari Rirebulebebis pativiscemas, erTianobas, mSvidobas, siyvaruls. es

aRar xdeba TviT agrarul mxareebSic ki, romelsac kargad ergeboda aseTi garemo.

afrikaSi kaci, qali Tu bavSvi _ yvela CarTulia gadarCenisaTvis, TiToeuli

dRisaTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. avtoris TqmiT, afrikul musikasa da

cekvaSi Warbobs oblobis, tkivilis, omisa da narkotikebis Temebi. es ganeitralda

dasavluri maikl jeqsonis musikiT. axalgazrdoba adgilobriv musikas dasavlurs

amjobinebs. dasavluri modis mixedviT Seicvala varcxnilobis stili, fexsacmeli da

tansacmeli. globalizaciis wyalobiT, afrikaSi dafuZnda da gafarTovda didi

kompaniebi, romelTac adgilobriv sawarmoebze iafad Semoitanes TavianTi produqcia

da amiT mravali adgilobrivi sawarmo aiZules daxuruliyvnen. ufro xSirad kaci rCeba

umuSevari, vidre qali. moxda ojaxSi rolebis gacvla _ kaci Sin, qali _ gareT. kaci

zrunavs bavSvebze da saojaxo saqmeebze. mravali bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT ki gogonebi,

iZulebuli gaxdnen, swavlisaTvis Tavi daenebebinaT, rasac, bunebrivia, didi gavlena

eqneba maT momavalze.

rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis mier motanilma axalma realobam uzarmazari

gavlena iqonia afrikuli kulturis Strixebze, maT tradiciebze. moxda

Rirebulebebis gadafaseba da rRveva. safrTxe Seeqmna afrikul TviTmyofadobas, rac,

ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia sazogadoebisaTvis. amis gamo frida maial-manenji miiCnevs,

rom `CrdiloeTma unda Secvalos ganviTarebis koncefcia. ekonomikuri winsvla,

kulturuli da socialuri samarTlianobis gareSe, ver iqneba Cveni ganviTarebis

ideali. aucilebelia, rom ganviTarebis done ganisazRvros adamianTa cxovrebis

74

kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul

daskvnamde, romelic dakavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan:

`rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam da daxvewam unda

uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa daTbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _

saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tundac, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, dasZens igi, `wesi

yovelTvis ar wesobs.~ ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena da religia.

Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin unda SeimCneodes universaluri enisa da

universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan

dakavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es ùol strit

jornalis~ redaqtorma ganacxada. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTagan

mxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis Tu

gaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawili

laparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebis

sasargeblod, da yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sul

zusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis

(1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSi

msoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcirda inglisurad,

frangulad, germanulad, rusulad da iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire kleba

SeimCneva mandarinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad,

malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad da sxva

enebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota,

1 milioni adamiani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebeli

msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgenda, xolo 1992

wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcirda (ix. cxrili 3.1).

wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlis

vaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalis

safuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs,

Tu ramdeni adamiani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia an

milions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevida rogorc mSobliur, aseve

aramSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis,

SerCeviTi da saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis da

skolebis mixedviT. xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri,

espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobis

saerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8

procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, daaxloebiT orjer meti

adamiani laparakobda Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidre

inglisurad, da damatebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrobda Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix.

cxrili 3.2). erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, ver

iqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es aris

ena, romelsac msoflios sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufebisa da kulturebis xalxi iyenebs

erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a

_ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tu

adamianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyareba, unda gamonaxon saamiso

47

saSualeba. garkveul etapze maT, SeiZleba, mimarTon profesionalebs, romlebic

Tavisuflad floben or an met enas Tarjimnobisa da mTargnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis.

Tumca es friad mouxerxebelia, mas didi dro da xarji sWirdeba. swored amis gamo,

istoriis ganmavlobaSi Cndeboda lingua frank-ebi: laTinuri antikur da Sua

saukuneebis samyaroSi, franguli _ dasavleTSi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi,

zvahiluri _ afrikis mraval kuTxeSi, inglisuri _ msoflios umravles adgilebSi XX

saukunis meore naxevarSi. diplomatebs, biznesmenebs, mecnierebs, turistebs da maT

mosamsaxure personals, aseve samgzavro TviTmfrinavis pilotebs da sahaero

dispetCerebs sWirdebaT mosaxerxebeli saSualeba urTierTobisaTvis, romelic

amJamad inglisuris meSveobiT xorcieldeba.

am azriT, inglisuri msoflios kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis saSualebaa, iseve

rogorc qristianuli kalendari warmoadgens msofliosaTvis drois gansazRvris

saSualebas, arabuli ricxvebi _ Tvlis saSualebas, metruli sistema ki _ umetesi

msofliosaTvis _ gazomvis safuZvels. am gagebiT, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba

interkulturuli urTierTobis sferos moicavs; igi iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva,

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobas. lingua franka enobrivi da

kulturuli gansxvavebebis daZlevis, da ara maTi mospobis saSualebaa. igi

urTierTobis xerxia, da ara sakuTari meobisa da garkveuli sazogadoebisadmi

kuTvnilebis gansazRvris saSualeba. rodesac iaponeli bankiri da indonezieli

biznesmeni erTmaneTs inglisurad elaparakebian, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom romelime

maTgani gaingliselebuli an vesternizirebulia. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT germanulad da

frangulad molaparake Sveicarielebze, romlebic erTmaneTTan ufro inglisurad

laparaks amjobineben, vidre romelime maT saxelmwifo enaze. aseve, indoeTSi, nerus

gegmebis sawinaaRmdegod, inglisuris, rogorc damxmare-saurTierTobo enis

SenarCuneba miuTiTebs indoeTSi mcxovrebi ara-hindis enaze molaparake xalxis

survilze, SeinarCunon sakuTari ena da kultura, aramed imis saWiroebaze, rom

indoeTi mravalenovan sazogadoebad darCes. rogorc wamyvanma mkvlevarma-lingvistma joSua fiSmenma aRniSna, ufro

savaraudoa, lingua franka-d anu farTo saurTierTobo enad (LWC) iqces is ena, romelic

naklebadaa gaigivebuli konkretul eTnikur jgufTan, religiasa Tu ideologiasTan.

warsulSi inglisuri ena dakavSirebuli iyo zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan. bolo dros

igi `deeTnizebuli (an minimalurad eTnizebuli)~ gaxda, rogorc es warsulSi aqaduri,

arameuli, berZnuli Tu laTinuri enebis SemTxvevebSi moxda. ìnglisurs, rogorc

damxmare (meorad) enas, kargi bedi dahyva, ris dasturicaa is faqti, rom arc erTi misi

wyaro _ arc britanuli da arc amerikuli, daaxloebiT bolo meoTxedi saukunis

manZilze, ar ganixileba farTod da aSkarad eTnikur da ideologiur konteqstSi~

[xazgasma avtoris]. maSasadame, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba kulturaTSoris

urTierTobebSi xels uwyobs da aZlierebs kidec cakleul xalxTa kulturul

identurobebs. swored imis gamo, rom xalxs surs sakuTari kulturis SenarCuneba, sxva

kulturis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas igi iyenebs inglisur enas. mTel msoflioSi inglisurad molaparake xalxi sxvadasxvanair inglisurze

saubrobs. inglisuri avtoqtonizebulia da iZens adgilobriv Seferilobas, riTic

Sordeba britanul da amerikul inglisurs, ukidures SemTxvevebSi _ imdenadac ki,

rom maT ukve aRar esmiT erTmaneTis, iseve, rogorc es Cinuri enis dialeqtebis

SemTxvevaSi xdeba. nigeriuli inglisuri pijini, induri inglisuri da inglisuris sxva

variantebi Serwymulni arian TavianT maspinZel kulturebs; savaraudod, maTi

diferencirebis procesi momavalSi ufro gaRrmavdeba, ise, rom isini gadaiqcevian

48

imgvarad dasma, rom saqarTvelo aucileblad unda iyos an dasavluri, an aRmosavluri

civlizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganviTarebis

gezis da mimarTulebis gansazRvra, ar aris marTebuli. qarTul kulturaSi

aRmosavluri kulturis niSnebis arseboba sulac ar niSnavs, rom qarTuli

sazogadoeba ver moaxerxebs modernizacias da demokratiuli saxelmwifos aSenebas, an

dasavleTSi integracias. amis naTeli magaliTebi msoflioSi uamravia: iaponia,

romelic sruliad sxva samyaros warmoadgens, magram moaxerxa demokratiis miReba

institutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze, ise, rom kulturuli

originaloba arc daukargavs. Cveni azriT, globalizacia globalur msoflioSi

sakuTari adgilis, funqciis povnis saSualebas iZleva. qarTuli kulturis yofna

kulturaTa gzagasayarze SeiZleba iyos dasavluri sazogadoebis CveniT

dainteresebis mizezi. Zalzed aqtualuria msoflioSi kulturaTa dialogis procesi;

arseboben erTmaneTisagan mkveTarad gansxvavebuli kulturebi, romlebic dasavlur

da aRmosavlur civilizaciebs ganekuTvnebian. qarTul kulturas aqvs saSualeba met-

naklebad, saerTo ena gamonaxos rogorc dasavlur, aseve aRmosavlur kulturebTan.

kulturaTa dialogis procesSi sasazRvro1 kulturebs didi mniSvneloba

mieniWeba; niSnadoblivia, rom evrokavSirSi baltiispireTis qveynebis

gaerTianebisTanave samive maTgani iqca evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis

lobistad; Tavad evropis mxridanac swored baltiis qveynebs daevalaT Cveni

daxmareba da kuratoroba garkveul sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, patrulis samsaxuris

SeqmnaSi instruqtorebi swored baltiis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi arian;

baltiispireTis qveynebi ufro advilad SeZleben saqarTvelosTan saubaras, radgan

igive gza maT sul axlaxan gaiares. SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes

Suamavali evropasa da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, radgan evropas azerbaijanTan

da somxeTTan saubari saqarTvelodan ufro gauadvildeba. amis safuZvlad mimaCnia

rogorc istoriuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli kulturaTa

garkveuli urTierTmsgavseba, aseve ekonomikur doneze urTierTsaWiroeba

(azerbaijanuli navTobis transportireba).

imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,

aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba da demokratizacia. geopolitikuri

mdebareoba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom saqarTvelo Caebas globalur procesebSi;

arsebobs ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic saqarTvelos Tavisi

funqcia aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan

Sexeba.

sainteresoa ganvixiloT f.fukuiamas, mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologia. misi

TqmiT, demokratiis konsolidacia moxdeba oTx doneze: ideologia, rogorc rwmena

imisi, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formaa; institutebi, romelic

moicavs konstituciebs, sasamarTlo da partiul sistemebs, sabazro struqturebs da

a.S; mesamea samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebuli da

demokratiul politikur institutebze dafuZnebuli spontanurad warmoqmnili

1 sasazRvro ewodeba kulturas, romelic civilizaciaTa sazRvarze, maTi Sexebis arealSi mdebareobs.

aseT kulturebs axasiaTebs: struqturirebis dabali xarisxi; Sinagani daZabuloba da

winaaRmdegobani; kulturaSi sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul (Zvel)

fenomenTa mudmivi gamococxleba; identifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba da

mtkivneuloba. sasazRvro kulturebi asruleben Suamavlis, Tarjimnis funqcias civilizaciebs

Soris. sazRvruloba ganixileba rogorc lokalur kulturaTa garkveuli saxeobis damaxasiaTebeli

gansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli Tviseba, civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi, da

ara ganviTarebis etapi. es procesi droSi gaWimulia da SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac ki

moicavdes. amdenad, sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, mudmivi mdgomareobaa.

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geopolitikuri mdebareoba _ sakuTari da msoflio interesebis Sesabamisad.

mecnieris azriT, ukrainam unda gaataros damoukidebeli sagareo politikuri kursi

da ar daiwyos im gaerTianebebis karebze kakuni, sadac aravis sWirdeba: natoSi da

evrokavSirSi. ukrainelebi Raribebi da Tanac bevrni arian da axlo momavalSi am

organizaciaSi maT aravin elis. aqselrodis azriT, ukraina unda gaxdes mizidulobis

centri balkaneTis qveynebisTvis, rumineTisTvis, bulgareTisTvis, samxreT kavkasiis

saxelmwifoebisTvis, moldovisa da yazaxeTisTvis. ukrainelebma unda moawyon

civilizebuli saxelmwifo evropuli nimuSis mixedviT, sadac adgili ar eqneba

avtoritarizms. aqselrods Rrmad swams, rom am mimarTulebiT ukrainis perspeqtiva

imedismomcemia. mecnieris azriT, ukrainelebma unda daZlion TavianTi

provincializmi da globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflioSi arsebuli problemebis

gadaWraSi TavianTi wvlili Seitanon.

am Teoriis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze unda Camoyalibdes axali

regioni, romlis organizatori da lideri unda gaxdes ukraina; mis wevrad

saqarTveloc moiazreba.

ukrainis meTaurobiT aRmosavleT evropaSi axali regionis Seqmna, SeiZleba iTqvas,

warmoudgenelia; pirvel rigSi Tavad ukraina ar warmoadgens Zlier demokratiul

sazogadoebas (arc ekonomikurad da arc politikurad), romelsac Seswevs unari,

konkurencia gauwios evrokavSirs, radgan Tavad aqselrodis mier CamoTvlil

saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mizani evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaa, maTgan bulgareTi da

rumineTi ukve wevrebi arian; meores mxriv, miviCnevT, rom Tavad evropas, sabWoTa

kavSirTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, aRar unda sWirdebodes aRmosavleT evropaSi

raime alternatiuli regionis Seqmna.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi regionis Seqmnas ver moaxerxebs verc erTi

kavkasiuri qveyana; TurqeTi TviTon cdilobs gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri; erTaderTi,

visac, SesaZloa, garkveuli survili hqondes regionis Seqmnisa, aris ruseTi; dsT, Cveni

azriT, warmoadgens ara globalizaciis gamowvevebze gacemul pasuxs da bunebriv

erTobas, aramed ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris gadmonaSTs; igi imTaviTve

ganwirulia daSlisaTvis; anu saqarTvelosaTvis am mimarTulebas da evrokavSiris

alternatiuli regionis Ziebas realuri safuZveli ar aqvs.

am msjelobis amosavali wertili aris is, rom `globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs

erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs transnacionaluri gamosavali~.

regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis

Seqmnisa. zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis mizezi da mizani politikisa da

ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram saSualeba aris kulturuli

urTierTmsgavseba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebriv organizmSi integracia

moaxerxes evropis qveynebma. evropa aris ara mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba,

aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba. misi erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia. anu

evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian

sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri

warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT. sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT kveleva marTebulad

mimaCnia, radgan saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da

cdilobs globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces.

mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom saqarTvelos dasavluri orientacia

gamowveulia qarTuli kulturis dasavluri xasiaTiT. uamravi mosazreba gamoiTqva

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra niSnebis gamo SeiZleba CavTvaloT dasavluri civilizaciis wevrad.

ra Tqma unda, am mimarTulebiT kvleva aucilebelia, magram miviCnev, rom sakiTxis

72

inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva (calke) enebad, iseve, rogorc laTinuridan

aRmocendnen romanuli enebi. Tumca italiuri, franguli da espanuri enebisagan

gansxvavebiT, es inglisuridan nawarmoebi enebi sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis

mier iqneba gamoyenebuli, an kidev maT gamoiyeneben, umTavresad, calkeuli

lingvisturi jgufebis urTierTobebSi. swored msgavs procesebs SeiZleba mivadevnoT Tvali indoeTSi. magaliTad,

arazusti cnobebiT, 1983 wels iq, 733 milionian mosaxleobaSi, 18 milioni inglisurad

molaparake adamiani cxovrobda, xolo 1991 wlisaTvis, 867 milioniani mosaxleobidan

20 milioni metyvelebda inglisurad. maSasadame, indoeTis mosaxleobaSi inglisurad

molaparakeTa wili SedarebiT mdgradi iyo (2-4 procentis farglebSi). viwro elituri

wreebis gareT inglisuri ena lingua franka-s funqcias arc asrulebs. `simarTle isaa, rom

rodesac vinme kaSmiridan kaniakumarisken (indoeTis naxevarkunZulis yvelaze

samxreTi wertili) miemgzavreba, kavSiri, ZiriTadad, hindis, da ara inglisuri enis

meSveobiT xorcieldeba~, — acxadebs niu delis universitetis inglisuri enis ori

profesori. metic, induri inglisuri TavisTavad iZens araerT gamorCeul

maxasiaTebels: igi induizebul iqna, ufro zustad ki man, sivrcis cvlilebis

kvalobaze, lokaluri Tvisebebi SeiZina. inglisuri erwymis indur kulturas iseve,

rogorc es warsulSi moxda sanskritTan da sparsul enasTan dakavSirebiT. istoriidan cnobilia, rom enis gadanawileba asaxavda Zalebis gadanawilebas

msoflioSi. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi enebi _ inglisuri, mandarini, espanuri,

franguli, arabuli, rusuli — arian an iyvnen imperiul saxelmwifoTa enebi, romlebic

mondomebiT cdilobdnen imas, rom am enaze sxva xalxebic ametyvelebuliyvnen.

cvlilebebi ZalTa TanafardobaSi gavlenas axdens enebis gamoyenebaze. `britaneTis da

amerikis koloniurma, savaWro, industriulma, samecniero da finansurma Zalauflebam

sagrZnobi daRi daamCnia umaRles saganmanaTleblo sistemas, saxelisuflo

mmarTvelobas, vaWrobasa da teqnologias msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~. britaneTi da

safrangeTi moiTxovdnen maTi enebis gamoyenebas koloniebSi. Tumca damoukideblobis

mopovebis Semdeg yofil koloniaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli aqtiurobiTa da

sxvadasxva warmatebiT, Seecada imperiuli enis Secvlas adgilobrivi eniT. sabWoTa

kavSiris zenitSi yofnis dros rusuli ena saerTaSoriso enas warmoadgenda praRidan

moyolebuli hanoimde. ruseTis Zalauflebis damcrobis paralelurad, aRiniSna

rusulis, rogorc meoradi enis gamoyenebis Semcireba. rac Seexeba kulturis sxva

elementebs, mzard zewolas Tan sdevs rogorc mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa

TviTdajerebuloba, ise stimuli sxvebisaTvis _ aiTvison igi. berlinis kedlis

dangrevis Semdgom Tabrudamxvev periodSi germania moiazreboda axal gigantad,

SeimCneoda tendencia, rom inglisurad sufTad molaparake germanels saerTaSoriso

Sexvedrebze germanulad elaparaka. iaponiis ekonomikurma Zlierebam stimuli misca

iaponuris swavlas araiaponelTa mier; CineTis ekonomikuri dawinaurebac igive

tendenciebs ganapirobebs. Cinuri ena aqtiurad ikavebs inglisuris dominantur

pozicias hong-kongSi. miecaT ra gasaqani CineTis sazRvars gareT mcxovreb Cinelebs

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, Cinuri gadaiqca enad, romelzec iwarmoeba regionis

umravlesi saerTaSoriso biznes-garigebebi. sxva civilizaciebTan SedarebiT,

dasavleTis zegavlenis dakargvis Tanadroulad, inglisuris da sxva dasavluri enebis

gamoyeneba sxva sazogadoebebSi da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa Soris urTierTobebSi

nel-nela Sesustdeba. Tu garkveul etapze, Sorul momavalSi, CineTi Caenacvleba

dasavleTs, rogorc msoflios wamyvan civilizacias, inglisuri daTmobs poziciebs

mandarinis, rogorc saerTaSoriso enis pirispir.

49

koloniebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolisa da misi mopovebis fonze,

adgilobrivi enebis xelSewyoba da imperiuli enebis Seviwroeba nacionalisturi

elitebisaTvis dasavleli kolonistebisagan sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebisa da sakuTari

identurobis gansazRvris erTi-erTi forma iyo. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,

meores mxriv, am sazogadoebaTa elitebs surdaT sakuTari Tavis gancalkeveba

sakuTarive sazogadoebebisagan. inglisuris, frangulis Tu sxva dasavluri enis

srulyofilad floba swored amis saSualebas iZleoda. amis Sedegia is, rom

aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa elitebs dasavlelebTan da erTmaneTTan ufro eiolebaT

urTierToba, vidre sakuTar sazogadoebasTan (igive situacia iyo XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

evropul qveynebSi, romelTa aristokratebs advilad SeeZloT frangul enaze

kontaqtis damyareba erTmaneTTan, xolo sakuTari qveynis salaparako enas ver

flobdnen). aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi ori saxis tendencia SeimCvneva. erTi mxriv,

inglisuri sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sauniversiteto doneze, raTa

gamouSvan momzadebuli kadrebi, romlebic SeZleben savaWro da samomxmareblo

(biznesi...) sferoSi saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi nayofier moRvaweobas.

meore mxriv, socialuri da politikuri zewola iwvevs adgilobrivi enebis Semosvlas

sayovelTao xmarebaSi. CrdiloeT afrikaSi arabuli frangul enas enacvleba,

pakistanSi urdus ena saxelmwifo da saganmanaTleblo doneze uwevs konkurencias

inglisurs, adgilobrivenovani mediis saSualebebi TandaTanobiT enacvleba

inglisurenovan mediis saSualebebs indoeTSi. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba jer kidev

1948 wels iwinaswarmetyvela indoeTis ganaTlebis komisiam, rodesac acxadebda, rom

ìnglisuris gamoyeneba... xalxs or nawilad yofs: mcirericxovan mmarTvelebad da

mravalricxovan marTulebad. mmarTvelebi ar floben umravlesobis enas da,

Sesabamisad, ver ugeben mas. ormoci wlis Semdeg inglisuris, rogorc elitis enis

mdgradobam gaamarTla winaswarmetyveleba, rom es gamoiwvevda àrabunebrivi

situaciis Seqmnas iq arsebuli demokratiis pirobebSi, romelic damyarebulia

srulwlovanTa saarCevno uflebebze... inglisurad molaparake indoeTi da

politikurad aqtiuri indoeTi sul ufro da ufro Sordeba erTmaneTs~, es ki iwvevs

`daZabulobas inglisuris mcodne mmarTvel umciresobasa da danarCen mraval milions

Soris, romelic SeiraRebulia saarCevno xmis uflebiT da romelic ar flobs

inglisurs. aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli institutebis damkvidrebisa

da xelisuflebaSi iqauri xalxis ufro farTod warmodgenis fonze, dasavluri enebis

moxmareba iklebs, xolo adgilobrivi enebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. sabWoTa imperiisa da civi omis dasasrulma daCagruli Tu daviwyebuli enebis

sayovelTao gavrceleba da gamococxleba gamoiwvia. mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi iqna

gatarebuli yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli enebis

asaRorZineblad. estonuri, latviuri, litvuri, ukrainuli, qarTuli da somxuri

amJamad damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa nacionalur (saxelmwifo) enebs warmoadgenen.

msgavsi enobrivi gamococxleba moxda muslimur respublikebSi: azerbaijanma,

yirgizeTma, TurqmeneTma da uzbekeTma yofili rusi mCagvrelis `kirilicas~ Srifti

TavianTi Turqi naTesavebis dasavluri SriftiT Secvales, sparsulenovanma

tajikeTma ki arabuli anbani SemoiRo. meores mxriv, serbebi amjerad TavianT enas

ufro serbuls uwodeben xolme, vidre serbul-xorvatuls da TavianTi kaTolike

mtrebis dasavluri anbani rusi naTesavebis anbaniT Secvales. maT msgavsad,

xorvatebic amJamad TavianT enas xorvatuls uwodeben da cdiloben gawmindon igi

Turquli da sxva ucxoenovani sityvebisagan. am dros ki `Turqulidan da arabulidan

nasesxebi sityvebi _ balkaneTze TurqeTis imperiis 450 wliani arsebobis enobrivi

danaleqi _ kvlav popularobas iZens~ bosniaSi. ena gadaewyoba da gadasxvaferdeba

50

regionalizaciis process sWirdeba meTauri, medroSe; rodesac vsaubrobT regionSi

wamyvan qveyanaze, aq ar igulisxmeba raime politikuri an ekonomikuri zewola,

regionalizacia kulturis niSniT gamoricxavs Zaldatanebas, imperiul zraxvebs.

kulturuli niSniT regionalizaciis procesi damyarebulia sazogadoebaTa

kulturul msgavsebaze; igi bunebrivi da Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic TavisTavad

mimdinareobs; gansxvavebis saxiT gavixseneb regionalizacias ideologiis niSniT;

msgavsi erToba sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT arsebobda; misi daSlis erT-erTi mizezi

swored kulturuli mravalferovneba da gansxvavebuloba gaxda.

lokalizaciis da regionalizaciis saintereso Teorias gvTavazobs ukraineli

mecnieri _ politologi, nobelis premiis laureati robert aqselrodi;

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze: `Tanamedroveobis xelaxla gaazreba~ man ganacxada, rom

uaxloesi oci wlis manZilze kacobrioba SeeCexeba Semdeg potenciur safrTxeebs:

1. samxedro da sainformacio teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba;

2. erTa politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri TviTidentifikaciis problema;

3. mniSvnelovani resursebis (sakvebi, wyali, navTobi) ukmarisoba msoflio masStabiT;

4. gavlenisa da Zlierebis centrebis gadaadgileba;

5. gaZlierdeba ganxeTqileba mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris da warmoiSoba

finansuri arastabiluroba;

6. demografiuli krizisi.

udavoa, rom am gamowvevebs sWirdeba adekvaturi pasuxi, acxadebs r.aqselrodi da

miiCnevs, rom globalizmis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. magram globalizmi mxolod

nawilia didi procesisa, romelsac globalizacia ewodeba. Tu globalizmi gamoiyeneba

mxolod erT ganzomilebasTan, ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT, globalizacia, germaneli

politologis ulrix bekis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs sxva aspeqtebsac, rogorebicaa:

politikuri, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli, civilizaciuri. dRevandelobis

umniSvnelovanesi problema isaa, rom globalizmi win uswrebs globalizacias.

zenacionaluri monopoliebi, romelTac mokavSired hyavT aSS, TavianT pirobebs

karnaxoben msoflios, xolo saerTaSoriso institutebi ver axerxeben amaze

reagirebas. konfliqtebis daregulirebaSi ususuria xolme gaero. Teoriuladac ki ar

arsebobs sxvadasxva kulturisa da civilizaciis urTierTTanaarsebobis formebi.

saeklesio organizaciebisa da saxelmwifo liderebis mxridan imis oficialuri

mtkiceba, rom tradiciuli religiuri konfesiebi da saxelmwifoebi urTierTmimarT

tolerantebi arian da eyrdnobian saerTo sakacobrio Rirebulebebs, mxolod kvamlis

fardaa, romelsac advilad arRveven fundamentalistebi.

r.aqselrodi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs politkosebis, mecnierebis, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis aqtivistebis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas imisTvis, raTa Seiqmnas

saerTaSoriso institutebi, romlebic Seamcireben globalizmis negatiur Sedegebs.

aravisaTvis ar aris saidumlo is faqti, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia aviwroebs da

meore planze gadaaqvs globalizaciis is procesebi, romelTa mizania gansxvavebuli

civilizaciebis Rirebulebebis mudmivi daaxloeba maTi universalizaciis

mimarTulebiT. mas, SeiZleba, kacobriobisaTvis araprognozirebadi Sedegebi mohyves.

ukraineli mecnieri ayalibebs globalizaciis procesis umtkinveulod gadaqcevis

gzebs. is aRniSnavs, rom pirvel etapze unda daiwyos ara erTiani, universaluri

ideisaTvis SekavSireba, aramed unda moxdes gansxvavebul politikur, kulturul,

religiur da nacionalur jgufTa gaerTianeba, romlebic win aRudgebian im

faseulobebze Tavdasxmas, romlebic mocemul situaciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania.

mecnieri aRniSnavs ukrainis rols momavalSi. is dasZens, rom miuxedavad maTi qveynis

mcire ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisa, kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli maTi

71

Soreuli mezobeli, romelsac hqonda msoflio imperiad qcevis pretenzia, met-nakleb

yuradRebas aqcevda saqarTvelos, mis geografiul mdebareobas); Sesabamisad, zemoT

warmodgenili msjelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom

maSindel samyaroSi mimdinare globalur procesebSi monawileoba gaxda qarTuli

sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi safuZveli; globaluri

procesebidan momdinare gamowvevebis mudmivoba ganapiroba geografiulma

mdebareobam, ramac saqarTvelos garkveuli funqcia mianiWa; saqarTvelos winaSe

arsebuli gamowvevebi ori saxisa iyo: gamowveva, romelic am funqciidan momdinareobda

da gamowveva, romelze gacemul pasuxsac am funqciis dabrunebamde mivyavdiT.

Cveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi modernizaciis gamowvevebze arsebobs ori

pasuxi Tu ganviTarebis Sedegi _ lokalizacia da multikulturalizami;

lokalizaciis farglebSi ganixileba iseTi movlena, romelsac mecnierebaSi

glokalizacia ewoda. `globalurad~ _ niSnavs mraval adgilze erTdroulad, anu

translokalurad~. koncernebi `koka-kola~ da `soni~ sakuTar strategiebs

`globalur lokalizacias~ uwodeben, radgan isini miiCneven, rom globalizacia ar

niSnavs da moiTxovs msoflios yvela kuTxeSi qarxana-fabrikebis aSenebas, aramed

aucilebelia isini am Tu im kulturis nawilad iqcnen, anu `koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~

Tu `soni~ konkretuli kulturis moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs menejmentSi.

lokalizacis procesi iwvevs regionalizacias; magaliTad aviRoT iaponia,

romelic garkveul geografiul garemoSi da sazRvrebSi iqca lider qveynad; igi

axdens sakuTari kulturis reklamirebas da gavrcelebas; taivanis magaliTze, sin-xuan

maikl siao globalizaciis procesSi gamoyofs sam mimarTulebas _ amerikanizacia,

evropeizacia da iaponizacia. misive TqmiT, taivanuri da iaponuri kulturebi Zalzed

axlos arian erTmaneTTan; 1990-ian wlebSi taivanSi gaCnda axali gamoTqma ha-ri-zu

(ìaponiis TayvanismcemelTa Taoba~), romelic asocirdeba yvelaferi iaponuriT

aRtacebasTan. ha-ri-zu-s warmomadgenlebma, SesaZloa, iaponiis arc istoria icodnen

kargad da arc politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; es Taoba Seiqmna iaponiis mier

sakuTari kulturis propagandis Sedegad; sin-xuan maikl siao aRniSnavs, rom

taivanuri kulturis iaponurTan siaxlovem taivanze vesternizaciis gavlena

Seasusta; ufro zustad: iaponias taivanSi aqvs mravali sakabelo satelevizio arxi;

iaponurma melodramebma warmatebiT moaxdina dasavluri kulturis, cxovrebis wesis

lokalizacia anu adaptireba adgilobrivTan da ise gadasca igi taivanel mayurebels;

anu taivani dasavlur Rirebulebebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, iaponur wnexSi

gamovlils iRebs; iaponuri kultura ki imdenad axloa taivanurTan, rom taivanuri

kultura absoluturad Ria aRmoCnda globaluri kulturis miRebisaTvis ise, rom

globalur kulturas ar mouxdenia adgilobrivi kulturis gadasxvafereba. msgavs

gavlenas, ambobs sin-xuan maikl siao, iaponuri kultura sxva Crdilo da samxreT

aRmosavleT aziis kulturebzec axdens. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponurma kulturam

lokalizaciis Sedegad moaxerxa garkveuli saxis regionalizacia, am regionSi igi

warmoadgens wamyvan sazogadoebas, rac imis saSualebasac iZleva, rom misi msgavsi

kulturebi da sazogadoebebi advilad iReben globaluri kulturis Taviseburebebs

da sakuTari kulturis originalobis dakargvis gareSe axerxeben modernizacias.

dasawyisSi minda aRvniSno, rom mizani msjelobisa, romelsac me SemogTavazebT, ar

aris daskvnis gakeTeba; is ufro globalizaciis gamowvevaze saqarTvlos mier gasacemi

pasuxis Ziebaa.

amjerad minda Tanamedrove saqarTvelos geografiul garemos Sevexo. iaponiis

magaliTze ganvsazRvreT, rom regionalizaciis miRweva kulturulad monaTesave

mezoblis gareSe, romelic gaxdeba regionSi wamyvani qveyana, SeuZlebelia; anu

70

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas identurobis sakiTxi, civilizaciuri

Seferiloba. didi Zalebis ngrevis niadagze Rrmavdeba babilonizaciis procesi. religia. universaluri religiis Camoyalibebis albaTobis procenti didad ar

aRemateba universaluri enis Camoyalibebis Sansebs. meoce saukunis dasasruli

aRiniSna mTels msoflioSi religiaTa sayovelTao aRorZinebiT. igi moicavda

religiuri TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas da fundamentalisturi moZraobebis

gaaqtiurebas, ramac, Sesabamisad, gaaZliera religiaTa Soris gansxvavebani. es

maicndamainc ar gulisxmobda msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis mkveTr

cvlas. konfesiur mikuTvnebulobasTan dakavSirebuli monacemebi kidev ufro

fragmentuli da arasandoa, vidre enebisa. 3.3 cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebi

sayovelTaod cnobilia. es da sxva monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom am saukuneSi

sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mkveTrad ar Secvlila. yvelaze ufro

masStaburi iyo àrareligiurTa~ an àTeistTa~ saxelis qveS klasificirebuli 0.2

procentis (1900 w.) gazrda 20.9 procentamde 1980 wlisaTvis. savaraudod, es

maCvenebeli asaxavda mkveTr cvlilebas religiis sazianod; 1980 wels religiuri

gamoRviZeba mxolod iwyebda Zalebis mokrebas. Tumca aramorwmuneTa 20.7 procentamde

mateba zustad emTxveva `Cinuri xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis (tradiciuli

religiebis)~ klebas: 1900 w. igi 23.5 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1980 wels am

maCvenebelma 4.5 procentamde daiwia. am maCvenebelTa Tanabari zrda da kleba imaze

miuTiTebs, rom komunizmis mosvlasTan erTad Cinuri xalxuri religiis mimdevari

uzarmazari masa aTeistebad iqca. cxrili uCvenebs gasuli 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi ori didi prozelituri religiis,

qristianobisa da islamis proporciebis zrdas msoflio mosaxleobaSi. 1900 wels

dasavleT qristianebi msoflio mosaxleobis 26.9 procents Seadgendnen, xolo 1980

wels _ 30 procents. mulismTa wilma kidev ufro sagrZnoblad moimata: 1900

wlisaTvis _ 12.4 procenti, 1980 wlisaTvis _ 16.5 procenti, xolo sxvaTa gamoTvliT,

1980 wlisaTvis 18 procentsac ki gautolda. meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulSi

mniSvnelovnad gazarda islamisa da qristianobis mimdevarTa ricxvi afrikaSi,

qristianobas gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqonda samxreT koreaSi. swrafad

modernizirebad sazogadoebebSi, Tu tradiciul rwmenas ar ZaluZs adaptireba

modernizaciis moTxovnebTan, izrdeba qristianobis an islamis gavrcelebis albaToba.

aseT sazogadoebebSi neoklasikosi ekonomistebi, demokratiis jvarosnebi an

transnacionaluri korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi dasavluri kulturis mTavar

gmirebad ki ara, aramed misionerebad arian warmodgenili. qalaqSi dasaxlebulebisa da

saSualo ganaTlebamiRebulTa pirveli Taobis fsiqologiur, emociur, moralur Tu

socialur moTxovnilebebs verc adam smiti daakamyofilebs da verc Tomas jefersoni;

ieso qristes amis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs, Tumca igi maT, SeiZleba, saerTod ar SexvdeT.

sabolood, gamarjvebuli mainc muhamedi rCeba. qristianoba vrceldeba, ZiriTadad, am

sarwmunoebaze moqceviT, islami _ moqceviTa da gamravlebiT. qristianobam Tavis piks

1980-ian wlebSi miaRwia (30 procenti), erT adgilze gaCerda, axla ki ukve klebulobs,

xolo 2025 wlisaTvis, albaT, 25 procents miuaxlovdeba. gamravlebis maRali

procentis gamo, msoflioSi muslimTa xvedriTi wili momavalSi kidev ufro

gaizrdeba, saukuneTa gasayarze 20 procentamdec ki ava, ramdenime wlis Semdeg

qristianTa raodenobas gadaaWarbebs, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis 30 procentsac

gautoldeba.

51

universaluri civilizacia: wyaroebi universaluri civilizaciis cneba dasavluri civilizaciis kuTvnilebaa. XIX

saukunis idea `TeTri kacis sazrunavis~ Taobaze amarTlebda aradasavlur

sazogadoebebze dasavleTis politikur da ekonomikur batonobas. XX saukunis

miwuruls ki universaluri civilizacia gamarTlebas uZebnis sxva sazogadoebebze

dasavleTis kulturul gavlenasa da maT mier dasavluri wes-Cveulebebisa da

institutebis upirobod aTvisebis aucileblobas. universalizmi dasavleTis iaraRia

aradasavlur kulturebTan dapirispirebisaTvis. rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme

marginaluri da rwmenaSecvlili adamianebis SemTxvevaSi, erTiani civilizaciis ideis

yvelaze didi damcvelebi dasavleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli xalxia, rogoricaa naipoli

da fuad ajami, romelTaTvisac es cneba savsebiT damakmayofilebeli pasuxia mTavar

kiTxvaze: `vin var me?~ `TeTri kacis negri~ — ase uwoda erTma arabma moazrovnem aseT

migrantebs. universaluri civilizaciis idea naklebad imsaxurebs mowonebas sxva

civilizaciebSi. aradasavleli dasavlurs xedavs imaSi, rasac dasavleli

universalurad miiCnevs. rasac dasavlelebi nayofier globalur integracias

uwodebenen (magaliTad, msoflio mediis gavrceleba), aradasavlelebi gmoben, rogorc

saZulvel dasavlur imperializms. dasavlelebi msolios mTlianobaSi aRiqvamen,

sxvebi ki am mTlianobaSi safrTxes xedaven. universaluri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis varaudi emyareba erT-erTs sami

mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom SeiZleba es moxdes: pirveli ukavSirdeba I TavSi

ganxilul mosazrebas, rom sabWoTa komunizmis kraxi moaswavebda istoriis dasasruls

da mTel msoflioSi liberaluri demokratiis sayovelTao gamarjvebas. es argumenti

gamomdinareobs civi omis periodis mcdari warmodgenidan imis Taobaze, rom

komunizmis erTaderTi alternativa liberaluri demokratiaa da pirvelis kvdoma

meoris gasayovelTaoebas iwvevs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, avtoritarizmi, nacionalizmi,

korporatizmi da sabazro komunizmi (rogorc CineTSia) uamravi formiTaa

warmodgenili dRevandel msoflioSi. gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia is faqti, rom

samoqalaqo ideologiis samyaros miRma misi uamravi religiuri alternativa arsebobs.

Tanamedrov samyaroSi religia xalxis erT-erTi, SesaZloa erTaderTi mamoZravebeli

da makonsolidirebeli Zalaa. namdvili ampartavneba iqneba imis Tqma, rom radgan

sabWoTa komunizmi daeca, dasavleTma mTeli msoflio xelSi Caigdo da rom muslimebi,

Cinelebi, indoelebi da sxvebi aRfrTovanebiT aitaceben dasavlur liberalizms,

rogorc erTaderT arCevans. samyaros civi omis droindeli dayofa warsuls Cabarda.

ufro mniSvnelovani — eTnikuri, religiuri da civilizaciuri dayofa jer kidev

arsebobs da konfliqtis axal kerebs warmoSobs. meore: gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom xalxTa gacxovelebuli urTierTqmedeba

(ZiriTadad _ vaWroba, investiciebi, turizmi, media, eleqtronuli kavSiris

saSualebebi) warmoqmnis saerTo msoflio kulturas. transportisa da komunikaciebis

teqnologiurma winsvlam marTlac ufro ioli da iafi gaxada fulis moZraoba,

tvirTis gadazidva, adamianebis gadaadgileba, codnis, ideebisa da warmodgenebis

gavrceleba. eWvi ar aris, rom arsebobs intensiuri saerTaSoriso moZraoba am

sferoebSi, magram eWvs iwvevs am moZraobis Sedegebi: zrdis Tu amcirebs igi

konfliqtis SesaZleblobas? warmodgena, TiTqos igi amcirebs omis albaTobas xalxebs

Soris, sul mcire, ar mtkicdeba, faqtebi sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs. saerTaSoriso

vaWroba gafarTovda 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, aseve civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg

aTwleulSi. magram 1913 wels saerTaSoriso vaWrobis masStabebs sarekordo

maCveneblebi hqonda, xolo ramodenime weliwadSi erebi erTmaneTs umagaliTod

uswordebodnen. Tu saerTaSoriso vaWrobas aRniSnul situaciaSi ar SeeZlo omis

52

aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. cvlilebebma am orive mimarTulebiT XVIII saukunis

bolos kulminacias miaRwia. pirvelma modernma ganapiroba politikuri revoluciebi

safrangeTsa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi. meore ki, romelic mimdinareobda teqnologiuri

inovaciebisaTvis xelsayrel viTarebaSi, did britaneTis industriuli revoluciis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi iyo.

amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma daafuZnes modernuli sazogadoebis

politikuri tipi _ konstituciuri da demokratiuli. es niSnavs ara imas, rom

amieridan yvela mTavrobas amgvari xasiaTi hqonda, aramed imas, rom aqedan

moyolebuli, praqtikulad yvela moazrovnisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom axla politikur

sistemebs aRar unda hqonodaT pretenzia legitimurobaze, Tu is ar iqneboda

damyarebuli konstituciurad gamoxatul `xalxis nebaze~.

Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis cnebaTa

urTierTmimarTebisTvis

erT-erTi didi problemaa globalizaciisa da vesternizaciis urTierTmimarTeba.

Camoyalibda ori Tvalsazrisi:

pirvelis mixedviT, globalizacia aris ufro farTo procesi, vidre vesterniza-

cia; amasTan erTad, globalizacia praqtikulad TanabarmniSvnelovania modernizaci-

isa; am Sexedulebas mxars uWeren a.gidensi, r.robertsoni, m.olbrou, u.konoli.

aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma daamtkices, rom industrializacia SesaZlebelia

vesternizaciis gareSe.

meore midgomis mixedviT, globalizacia mxolod da mxolod dasavluri

modernizmis globalur difuzias warmoadgens. da igi mimarTulia veternizaciis

gafarToebis, dasavluri kapitalizmisa da institutebis gavrcelebisaken. am

mimarTulebas mxars uWeren s.amini da l.bentoni. r.gilpini miiCnevs, rom msoflio

internacionalizacia aris amerikuli msoflio wesrigis gavrcelebis produqti.

a.kalinikosi da rigi mecnierebisa TanamedroveobaSi xedaven dasavluri imperializmis

axal fazas, romelSic nacionalurma xelisuflebebma Seasrules monopolitikuri

kapitalis agentebis roli. amerikeli Teoritikosis h.gleizeris azriT,

globalizacia aris gavrceleba dasavleTis mier regulirebuli informaciisa da

gasarTobi saSualebebisa, romlebic garkveul efeqts axdens im qveynebis

faseulobebze, romelbSic es informacia aRwevs. CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelma

warmoadgina ubralo beduinis saxe, romelic zis aqlemze da tradiciuli samosis qveS

jinsebs atarebs. mas xelSi radiomimRebi da koka-kola uWiravs. koka-kola da jinsi,

marTalia, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram radiomimRebi da televizori ukve did

mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan maTi saSualebiT beduini iRebs informacias, romelic

aucileblad axdens gavlenas beduinis pirvelsawyis Rirebulebebze. rodesac saubaria

kulturis globalizaciaze, saubaria dasavluri civilizaciis, kerZod, amerikuli

kulturis gavlenaze msoflios sxva civilizaciebze.

Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa warmomadgenlebis

TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva

rogorc davinaxeT, globalizacia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram es ar niSnavs, rom

dRes mimdinare procesebis msgavsi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ar xdeboda. globalur

movlenebi adrec aRiniSneboda; istoriaze dakvirvebiT, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,

rom saqarTvelo mudmivad CarTuli iyo globalur procesebSi (nebismieri axlo Tu

69

realizebas. amiT globaluri kultura Zalzed waagavs elinizmis epoqas, rodesac

gaizarda individebis miswrafeba `srulyofilebisaken~.

mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, oriode sityviT Tavad modernizaciis cnebasac

SevexoT. am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo, agraruli

sazogadoebidan sekularul, industriul, urbanistul sazogadoebad

transformacias. modernuli sazogadoeba industriuli sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebis

modernizeba, upirveles yovlisa, mis industrializacias niSnavs. istoriulad,

modernuli sazogadoebis aRzeveba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli industriuli

sazogadoebis warmoSobasTan. modernulobis yvela ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli/niSani

dakavSirebulia cvlilebaTa erTobliobasTan, romelmac ori saukuniT adre

ganapiroba industriuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba. termini ìndustrializacia~ da

ìndustriuli sazogadoeba~ gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre ekonomikuri da

teqnologiuri komponentebia, romlebic mis arss warmoadgenen. industrializmi

cxovrebis wesia, romelic moicavs Zireul ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da

kulturul cvlilebebs. industrializaciis yovlismomcveli gardaqmnebis Sedegad

sazogadoeba xdeba modernuli. modernizacia aris uwyveti da usasrulo procesi.

istoriulad, modernizacia saukuneebs moicavs, Tumca, arsebobs daCqarebuli

modernizaciis magaliTebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, modernizacia ar aris erTjeradi

monapovari. rogoric ar unda iyos ganviTarebis done, yovelTvis arseboben

`CamorCenili~ regionebi da `periferiuli~ jgufebi. es aris modernul sazogadoebaSi

daZabulobisa da konfliqtebis mudmivi safuZveli. modernizaciis procesi ar

Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes

globaluri masStabiT, radgan modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan

_ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli msoflio moicva. ganviTarebis araTanabari donis mqone

naciebis arseboba msoflio saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi arastabilurobis fundamenturi

elementia.

modernizacias ori ZiriTadi faza aqvs. misi ganviTarebis garkveul momentamde

modernistuli ideebi progresulad iTvleba, Tumca mas SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad

winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes. modernizaciis Tavdapirveli winaaRmdegobebi, SesaZloa,

xangrZlivi da mwvave iyos, magram, ZiriTadad isini ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.

Tumca, garkveuli momentis Semdeg modernizacia iwvevs mzard ukmayofilebas. es

nawilobriv gamoiwvia modernuli sazogadoebis adreuli warmatebisa da

dinamizmisagan didi Sedegebis molodinma. jgufebs erTobebSi mzardi moTxovnebi

uCndebodaT da am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba sul ufro da ufro rTuldeboda. ufro

dasabuTebulad, modernizaciam ganviTarebul doneze msoflio masStabiT moitana

axali socialuri da materialuri sirTuleebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnida

ganviTarebasa da eqspansias, romelsac modernuli sazogadoeba efuZneba. meore

fazaSi, modernuli sazogadoeba uamravi problemis pirispir aRmoCnda. am problemaTa

gadaWra, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda tradiciuli eri-saxlemwifos

SesaZleblobebs. amave dros, msoflios dRevandeli saxis ganmsazRvrel dominirebad

faqtorad rCeba araTanabari siZlierisa da konfliqturi interesebis mqone

suverenul er-saxelmwifoTa sistema.

modernuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia XVIII saukuneSi momxdar or

did cvlilebasTan (ZvrasTan) politikur da ekonomikur sferoSi. orive maTgani im

farTo cvlilebebis nawilia, romlebmac, renesansisa da reformaciis Semdeg,

dasavleTi gadaiyvana ganviTarebis axal, danarCeni samyarosagan gansxvavebul, etapze.

cvlilebaTa es modeli gulisxmobda individualizmsa da, saboloo jamSi,

sekularizms, rac protestantul memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. cvlilebebi gamoixata

68

Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs? faqtebi ar metyvelebs im mosazrebis

sasargeblod, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobas uwyobs xels. 1990-iani wlebis

Sefaseba kidev ufro metad ayenebs eWvqveS aRniSnul ideas. erT-erTi gamokvlevaSi

askvnian, rom àqtiuri vaWroba SeiZleba sakmaod Zlier gamTiSvel Zalad mogvevlinos

saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, da rom àqtiuri saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi,

TavisTavad, ver moxsnis saerTaSoriso daZabulobas, ver uzrunvelyofs seriozul

saerTaSoriso stabilurobas~. meore naSromi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri

damoukideblobis maRali done `SeiZleba iyos mSvidobis damamyarebeli an omis

gamCaRebeli, rac damokidebulia momavali vaWrobis perspeqtivebze.~ ekonomikuri

damoukidebloba xels uwyobs mSvidobas mxolod maSin, `rodesac saxelmwifoebi

moelian savaWro urTierTobebis maRali donis SenarCunebas uaxloes momavalSi~. Tu

saxelmwifoebi ar elian TanamSromlobis (urTierTdamokidebulebebis) perspeqtivas,

Sedegad, savaraudod, oms viRebT. vaWrobisa da komunikaciebis uZlureba _ uzrunvelyon mSvidoba da Tanxmoba _

Seesabameba socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamokvlevebis Sedegebs. socialur

fsiqologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebulobis Teoriis mixedviT, xalxi sakuTar Tavs

gansazRvravs swored imiT, riTac ganirCeva sxvisgan konkretul konteqstSi: àdamiani

ganixilavs Tavs im maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic ganarCevs erTs meore adamianisagan,

gansakuTrebiT, Tavisive Cveul socialur garemoSi... aTobiT sxva profesiis mqone

qalTa sazogadoebaSi qali-fsiqologi Tavis Tavs gansazRvravs, rogorc fsiqologi,

xolo aTobiT mamakaci-fsiqologis garemocvaSi _ rogorc qali~. adamianebi

gansazRvraven TavianT meobas imis meSveobiT, rac ar arian. vinaidan intensiuri

kavSiris saSualebebis, vaWrobisa da mogzaurobebis Sedegad civilizaciaTaSorisi

urTierTqmedeba gaaTmagebulia, xalxi ufro da ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs

sakuTar civilizaciur identurobas. ori evropeli — germaneli da frangi,

urTierTobisas erTmaneTs ganarCeven, rogorc frangs da germanels. xolo ori

evropeli — germaneli da frangi, da ori arabi — saudeli da egvipteli, erTmaneTSi

urTierTobisas TaviaT Tavs gansazRvraven evropelebad da arabebad.

CrdiloafrikelTa imigracia safrangeTSi frangebs Soris arakeTilganwyobas iwvevs,

amave dros, amaRlebs evropel kaTolike polonel emigrantTa mimReobis xarisxs.

amerikelebi iaponur investiciebs gacilebiT uaryofiTad xvdebian, vidre msgavsi

masStabis kanadur da evropul investiciebs (romlebic masStabiT pirvels aRemateba).

swored amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda donald horovici: `nigeriis aRmosavleTSi

ibo SeiZleba iyos... ibo overi an ibo onitSa. lagosSi igi, ubralod, iboa. londonSi is

nigerielia, niu-iorkSi — afrikeli.~ sociologiis kuTxiT, globalizaciis Teoria

msgavs daskvnas gvTavazobs: `swrafad globalizebad msoflioSi, romelic xasiaTdeba

istoriulad uprecendento civilizaciuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu sxva saxis

urTierTdamokidebulebiT da misi sayovelTao gaazrebiT, SeimCneva civilizaciuri,

sazogadoebrivi da eTnikuri TviTSegnebis gamwvaveba.~ religiaTa globaluri

aRorZineba~, `siwmindesTan dabruneba~ warmoadgens pasuxs samyaros, rogorc

mTlianobis gaazrebaze.

Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia

sakiTxis SesawavlisaTvis aucilebelia cneba globalizaciis warmoSobis da

samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli definiciebis ganxilva. amis Semdgom unda moxdes

globalizaciis, rogorc procesis ganviTarebis gaanalizeba. yuradReba unda mieqces

53

imas, rom Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma procesma Semdgom

adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela doneze met-naklebad SeaRwia (zogadad

igulisxmeba sami done: ekonomika, politika da kultura). globalizaciis kulturul

doneze gaSlam gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi gamoiwvia uaRresad saintereso da

urTierTsapirispiro procesebis warmoSoba. sakiTxis dasmis ZiriTadi mizani swored

globaluri procesebidan momdinare winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra da warmodgenaa.

XX saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saintereso periodia,

igi gamoirCeva didi ZvrebiTa da msoflio wesrigis swrafi cvalebadobiT.

sainteresoa, rom XX saukune moeswro tipur feodalur imperiebs, maT rRvevasa da

axali saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, msoflio mniSvnelobis ramdenime revolucias,

or msoflio oms, romlebmac samyaros Semdgom ganviTarebasa da saxis CamoyalibebaSi

didi roli iTamaSa.

esa Tu is epoqa, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba

msoflwesrigis niSniTac. gansxvaveba aris ara marto geografiul sazRvrebSi

(magaliTad, portugaliis msoflio batonoba Secvala espaneTis batonobam), aramed

saxelmwifoTa dajgufebis xasiaTSic. Tu cnobil politolog s.hanTingtons

davesesxebiT, msoflio istoria icnobs Semdegi saxis dapirispirebebs, romlebic

gansazRvraven msoflios saxesa da sazRvarTa gavlebis princips: iyo periodi, roca

sazRvrebi gadioda im teritoriaTa Soris, romelsac esa Tu is mmarTveli flobda,

mTavar rols asrulebda winaaRmdegoba mmarTvelebs Soris, anu saxelmwifoTaSorisi

urTierTobis dominanti mmarTvelis neba iyo. aman Camoayaliba eri-saxelmwifoebi.

safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg sazRvrebi swored ama Tu im eris gansaxlebis areals

mihyveboda. konfliqtebi da dapirispirebac erebs Soris mimdinareobda, anu dominanti

iyo eri-saxelmwifo. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg sazRvarTa gavleba ideologiurma

kuTvnilebam gansazRvra, erebi gaerTiandnen ideologiis niSniT, msoflwesrigis

dominantic ideologia gaxda. samyaro daiyo or nawilad. erT mxares iyo nacional-

socialisturi samyaro, romelic warmodgenili gaxldaT, ZiriTadad, italiisa da

germaniis saxiT, danarCeni msoflio ki moicavda or ideologiur banaks _

liberalursa da komunisturs. saerTo mtris arsebobam isini gaaerTiana, magram ara

ideologiuri, aramed wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan aucilebeli iyo

nacizmis damarcxeba. misi ganadgurebis Semdeg sazRvari gaivlo liberalur

demokratiasa da komunizms Soris. mas `rkinis farda~ ewoda, xolo dapirispirebas _

`civi omi~. komunizmis marcxma es sazRvaric moSala. msoflio, am TvalsazrisiT,

erTian sivrced gardaiqmna.

`civi omis~, rogorc msoflwesrigis gaqrobam da komunizmis istoriad qcevam

warmoSva uamravi gansxvavebuli mosazreba momavali msoflwesrigis Sesaxeb:

magaliTad, frensis fukuiama Tavdapirvelad miiCnevda, rom kacobriobam Seabija

ganviTarebis axal fazaSi, romelsac, SeiZleba, ìstoriis dasasruli~ ewodos, radgan

kacobriobis erTma didma nawilma miaRwia evoluciuri ganviTarebis umaRles

safexurs da Seqmna adamianis bunebisa da moTxovnilebebisaTvis yvelaze ufro

Sesaferisi, misaRebi sazogadoebrivi organizacia _ liberalur-demokratiuli

mmarTveloba. f.fukuiama ar gamoricxavda, rom igi iqceoda kacobriobis organizaciis

ukanasaknel da ucvlel formad. ramdenadac f.fukuiamasaTvis istoria aris erTiani

evoluciuri procesi yvela xalxisa da yoveli drois erTobliobaSi, amdenad, igi

miiCnevs, rom erebis, kulturebis umravlesoba sabolood aRiarebs demokratias,

rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderT legitimur formas. am niadagze Seiqmneba

`postistoriuli samyaro~.

54

axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba xalxi erTmaneTs. swored amitom kulturebi jer

kidev inarCuneben individualurobas. misive TqmiT, 60-ian wlebSi azia aSS-s Sehyurebda

rogorc modernizaciis models. gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba, rom dasavleTi flobs

mowinave sakomunikacio teqnologiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac advili SesaZlebeli

iqneboda kulturis gavrceleba. magram swored iman, rom am sakomunikacio

saSualebebma azias da sxva sazogadoebebs ufro mkveTrad daanaxa is gansxvaveba,

romelic maTi kulturebis ZirebSia saZiebeli da, romlis gafermkrTalebac ki Zalian

Zneli, TiTqmis miuRwevelia. amas isic emateba, rom aziisa da sxva aradasavluri

sazogadoebebi sul ufro did yuradRebas aqceven amerikaSi mimdinare urbanul

xrwnasa da ojaxis dacemas. es ki isedac arsebul ufskruls sul ufro aRrmavebs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informaciulma daaxloebam mxolod moCvenebiTi globaluri

kultura Seqmna, romelic misaRebia masisaTvis. masas, SesaZloa, didi survilic

hqondes, rom miiRos da icxovros ucxo kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT,

magram es ver moaxerxos, radgan sakuTari kultura ar miscems amis saSualebas. swored

es ganasxvavebs masas elitisagan, radgan elita iRebs ara imas, rac surs, aramed imas,

risi miRebac mis pirovnebas SeuZlia. ufro sworad, elitas imis miRebis survili

uCndeba, rac misi kulturisaTvis aris misaRebi da amas igi akeTebs ara ise, rom

moaxdinos sakuTaris, Zireulis uaryofa, radgan elita Tavidan bolomde SeigrZnobs

kulturas, masas ki es grZnoba ar gaaCnia, swored amitom misTvis globaluri

samomxmareblo kultura ukve niSnavs mTlianad kulturis globalizacias, radgan

kulturis meti siRrme masas ar aintresebs. swored amis eSinoda x.ortega i gasetis

jer kidev XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac acxadebda, rom gaqrebian beThovenisa da

mocartis msmenelebi. es SiSi dResac arsebobs _ SiSi imisa, rom masebis gaZliereba

TavisTavad moaxdens kulturuli originalurobis gaqrobas. masa moiTxovs komforts,

mas ara aqvs mizani, rasac cxovrebas Seswiravs, misi mizania komfortuli cxovreba, mas

mxolod is surs, rom iyos yvelas msgavsi.

aseve didi roli ekisreba globaluri kulturis gavrcelebaSi evangelistur

protestantizms. ingliseli sociologi devid martini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

ikvlevda am sakiTxs da dazusta, rom msoflioSi am religiis mimdevari 250 milionamde

adamiania. am religiis miReba iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs ojaxur urTierTobebSi,

seqsualur gamovlinebebSi, bavSvTa aRzrdaSi da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqmisadmi

damokidebulebaSi, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze saerTod.

globaluri kultura mimarTulia adamianebis individualizaciisaken da

tradiciebisgan da erTobebisagan maTi damoukideblobisaken. individualizacia unda

ganixilebodes, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic empiriul

gamoxatulebas povebs adamianis qcevasa da cnobierebaSi, damoukideblad im ideisagan,

romelic am adamianebs SesaZloa hqodeT amis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, individualizacia

rogorc empiriuli gamovlineba, aucileblad gansasxvavebelia ìndividualizmisagan,

rogorc ideologiisagan. msgavsi midgoma momgebiania imdenad, ramdenadac gvexmareba

avxsnaT, Tu riT aris mimzidveli axali globaluri kultura. rogorc ukve cnobilia,

modernizacia angrevs tradiciebisa da koleqtiuri sulis mefobas da individs xdis

ufro TviTmyofads. es ki niSnavs gaTavisuflebas. axal globalur kulturas bevri

aqvs saerTo modernizaciis procesTan. dRevandel dRes ki msoflios mraval kuTxeSi

kidec emTxvevian erTmaneTs.

modernizaciis adreul etapze adamianebs uCndebaT meti Tavisuflebisa da axali

SesaZleblobebis aRtacebuli grZnoba. amitom axali globaluri kultura

momxiblavia maTTvis, vinc afasebs pirovnul Tavisuflebas da cdilobs mis srulad

67

urTierToba, romelic SeiZleba damyardes skolaSi, quCaSi, kafeSi, qarxanaSi,

internetSic xorcieldeba.

interneti xels uwyobs globaluri kulturis Seqmnas, acxadebs saerTaSoriso

marketinguli firma IDC-s vice-prezidenti gigi vangi (Gigi Wang). am saxis ukanaskneli

cvlileba iyo gadasvla lokaluridan erovnul ekonomikaze, rasac Tan sdevda

gadasvla rkinigzidan da radiodan avtomobilsa da televizorze. axla xdeba gadasvla

erovnuli ekonomikidan globalur ekonomikaze, rasac mosdevs sahaero transporti da

interneti.

boloniis universitetis istoriis profesori devid elvudi (David Elwood) miiCnevs,

rom interneti ar qmnis globalur kulturas, aramed mxolod aCqarebs movlenebs da

qmnis am fenomenis erT-erT Sres. globaluri kultura didi biznesia da misi saTave

SeiZleba moiZebnos industriis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa sporti, filmebi,

fotografia, musika da aviaxazebi. yovelive amis Tavi da Tavia aSS gasarTobi

industriis mier masobrivi kulturis unikaluri da mzardi moculobiT gamogoneba,

warmoeba da gavrceleba. d.elvudis TqmiT, 1996 wels aSS filmebma, satelevizio

produqciam, kompiuterulma teqnikam, wignebma da kulturis sxva formebma gadaaWarba

sahaero da TavdacviTi produqciis eqsports, da am mxriv pirveli adgili daikava. amis

Semdeg inglisuri ena iqca ara mxolod globaluri komerciis, aramed saerTaSoriso

teqnologiisa da garTobis enadac.

kacobriobam Seabija ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi, es aris sainformacio epoqa,

interneti aris masobrivi kulturis farTod gavrcelebis saSualeba. afrikeli

mkvlevari qalis farida miuale-manenjis (Fridah Muyale-Manenji) TqmiT, globalizacia

uzarmazar gavlenas axdens kulturaze, igi sxvadasxva gziT zemoqmedebs xalxis

kulturul qcevaze. adamianebi icvlian cxovrebis wess. koka-kolas ritmuli reklama

ismis qveynierebis nebismier wertilSi, im soflebSic ki, sadac arsebobs sasmeli wylis

problema.

informaciulma epoqam ganapiroba is, rom kulturebi dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs;

tradiciul simboloTa gverdiT gaCnda internacionaluri mniSvnelobis simboloebi

da popularuli sistemebi.

sainteresoa, rom es yvelaferi xdeba zedapirulad, anu yvelafris

gaucnobiereblad miRebas axdens masa, romelsac monawileoba ar miuRia Tavisi

kulturis originaluri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi, masa, romelsac gacnobierebulic ki

ar aqvs, Tu ras niSnavs Zireuli gansxvaveba kulturebs Soris, amitom masze did

gavlenas axdens reklama. mediis zemoqmedebiT kulturis miReba zustad iseTive

movlenaa, rogorc reklamiT raRac nawarmis farTo masisaTvis gacnoba. reklamaSi

Seqmnili samyaro imdenad mimzidveli da macduria, rom aucileblad axdens

momxmarebelze gavlenas. momxmarebeli ki dRes aris masa, romelic imdenad gaZlierda,

rom, marTalia, Tavad ver qmnis, magram elitas, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi unari aqvs,

karnaxobs imas, Tu ra unda Seqmnas, karnaxobs modas. dRes iqmneba is, rac moswons

yvelas, yvela ki `masaa~, iqmneba is, raSic masa ufro met Tanxas ixdis.

f.fukuiamas TqmiT, dRes saubari SeZleba mxolod globalur samomxmareblo

kulturaze, romelic vrceldeba makdonaldsisa da koka-kolas msgavsi kompaniebis

meSveobiT1. magram, saerTod, kultura ufro metia, vidre samomxmareblo bazari, es

ukanaskneli aris zedapiruli aspeqti, kulturas ki aqvs siRrme, romelic gavlenas

1 (erT saintereso faqtze minda SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba; ruandaSi momxdari genocidis Semdeg ar

arsebobda aranairi infrastruqtura, aranairi wesrigi, qveyana srul qaosiT iyo moculi.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romelic gaemgzavra misiis Sesasruleblad am qveyanaSi, erTi

saintereso faqtis momswre gaxda: maTze ufro adre ruandaSi Casvla “koka-kolas” warmomadgenlebma

moaxerxes)

66

meore saintereso mosazrebaa istoriis `civilizaciuri xedva~. am midgomis

warmomadgenlis s.hanTingtonis azriT, kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi

sazRvrebi kulturuli niSniT iqneba ganpirobebuli. moxdeba msgavsi kulturis mqone

er-saxelmwifoTa daaxloeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabolood kulturis dominantoba

SeniSna Tavad f.fukuiamamac. misi TqmiT, liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebis gzaze

mTavari dabrkolebis saxiT win moiwevs kultura.

dReisaTvis kulturas, rogorc sazogadoebaTa gamijvnis safuZvels, yvelaze didi

datvirTva eniWeba.

ukanasknel xanebSi farTo interesis sagania msoflios `globalizaciis~ problema.

Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT, Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra

aris misi warmoSobis safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT

miemarTeba, saiT mihyavs samyaro?

civi omis dasrulebiTa da sabWoTa imperiis daSliT saqarTvelo Caeba msoflioSi

mimdinare globalur procesSi, romelic sabWoeTis daSlamde ganviTarebis garkveul

etapze avida. srul damoukideblobas saqarTvelom, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierT

xanmokle periodebs, rogoric iyo mag. giorgi brwyinvales periodi, TiTqmis aTi

saukunea ver miaRwia, xolo ukanaskneli samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvlo ruseTis

izolaciis qveS imyofeba. saqarTvelom rusuli karCaketiloba daZlia da cdilobs

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi CaerTos rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. modernizacia iqca

ganviTarebis mimarTulebad, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kulturam sxvadasxva-

gvarad aRiqva da, aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadsaxvagvari reaqcia hqonda. modernizacia

Tanamedroveobis gamowvevaa; zogierTi aradasavluri qveynisaTvis modernizacia

igivdeba vesternizacia-amerikanizaciasTan, anu isini miiCneven, rom Tuki sazo-

gadoebas surs modernizaciis procesSi CarTva, aucilebeli da gardauvalia dasav-

luri, konkretulad, amerikuli kulturiT sakuTari kulturis Canacvleba, anu

gardauvalia amerikanizacia. es ukanaskneli ki originaluri kulturebis warmomad-

genelTaTvis miuRebelia; aman xeli Seuwyo sakuTari kulturisaken mibrunebas, anu

lokalizacias. zogierTi kulturisaTvis ki, modernizacia anu gaTanamedroveoba

amerikanizaciis gareSec misaRwevia; da kidev mesame _ globalizaciis procesSi

modernizaciis miRweva SesaZlebelia sruliad umtkivneulod, ori kulturis

elementTa SereviT.

am procesebidan saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad daSorebuli iyo. rogorc zemoT

mogaxseneT, globalizaciis procesi manam, sanam saqarTvelo sabWoTa sivrceSi iyo

Caketili, ganviTarebis garkveul etapze avida, aqedan gamomdinare, dagrovda am

procesidan momdinare gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg pasuxis gacemis araerTgvarovani

gamocdileba. amitom sainteresoa, Tu romeli saxis pasuxia saqarTvelosaTvis ufro

misaRebi, ra problemebze da niuansebze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba globalizaciis

epoqaSi.

`globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs

transnacionaluri gamosavali~. regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri

zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnisa; zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis

mizezi da mizani politikisa da ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram

saSualeba aris kulturuli urTierTmsgavseba; dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxel-

mwifoebriv organizmSi integracia moaxerxes evropis qveynebma; evropa aris ara

mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba, aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba; misi

erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia; anu evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba

eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis

55

xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan

modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT.

saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da cdilobs

globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces. SesaZlebelia

iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos magaliTze sazogadoebis modernizacia emTxveva

globalizaciis process.



mdebareoba iZleva saqarTvelos globalur procesebSi CarTvis saSualebas; arsebobs

ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic mas Tavisi funqcia aqvs. aqedan

gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan Sexeba, radgan

Tanamedrove etapze politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobis

xarisxi sakmaod gaizarda.

modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi

pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis demokratizaciis procesi kulturis

transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir kavSirSi. amis gamo umravlesi

aradasavluri qveynis reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben

demokratiaze, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar


amdenad, mimaCnia, rom Cems mier wamoWrili problemis kvleva interesmoklebuli ar

unda iyos, radgan Tanamedrove etapze kulturis roli sakmaod izrdeba. iuneskos

programis _ `msoflio kulturuli proeqti~ _ direqtoris d.p.Saferis statiaSi

àxali msoflio sistemisaken kulturuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT~ naTqvamia, rom

msoflio miiwevs ekonomikuri saukunidan kulturuli saukunisaken. naTeli gaxda, rom

ganviTarebis problemaTa gadawyveta SeuZlebelia kulturis faqtoris

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sxvagvarad msoflios mowyobis nebismieri proeqti

ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. d.Saferis azriT, axali msoflio sistemis agebis

safuZvelia kulturuli Teoriuli tradiciis gaTvaliswineba, kulturisadmi

holisturi midgoma, istoriis kulturuli interpretaciis gaazreba, yvelaze

mdgradi kulturuli faseulobebis ganmtkiceba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msoflio

Sevida ganviTarebis im stadiaSi, romelsac bevri mkvlevari gansazRvravs rogorc

kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebas.

rogorc vxedavT, da rasac qvemoT warmodgenili kvleva ufro TvalnaTels gaxdis,

Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kulturas. mosazrebebi

da Teoriebi kulturis globalizaciis Sesaxeb iseTive swarfi tempiT icvleba da

viTardeba, rogorc Tavad procesi. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc erT-ereTma

mcire kulturam, moaxeros Tanamedrove procesebisaTvis fexis awyoba da ar CamorCes

mas, aucileblad mimaCnia procesis gaanalizebis, axali Teoriebisdmi yuradRebis

mudmivi miqceva. sakiTxisadmi midgomis amosavali wertili aris is, rom yvela medals

ori mxare gaaCnia. Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba globalizaciis procesis calsaxad

dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Sefaseba. es procesi Seicavs rogorc pozitiur, aseve

negatiur Tvisebebsac. erTis mxriv acxadeben, rom globalizacia mimarTulia

gaerTgvarovnebisaken da cxovrebis wesis standartizaciisaken, rac TavisTavad

gulisxmobs kulturaTa originalobis gaqrobas. meores mxriv, arseboben

sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizacia warmoadgens ganviTarebisa da

msoflioSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis karg saSualebas, ZiriTadad es exebaT

mcire kulturebs. amdenad, aucilebelia ganxilul iqnes sxvadsxva sazogadoebis

damokidebuleba da reaqcia globalizaciisadmi, radgan igi xels Segviwyobs ukeT

56

nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ Tuki Tqveni kultura ver SeZlebs warmodgenilis

miRebas... es mxolod samwuxaroa. magram mTavari aris is, rom dRevandeli msoflios

globaluri sabazro ekonomika Seqmnilia udidesi istoriuli Zalebis mier, romlebmac

Secvales urTierTobis, investirebis stili da msoflios aRqmac ki. Tuki Tqven gsurT

win aRudgeT am cvlilebebs, Tqven amiT mxolod Tavs moityuebT da sxva araferi.

globaluri kulturis gavrceleba xdeba, agreTve masobrivi kulturis

saSualebebiT (adidasi, makdonaldsi, levisi, mtv da sxva). mas mxolod zedapiruli

xasiaTi aqvs. `globalizacia~ _ es aris movlena, romelic erTgvarovani

samomxmareblo kulturis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. erTgvarovneba ki misaRebia

`masisaTvis~. xose ortega i gaseti gasuli saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi werda, rom

evropa dRes yvelaze did kriziss ganicdis, ramac SeiZleba moicvas xalxebi, erebi da

kulturebi. misi TqmiT, es aris `masebis amboxi~. masas igi axasiaTebs rogorc

fsiqologiuri rigis movlenas. àdamiani-masa~ isaa, visac ar SeuZlia, rogorc kargi,

aseve cudi mxriTac Seafasos Tavi; vinc Tavis Tavs aRiqvamas ìseTad, rogoricaa

yvela~ da sulac ar ganicdis amas. mas moswons iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela.

ortega i gaseti am krizisis dasawyiss XIX saukuneSi xedavs. jer kidev maSin

iwinaswarmetyveles hegelma, kontma, nicSem `masebis amboxi~, romelic mas Semdeg sul

ufro gaZlierda. adamiani-masa _ es aris pirovneba, romelsac ar gaaCnia Semoqmedebisa

da Sefasebis unari. igi iRebs yvelafers iseTad, rogorc awvdian. amis gamo, masaze

zegavlenis moxdena advilia.

neoliberaluri msoflwesrigis pirobebSi individis sulieri da kulturuli

msoflSegneba ganicdis saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio saSualebaTa zewolas. filmebis,

Souebisa da serialebis globaluri auditoriis gaCena da maTi zegavlena programebis

Sinaarsze uprecedento movlenaa. media orientirebulia popularul da masobriv

kulturaze da masobrivi cnobierebidan devnis alternatiul formebs. mayurebelTa

da msmenelTa reitingisaTvis mebrZoli mediis saSualebaTa saqmianoba gansazRvrulia

ekonomikuri interesiT, da ara inteleqtualuri SinaarsiT. kultura ganixileba,

rogorc globaluri auditoriisa da globaluri informaciuli sazogadoebis

miRwevis saSualeba.

globaluri kulturis Camoyalibebis centrSia interneti. garemocva, romelSic

qveyanas, kulturas uxdeba arseboba, did gavlenas axdens mis Camoyalibeba-

ganviTarebaze, radgan ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos urTierToba aqvs

gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone erTobebTan. urTierTobisas xdeba kulturul

RirebulebaTa gacvla, erTobis cnobiereba ganicdis mudmiv transformacias.

iyo periodi, rodesac msoflio ar warmoadgenda erTian sivrces da dayofili

gaxldaT patara samyaroebad; erebi xalxebi da kulturebi ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs, ar

hqondaT urTierToba, Sexeba, ramac ganapiroba mravali originaluri kulturis, eri-

saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.

dRes msoflio gaxsnilia, igi erTian sivrces warmoadgens. arsebobs farTo

sainformacio saSulebebi, telefoni, sahaero transporti, kosmosuri sadgurebi da,

rac mTavaria, interneti. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia urTierTobis damyareba

aTasobiT kilometris daSorebiT. yoveldRiurad internetis meSveobiT igzavneba

milionobiT imeili, cifruli foto, wignis moculobis teqstebi, xmovani da video

faili. audionakadi SesaZlebels xdis berlinis radiosadguris mosmenas niu-deliSi

da piriqiT. internetis `CeT-rumi~ da sadiskusio jgufebi virtualuri saqalaqo

Sexvedris centrebia, sadac aTasobiT adamiani erTmaneTs uziarebs sakuTar azrs;

TamaSoben, ibmeba megobrobis Zafebi, ideba biznes-garigebebi. yvela adamianuri

65

1980-ian wlebSi sami yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri instituti, romelic ganTavsebuli

iyo aSS dedaqalaqSi _ aSS finansTa saministro, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da

msoflio banki _ mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTadi

xelSemSleli piroba iyo sabaJo sistemebi. `vaSingtonis konsensusi~ moicavs msoflio

vaWrobis reorganizaciis aT rekomendacias, romelic SemuSavebul iqna ekonomist

j.viliamsonis mier.

kerZo biznesis racionalizaciis SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Camoyalibda òqros

korsetis~ wesi, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli kanonebis

mixedviT moqmedebas; kerZod: kerZo seqtori iqceva ekonomikis ganviTarebis,

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ZiriTad saSualebad; unda moxdes inflaciis dabali donis

mxardaWera; SenarCunebul iqnes fasebis stabiluroba; saxelmwifos biurokratiuli

aparatis roli mcirdeba; aseve mcirdeba importze gadasaxadi; ucxour investiciebze

SezRudvebi ixsneba; xdeba saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis

privatizeba; es zrdis imports; aseve adgilobrivi industria gaxsnilia

msofliosaTvis da sxva. utkinis TqmiT, òqros korsetis~ wesis gansakuTrebuloba

isaa, rom igi iTvaliswinebs `yvelasaTvis erT zomas~; utkini miCnevs, rom swored es

iwvevs sxvadsxva qveyanaze socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul zewolas, rasac,

TavisTavad, araerTgvarovani pasuxebi mohyveba. magram kompensaciad miiCneva is, rom

òqros korsetis~ miRebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba warmoeba, ekonomikuri Semosavali. oci

wlis win malaizielis saSualo Semosavali iyo 350 dolari weliwadSi, magram òqros

korsetSi~ CaTreuli malaizieli axla weliwadSi 5000 dolars iRebs.

politikur sferoSi, acxadebs utkini, òqros korseti~ amcirebs xelisuflebis

saTaveebTan mdgom partiebs Soris arsebul gasxvavebebs. kerZod, aviRoT aSS

demokratebi da respublikelebi, maTi samoqmedo gegma, mizani da warmodgenili

saxelmwifo mowyobis gegma ar scdeba òqros korsetis~ wesebs, amitom maT Soris

arsebuli winaaRmdegoba mcirea: imdenad mcire, rom samxreT koreaSi 1999 wels

arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg kim te dJunma vaSingtonSi elCad mowinaaRmdege partiis

lideri gagzavna. es ukanasknelic daTanxmda im motiviT, rom gansxvaveba am

mimarTulebiT da, saerTod, maT Soris mcire iyo.

yvela qveyana ver axerxebs òqros korsetis~ saboolood SenarCunebas da morgebas.

zogierTi qveyana mxolod nawilobriv irgebs mas (egvipte, indoeTi); zogierTi

pirvelive Sedegis mware gamocdilebis gamo ixsnis mas (ruseTi, malaizia); mesameni

cdiloben, oqros korseti sakuTar nacionalur kulturas moargon da ise miiRon

(iaponia, germania, safrangeTi); arseboben iseTebic, dasZens utkini, romelnic

miiCneven, rom korsetSi Tavis Seyofa arc Rirs da ukeTesad miiCneven, rom mxolod

bunebriv resursebs miendon (saudis arabeTi, irani); arseboben kidev iseTi

sazogadoebebi, romelnic yvelafers gaiReben imisaTvis, rom korsetis mkacr wesebsa

da kanonebSi ar aRmoCndnen (kuba, sudani, korea); isini, vinc korsetis wesebs aRiareben,

miiCneven, rom visac surs materialuri progresis miRweva, aucileblad mouwevs am

wesebis Sesruleba. mis dasturad korsetis momxreebs moyavT faqtebic. kerZod, isini

xazs usvamen viwro regionebis ganviTarebas: CrdiloeT italia, samxreT korea, Sanxais

teritoria, tel-avivi israelSi, beiruTi libanSi, bangalori indoeTSi _ yvela

maTgani miekuTvneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis korifeTa ricxvs,

`kibernetikul tomebs~, romlebic cxovroben Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.

òqros korsetis~ mowinaaRmdegeni erTnairad reagireben masze da miiCneven, rom

isini sakuTari kulturis mixedviT, sakuTari siswrafiT ivlian, radgan korseti

Zalzed determinizebulia. isini svamen kiTxvas _ ratom ar SeiZleba, Seikribon

xelaxla da Seqmnan axali, naklebad amkrZalavi modeli? razec msoflios Zlieri

64

gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebisdagavarad mkveTrad gamovyoT saqarTve-

losaTvis Tu ra SeiZleba aRmoCndes dadebiTi da ra uaryofiTi, radgan is rac

misaRebia erTisaTvis, miuRebelia meoresTvis. sxvaTa gamocdilebis gaanalizeba da

Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems CamoyaliboT globalizaciisadmi sakuTari midgoma. es

aucilebelia, radgan Cven politikuri da ekonomikuri kursi swored mTavari

globalizatoris, Tu SeZleba ase iTqvas, dasavleTisaken gvaqvs aRebuli. es ki niSnavs

imas, rom `macivars mohyveba haqslic~, anu politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis

daSoreba SeuZlebelia, ar SeiZleba politikur-ekonomikur kavSirs ar moyves

urTierToba kulturis doneze. am mxriv sakiTxs arTulebs is, rom erTis SexedviT

erTian dasavleTSi sakmaod didi da rTuli winaaRmdegobebi gaCnda dasavleT evropasa

da amerikas Soris, rogorc ikveTeba kulturis doneze maT Sorisac sakmaod didi

gansxvaveba yofila, radgan evropis zogierTi qveynisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda

globalizaciis procesSi amerikidan importirebuli kultura. kvlevis aqtualobas

esec amtkicebs, radgan politikis doneze gancxadeba Cveni dasavluri orientaciis

Sesaxeb gasagebi da misaRebia, magram meore mxriv, Tuki Cven SevxedavT amas mecnieruli

TvaliT, gaurkvevelia ras niSnavs dasavluri orientacia _ kari gavuRoT yvelafers

rac modis mTlianad dasavleTidan, anu aSS-dan da evropidan da miviRoT igi, Tu unda

ganvasxvavoT amerikuli da evropuli.

rogorc vxedavT, problema mcire kulturebisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvis,

sakmaod bevr saintereso da aqtualur sakiTxebs moicavs. SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT,

Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra aris misi warmoSobis

safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT miemarTeba, saiT

miyavs samyaro?

daviwyoT imiT, rom èri-saxelmwifo aRar iqneba efeqturi Zala: igi Zalian pataraa

didi problemisaTvis da Zalian didi _ patara problemebisaTvis~ (artur

Sleizingeri; amerikeli istorikosi). es aris formula, romelic kargad miesadageboda

~civi omis~ Semdgom, gardamaval periodSi myof msoflios, radgan aSkara iyo, rom

ideologiaTa konfliqtis epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg warmoudgeneli iqneboda eri-

saxelmwifos qceva (Tu dabruneba) msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvrelad; magram sruliad

gaurkveveli rCeboda is, Tu ras an vis unda daekavebina misi adgili. Tuki

davakvirdebiT am periodis samecniero Tu publicistur statiebs, davinaxavT, rom

Sesaval sityvebSi aseTi gamoTqmebi figurirebs: `msoflio gagiJda~, ès fantastikuri

msoflioa~, `kacobriobam ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Seabija~. swavlulebi TiTqos,

SeSinebulni, ufro ki gaocebulni arian.

SemoTavazebul iqna uamravi da sxvadasxvagvari Teoria momavali msoflio wesrigis

Sesaxeb: istoriis dasasruli, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba, marqsizmis aRorZineba. erT-

erTma maTganma msoflioSi mimdinare process globalizacia uwoda. es moxda 1983

wels. amerikelma mecnierma t.levitma am terminiT calkeul produqtTa bazrebis

gaerTianeba daaxasiaTa. manamde arsebobda mondializmis anu globalizmis cneba,

romelic 70-iani wlebidan postindustriuli civilizaciis mTels planetaze

gavrcelebas axasiaTebda. amis Semdeg terminma ufro Rrma Sinaarsi SeiZina da iqca

cnebad, romelic msoflioSi arsebul process gamoxatavs. Tavad procesis

gansazRvreba imdenivea, ramdeni moazrovnec Seexo mas.

Cvenc, Cvenis mxriv, ar CamovrCebiT moazrovneTa did laSqars da vecdebiT misi

Sinaarsis gansazRvras samecniero literaturaSi arsebul definiciebze dayrdnobiT.

Tavad cneba `globalizacia~ modis sityvidan global, rac frangulad

sayovelTaos, mTlians, saerTos niSnavs, aqedan, cnebac, advili misaxvedria,

`gasayovelTaoebas~ aRniSnavs.

57

axla oriod sityva imaze, Tu ris `gasayovelTaoebazea~ saubari. marTalia, cnebas

Tavdapirvelad mxolod ekonomikuri datvirTva hqonda, magram dRes igi ukve,

faqtobrivad, cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavs. rodesac vambobT yvelafers,

vgulisxmobT doneebs: ekonomikurs, politikursa da kulturul-religiurs.

yvelaze zogadad, globalizacia aris procesi, romelic msoflios daviwroebas

axdens. dedamiwas `patara didi sofeli~ SeiZleba ewodos. es aris erTiani `msoflio

sazogadoeba~. am sityvaTwyobaSi Tu sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi germaneli filosofosi

u.beki sityva `msoflios~ gansxvavebulobis, mravalferovnebis mniSvnelobas aniWebs,

xolo `sazogadoebas~ _ araintegrirebulobis. amitom, gamodis, rom msoflio

sazogadoeba aris erTianobis gareSe arsebuli mravalferovneba. u.beki ganasxvavebs

globalizms, globalurobasa da globalizacias. aRniSnuli gansxvavebis mizania

daamsxvrios politikurisa da sazogadoebrivis teritoriuli orTodoqsuloba,

romelic pirveli modernis proeqtSi Camoyalibda, daukavSirda erovnul saxelmwifos

da miiRo kategorialur-instituciuri absolutis statusi.

globalizmi _ es aris msoflio bazris batonobis gageba. mas globalizaciis

mravalmxrivoba (politikuri, kulturuli, ekologiuri da sxva) dayavs mxolod

sameurneo ganzomilebamde da sxva danarCens mxolod mis daqvemdebarebaSi

warmoadgens. globalizmi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom, SeiZleba magaliTad, germania,

marTo ubralo sawarmosaviT.

ramdenadac `msoflio~ da sityvaTSeTanxmeba `msoflio sazogadoeba~ aRniSnavs

gansxvavebebs, mravalferovnebas, xolo `sazogadoeba~ _ araintegrirebuleobas,

amitom msoflio sazogadoebis cnebis qveS SesaZloa vigulisxmoT erTianobis gareSe

mravalferovneba.

msoflio sazogadoeba warmoadgens ara megasazogadoebas, romelic Tavis TavSi

aerTianebs da aqrobs yvela nacionalur sazogadoebas, aramed mravalferovnebiT

gamorCeul da integracias dauqvemdebarebel msoflio horizonts, romelic iReba

maSinve, roca is iqmneba da, amasTan, inarCunebs komunikaciisa da moqmedebis

Tavisuflebas.

axalia ara marto yoveldRiuri cxovreba da qmedebani, romlebic gascdnen

erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs da qveynebi urTierTdamokidebulebebis qseliT

dafares, aramed isic, rom aRar arsebobs sazogadoebis, Sromisa da kapitalis

garkveul adgilze mijaWvuloba.

globalizaciaSi ar igulisxmeba msoflio saxelmwifos arseboba; ufro zustad:

esaa msoflio sazogadoeba msoflio saxelmwifosa da msoflio mTavrobis gareSe.

laparakia globalurad dezorganizebuli kapitalizmis gafarToebaze, vinaidan arc

ekonomikuri da arc politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs hegemoni xelisufleba da

internacionaluri reJimi.

erTi sityviT, globaluri niSnavs erTian sivrces, mas ufro geografiuli

datvirTva eniWeba. globalizmi aris am sivrceSi msoflio bazris gabatonebis

gamomxatveli cneba. rac Seexeba globalizacias, es aris procesi, anu is, rac

globalizmiT gajerebul globalur msoflioSi xdeba da mimdinareobs, anu

globalizacia aris cocxali, dinamiuri da mimdinare procesi, romelmac msoflio

axal wesrigamde unda miiyvanos.

SesaZloa, dResdReisobiT, globalizacia Tavad warmoadgens msoflio wesrigs,

radgan uaxloes momavalSi swored misgan momdinare gamowvevebze mouwevs

sazogadoebebs pasuxis gacema.

globalizaciis Sesaxeb Seqmnili Teoriebi iseTive swrafi tempiT viTardeba,

rogorc Tavad procesi. Tuki Tqven gaxsniT am procesis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel

58

momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis saxelidan); am saxelwodebiT ganisazRvreba

wamyvani saqmiani da politikuri wreebis saerTaSoriso kultura, romlis ZiriTadi

mamoZravebeli Zala, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri globalizaciisa,

saerTaSoriso biznesia. am kulturis matareblebad moiazrebian ara marto is

adamianebi, romlebic xSirad dadian davosSi, aramed isinic, visac surs iyos am

sazogadoebs wevri da ar aris, an jer ar aris.

msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli

(iapi-internacionali _ abreviatura, romelic modis young urban professional-dan),

romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad icvamen da erTobian, aseve,

SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am

axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad

or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari

piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul kulturul faseulobebze.


erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri

inteligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo

kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT: akademiuri

struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis sakuTar bazars

_ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli, kerZod, amerikeli

inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi,

specialistebi da sxvani.

davosur kulturas da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturas aqvs centri da

periferia. gansxvaveba am or kulturas Soris aris is, rom davosuri kulturis

centrebi mxolod dasavleTSi ar aris ganlagebuli. iseTi didi biznes-centrebi,

rogorebicaa tokio, hong-kongi, singapuri iseTsave imave rols asruleben. xolo

inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis centri mxolod dasavleTSi, kerZod, amerikaSia.

ase, rom mTavar globalizatorad, am mimarTulebiT, dRes amerika miiCneva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier SemoRebuli cxovrebis

janmrTeli wesi da misi ganxorcielebis cda dasavleTSi TavisTavadi movlenaa da

pirdapir daniSnulebas emsaxureba. sxva kulturebSi ki mas sxva daniSnuleba aqvs,

kerZod, es aris am sazogadoebis mier demokratiulobis xarisxis dadasturebis

mcdeloba. amis magaliTia samxreT afrikaSi Tambaqos wevis sawinaaRmdego

kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, maSin roca Sidsis virusma samxreT afrikaSi katastroful

zRvars miaRwia. sigaretis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdebloba, bergeris azriT, swored

inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli da ara xalxis

janmrTelobaze zrunviT.

jeims hanteri saubrobs im kosmopolitebze, romlebic Zalzed advilad moZraoben

mTeli msoflios masStabiT da originaluri kulturis gavlenas ar ganicdian. es xalxi

gvxvdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi,

evangelistur misiebSi. eseni arian globalizatorebi.

rodesac saubaria davosuri kulturisa da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis

Taviseburebebze, aucileblad mimaCnia yuradReba gavamaxvilo rusi mecnieris,

saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa centris direqtoris a.i. utkinis mier SemoTavazebuli

mosazrebaze. igi miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis procesi or etapad iyofa. pirveli etapi

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze unda veZioT, xolo meore etapi _ XX saukunis 70-iani

wlebis bolos. maT Soris wyalgamyofia meore msoflio omi da misi momdevno

aTwleulebi. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi globalizaciis meore talRas, utkinis azriT,

safuZveli daudo SeTanxmebam, romelic cnobilia `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ saxeliT.

63

saZiebelia im teritoriaze, romelic moicavs CrdiloeT afrikas, axlo aRmosavleTs,

indoeTis nawils, centralur da samxreT azias, swored aq iyo protokapitalisturi

elementebi. ese igi, maTi azriT, safuZveli aRmosavleTia, xolo Semdeg xdeba

àRmosavleTis dacema~ da dasavleTis ayvaveba. momavalSi mosalodnelia aRmo-

savleTis xelaxali ayvaveba, Sesabamisad, Tu dRes dominanti dasavleTia, xval aRmo-

savleTi gaxdeba.

Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio sazogadoeba

globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe

globalizaciis kvlevisas erT paradoqss vawydebiT: kvlevis dawyebamde geCveneba,

rom masze mkafio warmodgena gaqvs, xolo kvlevisas ufro bundovani xdeba misi arsi.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom arsebobs uamravi samecniero naSromi, saJurnalo statia

da Teoria globalizaciis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, winaswar SemogTavazod

sqema, romlis CarCoebSic gavagrZelebT kvlevas.

sqema, romelsac warmogidgenT, SemuSavebul iqna 1999-2002 wlebSi wlebSi

Catarebuli kvlevis Sdegad. igi ganaxorciela bostonis universitetma da

ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlelma institutma (ISEC). kvlevas xelmZRvanelobdnen

piter l. bergeri (sociologi, ISEC-is direqtori) da samuel p. hanTigtoni

(politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori). mkvlevarTa jgufebma msoflios

aTobiT qveyanaSi Caatares dakvirveba kulturis globalizaciis dinamikaze.

Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad piter l. bergerma gamoyo oTxi mimarTuleba, romlis

saSualebiTac vrceldeba globaluri kultura esenia:

1. davosuri kultura, anu saerTaSoriso biznes-kultura;

2. `mak-msoflio~ kultura, anu masobrivi samomxmareblo kultura;

3. inteleqtualTa saerTaSoriso saklubo kultura;

4. axali religiuri moZraobebi.

imisaTvis, rom mimarTulebaTa aseTi dayofa mkafio da TvalsaCino gaxdes, maT

ufro safuZvlianad ganvixilavT.

arsebobs ganviTarebadi, zrdadi globaluri kultura da igi xasiaTiTa da

warmomavlobiT amerikulia. Cilelma istorikosma klaudio velizim mas uwoda ànglo-

amerikuli civilizaciis elinisturi stadia~ _ stadia, romelic ar SeiZleba gagebul

iqnas, rogorc ìmperializmi~. antikuri samyaro berZnulad iqca swored maSin, roca

saberZneTs imperiuli SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCnda. dRes, marTalia, aSS udides Zalas

flobs, magram, rogorc Tavad amerikelebi miiCneven, aSS ar cdilobs sakuTari

kulturis Tavs moxvevas sxva sazogadoebebisaTvis. adrec da axlac ena did rols

TamaSobda kulturis gavrcelebaSi. elinizmis periodSi mTavar enas warmoadgeneda

`koine~ _ ubralo xalxis salaparako ena; dRes igive rols arsulebs inglisuri,

amerikuli inglisuri ena. igi warmoadgens mzardi globaluri kulturis `koines~. mas

uaxles momavalSi konkurenti Znelad Tu gamouCndeba. milionobiT adamiani saubrobs

inglisur enaze, magram maTi umravlesoba inglisur enas internetSi Ziebisa da ukeTesi

samuSaos mosaZebnad swavlobs, da ara originalSi Seqspirisa da folkneris wasakiTxad.

ucxo enis gamoyeneba ukvalod ar qreba. enas aqvs kulturuli plastebi, rogorc

cnobier, aseve normatiul da emociur donezea.

mzrdad globalur kulturas aqvs SesaZlebloba, gavrceldes rogorc elitarul,

aseve farTo fenebze. SeasZloa, elitarul doneze kulturis gavrcelebis yvelaze

mTvari saSualeba aris is, rasac s.hanTingtonma daosuri kultura uwoda (saxelwodeba

62

saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebelSi CawerT sityvas `globalizacia~, Tqvens

Tvalwin gaixsneba saSualod 4 mln veb-gverdi.

globalizacia damyarebulia adamianTa urTierTobaze, ufro sworad, sxvadasxva

sazogadoebaTa urTierTobaze. ese igi, roca saubaria globalizaciaze, igulisxmeba am

Tu im sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoeba. xolo sazogadoebam Tavisi

Rirebulebebi sayovelTaod rom aqcios, saWiroa igi sxva sazogadoebebs gaacnos da

gauTavisos, risTvisac saWiroa kontaqti. ese igi, logikurad mivediT daskvnamde, rom

globalizaciis pirveli aucilebeli piroba sxvadasxva sazogadoebis, sxvadasxava

kulturuli erTobis urTierTobaa.

imisaTvis, rom msjeloba ganvagrZoT, saWiroa globalizaciis saTave romelime

istoriul epoqas davukavSiroT. am mxriv mecnierTa azri iyofa. erTi nawili miiCnevs,

rom globalizaciis saTaveebi saZiebelia XV saukuneSi, igi ukavSirdeba did

geografiul aRmoCenebs, rodesac dedamiwis macxovrebelTa umetesobam moaxerxa

urTierTgacnoba. mkvlevarTa am jgufis azriT, es iyo pirveli faqti msoflios

xalxTa urTierTobisa, swored am periodSi xdeba kulturul RirebulebaTa pirveli

masobrivi gacvla.

mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom globalizacia aris XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze

dawyebuli movlena, dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebTan sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebaTa dargSi da msoflios ganawilebis erTi etapis damTavrebasTan.

mesame nawili ki miiCnevs, rom globalizacia XX saukunis meore naxevris movlenaa,

radgan misi safuZvlebi saZiebelia informaciuli epoqis dasawyisSi.

aucileblad miviCnevT, SemogTavazoT konkretul mecnierTa varaudebi; es

varaudebi u.bekis naSromSia warmodgenili:

avtori dasawyisi Tema

marqsi me-15 s. Tanamedrove kapitalizmi

uolerstaini me-15 s. msoflio kapitalisturi sistema

robertsoni 1870-1920w.w. mravalwyobianoba

gidensi me-18 s. modernizacia

perlmuteri aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis

globaluri civilizacia

dasasruli

ra Tqma unda, sakamaToa, romeli daskvnaa ufro misaRebi, radgan yovel maTgans

sakuTari, met-naklebad damajerebeli dasabuTeba aqvs.

imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT am winaaRmdegobaSi da CvenTvis ufro advili Seiqmnes

sakuTari daskvnis gakeTeba, oriode sityviT SevexoT im istoriul periodebs,

rodesac dasavleTs mWidro urTierToba hqonda sxva samyarosTan.

pirveli intensiuri Sexeba mas aRmosavleTTan hqonda. es iyo antikur xanaSi,

rodesac erTmaneTs ebrZoda berZnuli da sparsuli samyaro. am samyaroTa

urTierTobam gamoiwvia sruliad axali kulturuli erTobis _ elinisturi samyaros

_ warmoSoba, rac mTlianad gamoxatuli iyo berZnuli da araberZnuli (sparsuli da

sxva) adaT-wesebis, kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT. Tuki Sedegebis mxriv

vimsjelebT, am periodis Semdeg (Tu ar CavTvliT jvarosnul omebs), RirebulebaTa

urTierTgacvlis mxriv, msgavsi nayofieri Sedegi samyaroTa urTierTobas aRar

hqonia. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg, marTalia, imperia daiSala,

magram axlo aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibda samyaro, romelic arc sparsul-aRmosavluri

iyo da arc berZnul-dasavluri, igi am samyaroTa urTierTobis Sedegi gaxldaT.

rodesac kulturul RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoebazea saubari, unda gamoiyos

ramdenime istoriuli epoqa. Tu Sedegebze mxolod dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi

59

visaubrebT, msgavsi SemTxveva ramdenimea: elinisturi epoqa, safrangeTis revolucia

da, Semdeg, komunizmis periodi. yovel maTgans Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos

pirovnebaTa saxeli: elinisturs _ aleqsandre makedonelis, safrangeTis revolucias

_ napoleonis, xolo komunizmis periods _ stalinis. safrangeTis revolucia

Tamamad CaiTvleba evropul revoluciad, rac Seexeba komunizms, es ideologia

dasavleTSi aRmocenda da TiTqmis mTel evraziaSi gavrcelda. arc makedoneli, arc

napoleoni da arc stalini im kulturis uSualo warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen, romlis

saxeliTac moqmedebdnen. arada, ra gasakviric ar unda iyos, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom

es sami pirovneba-epoqa dasavleTis saxis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.

kerZod, makedonelma SeZlo is, rac Tavad berZnebma ver SeZles, anu moaxerxa berZnuli

samyaros gaerTianeba, romelic gaxda safuZveli erTiani dasavluri kulturisa.

napoleonma frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi zogadevropulad aqcia da safuZveli

daudo erTiani evropis Camoyalibebas, stalinma komunizmis gaZlierebiT Camoayaliba

banaki, romlis winaaRmdeg brZolac SeiZleba CaiTvalos napoleonis epoqaSi dawyebuli

evropis konsolidaciis saboloo Camoyalibebis procesad; komunizmis winaaRmdeg

brZola iqca evropuli integraciis erT-erT damaCqarebel movlenad.

samive movlenaSi Cans `gasayovelTaoebis~ niSnebi, magram `globalizaciaze~

saubari jer kidev adrea, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mxolod ori sazogadoebis

urTierTobazea saubari, meore SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba ver gascda evropis

sazRvrebs, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi komunizmi, rogorc sayovelTao ideologia, Tavad

mSobelma dasavleTma uaryo. magram samive maTgans, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, didi

wvlili miuZRvis faseulobaTa im sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, ris gasayovelTaoebazec

dRes aris saubari. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia,

romelic moicavs ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul sferoebs.

liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia aris dasavlur faseulobaTa sistema,

aqedan gamomdinare, `globalizacia~ dasavluri movlenaa. swored dasavluri

ideologiis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba `globalizaciis~ procesis dawyeba.

dasavluri cnobierebiT, `progresi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonia~. xolo

progresi marto rwmeniT, anu gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ideologia iZleva

amqveyniuri keTildReobis etalons. am SemTxvevaSi ki dasavluri ideologia, rogorc

Tavad dasavleTi fiqrobs, erTaderTia, romelic iZleva kargi cxovrebis garantias. am

daskvnamde dasavleTi im logikiT mivida, rom Zlierebisa da keTildReobisaTvis

saWiroa Zlieri ekonomika, xolo amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im wesebis dacviT,

romelsac liberaluri demokratia gvTavazobs.

sanam uSualod `globalizaciis~ doneTa ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, gvsurs erT

faqtze gavamaxviloT yuradReba. msjelobas Jan-Jak rusos sityvebiT daviwyebT:

`yvelaze Zlieri ar aris ise Zlieri, rom mudam batoni iyos, Tu Tavis Zalas uflebad,

xolo morCilebas movaleobad ar gardaqmnis~. dRes Zlierad msoflios swored

dasavleTi evlineba, amitom es ukanaskneli yvelanairad cdilobs, dRevandeli

Zliereba gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom Zala uflebad aqcios, xolo morCileba ki

movaleobad, raTa yovelTvis dominantad darCes. kerZod, igi cdilobs Seqmnas

samyaro, sadac TviTon moTamaSe arbitris rolSi iqneba. dasavleTi cdilobs,

msoflios TamaSis sakuTari wesebi ukarnaxos. `globalizaciis~ idea aris is, rom

dasavluri Rirebulebani _ demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis uflebaTa

pativiscema, Riaoba _ anu liberaluri demokratia aqcios msoflio ideologiad.

`globalizaciis~ dasavlur xedvas kargad gamoxatavs am saukunis ormocian wlebSi

adaminis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis istoria. misi ganxilvis dros,

dasavleTis mecnierTa erTma jgufma, kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam,

60

melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, warmoadgina memorandumi, romlis mixedviTac,

saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba

Taviseburad esmiT. rogorc blez paskali ambobda, ìs, rac alpebs aqeT WeSmaritebaa,

alpebs iqiT sicruea~. memorandumi emyareboda formulas: àdamiani Tavisufalia im

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis im gagebiT, romelic mis

sazogadoebaSia miRebuli~. maTi azriT, Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs sxvadasxva

kulturaSi sxvadasxva xasiaTi aqvT, amitom, yoveli mcdeloba _ Camoyalibdes isini

mxolod erTi romelime kulturis warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT, xels uSlis adamianis

uflebaTa aseTi deklaraciis gavrcelebas mTel kacobriobaze. oficialuri

dasavleTisaTvis es memorandumi miuRebeli aRmoCnda da maT miiRes deklaracia,

romelic mxolod dasavlur Rirebulebebs efuZneba. aqedan gamomdinare,

`globalizacia~, anu deklaraciis gasayovelTaoebis mcdeloba dasavluri movlenaa.

sanam uSualod Tanamedroveobaze gadavidodeT, oriode sityviT ekonomikuri

`globalizaciis~ Temas SevexoT. dasavlel mecnierTa didi nawili msoflio istorias

aRiqvams, rogorc erT mTlian process. am mecnierTagan unda gamovyoT isini, vinc

msoflio istoriis amosaval wertilad ekonomikas miiCneven. sainteresoa

msoflsistemuri midgoma, romelic ànalebis~ skolis warmomadgenelma fernar

brodelma da ekonomikis istoriis mkvlevarma imanuel valerstainma Camoayalibes. am

ukanasknelis wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflsistema~ kargad aris Camoyalibebuli

msoflistemuri TvalTaxedva, romlis mixedviTac, msoflsistema aris ara msoflio

sistema, aramed esaa sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros.

msoflsitemuri midgomisaTvis amosavalia ufro didi organizmebis gamoyofa,

vidre socialur-istoriuli organizmia, magram amosavali wertili aris ara kultura,

aramed ekonomika. pirveli msoflsistemebi msoflio imperiebia, romlebic

warmoadgens ara mxolod samyaroebs, aramed warmoebis wessac. es msoflio imperiebi

Tavis Tavs gardaqmnis axal msoflio sistemad, anu msoflekonomikad. warmoebis wesis

mixedviT, valerstaini gamoyofs sxvadasxva msoflsistemas da aRiarebs, rom

Tanamedrove msoflsistema, anu kapitalisturi msoflekonomika, erTaderTia,

romelic ara mxolod gadarCa, aramed ajoba sxva socialur sistemebs, `Seisruta ra

isini~.

80-iani wlebis miwurulidan gamoikveTa msoflsistemuri midgomis momxreTa mier

kacobriobis istoriis orgvari xedva: pirvelis mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis

warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas, xolo meoris mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis iyo

gaxleCili ramdenime msoflsistemad. k.Ceiz-danma pirvelis momxreebs `monoli-

Tistebi~ uwoda, xolo meoreT ki _ `damnawevreblebi~.

`monoliTistebis~ azriT, ukanaskneli 5 aTasi wlis manZilze (rac arsebobs

kalasobrivi sazogadoeba) mTeli Zveli samyaro warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas,

axali samyaro ki, XV saukunis bolomde meore msoflsistema iyo. XV saukuneSi es erTi

`naprali~ Seavso amerikis aRmoCenam. am Tvalsazrisis warmomadgenlebi arian

a.g.franki, s.amini, J.abu-lughodi. yoveli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia met-

naklebad agresiuli antievropeizmi.

`damnawevreblebis~ warmomadgenelia k. Ceiz-dani, romelic gamoyofs msoflsiste-

maTa sxvadasxva tips, Semoaqvs cneba `zemsoflsistema~, romliTac aRiniSneba evrazia.

rogorc vxedavT, msoflistema Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs `globalizacias~.

`monoliTistebi~ aRiareben kapitalisturi msoflekonomikis, rogorc erTiani

msoflsistemis, dominantobas da Tvlian, rom kapitalizmis safuZvlebi saZiebelia ara

erT romelime sazogadoebaSi, romelsac valerstaini `nacionalur saxelmwifoebs~

uwodebs, aramed swored maT urTierTobaSi. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis safuZvlebi

61

visaubrebT, msgavsi SemTxveva ramdenimea: elinisturi epoqa, safrangeTis revolucia

da, Semdeg, komunizmis periodi. yovel maTgans Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos

pirovnebaTa saxeli: elinisturs _ aleqsandre makedonelis, safrangeTis revolucias

_ napoleonis, xolo komunizmis periods _ stalinis. safrangeTis revolucia

Tamamad CaiTvleba evropul revoluciad, rac Seexeba komunizms, es ideologia

dasavleTSi aRmocenda da TiTqmis mTel evraziaSi gavrcelda. arc makedoneli, arc

napoleoni da arc stalini im kulturis uSualo warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen, romlis

saxeliTac moqmedebdnen. arada, ra gasakviric ar unda iyos, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom

es sami pirovneba-epoqa dasavleTis saxis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.

kerZod, makedonelma SeZlo is, rac Tavad berZnebma ver SeZles, anu moaxerxa berZnuli

samyaros gaerTianeba, romelic gaxda safuZveli erTiani dasavluri kulturisa.

napoleonma frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi zogadevropulad aqcia da safuZveli

daudo erTiani evropis Camoyalibebas, stalinma komunizmis gaZlierebiT Camoayaliba

banaki, romlis winaaRmdeg brZolac SeiZleba CaiTvalos napoleonis epoqaSi dawyebuli

evropis konsolidaciis saboloo Camoyalibebis procesad; komunizmis winaaRmdeg

brZola iqca evropuli integraciis erT-erT damaCqarebel movlenad.

samive movlenaSi Cans `gasayovelTaoebis~ niSnebi, magram `globalizaciaze~

saubari jer kidev adrea, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mxolod ori sazogadoebis

urTierTobazea saubari, meore SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba ver gascda evropis

sazRvrebs, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi komunizmi, rogorc sayovelTao ideologia, Tavad

mSobelma dasavleTma uaryo. magram samive maTgans, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, didi

wvlili miuZRvis faseulobaTa im sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, ris gasayovelTaoebazec

dRes aris saubari. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia,

romelic moicavs ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul sferoebs.

liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia aris dasavlur faseulobaTa sistema,

aqedan gamomdinare, `globalizacia~ dasavluri movlenaa. swored dasavluri

ideologiis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba `globalizaciis~ procesis dawyeba.

dasavluri cnobierebiT, `progresi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonia~. xolo

progresi marto rwmeniT, anu gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ideologia iZleva

amqveyniuri keTildReobis etalons. am SemTxvevaSi ki dasavluri ideologia, rogorc

Tavad dasavleTi fiqrobs, erTaderTia, romelic iZleva kargi cxovrebis garantias. am

daskvnamde dasavleTi im logikiT mivida, rom Zlierebisa da keTildReobisaTvis

saWiroa Zlieri ekonomika, xolo amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im wesebis dacviT,

romelsac liberaluri demokratia gvTavazobs.

sanam uSualod `globalizaciis~ doneTa ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, gvsurs erT

faqtze gavamaxviloT yuradReba. msjelobas Jan-Jak rusos sityvebiT daviwyebT:

`yvelaze Zlieri ar aris ise Zlieri, rom mudam batoni iyos, Tu Tavis Zalas uflebad,

xolo morCilebas movaleobad ar gardaqmnis~. dRes Zlierad msoflios swored

dasavleTi evlineba, amitom es ukanaskneli yvelanairad cdilobs, dRevandeli

Zliereba gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom Zala uflebad aqcios, xolo morCileba ki

movaleobad, raTa yovelTvis dominantad darCes. kerZod, igi cdilobs Seqmnas

samyaro, sadac TviTon moTamaSe arbitris rolSi iqneba. dasavleTi cdilobs,

msoflios TamaSis sakuTari wesebi ukarnaxos. `globalizaciis~ idea aris is, rom

dasavluri Rirebulebani _ demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis uflebaTa

pativiscema, Riaoba _ anu liberaluri demokratia aqcios msoflio ideologiad.

`globalizaciis~ dasavlur xedvas kargad gamoxatavs am saukunis ormocian wlebSi

adaminis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis istoria. misi ganxilvis dros,

dasavleTis mecnierTa erTma jgufma, kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam,

60

melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, warmoadgina memorandumi, romlis mixedviTac,

saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba

Taviseburad esmiT. rogorc blez paskali ambobda, ìs, rac alpebs aqeT WeSmaritebaa,

alpebs iqiT sicruea~. memorandumi emyareboda formulas: àdamiani Tavisufalia im

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis im gagebiT, romelic mis

sazogadoebaSia miRebuli~. maTi azriT, Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs sxvadasxva

kulturaSi sxvadasxva xasiaTi aqvT, amitom, yoveli mcdeloba _ Camoyalibdes isini

mxolod erTi romelime kulturis warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT, xels uSlis adamianis

uflebaTa aseTi deklaraciis gavrcelebas mTel kacobriobaze. oficialuri

dasavleTisaTvis es memorandumi miuRebeli aRmoCnda da maT miiRes deklaracia,

romelic mxolod dasavlur Rirebulebebs efuZneba. aqedan gamomdinare,

`globalizacia~, anu deklaraciis gasayovelTaoebis mcdeloba dasavluri movlenaa.

sanam uSualod Tanamedroveobaze gadavidodeT, oriode sityviT ekonomikuri

`globalizaciis~ Temas SevexoT. dasavlel mecnierTa didi nawili msoflio istorias

aRiqvams, rogorc erT mTlian process. am mecnierTagan unda gamovyoT isini, vinc

msoflio istoriis amosaval wertilad ekonomikas miiCneven. sainteresoa

msoflsistemuri midgoma, romelic ànalebis~ skolis warmomadgenelma fernar

brodelma da ekonomikis istoriis mkvlevarma imanuel valerstainma Camoayalibes. am

ukanasknelis wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflsistema~ kargad aris Camoyalibebuli

msoflistemuri TvalTaxedva, romlis mixedviTac, msoflsistema aris ara msoflio

sistema, aramed esaa sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros.

msoflsitemuri midgomisaTvis amosavalia ufro didi organizmebis gamoyofa,

vidre socialur-istoriuli organizmia, magram amosavali wertili aris ara kultura,

aramed ekonomika. pirveli msoflsistemebi msoflio imperiebia, romlebic

warmoadgens ara mxolod samyaroebs, aramed warmoebis wessac. es msoflio imperiebi

Tavis Tavs gardaqmnis axal msoflio sistemad, anu msoflekonomikad. warmoebis wesis

mixedviT, valerstaini gamoyofs sxvadasxva msoflsistemas da aRiarebs, rom

Tanamedrove msoflsistema, anu kapitalisturi msoflekonomika, erTaderTia,

romelic ara mxolod gadarCa, aramed ajoba sxva socialur sistemebs, `Seisruta ra

isini~.

80-iani wlebis miwurulidan gamoikveTa msoflsistemuri midgomis momxreTa mier

kacobriobis istoriis orgvari xedva: pirvelis mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis

warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas, xolo meoris mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis iyo

gaxleCili ramdenime msoflsistemad. k.Ceiz-danma pirvelis momxreebs `monoli-

Tistebi~ uwoda, xolo meoreT ki _ `damnawevreblebi~.

`monoliTistebis~ azriT, ukanaskneli 5 aTasi wlis manZilze (rac arsebobs

kalasobrivi sazogadoeba) mTeli Zveli samyaro warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas,

axali samyaro ki, XV saukunis bolomde meore msoflsistema iyo. XV saukuneSi es erTi

`naprali~ Seavso amerikis aRmoCenam. am Tvalsazrisis warmomadgenlebi arian

a.g.franki, s.amini, J.abu-lughodi. yoveli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia met-

naklebad agresiuli antievropeizmi.

`damnawevreblebis~ warmomadgenelia k. Ceiz-dani, romelic gamoyofs msoflsiste-

maTa sxvadasxva tips, Semoaqvs cneba `zemsoflsistema~, romliTac aRiniSneba evrazia.

rogorc vxedavT, msoflistema Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs `globalizacias~.

`monoliTistebi~ aRiareben kapitalisturi msoflekonomikis, rogorc erTiani

msoflsistemis, dominantobas da Tvlian, rom kapitalizmis safuZvlebi saZiebelia ara

erT romelime sazogadoebaSi, romelsac valerstaini `nacionalur saxelmwifoebs~

uwodebs, aramed swored maT urTierTobaSi. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis safuZvlebi

61

saZiebelia im teritoriaze, romelic moicavs CrdiloeT afrikas, axlo aRmosavleTs,

indoeTis nawils, centralur da samxreT azias, swored aq iyo protokapitalisturi

elementebi. ese igi, maTi azriT, safuZveli aRmosavleTia, xolo Semdeg xdeba

àRmosavleTis dacema~ da dasavleTis ayvaveba. momavalSi mosalodnelia aRmo-

savleTis xelaxali ayvaveba, Sesabamisad, Tu dRes dominanti dasavleTia, xval aRmo-

savleTi gaxdeba.

Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio sazogadoeba

globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe

globalizaciis kvlevisas erT paradoqss vawydebiT: kvlevis dawyebamde geCveneba,

rom masze mkafio warmodgena gaqvs, xolo kvlevisas ufro bundovani xdeba misi arsi.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom arsebobs uamravi samecniero naSromi, saJurnalo statia

da Teoria globalizaciis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, winaswar SemogTavazod

sqema, romlis CarCoebSic gavagrZelebT kvlevas.

sqema, romelsac warmogidgenT, SemuSavebul iqna 1999-2002 wlebSi wlebSi

Catarebuli kvlevis Sdegad. igi ganaxorciela bostonis universitetma da

ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlelma institutma (ISEC). kvlevas xelmZRvanelobdnen

piter l. bergeri (sociologi, ISEC-is direqtori) da samuel p. hanTigtoni

(politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori). mkvlevarTa jgufebma msoflios

aTobiT qveyanaSi Caatares dakvirveba kulturis globalizaciis dinamikaze.

Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad piter l. bergerma gamoyo oTxi mimarTuleba, romlis

saSualebiTac vrceldeba globaluri kultura esenia:

1. davosuri kultura, anu saerTaSoriso biznes-kultura;

2. `mak-msoflio~ kultura, anu masobrivi samomxmareblo kultura;

3. inteleqtualTa saerTaSoriso saklubo kultura;

4. axali religiuri moZraobebi.

imisaTvis, rom mimarTulebaTa aseTi dayofa mkafio da TvalsaCino gaxdes, maT

ufro safuZvlianad ganvixilavT.

arsebobs ganviTarebadi, zrdadi globaluri kultura da igi xasiaTiTa da

warmomavlobiT amerikulia. Cilelma istorikosma klaudio velizim mas uwoda ànglo-

amerikuli civilizaciis elinisturi stadia~ _ stadia, romelic ar SeiZleba gagebul

iqnas, rogorc ìmperializmi~. antikuri samyaro berZnulad iqca swored maSin, roca

saberZneTs imperiuli SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCnda. dRes, marTalia, aSS udides Zalas

flobs, magram, rogorc Tavad amerikelebi miiCneven, aSS ar cdilobs sakuTari

kulturis Tavs moxvevas sxva sazogadoebebisaTvis. adrec da axlac ena did rols

TamaSobda kulturis gavrcelebaSi. elinizmis periodSi mTavar enas warmoadgeneda

`koine~ _ ubralo xalxis salaparako ena; dRes igive rols arsulebs inglisuri,

amerikuli inglisuri ena. igi warmoadgens mzardi globaluri kulturis `koines~. mas

uaxles momavalSi konkurenti Znelad Tu gamouCndeba. milionobiT adamiani saubrobs

inglisur enaze, magram maTi umravlesoba inglisur enas internetSi Ziebisa da ukeTesi

samuSaos mosaZebnad swavlobs, da ara originalSi Seqspirisa da folkneris wasakiTxad.

ucxo enis gamoyeneba ukvalod ar qreba. enas aqvs kulturuli plastebi, rogorc

cnobier, aseve normatiul da emociur donezea.

mzrdad globalur kulturas aqvs SesaZlebloba, gavrceldes rogorc elitarul,

aseve farTo fenebze. SeasZloa, elitarul doneze kulturis gavrcelebis yvelaze

mTvari saSualeba aris is, rasac s.hanTingtonma daosuri kultura uwoda (saxelwodeba

62

saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebelSi CawerT sityvas `globalizacia~, Tqvens

Tvalwin gaixsneba saSualod 4 mln veb-gverdi.

globalizacia damyarebulia adamianTa urTierTobaze, ufro sworad, sxvadasxva

sazogadoebaTa urTierTobaze. ese igi, roca saubaria globalizaciaze, igulisxmeba am

Tu im sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoeba. xolo sazogadoebam Tavisi

Rirebulebebi sayovelTaod rom aqcios, saWiroa igi sxva sazogadoebebs gaacnos da

gauTavisos, risTvisac saWiroa kontaqti. ese igi, logikurad mivediT daskvnamde, rom

globalizaciis pirveli aucilebeli piroba sxvadasxva sazogadoebis, sxvadasxava

kulturuli erTobis urTierTobaa.

imisaTvis, rom msjeloba ganvagrZoT, saWiroa globalizaciis saTave romelime

istoriul epoqas davukavSiroT. am mxriv mecnierTa azri iyofa. erTi nawili miiCnevs,

rom globalizaciis saTaveebi saZiebelia XV saukuneSi, igi ukavSirdeba did

geografiul aRmoCenebs, rodesac dedamiwis macxovrebelTa umetesobam moaxerxa

urTierTgacnoba. mkvlevarTa am jgufis azriT, es iyo pirveli faqti msoflios

xalxTa urTierTobisa, swored am periodSi xdeba kulturul RirebulebaTa pirveli

masobrivi gacvla.

mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom globalizacia aris XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze

dawyebuli movlena, dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebTan sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebaTa dargSi da msoflios ganawilebis erTi etapis damTavrebasTan.

mesame nawili ki miiCnevs, rom globalizacia XX saukunis meore naxevris movlenaa,

radgan misi safuZvlebi saZiebelia informaciuli epoqis dasawyisSi.

aucileblad miviCnevT, SemogTavazoT konkretul mecnierTa varaudebi; es

varaudebi u.bekis naSromSia warmodgenili:

avtori dasawyisi Tema

marqsi me-15 s. Tanamedrove kapitalizmi

uolerstaini me-15 s. msoflio kapitalisturi sistema

robertsoni 1870-1920w.w. mravalwyobianoba

gidensi me-18 s. modernizacia

perlmuteri aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis

globaluri civilizacia

dasasruli

ra Tqma unda, sakamaToa, romeli daskvnaa ufro misaRebi, radgan yovel maTgans

sakuTari, met-naklebad damajerebeli dasabuTeba aqvs.

imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT am winaaRmdegobaSi da CvenTvis ufro advili Seiqmnes

sakuTari daskvnis gakeTeba, oriode sityviT SevexoT im istoriul periodebs,

rodesac dasavleTs mWidro urTierToba hqonda sxva samyarosTan.

pirveli intensiuri Sexeba mas aRmosavleTTan hqonda. es iyo antikur xanaSi,

rodesac erTmaneTs ebrZoda berZnuli da sparsuli samyaro. am samyaroTa

urTierTobam gamoiwvia sruliad axali kulturuli erTobis _ elinisturi samyaros

_ warmoSoba, rac mTlianad gamoxatuli iyo berZnuli da araberZnuli (sparsuli da

sxva) adaT-wesebis, kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT. Tuki Sedegebis mxriv

vimsjelebT, am periodis Semdeg (Tu ar CavTvliT jvarosnul omebs), RirebulebaTa

urTierTgacvlis mxriv, msgavsi nayofieri Sedegi samyaroTa urTierTobas aRar

hqonia. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg, marTalia, imperia daiSala,

magram axlo aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibda samyaro, romelic arc sparsul-aRmosavluri

iyo da arc berZnul-dasavluri, igi am samyaroTa urTierTobis Sedegi gaxldaT.

rodesac kulturul RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoebazea saubari, unda gamoiyos

ramdenime istoriuli epoqa. Tu Sedegebze mxolod dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi

59

axla oriod sityva imaze, Tu ris `gasayovelTaoebazea~ saubari. marTalia, cnebas

Tavdapirvelad mxolod ekonomikuri datvirTva hqonda, magram dRes igi ukve,

faqtobrivad, cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavs. rodesac vambobT yvelafers,

vgulisxmobT doneebs: ekonomikurs, politikursa da kulturul-religiurs.

yvelaze zogadad, globalizacia aris procesi, romelic msoflios daviwroebas

axdens. dedamiwas `patara didi sofeli~ SeiZleba ewodos. es aris erTiani `msoflio

sazogadoeba~. am sityvaTwyobaSi Tu sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi germaneli filosofosi

u.beki sityva `msoflios~ gansxvavebulobis, mravalferovnebis mniSvnelobas aniWebs,

xolo `sazogadoebas~ _ araintegrirebulobis. amitom, gamodis, rom msoflio

sazogadoeba aris erTianobis gareSe arsebuli mravalferovneba. u.beki ganasxvavebs

globalizms, globalurobasa da globalizacias. aRniSnuli gansxvavebis mizania

daamsxvrios politikurisa da sazogadoebrivis teritoriuli orTodoqsuloba,

romelic pirveli modernis proeqtSi Camoyalibda, daukavSirda erovnul saxelmwifos

da miiRo kategorialur-instituciuri absolutis statusi.

globalizmi _ es aris msoflio bazris batonobis gageba. mas globalizaciis

mravalmxrivoba (politikuri, kulturuli, ekologiuri da sxva) dayavs mxolod

sameurneo ganzomilebamde da sxva danarCens mxolod mis daqvemdebarebaSi

warmoadgens. globalizmi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom, SeiZleba magaliTad, germania,

marTo ubralo sawarmosaviT.

ramdenadac `msoflio~ da sityvaTSeTanxmeba `msoflio sazogadoeba~ aRniSnavs

gansxvavebebs, mravalferovnebas, xolo `sazogadoeba~ _ araintegrirebuleobas,

amitom msoflio sazogadoebis cnebis qveS SesaZloa vigulisxmoT erTianobis gareSe

mravalferovneba.

msoflio sazogadoeba warmoadgens ara megasazogadoebas, romelic Tavis TavSi

aerTianebs da aqrobs yvela nacionalur sazogadoebas, aramed mravalferovnebiT

gamorCeul da integracias dauqvemdebarebel msoflio horizonts, romelic iReba

maSinve, roca is iqmneba da, amasTan, inarCunebs komunikaciisa da moqmedebis

Tavisuflebas.

axalia ara marto yoveldRiuri cxovreba da qmedebani, romlebic gascdnen

erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs da qveynebi urTierTdamokidebulebebis qseliT

dafares, aramed isic, rom aRar arsebobs sazogadoebis, Sromisa da kapitalis

garkveul adgilze mijaWvuloba.

globalizaciaSi ar igulisxmeba msoflio saxelmwifos arseboba; ufro zustad:

esaa msoflio sazogadoeba msoflio saxelmwifosa da msoflio mTavrobis gareSe.

laparakia globalurad dezorganizebuli kapitalizmis gafarToebaze, vinaidan arc

ekonomikuri da arc politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs hegemoni xelisufleba da

internacionaluri reJimi.

erTi sityviT, globaluri niSnavs erTian sivrces, mas ufro geografiuli

datvirTva eniWeba. globalizmi aris am sivrceSi msoflio bazris gabatonebis

gamomxatveli cneba. rac Seexeba globalizacias, es aris procesi, anu is, rac

globalizmiT gajerebul globalur msoflioSi xdeba da mimdinareobs, anu

globalizacia aris cocxali, dinamiuri da mimdinare procesi, romelmac msoflio

axal wesrigamde unda miiyvanos.

SesaZloa, dResdReisobiT, globalizacia Tavad warmoadgens msoflio wesrigs,

radgan uaxloes momavalSi swored misgan momdinare gamowvevebze mouwevs

sazogadoebebs pasuxis gacema.

globalizaciis Sesaxeb Seqmnili Teoriebi iseTive swrafi tempiT viTardeba,

rogorc Tavad procesi. Tuki Tqven gaxsniT am procesis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel

58

momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis saxelidan); am saxelwodebiT ganisazRvreba

wamyvani saqmiani da politikuri wreebis saerTaSoriso kultura, romlis ZiriTadi

mamoZravebeli Zala, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri globalizaciisa,

saerTaSoriso biznesia. am kulturis matareblebad moiazrebian ara marto is

adamianebi, romlebic xSirad dadian davosSi, aramed isinic, visac surs iyos am

sazogadoebs wevri da ar aris, an jer ar aris.

msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli

(iapi-internacionali _ abreviatura, romelic modis young urban professional-dan),

romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad icvamen da erTobian, aseve,

SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am

axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad

or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari

piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul kulturul faseulobebze.


erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri

inteligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo

kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT: akademiuri

struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis sakuTar bazars

_ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli, kerZod, amerikeli

inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi,

specialistebi da sxvani.

davosur kulturas da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturas aqvs centri da

periferia. gansxvaveba am or kulturas Soris aris is, rom davosuri kulturis

centrebi mxolod dasavleTSi ar aris ganlagebuli. iseTi didi biznes-centrebi,

rogorebicaa tokio, hong-kongi, singapuri iseTsave imave rols asruleben. xolo

inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis centri mxolod dasavleTSi, kerZod, amerikaSia.

ase, rom mTavar globalizatorad, am mimarTulebiT, dRes amerika miiCneva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier SemoRebuli cxovrebis

janmrTeli wesi da misi ganxorcielebis cda dasavleTSi TavisTavadi movlenaa da

pirdapir daniSnulebas emsaxureba. sxva kulturebSi ki mas sxva daniSnuleba aqvs,

kerZod, es aris am sazogadoebis mier demokratiulobis xarisxis dadasturebis

mcdeloba. amis magaliTia samxreT afrikaSi Tambaqos wevis sawinaaRmdego

kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, maSin roca Sidsis virusma samxreT afrikaSi katastroful

zRvars miaRwia. sigaretis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdebloba, bergeris azriT, swored

inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli da ara xalxis

janmrTelobaze zrunviT.

jeims hanteri saubrobs im kosmopolitebze, romlebic Zalzed advilad moZraoben

mTeli msoflios masStabiT da originaluri kulturis gavlenas ar ganicdian. es xalxi

gvxvdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi,

evangelistur misiebSi. eseni arian globalizatorebi.

rodesac saubaria davosuri kulturisa da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis

Taviseburebebze, aucileblad mimaCnia yuradReba gavamaxvilo rusi mecnieris,

saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa centris direqtoris a.i. utkinis mier SemoTavazebuli

mosazrebaze. igi miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis procesi or etapad iyofa. pirveli etapi

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze unda veZioT, xolo meore etapi _ XX saukunis 70-iani

wlebis bolos. maT Soris wyalgamyofia meore msoflio omi da misi momdevno

aTwleulebi. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi globalizaciis meore talRas, utkinis azriT,

safuZveli daudo SeTanxmebam, romelic cnobilia `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ saxeliT.

63

1980-ian wlebSi sami yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri instituti, romelic ganTavsebuli

iyo aSS dedaqalaqSi _ aSS finansTa saministro, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da

msoflio banki _ mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTadi

xelSemSleli piroba iyo sabaJo sistemebi. `vaSingtonis konsensusi~ moicavs msoflio

vaWrobis reorganizaciis aT rekomendacias, romelic SemuSavebul iqna ekonomist

j.viliamsonis mier.

kerZo biznesis racionalizaciis SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Camoyalibda òqros

korsetis~ wesi, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli kanonebis

mixedviT moqmedebas; kerZod: kerZo seqtori iqceva ekonomikis ganviTarebis,

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ZiriTad saSualebad; unda moxdes inflaciis dabali donis

mxardaWera; SenarCunebul iqnes fasebis stabiluroba; saxelmwifos biurokratiuli

aparatis roli mcirdeba; aseve mcirdeba importze gadasaxadi; ucxour investiciebze

SezRudvebi ixsneba; xdeba saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis

privatizeba; es zrdis imports; aseve adgilobrivi industria gaxsnilia

msofliosaTvis da sxva. utkinis TqmiT, òqros korsetis~ wesis gansakuTrebuloba

isaa, rom igi iTvaliswinebs `yvelasaTvis erT zomas~; utkini miCnevs, rom swored es

iwvevs sxvadsxva qveyanaze socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul zewolas, rasac,

TavisTavad, araerTgvarovani pasuxebi mohyveba. magram kompensaciad miiCneva is, rom

òqros korsetis~ miRebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba warmoeba, ekonomikuri Semosavali. oci

wlis win malaizielis saSualo Semosavali iyo 350 dolari weliwadSi, magram òqros

korsetSi~ CaTreuli malaizieli axla weliwadSi 5000 dolars iRebs.

politikur sferoSi, acxadebs utkini, òqros korseti~ amcirebs xelisuflebis

saTaveebTan mdgom partiebs Soris arsebul gasxvavebebs. kerZod, aviRoT aSS

demokratebi da respublikelebi, maTi samoqmedo gegma, mizani da warmodgenili

saxelmwifo mowyobis gegma ar scdeba òqros korsetis~ wesebs, amitom maT Soris

arsebuli winaaRmdegoba mcirea: imdenad mcire, rom samxreT koreaSi 1999 wels

arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg kim te dJunma vaSingtonSi elCad mowinaaRmdege partiis

lideri gagzavna. es ukanasknelic daTanxmda im motiviT, rom gansxvaveba am

mimarTulebiT da, saerTod, maT Soris mcire iyo.

yvela qveyana ver axerxebs òqros korsetis~ saboolood SenarCunebas da morgebas.

zogierTi qveyana mxolod nawilobriv irgebs mas (egvipte, indoeTi); zogierTi

pirvelive Sedegis mware gamocdilebis gamo ixsnis mas (ruseTi, malaizia); mesameni

cdiloben, oqros korseti sakuTar nacionalur kulturas moargon da ise miiRon

(iaponia, germania, safrangeTi); arseboben iseTebic, dasZens utkini, romelnic

miiCneven, rom korsetSi Tavis Seyofa arc Rirs da ukeTesad miiCneven, rom mxolod

bunebriv resursebs miendon (saudis arabeTi, irani); arseboben kidev iseTi

sazogadoebebi, romelnic yvelafers gaiReben imisaTvis, rom korsetis mkacr wesebsa

da kanonebSi ar aRmoCndnen (kuba, sudani, korea); isini, vinc korsetis wesebs aRiareben,

miiCneven, rom visac surs materialuri progresis miRweva, aucileblad mouwevs am

wesebis Sesruleba. mis dasturad korsetis momxreebs moyavT faqtebic. kerZod, isini

xazs usvamen viwro regionebis ganviTarebas: CrdiloeT italia, samxreT korea, Sanxais

teritoria, tel-avivi israelSi, beiruTi libanSi, bangalori indoeTSi _ yvela

maTgani miekuTvneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis korifeTa ricxvs,

`kibernetikul tomebs~, romlebic cxovroben Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.

òqros korsetis~ mowinaaRmdegeni erTnairad reagireben masze da miiCneven, rom

isini sakuTari kulturis mixedviT, sakuTari siswrafiT ivlian, radgan korseti

Zalzed determinizebulia. isini svamen kiTxvas _ ratom ar SeiZleba, Seikribon

xelaxla da Seqmnan axali, naklebad amkrZalavi modeli? razec msoflios Zlieri

64

gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebisdagavarad mkveTrad gamovyoT saqarTve-

losaTvis Tu ra SeiZleba aRmoCndes dadebiTi da ra uaryofiTi, radgan is rac

misaRebia erTisaTvis, miuRebelia meoresTvis. sxvaTa gamocdilebis gaanalizeba da

Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems CamoyaliboT globalizaciisadmi sakuTari midgoma. es

aucilebelia, radgan Cven politikuri da ekonomikuri kursi swored mTavari

globalizatoris, Tu SeZleba ase iTqvas, dasavleTisaken gvaqvs aRebuli. es ki niSnavs

imas, rom `macivars mohyveba haqslic~, anu politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis

daSoreba SeuZlebelia, ar SeiZleba politikur-ekonomikur kavSirs ar moyves

urTierToba kulturis doneze. am mxriv sakiTxs arTulebs is, rom erTis SexedviT

erTian dasavleTSi sakmaod didi da rTuli winaaRmdegobebi gaCnda dasavleT evropasa

da amerikas Soris, rogorc ikveTeba kulturis doneze maT Sorisac sakmaod didi

gansxvaveba yofila, radgan evropis zogierTi qveynisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda

globalizaciis procesSi amerikidan importirebuli kultura. kvlevis aqtualobas

esec amtkicebs, radgan politikis doneze gancxadeba Cveni dasavluri orientaciis

Sesaxeb gasagebi da misaRebia, magram meore mxriv, Tuki Cven SevxedavT amas mecnieruli

TvaliT, gaurkvevelia ras niSnavs dasavluri orientacia _ kari gavuRoT yvelafers

rac modis mTlianad dasavleTidan, anu aSS-dan da evropidan da miviRoT igi, Tu unda

ganvasxvavoT amerikuli da evropuli.

rogorc vxedavT, problema mcire kulturebisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvis,

sakmaod bevr saintereso da aqtualur sakiTxebs moicavs. SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT,

Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra aris misi warmoSobis

safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT miemarTeba, saiT

miyavs samyaro?

daviwyoT imiT, rom èri-saxelmwifo aRar iqneba efeqturi Zala: igi Zalian pataraa

didi problemisaTvis da Zalian didi _ patara problemebisaTvis~ (artur

Sleizingeri; amerikeli istorikosi). es aris formula, romelic kargad miesadageboda

~civi omis~ Semdgom, gardamaval periodSi myof msoflios, radgan aSkara iyo, rom

ideologiaTa konfliqtis epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg warmoudgeneli iqneboda eri-

saxelmwifos qceva (Tu dabruneba) msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvrelad; magram sruliad

gaurkveveli rCeboda is, Tu ras an vis unda daekavebina misi adgili. Tuki

davakvirdebiT am periodis samecniero Tu publicistur statiebs, davinaxavT, rom

Sesaval sityvebSi aseTi gamoTqmebi figurirebs: `msoflio gagiJda~, ès fantastikuri

msoflioa~, `kacobriobam ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Seabija~. swavlulebi TiTqos,

SeSinebulni, ufro ki gaocebulni arian.

SemoTavazebul iqna uamravi da sxvadasxvagvari Teoria momavali msoflio wesrigis

Sesaxeb: istoriis dasasruli, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba, marqsizmis aRorZineba. erT-

erTma maTganma msoflioSi mimdinare process globalizacia uwoda. es moxda 1983

wels. amerikelma mecnierma t.levitma am terminiT calkeul produqtTa bazrebis

gaerTianeba daaxasiaTa. manamde arsebobda mondializmis anu globalizmis cneba,

romelic 70-iani wlebidan postindustriuli civilizaciis mTels planetaze

gavrcelebas axasiaTebda. amis Semdeg terminma ufro Rrma Sinaarsi SeiZina da iqca

cnebad, romelic msoflioSi arsebul process gamoxatavs. Tavad procesis

gansazRvreba imdenivea, ramdeni moazrovnec Seexo mas.

Cvenc, Cvenis mxriv, ar CamovrCebiT moazrovneTa did laSqars da vecdebiT misi

Sinaarsis gansazRvras samecniero literaturaSi arsebul definiciebze dayrdnobiT.

Tavad cneba `globalizacia~ modis sityvidan global, rac frangulad

sayovelTaos, mTlians, saerTos niSnavs, aqedan, cnebac, advili misaxvedria,

`gasayovelTaoebas~ aRniSnavs.

57

xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan

modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT.

saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da cdilobs

globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces. SesaZlebelia

iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos magaliTze sazogadoebis modernizacia emTxveva

globalizaciis process.



mdebareoba iZleva saqarTvelos globalur procesebSi CarTvis saSualebas; arsebobs

ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic mas Tavisi funqcia aqvs. aqedan

gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan Sexeba, radgan

Tanamedrove etapze politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobis

xarisxi sakmaod gaizarda.

modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi

pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis demokratizaciis procesi kulturis

transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir kavSirSi. amis gamo umravlesi

aradasavluri qveynis reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben

demokratiaze, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar


amdenad, mimaCnia, rom Cems mier wamoWrili problemis kvleva interesmoklebuli ar

unda iyos, radgan Tanamedrove etapze kulturis roli sakmaod izrdeba. iuneskos

programis _ `msoflio kulturuli proeqti~ _ direqtoris d.p.Saferis statiaSi

àxali msoflio sistemisaken kulturuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT~ naTqvamia, rom

msoflio miiwevs ekonomikuri saukunidan kulturuli saukunisaken. naTeli gaxda, rom

ganviTarebis problemaTa gadawyveta SeuZlebelia kulturis faqtoris

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sxvagvarad msoflios mowyobis nebismieri proeqti

ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. d.Saferis azriT, axali msoflio sistemis agebis

safuZvelia kulturuli Teoriuli tradiciis gaTvaliswineba, kulturisadmi

holisturi midgoma, istoriis kulturuli interpretaciis gaazreba, yvelaze

mdgradi kulturuli faseulobebis ganmtkiceba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msoflio

Sevida ganviTarebis im stadiaSi, romelsac bevri mkvlevari gansazRvravs rogorc

kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebas.

rogorc vxedavT, da rasac qvemoT warmodgenili kvleva ufro TvalnaTels gaxdis,

Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kulturas. mosazrebebi

da Teoriebi kulturis globalizaciis Sesaxeb iseTive swarfi tempiT icvleba da

viTardeba, rogorc Tavad procesi. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc erT-ereTma

mcire kulturam, moaxeros Tanamedrove procesebisaTvis fexis awyoba da ar CamorCes

mas, aucileblad mimaCnia procesis gaanalizebis, axali Teoriebisdmi yuradRebis

mudmivi miqceva. sakiTxisadmi midgomis amosavali wertili aris is, rom yvela medals

ori mxare gaaCnia. Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba globalizaciis procesis calsaxad

dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Sefaseba. es procesi Seicavs rogorc pozitiur, aseve

negatiur Tvisebebsac. erTis mxriv acxadeben, rom globalizacia mimarTulia

gaerTgvarovnebisaken da cxovrebis wesis standartizaciisaken, rac TavisTavad

gulisxmobs kulturaTa originalobis gaqrobas. meores mxriv, arseboben

sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizacia warmoadgens ganviTarebisa da

msoflioSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis karg saSualebas, ZiriTadad es exebaT

mcire kulturebs. amdenad, aucilebelia ganxilul iqnes sxvadsxva sazogadoebis

damokidebuleba da reaqcia globalizaciisadmi, radgan igi xels Segviwyobs ukeT

56

nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ Tuki Tqveni kultura ver SeZlebs warmodgenilis

miRebas... es mxolod samwuxaroa. magram mTavari aris is, rom dRevandeli msoflios

globaluri sabazro ekonomika Seqmnilia udidesi istoriuli Zalebis mier, romlebmac

Secvales urTierTobis, investirebis stili da msoflios aRqmac ki. Tuki Tqven gsurT

win aRudgeT am cvlilebebs, Tqven amiT mxolod Tavs moityuebT da sxva araferi.

globaluri kulturis gavrceleba xdeba, agreTve masobrivi kulturis

saSualebebiT (adidasi, makdonaldsi, levisi, mtv da sxva). mas mxolod zedapiruli

xasiaTi aqvs. `globalizacia~ _ es aris movlena, romelic erTgvarovani

samomxmareblo kulturis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. erTgvarovneba ki misaRebia

`masisaTvis~. xose ortega i gaseti gasuli saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi werda, rom

evropa dRes yvelaze did kriziss ganicdis, ramac SeiZleba moicvas xalxebi, erebi da

kulturebi. misi TqmiT, es aris `masebis amboxi~. masas igi axasiaTebs rogorc

fsiqologiuri rigis movlenas. àdamiani-masa~ isaa, visac ar SeuZlia, rogorc kargi,

aseve cudi mxriTac Seafasos Tavi; vinc Tavis Tavs aRiqvamas ìseTad, rogoricaa

yvela~ da sulac ar ganicdis amas. mas moswons iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela.

ortega i gaseti am krizisis dasawyiss XIX saukuneSi xedavs. jer kidev maSin

iwinaswarmetyveles hegelma, kontma, nicSem `masebis amboxi~, romelic mas Semdeg sul

ufro gaZlierda. adamiani-masa _ es aris pirovneba, romelsac ar gaaCnia Semoqmedebisa

da Sefasebis unari. igi iRebs yvelafers iseTad, rogorc awvdian. amis gamo, masaze

zegavlenis moxdena advilia.

neoliberaluri msoflwesrigis pirobebSi individis sulieri da kulturuli

msoflSegneba ganicdis saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio saSualebaTa zewolas. filmebis,

Souebisa da serialebis globaluri auditoriis gaCena da maTi zegavlena programebis

Sinaarsze uprecedento movlenaa. media orientirebulia popularul da masobriv

kulturaze da masobrivi cnobierebidan devnis alternatiul formebs. mayurebelTa

da msmenelTa reitingisaTvis mebrZoli mediis saSualebaTa saqmianoba gansazRvrulia

ekonomikuri interesiT, da ara inteleqtualuri SinaarsiT. kultura ganixileba,

rogorc globaluri auditoriisa da globaluri informaciuli sazogadoebis

miRwevis saSualeba.

globaluri kulturis Camoyalibebis centrSia interneti. garemocva, romelSic

qveyanas, kulturas uxdeba arseboba, did gavlenas axdens mis Camoyalibeba-

ganviTarebaze, radgan ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos urTierToba aqvs

gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone erTobebTan. urTierTobisas xdeba kulturul

RirebulebaTa gacvla, erTobis cnobiereba ganicdis mudmiv transformacias.

iyo periodi, rodesac msoflio ar warmoadgenda erTian sivrces da dayofili

gaxldaT patara samyaroebad; erebi xalxebi da kulturebi ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs, ar

hqondaT urTierToba, Sexeba, ramac ganapiroba mravali originaluri kulturis, eri-

saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.

dRes msoflio gaxsnilia, igi erTian sivrces warmoadgens. arsebobs farTo

sainformacio saSulebebi, telefoni, sahaero transporti, kosmosuri sadgurebi da,

rac mTavaria, interneti. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia urTierTobis damyareba

aTasobiT kilometris daSorebiT. yoveldRiurad internetis meSveobiT igzavneba

milionobiT imeili, cifruli foto, wignis moculobis teqstebi, xmovani da video

faili. audionakadi SesaZlebels xdis berlinis radiosadguris mosmenas niu-deliSi

da piriqiT. internetis `CeT-rumi~ da sadiskusio jgufebi virtualuri saqalaqo

Sexvedris centrebia, sadac aTasobiT adamiani erTmaneTs uziarebs sakuTar azrs;

TamaSoben, ibmeba megobrobis Zafebi, ideba biznes-garigebebi. yvela adamianuri

65

urTierToba, romelic SeiZleba damyardes skolaSi, quCaSi, kafeSi, qarxanaSi,

internetSic xorcieldeba.

interneti xels uwyobs globaluri kulturis Seqmnas, acxadebs saerTaSoriso

marketinguli firma IDC-s vice-prezidenti gigi vangi (Gigi Wang). am saxis ukanaskneli

cvlileba iyo gadasvla lokaluridan erovnul ekonomikaze, rasac Tan sdevda

gadasvla rkinigzidan da radiodan avtomobilsa da televizorze. axla xdeba gadasvla

erovnuli ekonomikidan globalur ekonomikaze, rasac mosdevs sahaero transporti da

interneti.

boloniis universitetis istoriis profesori devid elvudi (David Elwood) miiCnevs,

rom interneti ar qmnis globalur kulturas, aramed mxolod aCqarebs movlenebs da

qmnis am fenomenis erT-erT Sres. globaluri kultura didi biznesia da misi saTave

SeiZleba moiZebnos industriis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa sporti, filmebi,

fotografia, musika da aviaxazebi. yovelive amis Tavi da Tavia aSS gasarTobi

industriis mier masobrivi kulturis unikaluri da mzardi moculobiT gamogoneba,

warmoeba da gavrceleba. d.elvudis TqmiT, 1996 wels aSS filmebma, satelevizio

produqciam, kompiuterulma teqnikam, wignebma da kulturis sxva formebma gadaaWarba

sahaero da TavdacviTi produqciis eqsports, da am mxriv pirveli adgili daikava. amis

Semdeg inglisuri ena iqca ara mxolod globaluri komerciis, aramed saerTaSoriso

teqnologiisa da garTobis enadac.

kacobriobam Seabija ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi, es aris sainformacio epoqa,

interneti aris masobrivi kulturis farTod gavrcelebis saSualeba. afrikeli

mkvlevari qalis farida miuale-manenjis (Fridah Muyale-Manenji) TqmiT, globalizacia

uzarmazar gavlenas axdens kulturaze, igi sxvadasxva gziT zemoqmedebs xalxis

kulturul qcevaze. adamianebi icvlian cxovrebis wess. koka-kolas ritmuli reklama

ismis qveynierebis nebismier wertilSi, im soflebSic ki, sadac arsebobs sasmeli wylis

problema.

informaciulma epoqam ganapiroba is, rom kulturebi dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs;

tradiciul simboloTa gverdiT gaCnda internacionaluri mniSvnelobis simboloebi

da popularuli sistemebi.

sainteresoa, rom es yvelaferi xdeba zedapirulad, anu yvelafris

gaucnobiereblad miRebas axdens masa, romelsac monawileoba ar miuRia Tavisi

kulturis originaluri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi, masa, romelsac gacnobierebulic ki

ar aqvs, Tu ras niSnavs Zireuli gansxvaveba kulturebs Soris, amitom masze did

gavlenas axdens reklama. mediis zemoqmedebiT kulturis miReba zustad iseTive

movlenaa, rogorc reklamiT raRac nawarmis farTo masisaTvis gacnoba. reklamaSi

Seqmnili samyaro imdenad mimzidveli da macduria, rom aucileblad axdens

momxmarebelze gavlenas. momxmarebeli ki dRes aris masa, romelic imdenad gaZlierda,

rom, marTalia, Tavad ver qmnis, magram elitas, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi unari aqvs,

karnaxobs imas, Tu ra unda Seqmnas, karnaxobs modas. dRes iqmneba is, rac moswons

yvelas, yvela ki `masaa~, iqmneba is, raSic masa ufro met Tanxas ixdis.

f.fukuiamas TqmiT, dRes saubari SeZleba mxolod globalur samomxmareblo

kulturaze, romelic vrceldeba makdonaldsisa da koka-kolas msgavsi kompaniebis

meSveobiT1. magram, saerTod, kultura ufro metia, vidre samomxmareblo bazari, es

ukanaskneli aris zedapiruli aspeqti, kulturas ki aqvs siRrme, romelic gavlenas

1 (erT saintereso faqtze minda SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba; ruandaSi momxdari genocidis Semdeg ar

arsebobda aranairi infrastruqtura, aranairi wesrigi, qveyana srul qaosiT iyo moculi.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romelic gaemgzavra misiis Sesasruleblad am qveyanaSi, erTi

saintereso faqtis momswre gaxda: maTze ufro adre ruandaSi Casvla “koka-kolas” warmomadgenlebma

moaxerxes)

66

meore saintereso mosazrebaa istoriis `civilizaciuri xedva~. am midgomis

warmomadgenlis s.hanTingtonis azriT, kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi

sazRvrebi kulturuli niSniT iqneba ganpirobebuli. moxdeba msgavsi kulturis mqone

er-saxelmwifoTa daaxloeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabolood kulturis dominantoba

SeniSna Tavad f.fukuiamamac. misi TqmiT, liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebis gzaze

mTavari dabrkolebis saxiT win moiwevs kultura.

dReisaTvis kulturas, rogorc sazogadoebaTa gamijvnis safuZvels, yvelaze didi

datvirTva eniWeba.

ukanasknel xanebSi farTo interesis sagania msoflios `globalizaciis~ problema.

Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT, Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra

aris misi warmoSobis safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT

miemarTeba, saiT mihyavs samyaro?

civi omis dasrulebiTa da sabWoTa imperiis daSliT saqarTvelo Caeba msoflioSi

mimdinare globalur procesSi, romelic sabWoeTis daSlamde ganviTarebis garkveul

etapze avida. srul damoukideblobas saqarTvelom, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierT

xanmokle periodebs, rogoric iyo mag. giorgi brwyinvales periodi, TiTqmis aTi

saukunea ver miaRwia, xolo ukanaskneli samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvlo ruseTis

izolaciis qveS imyofeba. saqarTvelom rusuli karCaketiloba daZlia da cdilobs

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi CaerTos rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. modernizacia iqca

ganviTarebis mimarTulebad, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kulturam sxvadasxva-

gvarad aRiqva da, aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadsaxvagvari reaqcia hqonda. modernizacia

Tanamedroveobis gamowvevaa; zogierTi aradasavluri qveynisaTvis modernizacia

igivdeba vesternizacia-amerikanizaciasTan, anu isini miiCneven, rom Tuki sazo-

gadoebas surs modernizaciis procesSi CarTva, aucilebeli da gardauvalia dasav-

luri, konkretulad, amerikuli kulturiT sakuTari kulturis Canacvleba, anu

gardauvalia amerikanizacia. es ukanaskneli ki originaluri kulturebis warmomad-

genelTaTvis miuRebelia; aman xeli Seuwyo sakuTari kulturisaken mibrunebas, anu

lokalizacias. zogierTi kulturisaTvis ki, modernizacia anu gaTanamedroveoba

amerikanizaciis gareSec misaRwevia; da kidev mesame _ globalizaciis procesSi

modernizaciis miRweva SesaZlebelia sruliad umtkivneulod, ori kulturis

elementTa SereviT.

am procesebidan saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad daSorebuli iyo. rogorc zemoT

mogaxseneT, globalizaciis procesi manam, sanam saqarTvelo sabWoTa sivrceSi iyo

Caketili, ganviTarebis garkveul etapze avida, aqedan gamomdinare, dagrovda am

procesidan momdinare gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg pasuxis gacemis araerTgvarovani

gamocdileba. amitom sainteresoa, Tu romeli saxis pasuxia saqarTvelosaTvis ufro

misaRebi, ra problemebze da niuansebze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba globalizaciis

epoqaSi.

`globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs

transnacionaluri gamosavali~. regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri

zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnisa; zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis

mizezi da mizani politikisa da ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram

saSualeba aris kulturuli urTierTmsgavseba; dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxel-

mwifoebriv organizmSi integracia moaxerxes evropis qveynebma; evropa aris ara

mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba, aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba; misi

erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia; anu evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba

eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis

55

imas, rom Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma procesma Semdgom

adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela doneze met-naklebad SeaRwia (zogadad

igulisxmeba sami done: ekonomika, politika da kultura). globalizaciis kulturul

doneze gaSlam gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi gamoiwvia uaRresad saintereso da

urTierTsapirispiro procesebis warmoSoba. sakiTxis dasmis ZiriTadi mizani swored

globaluri procesebidan momdinare winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra da warmodgenaa.

XX saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saintereso periodia,

igi gamoirCeva didi ZvrebiTa da msoflio wesrigis swrafi cvalebadobiT.

sainteresoa, rom XX saukune moeswro tipur feodalur imperiebs, maT rRvevasa da

axali saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, msoflio mniSvnelobis ramdenime revolucias,

or msoflio oms, romlebmac samyaros Semdgom ganviTarebasa da saxis CamoyalibebaSi

didi roli iTamaSa.

esa Tu is epoqa, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba

msoflwesrigis niSniTac. gansxvaveba aris ara marto geografiul sazRvrebSi

(magaliTad, portugaliis msoflio batonoba Secvala espaneTis batonobam), aramed

saxelmwifoTa dajgufebis xasiaTSic. Tu cnobil politolog s.hanTingtons

davesesxebiT, msoflio istoria icnobs Semdegi saxis dapirispirebebs, romlebic

gansazRvraven msoflios saxesa da sazRvarTa gavlebis princips: iyo periodi, roca

sazRvrebi gadioda im teritoriaTa Soris, romelsac esa Tu is mmarTveli flobda,

mTavar rols asrulebda winaaRmdegoba mmarTvelebs Soris, anu saxelmwifoTaSorisi

urTierTobis dominanti mmarTvelis neba iyo. aman Camoayaliba eri-saxelmwifoebi.

safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg sazRvrebi swored ama Tu im eris gansaxlebis areals

mihyveboda. konfliqtebi da dapirispirebac erebs Soris mimdinareobda, anu dominanti

iyo eri-saxelmwifo. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg sazRvarTa gavleba ideologiurma

kuTvnilebam gansazRvra, erebi gaerTiandnen ideologiis niSniT, msoflwesrigis

dominantic ideologia gaxda. samyaro daiyo or nawilad. erT mxares iyo nacional-

socialisturi samyaro, romelic warmodgenili gaxldaT, ZiriTadad, italiisa da

germaniis saxiT, danarCeni msoflio ki moicavda or ideologiur banaks _

liberalursa da komunisturs. saerTo mtris arsebobam isini gaaerTiana, magram ara

ideologiuri, aramed wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan aucilebeli iyo

nacizmis damarcxeba. misi ganadgurebis Semdeg sazRvari gaivlo liberalur

demokratiasa da komunizms Soris. mas `rkinis farda~ ewoda, xolo dapirispirebas _

`civi omi~. komunizmis marcxma es sazRvaric moSala. msoflio, am TvalsazrisiT,

erTian sivrced gardaiqmna.

`civi omis~, rogorc msoflwesrigis gaqrobam da komunizmis istoriad qcevam

warmoSva uamravi gansxvavebuli mosazreba momavali msoflwesrigis Sesaxeb:

magaliTad, frensis fukuiama Tavdapirvelad miiCnevda, rom kacobriobam Seabija

ganviTarebis axal fazaSi, romelsac, SeiZleba, ìstoriis dasasruli~ ewodos, radgan

kacobriobis erTma didma nawilma miaRwia evoluciuri ganviTarebis umaRles

safexurs da Seqmna adamianis bunebisa da moTxovnilebebisaTvis yvelaze ufro

Sesaferisi, misaRebi sazogadoebrivi organizacia _ liberalur-demokratiuli

mmarTveloba. f.fukuiama ar gamoricxavda, rom igi iqceoda kacobriobis organizaciis

ukanasaknel da ucvlel formad. ramdenadac f.fukuiamasaTvis istoria aris erTiani

evoluciuri procesi yvela xalxisa da yoveli drois erTobliobaSi, amdenad, igi

miiCnevs, rom erebis, kulturebis umravlesoba sabolood aRiarebs demokratias,

rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderT legitimur formas. am niadagze Seiqmneba

`postistoriuli samyaro~.

54

axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba xalxi erTmaneTs. swored amitom kulturebi jer

kidev inarCuneben individualurobas. misive TqmiT, 60-ian wlebSi azia aSS-s Sehyurebda

rogorc modernizaciis models. gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba, rom dasavleTi flobs

mowinave sakomunikacio teqnologiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac advili SesaZlebeli

iqneboda kulturis gavrceleba. magram swored iman, rom am sakomunikacio

saSualebebma azias da sxva sazogadoebebs ufro mkveTrad daanaxa is gansxvaveba,

romelic maTi kulturebis ZirebSia saZiebeli da, romlis gafermkrTalebac ki Zalian

Zneli, TiTqmis miuRwevelia. amas isic emateba, rom aziisa da sxva aradasavluri

sazogadoebebi sul ufro did yuradRebas aqceven amerikaSi mimdinare urbanul

xrwnasa da ojaxis dacemas. es ki isedac arsebul ufskruls sul ufro aRrmavebs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informaciulma daaxloebam mxolod moCvenebiTi globaluri

kultura Seqmna, romelic misaRebia masisaTvis. masas, SesaZloa, didi survilic

hqondes, rom miiRos da icxovros ucxo kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT,

magram es ver moaxerxos, radgan sakuTari kultura ar miscems amis saSualebas. swored

es ganasxvavebs masas elitisagan, radgan elita iRebs ara imas, rac surs, aramed imas,

risi miRebac mis pirovnebas SeuZlia. ufro sworad, elitas imis miRebis survili

uCndeba, rac misi kulturisaTvis aris misaRebi da amas igi akeTebs ara ise, rom

moaxdinos sakuTaris, Zireulis uaryofa, radgan elita Tavidan bolomde SeigrZnobs

kulturas, masas ki es grZnoba ar gaaCnia, swored amitom misTvis globaluri

samomxmareblo kultura ukve niSnavs mTlianad kulturis globalizacias, radgan

kulturis meti siRrme masas ar aintresebs. swored amis eSinoda x.ortega i gasetis

jer kidev XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac acxadebda, rom gaqrebian beThovenisa da

mocartis msmenelebi. es SiSi dResac arsebobs _ SiSi imisa, rom masebis gaZliereba

TavisTavad moaxdens kulturuli originalurobis gaqrobas. masa moiTxovs komforts,

mas ara aqvs mizani, rasac cxovrebas Seswiravs, misi mizania komfortuli cxovreba, mas

mxolod is surs, rom iyos yvelas msgavsi.

aseve didi roli ekisreba globaluri kulturis gavrcelebaSi evangelistur

protestantizms. ingliseli sociologi devid martini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

ikvlevda am sakiTxs da dazusta, rom msoflioSi am religiis mimdevari 250 milionamde

adamiania. am religiis miReba iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs ojaxur urTierTobebSi,

seqsualur gamovlinebebSi, bavSvTa aRzrdaSi da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqmisadmi

damokidebulebaSi, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze saerTod.

globaluri kultura mimarTulia adamianebis individualizaciisaken da

tradiciebisgan da erTobebisagan maTi damoukideblobisaken. individualizacia unda

ganixilebodes, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic empiriul

gamoxatulebas povebs adamianis qcevasa da cnobierebaSi, damoukideblad im ideisagan,

romelic am adamianebs SesaZloa hqodeT amis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, individualizacia

rogorc empiriuli gamovlineba, aucileblad gansasxvavebelia ìndividualizmisagan,

rogorc ideologiisagan. msgavsi midgoma momgebiania imdenad, ramdenadac gvexmareba

avxsnaT, Tu riT aris mimzidveli axali globaluri kultura. rogorc ukve cnobilia,

modernizacia angrevs tradiciebisa da koleqtiuri sulis mefobas da individs xdis

ufro TviTmyofads. es ki niSnavs gaTavisuflebas. axal globalur kulturas bevri

aqvs saerTo modernizaciis procesTan. dRevandel dRes ki msoflios mraval kuTxeSi

kidec emTxvevian erTmaneTs.

modernizaciis adreul etapze adamianebs uCndebaT meti Tavisuflebisa da axali

SesaZleblobebis aRtacebuli grZnoba. amitom axali globaluri kultura

momxiblavia maTTvis, vinc afasebs pirovnul Tavisuflebas da cdilobs mis srulad

67

realizebas. amiT globaluri kultura Zalzed waagavs elinizmis epoqas, rodesac

gaizarda individebis miswrafeba `srulyofilebisaken~.

mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, oriode sityviT Tavad modernizaciis cnebasac

SevexoT. am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo, agraruli

sazogadoebidan sekularul, industriul, urbanistul sazogadoebad

transformacias. modernuli sazogadoeba industriuli sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebis

modernizeba, upirveles yovlisa, mis industrializacias niSnavs. istoriulad,

modernuli sazogadoebis aRzeveba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli industriuli

sazogadoebis warmoSobasTan. modernulobis yvela ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli/niSani

dakavSirebulia cvlilebaTa erTobliobasTan, romelmac ori saukuniT adre

ganapiroba industriuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba. termini ìndustrializacia~ da

ìndustriuli sazogadoeba~ gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre ekonomikuri da

teqnologiuri komponentebia, romlebic mis arss warmoadgenen. industrializmi

cxovrebis wesia, romelic moicavs Zireul ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da

kulturul cvlilebebs. industrializaciis yovlismomcveli gardaqmnebis Sedegad

sazogadoeba xdeba modernuli. modernizacia aris uwyveti da usasrulo procesi.

istoriulad, modernizacia saukuneebs moicavs, Tumca, arsebobs daCqarebuli

modernizaciis magaliTebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, modernizacia ar aris erTjeradi

monapovari. rogoric ar unda iyos ganviTarebis done, yovelTvis arseboben

`CamorCenili~ regionebi da `periferiuli~ jgufebi. es aris modernul sazogadoebaSi

daZabulobisa da konfliqtebis mudmivi safuZveli. modernizaciis procesi ar

Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes

globaluri masStabiT, radgan modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan

_ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli msoflio moicva. ganviTarebis araTanabari donis mqone

naciebis arseboba msoflio saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi arastabilurobis fundamenturi

elementia.

modernizacias ori ZiriTadi faza aqvs. misi ganviTarebis garkveul momentamde

modernistuli ideebi progresulad iTvleba, Tumca mas SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad

winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes. modernizaciis Tavdapirveli winaaRmdegobebi, SesaZloa,

xangrZlivi da mwvave iyos, magram, ZiriTadad isini ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.

Tumca, garkveuli momentis Semdeg modernizacia iwvevs mzard ukmayofilebas. es

nawilobriv gamoiwvia modernuli sazogadoebis adreuli warmatebisa da

dinamizmisagan didi Sedegebis molodinma. jgufebs erTobebSi mzardi moTxovnebi

uCndebodaT da am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba sul ufro da ufro rTuldeboda. ufro

dasabuTebulad, modernizaciam ganviTarebul doneze msoflio masStabiT moitana

axali socialuri da materialuri sirTuleebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnida

ganviTarebasa da eqspansias, romelsac modernuli sazogadoeba efuZneba. meore

fazaSi, modernuli sazogadoeba uamravi problemis pirispir aRmoCnda. am problemaTa

gadaWra, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda tradiciuli eri-saxlemwifos

SesaZleblobebs. amave dros, msoflios dRevandeli saxis ganmsazRvrel dominirebad

faqtorad rCeba araTanabari siZlierisa da konfliqturi interesebis mqone

suverenul er-saxelmwifoTa sistema.

modernuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia XVIII saukuneSi momxdar or

did cvlilebasTan (ZvrasTan) politikur da ekonomikur sferoSi. orive maTgani im

farTo cvlilebebis nawilia, romlebmac, renesansisa da reformaciis Semdeg,

dasavleTi gadaiyvana ganviTarebis axal, danarCeni samyarosagan gansxvavebul, etapze.

cvlilebaTa es modeli gulisxmobda individualizmsa da, saboloo jamSi,

sekularizms, rac protestantul memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. cvlilebebi gamoixata

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Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs? faqtebi ar metyvelebs im mosazrebis

sasargeblod, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobas uwyobs xels. 1990-iani wlebis

Sefaseba kidev ufro metad ayenebs eWvqveS aRniSnul ideas. erT-erTi gamokvlevaSi

askvnian, rom àqtiuri vaWroba SeiZleba sakmaod Zlier gamTiSvel Zalad mogvevlinos

saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, da rom àqtiuri saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi,

TavisTavad, ver moxsnis saerTaSoriso daZabulobas, ver uzrunvelyofs seriozul

saerTaSoriso stabilurobas~. meore naSromi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri

damoukideblobis maRali done `SeiZleba iyos mSvidobis damamyarebeli an omis

gamCaRebeli, rac damokidebulia momavali vaWrobis perspeqtivebze.~ ekonomikuri

damoukidebloba xels uwyobs mSvidobas mxolod maSin, `rodesac saxelmwifoebi

moelian savaWro urTierTobebis maRali donis SenarCunebas uaxloes momavalSi~. Tu

saxelmwifoebi ar elian TanamSromlobis (urTierTdamokidebulebebis) perspeqtivas,

Sedegad, savaraudod, oms viRebT. vaWrobisa da komunikaciebis uZlureba _ uzrunvelyon mSvidoba da Tanxmoba _

Seesabameba socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamokvlevebis Sedegebs. socialur

fsiqologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebulobis Teoriis mixedviT, xalxi sakuTar Tavs

gansazRvravs swored imiT, riTac ganirCeva sxvisgan konkretul konteqstSi: àdamiani

ganixilavs Tavs im maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic ganarCevs erTs meore adamianisagan,

gansakuTrebiT, Tavisive Cveul socialur garemoSi... aTobiT sxva profesiis mqone

qalTa sazogadoebaSi qali-fsiqologi Tavis Tavs gansazRvravs, rogorc fsiqologi,

xolo aTobiT mamakaci-fsiqologis garemocvaSi _ rogorc qali~. adamianebi

gansazRvraven TavianT meobas imis meSveobiT, rac ar arian. vinaidan intensiuri

kavSiris saSualebebis, vaWrobisa da mogzaurobebis Sedegad civilizaciaTaSorisi

urTierTqmedeba gaaTmagebulia, xalxi ufro da ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs

sakuTar civilizaciur identurobas. ori evropeli — germaneli da frangi,

urTierTobisas erTmaneTs ganarCeven, rogorc frangs da germanels. xolo ori

evropeli — germaneli da frangi, da ori arabi — saudeli da egvipteli, erTmaneTSi

urTierTobisas TaviaT Tavs gansazRvraven evropelebad da arabebad.

CrdiloafrikelTa imigracia safrangeTSi frangebs Soris arakeTilganwyobas iwvevs,

amave dros, amaRlebs evropel kaTolike polonel emigrantTa mimReobis xarisxs.

amerikelebi iaponur investiciebs gacilebiT uaryofiTad xvdebian, vidre msgavsi

masStabis kanadur da evropul investiciebs (romlebic masStabiT pirvels aRemateba).

swored amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda donald horovici: `nigeriis aRmosavleTSi

ibo SeiZleba iyos... ibo overi an ibo onitSa. lagosSi igi, ubralod, iboa. londonSi is

nigerielia, niu-iorkSi — afrikeli.~ sociologiis kuTxiT, globalizaciis Teoria

msgavs daskvnas gvTavazobs: `swrafad globalizebad msoflioSi, romelic xasiaTdeba

istoriulad uprecendento civilizaciuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu sxva saxis

urTierTdamokidebulebiT da misi sayovelTao gaazrebiT, SeimCneva civilizaciuri,

sazogadoebrivi da eTnikuri TviTSegnebis gamwvaveba.~ religiaTa globaluri

aRorZineba~, `siwmindesTan dabruneba~ warmoadgens pasuxs samyaros, rogorc

mTlianobis gaazrebaze.

Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia

sakiTxis SesawavlisaTvis aucilebelia cneba globalizaciis warmoSobis da

samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli definiciebis ganxilva. amis Semdgom unda moxdes

globalizaciis, rogorc procesis ganviTarebis gaanalizeba. yuradReba unda mieqces

53

universaluri civilizacia: wyaroebi universaluri civilizaciis cneba dasavluri civilizaciis kuTvnilebaa. XIX

saukunis idea `TeTri kacis sazrunavis~ Taobaze amarTlebda aradasavlur

sazogadoebebze dasavleTis politikur da ekonomikur batonobas. XX saukunis

miwuruls ki universaluri civilizacia gamarTlebas uZebnis sxva sazogadoebebze

dasavleTis kulturul gavlenasa da maT mier dasavluri wes-Cveulebebisa da

institutebis upirobod aTvisebis aucileblobas. universalizmi dasavleTis iaraRia

aradasavlur kulturebTan dapirispirebisaTvis. rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme

marginaluri da rwmenaSecvlili adamianebis SemTxvevaSi, erTiani civilizaciis ideis

yvelaze didi damcvelebi dasavleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli xalxia, rogoricaa naipoli

da fuad ajami, romelTaTvisac es cneba savsebiT damakmayofilebeli pasuxia mTavar

kiTxvaze: `vin var me?~ `TeTri kacis negri~ — ase uwoda erTma arabma moazrovnem aseT

migrantebs. universaluri civilizaciis idea naklebad imsaxurebs mowonebas sxva

civilizaciebSi. aradasavleli dasavlurs xedavs imaSi, rasac dasavleli

universalurad miiCnevs. rasac dasavlelebi nayofier globalur integracias

uwodebenen (magaliTad, msoflio mediis gavrceleba), aradasavlelebi gmoben, rogorc

saZulvel dasavlur imperializms. dasavlelebi msolios mTlianobaSi aRiqvamen,

sxvebi ki am mTlianobaSi safrTxes xedaven. universaluri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis varaudi emyareba erT-erTs sami

mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom SeiZleba es moxdes: pirveli ukavSirdeba I TavSi

ganxilul mosazrebas, rom sabWoTa komunizmis kraxi moaswavebda istoriis dasasruls

da mTel msoflioSi liberaluri demokratiis sayovelTao gamarjvebas. es argumenti

gamomdinareobs civi omis periodis mcdari warmodgenidan imis Taobaze, rom

komunizmis erTaderTi alternativa liberaluri demokratiaa da pirvelis kvdoma

meoris gasayovelTaoebas iwvevs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, avtoritarizmi, nacionalizmi,

korporatizmi da sabazro komunizmi (rogorc CineTSia) uamravi formiTaa

warmodgenili dRevandel msoflioSi. gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia is faqti, rom

samoqalaqo ideologiis samyaros miRma misi uamravi religiuri alternativa arsebobs.

Tanamedrov samyaroSi religia xalxis erT-erTi, SesaZloa erTaderTi mamoZravebeli

da makonsolidirebeli Zalaa. namdvili ampartavneba iqneba imis Tqma, rom radgan

sabWoTa komunizmi daeca, dasavleTma mTeli msoflio xelSi Caigdo da rom muslimebi,

Cinelebi, indoelebi da sxvebi aRfrTovanebiT aitaceben dasavlur liberalizms,

rogorc erTaderT arCevans. samyaros civi omis droindeli dayofa warsuls Cabarda.

ufro mniSvnelovani — eTnikuri, religiuri da civilizaciuri dayofa jer kidev

arsebobs da konfliqtis axal kerebs warmoSobs. meore: gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom xalxTa gacxovelebuli urTierTqmedeba

(ZiriTadad _ vaWroba, investiciebi, turizmi, media, eleqtronuli kavSiris

saSualebebi) warmoqmnis saerTo msoflio kulturas. transportisa da komunikaciebis

teqnologiurma winsvlam marTlac ufro ioli da iafi gaxada fulis moZraoba,

tvirTis gadazidva, adamianebis gadaadgileba, codnis, ideebisa da warmodgenebis

gavrceleba. eWvi ar aris, rom arsebobs intensiuri saerTaSoriso moZraoba am

sferoebSi, magram eWvs iwvevs am moZraobis Sedegebi: zrdis Tu amcirebs igi

konfliqtis SesaZleblobas? warmodgena, TiTqos igi amcirebs omis albaTobas xalxebs

Soris, sul mcire, ar mtkicdeba, faqtebi sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs. saerTaSoriso

vaWroba gafarTovda 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, aseve civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg

aTwleulSi. magram 1913 wels saerTaSoriso vaWrobis masStabebs sarekordo

maCveneblebi hqonda, xolo ramodenime weliwadSi erebi erTmaneTs umagaliTod

uswordebodnen. Tu saerTaSoriso vaWrobas aRniSnul situaciaSi ar SeeZlo omis

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aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. cvlilebebma am orive mimarTulebiT XVIII saukunis

bolos kulminacias miaRwia. pirvelma modernma ganapiroba politikuri revoluciebi

safrangeTsa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi. meore ki, romelic mimdinareobda teqnologiuri

inovaciebisaTvis xelsayrel viTarebaSi, did britaneTis industriuli revoluciis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi iyo.

amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma daafuZnes modernuli sazogadoebis

politikuri tipi _ konstituciuri da demokratiuli. es niSnavs ara imas, rom

amieridan yvela mTavrobas amgvari xasiaTi hqonda, aramed imas, rom aqedan

moyolebuli, praqtikulad yvela moazrovnisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom axla politikur

sistemebs aRar unda hqonodaT pretenzia legitimurobaze, Tu is ar iqneboda

damyarebuli konstituciurad gamoxatul `xalxis nebaze~.

Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis cnebaTa

urTierTmimarTebisTvis

erT-erTi didi problemaa globalizaciisa da vesternizaciis urTierTmimarTeba.

Camoyalibda ori Tvalsazrisi:

pirvelis mixedviT, globalizacia aris ufro farTo procesi, vidre vesterniza-

cia; amasTan erTad, globalizacia praqtikulad TanabarmniSvnelovania modernizaci-

isa; am Sexedulebas mxars uWeren a.gidensi, r.robertsoni, m.olbrou, u.konoli.

aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma daamtkices, rom industrializacia SesaZlebelia

vesternizaciis gareSe.

meore midgomis mixedviT, globalizacia mxolod da mxolod dasavluri

modernizmis globalur difuzias warmoadgens. da igi mimarTulia veternizaciis

gafarToebis, dasavluri kapitalizmisa da institutebis gavrcelebisaken. am

mimarTulebas mxars uWeren s.amini da l.bentoni. r.gilpini miiCnevs, rom msoflio

internacionalizacia aris amerikuli msoflio wesrigis gavrcelebis produqti.

a.kalinikosi da rigi mecnierebisa TanamedroveobaSi xedaven dasavluri imperializmis

axal fazas, romelSic nacionalurma xelisuflebebma Seasrules monopolitikuri

kapitalis agentebis roli. amerikeli Teoritikosis h.gleizeris azriT,

globalizacia aris gavrceleba dasavleTis mier regulirebuli informaciisa da

gasarTobi saSualebebisa, romlebic garkveul efeqts axdens im qveynebis

faseulobebze, romelbSic es informacia aRwevs. CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelma

warmoadgina ubralo beduinis saxe, romelic zis aqlemze da tradiciuli samosis qveS

jinsebs atarebs. mas xelSi radiomimRebi da koka-kola uWiravs. koka-kola da jinsi,

marTalia, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram radiomimRebi da televizori ukve did

mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan maTi saSualebiT beduini iRebs informacias, romelic

aucileblad axdens gavlenas beduinis pirvelsawyis Rirebulebebze. rodesac saubaria

kulturis globalizaciaze, saubaria dasavluri civilizaciis, kerZod, amerikuli

kulturis gavlenaze msoflios sxva civilizaciebze.

Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa warmomadgenlebis

TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva

rogorc davinaxeT, globalizacia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram es ar niSnavs, rom

dRes mimdinare procesebis msgavsi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ar xdeboda. globalur

movlenebi adrec aRiniSneboda; istoriaze dakvirvebiT, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,

rom saqarTvelo mudmivad CarTuli iyo globalur procesebSi (nebismieri axlo Tu

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Soreuli mezobeli, romelsac hqonda msoflio imperiad qcevis pretenzia, met-nakleb

yuradRebas aqcevda saqarTvelos, mis geografiul mdebareobas); Sesabamisad, zemoT

warmodgenili msjelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom

maSindel samyaroSi mimdinare globalur procesebSi monawileoba gaxda qarTuli

sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi safuZveli; globaluri

procesebidan momdinare gamowvevebis mudmivoba ganapiroba geografiulma

mdebareobam, ramac saqarTvelos garkveuli funqcia mianiWa; saqarTvelos winaSe

arsebuli gamowvevebi ori saxisa iyo: gamowveva, romelic am funqciidan momdinareobda

da gamowveva, romelze gacemul pasuxsac am funqciis dabrunebamde mivyavdiT.

Cveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi modernizaciis gamowvevebze arsebobs ori

pasuxi Tu ganviTarebis Sedegi _ lokalizacia da multikulturalizami;

lokalizaciis farglebSi ganixileba iseTi movlena, romelsac mecnierebaSi

glokalizacia ewoda. `globalurad~ _ niSnavs mraval adgilze erTdroulad, anu

translokalurad~. koncernebi `koka-kola~ da `soni~ sakuTar strategiebs

`globalur lokalizacias~ uwodeben, radgan isini miiCneven, rom globalizacia ar

niSnavs da moiTxovs msoflios yvela kuTxeSi qarxana-fabrikebis aSenebas, aramed

aucilebelia isini am Tu im kulturis nawilad iqcnen, anu `koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~

Tu `soni~ konkretuli kulturis moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs menejmentSi.

lokalizacis procesi iwvevs regionalizacias; magaliTad aviRoT iaponia,

romelic garkveul geografiul garemoSi da sazRvrebSi iqca lider qveynad; igi

axdens sakuTari kulturis reklamirebas da gavrcelebas; taivanis magaliTze, sin-xuan

maikl siao globalizaciis procesSi gamoyofs sam mimarTulebas _ amerikanizacia,

evropeizacia da iaponizacia. misive TqmiT, taivanuri da iaponuri kulturebi Zalzed

axlos arian erTmaneTTan; 1990-ian wlebSi taivanSi gaCnda axali gamoTqma ha-ri-zu

(ìaponiis TayvanismcemelTa Taoba~), romelic asocirdeba yvelaferi iaponuriT

aRtacebasTan. ha-ri-zu-s warmomadgenlebma, SesaZloa, iaponiis arc istoria icodnen

kargad da arc politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; es Taoba Seiqmna iaponiis mier

sakuTari kulturis propagandis Sedegad; sin-xuan maikl siao aRniSnavs, rom

taivanuri kulturis iaponurTan siaxlovem taivanze vesternizaciis gavlena

Seasusta; ufro zustad: iaponias taivanSi aqvs mravali sakabelo satelevizio arxi;

iaponurma melodramebma warmatebiT moaxdina dasavluri kulturis, cxovrebis wesis

lokalizacia anu adaptireba adgilobrivTan da ise gadasca igi taivanel mayurebels;

anu taivani dasavlur Rirebulebebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, iaponur wnexSi

gamovlils iRebs; iaponuri kultura ki imdenad axloa taivanurTan, rom taivanuri

kultura absoluturad Ria aRmoCnda globaluri kulturis miRebisaTvis ise, rom

globalur kulturas ar mouxdenia adgilobrivi kulturis gadasxvafereba. msgavs

gavlenas, ambobs sin-xuan maikl siao, iaponuri kultura sxva Crdilo da samxreT

aRmosavleT aziis kulturebzec axdens. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponurma kulturam

lokalizaciis Sedegad moaxerxa garkveuli saxis regionalizacia, am regionSi igi

warmoadgens wamyvan sazogadoebas, rac imis saSualebasac iZleva, rom misi msgavsi

kulturebi da sazogadoebebi advilad iReben globaluri kulturis Taviseburebebs

da sakuTari kulturis originalobis dakargvis gareSe axerxeben modernizacias.

dasawyisSi minda aRvniSno, rom mizani msjelobisa, romelsac me SemogTavazebT, ar

aris daskvnis gakeTeba; is ufro globalizaciis gamowvevaze saqarTvlos mier gasacemi

pasuxis Ziebaa.

amjerad minda Tanamedrove saqarTvelos geografiul garemos Sevexo. iaponiis

magaliTze ganvsazRvreT, rom regionalizaciis miRweva kulturulad monaTesave

mezoblis gareSe, romelic gaxdeba regionSi wamyvani qveyana, SeuZlebelia; anu

70

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas identurobis sakiTxi, civilizaciuri

Seferiloba. didi Zalebis ngrevis niadagze Rrmavdeba babilonizaciis procesi. religia. universaluri religiis Camoyalibebis albaTobis procenti didad ar

aRemateba universaluri enis Camoyalibebis Sansebs. meoce saukunis dasasruli

aRiniSna mTels msoflioSi religiaTa sayovelTao aRorZinebiT. igi moicavda

religiuri TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas da fundamentalisturi moZraobebis

gaaqtiurebas, ramac, Sesabamisad, gaaZliera religiaTa Soris gansxvavebani. es

maicndamainc ar gulisxmobda msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis mkveTr

cvlas. konfesiur mikuTvnebulobasTan dakavSirebuli monacemebi kidev ufro

fragmentuli da arasandoa, vidre enebisa. 3.3 cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebi

sayovelTaod cnobilia. es da sxva monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom am saukuneSi

sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mkveTrad ar Secvlila. yvelaze ufro

masStaburi iyo àrareligiurTa~ an àTeistTa~ saxelis qveS klasificirebuli 0.2

procentis (1900 w.) gazrda 20.9 procentamde 1980 wlisaTvis. savaraudod, es

maCvenebeli asaxavda mkveTr cvlilebas religiis sazianod; 1980 wels religiuri

gamoRviZeba mxolod iwyebda Zalebis mokrebas. Tumca aramorwmuneTa 20.7 procentamde

mateba zustad emTxveva `Cinuri xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis (tradiciuli

religiebis)~ klebas: 1900 w. igi 23.5 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1980 wels am

maCvenebelma 4.5 procentamde daiwia. am maCvenebelTa Tanabari zrda da kleba imaze

miuTiTebs, rom komunizmis mosvlasTan erTad Cinuri xalxuri religiis mimdevari

uzarmazari masa aTeistebad iqca. cxrili uCvenebs gasuli 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi ori didi prozelituri religiis,

qristianobisa da islamis proporciebis zrdas msoflio mosaxleobaSi. 1900 wels

dasavleT qristianebi msoflio mosaxleobis 26.9 procents Seadgendnen, xolo 1980

wels _ 30 procents. mulismTa wilma kidev ufro sagrZnoblad moimata: 1900

wlisaTvis _ 12.4 procenti, 1980 wlisaTvis _ 16.5 procenti, xolo sxvaTa gamoTvliT,

1980 wlisaTvis 18 procentsac ki gautolda. meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulSi

mniSvnelovnad gazarda islamisa da qristianobis mimdevarTa ricxvi afrikaSi,

qristianobas gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqonda samxreT koreaSi. swrafad

modernizirebad sazogadoebebSi, Tu tradiciul rwmenas ar ZaluZs adaptireba

modernizaciis moTxovnebTan, izrdeba qristianobis an islamis gavrcelebis albaToba.

aseT sazogadoebebSi neoklasikosi ekonomistebi, demokratiis jvarosnebi an

transnacionaluri korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi dasavluri kulturis mTavar

gmirebad ki ara, aramed misionerebad arian warmodgenili. qalaqSi dasaxlebulebisa da

saSualo ganaTlebamiRebulTa pirveli Taobis fsiqologiur, emociur, moralur Tu

socialur moTxovnilebebs verc adam smiti daakamyofilebs da verc Tomas jefersoni;

ieso qristes amis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs, Tumca igi maT, SeiZleba, saerTod ar SexvdeT.

sabolood, gamarjvebuli mainc muhamedi rCeba. qristianoba vrceldeba, ZiriTadad, am

sarwmunoebaze moqceviT, islami _ moqceviTa da gamravlebiT. qristianobam Tavis piks

1980-ian wlebSi miaRwia (30 procenti), erT adgilze gaCerda, axla ki ukve klebulobs,

xolo 2025 wlisaTvis, albaT, 25 procents miuaxlovdeba. gamravlebis maRali

procentis gamo, msoflioSi muslimTa xvedriTi wili momavalSi kidev ufro

gaizrdeba, saukuneTa gasayarze 20 procentamdec ki ava, ramdenime wlis Semdeg

qristianTa raodenobas gadaaWarbebs, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis 30 procentsac

gautoldeba.

51

koloniebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolisa da misi mopovebis fonze,

adgilobrivi enebis xelSewyoba da imperiuli enebis Seviwroeba nacionalisturi

elitebisaTvis dasavleli kolonistebisagan sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebisa da sakuTari

identurobis gansazRvris erTi-erTi forma iyo. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,

meores mxriv, am sazogadoebaTa elitebs surdaT sakuTari Tavis gancalkeveba

sakuTarive sazogadoebebisagan. inglisuris, frangulis Tu sxva dasavluri enis

srulyofilad floba swored amis saSualebas iZleoda. amis Sedegia is, rom

aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa elitebs dasavlelebTan da erTmaneTTan ufro eiolebaT

urTierToba, vidre sakuTar sazogadoebasTan (igive situacia iyo XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

evropul qveynebSi, romelTa aristokratebs advilad SeeZloT frangul enaze

kontaqtis damyareba erTmaneTTan, xolo sakuTari qveynis salaparako enas ver

flobdnen). aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi ori saxis tendencia SeimCvneva. erTi mxriv,

inglisuri sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sauniversiteto doneze, raTa

gamouSvan momzadebuli kadrebi, romlebic SeZleben savaWro da samomxmareblo

(biznesi...) sferoSi saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi nayofier moRvaweobas.

meore mxriv, socialuri da politikuri zewola iwvevs adgilobrivi enebis Semosvlas

sayovelTao xmarebaSi. CrdiloeT afrikaSi arabuli frangul enas enacvleba,

pakistanSi urdus ena saxelmwifo da saganmanaTleblo doneze uwevs konkurencias

inglisurs, adgilobrivenovani mediis saSualebebi TandaTanobiT enacvleba

inglisurenovan mediis saSualebebs indoeTSi. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba jer kidev

1948 wels iwinaswarmetyvela indoeTis ganaTlebis komisiam, rodesac acxadebda, rom

ìnglisuris gamoyeneba... xalxs or nawilad yofs: mcirericxovan mmarTvelebad da

mravalricxovan marTulebad. mmarTvelebi ar floben umravlesobis enas da,

Sesabamisad, ver ugeben mas. ormoci wlis Semdeg inglisuris, rogorc elitis enis

mdgradobam gaamarTla winaswarmetyveleba, rom es gamoiwvevda àrabunebrivi

situaciis Seqmnas iq arsebuli demokratiis pirobebSi, romelic damyarebulia

srulwlovanTa saarCevno uflebebze... inglisurad molaparake indoeTi da

politikurad aqtiuri indoeTi sul ufro da ufro Sordeba erTmaneTs~, es ki iwvevs

`daZabulobas inglisuris mcodne mmarTvel umciresobasa da danarCen mraval milions

Soris, romelic SeiraRebulia saarCevno xmis uflebiT da romelic ar flobs

inglisurs. aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli institutebis damkvidrebisa

da xelisuflebaSi iqauri xalxis ufro farTod warmodgenis fonze, dasavluri enebis

moxmareba iklebs, xolo adgilobrivi enebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. sabWoTa imperiisa da civi omis dasasrulma daCagruli Tu daviwyebuli enebis

sayovelTao gavrceleba da gamococxleba gamoiwvia. mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi iqna

gatarebuli yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli enebis

asaRorZineblad. estonuri, latviuri, litvuri, ukrainuli, qarTuli da somxuri

amJamad damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa nacionalur (saxelmwifo) enebs warmoadgenen.

msgavsi enobrivi gamococxleba moxda muslimur respublikebSi: azerbaijanma,

yirgizeTma, TurqmeneTma da uzbekeTma yofili rusi mCagvrelis `kirilicas~ Srifti

TavianTi Turqi naTesavebis dasavluri SriftiT Secvales, sparsulenovanma

tajikeTma ki arabuli anbani SemoiRo. meores mxriv, serbebi amjerad TavianT enas

ufro serbuls uwodeben xolme, vidre serbul-xorvatuls da TavianTi kaTolike

mtrebis dasavluri anbani rusi naTesavebis anbaniT Secvales. maT msgavsad,

xorvatebic amJamad TavianT enas xorvatuls uwodeben da cdiloben gawmindon igi

Turquli da sxva ucxoenovani sityvebisagan. am dros ki `Turqulidan da arabulidan

nasesxebi sityvebi _ balkaneTze TurqeTis imperiis 450 wliani arsebobis enobrivi

danaleqi _ kvlav popularobas iZens~ bosniaSi. ena gadaewyoba da gadasxvaferdeba

50

regionalizaciis process sWirdeba meTauri, medroSe; rodesac vsaubrobT regionSi

wamyvan qveyanaze, aq ar igulisxmeba raime politikuri an ekonomikuri zewola,

regionalizacia kulturis niSniT gamoricxavs Zaldatanebas, imperiul zraxvebs.

kulturuli niSniT regionalizaciis procesi damyarebulia sazogadoebaTa

kulturul msgavsebaze; igi bunebrivi da Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic TavisTavad

mimdinareobs; gansxvavebis saxiT gavixseneb regionalizacias ideologiis niSniT;

msgavsi erToba sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT arsebobda; misi daSlis erT-erTi mizezi

swored kulturuli mravalferovneba da gansxvavebuloba gaxda.

lokalizaciis da regionalizaciis saintereso Teorias gvTavazobs ukraineli

mecnieri _ politologi, nobelis premiis laureati robert aqselrodi;

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze: `Tanamedroveobis xelaxla gaazreba~ man ganacxada, rom

uaxloesi oci wlis manZilze kacobrioba SeeCexeba Semdeg potenciur safrTxeebs:

1. samxedro da sainformacio teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba;

2. erTa politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri TviTidentifikaciis problema;

3. mniSvnelovani resursebis (sakvebi, wyali, navTobi) ukmarisoba msoflio masStabiT;

4. gavlenisa da Zlierebis centrebis gadaadgileba;

5. gaZlierdeba ganxeTqileba mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris da warmoiSoba

finansuri arastabiluroba;

6. demografiuli krizisi.

udavoa, rom am gamowvevebs sWirdeba adekvaturi pasuxi, acxadebs r.aqselrodi da

miiCnevs, rom globalizmis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. magram globalizmi mxolod

nawilia didi procesisa, romelsac globalizacia ewodeba. Tu globalizmi gamoiyeneba

mxolod erT ganzomilebasTan, ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT, globalizacia, germaneli

politologis ulrix bekis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs sxva aspeqtebsac, rogorebicaa:

politikuri, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli, civilizaciuri. dRevandelobis

umniSvnelovanesi problema isaa, rom globalizmi win uswrebs globalizacias.

zenacionaluri monopoliebi, romelTac mokavSired hyavT aSS, TavianT pirobebs

karnaxoben msoflios, xolo saerTaSoriso institutebi ver axerxeben amaze

reagirebas. konfliqtebis daregulirebaSi ususuria xolme gaero. Teoriuladac ki ar

arsebobs sxvadasxva kulturisa da civilizaciis urTierTTanaarsebobis formebi.

saeklesio organizaciebisa da saxelmwifo liderebis mxridan imis oficialuri

mtkiceba, rom tradiciuli religiuri konfesiebi da saxelmwifoebi urTierTmimarT

tolerantebi arian da eyrdnobian saerTo sakacobrio Rirebulebebs, mxolod kvamlis

fardaa, romelsac advilad arRveven fundamentalistebi.

r.aqselrodi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs politkosebis, mecnierebis, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis aqtivistebis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas imisTvis, raTa Seiqmnas

saerTaSoriso institutebi, romlebic Seamcireben globalizmis negatiur Sedegebs.

aravisaTvis ar aris saidumlo is faqti, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia aviwroebs da

meore planze gadaaqvs globalizaciis is procesebi, romelTa mizania gansxvavebuli

civilizaciebis Rirebulebebis mudmivi daaxloeba maTi universalizaciis

mimarTulebiT. mas, SeiZleba, kacobriobisaTvis araprognozirebadi Sedegebi mohyves.

ukraineli mecnieri ayalibebs globalizaciis procesis umtkinveulod gadaqcevis

gzebs. is aRniSnavs, rom pirvel etapze unda daiwyos ara erTiani, universaluri

ideisaTvis SekavSireba, aramed unda moxdes gansxvavebul politikur, kulturul,

religiur da nacionalur jgufTa gaerTianeba, romlebic win aRudgebian im

faseulobebze Tavdasxmas, romlebic mocemul situaciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania.

mecnieri aRniSnavs ukrainis rols momavalSi. is dasZens, rom miuxedavad maTi qveynis

mcire ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisa, kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli maTi

71

geopolitikuri mdebareoba _ sakuTari da msoflio interesebis Sesabamisad.

mecnieris azriT, ukrainam unda gaataros damoukidebeli sagareo politikuri kursi

da ar daiwyos im gaerTianebebis karebze kakuni, sadac aravis sWirdeba: natoSi da

evrokavSirSi. ukrainelebi Raribebi da Tanac bevrni arian da axlo momavalSi am

organizaciaSi maT aravin elis. aqselrodis azriT, ukraina unda gaxdes mizidulobis

centri balkaneTis qveynebisTvis, rumineTisTvis, bulgareTisTvis, samxreT kavkasiis

saxelmwifoebisTvis, moldovisa da yazaxeTisTvis. ukrainelebma unda moawyon

civilizebuli saxelmwifo evropuli nimuSis mixedviT, sadac adgili ar eqneba

avtoritarizms. aqselrods Rrmad swams, rom am mimarTulebiT ukrainis perspeqtiva

imedismomcemia. mecnieris azriT, ukrainelebma unda daZlion TavianTi

provincializmi da globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflioSi arsebuli problemebis

gadaWraSi TavianTi wvlili Seitanon.

am Teoriis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze unda Camoyalibdes axali

regioni, romlis organizatori da lideri unda gaxdes ukraina; mis wevrad

saqarTveloc moiazreba.

ukrainis meTaurobiT aRmosavleT evropaSi axali regionis Seqmna, SeiZleba iTqvas,

warmoudgenelia; pirvel rigSi Tavad ukraina ar warmoadgens Zlier demokratiul

sazogadoebas (arc ekonomikurad da arc politikurad), romelsac Seswevs unari,

konkurencia gauwios evrokavSirs, radgan Tavad aqselrodis mier CamoTvlil

saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mizani evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaa, maTgan bulgareTi da

rumineTi ukve wevrebi arian; meores mxriv, miviCnevT, rom Tavad evropas, sabWoTa

kavSirTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, aRar unda sWirdebodes aRmosavleT evropaSi

raime alternatiuli regionis Seqmna.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi regionis Seqmnas ver moaxerxebs verc erTi

kavkasiuri qveyana; TurqeTi TviTon cdilobs gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri; erTaderTi,

visac, SesaZloa, garkveuli survili hqondes regionis Seqmnisa, aris ruseTi; dsT, Cveni

azriT, warmoadgens ara globalizaciis gamowvevebze gacemul pasuxs da bunebriv

erTobas, aramed ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris gadmonaSTs; igi imTaviTve

ganwirulia daSlisaTvis; anu saqarTvelosaTvis am mimarTulebas da evrokavSiris

alternatiuli regionis Ziebas realuri safuZveli ar aqvs.

am msjelobis amosavali wertili aris is, rom `globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs

erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs transnacionaluri gamosavali~.

regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis

Seqmnisa. zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis mizezi da mizani politikisa da

ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram saSualeba aris kulturuli

urTierTmsgavseba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebriv organizmSi integracia

moaxerxes evropis qveynebma. evropa aris ara mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba,

aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba. misi erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia. anu

evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian

sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri

warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT. sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT kveleva marTebulad

mimaCnia, radgan saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da

cdilobs globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces.

mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom saqarTvelos dasavluri orientacia

gamowveulia qarTuli kulturis dasavluri xasiaTiT. uamravi mosazreba gamoiTqva

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra niSnebis gamo SeiZleba CavTvaloT dasavluri civilizaciis wevrad.

ra Tqma unda, am mimarTulebiT kvleva aucilebelia, magram miviCnev, rom sakiTxis

72

inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva (calke) enebad, iseve, rogorc laTinuridan

aRmocendnen romanuli enebi. Tumca italiuri, franguli da espanuri enebisagan

gansxvavebiT, es inglisuridan nawarmoebi enebi sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis

mier iqneba gamoyenebuli, an kidev maT gamoiyeneben, umTavresad, calkeuli

lingvisturi jgufebis urTierTobebSi. swored msgavs procesebs SeiZleba mivadevnoT Tvali indoeTSi. magaliTad,

arazusti cnobebiT, 1983 wels iq, 733 milionian mosaxleobaSi, 18 milioni inglisurad

molaparake adamiani cxovrobda, xolo 1991 wlisaTvis, 867 milioniani mosaxleobidan

20 milioni metyvelebda inglisurad. maSasadame, indoeTis mosaxleobaSi inglisurad

molaparakeTa wili SedarebiT mdgradi iyo (2-4 procentis farglebSi). viwro elituri

wreebis gareT inglisuri ena lingua franka-s funqcias arc asrulebs. `simarTle isaa, rom

rodesac vinme kaSmiridan kaniakumarisken (indoeTis naxevarkunZulis yvelaze

samxreTi wertili) miemgzavreba, kavSiri, ZiriTadad, hindis, da ara inglisuri enis

meSveobiT xorcieldeba~, — acxadebs niu delis universitetis inglisuri enis ori

profesori. metic, induri inglisuri TavisTavad iZens araerT gamorCeul

maxasiaTebels: igi induizebul iqna, ufro zustad ki man, sivrcis cvlilebis

kvalobaze, lokaluri Tvisebebi SeiZina. inglisuri erwymis indur kulturas iseve,

rogorc es warsulSi moxda sanskritTan da sparsul enasTan dakavSirebiT. istoriidan cnobilia, rom enis gadanawileba asaxavda Zalebis gadanawilebas

msoflioSi. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi enebi _ inglisuri, mandarini, espanuri,

franguli, arabuli, rusuli — arian an iyvnen imperiul saxelmwifoTa enebi, romlebic

mondomebiT cdilobdnen imas, rom am enaze sxva xalxebic ametyvelebuliyvnen.

cvlilebebi ZalTa TanafardobaSi gavlenas axdens enebis gamoyenebaze. `britaneTis da

amerikis koloniurma, savaWro, industriulma, samecniero da finansurma Zalauflebam

sagrZnobi daRi daamCnia umaRles saganmanaTleblo sistemas, saxelisuflo

mmarTvelobas, vaWrobasa da teqnologias msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~. britaneTi da

safrangeTi moiTxovdnen maTi enebis gamoyenebas koloniebSi. Tumca damoukideblobis

mopovebis Semdeg yofil koloniaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli aqtiurobiTa da

sxvadasxva warmatebiT, Seecada imperiuli enis Secvlas adgilobrivi eniT. sabWoTa

kavSiris zenitSi yofnis dros rusuli ena saerTaSoriso enas warmoadgenda praRidan

moyolebuli hanoimde. ruseTis Zalauflebis damcrobis paralelurad, aRiniSna

rusulis, rogorc meoradi enis gamoyenebis Semcireba. rac Seexeba kulturis sxva

elementebs, mzard zewolas Tan sdevs rogorc mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa

TviTdajerebuloba, ise stimuli sxvebisaTvis _ aiTvison igi. berlinis kedlis

dangrevis Semdgom Tabrudamxvev periodSi germania moiazreboda axal gigantad,

SeimCneoda tendencia, rom inglisurad sufTad molaparake germanels saerTaSoriso

Sexvedrebze germanulad elaparaka. iaponiis ekonomikurma Zlierebam stimuli misca

iaponuris swavlas araiaponelTa mier; CineTis ekonomikuri dawinaurebac igive

tendenciebs ganapirobebs. Cinuri ena aqtiurad ikavebs inglisuris dominantur

pozicias hong-kongSi. miecaT ra gasaqani CineTis sazRvars gareT mcxovreb Cinelebs

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, Cinuri gadaiqca enad, romelzec iwarmoeba regionis

umravlesi saerTaSoriso biznes-garigebebi. sxva civilizaciebTan SedarebiT,

dasavleTis zegavlenis dakargvis Tanadroulad, inglisuris da sxva dasavluri enebis

gamoyeneba sxva sazogadoebebSi da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa Soris urTierTobebSi

nel-nela Sesustdeba. Tu garkveul etapze, Sorul momavalSi, CineTi Caenacvleba

dasavleTs, rogorc msoflios wamyvan civilizacias, inglisuri daTmobs poziciebs

mandarinis, rogorc saerTaSoriso enis pirispir.

49

saSualeba. garkveul etapze maT, SeiZleba, mimarTon profesionalebs, romlebic

Tavisuflad floben or an met enas Tarjimnobisa da mTargnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis.

Tumca es friad mouxerxebelia, mas didi dro da xarji sWirdeba. swored amis gamo,

istoriis ganmavlobaSi Cndeboda lingua frank-ebi: laTinuri antikur da Sua

saukuneebis samyaroSi, franguli _ dasavleTSi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi,

zvahiluri _ afrikis mraval kuTxeSi, inglisuri _ msoflios umravles adgilebSi XX

saukunis meore naxevarSi. diplomatebs, biznesmenebs, mecnierebs, turistebs da maT

mosamsaxure personals, aseve samgzavro TviTmfrinavis pilotebs da sahaero

dispetCerebs sWirdebaT mosaxerxebeli saSualeba urTierTobisaTvis, romelic

amJamad inglisuris meSveobiT xorcieldeba.

am azriT, inglisuri msoflios kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis saSualebaa, iseve

rogorc qristianuli kalendari warmoadgens msofliosaTvis drois gansazRvris

saSualebas, arabuli ricxvebi _ Tvlis saSualebas, metruli sistema ki _ umetesi

msofliosaTvis _ gazomvis safuZvels. am gagebiT, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba

interkulturuli urTierTobis sferos moicavs; igi iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva,

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobas. lingua franka enobrivi da

kulturuli gansxvavebebis daZlevis, da ara maTi mospobis saSualebaa. igi

urTierTobis xerxia, da ara sakuTari meobisa da garkveuli sazogadoebisadmi

kuTvnilebis gansazRvris saSualeba. rodesac iaponeli bankiri da indonezieli

biznesmeni erTmaneTs inglisurad elaparakebian, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom romelime

maTgani gaingliselebuli an vesternizirebulia. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT germanulad da

frangulad molaparake Sveicarielebze, romlebic erTmaneTTan ufro inglisurad

laparaks amjobineben, vidre romelime maT saxelmwifo enaze. aseve, indoeTSi, nerus

gegmebis sawinaaRmdegod, inglisuris, rogorc damxmare-saurTierTobo enis

SenarCuneba miuTiTebs indoeTSi mcxovrebi ara-hindis enaze molaparake xalxis

survilze, SeinarCunon sakuTari ena da kultura, aramed imis saWiroebaze, rom

indoeTi mravalenovan sazogadoebad darCes. rogorc wamyvanma mkvlevarma-lingvistma joSua fiSmenma aRniSna, ufro

savaraudoa, lingua franka-d anu farTo saurTierTobo enad (LWC) iqces is ena, romelic

naklebadaa gaigivebuli konkretul eTnikur jgufTan, religiasa Tu ideologiasTan.

warsulSi inglisuri ena dakavSirebuli iyo zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan. bolo dros

igi `deeTnizebuli (an minimalurad eTnizebuli)~ gaxda, rogorc es warsulSi aqaduri,

arameuli, berZnuli Tu laTinuri enebis SemTxvevebSi moxda. ìnglisurs, rogorc

damxmare (meorad) enas, kargi bedi dahyva, ris dasturicaa is faqti, rom arc erTi misi

wyaro _ arc britanuli da arc amerikuli, daaxloebiT bolo meoTxedi saukunis

manZilze, ar ganixileba farTod da aSkarad eTnikur da ideologiur konteqstSi~

[xazgasma avtoris]. maSasadame, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba kulturaTSoris

urTierTobebSi xels uwyobs da aZlierebs kidec cakleul xalxTa kulturul

identurobebs. swored imis gamo, rom xalxs surs sakuTari kulturis SenarCuneba, sxva

kulturis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas igi iyenebs inglisur enas. mTel msoflioSi inglisurad molaparake xalxi sxvadasxvanair inglisurze

saubrobs. inglisuri avtoqtonizebulia da iZens adgilobriv Seferilobas, riTic

Sordeba britanul da amerikul inglisurs, ukidures SemTxvevebSi _ imdenadac ki,

rom maT ukve aRar esmiT erTmaneTis, iseve, rogorc es Cinuri enis dialeqtebis

SemTxvevaSi xdeba. nigeriuli inglisuri pijini, induri inglisuri da inglisuris sxva

variantebi Serwymulni arian TavianT maspinZel kulturebs; savaraudod, maTi

diferencirebis procesi momavalSi ufro gaRrmavdeba, ise, rom isini gadaiqcevian

48

imgvarad dasma, rom saqarTvelo aucileblad unda iyos an dasavluri, an aRmosavluri

civlizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganviTarebis

gezis da mimarTulebis gansazRvra, ar aris marTebuli. qarTul kulturaSi

aRmosavluri kulturis niSnebis arseboba sulac ar niSnavs, rom qarTuli

sazogadoeba ver moaxerxebs modernizacias da demokratiuli saxelmwifos aSenebas, an

dasavleTSi integracias. amis naTeli magaliTebi msoflioSi uamravia: iaponia,

romelic sruliad sxva samyaros warmoadgens, magram moaxerxa demokratiis miReba

institutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze, ise, rom kulturuli

originaloba arc daukargavs. Cveni azriT, globalizacia globalur msoflioSi

sakuTari adgilis, funqciis povnis saSualebas iZleva. qarTuli kulturis yofna

kulturaTa gzagasayarze SeiZleba iyos dasavluri sazogadoebis CveniT

dainteresebis mizezi. Zalzed aqtualuria msoflioSi kulturaTa dialogis procesi;

arseboben erTmaneTisagan mkveTarad gansxvavebuli kulturebi, romlebic dasavlur

da aRmosavlur civilizaciebs ganekuTvnebian. qarTul kulturas aqvs saSualeba met-

naklebad, saerTo ena gamonaxos rogorc dasavlur, aseve aRmosavlur kulturebTan.

kulturaTa dialogis procesSi sasazRvro1 kulturebs didi mniSvneloba

mieniWeba; niSnadoblivia, rom evrokavSirSi baltiispireTis qveynebis

gaerTianebisTanave samive maTgani iqca evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis

lobistad; Tavad evropis mxridanac swored baltiis qveynebs daevalaT Cveni

daxmareba da kuratoroba garkveul sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, patrulis samsaxuris

SeqmnaSi instruqtorebi swored baltiis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi arian;

baltiispireTis qveynebi ufro advilad SeZleben saqarTvelosTan saubaras, radgan

igive gza maT sul axlaxan gaiares. SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes

Suamavali evropasa da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, radgan evropas azerbaijanTan

da somxeTTan saubari saqarTvelodan ufro gauadvildeba. amis safuZvlad mimaCnia

rogorc istoriuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli kulturaTa

garkveuli urTierTmsgavseba, aseve ekonomikur doneze urTierTsaWiroeba

(azerbaijanuli navTobis transportireba).



mdebareoba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom saqarTvelo Caebas globalur procesebSi;

arsebobs ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic saqarTvelos Tavisi

funqcia aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan

Sexeba.

sainteresoa ganvixiloT f.fukuiamas, mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologia. misi

TqmiT, demokratiis konsolidacia moxdeba oTx doneze: ideologia, rogorc rwmena

imisi, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formaa; institutebi, romelic

moicavs konstituciebs, sasamarTlo da partiul sistemebs, sabazro struqturebs da

a.S; mesamea samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebuli da

demokratiul politikur institutebze dafuZnebuli spontanurad warmoqmnili

1 sasazRvro ewodeba kulturas, romelic civilizaciaTa sazRvarze, maTi Sexebis arealSi mdebareobs.

aseT kulturebs axasiaTebs: struqturirebis dabali xarisxi; Sinagani daZabuloba da

winaaRmdegobani; kulturaSi sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul (Zvel)

fenomenTa mudmivi gamococxleba; identifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba da

mtkivneuloba. sasazRvro kulturebi asruleben Suamavlis, Tarjimnis funqcias civilizaciebs

Soris. sazRvruloba ganixileba rogorc lokalur kulturaTa garkveuli saxeobis damaxasiaTebeli

gansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli Tviseba, civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi, da

ara ganviTarebis etapi. es procesi droSi gaWimulia da SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac ki

moicavdes. amdenad, sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, mudmivi mdgomareobaa.

73

socialuri struqturebis samyaroa; igi saxelmwifos mxridan manipulirebas naklebad

eqvemdebareba; meoTxe done aris kultura; igi yvelaze Rrmaa da moicavs iseT

movlenebs, rogoricaa ojaxis struqtura, religia, moraluri Rirebulebebi;

demokratiuli institutebis sayrdeni aris jansaRi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, xolo

Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winamZRvaria kultura. f.fukuiamas azriT, dasavleTi

samarTliani socialuri wyobis aSenebas cdilobs zemodan qvemoT, anu amosavali

wertilia pirveli da meore done; xolo aRmosavluri kulturebi mesame da meoTxe

donidan iwyeben da miemarTebian zeviT. modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi

aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis

demokratizaciis procesi kulturis transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir

kavSirSi. amis gamo maTi reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben

demokratias, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar


frida maial-manenji Tavis naSromSi: `globalizaciis efeqti afrikul kulturaze,

danaxuli afrikeli qalis TvaliT~, aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciam didi gavlena iqonia

afrikeli xalxis yofaze, konkretulad ki sociumSi qalis rolze. globalizaciam,

romlis mizania globaluri bazrisaTvis da misi ZalebisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikis

farTod gaxsna, uzarmazari gavlena iqonia afrikel xalxze da aiZula isini SeecvalaT

cxovrebis gza da wesi. globalizaciis procesma ubiZga afrikul qveynebs, moexdinaT

ucxouri investiciebis deregulacia, importis liberalizacia, Sesustda saxelmwifo

kontroli. amis Sedegad, qalebi, romlebic am kontinentze did rols asrulebdnen

fermerobasa da industriaSi, ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebisa da sawarmoebSi axali

marketingis danergvis Semdeg umuSevrebi darCnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen, miemarTaT

qveynebis gareT vaWrobisaTvis. isini gavidnen qveynidan, ris Sedegadac bavSvebs

mSoblebis zrunva daakldaT. globalizaciis kidev erTi Sedegi afrikaSi ojaxis

rRveva aRmoCnda. statiis avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebis ojaxidan gasvlis Semdeg

bavSvebi aRar sxdebian buxris irgvliv da aRar usmenen im moTxrobebs, romlebic

aswavlian sakuTari Rirebulebebis pativiscemas, erTianobas, mSvidobas, siyvaruls. es

aRar xdeba TviT agrarul mxareebSic ki, romelsac kargad ergeboda aseTi garemo.

afrikaSi kaci, qali Tu bavSvi _ yvela CarTulia gadarCenisaTvis, TiToeuli

dRisaTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. avtoris TqmiT, afrikul musikasa da

cekvaSi Warbobs oblobis, tkivilis, omisa da narkotikebis Temebi. es ganeitralda

dasavluri maikl jeqsonis musikiT. axalgazrdoba adgilobriv musikas dasavlurs

amjobinebs. dasavluri modis mixedviT Seicvala varcxnilobis stili, fexsacmeli da

tansacmeli. globalizaciis wyalobiT, afrikaSi dafuZnda da gafarTovda didi

kompaniebi, romelTac adgilobriv sawarmoebze iafad Semoitanes TavianTi produqcia

da amiT mravali adgilobrivi sawarmo aiZules daxuruliyvnen. ufro xSirad kaci rCeba

umuSevari, vidre qali. moxda ojaxSi rolebis gacvla _ kaci Sin, qali _ gareT. kaci

zrunavs bavSvebze da saojaxo saqmeebze. mravali bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT ki gogonebi,

iZulebuli gaxdnen, swavlisaTvis Tavi daenebebinaT, rasac, bunebrivia, didi gavlena

eqneba maT momavalze.

rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis mier motanilma axalma realobam uzarmazari

gavlena iqonia afrikuli kulturis Strixebze, maT tradiciebze. moxda

Rirebulebebis gadafaseba da rRveva. safrTxe Seeqmna afrikul TviTmyofadobas, rac,

ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia sazogadoebisaTvis. amis gamo frida maial-manenji miiCnevs,

rom `CrdiloeTma unda Secvalos ganviTarebis koncefcia. ekonomikuri winsvla,

kulturuli da socialuri samarTlianobis gareSe, ver iqneba Cveni ganviTarebis

ideali. aucilebelia, rom ganviTarebis done ganisazRvros adamianTa cxovrebis

74

kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul

daskvnamde, romelic dakavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan:

`rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam da daxvewam unda

uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa daTbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _

saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tundac, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, dasZens igi, `wesi

yovelTvis ar wesobs.~ ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena da religia.

Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin unda SeimCneodes universaluri enisa da

universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan

dakavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es ùol strit

jornalis~ redaqtorma ganacxada. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTagan

mxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis Tu

gaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawili

laparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebis

sasargeblod, da yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sul

zusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis

(1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSi

msoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcirda inglisurad,

frangulad, germanulad, rusulad da iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire kleba

SeimCneva mandarinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad,

malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad da sxva

enebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota,

1 milioni adamiani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebeli

msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgenda, xolo 1992

wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcirda (ix. cxrili 3.1).

wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlis

vaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalis

safuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs,

Tu ramdeni adamiani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia an

milions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevida rogorc mSobliur, aseve

aramSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis,

SerCeviTi da saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis da

skolebis mixedviT. xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri,

espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobis

saerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8

procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, daaxloebiT orjer meti

adamiani laparakobda Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidre

inglisurad, da damatebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrobda Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix.

cxrili 3.2). erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, ver

iqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es aris

ena, romelsac msoflios sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufebisa da kulturebis xalxi iyenebs

erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a

_ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tu

adamianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyareba, unda gamonaxon saamiso

47

meqisaken pirSeqceuli aRavlenen, bombs amzadebdnen amerikuli samgzavro

TviTmfrinavis asafeTqeblad. 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi amerikelebi yovelgvari

ìaponizirebis~ gareSe moixmardnen milionobiT iaponur manqanas, televizors,

kameras da eleqtronul xelsawyos, metic _ es yvelaferi iaponiisadmi antagonisturi

damokidebulebis fonze xdeboda. mxolod gulubryvilo ampartavnoba Tu

afiqrebinebs dasavlelebs, rom aradasavlelebi `vesternizdebian~ dasavluri

saqonlis SeZenis Sedegad. marTlacda sasaciloa, rodesac dasavlelebi TavianT

civilizacias aigiveben SuSxuna sasmelebTan, gaxunebul jinsebTan da sendviCTan. universaluri popularuli kulturis ufro daxvewili versia yuradRebas

amaxvilebas ara samomxmareblo saqonelze, ara koka-kolaze, aramed mediasa da

holivudze. amerikis gavlena msoflio kinoze, televiziasa da konoproduqciaze

aRemateba kidec amerikis poziciebs saaviacio mrewvelobaSi. 1993 wlis monacemebis

mixedviT, 100 yvelaze popularuli filmidan 88 amerikuli iyo. ori amerikuli da ori

evropuli organizacia dominirebs globaluri masStabiT axali ambebis mopovebasa da

gavrcelebaSi. aq erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT ori movlena. pirveli _ esaa

sayovelTao moTxovnileba produqciaze, romelic dakavSirebulia siyvarulTan,

seqsTan, ZaladobasTan, idumal ambebTan, gmirobasTan, simdiresTan; agreTve mogebaze

orientirebuli kompaniebis (pirvel rigSi, amerikuli) unari _ gamoiyenon es

moTxovnileba sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. Zalian cotaa an saerTod ar arsebobs

argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom vifiqroT, TiTqos globaluri komunikaciis

saSualebaTa gasayovelTaoebas gamoewvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi adamianTa

warmodgenebsa da rwmenaSi. `garToba~, ambobda maikl vlaxosi, `sulac ar niSnavs

kulturuli saxis Secvlas.~ meore: adamianebi siaxleebs aRiqvamen imTaviTve

gansazRvruli Rirebulebebis da Tvalsawieris poziciidan (e.i. Taviseburad). èrTi da

igive vizualuri gamosaxulebis gadmocema planetis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~, amtkicebs

kiSore mahbubani, `sxvadasxvanair aRqmas iwvevs. dasavleTSi aplodismentebiT

Sexvdebian mfrinavi raketebiT baRdadis dabombvis kadrebs, xolo sxvebi dainaxaven,

rom feradkaniani erayelebi da somalelebi, TeTrkaniani serbebisagan gansxvavebiT,

ufro metad isjebian dasavleTis mier — sagangaSo signalia yvela TvalsazrisiT.~ globaluri kavSiris saSualebebi dasavluri gavlenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs aradasavlur

sazogadoebaTa populist politikosebs, lanZRon dasavluri kulturuli

imperializmi da darazmon TavianTi sazogadoebebi gaqrobis piras myofi sakuTari

kulturebis erTianobis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis. globalur komunikaciaTa

sferoSi dasavleTis gavlenis masStabebi dasavleTisadmi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa

mtruli da uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mTavar wyarod (mizezad) gvevlineba. metic,

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa modernizaciam da

ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adgilobrivi da regionuli mediaindustriis

gaCena, romlis muSaoba gaTvlili iyo iqauri sazogadoebebis gemovnebaze. magaliTad,

1994 wels, CNN International daadgina, rom mas hyavda 55 milioniani potenciuri

mayurebeli, anu msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 1 procenti (saocaria, rom es

raodenoba emTxveva `davosis kulturis~ matarebeli xalxis raodenobas), misma

prezidentma ki ganacxada, rom inglisurenovanma gadacemebma, sabolood, SeiZleba

bazris mxolo 2-4 procenti Seadginos. maSasadame, regionuli (e.i. civilizaciuri)

telekompaniebi daiwyeben gadacemebs espanurad, iaponurad, arabulad, frangulad

(dasavleT afrikisaTvis) da sxva enebze. `globalur redaqcias~, sami mkvlevris

daskvniT, `kvlav ewinaaRmdegeba babilonis godoli~. ronald dors moyavs

diplomatiur wreebsa da sazogado moRvaweebSi globaluri inteleqtualuri

46

doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris ukeTes ganaTlebasa da

janmrTelobaSi. es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tu qalsac da kacsac

Tanabari uflebebi aqvT, Teoriuladac da praqtikuladac. CrdiloeTs mniSvnelovani

rolis Sesruleba ekisreba am procesSi. arasodes unda iqnes daSvebuli is, rac

SezRudavs xalxis usafrTxoebas, identurobis grZnobasa da Rirsebas. afrikam unda

iswavlos sakuTari xalxis gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema. amave dros, CrdiloeTma

yuradReba unda miaqcios afrikeli xalxis gamonaTqvams: `Sen ar SeiZleba icode da ver

gauZRvebi mezoblis saxlis saSinao saqmeebs~

ZiriTadi problema, rac globalurma kulturam afrikul sazogadoebas Seuqmna,

momdinareobs Semdegidan: daviwyoT imiT, rom globaluri kultura, afrikul

kulturasTan SedarebiT, aris meti SesaZleblobebis mqone, igi ufro Zlieria; Zala

gamoixateba imaSi, rom globalur kulturas, rogorc erTi saxis niSan-Tvisebebis

erTobliobas, romelic cdilobs garkveuli Rirebulebebis mTel msoflioSi

damkvidrebas, zurgs umagrebs politikurad da ekonomikurad Zlieri sazogadoeba.

globaluri kultura materialuri TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofilia, rasac, Cveni

azriT, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis naTeli dadasturebaa zemoT moyvanili

magaliTi; materialuri uzrunvelyofis gamo afrikaSi dairRva ojaxis Zveli

tradicia, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mTeli kulturis gadagvareba, radgan

afrikuli kulturis safuZveli ojaxia; frida maiale-manenjis statiis wakiTxvis

Semdeg Cndeba ganwyoba, rom afrikeli dilemis winaSe dgas: an materialuri minimumis

uzrunvelyofa, an kulturis saxis SenarCuneba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom am

magaliTis mixedviT, originalur kulturaze gavlenas axdens ara globaluri

kultura, aramed ekonomika, anu transnacionaluri korporaciebi; aq ar aris saubari

imaze, rom kargad reklamirebuli globaluri kultura moqmedebs. amis mixedviT

SeiZeleba davaskvnaT, rom dasvleTidan globalizaciiis procesSi moemarTeba erTiani

sistema, warmodgenili sami mimarTulebiT: ekonomika, politika da kultura. samive

maTgani erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. kultura gansazRvravs politikisa da ekonomikis

marTvis wesebs, Tavad politika da ekonomika zemoqmedebas axdens kulturaze. XIX

saukunis iaponuri kultura isev iaponuria, magram politikuri da ekonomikuri

zemoqmedebis gamo, igi gansxvavdeba XVIII saukunis iaponuri kulturisagan. gare

zewolis Sedegad man ganicada transforamacia; demokratizacia da modernizacia

iaponiam, fukuiamas meTodologiis mixedviT, ganicada zevidan qveviT, anu iaponiam,

pirvel rigSi, irwmuna demokratiiuli faseulobani, amis Sedegad ki moxerxda

institutebis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturis

transformacia, ganviTareba da ara Secvla. iaponuri kultura tradiciuli

kulturaa, magram ar warmoadgens Caketil mTlianobas. Sintoizmi saSualebas iZleva,

iyo erTdroulad Sintoisti da qristiani, an budisti, an kidev muslimi. anu iaponur

kulturas aqvs unari, rom miiRos garedan mosuli da aqcios igi iaponurad,

dauqvemdebaros sakuTar kulturas. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb iaponur samzareuloze:

daosuri biznes-kulturis Tanmdevia `fast-fudizacia~ _ swrafi kvebis kultura,

radgan `dro fuli Rirs~; aman ganapiroba msoflios `makdonaldizaciis~ perspeqtiva;

magram moxda ise, rom `fast-fudizaciamac~ iaponiaSi adgilobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.

swrafi kvebis bazarze dRes warmodgenilia hamburgerebi, iaponuri suSi, gyidon-i

(lambaqi brinjiTa da xorciT) da Cinuri warmoSobis bulioni ramen. garedan mosuli

hamburgeris gaCenam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi, sakuTari kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis win wamoweva; iaponiam moxerxa lokalizeba.

sainteresoa, rom msgavsi procesebi saqarTveloSic ganviTarda; igive

makdonaldizaciam saqarTveloSic garkveuli lokalizeba ganicada. es zustad is

75

procesia, rasac glokalizacia daerqva: mraval adgilze erTdroulad, da amasTan

erTad, gansxvavebulad. Tavad restoran `makdonaldsis~ daniSnuleba, rogorc

cnobilia, swrafi kvebaa. dasavleTis qveynebSi am restoranSi adamiani saSualod 7-9

wuTs Cerdeba; aradasvlur qveynebSi `makdonaldsma~ sxva daniSnuleba SeiZina.

saqarTvloSi igi warmoadgens ara marto swrafi kvebis obieqts, aramed igi dasvenebisa

da garTobis adgilicaa. skolis moswavleebi, studentebi, bebia-babuebi Svili-

SvilebTan erTad, Seyvarebuli wyvilebi xSirad dadian iq `drois satareblad~. amasTan

erTad, `makdonaldsis~ gverdiT saqarTveloSi gaCnda uamravi e.w. `sacxobebi~ da

erovnuli sakvebis warmoebis wertilebi. isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTul kulinariaSi

`fast-fudizaciisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis povna arcTu ise Zneli

aRmoCnada. tradiciuli xaWapurisa da lobianis, kartofilisa da xorcis Rvezelis

gverdiT gaCnda misi msgavsi axali `sasusnavebi~, magaliTad, rogoric aris brinjisa da

xorcis Sereuli farSiT momzadebuli Rvezeli, bostneulis Rvezeli, romelsac

`bostneulis samarxvo pica daerqva~ da sxva mravali. sxvagvarad, dasavluri

hamburgerebis Semosvlam safuZveli misca adgilobrivi kulinariis transformacias,

Tanamedroveobaze morgebas da axali qarTuli kerZebis Seqmnasac ki. amasTan erTad

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvloSi `makdonladsze~ ufro swrafad kveba swored zemoT

naxseneb `sacxobebSia~ SesaZlebeli.

SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, globalur kulturasTan

mimarTebaSi qarTuli kultura axerxebs sakuTaris, originaluris win wamowevas, rac

imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qarTul kulturas, rogorc tradiciulsa da originalurs,

aqvs saSualeba ar gaiTqvifos globalur kulturaSi da moaxerxos lokalizeba;

SesaZloa, kulinaria ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols, magram igi kulturis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani artefaqtia.

qarTuli samzareulos magaliTze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizacia `makdonal-

dizaciasTan~ ar igivdeba (ès erovnuli katastrofa arc saqarTvelos emuqreba,

vinaidan metad avtoritetul qarTvel eqspertebs mravalsaaTiani moxsenebis wakiTxva

SeuZliaT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor yvela parametrebiT dajabna qarTulma xinkalma da

xaWapurma hamburgeri da Cisburgeri~), Tumca qarTulma samzareulom ganicada `fast

fudizacia~, rac TavisTavad globalizaciis Sedegia da Tanac sakmaod sasargebloc.

`makdonaldizacia~, `fast-fudizacia~ masobriv-samomxmareblo globaluri

kulturis elementebia; rodesac vsaubrobT globaluri masobrivi kulturisa da

adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis urTierTobaze, aucileblad unda ganvixiloT

dasavluri _ evropuli da amerikuli _ satelevizio, kino da Sou-biznesis sxva saxis

elemetTa zemoqmedebis xarisxi. ramdenime welia saqarTveloSi, ufro zustad

TbilisSi, regularulad ewyoba sxvadsxva musikaluri festivali, Camodian msoflioSi

cnobili Semsruleblebi, gaixsna satelevizio arxebi, arsebobs sakabelo televiziebi,

romlebic sxvadasxva qveynis arxebis Tvalyuris devnebis saSualebas iZleva.

globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturis urTierTobaze saubrisas da, saerTod,

saqarTveloSi globalizaciis procesze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli sazogadoeba, faqtobrivad, daiyo or

nawilad: Tbilisi, romelTan erTadac SeiZleba kidev ramdenime qalaqis warmodgena

(baTumi, quTaisi, foTi) da danarCeni saqarTvelo. zemoT CamoTvlil qalaqebs

urTierToba aqvT, ara marto qalaqis da qveynis farglebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac.

arsebobs informaciis adgilobrivi da met-naklebad uwyveti saSualebebi:

satelevizio arxebi, radiosadgurebi da beWdviTi gamocemebi. danarCeni saqarTvelo

am yvelafers, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis moklebulia. ar arsebobs safosto

momsaxureba, anu Jurnal-gazeTebi ar miewodebaT Tavis droze; ganicdian informaciis

76

civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, anTropologebisa da pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis

bediT Sewuxebuli xalxis saubedurod. am gagebiT, civilizacia, kacobriobis istoriis

msvlelobis kvalobaze, TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda da misi (mxolobiT ricxvSi)

gavrceleba Tavsebadi iyo sxvadasxva civilizaciis (mravlobiT ricxvSi) arsebobasTan. mesame, termini ùniversaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes warmodgenebs,

faseulobebsa da doqtrinebs, romlebic saerToa bevri adamianisaTvis dasavlur

civilizaciaSi da zogierTebisaTvis _ sxva civilizaciebSi. amas SeiZleba `davosis

kultura~ vuwodoT. yovelwliurad aTasamde bankiri, biznesmeni, saxelmwifo moxele,

moazrovne Tu Jurnalisti mTeli rigi qveynebidan ikribeba msoflio ekonomikur

forumze davosSi, SveicariaSi. TiTqmis yovel maTgans aqvs universitetis diplomi

sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, biznesSi, samarTalSi, isini

ikvleven sityvebsa Tu ricxvebs, Tavisuflad floben inglisur enas, dasaqmebuli

arian saxelmwifo organoebSi, korporaciebsa da aqtiur saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi

Cambul samecniero dawesebulebebSi, xSirad mogzauroben sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs

gareT. isini, ZiriTadad, iziareben saerTo warmodgenebs indvidualizmze, sabazro

ekonomikasa da politikur demokratiaze, rac damaxasiaTebelia dasavluri

civilizaciis sazogadoebisaTvis. `davosis xalxi~ akontrolebs, faqtobrivad, yvela

saerTaSoriso dawesebulebas, mravali qveynis mTavrobas da msoflios ekonomikuri da

samxedro potencialis met wils. aqedan gamomdinare, `davosis kultura~ uaRresad

mniSvnelovania. meore mxriv, ramdeni adamiani iziarebs am kulturas msoflio

masStabiT? dasavleTs gareT, albaT, 50 mln-ze naklebi, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 1

procenti. igi sakmaod Sors aris imisgan, rom universaluri kultura iyos, da

liderebs, romlebic ekuTvnian `davosis kulturas~, yovelTvis rodi aqvT myari

dasayrdeni sakuTar sazogadoebebSi. rogorc hedli buli aRniSnavda, ès saerTo

inteleqtualuri kultura mxolod elituri movlenaa: bevr sazogadoebaSi misi

fesvebi friad myifea... saeWvoa, rom igi Seezrdeba imas, rasac saerTo zneobriv

principebs, saerTo faseulobebs uwodeben da rac esoden gansxvavebulia saerTo

inteleqtualuri kulturisagan.~ meoTxe, miRebuli azria, rom dasavlur warmodgenaTa sistemebisa da popularuli

kulturis sayovelTao gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi universalur civilizacias

qmnis. es mosazreba arc Rrmaa da arc mniSvnelovani. kulturuli siaxleebi

civilizaciidan civilizacias gadaecemoda mTeli istoriis manZilze. erTi

civilizaciis wiaRSi gaCenil inovacias, rogorc wesi, meore civilizacia iTvisebs.

Tumca aq laparakia teqnikur siaxleebze, romlebsac ar mohyveba didi kulturuli

gardatexebi an siaxleebi; isini warmavalia, da ar cvlian mimRebi civilizaciis

ZiriTad kulturas. am siaxleebs recipienti civilizacia iTvisebs egzotikurobis an

iZulebis gamo. gasul saukuneebSi dasavlur samyaros periodulad gadauvlida xolme

Cinuri da induri kulturis garkveuli elementebiT gamowveuli enTuziazmis talRa.

XIX saukuneSi dasavleTis kulturuli siaxleebi popularuli gaxda indoeTsa da

CineTSi, radgan iq SeimCneoda dasavleTisadmi loialuroba. mosazreba, TiTqos

popularuli kulturisa da samomxmareblo saqonlis mTels msoflioSi gavrceleba

dasavluri civilizaciis triumfia, aufasurebs kidec Tavad dasavlur kulturas.

dasavluri kulturis arsia Magna carta (Tavisuflebis didi qartia), da ara Magna Mak

(didi sendviCi). is faqti, rom aradasavlelma SeiZleba es ukanaskneli miirTvas, sulac

ar niSnavs, rom misTvis misaRebia sxva faseulobebic. es sruliadac ar gamoxatavs aradasavlelis damokidebulebas dasavleTisadmi.

sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi eqvsiode axalgazrda SeiZleba jinsebSi iyos gamowyobili,

koka-kolas svamdes, reps usmendes, amave dros ki, locvebs Soris, romelTac isini

45

erToblioba qmnida dasavleTis gansxvavebul saxes. es ideebi, tradiciebi da

institutebi ufro mZlavrad iyo warmodgenili dasavleTSi, vidre sxva

civilizaciebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini qmnian mTavar, mudmiv birTvs dasavluri

civilizaciisa. swored maTgan gamomdinareobs dasavleTis dasavluroba da ara

modernuloba. amavdroulad, isini warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebmac dasavleTs

saSualeba misca modernizebuliyo da am procesis avangardSi Camdgariyo msoflio

masStabiT.

universaluri civilizacia: mniSvnelobebi xSirad amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove samyaro mowmea ùniversaluri civilizaciis~

Sobisa (es termini v.s.naipols ekuTvnis). ras gulisxmoben am terminSi? naipolis idea

zogadad gulisxmobs kacobriobis kulturul gaerTianebas, mTeli msoflios xalxebis

mier saerTo faseulobebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, orientaciebis, tradiciebisa da

institutebis gaziarebas. ufro zustad, es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes siRrmiseul,

magram umniSvnelo, an mniSvnelovan, magram arasiRrmiseul mxareebs, an sulac _

umniSvnelosa da zedapiruls. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs aqvT

garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebani _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobis

borotebasTan gaigiveba; saerTo sabazo institutebi _ magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxiT

warmodgenili ojaxis instituti. sazogadoebaTa umravlesobas erTmaneTis msgavsi

`moraluri kodeqsi~ aqvs — elementaruli zneobrivi warmodgena imaze, Tu ra aris

kargi da ra aris cudi. Tu ùniversaluri civilizaciis~ cnebaSi es azria Cadebuli, igi

Rrma da mniSvnelovania, magram, amave dros, es arc axalia da arc aqtualuri. is faqti,

rom adamianebs aqvT ramdenime saerTo fundamenturi Rirebuleba da instituti mTeli

istoriis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba gvixsnides adamianis qcevis garkveul konstantebs,

magram mas ar ZaluZs Suqi mohfinos an axsnas istoria, romelic savsea adamianis qcevaSi

momxdari cvlilebebiT. garda amisa, Tu mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo

universaluri civilizacia arsebobs, maSin ra termins viyenebT kacobriobis didi

kulturuli dajgufebebis aRsaniSnavad, rasebis garda? kacobrioba iyofa

qvejgufebad — tomebad, erebad da ufro farTo kulturul erTobebad, romelTac

civilizacia ewodeba. Tu civilizaciis cneba ayvanilia mTeli kacobriobis aRmniSvnel

gagebamde, maSin an udidesi kulturuli dajgufebis _ kacobriobis _ aRmniSvneli

axali termini unda gamovigonoT, an unda davuSvaT, rom es didi, magram ara

kacobriobis masStabis mqone dajgufebebi gaqreba. magaliTad, vaclav haveli,

amtkicebda, rom ` Cven axla vcxovrobT erT globalur civilizaciaSi~ da rom igi sxva

àraferia, Tu ara Txeli saburveli~, romelic `faravs an malavs kulturaTa, xalxTa,

religiaTa samyaroebis udides mravalferovnebas, istoriul tradiciebsa da

istoriulad Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs; yvelaferi es, garkveuli azriT, mis

safarqveSaa moqceuli~. `civilizaciis~ terminisaTvis globaluri mniSvnelobis

miniWeba, xolo im didi kulturuli erTobebis `kulturis~ an `subcivilizaciis~

saxeliT moxsenieba, romlebic yovelTvis civilizaciebad iwodeboda, mxolod da

mxolod terminebis semantikur aRrevas Tu gamoiwvevs. meore, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ùniversaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba

gamoiyenebodes im elementebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTa arseboba damaxasiaTebelia

civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalaqebi da

ganaTlebuloba — is, rac ganarCevs maTgan pirvelyofil sazogadoebebsa da

barbarosebs. es, cxadia, terminis meTvramete saukuniseuli gagebaa, romelic

civilizaciis mxolobiT ricxvs gulisxmobs da romlis mixedviT, universaluri

44

naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis problema; aRar vsaubrob kulturul cxovrebaze.

raionebi Caketil sivrceebad iqcnen, siaxle TiTqmis ar xdeba, rac xels uSlis

ganviTarebas.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciaze saubari SeiZleba iq, sadac saSualo

wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 5000 aSS dolars. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT, rom

kulturis globalizacia _ es aris globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturebis

urTierTobis procesi. globalizaciis dros dasavleTidan moemarTeba kultura,

romelic uzrunvelyofilia politikuri da, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikuri saSualebebiT;

amitom globaluri kulturis gamowvevebze adekvaturi pasuxis gasacemad mxolod

kultura ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa am kulturis materialuri uzrunvelyofac.

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tavisi qveynis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, saubrobs safrangeTis

deputati evroparlamentSi katrin lalumieri. Tavis naSromSi `brZola kul-

turisaTvis~ is aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciis procesi iwvevs ideaTa standarti-

zaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas, amerikuli modelis mixedviT. mis

gancxadebaSi sainteresoa erTi aRiareba: safrangeTs eSinia Tavisi enisa da kulturis

dakargvis. is xazs usvams globalizaciis gavlenas safrangeTze, gansakuTrebiT

kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoze. magaliTad mohyavs kinoindustria. kinos, romelic

pirvelad safrangeTSi gaCnda, frangebi miudgnen rogorc garTobisa da xelovnebis

sferos, da is meorexarisxovnad miiCnies. amis paralelurad, aSS-m Seqmna holivudi da

momavali giganturi audiovizualuri industriis safuZveli, saTanado gavrcelebis

sistemiT. lalumieri aRniSnavs, rom aSS, audiovizualuri industriiT, kino-

kulturiT, maskulturiT emuqreba safrangeTs. igi amas win unda aRudges Tavisi

kulturis Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi organizaciaTa (gavrcelebis da popula-

rizaciis saSualebebiT) mxardaWeriT. sabolood lalumieri erT rCeva-rekomendacias

iZleva: kargad organizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes kulturul

Semoqmedebas da unda aZlevdes mas axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa da ayvave-

bisTvis.

rogorc davinaxeT, safrangeTma igrZno amerikuli kulturis moZaleba, rac

frangebma metad mtkivnulad aRiqves. dRes safrangeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania,

romelic mkacr uars acxadebs globalizaciaze da mas aRiqvams, rogorc

amerikanizacias. amis sapirispirod, safrangeTi miubrunda sakuTar kulturas da

daiwyo misi farTo masStabiT reklamireba, raTa gvian, magram mainc SeZlos sakuTari

originaluri da gansxvavebuli kulturis SenarCuneba. amis mixedviT, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis gareSe lokalizacia da sakuTari

kulturis SenarCuneba gamoricxulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, survili saSualebas ver

daemTxveva da, SesaZloa, sazogadoeba aRmoCndes igive mdgomareobaSi, rogoric

f.m.manenjim afrikis magaliTze daxata.

rodesac vsaubrobT kulturis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofaze da mxolod am

SemTxvevaSi mis gadarCenaze, Cndeba kiTxva: dasavlur _ evropul da amerikul _

kulturas, aqedan gamomdinare, mis ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs Znelad Tu gauweven

konkurencias da winaaRmdegobas sxva sazogadoebebi; xom ar niSnavs es, rom

ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian kulturuli

gaerTgvarovnebisa da kulturuli imperializmis batonobisaTvis?! Cveni azriT,

kultura ganwirulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba sami-oTxi Taobis ganmavlobaSi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis nulovan niSnuls ver gascda; magram sainteresoa, rom

globalizacia Tavad sTavazobs sazogadoebebs `Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs~;

transnacionaluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da fondebi,

romelTac garkveuli miznebiT uwevT konkretul qveyanaSi moRvaweoba, garkveul

77

saSualebas iZlevian am mimarTulebiT. aviRoT faqti qarTuli sinamdvilidan:

qarTuli xalxuri cekvis ansambli èrisioni~ msoflioSi popularuli swored mas

Semdeg gaxda, rac frangulma organizaciam daafinansa. erToblivi proeqtis mizans

warmoadgenda msoflios Sou-biznesis bazarze siaxlis Setana da mogebis naxva.

erToblivi proeqtiT orive mxare mogebuli darCa biznesis TvalsazrisiT, xolo

qarTuli cekva ganviTarebis da warmatebis Semdeg safexurze avida1.

sxvadasxva kulturebis urTierTobis Sedegad kulturuli artefaqtis

transformacis TvalsazrisiT meore kargi magaliTia suxiSvilebis ansamblis mier

warmodgenili Sou àsa-farTi~. maT mier filarmoniaSi gamarTuli koncerti or

nawilad iyofa: pirveli klasikuri qarTuli xalxuri cekvebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo

meore ganyofileba absoluturad ucxoa, im gagebiT, rom nacionaluri baletis

mocekvaveebi scenaze tradiciuli qarTuli tansacmliT ar gamodian; qalebs Sarvlebi

acviaT da Tavze kacis, ufro zustad, yaraCoRelis qudebi axuravT, mamakacebi Sav

formebSi arian gamowyobilni, tanze `kapiSoniani~ maisurebiT; maTi moZraobebi,

marTalia, qarTuli cekvidan aris aRebuli, magram sruliad uCveuloa; qarTul

tradiciul dol-garmonTan erTad, ismis eleqtronuli musikis hangebi, gamoyenebulia

aratradiciuli dasartymeli instrumentebi. anu iliko suxiSvilma (umcrosma)

qarTul cekvebSi Seitana sxva kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Cveni interesis

sagans ar warmoadgens imis garkveva, Rirebulia Tu ara àsa-farTi~, rogorc

qoreografiuli xelovnebis nimuSi, ubralod, igi qarTuli da dasavluri kulturis

urTierTobis Sedegia.

gvinda kvlav èrisions~ davubrundeT; ansamblis gastrolebis win moxda Sous

reklamireba. sareklamo klipis Sinaarsis moyoliT Tavs ar SegawyenT, mxolod xazs

gavusvamT imas, rom is aris franguli sareklamo klipi, romelic damzadda qarTuli

cekvis popularizaciis mizniT. es klipi warmoadgens frangebisaTvis mosayol qarTul

miTs. arsebiTad Secvlili araferia. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom musikas da

tradiciul sacekvao ileTebs damatebuli aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Seqmnili

efeqtebi; anu frangebis winaSe warsdga absoluturad qarTuli `genia rokviT

ganfenili~.

kidev erTi magaliTi: sul axlaxans erTi saintereso da sagulisxmo faqti moxda.

qarTuli teleseriali `mglebis xorumi~ iyida aSS erT-erTma satelevizio arxma.

marTalia, am filmis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri amerikulia,

magram igi qarTuli `boevikia~ da ara amerikuli. igi saintereso gaxda

amerikelebisaTvis, radgan filmis istoria moTxrobilia maTTvis ucxo qveynis Sesaxeb

da mTxrobelic am qveynis warmomadgenelia. amas emateba isic, rom msgavsi Janris

teleserialis gadaReba amerikaSi imaze gacilebiT Zviri dajdeboda, vidre `mglebis

xorumis~ Sesyidva, Targmna da reklamis gakeTeba.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom amerikeli da

frangi Sou-biznesmenebis interesis sferoSi moxvda qarTuli kulturis artefaqtebi,

anu masobrivi kulturis gavrceleba ar aris calmxrivi procesi; Tu saqarTvloSi

Semodis evropuli da amerikuli masobrivi kultura, aseve saqarTvelodanac

eqsportirdeba kaulturis garkveuli artefaqtebi, Tan iseT doneze, rom did

ovaciasac iwvevs (igive èrisioni~ da Tundac is, rom qarTul xalxur simRerebs

mRerian frangebi, iaponelebi, amerikelebi da sxva). anu konkretuli adgilobrivi

kulturebi Tavis TavSi atareben imis saSualebas, moaxerxeben Tu ara globalur

kulturasTan konfliqtis gareSe urTierToba-morigebas da sakuTari originalobis

1 qarTvelebis warmatebas, albaT imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom manamde “suxiSvilebis” ansambls msoflio

masStabiT hqonda aRiareba.

78

centralizebuli biourokratiuli imperiebis siZlierisa, romlebic ruseTis da

CineTis realobaSi arsebobda, iseve rogorc TurqeTis samflobeloebsa da sxva

aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi. warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. socialurma pluralizmma imTaviTve misca

dasabami kerZo sakuTrebas, parlaments da sxva institutebs, romlebSic warmodgenili

iyo aristokratiis, samRvdeloebis, vaWrebisa da sxva fenebis interesebi. am

organoebSi warmomadgenlobis formebi, modernizaciis kvaldakval, gardaiqmnen

Tanamedrove demokratiul institutebad. absolutizmis periodSi zogi maTgani

saerTod gaauqmes an mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. miuxedavad aseTi SemTxvevebisa, es

institutebi mTavar saSualebas warmodgenda politikur cxovrebaSi xalxis farTo

monawileobis uzrunvelsayofad. arc erT Tanamedrove civilizacias ar aqvs

warmoamdgenlobiTi organoebis arsebobis msgavsi aTaswlovani gamocdileba. jer

kidev IX saukunidan adgilobriv doneze, italiis qalaqebSi, daiwyo moZraoba

TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romelic Semdgom CrdiloeTiT gavrcelda, àiZulebda ra

episkoposebs, adgilobriv baronebs da sxva warCinebulebs, burJuebisTvisac

gaeziarebinaT, da xSirad, bolos mTlianad daeTmoT Zalaufleba~. saxalxo

warmomadgenlobas nacionalur doneze SemdgomSi daemata avtonomiurobis xarisxi

adgilobriv doneze, rac arnaxuli movlenaa msoflios sxva regionebisaTvis. individualizmi. dasavluri civilizaciis bevrma zemoT CamoTvlilma elementma

biZgi misca individualizmis, pirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis ideas, rac

unikaluri movlenaa civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. individualizmi ganviTarda

XIV-XV saukuneebSi; XVII saukuneSi dasavleTSi moxda Tavisufali arCevanis uflebis

aRiareba, rasac doiCi `romeo da julietas revolucias~ uwodebda. yvela

adamianisaTvis Tanabari uflebebi (ùRatakesi kacic inglisSi iseve imsaxurebs

sicocxles, rogorc umdidresi~), Tu sayovelTaod ar xorcieldeboda, xazi mainc

gansakuTrebiT esmeboda. individualizmi meoce saukuneSi arsebul civilizaciebs

Soris dasavleTis erT-erT gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad rCeba. am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebul erT-erTi gamokvleviT, romelSic 50 qveynis monacemebi iyo

warmodgenili, individualizmis umaRlesi indeqsis mqone qveyanaTa pirveli oceuli

moicavda yvela dasavlur qveyanas, portugaliis da aseve israelis gamoklebiT.

individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis meore kroskulturuli gamokvlevis avtorma

aseve xazi gausva dasavleTSi individualizmis dominirebas, danarCen msoflioSi

arsebuli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac ufro koleqtivizmi ikveTeba da aRniSna,

rom `Rirebulebani, romlebic dasavleTSi umniSvnelovanesia, danarCen msoflioSi

yvelaze naklebmniSvnelovania~. dasavlelebica da aradasavlelebic isev da isev

individualizms miiCneven dasavleTis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSnad. zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgens dasavluri civilizaciis

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. arc imis Tqma msurs, rom es

maxasiaTeblebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis da yvelgan arsebobda. ra Tqma

unda, es ase ar yofila: dasavleTis istoriaSi araerTi despotia cnobili, romelic

ugulebelyofda kanonis uzenaesobas da auqmebda warmomadgenlobiT organoebs.

zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis miCneva dasavleTis maxasiaTeblebad aseve ar

niSnavs, rom isini sxva civilizaciebSi ar arsebobs. cxadia, arsebobs. magaliTad,

yurani da SariaTi warmoadgenen muslimuri sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo

bazaa; iaponias da indoeTs, dasavleTis msgavsad, aqvT klasobrivi sistema (da,

savaraudod, swored amis gamo arian isini oradori didi aradasavluri sazogadoeba,

romlebic demokratiul mTavrobas irCeven nebismieri vadiT). saTiTaod aRebuli, arc

erTi es niSan-Tviseba ar iyo unikaluri mxolod dasavleTisaTvis, mxolod maTi

43

Turqebis, mavrebis, bizantielebisa da sxvebisagan; swored RvTisa da oqros

gulisaTvis gavidnen dasavlelebi kontinentidan msoflios dasapyrobad XVI

saukuneSi. reformacia da kontrreformacia, dasavleT saqristianos gayofa

protestantul CrdiloeTad da kaTolikur samxreTad dasavleTis istoriis aseve

gansakuTrebuli Strixia, romelic sruliad ucxo iyo aRmosavluri

orTodoqsiisaTvis da saerTod ar arsebobda laTinuri amerikis sinamdvileSi. evropuli enebi. ena, religiis Semdeg, rigiT meore, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

faqtoria, romelic erTi kulturis xalxs meorisgan ganasxvavebs. dasavleTi sxva

civilizaciaTa umravlesobisagan gamoirCeva enebis mravalricxovnebiT. hindi,

mandarini, rusuli da TviT arabuli TavTavianTi civilizaciebis ZiriTad enebad arian

miCneuli. dasavleTma memkvidreobiT laTinuri miiRo, magram erebis Camoyalibebis

kvalobaze warmoiSva erovnuli enebic, romlebic romanul da germanul enaTa vrcel

jgufebSi moeqcnen. XVI saukunisaTvis maT, ZiriTadad, miiRes TavianTi dRevandeli

saxe. sasuliero da saero xelisuflebis gayofa. dasavleTis mTeli istoriis manZilze

eklesia, Semdeg ki eklesiebi, saxelmwifosagan gancalkevebiT idga. RmerTi da keisari,

eklesia da saxelmwifo, sasuliero avtoriteti da amqveyniuri Zalaufleba

gamokveTil dualizmad gvevlineba dasavlur kulturaSi. mxolod indur

civilizaciaSi Tu iyo religia da politika ase gamokveTilad gamijnuli

erTmaneTisagan. islamSi RmerTi keisaria, CineTsa da iaponiaSi keisari RmerTia;

marTlmadideblobaSi RmerTi keisris umcrosi partnioria. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

gamijvna da maTi perioduli dapirispireba, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia

dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis, sxva erTobebSi ar fiqsirdeba. Zalauflebebis aseTma

gamijvnam, udavod, didi biZgi misca dasavleTSi Tavisuflebis ideis ganviTarebas. kanonis batonoba civilizebul cxovrebaSi kanonis uzenaesoba romaelebisgan

miRebuli memkvidreobaa. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma SeimuSaves bunebiTi

samarTlis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monarqebs eniWebodaT Zalauflebis

ganxorcielebis ufleba, risi Sedegicaa inglisSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis tradiciis

Camoyalibeba. XVI da XVII saukuneebSi, absolutizmis batonobisas, kanonis uzenaesoba

ufro irRveoda, vidre daculi iyo, magram idea xelisuflebis damorCilebisa gare

SezRudvebisadmi ZalaSi rCeboda: `Non sub homine sed sub Deo et lege~ (àra kacis, aramed

RvTisa da kanonis qveSevrdomoba~). kanonis uzenaesobis tradiciam safuZveli Cauyara

konstitucionalizmsa da adamianis uflebebs, maT Soris, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas,

ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. sxva civilizaciaTa umravlesobaSi kanoni gacilebiT

nakleb rols TamaSobda cnobierebisa da qceves CamoyalibebaSi.

.

socialuri pluralizmi. tradiciulad, dasavluri sazogadoeba pluralisturi

iyo. rogorc doiCi SeniSnavda, dasavleTs gamoarCevs `sxvadasxva avtonomiuri jgufis

arseboba da simyare, romlebic ar arian damyarebuli sisxlismier naTesaobaze an

qorwinebaze~. VI da VII saukuneebidan dawyebuli, aseT jgufebs Tavdapirvelad

warmoadgendnen monastrebi, samonastro ordenebi, gildiebi, SemdgomSi evropis

araerT kuTxeSi maT moicves mravali sxvadasxva gaerTianeba da sazogadoeba.

gaerTianebaTa pluralizms SemdgomSi klasobrivi pluralizmi daemata. dasavleT

evropuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi arsebobda SedarebiT Zlieri da

damoukidebeli aristokratia, soliduri fena glexobis saxiT da mcirericxovani,

magram mniSvnelovani klasi vaWrebisa. evropul sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi

feodaluri arsitokratiis Zliereba mTavari mizezi iyo imisa, rom iq absolutizmis

fexis mokideba SeuZlebeli xdeboda. evropuli pluralizmis gageba diametrulad

sapirisporoa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saRaribis, aristokratiis sisustisa da

42

araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcelebasac. magram iqidan Semosuli maskulturis

nimuSTa niaRvari masSi vrceldeba, Cveni kulturis nimuSebi ki mxolod Zalian viwro

momxmarebels miewodeba.

kulturaTa Soris urTierTobaSi did rols TamaSoben pirovnebebi, romelTa

biografias SesaZloa ewodos globaluri, radgan arseboben adamianebi, romlebic

ibadebian erT sazogadoebaSi, ganaTlebas iReben sxvagan, sxva qveyanaSi qmnian ojaxs da

ase Semdeg. maTi cxovreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, transnacionaluria. zemoT Cven ganvixileT

globaluri kulturis gavrcelebis saSualebebi. davosuri kultura da

inteleqtualTa saklubo kultura xels uwyobs pirovnebis biografiis globalizebas.

biznesmenebs, sagareo uwyebis TanamSromlebs, diplomatebs, saerTaSoriso safinanso

Tu samoqalaqo institutebis warmomadgenlebs xSirad uwevT cxovreba sxvadasaxva

adgilze. amis Sedegad pirovnebebi axerxeben, Rrmad gaicnon maTTvis ucxo kultura.

gacnobis Semdeg arsebobs ori SesaZlo Sedegi: pirovneba axdens kulturaTa

maxasiaTeblebis mkveTr gamijvns da meore, pirovnebisaTvis misaRebia kulturaTa

Serwyma; ufro TvalnaTeli rom gaxdes, SemogTavazebT ramdenime sxvadsxva kulturis

warmomadgeneli inteleqtualis Teorias. TiToeul am adamians SeiZleba ewodos

globalizebuli biografiis mqone.

sainteresoa warmoSobiT afrikeli, kerZod, senegaleli mecnieris leopold

sengoris biografia da Teoria senegali safrangeTis kolonia gaxldaT. l.sengori iyo

kaTolike, miiRo brwyinvele dasavluri ganaTleba, icoda Teologia, muSaobda

safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, iyo `zRvispira qveynebis~ deputati, muSaobda vice-

spikerad safrangeTis nacionalur krebaSi da bolos gaxda senegalis pirveli

prezidenti. es imitom movyeviT, rom xazi gagvesva imisaTvis, Tu ra axlo kavSiri

hqonda mas dasavlur civilizaciasTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom igi dasavluri

faseulobebiT cxovrobda. magram saintereso is aris, rom es kultura ar qceula mis

Sinagan kulturad, radgan sengorisaTvis dasavleTi ar iqca etalonad. amas mowmobs

is, rom cxovrebis ukansaknel wlebSi l.sengorma Seqmna Teoria zango-afrikuli

kulturis TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb. misi ocneba iyo sinTezireba dasavluri Rrma

konceptualizmisa da afrikuli naTeli warmosaxvisa. igi ocnebobda momaval evro-

afrikaze, romelic iqneboda winamorbedi kacobriobis erTian kulturaze

dayrdnobili msoflio civilizaciisa. l.sengori da misi momxreebi, imaze dayrdnobiT,

rom afrikuli civilizaciac civilizaciaa da, amasTan erTad, originaluri da

TviTmyofadi, ufro Sors wavidnen, maTi azriT, dasavluri, manqanis msgavsi

civilizacia aucileblad ganwirulia kraxisaTvis, Tu ar moxda misi organuli sinTezi

afrikul mgrZnobiare, uSualo adamianur sulTan. gaCnda iseTi cnebebi, rogoric aris

afrikeli evropeli, da evropeli afrikeli. afrikeli absoluturad sawinaaRmdegoa

evropelisa. am dapirispirebis ganviTarebam ganapiroba ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego

pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. afrikeli daupirispirda evropels. evropeli _ es aris

inJineri, pragmatikosi, romelic ganuwyvetel eqspluatacias uwevs bunebas, Tavis

Tavs da Tavis msgavsebs; mudam, rogorc manqana, isea, Tvlis fuls. samyaros Seicnobs

formuliT, mecnierebiT, gonebiT. afrikeli ki aris poeti, lirikosi; igi bunebas

aireklavs, gamoxatavs da masTan urTierTobas amyarebs cekviT, xelovnebiT, suliT,

grZnobiT. afrikaSi idiliuri damokidebulebaa bunebasTan, koleqtivizmi,

urTierTdaxmareba da urTierTTanagrZnoba, evropaSi ki _ socialuri antagonizmi,

konfliqtebi, agresia, adamianis mier adamianis diskriminacia.

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aSS-Si moRvawe afrikeli mkvlevris ali mazruis

pozicia, romelic dasavlur da aRmosavlur Rirebulebebze msjelobs da cdilobs

daamtkicos, rom, erTis mxriv, pasuxi kiTxvaze _ arsebobis romel wess mivyavarT

79

cxovrebis ufro maRal donemde, sruliad ar aris calsaxad dasavleTis sasargeblo,

meores mxriv ki, is Rirebulebebi, romliTac ase amayobs dasavleTi, sulac ar aris

dasavluri warmoSobis, an kidev aRmosavleTSi dasavleTze adre damkvidrda.

rogorc vxedavT, am ori avtorisaTvis cxovrebis mxolod dasavluri stili

misaRebi ar aris, isini upiratesobas afrikuls aniWeben, miuxedavad imisa, rom

cxovrebis ekonomikuri done dasavleTSi gacilebiT maRalia. swored es ganasxvavebs

kulturebs, msoflaRqmebs. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva moments ayenebs win.

erT-erTi mosazreba SemogvTavaza pakistanelma mecnierma muhamed tahir-al-

qadrim statiaSi `kulturis globalizacia?~ al-qadri kulturuli integraciis

momxrea, xolo amosavali wertili aris is, rom arsebobs zogadsakacobrio faseulo-

bani, esenia: warmatebisa da miRwevebis standartebi, moqmedeba da muSaoba, materi-

aluri komforti, praqtikuloba da efeqturoba, mecniereba da teqnologia, Tavi-

sufleba da individualuri arCevani, individualuri iniciativa da sxva elementebi,

anu saSualeba kulturaTa Soris dialogis gamarTvisa, radgan al-qadris azriT,

kulturuli urTierTqmedebis miRweva maT Soris dialogis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tumca

amas esaWiroeba umravlesobis da umciresobis mxridan integraciisaTvis garemos

Seqmna. aq Tavdapirveli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba umravlesobas.

kulturuli urTierTqmedebis safuZvelia kulturuli Riaoba. Cven mzad unda

viyoT yvela kulturaSi arsebuli problemebis, prioritetebisa da moTxovnebis

mosmenisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, es kultura umravlesobis saxiTaa warmodgenili, Tu

romelime eTnikuri umciresobis kuTvnileba, acxadebs al-qadri.

amis Semdgom al-qadri saubrobs muslimuri da dasavluri sazogadoebis

msgavsebaze. avtonomia, ganaTleba, sicocxlisunarianoba, morali, sulieri kmayo-

fileba, samuSao eTika, socialuri harmonia, globaluri perspeqtivebi da ekologiuri

cvlilebebi _ es is ZiriTadi safuZvlebia, romlebzec, misi TqmiT, SeiZleba

multikulturalizmis damyareba. adamianTa uflebebi kidev erTi faqtoria, romelsac

kulturi globalizaciis procesi SeiZleba daefuZnos. islami aris fuZemdebeli da

saukeTeso mxardamWeri adamianTa uflebebisa da demokratiisa, acxadebs, al-qadri.

misi TqmiT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania kulturaTa Soris arsebul msgavsebebze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba, da, amave dros, gansxvavebebis realisturi da demokratiuli

Sefaseba. ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis xelovnurad miReba.

rogorc Cans, al-qadri ukmayofiloa islamisadmi dasavleTis damokidebulebiT.

dasavlur sazogadoebas ar aqvs islamis WeSmariti suraTi. is icnobs mxolod

dRevandel Sexedulebas, romelic misive mediiTaa miwodebuli. swored esaa imis

mizezi, rom nebismieri mcireodeni incindenti, romlisganac negatiuri daskvna

SeiZleba iyos gamotanili, gaSuqebulia da propagandirebulia mediiT da mis irgvliv

farTo debatebi imarTeba, maSin rodesac, aTasobiT pozitiuri faqtori uaryofilia

da amis Sedegad SeuZlebelia xidis gadeba kulturebs Soris.

am msjelobaze dayrdnobiT, al-qadri acxadebs, rom kulturuli mravalferov-

nebisa da realuri integraciis naklebobis asaxsnelad eTnocentrizmi ar gamodgeba.

eTnocentrizmi _ es aris sxva kulturis gansja sakuTari standartebiT. arc

unikulturalizmi gadawyvets am sakiTxs, ramdenadac is yvela eTnikur kulturas erT

mTlianobad aqcevs.

am problemis gadawyveta sami mimarTulebiTaa saZiebeli.

esenia:

1. multikulturalizmi;

2. pluralizmi;

3. globalizacia.

80

warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi. meore mizezi isaa, rom tradiciuli

sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, modernuli sazogadoeba ki

mrewvelobaze, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes meurneobis sistemas _ xelosnobidan

dawyebuli, klasikuri mZime mrewvelobis gavliT, rTul teqnologiebze damyarebuli

industriiT damTavrebuli. soflis meurneobis sistema da misi Tanamdevi socialuri

struqtura ufro damokidebulia bunebriv garemoze, vidre mrewvelobis sistema. igi

icvleba niadagisa da klimatis mixedviT da SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis flobis,

sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da xelisuflebis sxvadasxva formis warmoSoba. vitfogelis

hidravlikuri civilizaciis Teoriis miuxedavad, soflis meurneoba, romelic

damokidebulia masStaburi sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobasa da funqciobaze, xels

uwyobs centralizebuli da biurokratiuli politikuri xelisuflebis warmoSobas.

sxvanairad ar xdeba. mdidari niadagi da kargi klimati xSirad xels uwyobs masiuri

saplantacio meurnebis gaCaRebas da misi Tanamdevi socialuri wyobis Camoyalibebas,

romelic moicavs mdidari miwaTmflobelebis mcirericxovan da plantaciaSi momuSave

glexebis, monebis Tu ymebis did fenas. masStaburi soflis meurneobis porobebSi

SeiZleba gaCndes damoukidebel glexTa sazogadoeba. mokled, sasoflo-sameurneo

sazogadoebebSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi garemoTi.

mrewveloba naklebadaa damokidebuli bunebriv garemoze. industriul organizaciaSi

arsebuli gansxvavebebi ki ufro kulturasa da socialur wyobaSi arsebuli sxvaobebiT

unda iyos gamowveuli, vidre geografiuli mizezebiT; aqedan pirveli SeiZleba

gardaiqmnas, magram ukanaskneli _ arasdros. maSasadame, modernul sazogadoebebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram arian ki isini

aucileblad erTgvarovanni? am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs mosaz-

rebidan, rom modernuli sazogadoeba unda daemsgavsos mxolod erT — dasavlur

models, rom modernuli civilizacia igive dasavluri civilizaciaa. Tumca, es

savsebiT mcdari msjelobaa. dasavluri civilizacia warmoiSva VIII-IX saukuneebSi da

Tavisi individualuri niSan-Tvisebebi Semdgom saukuneebSi SeiZina. misi modernizeba

moxda arauadres XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. dasavleTi dasavleTs warmoadgenda

gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre igi modernuli gaxdeboda. dasavleTis mTavari niSan-

Tvisebebi, romlebic mas sxva civilizaciebisgan ganarCeven, win uswrebs dasavleTis

modernizacias. ra niSan-Tvisebebi hqonda dasavlur sazogadoebas aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,

sanam is modernizdeboda? sxvadasxva mecnierma sxvadasxvanairi pasuxi gasca am

kiTxvas, isini gansxvavdebian detalebSi, magram aRiareben ZiriTadi institutebis,

Cveulebebis da rwmena-warmodgenebis erTobliobas, romlebic savsebiT kanon-

zomierad SeiZleba miviCnioT dasavluri civilizaciis safuZvlad. esenia: klasikuri memkvidreoba. rogorc mesame Taobis civilizaciam, dasavleTma bevri

ram SeiTvisa winamorbedi civilizaciebisgan, gansakuTrebiT ki, klasikuri

civilizaciisagan. klasikuri civilizaciis memkvidreoba mravalferovania: berZnuli

filosofia da racionalizmi, romauli samarTali, laTinuri ena da qristianoba.

muslimurma da marTlmadideblurma civilizaciebmac bevri ram aiTvises klasikuri

civilizaciisagan, magram Seudareblad naklebi, vidre dasavleTma. kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi. dasavluri qristianoba _ Tavdapirvelad

kaTolicizmi, Semdeg kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi _ warmoadgenen dasavluri

civilizaciis istoriulad umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels. Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis

mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze is, rac dasavluri civilizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,

dasavleT saqristianod iwodeboda; arsebobda erTobis kargad ganviTarebuli grZnoba

dasavleTis qristian xalxebs Soris, romlis meSveobiT isini Tavs ganasxvavebdnen

41

Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

erT-erTi etapi

am etapze dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT modernizaciis im gagebas, romlis mixedviT

modernizacia dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli

etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic

unda ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am

civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo kavSirSi.

aqve SevexebiT dasavleTSi modernuli sazogadoebis damkvidrebis istoriul

peripetiebs, visaubrebT winamorbedi istoriuli realobis Sesaxeb, modernizacias

ganvixilavT, rogorc dasavluri tradiciis gagrZelebas, dasavluri sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps.

dasavleTi da modernizacia

universaluri civilizaciis gaCenis SesaZleblobis mesame da yvelaze farTod

gavrcelebuli argumenti mdgomareobs wamodgenaSi, rom igi aris modernizaciis

yovlismomcveli procesis Sedegi, romelic jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi daiwyo.

modernizacia moicavs industrializacias, urbanizacias, wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa

mzard procents, ganaTlebas, simdidres da socialur mobilurobas, samuSao

adgilebis gamravalferovnebas da daxvewas. swored XVIII saukuneSi dawyebuli

samecniero da teqnologiuri codnis uzarmazari eqspansiis Sedegia is, rom dRes

SegviZlia vakontroloT da CamovayaliboT Cveni garemo sruliad axali saxiT.

modernizacia revoluciuri procesia, romelic mxolod sazogadoebebis

primitiulidan civilizebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas Tu SegviZlia SevadaroT, anu

calkeuli civilizaciebis gaCenas tigrosisa da evfratis auzebSi, nilosisa da indis

xeobebSi 5000 wlis win. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi, codna

da kultura didad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan. dasavleTi pirveli

modernizda da modernuli kulturis aTvisebis avangardSia. vinaidan sxva

sazogadoebebi iTviseben ganaTlebis, muSaobis, simdidrisa da klasobrivi

organizaciis msgavs formebs, aqedan momdinareobs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom

dasavluri kultura universalur msoflio kulturad iqceva. is, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs modernul da tradiciul kulturebs

Soris kamaTs aRar iwvevs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos modernuli

kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTs ufro hgvanan, vidre tradiciuli

kulturis matarebeli xalxebi. ra Tqma unda, samyaro, sadac zogierTi sazogadoeba

maRal doneze modernizebulia, xolo sxvebi _ kvlav tradiciuli, ufro naklebad

erTgvarovania, vidre samyaro, romlis yvela sazogadoeba SedarebiT Tanabrad

modernizebulia. magram raRa vuyoT im samyaros, sadac yvela sazogadoeba

tradiciuli iyo? aseTi samyaro xom ramdenime aseuli wlis win arsebobda. iyo igi

naklebad homogenuri, vidre, rogorc fiqroben, iqneba sayovelTaod modernizebuli

momavali msoflio? albaT, ara. `minis (dinastiis) CineTi... ueWvelad, ufro axlos iyo

valuas (danastiis) safrangeTTan~, ambobda brodeli, `vidre mao Ze dunis CineTi _

mexuTe respublikis safrangeTTan.~ da mainc, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc modernuli sazogadoebebi ufro SeiZleba

erTmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. pirveli mizezia

intensiuri urTierTqmedeba modernul sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, SeiZleba, ver

warmoSobs saerTo kulturas, magram aadvilebs mokle droSi teqnikis, gamogonebebis,

Cveulebebis gadacemas erTi sazogadoebidan meoreSi, Tanac im doniT, romliTac es

40

rogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisaTvis warmoadgens multikulturuli

msoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis saSualebas, rac misTvis misaRebia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasavleTis mxridan gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mcire sazogadoebebisa da

kulturebis interesebic.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globali-

zaciis procesi kulturaTa Serevas niSnavs da es procesi maTTvis ar warmoadgens

raime saSiSroebas, piriqiT _ maTTvis globalizaciis gamowvevebi misaRebia;

eduard glisani _ martinikeli mwerali da filosofosi _ kulturis

`kreolizaciis~ Teoriis avtoria. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierTSexvedrasa da

SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis axal formas, damyarebuls sakuTar tradiciebsa da

fesvebze, oRond gamdidrebuls sxva xalxTa kulturuli tradiciebiT. misTvis

amosavalia ùrTierTobis~ cneba, romelic upirispirdeba kulturul dominirebas an

multikulturas (es ukanaskneli kulturul mravalferovnebas enacvleba).

ramdenime wlis win gamoqveynda misi romani `sartoriusi~, romelic batatus toms

exeba. es aris Tanamedrove igavi aradominirebaze. Tumca batatus xalxis arseboba

drosa da sivrceSi mkafiodaa gansazRvruli (Zv.w. 500 weli, centraluri afrika),

magram batatu miTiuri tomia. msoflios sWirdeba aseTi miTi, radgan batatu im xalxis

gansaxierebaa, romelsac ar surs iyos nimuSi sxvebisaTvis da mimarTavs maT ara

dasamorCileblad, aramed TanaarsebobisaTvis.

ùrTierToba~, ~kreolizacia~, ~universaloba~ _ es cnebebi urTierTSemavsebelia.

ùniversaloba~ _ esaa Tanamedrove msoflio mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT da qaosiT.

qaosi ubralod uwesrigoba ki ar aris, aramed movlenaTa gansazRvrisa da msoflios

gonivruli marTvis SeuZleblobaa. ùrTierToba~ aRniSnavs, pirvel rigSi, movlenaTa

transversalur, da ara mizez-Sedegobriv Tanafardobas.

mwerali gadaWriT ilaSqrebs terminis `kreoluri kultura~ winaaRmdeg. misi

azriT, situacias msoflioSi gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba termini `kreolizacia~. es

aris mudmivi procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis

warmoSobas. `kreoluri kultura~ ki is terminia, romelsac multilingvizmi da

multieTnikuri sawyisi dogmisa da nimuSis rangSi ayavs, amitom igi miuRebelia

avtorisaTvis, romelic yovelgvari nimuSis winaaRmdegia.

SekiTxvaze, xom ar niSnavs `msoflio qaosis~ pozitiuri mniSvnelobiT xmareba imis

daviwyebas, rom qaosi iwvevs urTierTobis gawyvetas da babilonis godolis Senebas,

mwerali pasuxobs: me vgulisxmob, rom Cven ar SegviZlia dagegmva da ganWvreta. Cvenma

Carevam samyaro ufro rTuli gaxada. amieridan Cven xeli unda aviRoT msoflios

marTvis ambiciur survilze. unda SeveguoT im azrsac, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan

Sexvedris Sedegad. amasTan, arc erTi da arc meore mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas

da ar gaiTqvifeba multikulturul magmaSi. es yvelaferi Znelad gaiazreba da kidev

ufro Znelad xorcieldeba, magram swored es udebs zRvars `msoflio qaoss~.

mwerlis azriT, karibis kunZulebi is regionia, sadac gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba

urTierTobaTa Tanamedrove modelebi. aq arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da

erTobis mZlavri potenciali. karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva. Tumca

kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. mwerali Tvlis, rom kacobriobis

arsebobis Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebic

winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben.

e.glisanis azriT, siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ar aqvT arc


eSiniaT statusis gaqrobis an dakargvisa. Cven unda SeveCvioT azrs msoflios aseTi

81

organizaciis Sesaxeb, sadac sruliad gansxvavebuli urTierToba iqneba centrsa da

periferias Soris; yvela iqneba erTsa da imave dros centric da periferiac.

rogorc aqedan Cans, globalizacia misaRebia imisaTvis, visac ar gaaCnia sakuTari,

ukve mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi kultura. magram is, vinc amgvari

kulturis warmomadgenelia, ewinaaRmdegeba am process.

Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriebis avtorebi aradasavluri samyaros

warmomadgenlebi arian. yoveli maTgani aRiarebs globaluri kulturis aRmavlobas;

aqedan gamomdinare, isini cdiloben, moZebnon Tanamedrove procesebTan Segueba-

morigebis saSualebebi. samive maTgani kargad icnobs dasvalur kulturas, amitom

maTTvis advili dasanaxia sakuTar da ucxo kulturas Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, Tu

msgavseba. Tumca, rig semTxvevebSi, maTi Sexedulebani ufro dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~

pasuxia, vidre realobis obieqturi Sefaseba.

rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturis roli ufro da ufro

izrdeba. unda iTqvas, rom Tavad kulturis xasiaTi ganapirobebs sazogadoebis

damokidebulebas globalizaciis mimarT. kerZod, zemoT moyvanili Teoriebis

mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli inteleqtualebi sxvadasxvagvar

saxels arqmeven kulturis globalizaciis process: globaluri kulturis

gavrceleba, makdonaldizacia, koka-kolonizacia, hamburgerizacia, fast-fudizacia,

vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, kreolizacia _ yvela es aris sxvadsxvagvari axsna,

gageba msoflioSi mimdinare erTi procesisa, romelsac yvelaze zogadad

globalizacia ewodeba globalizaciis process sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, xolo is, Tu

ras daarqmevs mas sazogadoeba, gamoxatavs konkretuli sazogadoebis

damokidebulebas procesisadmi. glisanis mier SemoTavazebuli cneba `kreolizacia~

ar aRniSnavs mxolod karibis kunZulebze mimdinare process. es mxolod

damokidebulebaa mis mimarT: xalxi, visac ar gaaCnia Rrma istoriuli warsuli da

tradiciebi, umtkivneulod miiRebs globalur kulturas da moxdeba sazogadoebis

modernizeba. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili gansazRvreba Seiqmna da Camoyalibda

globalizaciis gamowvevebisa da masze gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegad.

rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis gamowvevebma ganapiroba kulturebis mier

sakuTari `fesvebisaken~ mibruneba, lokalizeba kulturuli niSniT. sazogadoebaTa

Soris axlo da mudmivma urTierTobebma ufro naTelyo maT Soris arsebuli

gansxvavebebi, ramac ganapiroba sakuTari kulturis maxasiaTebelTa sistematizacia

da mkveTrad gansazRvra, ise, rogorc es afrikuli kulturis magaliTze l.sengorma

gaakeTa. l.sengors axali araferi uTqvams, ubralod axleburad, sistemuri saxiT

warmoadgina afrikuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebi da misi gansxvaveba dasavluri

kulturisagan.

lokalizacia ganapirobebs kulturuli niSniT msoflios mravalpolusianobas.

msoflio sazogadoebaSi Tanaarseboben originaluri kulturebi. sazRvrebis

gafermkrTalebam, Sor manZilze mgzavrobis problemis moxsnam, mudmivi kontaqtis

saSualebebma ganapiroba is, rom adamiani sakuTar kulturul centrs aRar scildeba,

miuxedavad fizikuri daSorebisa, mas sakuTar saxlTan mudmivi da uwyveti kontaqti

aqvs; es ki adamianebs kulturuli asimilaciisgan icavs. magaliTad, amerikaSi, kerZod,

niu-iorkSi dasaxlebuli Cinelebis erTi nawili ise amTavrebs cxovrebas, rom

inglisuri enis swavlac ki ar sWirdeba, radgan Cinur samyaros ar scdeba, miuxedavad

imisa, rom SesaZloa mTeli amerika moiaros. globalizacia qmnis erT metad aqtualur

gamowvevas, es aris multikulturalizmi; anu sazogadoeba, qveyana warmodgenili

iqneba multikulturuli erTobiT. magaliTad, CineTi aris ara marto geografiul

sazRvrebSi moqceuli politikur-ekonomikuri erTeuli, aramed warmosaxviTi

82

Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebis

winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben1.

mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebis mqone qveynebi da xalxebi ki

cdiloben, TavianTi misia sxvagvarad dainaxon da daasabuTon. Cexi mwerali m.kundera

aRniSnavs: `me vxedav patara xalxebis istoriul misias Tanamedrove msoflioSi,

romelic didi saxelmwifoebis anabaraa darCenili, es ukanasknelni ki cdiloben mis

`gamoWras~ sakuTar Targze. patara xalxebi, mudmivad eZieben ra sakuTar saxes da

ibrZvian TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis, xels uwyoben imas, rom msoflio win

aRudges saSinel unifikacias, SeinarCunos tradiciaTa siWrele da cxovrebis wesis

mravalferovneba, adamians ki gaaCndes samSoblos jadosnuri grZnoba~2.

amerikanizaciis formiT mimdinare globalizaciis process SeSfoTebiT adevneben

Tvals TviT dasavluri samyaros warmomadgenlebic. XX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

aSS wamoayena kulturul RirebulebaTa Tavisufali gacvlis idea, rasac didi kamaTi

mohyva. safrangeTi da kanada SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom maT emuqreboda

amerikuli kulturuli produqciiT walekvisa da amerikuli cxovrebis wesis

moZalebis safrTxe. 1993 w. evrokavSirma, safrangeTis winadadebiT, uari Tqva

Tavisufal gacvlaze kulturis sferoSi.

`Cven globalizaciis atmosferoSi vcxovrobT, rac ganapirobebs ideaTa

standartizaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas — pirvel rigSi, amerikuli

modelis Sesabamisad.кшyvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia sakuTari istoria, tradiciebi, ena,

filosofia da religia, SeSfoTebulia aRniSnuli tendenciiT, _ werda

evroparlamentSi safrangeTis deputati katrin lalumieri3. msoflios

standartizaciis perspeqtivis sapirispirod, sul ufro mets laparakoben

kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.

mkvlevarTa azriT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pluralistur `samyaroTa samyaroSi~

iarsebebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime civilizaciur-kulturuli centri, romelTa

urTierTobaSi gaCndeba problema erTi, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli simboloTa

enidan sxva kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa somboloebis enebze Targmnisa. s.hanTin-

gtonis sityviT, Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluri

civilizacia da TiToeul arsebul civilizacias mouwevs sxvebTan Tanaarseboba.

kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Tanaarsebobis perspeqtiva gansakuTrebiT

mtkivneul Temad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg, romlebic

Sefasebul iqna rogorc ori planetis Sejaxeba erT planetaze, civilizaciaTa adre

nawinaswarmetyvelevi Sejaxeba, modernis Sejaxeba aramodernTan da winaremodernTan,

romlis aRmsrulebelni TviT modernis iaraRebs iyenebdnen da maT modernisave

winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. dasavleli mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom es Tavzardamcemi

qmedeba biZgs miscems sxvagvari msoflios Seqmnas, romelSic sivrciTi da droiTi

kulturebi aRar moindomeben erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. es axali msoflio aRar iqneba

martooden droiTi kulturis sul ufro mzardi da mZlavri aRmavlobis imedze _ im

kulturisa, romelic gamanadgureblad moqmedebs sivrciT kulturebze4.

1 Культурная креолизация мира. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.39. 2 ix.: Хольцер Я. Была или не была? (Существовала или нет центральная Европа: чешские споры о центральноевропейской

ментальности малого народа). – В журн.: Политическая наука, № 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.76.

3 Лялюмьер К. Борьба за культурное многообразие. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.25.

4 Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.

39

marTlmadidebelTa _ ricxvi TandaTan Semcirdeba. erT-erT TavSi _ àmerikis

deqristianizacia~ _ biukenani dasavleTis qveynebis demografiuli krizisis mTavar

mizezad qristianuli sarwmunoebis daqveiTebas miiCnevs da acxadebs, rom ukve isaxeba

axali aTeisturi civilizacia, romelic safuZvels uryevs dasavlur kulturas.

globalistebi msoflios kulturul gaerTgvarovnebasa da inglisuri enis

sayovelTao gavrcelebas winaswarmetyveleben. òri-sami Taobis Semdeg sazogadoebis

mxolod yvelaze gaunaTlebel wevrebs ar ecodinebaT inglisuri... Tqveni ena xdeba

raRac, razec ilaparakeben saxlSi, megobrebis wreSi, is, garkveulwilad, kulturuli

dialeqti iqneba da ara komunikaciis mTavari saSualeba~, _ ambobs inglisuri

literaturis amerikeli mkvlevari j.benseni1. am mtkicebis sapirispirod, isev

lingvistebi miuTiTeben, rom rac ufro meti sxvadasxva erovnebis adamiani miiRebs

monawileobas inglisuri enis funqcionirebaSi, miT meti leqsikuri erTeuli Seva masSi

sxva enebidan, gaCndeba gramatikuli inovaciebi, Seiqmneba inglisuri enis sxvadasxva

versia da maTze mosaubreebs sul ufro metad gauWirdebaT erTmaneTis gageba.

dasavlel mkvlevarTa nawili (e.gelneri da sxv.) aRniSnavs, rom samecniero da

teqnikuri codna SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos individTa mier yoveldRiur praqtikaSi,

ise, rom ar gamomdinareobdes misi kulturidan, ar warmoadgendes misi kulturis

nawils. Semecnebis xerxi ar emyareba religias, kulturas, civilizaciur

Rirebulebebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qimiuri formulebi an planetaTa ganlagebis

codna ar gvixsnis, rogor vicxovroT, rogor aRvzardoT bavSvebi, Tayvani vceT

RmerTebs. mravalma aradasavlurma kulturam SeiZleba aiTvisos mecnierebis

Tanamedrove Sexedulebani, Semecnebisa da marTvis racionaluri meTodebi, dasavlur

civilizaciad transformirebis gareSe2.

jer kidev a.toinbi miuTiTebda, rom erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT socialuri

cxovrebis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi, romelTagan pirvel

ors Seexo unifikacia (da ara erToba), mesame ki, gacilebiT ufro Rrma da

fundamenturia, vidre pirveli ori.

globalistTa da kulturuli pluralizmis momxreTa kamaTSi gaCnda msoflios

kulturuli momavlis kidev erTi, ase vTqvaT, neitraluri versia — kulturis

kreolizaciis Teoria, romlis avtoria martinikeli frangulenovani mwerali,

mTargmneli da filosofosi eduard glisani. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierT-

Sexvedrasa da SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis arsebobis axal formas. msoflioSi

arsebul situacias igi aRniSnavs terminiT `kreolizacia~; misi azriT, es aris mudmivi

procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis warmoSobas. unda

SeveguoT im azrs, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, amasTan, arc erTi

mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas da ar gaiTqvifeba kulturul magmaSi, _ wers

glisani. igi Tvlis, rom siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ara aqvT arc


eSiniaT `statusis~ gaqrobis an dakargvisa. erT-erT aseT regionad igi karibis

kunZulebs miiCnevs, sadac, misi azriT, gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba urTierTobaTa

Tanamedrove modelebi, arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da erTobis mZlavri

potenciali. amdenad, karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva, Tumca

kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. kacobriobis arsebobis

1 wiklauri m., edilaSvili m. dedamiwa arasodes iqneba nacrisferi. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, Tb., 2001, 16

(40), gv.3. 2 Левашова А.В. Современная международная система: глобализация или вестернизация. – В журн.: Социально-

гуманитарные знания, М., 2000, № 1, с.264.

38

sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTiani da gansxvavebuli samyaro, romelic

ganfenilia dedamiwis sxvadasxva teritoriaze _ CineTi CineTSi, CineTi amerikaSi,

CineTi ruseTis teritoriaze. es gamowveva ufro did problemebs jerjerobiT

dasavleTis qveynebs uqmnis.

zemoT warmodgenili analizis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia garkveuli daskvnebis

gakeTeba.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. misi proeqtireba

Tavdapirvelad moxda dasavleTSi. globalizacia ar warmoadgens dasavleTis,

konkretulad amerikis samoqmedo gegmas. igi bunebrivad warmoSobili procesia.

msoflioSi mimdinare modernizaciis procesma, romlis saTavec dasavleTi iyo,

ganviTarebis garkveul dones miaRwia. msoflio Zalzed mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels

daemsgavsa, sadac yovel mosaxles urTierTTan aqvs kontaqti. mWidro kontaqtma

gamoaaSkarava sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. daingra miTi dasavluri

modernizaciis, rogorc ganviTarebis erTaderTi aucilebeli pirobis Sesaxeb.

globalizacia araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba sazogadoebaTa mier. igi yvela doneze

misaRebia iseTi kulturebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT warsuli, es is kulturebia,

romlebic axla yalibdebian, amitom maTTvis advilia yovelive axlis miReba.

globalizacia miuRebelia kulturebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT warsuli, is, rac

Seqmnilia maT mier, raSic warmodgenilia maTi suli, cnobiereba, mentaliteti. radgan

kulturebi, romelTac dRes globalur, viwro samyaroSi uwevT arseboba da aqvT

Zalzed mWidro kontaqtebi, odesRac erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad Camoyalibdnen.

maT TanamedroveobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierToba daiwyes maSin, rodesac

warmoadgendnen zrdasrul erTobebs. anu is, rac ganapirobebda maT qcevas,

Camoyalibda manamde, sanam erTmaneTs safuZvlianad gaicnobdnen. es pirveladoba

sayuradReboa, radgan erT kulturas ar SeuZlia raime cvlileba Seitanos meore

kulturis siRrmiseul, pirvelad SreSi. Tanamedrove etapze mWidro urTierTkavSiri

da Sexeba ki ar aaxlovebs kulturebs, aramed aRrmavebs maT Soris arsebul

gansxvavebebs.

globalizacia mravalmxrivi procesia. Tu Tavdapirvelad gamowvevebi mxolod

dasavleTidan momdinareobda, Tanamedrove etapze mas aradasavluri kulturebic

qmnian. da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ukve saubaria aradasavluri kulturebis mier

ganxorcielebul kontrSetevebze.

saqarTvelo globalur procesebSi maSin Caeba, rodesac TiTqmis gamoxatuli iyo

konturebi, Tu sad gamoCndeboda globalizaciis ZiriTadi da mZlavri mowina-

aRmdegeebi. Cven SevecadeT, msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da kulturebis

warmomadgenel inteleqtualTa mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriebisa da mosazrebebis

saSualebebiT garkveuli warmodgena Segveqmna globalizaciisadmi saerTo damoki-

debulebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT zogadad ramdenime

mimarTuleba, romelTa CarCoebSic gavanawilebT kulturis globalizaciis mimarT

sazogadoebaTa damokidebulebebs:

1. globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa;

2. adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Secvla;

3. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis Tanaarseboba sagrZnobi da mkveTri Serevis

gareSe;

4. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturebis TaviseburebaTa sinTezi.

Zalzed sainteresoa, Tu romeli maTgania saqarTvelosaTvs misaRebi. didi sja-

baasi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia istoriuli wasuli, tradiciebi, saerTod

TviTmyofadi kultura, ar aris saWiro. warsulis mqone kulturebisaTvis globaluri

83

kulturiT sakuTaris Canacvleba miuRebeli da warmoudgenelia, radgan es niSnavs

sakuTaris, TviTmyofadisa da originaluris dakargvas. kultura imdenad aris

sazogadoebis sisxlSi gamjdari, rom misi revoluciuri Secvla drois mokle

monakveTSi SeuZlebelia. saqarTvelosaTvis sakuTari kulturis globaluri

kulturiT Canacvleba warmoudgenelia. es Cven kargad dagvanaxa Tundac kulinariaze

gakeTebulma kvlevam, sadac qarTulma xinkalma sagrZnoblad dasjabna hamburgeri. es,

ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas. zogadad rom vTqvaT,

globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ki _

warmoudgeneli, radgan saqarTvelo cdilobs dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracias,

rac modernizacis gareSe warmoudgenelia. politikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi

warmatebis miRweva da dasavlur yaidaze sazogadoebis mowyoba kulturis doneze

urTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es urTierToba ki iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebaSi

garkveuli saxis cvlilebebs, sxva kulturasTan adptirebas da morigeba-Seguebas.

globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas saqarTvelo verc moaxerxebs da, Cveni azriT,

arc unda iyos aucilebeli da saWiro. modernizacia, f.fukuiams TqmiT, sazogadoebaSi

cvlilebebs oTx doneze iwvevs _ ideologia, institutebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

da kultura. saqarTvelom globaluri kuluturis talRa unda gamoiyenos moder-

nizacisaTvis, anu Tu saqarTveoloSi ise, rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva adgilze,

globaluri kulturis gavrceleba daemTxva modernizacias an gamoiwvia igi,

globalizacia saqarTveloSi dadebiT procesad unda CaiTvalos. globaluri

kultura, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, vrceldeba iseTi saSualebebiT, romelTac

s.hanTingtonma da p.bergerma ~daosuri kultura~ da ~inteleqtualTa~ saklubo

kultura uwodes.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis

sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli, romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad

icvamen da erTobian, aseve, SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris

gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore

nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur

saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul

kulturul faseulobebze.


erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri inte-

ligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo

kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT:

akademiuri struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis

sakuTar bazars _ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli,

kerZod, amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa

damcvelebi, specialistebi da sxvani.

ìnteleqtualTa saklubo kultura~ da `daosuri kultura~ aris saqarTveloSi

sazogadobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi garanti da safuZvelia im cvlilebebisa, romelic

aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes institutebisa da samoqalaqo saozgadoebis doneze.

anu SesaZlebelia, saqarTveloSi globaluri kultura da modernizaciis procesi

erTmaneTs daemTxves. amdenad globaluri kulturis suli uaryofa, Cveni azriT, romc

SegveZlos, dadebiTi Sedegis momtani ar unda iyos.

arsebobs SiSi imisa, rom modernizaciis procesi uaryofs warsulidan SemorCenil

tradiciebs, spobs maT da adamians met Tavisuflebas sTavazobs. bevrisaTvis es

tradiciisgan gaTavisufleba kulturis originalobisa da TviTmyofadobis dakargvas

niSnavs. amitom xSirad modernizacia uaryofiTad fasdeba da sazogadoeba cdilobs

84

warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romlis filosofiur-mxatvrulma koncefciam

sruliad gadaasxvafera msoflios mTliani literaturuli procesebi~1. mecnierebi

miuTiTeben axali tipis mxatvruli azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze, romelic aRniSnulia

`metisurobis~, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi aRmosavleTis yofnis niSniT2. magaliTad,

inglisur literaturul premiebs xSirad iReben inglisurenovani ucxoeli mwerlebi,

frangul literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arabuli warmoSobis avtorebi.

erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTis mier evropuli literaturuli sivrceebis dapyrobis

tendencia zogadad mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis mkveTri

maxasiaTebelia. sul raRac erTi saukunis win ki gansxvaveba aRmosavlur da dasavlur

azrovnebas Soris imdenad didi iyo, rom pirveli Cineli da iaponeli mTargmnelebi ki

ar Targmnidnen, TiTqmis Tavidan werdnen evropul romanebs3.

aRniSnuli procesi mxolod literaturis sferos ar exeba.

TviT kulturuli konvergenciis Teoriis momxreebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom

mimdinareobs kulturis globaluri homogenizacia transnacionalur korporaciaTa

zegavleniT (`koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~ da sxv.), aRniSnaven, rom `msoflio

produqciis~ mwarmoebel korporaciaTa saqmianoba warmatebulia imdenad, ramdenadac

isini adaptirdebian adgilobriv kulturasTan. ìmportior~ qveynebSi dasavluri

dawesebulebani Tu moxmarebis saSualebani sxva socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul

funqciebs asruleben, vidre samSobloSi. `sonis~ prezidentma akio moritam am

procesis aRsaniSnavad SemogvTavaza termini `glokalizacia~ (globalizacia+lo-

kalizacia), anu òrive mxares yureba~4.

mecnierebi saubroben kardinalur mijnaze, romelsac miadga kacobrioba da

romlis iqiT istoria, rogorc Cans, kalapots icvlis. `dominirebadma civilizaciam

Zlierebis piks miaRwia da globaluri gaxda, magram igi namdvil sulier katastrofas

ganicdis. qristianuli kultura — am supercivilizaciis macocxlebeli wyaro —

TandaTan adgils uTmobs axal realiebs, cnobierebis organizaciis sxva formebs,~ —

wers a.neklesa5.

2001 wlis miwuruls gamoqveynda ukiduresi memarjvene amerikeli politikosis

patrik biukenanis wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `dasavleTis sikvdili: rogor

emuqreba Cvens saxelmwifosa da civilizacias mosaxleobis kleba da imigrantTa

Semosevebi~ (Patrick J.Buchanan. The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization). sxvaTa Soris, am wignis publikacia 11

seqtembris teraqtebis gamo gadaido, Tumca igi jer kidev zafxulSi mzad iyo

gamosacemad. avtori dasavluri samyarosa da, kerZod, aSS-saTvis friad samwuxaro

samomavlo perspeqtivas xatavs: 2050 wlisaTvis aSS mesamexarisxovan qveynad

gadaiqceva, evropis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisa da iaponelebis ricxvi katastrofulad

daiklebs, sabolood ki, isini sulac gaqrebian aziisa da afrikis muslimuri qveynebis

demografiuli Semotevis Sedegad. ganaxldeba islamis zewola evropis qveynebze, rac

ukve iyo istoriaSi, magram misi Sedegebi amjerad gacilebiT tragikuli iqneba

evropelTaTvis. arc ruseTis momavali esaxeba biukenans naTel ferebSi: CineTi

gandevnis mas cimbiridan da Soreuli aRmosavleTidan, muslimuri samyaro ki _

kavkasiidan da centraluri aziidan. qristianTa _ kaTolikeTa, protestantTa da

1 ebraliZe T. or kulturas Soris. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba” (saliteraturo CanarTi gazeTisa “axali epoqa”),

23 (49), 8-15 ivnisi, 2001, gv.3. 2 Прожогина С.В. Литература магрибинцев во Франции: продолжение диалога культур Востока и Запада. – В кн.: Восток-

Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998, с.178. 3 ebraliZe T. dasax naSr., gv.3. 4 Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура.- В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000, с.322. 5 Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.74.

37

damoukidebeli sakuTrebis ufleba, rac, vTqvaT, britanelma qalebma mxolod 1870

wels miiRes. muslimuri samarTali aseve Tanabrad cnobda rogorc vaJebis, ise

qaliSvilebis memkvidreobiT uflebebs, bevr dasavlur qveyanaSi ki cota xnis win

qalebs aseTi ufleba ar hqondaT. did britaneTSi qalebma saarCevno ufleba 1928 wels

miiRes, aSS-Si — 1920 wels, safrangeTSi — 1971 wels; am droisaTvis bevr muslimur

qveyanaSi (irani, erayi, pakistani da sxv.) qalebi arCevnebSi monawileobdnen. ufro

metic — pakistanSi, bangladeSSi, TurqeTSi qalebi ikaveben premier-ministris postebs,

aSS-s ki arasdros hyolia qali-prezidentio, dasZens a.a.mazrui.

misi azriT, kulturebi/civilizaciebi unda fasdebodes ara mxolod umaRles

miRwevaTa mixedviT, aramed mankierebaTa da Seubraleblobis xarisxiT, romlisTvisac

isini swiraven sakuTar Tu sxva xalxebs. am TvalsazrisiT, islams ufro Zlieri

imuniteti aqvs nacionalizmis, komunizmis, rasizmis, genocidis winaaRmdeg. Tu

muslimur samyaroSi dasavlurze Zlieria politikuri Zalmomreoba, dasavleTSi

gacilebiT masStaburia quCis Zaladoba. dasavluri liberaluri demokratia

uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis maRalmwarmoeblurobas, mosaxleobis farTo monawileobas

marTvaSi, magram dasavlurma pluralizmma warmoSva rasizmi, faSizmi, genocidi.

dasavleTma mets miaRwia yovelive saukeTesos realizaciaSi, rac adamianis bunebaSia,

aRmosavleTma — adamianis bunebis yvelaze cudi mxareebis SezRudvaSi. zogierTi

adamianuri kriteriumiT (stabiluri ojaxi, socialuri Zalmomreobisagan dacva da

sxv.), muslimuri samyaro win uswrebs dasavleTs. yovelive amis gamo, a.a.mazruis

daskvniT, kacobriobam unda gamoiyenos ara mxolod dasavleTis, aramed aRmosavleTis,

kerZod, muslimuri samyaros gamocdilebac1.

aqve davZenT, rom am da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSic Tavad sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba

ufro saintereso da mniSvnelovania rogorc `pasuxi~ dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~, vidre

motanili magaliTebis realobasTan Sesabamisoba.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia

dasavleTisa da aradasavluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, dasavluri

Rirebulebebi, masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. am

movlenas `koka-kolonizaciisa~ da `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben.

saqme ufro Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSS-

s politikur da kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebis

farTomasStabiani standartizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT,

jinsebiTa da koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTac

farTod avrcelebs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi da romlebic ukritikod

moixmareba masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabi

sakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams2. azieli studentebi (da

profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT,

Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturi

dogmebi3.

meore mxriv, XX s-is 50-iani wlebidan saTaves iRebs aRmosavlur kulturebTan

dasavleTis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi movlena. Tu aqamde

dasavleTi Tavis msoflaRqmas amdidrebda aRmosavluridan nasesxebi esTetikuri Tu

dekoratiuli elementebiT, am droidan evropulenovani aRmosavleli mwerlebis

masobrivi SemoWris Sedegad `Seiqmna sruliad axali tipis literatura —

orbunebovani, orcnobierebiani, organzomilebiani... miviReT aRmosavluri

1 Mazrui A.A. Islamic and Western Value. – Foreign Affairs, N.Y., 1997, vol.76, 5, p.118-132. 2 Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322. 3 iqve, gv.323-324.

36

mis Tavidan acilebas, ubrundeba sakuTar kulturas. TavisTavad sakuTari kultu-

risaken mibruneba kargicaa da aucilebelic, magram aman ar unda miiRos garemosagan

izolaciis saxe. izolacia gamoiwvevs karCaketilobas, rasac SesaZloa sazogadoebis

statikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvla moyves (magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia ori koreis da

uaxloes warsulSi ori germaniis Sedareba). rogorc Cans, rac ar unda didi da Zlieri

iyos kultura, gamoricxulia gare samyarosTan urTierTobisa da siaxleTa miRebis

gareSe misi ganviTareba. TviT iseTi didi kultura, rogoricaa CineTi, romelsac

Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos civilizacia, ver uaryofs amas. igi cdilobs garedan

Sesuli siaxleebi marTvadi gaxados, miiRos is, rac surs. amitom uwodes CineTis

magaliTs ~marTvadi globalzacia~.

axlis miReba ar niSnavs Zvelis uaryofas da modernizaciis procesi ar aris

tradiciebisgan gaTavisufleba. k.tompsoni miiCnevs, rom kulturuli memkvidreoba da

Tanamedrove adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba absoluturad daukavSirebelia

erTmaneTTan, CemTvis ufro misaRebia S.eizenStadtis mosazreba. misi TqmiT, rac ar

unda didi iyos kontrasti ~tradiciul~ da ~Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs Soris,

warmatebuli modernizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod tradiciuli elementebis

regulaciaze dayrdnobiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa iaponiis magaliTi, romelzec

Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. msjelobis mizania damajerebeli gaxados daskvna, romlis

mixedviTac globaluri kultura da Tavad globalizacia ar warmoadgens iseT

saSiSroebas, rogoradac igi saqarTveloSi aRiqmeba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi

idealuria da yuradRebis miqcevas ar saWiroebs.

globalur kulturasTan urTierToba saqarTvelos aucileblad mouwevs. am

kulturaTa urTierTobas unda moyves raime Sedegi. saqarTvelos mier globaluri

kulturis sruli uaryofa iseve miuReblad da uaryofiTad mimaCnia, rogorc

adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Canacvleba.

adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis urTierTobas Teoeriulad, SeiZleba, is

Sedegebi mohyves, romelzedac Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. esenia: konfrontacia,

simbiozi, sinTezi. magram SesaZlebelia, kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba ar mivides

romelime am tipis realizaciamde da Semoifarglos mxolod kulturul Rirebu-

lebaTa urTierTgacvliT, romelic intesivobiTa da xarisxiT Camouvardeba

zemonaxseneb tipebs.

pasuxebi dasavleTs da modernizacia dasavleTis eqspansiam aradasavluri sazogadoebebis modernizeba da vester-

nizireba gamoiwvia. am sazogadoebebis politikuri da inteleqtualuri liderebis

pasuxi dasavleTis Semotevaze samgvari iyo: 1) orives _ modernizaciisa da

vestrenizaciis _ uaryofa, 2) orives miReba, 3) erTis miReba da meoris uaryofa. uaryofa. 1542 wlidan _ dasavleTTan pirveli kontaqtis damyarebidan _ XIX

saukunis Sua xanebamde iaponia dasavleTis mkveTri uaryofis gziT midioda. daSvebuli

iyo modernizaciis mxolod SezRuduli formebi, magaliTad, sabrZolo masalebis

SeZena, xolo dasavluri kulturis importi, maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeulad _

qristianobisa, sastikad ikrZaleboda. XVII saukuneSi dasavlelebi saerTod gamoaZeves

qveynidan. ukompromiso damokidebulebas bolo moeRo 1854 wels, rodesac kapitanma

perim ZaliT daarRvia iaponiis karCaketiloba, 1868 wels meiZis restavracias mohyva

aqtiuri mcdelobebi, gaeziarebinaT dasavleTis gamocdileba. ramdenime saukunis

manZilze CineTic cdilobda, xeli SeeSala modernizebisa da vesternizebis seriozuli

mcdelobebisaTvis. 1601 wels qveyanaSi SeuSves qristiani misionerebi, Tumca 1722

wlisaTvis isini saguldagulod gamoaZeves iqidan. iaponiisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis

85

karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Cinelebis

warmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxze

Cinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorc

iaponiisa, dasavleTis iaraRis meSveobiT dasrulda, romelic 1839-1842 wlebis

opiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebidan vxedavT, XIX saukuneSi

dasavluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen aradasavlur sazogadoebebs,

ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika. meoce saukuneSi momxdarma winsvlam satransporto da sakomunikacio saSualebaTa

sferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierTdamokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufunebad

aqcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebad

realuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove da urTierT-

dakavSirebuli xdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulma

sasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiT

ar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fundamentalistebi~, _ wers daniel faipsi

islamTan dakavSirebiT, ùaryofen rogorc modernizacias, ise vesternizacias. isini

mdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadeben

Sidawvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavs

jgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izala

kanoSi, sadaTis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tavdamsxmelebi, dayvas zogierTi dajgufeba

malaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiT

maTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofis

politikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviT

rom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania. qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi dasavleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi,

anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs

warmodgenidan, rom modernizacia sasurveli da aucilebelia, da rom adgilobrivi

kultura SeuTavsebelia modernizaciasTan, amitom masze uari unda iTqvas, an igi unda

ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad unda vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes

warmatebiT modernizeba. modernizacia da vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs da

isini Tanadroulad unda warimarTon. msgavsi damokidebuleba gamoxatulia

mecxramete saukunis dasasrulis zogierTi iaponeli da Cineli moazrovnis

msjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazo-

gadoebebma daiviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi da aRiaron inglisuri, rogorc

saxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro dasavlur wreebSi iyo

popularuli, vidre aradasavlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu ginda

warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi unda gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti ki

isaa, rom `[aradasavlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi

da sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli,

industrializmis Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebisadmi.~ aqedan gamomdinare, ekono-

mikuri ganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis mkveTr da Zireul

reorganizacias, da, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisis

xelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:ànomiis Tavidan

asarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza darCeniaT, radgan modernizacia vester-

nizacias gulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis...

sekularizmis daTmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba da teqnologia

moiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaa

politikur institutebTan dakavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve unda iyos aTvisebuli,

rogorc garegnuli forma. dasavluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve unda iyos

86

momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami CvenTvis mxolod religia ki ara, cxovrebis wesia.

Cven, saudelebs, gvsurs modernizeba, magram ar vsaWiroebT vesternizebas~1.

dasavlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis Sedegebisa da

perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi gacilebiT naklebradikaluria iraneli

literaturaTmcodne, doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 wels

gamoaqveyna wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: àrc dasavluri, arc aRmosavluri _

adamianuri~. miuxedavad dasavleTisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, igi

miiCnevs, rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis dakonserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zveli

tradiciebis farglebSi. igi unda viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa da

sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara dasavluris aTviseba _ es istoriuli

aucileblobaa, radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWreba

garkveuli kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed dasavleTis winaSe qedis moxra,

cxovrebis ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT,

gadamwyvet rols Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmac

SesaZlebeli gaxada enis, literaturisa da kulturis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva saxis

zewolis pirobebSi. unda viamayoT imiT _ dasZens mkvlevari _ rom iranuli kultura

arc aRmosavluria, arc dasavluri, igi adamianuria2.

cxadia, daskvna, cota ar iyos, ucnauria, magram sakiTxis dasma sainteresoa: sxva

iraneli mkvlevrebi, maT Soris, zemoT naxsenebi d.Saiegani iranuli kulturis

aRmosavlurobas eWvqveS ar ayeneben. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic.

cnobili istorikosi da literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesori

islami noduSeni aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic mudam

zemoqmedebda iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs

Soris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis SenarCuneba,

anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi3.

vfiqrobT, ganxiluli poziciebi sainteresoa CvenTvisac: rogorc davinaxeT,

iranelebi xazs usvamen dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris TavianT yofnas (Cveni

Tvalsawieridan, iranuli kultura calsaxad aRmosavluria), Cveni mkvlevrebis nawili

ki daJinebiT cdilobs qarTuli kulturis an mxolod dasavluri, an mxolod

aRmosavluri maxasiaTeblebis moZiebas.

aradasavlel mkvlevarTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebelia mtkiceba, rom Tu ara

koloniuri eqspansia, aRmosavleTis yvela qveyana, iaponiis CaTvliT, dRes TiTqmis XV

saukunis doneze iqneboda. yvelaferi axali da Tanamedrove aRmosavleTSi

dasavleTidan movida, vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis procesis Sedegad, da

aRmosavleTi yovelive (an TiTqmis yovelive) amiT mSvenivrad sargeblobs. am

TvalsazrisiT, swored kolonializmma daaaxlova aRmosavleTi dasavleTTan4.

sapirispirod, aRmosavleli mkvlevrebi cdiloben daasabuTon, rom Rirebulebani

da miRwevebi, romlebiTac ase amayobs Tanamedrove dasavleTi, arc aRmosavluri, maT

Soris, muslimuri sazogadoebebisaTvisaa ucxo, zog SemTxvevaSi ki es ukanasknelni

winac uswreben dasavlelebs. magaliTad, a.a.mazrui aRniSnavs, rom Tumca qalTa

mdgomareoba muslimur qveynebSi dasavleTis mZafri kritikis sagania, magram,

dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, am qveynebSi qals yovelTvis gaaCnda qmrisgan

1 hanTingtoni s. dasavleTi — unikaluri, ara universaluri. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis

sakiTxebi, X, Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2001, gv.185. 2 Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998,

с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs daesesxnen

zarinkubs da igi Semdegnairad gadaakeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc dasavluri _ islamuri. 3 iqve, gv.9. 4 Васильев Л.С. dasax. naSr., gv.107.

35

industria farTodaa gavrcelebuli iqac, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xsenebac ki

ar aris.

afrikuli warmoSobis mkvlevarma a.a.mazruim yuradReba miaqcia dasavluri

kulturis mimzidvelobisa da misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis urTierTdaSrevebas

dasavleTTan aradasvluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi: `mosuli (dasavluri —

n.C.) kultura iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa da zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa da

protestis grZnobas~1. sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba aradasavlur civilizaciaTa

miswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis damkvidrebisaken. `Cven vcxovrobT

ara mxolod mTlian samyaroSi, aramed `samyaroebis samyaroSi~2, sadac mimdinareobs

pasuxis Zieba globalizaciis gamowvevaze.

iraneli mecnieris, Teiranis universitetis profesor d.Saieganis azriT, es

gamowveva principulad gansxvavdeba warsulSi kulturaTa urTierTqmedebisagan,

radgan saqme exeba socialuri da individualuri yofis organizaciis amosaval

principTa totalur SeuTavseblobas. dasavleTisaTvis esaa istoriuli evoluciis,

grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi samyarosgan gancalkevebuli sulis, nebis primatisa da

raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebze samyaros dayvanis principebi. iq damkvidrebuli

samyaros sekularizacia niSnavs mis despiritualizacias, bunebis ukidures

obieqtivacias, saidanac gamomdinareobs scientizmi da teqnicizmi. Zireulad

gansxvavebulia aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa principebi. istoria aq wmindaTawmindaa da

uSualod ukavSirdeba esqatologias. adamianuri instinqtebi da vnebani ar miiCneva

istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad, _ rogorc islamSi, ise induizmSi maT

daqvemdebarebuli adgili mieCinebaT, an kidev isini aRiqmeba mZime tvirTad,

romlisganac gaTavisuflebaa saWiro.

d.Saiegani Tvlis, rom dasavluri civilizaciis, rogorc universaluris,

damkvidreba an angrevs sxva kulturaTa eTikur da esTetikur faseulobebs, an dayavs

isini àdgilobriv koloritamde~. kulturaTa sinTezi ucxo RirebulebaTa zewolis

pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, radgan motanili faseulobebi diametrulad sawinaaRmdegoa

adgilobrivisa. es moaswavebs dagrovil memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmas, damoukidebel

azrovnebaze, qcevasa da qmedebaze xelis aRebas, sabolood ki — uaris Tqmas sakuTar

Tavze. `Tu aRmosavlur samyaros ara aqvs sxva arCevani, garda àSkara gamowvevis~,

`garduvali bedisweris~ miRebisa, rac dasavleTTan Segueba-morgebaSi gamoixateba,

maSin es iqneba aRmosavluri civilizaciebis tragikuli aRsasruli. esaa yofierebis

ori tipis mkacri Setakeba, romelTa Soris kompromisi SeuZlebelia~, — askvnis

mkvlevari3.

`Tanamedrove muslims ar SeuZlia, ar awarmoos mudmivi jixadi (wminda omi) ara

mxolod sakuTar TavTan, raTa SeinarCunos saRi goneba da sulieri sijansaRe, aramed

Tavis garemomcvel samyarosTanac, raTa daicvas winaparTa didebuli sulieri da

mxatvruli memkvidreoba da gadasces igi momaval Taobas~, _ wers s.nasri4.

niSandoblivia saudis arabeTis princis gancxadebac, romelic s.hanTingtons

mohyavs: ùcxouri importi mSvenieria lamazi nivTebis an maRalteqnikuri sagnebis

saxiT. magram socialuri da politikuri institutebis importi SeiZleba

1 Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457. 2 Актуальные вопросы глобализации, с.42. 3 Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Cultural Studies. Tokyo, 1977, 4, p.35-36. 4 Наср С.Х. О столкновении принципов западной и исламской цивилизаций. –В кн.: Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций.

Под ред. Б.С.Ерасова, с.481-482.

34

gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n). evropuli enebi da dasavluri saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebi savaldebuloa, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni marTlac xels

uwyoben Tavisufal azrovnebasa da uzrunvelyofil cxovrebas. muslimebi mxolod

maSin miaRweven iseT mdgomareobas, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba teqnikuri siaxleebis

aTviseba da Semdgom ganviTareba, Tu isini upirobod miiReben dasavlur models~.

samoci wliT adre, vidre es sityvebi daiwereboda, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi msgavs

daskvnamde mivida da otomanTa imperiis nangrevebidan axali TurqeTi Seqmna, didi

Zalisxmeva gaswia rogorc misi vesternizebis, aseve modernizebisaTvis. am kursis

arCeviTa da muslimuri warsulis uaryofiT aTaTurqma TurqeTi `gaxleCil qveynad~

aqcia, romlis sazogadoeba muslimuri iyo Tavisi religiiT, memkvidreobiT,

CveulebebiT da institutebiT, magram hyavda mmarTveli elita, romelsac ganzraxuli

hqonda misi gaTanamedroveoba, dasavlur yaidaze mowyoba da dasavleTTan yofna. XX

saukunis bolosaTvis ramdenime qveyana adgas qemalistur gzas, isini cdiloben

Secvalon aradasavluri identuroba dasavluriT. maTi mcdelobebi gaanalizebulia

meeqvse TavSi. reformizmi. uaryofa gulisxmobs sazogadoebis izolirebis uimedo mcdelobas

Tanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi. qemalizmi niSnavs Znel da mtkivneul gzas

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli kulturis ngrevisa da misi Canacvlebisa sxva

civilizaciidan Semotanili (nasesxebi) kulturiT. mesame gza gulisxmobs

modernizaciis Sexamebas adgilobrivi kulturis umTavresi faseulobebTan,

CveulebebTan da institutebTan. rasakvirvelia, es mimarTuleba yvelaze ufro

popularuli iyo aradasavlur elitebs Soris. CineTSi cinis dinastiis mmarTvelobis

bolo xanebSi aqtualuri iyo devizi `ti-iongi~: Cinuri swavleba _ fundamenturi

principebisaTvis, dasavluri swavleba _ praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis.~ iaponiaSi es

iyo `vakon, iosei~ (iaponuri suli, dasavluri teqnika~). 1830-iani wlebis egvipteSi

muhamed alim scada `teqnikuri modernizaciis Catareba seriozuli kulturuli

vesternizaciis gareSe~. Tumca es mcdeloba kraxiT damTavrda; britaneTma aiZula igi,

uari eTqva mTel rig reformebze, romlebic modernizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. amis

Sedegad, rogorc ali mazrui SeniSnavs, ègviptes ar ewera iaponiis bedi teqnikuri

modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis gareSe, arc aTaTurqiseuli bedi teqnikuri

modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis saSualebiT~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi

jamal al-din al-avRanma, muhamed abdulam da sxva reformatorebma kvlav scades

islamisa da Tanamedroveobis urTierTmorgeba, amtkicebdnen ra ìslamis Tavseba-

dobas Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan da dasavluri azrovnebis saukeTeso momentebTan~,

cdilobdnen muslimuri dasabuTeba moeZebnaT Tanamedrove ideebisa da institutebis

(iqneboda es samecniero, teqnikuri Tu politikuri _ konstitucionalizmi da

warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba) misaRebad safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis.~ es ukve farTo

reformatoruli moZraoba iyo, romelic, midioda ra qemalizmis gziT, ara marto

moderniziaciisken iswarfvoda, aramed zogierTi dasavluri institutis aTvisebis-

Tvisac iyo mzad. aseTi saxis reformizmi muslimuri elitebis mxridan dasavleTisadmi

yvelaze gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1870-iani wlebidan

1920-ian wlebamde, sanam igi ar waawyda gamowveveas jer qemalizmis, xolo mogvianebiT

_ fundamentalisturi formis ufro daxvewili reformizmis mxridan. uaryofis politika, qemalizmi da reformizmi efuZneba sxvadasxva warmodgenas

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris SesaZlebeli da ra _ sasurveli. uaryofis politikisaTvis

orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ arasasurvelia da SesaZlebelia orives

uaryofa. qemalizmisaTvis orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ sasurvelia,

87

ukanaskneli mniSvnelovania, gamomdinare iqidan, rom mis gareSe pirvelis

ganxorcieleba ararealuria, da orive SesaZlebelia. reformizmisaTvis modernizacia

sasurveli da SesaZlebelia yovelgvari Zireuli vesternizebis gareSe, romelic,

amavdroulad, arasasurvelicaa. maSasadame, uTanxmoebaa uaryofis politikasa da

qemalizms Soris modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis sasurvelobis Taobaze, aseve

qemalizmsa da reformizms Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad realuria modernizacia

vesternizaciis gareSe. cxrili 3.1 swored am mimarTulebebs gamosaxavs. ùarmyofeli~ A wertilze

darCeba; qemalisti diagonals mihyveba B wertilamde; reformatori horizontals

gauyveba C wertilamde. ra gziT wavidnen sinamdvileSi sazogadoebebi? ra Tqma unda,

yovel aradasavlur sazogadoebas ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, romelic, SesaZloa,

SesamCnevad gansxvavdebodes mocemuli sami prototipuli marSrutisagan. mazrui

imasac amtkicebda, rom egvipte da afrika D wertilis mimarTulebiT wavida: es iyo

`kulturis vesternizaciis mtkivneuli procesi teqnikuri modernizaciis gareSe.~ Tu

modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis nebismier ZiriTad formas ganvixilavT, rogorc

aradasavluri sazogadoebebis pasuxs dasavleTisadmi, maSin gamogviva mrudi -

Tavdapirvelad vesternizacia da modernizacia erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia:

aradasavluri sazogadoeba iTvisebs dasavluri kulturis TiTqmis yvela elements,

amave dros, SeimCneva modernizaciis neli procesi. Tumca, rogorc ki modernizacia

daCqardeba, vesternizaciis intensivoba klebulobs da iwyeba adgilobrivi kulturis

aRorZineba. Semdgomi modernizacia ukve cvlis civilizaciur balanss dasavlur da

aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa Soris da aZlierebs sakuTar kulturaze mijaWvulobas.

maSasadame, cvlilebaTa adreul stadiaze modernizacia vesternizaciis

saSualebiT xorcieldeba. Semdgom etapebze modernizacia devesternizaciis gziT

midis da ganapirobebs adgilobrivi kulturebis gamococxlebas ori saxiT:

sazogadoebriv doneze, modernizacia aviTarebs ekonomikas, jars, axdens

sazogadoebis politikur konsolidacias, aniWebs am sazogadoebis wevrebs TavianTi

kulturisadmi rwmenasa da TviTdajerebulobas. individualur doneze, moder-

nizacias Tan axlavs gaucxoebisa da anomiis grZnoba, radgan irRveva tradiciuli

kavSirebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis normebi, rasac pirovneba mihyavs

identurobis krizisamde, romelzec pasuxs religia iZleva. es zogadi hipoTezuri modeli iTvaliswinebs rogorc socialur mecnierebaTa

Teoriebs, ise istoriul gamocdilebasac. dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs ra ùcvlelobis

Teorias~, rainer baumi askvnis, rom àdamianis mier idealuri mmarTvelobisa da

idealuri pirovnuli avtonomiis mudmivi Zieba sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba cakleul

kulturebSi. am mxriv multikulturuli da homogenuri msofliosaken swrafva ar

ikveTeba. piriqiT, rogorc Cans, is sistemebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ganviTarebis

istoriul da adre-modernul safexurebze, kvlav ucvleladaa SenarCunebuli. sesxebis Teoria, SemuSavebuli frobeniusis, Spenglerisa da bouzmanis mier, xazs

usvams sazRvrebs, romelTa farglebSi civilizacia-recipientebi SerCeviTad

iTviseben sxva civilizaciebis elementebs, axdenen maT adaptirebas, gardaqmnasa da

asimilacias da amiT uzrunvelyofen TavianTi kulturebis umTavresi Rirebulebebis

_ `paideumi~ _ gadarCenas. msoflios TiTqmis yvela aradasavluri civilizacia

arsebobda, sul cota, erTi, zogi ki ramdenime aTasi weli. arsebobs araerTi magaliTi

sxva civilizaciaTagan sesxebisa, sakuTari arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. mkvlevrebi

aRniSnaven, rom CineTis mier indoeTisgan budizmis aTvisebas ar gamouwvevia CineTis

ìnduizacia~. Cinelebma igi TavianT miznebsa da saWiroebebs Seusabames, Cinuri

kultura ki Cinuri darCa. Cinelebs SeuZliaT Seadginon qronologiuri CamonaTvali

88

islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis gziT fiqroben

dasavluri faseulobebiT `mowamluli~ sazogadoebis reislamizacias, amave dros,

mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebas da Tanamedrove

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Casmas islamis konceptualur CarCoebSi. maTi

damokidebuleba dasavleTisadmi sam ZiriTad punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1.

nostalgia (swored islamma Seitana dasavleTSi civilizacia); 2. dasavleTis

RirebulebaTa mankierebisa da òrmagi standartebis~ mxileba (zneobrivi principebis

dacvas igi mxolod sxvebisagan moiTxovs); 3. islamis apologia1.

globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia dasavluri cxovrebis wesis,

maskulturisa da azrovnebis tipis eqspansiasTan. kulturis globalizacia

vesternizaciis, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — amerikanizaciis formas iRebs, rasac

saTanado reaqcia mohyveba nacionalizmis sxvadasxva formis gaZlierebis saxiT.

istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturebi warmoadgenen adamianis yofis,

RirebulebaTa da normaTa ierarqiis, TviTSegnebis safuZvels. adamians aSinebs

kulturuli fesvebis dakargvisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, anomiis anu fsiqologiuri

dezorientaciis safrTxe. xSirad es nayofier niadags qmnis fundamentalizmisaTvis.

vesternizaciis process Tan sdevs eTnikuri miTebis, mogonebebisa da tradiciebis

gamococxleba. maT pirispir ki, dgas globaluri, kosmopolituri kultura, romelic,

konkretul istoriul identurobasTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri kulturisagan

gansxvavebiT, moklebulia `mexsierebas~.

vfiqrobT, globalizaciis Tanamedrove interpretaciebSi gadaWarbebiT fasdeba

integraciuli procesebis mniSvneloba. magram naTelia, rom Soreul perspeqtivaSic ki

msoflios mravalferovneba ar waiSleba. rogorc i.krasini aRniSnavs, `msoflio mudam

mravalferovani iyo, magram yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom SeiZleba misi

gaerTmniSvnelianeba. iqmneboda nairnairi sqemebi, da Tumca bevri realoba maTSi ar

`jdeboda~, igulisxmeboda, rom integraciisa da konvergenciis Sedegad msoflio

homogenuri gaxdeboda, da es dasavluri civilizaciis farglebSi moxdeboda~2.

magram suraTi gacilebiT rTulia. cxadia, miswrafeba dasavluri nimuSebisa da

standartebisaken dResac didia da mas zurgs umagrebs dasavleTis teqnologiuri

upiratesoba. Cvens Tvalwin garegnuli ieri icvala mravalma aratradiciulma

sazogadoebam, Tumca maT ar uRalatiaT TavianTi Zireuli principebisaTvis,

romlebic SeuTavsebelia dasavlur individualizmTan. afrikul tomTa beladebi

prezidentebad iqcnen, indoneziaSi gaCnda parlamenti, ganviTarebadi qveynebis

umravlesobaSi deklarirebulia xelisuflebis dayofis principi. mkvlevarTa nawili

amas ubralo mimkriad miiCnevs da misi axsnisaTvis Semdeg martiv mizezs gvTavazobs:

dasavluri kreditebisa da investiciebis mopovebis umTavres pirobas warmoadgens

demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaken svlis formaluri niSnebis arseboba.

tradiciul sazogadoebaTa liderebi dasavluri principebis Sesabamisad iqcevian

mxolod dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi, saSinao sakiTxebis

gadawyvetisas ki tradiciul stereotipebs emyarebian3.

erTi sityviT, saubaria globaluri (dasavlur Targze aWrili) kulturis mxolod

formebis kopirebaze, rac SedarebiT iolad xdeba. magram am formebis safuZvlebi

saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda. dRes dasavluri moda, moxmarebis sagnebi, garTobis

1 sanikiZe g. islamizmi, fundamentalizmi, integrizmi, tradicionalizmi — cnebaTa ganmartebisaTvis. —

sag.saq.saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.42-43. 2 Актуальные вопросы глобализации (Круглый стол «МЭ и МО»). – В журн.: Мировая экономика и международные

отношения, М., 1999, № 5, с.42. 3 Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в., c.135.

33

XX saukunis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi _ SeeerTebinaT `dasavluri teqnika da

aRmosavluri morali~, `muSaoba da locva~, mecniereba da adamianuri faseulobani,

racionalizmi da humanizmi. mwvave problemam — SesaZlebelia Tu ara sxva civilizaciam

aiTvisos dasavluri teqnologia da moaxerxos misi transformireba sakuTar

RirebulebaTa Sesabamisad — cnobil amerikel mkvlevar m.melkosTan Semdegi

interpretacia SeiZina: `Tu CineTma SesZlo induri budizmis transformireba ise, rom

igi ufro daosizms daemsgavsa, ratom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi igi

moaxerxebs dasavluri teqnologiebisa da politikuri ideebis transformirebas ise,

rom isini Cinur kulturas Seesatyvisebodnen?~1

mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs èkleqtikuri msoflios~ Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb,

romelic moicavs dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs da romlis

dasaxasiaTeblad xSirad mimarTaven `msxvilad daWrili salaTis~ an `nakuwebisagan

Sekerili sabnis~ metaforas. es metaforebi Caenacvla `sadnobi Rumelis~ saxeliT

cnobil Teoriul winamorbeds, romliTac aRiniSneboda amerikuli kulturis xasiaTi,

Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciis gadamuSavebisa da

urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. axali saxeliT monaTluli fenomeni ki gulisxmobs ara

mTlian, erTian kulturas, aramed eTnikur kulturul elementTa narevs.

èkleqtikuri msoflios~ liderad jer kidev rCeba dasavleTi, magram aziur-

wynarokeanuri regioni zustad reagirebs civilizacia-lideris nebismier

warumateblobaze da cdilobs mis gamoyenebas Tavis sasargeblod. swored igi SeiZleba

mogvevlinos liberaluri dasavleTis principebis mTavar metoqed2.

meore nawili ar iziarebs amgvar xedvas. magaliTad, a.dirliki miiCnevs, rom aziur-

wynarokeanuri regioni warmoadgens geoekonomikur sistemas, romlis saTaveebTan

idgnen aRmosavleT aziaSi SeWrili evropelebi da amerikelebi. misive azriT, dRes am

sistemis farglebSi mimdinare procesebi dakavSirebulia ukve aRmosavleT azielebis

mier iniciativis xelSi aRebasTan, rasac mosdevs `kvazikonfuciuri menejeruli

kapitalizmis~ mier aSS da kanadaSi sakuTari niSebis Seqmna. amis Sedegad civilizacia-

lideri kargavs sakuTari sistemis funqcionirebis mniSvnelovan rgolebze kontrols,

romelic dasavleTis samyaroSi CarTul ucxo kulturul erTobaTa warmomadgenlebis

xelSi gadadis3.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi garemoeba: Tu XIX saukunesa da

XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi aradasavluri warmomavlobis imigrantebi, xvdebodnen ra

dasavluri kulturis `sadnob RumelSi~, iRebdnen da iTvisebdnen samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis kulturas, axla isini arc cdiloben Camoyalibebul socialur garemoSi

adaptirebas, aramed qmnian diasporebs, tradiciul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul, met-

naklebad daxSul lokalur erTobebs, romlebic cxovroben pirvel rigSi sakuTari da

mxolod Semdeg _ maspinZeli qveynis normebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, isini, rogorc wesi,

iReben dasavleTis qveSevrdomobas da gardaqmnian (cvlian) dasavleTis qveynebis

socialur garemos4.

CineTisa da, saerTod, aRmosavleT aziis garda, dasavleTis civilizaciur

oponentad xSirad ganixilaven muslimur samyaros. xSirad saubroben bipolarizmis

axali formis — dasavleTisa da islamis samyaros dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. dasavleTis

gamowvevis pasuxad muslimuri samyaros gamococxlebis erT-erT formad gvevlineba

1 Melko M. World Systems Theory: Faustian Delusion. – Comparative Civilizations Review, 1994, 30, p.11-12. 2 Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? (С Ламанским, Шпенглером и Тойнби над глобусом ХХ1 века. – В журн.: т.5, № 3

(Россия и ее южные соседи). М.., 2001, с.186. 3 Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? ..., с.186. 4 Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективах

межцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования. М., 2001, № 6, с.137.

32

dasavleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebisa, qristianul rjulze moeqciaT isini. Tu

Cinelebi rodesme isesxeben raimes qristianobidan, albaT, Secvlian mas ise, rom igi

Tavsebadi gaxdes Cinuri kulturis ZiriTad elementebTan. analogiurad, muslimma

arabebma aiTvises, daafases da gamoiyenes èlinuri memkvidreoba ukiduresad

utilitaruli miznebisaTvis. iyvnen ra ZiriTadad dainteresebulni garkveuli

garegnuli formebis an teqnikuri mxareebis aTvisebiT, maT icodnen, Tu rogor

ugulebeleyoT berZnuli filosofiuri azris nebismieri elementi, romelic

ewinaaRmdegeboda yuranis fundamenturi normebiTa da swavlebiT dadgenil

`WeSmaritebas~. iaponiamac msgavsi gza gaiara. VII saukuneSi man ganaxorciela Cinuri

kulturis importi da sakuTari nebiT, `yovelgvari ekonomikuri da politikuri

zewolis gareSe, gardaqmna igi~ ufro maRal civilizaciad. `momdevno saukuneebSi

erTmaneTs enacvleboda kontinenturi gavlenisagan SedarebiTi izolaciisa (roca

xdeboda adrindel nasesxeb elementTa gadarCeva da sasargeblos SeTviseba) da

kontaqtisa Tu kulturuli sesxebis periodebi~. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iaponurma

kulturam SeinarCuna TviTmyofadi saxe. qemalistTa mozomili msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom aradasavluri sazogadoebebi

SeiZleba modernizdnen vesternizebis gziT, ar mtkicdeba. ukiduresi qemalistebis

warmodgena, TiTqos aradasavluri sazogadoebebi unda vesternizrdnen, raTa

SemdgomSi modernizdnen, ar gamodgeba sayovelTao `receptad~. Cndeba kiTxva:

arseboben Tu ara iseTi aradasavluri sazogadoebebi, sadac lokaluri kultura ise

aferxebs modernizaciis process, rom es kultura Zireulad unda amoiZirkvos da

Seicvalos dasavluri kulturiT? Teoriulad, es ufro SesaZlebelia dasrulebul,

vidre instrumentul kulturebSi. instrumentuli kulturebi `xasiaTdeba saboloo

miznebisagan gancalkevebuli da damoukidebeli Sualeduri miznebis vrceli arealis

arsebobiT. es sistemebi advilad ganaxldeba, afarebs ra cvlilebas tradiciis safars.

aseT sistemebs ZaluZT ganaxleba ise, rom arc gamoamJRavnon Zireuli cvlilebebi

TavianT socialur institutebSi. piriqiT, siaxle Zvelis daviwyebas emsaxureba~.

dasrulebuli sistemebi, piriqiT, `xasiaTdeba mWidro kavSiriT Sualedur da saboloo

miznebs Soris... sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, xelisufleba da a.S. warmoadgenen

saguldagulod SekavSirebul, kargad Sekrul sistemas, romelic gamsWvalulia

religiiT, rogorc Semecnebis saxelmZRvanelo proncipiT. aseTi sistemebi yovelTvis

mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni siaxlisadmi~. apteri iyenebs am kategoriebs afrikul

tomebSi momxdari cvlilebebis analizisaTvis. aizenStadtma SedarebiTi meTodis

gamoyenebiT gaaanaliza aziis didi civilizaciebi da msgavs daskvnebamde mivida.

Sinagan cvlilebebs `mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs socialuri, kulturuli da

politikuri institutebis avtonomia~. am mizeziT, SedarebiT ufro instrumentuli

xasiaTis iaponuri da induri sazogadoebebi ufro advilad da adre daadgnen

modernizaciis gzas, vidre konfuciuri da muslimuri sazogadoebebi. maT ufro meti

unari gaaCndaT Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa sesxebisa da maTi gamoyenebisa sakuTari

kulturis ganmtkicebisaTvis. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Cinurma da muslimurma

sazogadoebebma an uari Tqvan rogorc modernizaciaze, ise vesternizaciazec, an

orive miiRon? arCevani arc ase SezRudulia. iaponiasTan erTad, singapuri, taivani,

saudis arabeTi da, naklebad, iranic Tanamedrove (modernul) sazogadoebebad

gardaiqmnen yovelgvari vesternizaciis gareSe. sainteresoa, rom Sahis mcdelobebma,

qemalistur kurss gahyoloda da ganexorcielebina orive _ modernizaciaca da

vesternizaciac, mZafri antidasavluri, magram ara antimodernuli reaqcia gamoiwvia.

CineTic aSkara reformistul gzas daadga.

89

muslimur sazogadoebebs garkveuli siZneleebi SexvdaT modernizaciis gzaze,

amitom faipsi, im Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, rom vesternizacia modernizaciis

aucilebeli pirobaa, miuTiTebs winaaRmdegobaze islamsa da Tanamedroveobas Soris

ekonomikur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa kapitaldabandeba, memkvidreobis kanoni da qalis

Sromis ufleba. magram igi mainc eTanxmeba maqsin rodinsons imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

àr arsebobs araviTari damajerebeli argumenti imisa, rom muslimurma religiam xeli

SeuSala muslimur samyaros Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gziT ganviTarebaSi~. faipsi

amtkicebs, rom islami da modernizacia arc sxva sakiTxebSi ewinaRmdegebian

erTmaneTs. morwmune muslimebs ZaluZT ganaviTaron mecniereba, nayofierad imuSaon

qarxnebSi an gamoiyenon daxvewili iaraRi. modernizacia ar moiTxovs aranair

politikur ideologias an iseT institutebs, rogoricaa arCevnebi, saxelmwifo

sazRvrebi, samoqalaqo organizaciebi. arc dasavluri cxovrebis sxva damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebia aucilebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc mrwamsi, islami

akmayofilebs menejmentis konsultantsac da glexsac. SariaTi arafers ambobs

modernizaciis Tanamdev iseT cvlilebebze rogorica gadasvla soflis meurneobidan

mrewvelobaze, moZraoba soflidan qalaqisken Tu socialuri uZraobis socialuri

mobilurobiT Secvla. igi ar exeba arc iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa sayovelTao

ganaTleba, komunikaciis daCqarebuli saSualebebi, transportis axali saxeobebi Tu

jandacva. yvelaze radikali antivesternistebi da adgilobrivi kulturebis aRorZinebis

momxreebic ki uyoymanod iyeneben Tanamedrove teqnikas _ eleqtronul fostas,

kasetebs Tu televizias — sakuTari ideebis propagandisaTvis. erTi sityviT, modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs vesternizacias. aradasavlur

sazogadoebebs SeuZliaT da SeZles kidec modernizeba sakuTari kulturis uaryofisa

da yvela dasavluri Rirebulebis, institutisa Tu Cveulebis aTvisebis gareSe. es

ukanaskneli, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa: ra dabrkolebebic ar unda Seuqmnan

aradasavlurma kulturebma modernizacias, isini verc ki Seedreba im sirTuleebs,

romlebic vesternizaciis process eRobeba. bavSvuri gulubryviloba iqneboda

gvefiqra, aRniSnavs brodeli, rom modernizacia, anu èrTi civilizaciis triumfi~,

SeiZleba, sawindari gaxdes istoriuli kulturebis mravalricxovnebis mospobisa,

romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xorcs isxamdnen msoflios did civilizaciebSi.

amis nacvlad, modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs da amcirebs dasavleTis Zalas.

msoflio xdeba sul ufro da ufro modernuli da naklebad dasavluri.



rodesac mcire kulturebis modernizaciis sakiTxs vexebiT, dgeba tradiciis

kategoriis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, radgan, umetes SemTxvevaSi mcire kulturebis

modernizacia ganixileba rogorc am kulturaTa tradiciis dakninebis xarjze

ganxorcielebuli procesi, rac am kulturaTa TavisTavadoebis dakargvas utoldeba.

modernizaciam àntitradiciuli~ xasiaTi, albaT, aradasavluri kulturebis

modernizaciis gaanalizebis Sedegad miiRo, radgan am sazogadoebaTa moder-

nizacia, umetesad adgilobrivi tradiciebis daTrgunvis xarjze xdeboda.

dasavlur sazogadoebis konsteqstSi ki modernizacia sworedac dasavluri

tradiciis gagrZelebasa da ganviTarebas niSnavs.

rac ar unda didi iyos kontrasti `tradiciulsa~ da `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs

Soris, warmatebuli modernizacia SeiZleba moxdes tradiciuli regulaciis zogierT

90

aucileblobaze1. e.saidma saWirod miiCnia istoriuli azrovnebis — orientalizmis

filosofiur-istoriuli safuZvlis — binaruli opoziciebidan (`voluntarizmi _

determinizmi~, `dasavluri sazogadoeba — aziuri sazogadoeba~ da a.S.) polimorfuli

obieqtebisa da ganviTarebis nairgvari variantebis mravalganzomilebian analizze

gadasvla, evropocentristuli universalizmis Secvla mravalganzomilebiani

midgomiT, evropuli istorizmis Sesatyvisad dalagebuli masalis `daSla~ da

xelaxali dalageba2. a.abdel-maleki ki aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleTis xalxTa zewolam

da socialur mecnierebebSi momxdarma Zvrebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula

orientalizmis gardaqmnaSi Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad3.

tradiciuli orientalizmis kritikosebs momxreebi TviT dasavlelTa Sorisac

gamouCndnen (j.stidmani, j.gudi da sxv.).

XX s-is bolo meoTxedSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori tendencia: erTi mxriv,

kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiva, meore mxriv, aradasavluri samyaros

gaaqtiureba da msoflios e.w. `fragmentacia~. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erT

ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca globalizaciisa da partikularizmis tendenciaTa

urTierTqmedeba, rig SemTxvevebSi ki _ dapirispireba4. bipolaruli msoflios

demontaJma, rac Sedegad mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da da `civi omis~

dasrulebas, dRis wesrigSi daayena axali msoflios saxis sakiTxi, kerZod, misi erTi

Tu mravalpolusianobis perspeqtiva. es problema, politikurTan erTad, kulturis

sferosac moicavs.

dasavleli mecnierebi sul ufro mets laparakoben msoflios aradasavluri

centrebis Camoyalibebis, islamuri fundamentalizmis safrTxis, konfuciuri

samyaros eqspansiis Sesaxeb. dasavluri samyaros kulturul-civilizaciuri

oponentis rolSi aqtiurad gamodis yofili `mesame samyaro~5, romlis sivrceze

mniSvnelovani procesebi mimdinareobs. igi ramdenime struqturul zonad daiSala,

Camouyalibda sakuTari CrdiloeTi da samxreTi.

`vin icis, iqneb XXI saukuneSi orientalizaciis procesma, rogorc gabatonebulma

tendenciam, Secvalos modernizaciis procesi? wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi

samyaro pretenzias acxadebs alternatiuli civilizaciuri centris rolis

Sesrulebaze axal, postmodernul msoflioSi~, _ kiTxulobs a.neklesa6.

`wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi samyaros~ mzard perspeqtivas Seexo

s.hanTingtonic Tavis cnobil naSromSi. man aRniSna dasavluri civilizaciis rolis

gaoreba aradasavlur civilizaciebTan mimarTebaSi: erTis mxriv, dasavleTi

politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro Zlierebis mwvervalzea da, Sesabamisad,

warmatebiT axerxebs sakuTar kulturul faseulobaTa gavrceleba-danergvas

danarCen msoflioSi; meore mxriv ki, igi sul ufro mzard winaaRmdegobas awydeba

aradasavluri civilizaciebis mxriv, romlebSic aSkarad SeimCneva `sakuTari

kulturuli fesvebisaken mibrunebis~ procesi7. erTni cdiloben modernizacias

vesternizaciis gareSe, meoreni ver axerxeben am ukanasknelis Tavidan acilebas,

mesameni ki konfrontaciul gzas irCeven.

1 ix.: Abdel-Malek A. Orientalism in Crisis. – Abdel-Malek A. Civilizations and Social Theory. Albany, 1981, p.73-96; Said E.

Orientalism. L., 1978 da sxv. 2 Said E. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.127-128. 3 Abdel-Malek A., dasax. naSr., gv.88. 4 Празаускас А.А. Этнонационализм, многонациональное государство и процессы глобализации. – В журн.: Политические

исследования. М., 1997, № 2, с.42. 5 termini “mesame samyaro” 1952 w. daamkvidra frangma mkvlevarma alfred sovim “mesame wodebis” analogiiT

— im wodebisa, romelmac Tavis droze daamxo arsebuli msoflwesrigi. sovis azriT, ignorirebul

“mesame samyaros” momavalSi SeeZlo sul sxva adgilis damkvidreba msoflioSi. 6 Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.78. 7 hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? gv. 10-11.

31

skolebis damsaxurebaa Zveli civilizaciebis Seswavla, evropis biblioTekebSi Zveli

xelnawerebis Tavmoyra da maTi katalogebis gamocema, kvlevis meTodikis SemuSaveba,

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi sakuTari warsulisadmi interesis gaRviveba. amave dros,

orientalizmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba, asaxavs evropelTa damokidebulebas

aRmosavleTis rogorc pasiuri òbieqtisadmi~, romlis miRwevebi Soreul warsulSi

darCa. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmi gacilebiT mets gveubneba TviT dasavleTze,

vidre aRmosavleTze1.

XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX s-is dasawyisSi, evropuli civilizaciiT inteleqtualTa

nawilis imedgacruebam gaacxovela interesi aRmosavleTis, rogorc mdidari

kulturis mxaris mimarT, romlisganac dasavleTs bevri ram unda eswavla, Tu surda

Tavi daeRwia momakvdinebeli meqanicizmisa da materializmisaTvis; aqac interesis

sagnad gvevlineboda ara aRmosavleTi TavisTavad, aramed dasavleTisaTvis misi

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

orientalizmi ganasaxierebda aRmosavleTisadmi evropelTa aqtiur

damokidebulebas. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmma `Seqmna~ iseTi aRmosavleTi,

romelic mTlianad gansxvavdeboda dasavleTisagan da xasiaTdeboda myari niSnebiT _

religiuriT, enobriviT, kulturuliT. uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, aRmosavleTi _ es

iyo aRmosavleli adamianis saxli, sadac is cxovrobda aRmosavlur komfortSi,

aRmosavluri despotizmis pirobebSi, aRmosavluri fatalizmis grZnobiT2.

kolonializmis epoqis dasasrulTan erTad, dasavleTi axali realobis winaSe

aRmoCnda, waawyda ra politikurad gaaqtiurebuli da mebrZoli aRmosavleTis

gamowvevas.

dasavlur orientalizmze reaqciis saxiT gvevlineba aradasavlel xalxTa

mcdeloba, gaiazron sakuTari kulturis originaluroba, xazi gausvan socialuri da

kulturuli arsebobis sakuTari wesis ara mxolod Tanasworobas, aramed

upiratesobas evropulTan SedarebiT. aTwleulebis manZilze yalibdeba met-naklebi

mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone araerTi koncefcia, magaliTad, leopold sengoris

saxelTan dakavSirebuli negritiudi — moZRvreba negro-afrikuli civilizaciis

TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb, romlis sulierebasTan, grZnobadobasTan, uSualobasTan

organuli kavSiris gareSe dasavleTis meqanikuri cxovrebis wess gardauvali daRupva

emuqreba. ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis dasabuTebas, progresis dasavluri modelis

alternativis Seqmnas cdiloben laTinoamerikeli mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT,

`gaTavisuflebis filosofiis~ mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TavianT

miznad acxadeben kontinentis evropocentristuli istoriis daZlevas. isini

aRniSnaven, rom XV saukunidan TandaTan damkvidrda evropuli civilizaciis

universalurobis idea, romelic dRes kulturuli imperializmis saxiT vlindeba. amas

mosdevs laTinuri amerikis qveynebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amerikanizacia. mzardi

erTgvarovnebis logikas `gaTavisuflebis filosofia~ upirispirebs universalizmis

axal models, romelic kulturaTa mravalferovnebis ideas emyareba3.

zemoT saubari gvqonda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqca kulturis fenomeni

mecnieruli da politikuri dapirispirebis obieqtad. dasavleTSi

ganaTlebamiRebulma da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iq momuSave aRmosavlelma mkvlevrebma

laparaki daiwyes dasavluri orientalizmis krizissa da misi principebis gadasinjvis

1 Said E. Orientalizm, p.118. 2 Said E. Orientalizm, p.104. 3 Петякшева Н.И. Трактовка феномена конкисты в латиноамериканской «философии освобождения». – В сб.: Iberica

Americans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.49-54; Деменчонок Э.В. Историко-культурная драма прошлого и проблема «Латинская Америка-Запад» в современной латиноамериканской философии. – Там же, с.54-59.

30

elementze dayrdnobiT. es imas niSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebis warmatebuli

funqcionireba didad aris damokidebuli Sesabamisi tradiciuli winapirobebis

arsebobaze, Tanamedrove sistemaSi maT CarTvaze da gamoyenebaze.

amitom aucilebelia:

1. gadaixedos tradiciisa da cvalebadobis Tanafardoba, Catardes mocemuli

tradiciuli sazogadoebis im ZalTa/faqtorebis analizi, romlebic xels uwyoben

cvlilebebis process da imaTic, romlebic abrkoleben mas. Sesabamisad unda

gaanalizdes am faqtorTa adgili regulaciis zogad struqturul da kulturul

sistemaSi;

2. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic axasiaTebs/Tan axlavs

Tavad tradiciul wesrigs da romlebic scildebian am farglebs da iwveven

sazogadoebis ganaxlebas;

3. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic xels uwyoben

sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas da romlebic am unars Zirs uTxrian;

4. gamovlindes tradiciul sistemaze Tanamedrove cvlilebebis zemoqmedebis

zogadi xasiaTi;

5. ganisazRvros, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoebas gamoimuSaos Tavis sakuTar

memkvidreobaSi unari gadaWras es problemebi; an miaRwios amas axal pirobebTan

adaptaciiT Tavisi centraluri institutebisa da faseulobiT-azrobriv sferoSi

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe (an maTi transformaciiT) (S.N. Eisenshtadt).


am leqciebze SevecdebiT kursis manZilze miRebuli informaciisa da codnis

safuZvelze movaxdinoT qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri (tradiciuli Tu

inovaciuri, individualisturi Tu koleqtivisturi) raobis gansazRvra; aseve

qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi Tavs movuyriT miRebul codnas kulturaSi

tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTqmedebis/proporciis Sesaxeb; moderni-

zaciasTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli kulturis Taviseburebebis gaanalizebas wina (VIII)

TemaSi motanili xuTi punqtis safuZvelze. vecdebiT gavarkvioT qarTuli

sazogadoebis modernizebulobis xarisxi. amisaTvis, kursis interesebidan gamom-

dinare, mimovixilavT ukanaskneli ori saukunis saqarTvelos istorias; visaubrebT

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis fonze qarTul kulturaSi momxdar (an

mosalodnel) cvlilebebze. aqedan gamomdinare, davsaxavTT qarTuli kulturis

ganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebs.

qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis

kvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimarTuleba

eTnologTa mier mopovebuli masalebiT didi xania cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva xalxi

biologiur aqtebsac ki (Jestebi, Tavis daWeris manera, sakvebis miReba, moZraoba,

avadmyofoba, sikvdili da a.S.) sxvadasxvagvarad ganaxorcielebs, da am gansxvavebaTa

safuZveli kulturaa.

arsebobs kulturaTa nairgvari klasifikacia, sxvadasxva kriteriumze dayrdnobiT

SemoTavazebulia kulturaTa sxvadasxva tipologiuri modeli. Cveulebriv, kultu-

ris raobaze msjeloben iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa gaxsniloba—

karCaketiloba, originaluroba—imitaciuroba, tradiciuloba—inovaciuroba da a.S.

ukanasknel wlebSi kulturuli identurobis problemis kvlevaSi, humanitarebTan

erTad, aqtiurad CaerTnen fiziologebi, fsiqologebi, geografebi da neiro-

biologebi.

91

fiziologebis mier SemoTavazebulia Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri

lateralizaciisa da misgan gamomdinare sivrciTi orientaciis gaTvaliswineba

kulturuli identurobis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis1. hemisferoTa funqciuri

lateralizacia niSnavs adamianis fsiqikuri procesebis organizaciaSi tvinis

naxevarsferoTa gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT monawileoba. rogorc aRmoCnda, Tavis

tvinis funqciur lateralizacias, sqesobriv da asakobriv TaviseburebebTan erTad,

eTnikuri Taviseburebebic gaaCnia, romlebic urTierTqmedeben garemosTan,

damokidebuli arian socialur-kulturul faqtorebze da, Tavis mxriv, zegavlenas

axdenen sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze2.

hemisferoTa funqciuri lateralizacia nawilobriv kulturulad determinire-

bulia. sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba Tavis

tvinis funqciur asimetriaSi, sivrceSi orientaciis procesis organizaciis

TvalsazrisiT3.

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiTa da fiziologTa mier SemoTavazebuli

meTodis gamoyenebiT qarTuli kulturis raobis kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi friad

sayuradReboa, Tumca isini jerjerobiT gamoqveynebuli ar aris da amitom maTze

sityvas ar gavagrZelebT.

2000 wlis seqtemberSi neirobiologi, profesori volf zingeri moxsenebiT

warsdga germanel istorikosTa dReze aaxenSi, romelic 43-jer Catarda. man miuTiTa

aRqmisa da mogonebaTa procesebze, rogorc kvlevis erTnairad saintereso saganze

neirobiologebisa da istorikosebisaTvis. pirvelni mas ikvleven rogorc tvinis

funqcionirebis erT-erT sferos, magram, v.zingeris azriT, am kvlevaTa Sedegebi

mniSvnelovania istorikosebisTvisac: isini warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis iyeneben

teqstur da grafikul wyaroebs, romelTa umravlesoba swored aRqmis,

interpretaciisa da mogonebebis Sedegia. mecnieris azriT, wyaroTa sandoobis

xarisxze msjelobisas istorikosebs marTebT tvinis funqcionirebis kvlevis SedegTa

gaTvaliswineba, kerZod, maT mxedvelobaSi unda hqondeT, rom adamianis cnobiereba

garesamyarodan Semomavali signalebis farTo speqtridan arCevs mxolod imaT,

romelTac is elis, romlebic gamosadegia am rTul samyaroSi gadarCenisaTvis. swored

am mciredidan iqmneba Semdeg msoflios suraTi4.

fsiqologebisa da geografebis mier damuSavda e.w. mentaluri rukis koncefcia,

romelic geograf r.m. dounzisa da fsiqolog d.sTeas saxelebs ukavSirdeba.

mentaluri ruka ganimarteba rogorc adamianis subieqturi Sinagani warmodgena

garemomcveli sivrcis nawilze, am nawilis adamianis mier Seqmnili gamosaxuleba.

mentaluri rukis cneba mniSvnelovania saistorio mecnierebisTvisac, radgan

adamianTa jgufebi Tu erTobebi aseve qmnian istoriuli da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT

specifikur warmodgenebs garemomcveli samyaros sivrciT struqturaze. kultu-

rologiisaTvis sayuradReboa ama Tu im sazogadoebis (kulturis) warmodgena

sivrceze, gamoxatuli teqsturad Tu gamosaxulebaTa saxiT — magaliTad, werilobiT

wyaroebSi, rukebsa da naxatebze5.

1 mayaSvili m., samadaSvili i., azmaifaraSvili T., SaianTan Sai a.T. Tavis tvinis funqciuri lateralizaciis

eTnikuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. _ Jurn.: axali paradigmebi, 1, Tb., 1998, gv.155; mayaSvili m. Tavis

tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria adamianis sivrciT orientaciaSi. disertacia biologiur

mecn. doqtoris samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998. 2 mayaSvili m. dasax. naSr., gv.6. 3 iqve, gv.130. 4 Шенк Ф.Б. Ментальные карты: Конструирование географического пространтсва в Европе. – В журн.: Политическая наука,

№ 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.6. 5 iqve, gv.8.

92

tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis mixedviT Znelad xerxdeba, miT umetes, Tu isini

civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi mdebareoben.

isic unda iTqvas, rom Znelia diqotomiuri sqemis `SenarCuneba~ erTi kultu-

ris/civilizaciis mTeli istoriis manZilze, amitom saWiro xdeba damatebiTi deter-

minantebis Semotana1.

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi TviTidentifikacias erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi axdenen.

swored civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesSi gamoikveTeba TiToeuli kulturis

identuroba. am procesSi xdeba faseulobaTa gadarCeva _ dromoWmulis mniSvnelobis

dakargva da drois Sesabamis faseulobaTa aqtualizacia2.

rogorc amerikeli mkvlevari j.stidmani aRniSnavs, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi

mudmivad urTierTqmedeben, iTviseben erTmaneTis faseulobebs, amdidreben

erTmaneTs. aRmosavleTTan urTierTobam didi gavlena iqonia evropuli civilizaciis

Camoyalibebaze3.

d.Saieganis azriT, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis didi kulturebis Seqmna

warsulSi arsebul civilizaciaTa nayofieri dialogis Sedegi iyo4.

a.pirenis sityviT, evropelTa Sexebam islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis ùcxos~

WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebidan

moyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTebs

muslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VII

saukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, daiwyo evropuli kulturis centris

gadanacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan (romelic arabul provinciad iqca)

CrdiloeTisaken. dasrulda romauli tradicia da saTave daedo TviTmyofad

romanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul Tanamegobrobad,

aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~ samyarod5.

erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic daexmara dasavleTs (evropas)

sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis daxasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze

dasavleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia,

SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe.

da mainc, zemoT CamoTvlili opoziciuri wyvilebi, iseve rogorc dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis nebismieri maxasiaTebeli, ZiriTadad, asaxavs dasavlelTa warmodgenas

sakuTar Tavsa da aRmosavlelebad wodebul aradasavlelebze. es damokidebuleba

samecniero literaturaSi orientalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. miCneulia, rom mas

safuZveli 1312 wels Caeyara, roca venis saeklesio krebam daadgina arabuli,

berZnuli, Zvelebrauli da siriuli enebis kaTedraTa Seqmna parizis, oqsfordis,

boloniis, avinionisa da salamankas universitetebSi.

XIX s-is Sua xanebisaTvis evropaSi soliduri codna dagrovda aRmosavleTis

Sesaxeb, magram igi, ZiriTadad, Zveli periodiT Semoifargleboda. Seiswavleboda

Zveli wignebi, xelnawerebi, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Sesaswavl qveyanaSi

Casul evropel mkvlevars eWvi ar epareboda Tavis `wignismier~ codnaSi, magram

realoba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda warmodgenisagan, adgilobrivi mkvidrni —

literaturuli saxeebisagan. faqts axsna Wirdeboda da isic moiZebna: aborigenTa

gadagvareba da odesRac didebuli kulturis daknineba. dasavleTis orientalisturi

1 Ерасов Б.С. О статусе культурно-цивилизационных исследований. – В сб.: цивилизации и культуры. Вып.1. Россия и

Восток: цивилизационные отношения. М., 1994, с.15. 2 Василенко Н.А. Источники и механизмы согласия в межкультурном диалоге. – В сб.: Цивилизации и культуры. Вып.3. М.,

1996, с.406. 3 Steadman J.M. The Myth of Azia. N.Y., 1969, p.26-27. 4 Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Ciltural Studies. V-VI, 4, Tokyo, 1977, p.36-37. 5 cit.naSromidan: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71.

29

civilizaciaTa istoriebad, SemdgomSi, swored evropis mier inicirebulma

transformaciebma erTiani sakacobrio istoria Teoriulidan praqtikul sferoSi

gadaitana.

mkvlevarTa azriT, es roli ganpirobebuli iyo evropuli civilizaciis unikaluri

Sinagani TaviseburebebiT, romelTac gansazRvres misi sicocxlisunarianoba da

eqspansia, socialur-kulturul niSebSi Canergvisa da ucxo kulturul garemoSi

gadarCenis unari. mecnierTa nawili ZiriTad Taviseburebad miiCnevs antikur epoqaSi

Camoyalibebul polisis struqturas, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis struqturul-tipologiur gansxvavebas. polisi orientirebuli iyo

moqalaqis kerZo sakuTrebasa da Tavisufali bazris institutebze, rac principulad

ucnobi iyo aRmosavleTis nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis1. mas daefuZna evropuli

feodalizmi avtonomiuri qalaq-komunebiT, romlebic politikur brZolaSi

damoukidebel subieqtebad gamodiodnen, rac agreTve ucnobi iyo sxva

civilizaciebisaTvis. Camoyalibda erTiani mwkrivi antikuri polisidan — Sua

saukuneebis saqalaqo komunebis gavliT — industriuli da postindustriuli

sazogadoebisaken2.

dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis problema

Tanamedrove etapze

XX s-is bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze didi yuradReba eqceva civilizaciaTa da

kulturaTa urTierTobis problemaTa Seswavlas. am sakiTxebs sxvadasxva kuTxiT

ikvlevs kulturologia, sociologia, saistorio mecniereba. am mimarTulebiT

mimdinare kvlevaTa da miRweuli Sedegebis popularizaciaSi makoordinirebel

funqcias asrulebs `kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis kvlevisa da swavlebis

saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ (SIETAR International), romelic yovelwliurad marTavs

konferenciebs, gamoscems specialur Jurnals.

cnobili germaneli mecnieris karl iaspersis Teoriis mixedviT, msoflios

dayofas dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad safuZveli e.w. `RerZul droSi~ Caeyara,

saidanac saTaves iRebs, agreTve erTiani, globaluri msoflio, rogorc im droisaTvis

Soreuli perspeqtiva. swored maSin yalibdeba is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis saxe gansazRvres. rogorc wesi, samecniero

literaturaSi es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg opoziciur wyvilebad jgufdeba: indivi-

dualizmi-koleqtivizmi, inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba, racionaloba-intuiciuroba,

Tavisufleba-wesrigi, neba-fatalizmi, anTropocentrizmi-Teocentrizmi, materiali-

zmi-suliereba, pragmatizmi-idealizmi, obieqtivizmi-subieqtivizmi, dinamizmi-stati-

kuroba, istorizmi-aistorizmi da sxv. aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi urTierTSeRwevadni

gaxdnen, pirvel rigSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis arealSi, sadac aRmocenda didi

civilizaciebi, maT Soris evropulic.

rac Seexeba maxasiaTebelTa dajgufebas opoziciur wyvilebad, Tavis droze,

p.sorokini miuTiTebda, rom aseTi diqotomiuri sqemebis gardauval nakls warmo-

adgens erTi tipis farglebSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli

socialur-kulturuli warmonaqmnebis Tavmoyra, agreTve did Tu mcire erTobaTa

specifikis gamokveTis sirTule. Cveni azriT, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis swored mcire

kulturebze, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli kultura da romelTa

1 Васильев Л.С. Восток и Запад в истории (Основные параметры проблематики). – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к

цивилизации, с.104. 2 Драгунский Д.В., Цымбурский В.Л. Генотип европейской цивилизации. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1991,

№ 1, с.7-8.

28

im determinantTagan, romlebze dayrdnobiT axdenen kulturaTa tipologizebas,

erT-erTi sainteresoa fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. SevexebiT zogierT maTgans,

romelTa gaanalizebisa da maT konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis raobis gaazrebis

sayuradRebo mcdelobani samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba.

fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa erToblioba Cvens saistorio wyaroebsa da

literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba sityviT `xasiaTi~. qarTvelTa xasiaTis pirvel

yvelaze srul aRweras vaxuSti bagrationTan vxvdebiT. mis mier aRniSnul

fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan zogierTi momdevno xanis mecnierTa ganxilva-

analizis sagnad iqca, amitom srulad movitanT vaxuStiseul daxasiaTebas: `xolo

kacni amis queynisani arian... mxneni muSakni, WirTa momTmenni, cxensa zeda da

mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, mkvircxlni, mswraflni; salaSqroTa Sina axovanni,

saWurvelT moyuareni, amayni, laRni, saxelis meZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa

saxelTaTvis ara rideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissa, stumarTa da ucxoT moyuareni;

mxiarulni, ukeTu orni anu samni arian, ararai SeiWirvian; uxuni, arca Tvissa da arca

sxvisas krZalaven; saunjeTa ara mmesvelni; gonierni, mswrafl-mimxdomni, mCemebelni,

swavlis moyuareni. urTierTis mimyolni, sikeTis damswavlelni da mimgebelni,

sircxvilis mdevarni, keTil-borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyuareni,

Tualmgebni da moTakileni~1.

qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvris mcdelobas vxvdebiT

k.kapanelis naSromSi `qarTuli kulturis suli~, Tumca avtori operirebs ara

kulturis, aramed temperamentisa da sulis cnebebiT: `Cveni temperamenti qaluri da

isteriulia: tragedias qarTuli suli ar icnobs; rac unda cudad mimdinareobdes

cxovreba Cvens garSemo, Cven mainc ocnebebsa da imedebSi varT~. `qarTuli suli

isteriuli da paTetiuria, arasistematuri~. `qarTveli fsiqologiurad akrobati da

Jonglioria~2.

araracionalizmi, romelsac k.kapaneli qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs

(erTTavad ocnebebsa da imedebSi yofna) tipuri aradasavluri niSania. rogorc Tavad

k.kapaneli ambobs, àRmosavleTi grZnobis qveyanaa: sisxlis intensiuri moZraoba

gulis saSualebiT gonebas ebrZvis~3. es savsebiT Seesabameba imave avtoris mier

qarTuli kulturis Sefasebas sxva niSnebis mixedviTac. kerZod, sxva naSromSi

k.kapaneli aRniSnavs, rom `Soreuli warsulidan saqarTvelo ganicdida aRmosavleTis

gavlenas. qarTuli literatura da xalxuri metyveleba erTnairad atarebs daRs

muslimanur-arabuli kulturis gavlenis. `vefxistyaosani~ aTargulia muslimanur-

arabuli kulturis ideologiur dazgaze. droTa viTarebaSi qarTuli suli Caiketa

aziuri cxovrebis degradaciis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo istoriulma aucileblobam

daayena muslimanur qveynebTan erTad degeneraciis gzaze~4. mxolod XIX saukunis

dasawyisidan Semodis `qarTuli kulturis aRmosavleTur wyobaSi dasavleTuri

kultura~, romelic mxolod Soreuli naSTis saxiTRa SemorCeniliyo5.

qarTvelTa kulturuli raobis sakiTxze msjelobisas k.kapaneli aRniSnavda:

`qarTul ZarRvebSi moZraobs sisxli Cqari, ryevadi TiTqmis yvela aRmosavluri rasis

da tomis: gadmodiodnen ra aRmosavleTidan saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze azielebi,

1 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. — qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1973, gv. 45. 2 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv. 328-330. 3 kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. _ iqve, gv. 108. 4 iqve, gv.98-99. 5 iqve, gv.108.

93

tovebdnen rogorc TavianT zne-Cveulebebs da stils, agreTve fiziologiur

elementebs, ujredebs, sisxls~1.

sainteresoa, ratom mxolod azielebi (Tumca, cxadia, maTi ricxvi meti iyo da

maTTan kontaqti _ xangrZlivi)?

zogi mkvlevris azriT, mfarvelis Zieba qarTuli kulturis aradasavlurobis erT-

erTi mkafio niSania. àraferia ufro araevropuli, an aradasavluri, vidre kargi

`patronis~ Tu `mfarvelis~ Zieba, romlis kalTasac amoefarebi, _ wers g.nodia. _

`dasavlurobis~ TviT ideisTvis ganmsazRvrelia adamianis Tavisufleba, misi

pasuxismgebloba, misi arCevani, da Semdeg misi aqtivoba, Sroma, mimarTuli am arCevanis

gansaxorcieleblad. es aqtivoba, Sroma, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs Zalisxmevas

sakuTari cxovrebis mosawyobad da sakuTari Tavis Sesaqmnelad~2.

vfiqrobT, g.nodias daskvna metismetad kategoriulia. niSnavs Tu ara mfarvelis

Zieba pasuxismgeblobis sxvisTvis gadabarebas? iqneb, es swored sakuTar Tavze

pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa (moZebnili `mfarvelis~ gamo), is arCevania, romlis ufleba

adamianis TavisuflebaSi Sedis da romlis ganxorcielebas sworedac zemoT naxsenebi

`Sroma da aqtivoba~ sWirdeba?

sad ganTavsdeba qarTuli kultura fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa mixedviT?

qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvrisaTvis g.gaCeCilaZe

gvTavazobs resentimentis _ mexsierebaSi motivtive `mtanjvel mogonebaTa~ _

maxasiaTebels, romelsac garkveuli funqcia ekisreba kulturis sistemaSi. am

sistemaSi, aRniSnavs g.gaCeCilaZe, resentimenti aris toinbiseuli `gamowvevisa da

pasuxis~ analogi. masze dayrdnobiT ganasxvaveben `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~

kulturebs. pirveli tipis kultura pirovnebaze socialuri kontrolis orientirad

sircxvilis kategorias iyenebs (ra azris arian Cems Sesaxeb sxvebi), meore _ sindisisa

(rogor gamoviyurebi Cemi TviTSefasebis samsjavroze)3.

am ori tipis gamijvna Znelia, radgan maT Soris sazRvrebi gamWvirvale ufroa,

vidre Seuvali. da mainc, garkveuli pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierebi iyeneben

am maxasiaTebels kulturaTa tipologizaciasTvis: aRmosavluri kulturebi

(iaponuri, Cinuri, arabuli) sircxvilis kulturebad miiCneva, dasavluri (evropuli,

amerikuli) _ danaSaulisa4.

rogorc g.gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, bunebrivia, rom aRmosavlur-dasavlur kultu-

raTa gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTveloSi, rogorc sarkeSi, ise irekleba

`sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~ kulturaTa tipologia5. danaSaulis kulturis

klasikur nimuSad miaCnia mkvlevars `galobani sinanulisani~, amave kulturidan

gamoxmobil gmirebad _ vaJas joyola, aluda da mindia. amave dros, qarTul

kulturaSi adamiani fasdeba movaleobasTan anu rolebriv funqciasTan misi

Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze, movaleobaTa arsis matarebeli ki sircxvilis kulturaa. am

tipis kulturis, rogorc erTi medlis, or mxared miaCnia g.gaCeCilaZes adre Sua

saukuneebis `SuSanikis wameba~ da renesansuli `vefxistyaosani~, igive tipis

1 kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, iqve,

gv.330. 2 nodia g. winaTqma krebulisaTvis “Wkua vaisagan”, Tb., 1994, gv.IV. 3 gaCeCilaZe g. Ressentiment-is (“mtanjvel mogonebaTa”) erTi gamoZaxilis Sesaxeb da gamo. _ gaz. “axali 7

dRe”, Tb., 2001, 13-19 aprili, gv.14-15. 4 ix. Jurn. “ogoniokidan” gadmobeWdili Jurnalist a.nikonovis interviu fsiqologiis mecn. doqt.

t.stepanenkosTan: aRmosavleTi _ dasavleTi: sircxvilis kultura mtyuanobis winaaRmdeg. _ gaz.

“saqarTvelos respublika”, 17-18. 10. 2001. 5 gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.

94

koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT Sromisadmi; damokidebulebiT

samarTlis rogorc socialur urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniurisa da

imqveyniuris urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT sikvdilisadmi; religiurobis

formebiT; istoriis aRqmiTa da misi mimarTulebis gaazrebiT (progresi, wrebrunva,

regresi); damokidebulebiT mSoblebsa da Svilebs, Taobebs, saerTod, socialuri

mTelis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris da sxv.

dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs kidev mravali

maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris _ ierarqiuli urTierTobebi, informaciis gacvlis

sxvadasxva wesi, araverbaluri komunikaciis sxvadasxva forma. es yvelaferi naTlad

vlindeba ara mxolod filosofiuri Tu socialuri moZRvrebebis, an istoriuli

warsulis aRqmis analizisas, aramed yofiT da saqmian urTierTobebSic. magaliTad,

dasavluri kulturebi zustad gansazRvraven dros da dagvianeba danaSaulad Tu ara,

araseriozul saqcielad iTvleba, aziis rig qveynebSi dagvianebiT veravis gaakvirveb,

aq aCqareba saWiro ar aris. arabebi yavis smasa da saubars saqmis keTebad miiCneven,

amerikelebi ki mas drois fuW flangvad Tvlian. Cinelebi da iaponelebi udides pativs

scemen ierarqiul urTierTobebs, amerikelebi ki Tanasworobis xazgasmas cdiloben.

amerikuli instruqciebi imasac ki iTvaliswinebs, rom aziis warmomadgenlebTan

fotografirebis dros sasurvelia jdoma, raTa TvalSisacemi ar iyos simaRleSi

sxvaoba. iaponelebs principulad ar SeuZliaT àra~-s Tqma, radgan es maT kulturaSi

uzrdelobad iTvleba, amitom molaparakebis dros isini aTasgvari zrdilobiani

formiT cdiloben uaris Tqmis Tavidan acilebas, rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Seyavs maTi

dasavleli partniorebi1.

cxadia, rom nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili niSniT romelime kulturis

tipologiuri gansazRvra friad Znelia. kidev ufro rTuli warmosadgenia, rom esa Tu

is kultura zustad `Cajdes~ maxasiaTebelTa mTel CamonaTvalSi. Cven mxolod

romelime tipisadmi misi zogadi kuTvnilebis gansazRvra SegviZlia, isic pirobiTad.

magaliTad, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac aSkaraa, rom qarTul kulturas zog

SemTxvevaSi dasavluri maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba, zogSi — aRmosavluri, xan ki arc

erTi da arc meore. es bunebrivicaa, radgan dasavleT-aRmosavleTis mijnaze

mdebareobisa da xan erTis, xan meoris orbitaSi moqcevis gamo, Cvens kulturaSi

`daileqa~ rogorc erTis, ise meoris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da gamomuSavda kidev

mesame — orivesgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi.

unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavlur da dasavlur civilizaciaTa tipologiuri gamijvnis

sakiTxi sabolood garkveuli ar aris. i.pavlenko aRniSnavs, rom Tu aRmosavlur

sazogadoebaTa buneba, ase Tu ise, gamoikveTa bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevaTa

Sedegad, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, jer kidev elis

Seswavlas2. albaT, pavlenko sabWoTa da rus mkvlevarTa ukanaskneli aTwleulis

naSromebs gulisxbobs, Torem kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, Zalian

saintereso pasuxi aqvs gacemuli maqs vebers3.

evropeli da rusi mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom evropulma (dasavlurma)

civilizaciam gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic ar

icnobs sxva civilizacias esoden masStaburi, msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli

gavleniT. Tu XIX saukunemde, Spenglerisa da toinbis kvaldakval, kidev SeiZleba

msoflio istoriis danawevreba calkeul, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel

1 Почепцов Г.Г. Теории коммуникации. М.-Киев, 2001, с.600-603. 2 Павленко Ю.В. Происхождение цивилизаций: Альтернативные пути. – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к цивилизации.

Коллект. монография, под ред. Н.Н.Крадина, А.В.Коротаева, Д.М.Бондаренко, В.А.Лынши. М., 2000, с.127. 3 Вебер М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. – Избранные произведения. М., 1990, с. 61-344.

27

kulturul istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi-


materializmi suliereba

sekularizacia religiuroba

realizmi/pragmatizmi idealizmi

obieqtivizmi subieqtivizmi

pluralizmi monizmi

racionaloba intuiciuroba

bunebis damorCileba bunebasTan adaptacia

dinamizmi statikuroba

samarTali morali

mecnieruli codna sakraluri codna

Tavisufleba wesrigi

neba fatalizmi

anTropocentrizmi Teocentrizmi

ra Tqma unda, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom es maxasiaTeblebi araTu mTel

civilizacias, aramed erT konkretul kulturasac ki idealurad `miesadagos, magram

Tu romelime kultura met-naklebad pasuxobs erT an meore `moTxovnebs~, mainc

gveZleva misi tipologiurad gansazRvris saSualeba.

radgan kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena kulturaTa klasifikaciis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi safuZvelia, amitom unda SevexoT sakiTxs, romelic kulturuli

maxasiaTeblis raobasa da mis kulturasTan urTierTmimarTebas exeba.

kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im

sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic am

sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa da azrovnebis formaSi

vlindeba da dakavSirebulia koleqtiuri fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi

droSi met-naklebad ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da

mas èrovnul~ an `kulturul xasiaTs~ uwodeben. a.baroninis ganmartebiT, erovnuli

xasiaTi naciis fsiqikuri wyobis komponentia, romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc

realobis sxvadasxva gamovlinebisadmi konkretuli eTnikuri erTobis urTierTobis

(damokidebulebis) sistema, gamovlenili azrovnebis myar stereotipebSi, emociur

reagirebasa da zogadad qcevaSi1. rogor xdeba kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis

formireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT, ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs,

romlebic dakavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan,

aseve gare faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad, maT

urTierTzemoqmedebasTan.

kulturul maxasiaTeblebs daaxloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven

eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba sxvadasxva

terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli xasiaTi, kulturuli

(eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba, mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas,

rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc `mouxelTebelia~, bolomde axsnili ar aris da,

SesaZloa, arc eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba

zustad aixsnas, aseve (da miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri xasiaTis

erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra.

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian samyaros xedviTa da

masSi adamianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa da masze zemoqmedebis (misi

Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv.; individisa da

1 Баронин А.С. Этническая психология. Киев, 2000. с.254.

26

gamovlinebas xedavs XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul kulturaSi da askvnis, rom àm inerciis

cxovelmyofeloba ar ganelebula XIX-XX saukunebSic~1.

amgvarad, g.gaCeCilaZis mixedviTac, qarTuli kulturis adgili kvlav aRmosavlur

kulturaTa Soris iZebneba, Tumca Tavad mkvlevari daskvnisagan Tavs ikavebs, mxolod

savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `kulturis am meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe impresionizmis doneze rCeba qarTuli kulturisa da mentalobis analizis

yvelaze warmatebuli cdebi rogorc literaturis istoriaSi, ise kulturis

filosofiaSi~2.

g.niJaraZem qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra sxva maxasi-

aTebliT scada, kerZod, mimarTa germaneli fsiqiatris kreCmeris mier SemoTavazebul

pirovnebaTa `fsiqiatriul~ klasifikacias, romelic Semdgom gadatanil iqna

kulturebzec. miCneul iqna, rom yoveli kultura ganamtkicebs garkveuli tipis

ganwyobebsa da qcevebs da xels uSlis sxvaTa damkvidrebas. yovel kulturaSi

miRebuli normebisa da faseulobebis kompleqsi midrekilia ama Tu im `fsiqiatriuli~

mimarTulebiT _ paranoiduli, katatoniuri Tu isteroiduli. magaliTad, amerikul

(aSS) kulturas paranoidul tips miakuTvneben, laTinuramerikul kulturebs _

katatoniurs da a.S. g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura isteroidul tips

ganekuTvneba. misi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania emociis ufro intensiuri

gamoxatva, vidre gancdis siRrmes Seesabameba. qarTuli kulturis isteroiduli

xasiaTis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebad mkvlevari miiCnevs Cveni kulturis `bazur~

ritualebs _ panaSvidsa da sufras3. masve mocemuli aqvs am ukanaskneli ritualis

friad saintereso analizi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia qarTuli sufris (rogorc misi

mimdinareobis, aseve menius) ritualuri xasiaTi.

ritualizebisaken midrekileba aseve aRmosavlur kulturaTa maxasiaTeblad

iTvleba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom g.gaCeCilaZis azriT, qarTuli kulturis

midrekileba yofiTobis ritualizebisaken mkafio gamovlinebaa movaleobasTan

mimarTebaSi adamianis Sefasebis tradiciisa (sircxvilis kultura), xolo dakrZalvis

ceremoniali da Wama-smis rituali amis TvalsaCino dasturia. Tumca kulturaTa

gzajvaredinze yofnis faqti aqac mJRavndeba: `Tamada qarTul sufraze da

sadRegrZelos poetika Tavidan bolomde nasazrdoebia `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~

poetikidan gamoxmobili aqsesuarebiT~4.

movaleobisadmi damokidebulebis niSniT sxvagvarad afasebs qarTul kulturas

k.kapaneli, romlis azriT, `Cvens ers ufro afeqtebi amoZravebs, vidre movaleoba~,

saidanac gamomdinareobs, cota ar iyos, ucnauri daskvna imis Taobaze, rom `qarTul

kulturas axrCobs, originalobas umcirebs da nebisyofas usustebs ùCemoT vin

imRereToba~... Cveni kulturis provincializmi damTavrda logikurad personalizmiT.

socialuri, koleqtiuri arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqti CvenSi ar moqmedebs;

qarTveli piradi interesebis TvalsazrisiT uyurebs yovlgvar sazogado saqmes,

yovelgvar istoriul moZraobas~5.



tipologizebas.



1 gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr. 2 iqve. 3 niJaraZe g. qarTuli sufra kulturul konteqstSi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2000, 8-9, gv.12. 4 gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr. 5kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv.327-328.

95


























mkafiod ganisazRvros, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)



romelsac arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,








Cveni Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, albaT, isic metyvelebs, rom g.niJaraZes

saSualeba aqvs imsjelos zemoT dasaxelebuli maxasiaTeblis funqciobasa da rolze

qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganixilos igi istoriul

WrilSi. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs am maxasiaTeblis moqmedebis adaptaciur Rirebulebaze

damoukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi: es iyo erT-erTi faqtori, romlis meSveobiT Cven

SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba, ena, kulturuli faseulobebi4. es sistema morgebuli

1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7. 2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8. 4 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.

96

SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-dasavleTis diqotomiamde. ramdenad Seesabameba

realobas am diqotomiis arseboba, ramdenad marTebulia aRmosavleT/dasavleTis

sazogadoebaTa klasificireba rogorc aramodernuli, koleqtivisturi, tradiciuli

da modernuli, individualisturi, inovaciurisa, es diskusiis msjelobis sagani

iqneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs kulturs tradiciisa da modernizaciis

urTierTqmedebis gaazrebas.

aRmosavleTi-dasavleTi _ kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis fenomenze yuradRebis gamaxvileba saWirod

CavTvaleT, pirvel rigSi, imdenad, ramdenadac pirdapir kavSirSia tradiciulobisa da

modernulobis gagebis erT-erT interpretaciasTan.

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ kacobriobis cnobierebaSi arsebuli mudmivi

opozicia _ warmogvidgeba ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli sivrcis saxiT. TavisTavad

es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens eTnikuri

(da, Sesabamisad, kulturuli) TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan sivrces. metic, isini

swored erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi yalibdebian met-naklebad mkafiod gamokveTil

mTlianobad. am ori samyaros tipologia da mecnieruli Seswavla mTlianad dasavluri

samyaros iniciativaa. aman bevri ram gansazRvra maTze Sexedulebis formirebis

TvalsazrisiT, rac xSirad ar Tanxvdeboda arsebul sinamdviles (es gasakuTrebiT

aRmosavleTze iTqmis). unda aRvniSnoT, rom dasavleTi, aRmosavleTisagan

gansxvavebiT, ufro advilad aRiqmeba TavisTavad erTobad, radgan integrirebuli

dasavleTis tradicias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. aRmosavleTis erTgvarovan sivrced

ganxilva ki samarTlianad eqvemdebareba kritikas. aRmosavleTi moicavs muslimur,

konfuciur, budistur da sxva erTobebs j.stidmani sruliad uaryofs dasavleT-

aRmosavleTis diqotomias. misi azriT, aRmosavleTze, aziaze ar SeiZleba saubari,

rogorc raimegvar erTobaze, radgan igi Sedgeba `subkontinenturi civili-

zaciebisagan~: SoreulaRmosavluri, induri da islamuri1.

miuxedavad amisa, mainc xdeba Zalian pirobiTi maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva,

romlebiTac ganasxvaveben dasavlur an aRmosavlur kulturebs:

socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi


ganviTarebuli, urbanistuli CamorCenili, sasoflo

industriuli agraruli

warmoeba rogorc bazisi ganawileba rogorc bazisi

politikuri maxasiaTeblebi


samoqalaqo, demokratiuli patriarqaluri, avtoritaruli,

despoturi

istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi


istorizmi aistorizmi

xazovani dro cikluri dro

1 Стидман Дж. Миф об Азии. // Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций. Хрестоматия. М., 1998. c. 261.

25

koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~1. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli sazo-

gadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT ev-

ropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas. dasavleT

evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas gamoar-

Ceven.

saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq indivi-

dualisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi


aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata da mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur

kulturad Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT

gvqonda saubari.

sivrcisa da drois kulturebi

samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `drois kulturisa~ da `sivrcis kulturis~

cnebebi. am klasifikaciiT, Tanamedrove dasavleTi, moderni _ drois kulturaa; misi

mTavari maxasiaTebelia dinamikuroba, mudmivi cvalebadoba, romelic ukeTesisaken

gamudmebul svlad gaiazreba. Sesabamisad, arsebobs mniSvnelobaTa mobiluri

struqturebi da cvalebadi formebi. CveulebaTa azri mudmivad kiTxvis qveS dgeba da,

saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare, icvleba. aradasavleTi, premoderni an aramoderni

_ sivrcis kulturaa, romelic aRbeWdilia TavianT adgilsamyofelze adamianTa da

saganTa mijaWvulobis niSniT. es aris mSvidi, statikuri inercia, romelic adamianebs

simyudrovis, usafrTxoebisa da movlenaTa prognozirebadobis gancdas aniWebs.

drois kategoria am kulturisaTvis ucxo ar aris, magram igi, iseve rogorc masTan

dakavSirebuli cvalebadoba, did rols ar TamaSobs. drois kulturis sworxazovani,

swrafwarmavali droisagan gansxvavebiT, es cikluri droa, romelic wrebrunvas

asrulebs gaCenas, aRsasrulsa da kvlav gaCenas Soris. sivrcis kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia myari sazogadoebrivi jgufebis arseboba, romlebic gansazRvraven

calkeul individTa cxovrebas dabadebidan sikvdilamde da romlebTanac es

individebi mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli. sivrcis kultura aRbeWdilia myari

ritualebiT, wes-Cveulebebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunviT. es wes-Cveulebebi am saxiT

mxolod am kulturaSi _ am sivrceSi, am niadagze arseboben, simyudrovisa da

Sinaurulobis ganwyobas uqmnian im adamianebs, vis Cveulebebsac isini warmoadgenen2.

saqmis gamartiveba iqneboda daSveba, rom droisa da sivrcis niSniT dasavluri da

aRmosavluri kulturebi mkafiod emijnebian erTmaneTs. v.Smidis azriT, sivrcis

kultura arsebobs planetis oTx mexuTedze, TviT aRmosavleT evropis CaTvliT.

ufro metic _ daZabuloba drosa da sivrces Soris Tavs iCens ara mxolod

erTmaneTisagan geografiulad gamijnul regionebSi, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac:

magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi faSisturi dajgufeba gamodis modernis

winaaRmdeg da piriqiT, iranSi XXI saukunis damdegs mravali axalgazrda uwevs

winaaRmdegobas aramodernul, xist mmarTvelobas3.

sabolood kulturaTa aseTi saxis dajgufebam:

individualisturi koleqtivisturi

inovaciuri tradiciuli

drois sivrcis

1 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4. 2 Smidi v. omi sivrcesa da dros Soris (leqcia, wakiTxuli 2001 wlis 15 oqtombers, iv.javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi). _ gaz.: “Cveni mwerloba” 49 (75), Tb., 7-14 dekemberi, 2001, gv.2. 3 Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.

24

iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvravda da agvarebda

(cudad Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa da loialobis safasurad~1.

marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganagebda

qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala da ara mTliani

qveynisa, aramed sxvadasxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseT

viTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ da `koleqtiuri

arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed swored

mcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa da

pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqedanve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mier

aRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualur

urTierTobaTa damyarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi da, amave dros, sajaro

qcevis CvevaTa deficiti.

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT dasaxelebuli

adaptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSe

axal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas.

axla davubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT kulturaTa

(sazogadoebaTa) dasavluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv,

individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven.

aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegi

garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia

da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia,

vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas

da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi2. XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic

mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi

tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs3.





koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~4. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli

sazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT

evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas.

dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas

gamoarCeven.

saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individu-

alisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi


aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur kulturad

Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqonda saubari.

holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTi

maxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs,

`kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli5. maskulinuri

1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 2 surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli

kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7. 3 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984. 4 muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4. 5 ix.: surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _

Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82.

97

(mamakacuri) kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mamakacisa da qalis socialuri

rolebis mkveTri gamijnva; normirebulia mamakacuri da qaluri profesiebi da

saqmianobis sferoebi; qalis cxovreba ufro mkacradaa reglamentirebuli, vidre

mamakacis, da wesis darRvevisaTvis mas mamakacze ufro mZime sasjeli elis;

sazogadoebas msWvalavs mamakacuri faseulobani, fasobs yvelaferi didi, masStaburi

da Zlieri; warmatebis demonstrireba karg tonad miiCneva; azrovneba raciona-

lurobisaken iswrafvis. feminur kulturebSi pirveladia is faseulobani, romlebic,

tradiciulad, qalis rols ukavSirdeba: Tavmdabloba; komforti da daculoba;

sxvebze _ gansakuTrebiT, sustebze _ zrunva; orientacia urTierTobebze da ara

saqmeze; lamazad miiCneva ara `yvelaze didi~, aramed patara da koxta; mniSvnelovania

romelime jgufisadmi kuTvnileba; azrovneba intuitiurisaken ixreba. g.hofstedes

mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, Tanamedrove ganviTarebul kulturebSi maskuli-

nobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva iaponia, romelsac mosdevs germanulenovani

kulturebi. feminurobis maCvenebliT pirveloben skandinaviis qveynebi da holandia1.

Tumca miCneulia, rom maskulinoba-feminurobis done kulturaSi met-naklebad myaria,

igi mainc SeiZleba Seicvalos konkretuli socialur-politikuri garemoebebis

zegavleniT. magaliTad, omebi, politikuri krizisebi da msgavsi movlenebi gmirebis

moTxovnilebas badebs da maskulinobis Rirebulebas zrdis2, magram Zneli saTqmelia,

ramdenad myaria aseTi koniunqturiT gamowveuli cvlileba da, saerTod, cvlis Tu ara

igi kulturis maskulinur Tu feminur xasiaTs.

maskulinuri da feminuri kulturebis garda, arsebobs Sereuli tipis kulturebi.

g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

masSi Tanaarseboben maskulinuri da feminuri niSnebi, romelTa ucnaur kombinacias

ganapirobebs Cveni kulturis erTgvari infantilizmi.

fsiqologTa interesis sferos scildeba imis kvleva, ganviTarebis romeli

etapidan iCens Tavs es infantilizmi, bavSvuroba, survili _ davrCeT bavSvad, ro-

melsac mudmivad sWirdeba deda. saerTod, es (da sxva) kulturuli ganzomilebebi

istoriul WrilSi aravis ukvlevia. aseTi samuSaos Catarebas, albaT, istorikosTa da

fsiqologTa erToblivi Sroma dasWirdeba, romelTagan pirvelebis mier moZiebul

faqtebsa Tu movlenebs (miRebuls ara mxolod istoriul xdomilebaTa qronologiuri

rigis gaxsenebiT, aramed saistorio wyaroTa analizis da sxva monacemebis Sejerebis

gziTac) meoreni kulturis fsiqologiuri kvlevis meTodebis momarjvebiT

gaiazreben.

jerjerobiT ki, fsiqologTa mier mxolod is aRiniSneba, rom `sazogadoeba an

maskulinuri unda iyos, an feminuri; infantilur sazogadoebas mxolod daqvemde-

barebuli qveynis statusiT SeuZlia arseboba~, aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom

Cveni sazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiTac unda Camoyalibdes, anu gansazRvros sakuTari

saxe. magram aq Ria rCeba sakiTxi: ramdenad cnobieria kulturuli ganzomilebebis

Camoyalibebis procesi, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am procesebis mizanmimarTuli marTva?

rac Seexeba individualizmi-koleqtivizmisa da maskulinoba-feminurobis

maxasiaTebelTa urTierTmimarTebas, literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis

sapirispirod, g.hofstede aRniSnavda maskulinobis individualizmTan, xolo femi-

1 g.niJaraZe saintereso garemoebaze miuTiTebs: skandinaviis qveynebis mosaxleobis didi nawili,

ZiriTadad, mrisxane vikingebis STamomavlebi arian (ix.: niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura..., gv. 80).

rogorc Cans, maskulinoba-feminobis xarisxi pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris cxovrebis wesTan, an kidev

simyariT ar xasiaTdeba da SedarebiT advilad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas. 2 surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 85.

98





















mkafiod ganisazRvros, ara SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)



romelic arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,








Cveulebriv, individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeb-

lad miiCneven. aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas

imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis

koleqtivisturi orientacia da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis

gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia, vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis

ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi4.

XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT

xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs5.





1 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7. 2 niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7. 3 jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8. 4 surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli

kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7. 5 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.

23

korporaciisadmi misi mikuTvnebis Sedegad da, umravles SemTxvevaSi, igi mkacrad aris

mimagrebuli ama Tu im socialur jgufTan.

inovaciuri kulturebis qveS, romelsac `modernistuls~ da `teqnogenursac~

uwodeben, gulisxmoben sazogadoebebs, romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mecnierul-

teqnikuri progresi, Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstituciuri saparlamento

dawesebulebebi da piradi Tavisufleba. es yovelive ki damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove

dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnul elementebs SeiZleba funqciuri

datvirTva hqondeT romelime aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi, ris gamoc is, agreTve

modernistul sazogadoebad miiCneva. inovaciuri Tu modernistuli sazo-

gadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciis, urbanizaciis, ganaTlebis maRali

done da informaciis sayovelTaoba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, modernistuli

sazogadoeba emyareba masebis farTo monawileobas, romelic ar Rebulobs

legitimurobis tradiciul principebs da xelisuflebas akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas

efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. inovaciur sazogadoebas, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT,

axasiaTebs kulturuli dinamika da orientacia cvalebadobebsa da novaciebze. misi

Tavisebureba da ZiriTadi faseulobaa individualizmi, rac gulisxmobs pirovnebis

Tavisuflebebisa da uflebebis pativiscemas, agreTve individualuri pasuxismgeb-

lobis princips. pirovneba ganixileba yovelgvari erTobisagan damoukideblad.

Cvenis azriT, kulturaTa tradiciuloba an inovaciuroba ZiriTadad

ganisazRvreba kulturaTa xasiaTis TaviseburebiT: erTi mxriv, misi midrekilebiT

tradiciaTa SenarCunebisaken, warsulisaken, meore mxriv, miswrafebiT siaxlisaken,

cvlilebebisaken. kulturaTa es maxasiaTeblebi (iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni)

yalibdeba rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani Tviseba, romelic mxolod nawilobriv

eqvemdebareba da araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTlianad ar aris gansazRvruli droiTi da

sivrciTi faqtorebiT. amitom, albaT, ar iqneba swori, Tu vityviT, rom ama Tu im

sazogadoebis geografiulad aRmosavluri mdebareoba da qronologiurad

premodernul xanaSi arseboba ukve sakmarisi argumentia misi tradiciulobis

dasamtkiceblad. modernistuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dasavleTSi SesaZlebeli

gaxda aq manamde inovaciuri sazogadoebis arsebobis gamo, dasavleTSi sazogadoeba

inovaciuri iyo kapitalizmamdel xanaSic. amdenad, albaT, ar aris saWiro istoriis

dayofa tradiciuli da inovaciuri kulturebis xanad. isini SeiZleba droSi

Tanaarsebobdnen. garda amisa, unda ganvasxvaoT cneba `modernistuli~ (romelic

gulisxmobs Tanamedrove etapze dasavlur samyaroSi wamoqmnil kulturul tips),

ìnovaciuri~ kulturebisagan, rac aris kulturis Tviseba _ iyos orientirebuli

siaxleze. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad tradiciul sazogadoebebis modernizacia udris

vesternizacias inovaciurobis gareSe.

koleqtivisturi da individulisturi sazogadoebebi



tipologizebas.








22

nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis umarTebulobas da imas, rom koleqtivisturi

sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri da piriqiT1.

civilizaciisa da kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTeblad miCneulia

lingvisturi tradicia _ gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba sityva-logosisadmi2,

romelic jer kidev Zvel samyaroSi Camoyalibda da mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra

gansxvaveba uZveles civilizaciaTa da kulturaTa Soris. induri, Cinuri Tu antikuri

(berZnul-laTinuri) civilizaciebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen sityvisadmi

damokidebulebis niSniT.

evropuli lingvisturi tradicia istoriulad saTaves iRebs berZnul-laTinu-

risagan. igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs or gansxvavebul Stos: dasavleTevropuls,

romelic dakavSirebulia, pirvel rigSi, romanul-germanul samyarosTan, da aRmo-

savleTevropuls, romelic berZnul-bizantiur samyaros ukavSirdeba. dasavleT-

evropuli lingvisturi tradicia laTinurenovani da, Sesabamisad, erTiani iyo mTeli

romanul-germanul-kelturi evropisaTvis XV-XVI saukuneebamde, ris Semdeg daiywo

mxolod dasavleT evropisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saintereso cvlilebebi3. aRmosav-

leTevropul tradicias ki adreuli etapidanve axasiaTebs ganStoebis tendencia

adgilobrivi enebisa da kulturebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, qarTuli da somxuri

lingvisturi tradiciebi TiTqmis warmoSobisTanave daSordnen berZnul-bizantiur

wyaros ara mxolod damwerlobis saxiT, aramed enis bunebasTan da literaturul-

werilobiT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT damokidebulebiTac.

savaraudoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli lingvisturi tradiciis Seswavla

sayuradRebo Sedegebs mogvcems misi tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri

kuTvnilebis gansazRvris kuTxiT.

civilizaciaTa tipologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens misi komunikaciurobis

xarisxi. igi gansazRvravs civilizaciis dinamikurobas an adinamikurobas4. isic unda

iTqvas, rom es maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva drosa da regionSi sxvadasxvagvarad

moqmedebs. erTi da igive civilizacia (da kultura) SeiZleba sxvadasxva periodSi

komunikaciisTvis mzaobas (Riaobas) an daxSulobas amJRavnebdes. es rig faqtorebzea

damokidebuli. aseve, civilizacia (kultura) erTsa da imave periodSi SeiZleba

SerCeviTad komunikaciuri iyos, anu Ria _ romeliRac kulturasTan urTier-

TobisaTvis da daxSuli _ sxvebisaTvis. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodebi da,

mTlianad, es istoria am TvalsazrisiTac Sesaswavlia.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi parametri, romlis mixedviTac civilizaciaTa Teoriebis

umravlesobaSi civilizaciebi erTmaneTisagan imijneba, religiaa. swored am niSniTa

da masze dafuZnebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebiT ganasxvaveben dasavlur, qristianul-

marTlmadideblur, muslimur, konfuciur da sxv. civilizaciebs. amave parametrs

efuZneba saqarTvelos aRiareba dasavluri (evropuli) an aRmosavleT qristianuli

civilizaciebis nawilad, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari.

rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli

Seasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas daefuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis

CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi

damkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo

saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadidebloba

erovnulobasTan gaigivda da misi dacva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas

1 surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv.86. 2 ix.: Алпатов В.М. Культурные фреалф и лингвистические традициию – В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.128-133;

Бокадарова Н.Ю. Европейская цивилизация: национальные культуры и языковые нормы. – iqve, gv. 133-140. 3 Бокадарова Н.Ю. dasax.naSr., gv.134. 4 Сванидзе А.А. К проблеме преемственности и взаимосвязи цивилизаций.- В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.199.

99

daukavSirda. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze

saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuri

orientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad transformirda,

islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani dapirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanma

miiRo, agreTve religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe1.

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cveni

mahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiT

ixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~), `musurmanni~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), ìslemTa eri~ (iqve), ìslemni~ (ìstoriani da

azmani...`), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic2.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis cnobili moRvawis gr.lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTvelos

kulturuli da civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. es

politika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnavda igi. _

aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mudam ufro evropis nawils

warmoadgenda, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqonda da aqvs, rom jerjerobiT

yovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia~3.

magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri da, Tundac, sarwmunoebrivi

orientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur

da ekonomikur interesebze damyarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlivi

drois manZilze yalibdeba da warmoadgens mravali sxvadasxva garemoebis (zogjer _

SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri

identuroba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, da

SeiZleba asustebdes maT4.

s.semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTad

msazRvrelad, rac farTodaa gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi,

dakavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan da saTaves evropocentrizmidan

iRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebeli aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad5. magram es

maxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis,

romlebic warmoadgenen dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis

samyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.

mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT garemoebas: konfesiurad

Wrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravali

saukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba ara

religiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur da eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi,

fsiqologiasa da xasiaTSi6.

kulturisa da civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiT

XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovida amerikeli kulturologi

f.begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni ki

ara, misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT

1 kacitaZe k. orientirebi, gv.4. 2 dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” da qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi

(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239. 3 lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,

Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157. 4 Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика,

политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120. 5 Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35. 6 iqve.

100

Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da aramodernuli

kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze.

tipologizaciis problema kulturis mecnierebebSi

kulturaTa kvlevebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovansi mimarTuleba kulturaTa iden-

tifikacia, maTi tipis gansazRvra da klasifikaciaa. amitom bunebrivia im TeoriaTa

simravle, romlebic kulturaTa tipilogizaciis bevr sxvadasxva models gvTavazoben.

gamoyofen, magaliTad, kulturis barbarosul da civilizebul, aRmosavlur da

dasavlur, tradiciul da inovaciur, pirvelyofilamdel, pirvelyofil, samxedro,

religiur, mecnierul, racionalur, werilobiT, udamwerlobo da sxva uamrav tips.

kulturaTa tipologiis meTodologiuri safuZvelia kulturuli procesis

sxvadasxva koncefcia: evoluciuri, cikluri, kulturul-istoriuli versiebi da sxv.

arsebobs tipologiuri Teoriebi, romlebSic ama Tu im tipis kulturis struqturul

safuZvlad miiCneva adamianis kulturulad determinirebuli qceva, geografiuli,

qronologiuri, erovnuli da sxva principebi1.

kulturaTa tipologiuri kvleva dReisaTvis kulturologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

da yvelaze aqtualuri problemis _ civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis (identurobis) _

gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva. es problema scildeba wminda samecniero interesebs

da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv da politikur interesebTan.

civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra xSirad ganixileba im krizisidan Tavis

daRwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi

saxelmwifoebi. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven im garemoebasac, rom dasaxelebuli problema

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria e.w. mcire erebisaTvis.

inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba rogorc kulturaTa tipologizaciis erT-erTi

determinanti

kulturaTa tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris erTi saintereso niSni maTi

tradiciulobisa da inovaciurobis TvalsazrisiT gamijvnaa. rogorc iTqva,

tradiciis qveS igulisxmeba socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebi,

romlebic ara mxolod gadaecemian Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundebian xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara

marto imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es

termini gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis

TiTqmis identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad. inovaciis qveS

ki, igulisxmeba axali teqnologiebisa da qcevis axali modelis formirebis meqanizmi.

inovaciebi qmnian winapirobas socialur-kulturuli cvlilebebisaTvis.

ganasxvaveben ra kulturaTa am or tips, mecnierebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,

pirvelis qveS gulisxmoben arqaul sazogadoebebs an Zvel civilizaciebs rogorc

dasavlur, ise aRmosavlur kulturebs ganviTarebis kapitalizmamdel etapze.

Cveulebriv, tradiciul sazogadoebebs gansazRvraven rogorc statikurs,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciisa da specializaciis, agreTve

urbanizaciis naklebi xarisxi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, tradiciul sazogadoebebs

aRweren rogorc damyarebuls `tradiciuli~ elitis Zalauflebaze, romelic marTavs

ama Tu im `zeciuri mandatis~ safuZvelze. tradiciuli sazogadoeba SezRudulia

kulturuli horizontebiT, romelsac tradicia amyarebs. amgvarad, termini

`tradiciuli~ gamoiyeneba im sazogadoebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic SedarebiT nela

gardaiqmneba, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saqmianobis legitimacia warsulze

dayrdnobiT. pirovneba tradiciul kulturebSi realizdeba mxolod romelime

1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv.56.

21

magram maSinac ki, rodesac es pozicia ufro advilad misaRebi gaxda, Cven, sakuTari

poziciis erTgulebis gamo, mis ignorirebas vaxdenT. es nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT,

rom SefasebiTi axsna ufro damakmayofilebelia. Cven gvinda an ganvadidoT

modernuloba, an gavTaTxoT is. es nawilobriv gamowveulia SiSiTac, rom kulturul

Teoria SefasebiT midgomas SeuZlebels gaxdis. ukanaskneli azri, albaT, mcdaria,

magram asea Tu ise aq es garkveul rols TamaSobs.

sxva faqtori, romelic biZgs aZlevs akulturul Teorias, aris materialisturi

midgoma, romelic popularuli iyo socialur mecnierebebsa da istoriaSi. am

konteqstSi me vgulisxmob im interpretaciebs, romlebic ugulebelyofdnen moralur

da sulier faqtorebs ufro `miwieri~ kategoriebis sasargeblod. amgvarad, zemoT

CamoTvlili movlenebi _ mecnierebis ganviTareba, individualizmi, negatiuri

Tavisufleba, instrumentuli azrovneba da modernuli kulturis sxva mniSvnelovani

Taviseburebani _ xSirad ganixileboda rogorc socialuri cvlilebebis, industria-

lizaciis, udidesi mobilurobis an urbanizaciis Sedegi. aq, ra Tqma unda, mniSvne-

lovania mizezobrivi kavSirebis Tvalis midevneba, magram isini ugulebelyofilia,

iseve rogorc problema, ganapirobebs Tu ara es cvlilebebi Tavad kulturaSi raime

cvlilebas zneobriv idealTa TvalsazrisiT. pasuxi xSirad uaryofiTia.

ra Tqma unda, socialuri cvlilebebi, romlebmac, savaraudod, ganapiroba axali

msoflmxedvelobis Casaxva, Tavad unda iyos axsnili, es moiTxovs zogierTi adamianuri

motivaciis gaTvaliswinebas. Tu Cven ar vivaraudebT, rom industrializacia da

qalaqebis sayovelTao zrda ugonurebis Semotevisas moxda. Cven gvWirdeba garkveuli

codna imisa, Tu ratom iltvoda xalxi mkacrad erTi mimarTulebiT, magaliTad,

warmoebaSi teqnologiis gamoyenebis zrdisaken, an mosaxleobis didi koncen-

traciisaken. magram xSirad Cndeba aramoraluri motivaciebi. amaSi me vgulismob

motivaciebs, romlebsac SeuZlia xalxis aqtivizeba romelime moralur/sulier

idelaTan kavSiris gareSe, rogorc adre aRvniSne. rogorc Sedegi, es socialuri

cvlilebebi xSirad axsnilia rogorc miswrafeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebisaken,

gadarCenis an sxvaTa kontrolisaken. ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es SeiZleba erwymodes

moralur idealebs, magram maTi arseboba saWiro araa. da amgvarad, es aramoraluri

kategoriebi interpretacia ganixileba rogorc sakmaod mZimed da metismetad

mecnierulad miiCneva.

maSinac ki, roca individualuri Tavisufleba instrumentuli azrovnebis

gavrcelebad ganixileba rogorc ideebi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT

socialuri cvlilebebis axsna, isini xSirad aramoraluri kategoriebiT arian

gagebuli. am ideaTa mniSvneloba/siZliere xSirad gaiazreba ara maTi

moraluri/azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc im upiratesobaTa erToblioba,

romelic xalxs eboZa maTi moraluri msoflmxedvelobis miuxedavad, miuxedavad

imisa, hqondaT Tu ara maT aseTi msoflmedveloba saerTod. Tavisufleba

SesaZleblobas gaZlevs, gaakeTo is, rac ginda, instrumentuli azrovnebis farTo

gamoyeneba nebismieri survilebis umetesobas gikmayofilebs.

cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis interpretacia kulturulad

dominirebuli xdeba. modernulobis sulieri sawyisebis kvlevis motivacia Zalian

sustia. namdvilad, am sawyisebis Tundac zogierTi momentis Secnobis SesaZlebloba

nuls utoldeba. da es kulturul Teoriebs dRis wesrigidan xsnis.

20

bunebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTad

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebas

amJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre dasavlurqristianulTan

(evropulTan)1.

amdenad, religiuri parametri ver CaiTvleba umTavres ganmsazRvrelad

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis dadgenis gzaze. amis naTelsayofi magaliTebi sxva

adgilas ukve movitaneT (ix. TaviIV, $ 1) da axla sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.

rac Seexeba dasavluri (evropuli) civilizaciisadmi Cvens kuTvnilebas, unda

aRiniSnos, rom TviT evropaSi Tanaarsebobs identurobis ramdenime Sre _ evropuli,

dasavleTevropuli, aRmosavleTevropuli; erovnuli; religiuri. germaneli

politologis v.vaidenfeldis sityviT, evropis istoria _ esaa diferenciaciisa da

unifikaciis istoria2. arsebuli mravalferovnebis gacnobiereba evropuli kulturis

erT-erTi safuZvelia. evropisadmi kuTvnilebis Segneba emyareba evropeli xalxebis

erToblivi kulturuli ganviTarebis gamocdilebas, interess saerToevropuli

istoriisadmi, saerTo tradiciebisa (politikuri da samarTlebrivi) da saerTo

memkvidreobis (religiuri da kulturuli) arsebobas. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc

mecnierebi aRniSnaven, evropuli integracia aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevda, rom ara

evropel inteleqtualTa Taobebis Zalisxmeva, romelTac SeZles saerTo warsulis,

awmyosa da momavlis Rrma Teoriuli gaazreba da, misi demonstrirebiT, evropel

xalxTa orientireba erTiani evropisadmi kuTvnilebaze3. swored inteleqtualTa

ZalisxmeviT `Seikera~ evropel xalxTa kulturebis `nakuwebisagan~ kulturaTa

evropuli ojaxis èrTiani sabani~.

ramdenad monawileobdnen qarTvelebi am muSaobaSi? sakmarisi aRmoCnda Tu ara

qarTvel inteleqtualTa erTi nawilis ramdenimesaukunovani mcdeloba imisaTvis, rom

qarTveli iseve myarad axerxebdes evropasTan TviTidentificirebas, rogorc,

magaliTad, skandinavieli an italieli? vfiqrobT, gagviWirdeba am kiTxvebze dadebiTi

pasuxebis gasacemad saWiro argumentebis moZieba.

saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis problemisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebo

sakiTxs warmoadgens socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamikis Seswavla da

maTi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra dasavlur, bizantiur da aRmosavlur

sistemebTan mimarTebaSi. am mxriv dRevandel mkvlevar-istorikoss soliduri

memkvidreoba xvdeba winamorbedTa Sromebis saxiT, romlebSic, mdidari faqtobrivi

masalis analizis safuZvelze, friad sayuradRebo daskvnebia Camoyalibebuli.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iv.javaxiSvilis, s.janaSias, n.berZeniSvilis gamokvlevebi,

romelTac safuZveli Cauyares Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis socialur-

ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavlas, rac Semdgom maTma mowafeebma ganagrZes. mkvlevarTa

daskvniT, feodalizmis aRmocenebidan XIII saukunemde saqarTveloSi arsebuli

socialuri da ekonomikuri institutebi (miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ sruliad

ucnobi aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis, SeuvalobiT daculi didi feodaluri

samflobeloebis arseboba, socialuri struqtura da sxv.), mTlianad feodaluri

sistema did tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavnebs evropulTan, kerZod, frangulTan

(`paraleluri ganviTareba~). SemdgomSi es msgavseba TandaTan gaqra, Tumca ar

Camoyalibebula tipologiuri msgavseba aRmosavluri (islamuri) samyaros socialur-

1 Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176. 2 cit. naSromidan: Зотова О.М. Идея европейского единства и национальная идентичность. – Вестник Московского ун-

та, сер.18. Социология и политология. М., 1999, № 3, с.154. 3 Зотова О.М. dasax. naSr., gv. 162.

101

ekonomikur sistemebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba dasavleTisadmi saqarTvelos

civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Teziss umagrebs safuZvels.

qarTuli feodalizmis evropulTan msgavsebis gaqroba, rasac safuZveli XIII

saukuneSi Caeyara, fasdeba rogorc `qarTuli istoriis drama da specifika~1.

batonymobis qcevam qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis umTavres safuZvlad,

socialuri infrastruqturis umniSvnelovanesi elementis _ vaWar-xelosnuri

qalaqisa da mesame wodebis _ ganadgurebam da politikuri sistemidan misma

gauCinarebam ganapiroba dasavleTTan msgavsebis moSla da aRmosavluri politikuri

RirebulebiTi orientaciis mimarTulebiT gadaxra2.

a.joxaZem yuradReba miaqcia friad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: Cveni politikuri

elitis suliskveTeba TandaTan aRmosavluri gaxda, magram goneba Tavs mainc

dasavleTis (qristianuli samyaros) nawilad moiazrebda. gvian SuasaukuneebSi

àRmosavluri suliskveTebis qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas qveSecneulad aRmosav-

leTTan integracia surda, integraciis es procesi karga Sorsac iyo wasuli, magram

religiuri sxvaoba aRmosavleTTan kanonieri qorwinebis sanqcias ar iZleoda~3.

swored es daedo safuZvlad ruseTisaken swrafvas, rac gaazrebuli iyo rogorc

evropasTan daaxloeba. `rusi Cinovnikis da jariskacis mundirma qarTul zepur

sazogadoebas qristianuli dasavleTis nairsaxeobis iluzia Seuqmna. gajiutebulma

cnobierebam ver SeniSna, rom rusuli saxelmwifo monRolur administraciul

sistemaze dayrdnobili despotia iyo, romelsac bizantiuri ornamentebi da

dasavluri aqsesuarebi amkobda~4.

daaxloebiT igives werda Tavis droze gr.lorTqifaniZe: àziuri saqarTvelos

evropuli suli mudam dasavleTisken iswrafvoda. am swrafvaSi XVIII saukunis bolos

erekles saqarTvelom TiTqos evropis surogati ruseTSi pova~5.

SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi friad sainteresoa, magram gveCveneba, rom igi

Tavisaufali ar aris calmxrivobisa da sakiTxis gamartivebisagan. mxolod religiuri

sxvaoba aSorebda saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan? arsebobda raime safuZveli, rac

aRmosavleTTan `kanonier qorwinebas~ SesaZlebels gaxdida?

an kidev, sainteresoa, mainc ram ganapiroba `cnobierebis gajiuteba~? iqneb,

bizantiasTan xangrZlivi da mWidro kontaqtis gamocdilebam, romelic didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTaTvis dasavleTad moiazreboda (muslimur aRmosavleTTan

mimarTebaSi) da romlis memkvidred SemdgomSi Tavi ruseTma gamoacxada? Tavad

bizantia ki mxolod elinizmisa da laTinizmis memkvidre ar iyo. misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo naxevradaRmosavluri _ ZiriTadad, sasanuri sparseTisagan

nasesxebi _ politikuri institutebi, monarqis xelisuflebis centralizaciis,

zekanonierebisa da sakralizaciis CaTvliT. yovelive aman didi gavlena iqonia

bizantiasTan kontaqtSi myofi yvela xalxis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris, cxadia, Cveni

politikuri sistemis formirebazec. swored bizantias umadlian es xalxebi

saxelmwifoebriobis formaso, aRniSnavda r.landa6.

Tavis droze niko nikolaZe miuTiTebda Cveni saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis bizantiur

xasiaTze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aziuri despotiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali

1 joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01. 2 iqve. 3 joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01. 4 iqve. 5 lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,

1995, gv.156. 6 Ланда Р. Межцивилизационные связи и историческое взаимодействие народов Черноморья. – В журн.: Центральная Азия

и Кавказ, М., 2000, № 1 (7), с.205-206.

102

akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni arian axsnan modernulobis tranzicia

gadasvla, rogorc tradiciuli rwmenebisa da maTdami erTgulebis dakargva. es

danakargi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc instituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegi.

magaliTad, mobiluroba da urbanizacia ganixilulia rogorc mizezi, romelic

asustebs statikuri sasoflo sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebsa da safuZvlebs. am danakargs/cvlilebebs, SesaZloa, safuZvlad edos Tanamedrove samecniero azris

ganviTareba. cvlilebebi SeiZleba dadebiTad iyos Sefasebuli; an piriqiT,

uaryofiTad _ imaT mier, visTvisac tradicia ufro faseulia da visac mecnieruli

azrovneba SezRudulad miaCnia. magram yvela es Teoria Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs erT

garkveul aspeqtSi: Zveli Sexedulebebi da maTdami erTguleba Sesustebulia. Zveli

horizontebi, nicSeseuli warmodgeniT, gaqra. ra Cndeba am danakargis Semdeg. codnis miRebis empiriul-mecnieruli midgomis

gabatoneba amkvidrebs individualizms, negatiur Tavisuflebas da instrumentul

racionalobas. isini wina planze gamodian, maT adamianebi ~normalurad~ afaseben,

radgan kacobrioba aRar aris Seferxebuli Tu dabrmavebuli yalbi crurwmenebiT da

cxovrebis arafrismomcemi wesiT, romelsac es rwmenebi ganapirobebda. erTxelac miTi

da Secdoma gaqra. mxolod empiriuli midgomaa efeqturi codnis misaRebad. da es

maSinve cxadi gaxdeba rogorc ki, gavTavisufldebiT metafizikis monobisagan. mzardi

instrumentuli racionaloba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs maqsimalurad davikmayofiloT

survilebi, Cven yovelTvis mxolod gvafrTxobdnen usafuZvlo direqtiviT _

SegvezRuda sakuTari Tavi. individualizmi aris normaluri/bunebrivi Sedegi ada-

mianis mier sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebisa/TviTpativiscemisa, RmerTis iluzoruli

moTxovnebis, yofierebis borkilebisa da wminda/RvTiuri sazogadoebrivi wesrigis

gareSe.

sxvagvari Sefaseba, romelic avsebs gamorCenil niuansebs, aris imis SesaZleblobis

daSveba, rom dasavluri modernuloba SeiZleba emyarebodes Tavis sakuTar,

originalur sulier sawyisebs da ar iyos gagebuli warmoSobili martivad da

gardauvlad _ rogorc ganviTarebis Sedegi.

akulturuli Teoriis batonobis mizezebi gasagebi xdeba, rodesac vacnobierebT,

rom dasavlelebi saukuneebis manZilze cxovrobdnen modernulobisaken gardamaval

periodSi, im civilizaciis gareT, romelsac qristianul samyaros vuwodebT. rTulia

icxovro cvlilebaTa periodSi da ar iyo tendenciuri. am suliskveTebiT Cven, sakmaod

xSirad, SefasebiT axsnas vaxdenT xolme, romelime mxaris sasargeblod. cvlilebebi

uproblemod aixsneba imiT, rom Cven `SevZeliT~ siyalbis danaxva, an daviviwyeT

mniSvnelovani WeSmaritebani. kulturuli xedvis farglebSi aseTi damajerebeli

daskvnebis gamotanisaTvis, saWiro iqneboda modernulobis kompleqsuri SedarebiTi

Sefaseba, imis sapirispirod, rom mas ganapirobebda qristianoba. aseT mkafio

daskvnamde misvla friad rTuli (Tu SeuZlebeli ara) amocanaa. kulturuli Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, Cven sakuTar kulturas ganvixilavT, rogorc

erT-erTs sxvaTa Soris, da es Cveni civilizaciis axali monapovaria, amitom gasakviri

araa, rom revoluciuri cvlilebebis pirveli Sefaseba akulturuli iyo. Cveni

winaprebis umravlesoba sxva civilizaciebs ganixilavda rogorc barbarosuls,

warmarTuls an velurs. absurduli iqneboda molodini, rom safrangeTis revoluciis

Tanamedroveebs, orive politikuri mxaris warmomadgenlebs, am politikur

gadatrialebaSi kulturuli cvlilebebi daenaxaT. im periodSi kulturuli

pluralizmis idea mxolod isaxeboda. magaliTad, iohan gotfrid herderis TxzulebebSi.

19

rom racionaluri azrovneba efeqturia, rom instrumentuli racionalizmi amarTlebs

sakuTar Tavs, rom religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi iwvevs gauTvaliswinebel

naxtomebs, rom faqti da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva ramaa. am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba

zogierTma RirebulebiTma da msoflmxedvelobiTma sistemam SesaZloa gaadvilos,

zogierTma ki _ Seaferxos. isini (e.i. RirebulebiTi sistemebi da cvlilebaTa procesi)

ar aris erTmaneTze ganuyrelad gadajaWvuli. ufro metad, isini gansazRvrulia imiT,

rac, Cveni azriT, moicavs RirebulebaTa da gagebaTa gavrcelebis mTel konteqsts.

albaT, cxadia, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze gabatonebuli modernulobis

Teoriebi akulturuli xasiaTisaa. bevrma modernulobis ganviTareba, nawilobriv

mainc, axsna imiT, rom Cven davinaxeT zemoT moxseniebul savaraudo WeSmaritebaTa

mTeli wyeba. sxvagvarad, cvlilebebi nawilobriv axsnil iqna kulturulad

neitraluri (kulturisagan ganyenebuli) socialuri ganviTarebis movlenebiT

rogoricaa e.durkheimiseuli moZraoba socialuri erTobis meqanikuri formebidan

diferencirebuli, organuli formebisaken. an aleqsis de tokvilis varaudi, `mcocavi

demokratiis~ Sesaxeb (romelSic igi gulisxmobda moZraobas Tanasworobisaken). maqs

veberis interpretaciiT, racionalizacia myari procesia, romelsac droTa

ganmavlobaSi yvela kultura gaivlis.

magram yvelaze popularulia modernulobis mizezobrivi ganmartebebi. mxolod

socialur axsnas mivyavarT mizezamde: socialuri cvlilebebi, iseTebi rogoricaa

mobiluroba da industrializacia, ganapirobeben inteleqtualur da sulier

cvlilebs, radgan isini ubiZgeben xalxs, daTmon Zveli Cvevebi da rwmenebi _ religia

an tradiciuli morali _ romlebic miuRebeli xdebian, kargaven ra damoukidebel

racionalur safuZvels, rac gaaCnia modernulobis iseT warmodgenebs rogoricaa

individualizmi da instrumentuli azrovneba.

magram SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva _ ra vuyoT modernulobis farTod gavrcelebul

da popularul negatiur Teorias, romelic modernizaciis process ganixilavs ara

rogorc zrdas, aramed rogorc daqveiTebas da dakninebas? sainteresoa, rom isinic

Taviseburad akulturistebi arian. amis warmosaCenad, Cven unda ganvavrcoT zemoT

motanili ganmarteba. imis nacvlad, rom cvlilebebi ganixilos rogorc SesaZ-

leblobaTa realizacia, negatiuri Teoria modernulobas xSirad mxolod safrTxis

Semcvelad miiCnevs. magram xSirad is konkretuli kulturisagan damoukideblad

ganixileba. modernulobas axasiaTeben rogorc perspeqtivadakargul, safuZvelga-

moclil (fesvebdakargul) movlenas, romelic qedmaRlobis gamo uaryofs adamianuri

SesaZleblobebis SezRudulobas, Cvens damokidebulebas istoriaze an RmerTze. is

ganusazRvrel ndobas ucxadebs aramdgrad/cvalebad adamianur gonebas; akninebs

TviTSemwynareblobas, romelic Sorsaa cxovrebis heroikuli ganzomilebisagan.

modernulobis ganmartebebis udidesi nawili pozitiur da negatiur inter-

pretaciaze modis. isini akulturulobisaken arian midrekilni. kulturuli

interpretaciebi Zlieria, magram maTi ricxvi naklebia. magaliTad, fridrix nicSe

Tanamedrove samecniero kulturas axasiaTebda rogorc ganpirobebuls faseulobaTa

specifikuri mTlianobiT. veberma, garda imisa, rom SemogvTavaza racionalizaciis

rogorc myari, kulturulad damoukidebeli Zalis Teoria, protestantuli eTika

gaiazra rogorc religiur-moralur SexedulebebaTa gansakuTrebuli erToba,

romelmac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmi.

amgvarad, akulturuli Teoriebi gabatonebuli arian. es cudia. imisaTvis, rom

avxsnaT, Tu ratom, ufro cxadad unda vaCvenoT, ras aniWeben es Teoriebi

upiratesobas, ra gamoaqvT wina planze da ras ar aqceven yuradRebas.

18

niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyana ... bizantiis wes-wyobilebiT imarTeboda. Cven

yvelani erTob axlo videqiT aziasTan, erTob vemonebodiT mis magaliTs, mis xasiaTs.

es xasiaTi erTianad, upiratesad, despotis pirad SexedulebebSi, pirad survilSi,

nebaSi, TviT-mnebelobaSi mdgomareobda. despots bizantiaSi imperatori erqva, CvenSi

_ mefe, sxvagan _ mTavari, magram saqmiT, SinaarsiT yovelgan erTi da igive Tviseba

hqonda: is iyo marto, da meti ara iyo-ra~1.

rac Seexeba bizantiis SedarebiT neli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da, Semdgom,

misi dacemis mizezebs, aseTebad xSirad saxeldeba bizantiuri saxelisuflebo da

samarTlebrivi institutebis specifika, ganviTarebuli biurokratiuli aparati,

saxelmwifo marTvis ukiduresi centralizacia, dasavluri (`klasikurad~ miCneuli)

feodaluri institutebis neli ganviTareba da sxv.2 magram bizantinologTa nawili

amgvar axsnas arasworad miiCnevs da umTavres mniSvnelobas sagareo faqtors aniWebs.

m.i.siuziumovi, g.g.litavrini da sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bizantiis imperia

permanentul omSi iyo Cabmuli, romelic yovelwliurad nTqavda uzarmazar adamianur

da materialur resursebs. aseT pirobebSi imperiis xelisufalni iZulebulni iyvnen,

nebismieri saSualebiT SeenarCunebinaT stabiluroba, moexdinaT arsebuli wyobilebis

konservireba. did socialur reformebs SeeZlo daerRvia socialuri wonasworoba.

sagareo faqtori hipertrofirebul rols iZenda da saSinao faqtorad iqceoda3.

Tavis mxriv, bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebis damkvidreba

CvenSi xels uwyobda ufro mWidro integracias bizantiur civilizaciasTan,

ramdenadac bizantiuri (aRmosavlurqristianuli) civilizaciis miRwevaTa aTvisebis

procesi ufro swrafi da efeqturi iyo im qveynebSi, sadac arsebobda an yalibdeboda

mmarTvelobis centralizebuli forma4.

roca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemis mizezTa Ziebisas CvenSi bizantiuri

modelis arsebobasa da mis uaryofiT rolze vmsjelobT, iqneb, marTebuli iyos meti

yuradRebis miqceva igive sagareo faqtoris mniSvnelobaze. iqneb, civilizaciaTa

mijnaze yofnam CvenTanac ganapiroba am faqtoris hipertrofirebuli roli da misi

saSinao faqtorad transformacia, rogorc es bizantis SemTxvevaSi moxda?

sxva saqmea, rom bizantiis dacemis Semdeg CvenSi bizantiuri yaidis

saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebi SenarCunda, romlebSic sul ufro

Zlierdeboda aRmosavluri elementebi. mogvianebiT ki maT kargad moergo `bizantiuri

ornamentebiTa da dasavluri aqsesuarebiT damSvenebuli~ rusuli mmarTvelobis wesi.

ase yalibdeba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo aparatis funqciobis zemoT naxsenebi

aziuri stili, romelic Cveni aradasavlurobis erT-erT yvelaze mkafio

gamoxatulebad saxeldeba5.

dRes saqarTvelo aRiqmeba gaurkvevli mikuTvnebulobis saxelmwifod, romelic

imyofeba TviTgamorkvevis procesSi da ganicdis zemoqmedebas: 1) dasavluri

civilizaciis mxridan; 2) dasavlursa da slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebs

Soris gaxleCili ruseTis mxridan; 3) dasavlursa da islamur civilizaciebs Soris

gaxleCili TurqeTis mxridan. Cveni sazogadoebis erTi nawili iRebs ama Tu im

civilizaciis gavlenas, anu dasayrdeni da gamtaria misTvis, xolo meore nawili,

1 nikolaZe n. bulgaria. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t.14, Tb., 1997, gv. 222-223. 2 ix.: Сюзюмов М.Я. Некоторые проблемы исторического развития Византии и Запада. – В сб.: Византийский временник,

т.35, М., 1973, с.4. 3 Сюзюмов М.Я. Историческая роль Византии и ее место во всемирной истории. – В сб.: Византийский временник, № 29,

М., 1968, с.44; Литаврин Г.Г. Геополитическое положение Византии в средневековом мире в VII-XII вв. – В кн.: Византия между Западом и Востоком. Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с. 16.

4 Оболенский Д. Византийское содружество наций. М., 1998, с.299. 5 niJaraZe g. Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba politikuri qcevis aspeqtSi. _ gaz.: “ganaxlebuli

iveria”, Tb., 2000, 1-2, gv.11.

103

piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba mas da Tavis mxriv eqceva sxva civilizaciis Tu kulturis

gavlenis qveS1.

Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba cifrebsa da sttistikur monacemebSi

arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciis procesi qmnis iseT gamowvevebs, romelic

ukavSirdeba ojaxuri tradiciebis cvlilebas, Sobadobis Semcirebas; es problemebi,

rogorc Cans, modernizaciis procesis Tanmdevia.

f.fukuiamas TqmiT, modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia `didi SeSfoTeba~, rac 60-

ian wlebSi ganviTarebul industriul qveyanaTa safuZvels, sayrdens Seexo.

socialuri SeSfoTeba gamowveuli iyo ori saxis teqnologiuri gardaqmniT. erTi

mxriv, moxda gadasvla industriuli sazogadoebidan informatikis samyaroSi, sadac

fizikuri Sroma Secvala gonebrivma. meore mxriv, gamoCnda biomedicinis artefaqtebi

(laT. artefaqtum _ xelovnurad Seqmnili), magaliTad, preparatebi, romelTa

saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia sqesobrivi kavSiris gareSe cocxali organizmebis Seqmna.

am garemoebam Secvala damokidebuleba mamakacsa da qals Soris da qalis socaluri

aqtivoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi gazarda. man didi zegavlena moaxdina ojaxur

Rirebulebebze, aRzrdaze. am procesis Sedegebs, f.fukuiamas azriT, `Cven mxolod

axla vxvdebiT da vatyobT. SesaZloa, SeSfoTebis talRam sxvadasxva sazogadoebs

sxvadasxva dros gadauara, magram Sedegebi yvelgan saerToa~2.

aRniSnulma talRam didi gavlena moaxdina, agreTve Sobadobaze. ganviTarebul

qveynebSi Sobadobam iklo. safrangeTSi daregistrirebulia yvelaze TvalSisacemi

cifrebi Sobadobis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba weliwadSi 1% Seadgens, rac erTi Taobis

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi 30%-mde adis. es ki sakmaod didi cifria. rac Seexeba saSualo

asaks, igi ganagrZobs zrdas. XXI saukunis Sua wlebSi evropis macxovrebelTa saSualo

asaki miaRwevs 60 wels. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac biologiurad aqtiur

macxovrebelTa umravlesoba warmodgenilia an Zalze axalgazrdebiT, an Zalze

xanSiSesulebiT. iaponia da evropa aRmoCndebian iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebis

garemocvaSi, sadac saSualo asaki gansazRvrulia istoriuli normis mixedviT da

biologiurad aqtiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilis asaki 20 weli iqneba, Tavad ki am

zRvars didad gascdebian. aseTma demografiulma cvlilebam politikuri Sedegebic

gamoiRo da ganviTarebul qveynebS imigrantTa roli gaizarda. imigrantebi ki

warmodgenili arian yvelaze Raribi da kulturulad gansxvavebuli qveynebidan.

f.fukuiama saubrobs safrangeTsa da aSS Soris arsebul politikur

dapirispirebaze da miiCnevs, rom diplomatiuri krizisis safuZveli safrangeTis

globalizaciis gamowvevebisadmi damokidebulebaSia saZiebeli. f.fukuiama askvnis,

rom globalizacia, romelic frangebma Seafases rogorc maTi kulturuli

Rirebulebebis arealSi amerikis Carevis, SeRwevis mcdeloba, faqtobrivad, aris

modernizaciis universaluri procesis niSani. SesaZloa, amerikelebi am procesSi, sxva

qveynebTan SedarebiT, adre Caebnen, magram sxva danarCenebic male aRmoCndebian igive

procesis zemoqmedebis qveS3. ganviTarebis am xaziT, postindustriuli qveynebis

ganviTarebis saerTotraeqtoria mimarTulia multikulturuli sazogadoebebis

Semnisaken. es ki ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis, romlebsac sakuTari

istoriuli Rirebulebebi aqvT, sakmaod Zneli misaRebia. aSS kulturuli

gansxvavebuloba, romelic evropelTa mxridan mudmivi kritikis sagania, Zalian male

1 aSkareli n. saqarTvelo cvalebad samyaroSi. _ gaz. “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 7-9 noemberi, 9-12 noemberi. 2 Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru. 3 Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.

104

rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasasruli da modernis dasawyisi. am gabato-

nebuli TvalTaxedviT, procesebi friad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba.

modernulobis gagebis pirvel variants pirobiTad kulturuls uwodeben, xolo

meores _ akulturuls. arsebobs kulturaTa simravle, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs

ena da gamocdileba, romlebic gansazRvraven pirovnulobis, socialuri urTierT-

obebis, cudisa da kargis, saTnoebisa/zneobisa da uzneobis da a.S. specifikur gagebas.

es modeli _ modernulobis kulturuli Teoria _ Tanamedrove dasavleTSi

momxdar cvlilebebs axali kulturis warmoSobis safuZvelze xsnis. Tanamedrove

atlantikuri samyaro aris kultura (an erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli kul-

turaTa jgufi), romelsac aqvs, magaliTad, pirovnebis, bunebis, kargisa da cudis sa-

kuTari, specifikuri gageba, es kultura SeiZleba davupirispiroT sxva danarCenebs,

Tavisi winamorbedi civilizaciebis CaTvliT (romelTanac, cxadia, uamravi saerTo

aqvs).

amis sapirispirod, akulturuli Teoria am transformacias kulturisagan ganye-

nebulad xsnis. am TvalsazrisiT, es cvlilebebi ar ganixileba rogorc konkretul

kulturaSi mimdinare procesi, aramed miiCneva movlenad, romelic SeiZleboda

Sexeboda nebismier tradiciul kulturas. magaliTad, akulturuli Teoria

modernulobas ganixilavs, rogorc mravali sxvadasxva mizezis Sedegs: vTqvaT,

mecnieruli cnobierebis zrdis, sekularuli TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebis, efeqtu-

ri/instrumentuli racionalizmis aRzevebis, faqtsa da mis Sefasebas Soris absolu-

turad cxadi sxvaobis da sxv. sxvagvarad, modernuloba SeiZleba davukavSiroT

rogorc socialur, aseve inteleqtualur cvlilebebs: trasformaciebi, inte-

leqtualuris CaTvliT, ganixileba rogorc daCqarebuli mobilurobis/cvlilebebis,

populaciis koncentraciis, industrializaciis da a.S. Sedegi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi

modernuloba transformaciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic TiToeul kulturas SeuZlia

ganicados da, savaraudod, iZulebuli iqneba ganicados.

es cvlilebebi ar aris gansazRvruli am kulturebis mdgomareobiT da, magaliTad,

pirovnebis, sazogadoebis an sikeTis specifikuri gagebiT; ufro metad, esaa

cvlilebebi, romelsac yoveli kultura, principSi, msxverplad ewireba. magaliTad,

TiToeul kulturas SeiZleba Seexos mecnieruli cnobierebis zrda, yovel religias

_ sekularizacia, instrumentuli azrovnebis zrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios saboloo

aRsasruli, warmodgena metafizikurze SeiZleba Zireulad Seicvalos faqtsa da mis

Sefasebas Soris gaCenili dapirispirebis gamo.

modernuloba, am Teoriis mixedviT, gagebulia rogorc konkretuli kulturisagan

ganyenebuli racionaluri an socialuri procesebis Sedegi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom es

Teoria ugulebelyofs im istoriul mizezebs, ris gamoc es cvlilebebi Tavda-

pirvelad warmoSva swored am, da ara sxva civilizaciaSi, an ris gamoc am cvlilebebs

erTni ufro advilad eqvemdebarebian, sxvani ki _ Znelad. saqme ufro isaa, rom es

procesi ganisazRvreba ara rogorc kulturuli specifika, aramed rogorc zogadi

funqcia, romelic kulturul specifikas msxverplad iwiravs. Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, es procesebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc

erTi specifikuri, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gagebis an RirebulebaTa sistemis

arCevanis asaxva. socialuri ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

iseT istoriul movlenebs, rogoricaa industralizacia, romelic gavlenas axdens

Rirebulebebze; magram amgvari movlenebi xSirad ar aris miCneuli konkretul

sferoSi specifikuri arCevanis gamoxatulebad. rodesac saqme exeba racionalur

axsnas, is miiCneva zogadi SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebad, romelic eloda Sesabamis

pirobebs ralizaciisaTvis. garkveuli pirobebSi adamianebi mividnen im daskvnamde,

17

faqtors. ufro adekvaturi Teoriis ZiebaSi uari iTqva iseT terminebze, rogoricaa

èvropeizacia~ da `vesternizacia~, romlebic gulisxmobs yovelmxriv gaigivebas

dasavleTTan, xolo terminma àmerikanizacia~ kritikuli da negatiuri datvirTva

SeiZina.

Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis adreuli modelebis kritika, pirvel

rigSi, mimarTuli iyo ~tradicia-modernizaciis~ diqotomiis winaaRmdeg. es kritika

emyareboda ganviTarebis, rogorc evoluciuri procesis gansazRvrebas, romelic

gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mowyobis adrindeli socialur-kulturuli principebis

gandevnasa da Canacvlebas. kritikis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti gaxda kulturuli

memkvidreobisa da urTierTobaTa socialur-kulturuli sistemis rolis gamov-

lineba. progresistuli koncefciebis sawinaaRmdegod, kulturuli memkvidreoba

ganixileboda rogorc stabilurobis SenarCunebis winapiroba, romelic uzrun-

velyofs sazogadoebis funqciobas. xolo tradicia ganixileboda rogorc socialur-

kulturuli kavSirebis aucilebeli birTvi, romelic uzrunvelyofs individis

socializaciis arsebiT formebs, jgufTaSoris urTierTobis organizaciasa da

sazogadoebis erTobas.

nebismier damuSavebul variantSi modernizaciis Teoria aRiarebs ori sferos

urTierTqmedebas _ sazogadoebis integraciasa da diferencias, Sesabamisad, misi

damoukideblobisa da SenarCunebaSi, rac politikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoixateba

suverenitetis principSi, xolo kulturuli TvalsazrisiT _ TviTmyofadobis,

identurobis principSi. am daskvnebma msoflio samecniero literaturaSi gamoiwvia

modernizaciis procesis arsis gadaxedva. aseTi gaazrebis erTgvar kategoriuli

formulirebaa s.hanTingtons ekuTvnis: `modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs

vesternizacias. aradasavluri sazogadoebebma SesaZloa ganicadon modernizacia ise,

rom uari ar Tqvan sakuTar kulturaze, ar miiRon dasavluri Rirebulebebi,

institutebi da qcevis formebi. sinamdvileSi modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs

da iwvevs dasavleTis SedarebiT dasustebas. SiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro sul ufro da

ufro modernizebuli da naklebad dasavluri xdeba~.

rogorc ukve iTqva, didi xnis manZilze sxvadasxva saxis kulturul faqtorebs

SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda. modernizaciis subieqtebad upirveles

yovlisa saxelmwifoebi miiCneodnen, ufro sworesd ki politikuri reJimebi.

Sesabamisad, politikis sfero ganmsazRvrelad iTvleboda ekonomikasTan da

politikasTan SedarebiT. magram gardaqmnebma rac ufro farTod moicves socialuri

regulaciis sxvadasxva sfero, miT ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa sakuTriv kulturuli

kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri regulaciis specifikis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom es specifika mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli

kulturuli velis doneze.

bolo sami aTwleulis manZilze modernizaciis procesSi nacionaluri da

civilizaciuri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis principi sabolood damkvidrda

samecniero literaturaSi.

sazogadod, modernulobis warmoSobis ori Teoria arsebobs. isini warmoadgenen

or gansxvavebul gagebas imisa, Tu riT gansxvavdeba Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

Tavisi winamorbedisagan. erTi gagebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebasa da,

magaliTad, Sua saukunebis evropas Soris iseTive gansxvaveba arsebobs, rogoric Sua

saukuneebis evropasa da amave periodis CineTsa Tu indoeTs Soris. sxva sityvebiT, Cven

SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba civilizaciebs Soris, romelTagan

TiToeuls Tavis sakuTari kultura aqvs. meore gagebiT, adreuli saukuneebidan

dRemde arsebuli cvlilebebi Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT raRac `ganviTarebis~ msgavsiT _

16

iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTarebis qveynebSi. 50 wlis win TeTri saxlis

maspinZlebi Riad saubrobdnen amerikaze, rogorc `qristianul qveyanaze~; dRes Tavad

buSic ki, moerideba Riad aseT fomulirebas.

rogorc aRvniSneT, multikulturalizmi, pirvel rigSi, dasavlur samyaros

emuqreba, amis mizezi ki ganviTarebis maRali donea. sxva kultturis warmomadgenlebi

dasavleTSi swored finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT Cadian. kulturul

problemebTan erTad, emigracia politikur-ekonomikur problemebsac qmnis; Raribi

qveynebidan Casuli xalxi iafi muSaxelia; amis gamo dasavleTis qveynebSi

adgilobrivebs, SesaZloa, garkveuli problemebi SeeqmnaT samsaxuris Sovnis mxriv.

magram yvelze mTavari sul sxvaa, rac bolo periodSi xSirad iCens xolme Tavs.

magaliTad, safrangeTma miiRo kanoni, romelmac akrZala Cadris tareba safrangeTSi;

demokratiuli proncipebidan gamomdinare, safrangeTSi mcxovrebma muslimebma didi

winaaRmdegoba gauwies am kanons. maT aiZules safrangeTis mTavroba da sakuTar

qveyanaSi miaRebines kanoni, romelic, pirvel rigSi, kulturul-religiuri niSniT

gansxvavebulobas usvams xazs. am nabijiT muslimurma samyarom safrangeTSi frangebi

aiZula eRiarebinaT islamis Zala. anu multikulturalizmis Sedegad frangulma

sazogadoeam kanonmdeblobis dros unda gaiTvaliswonos arafranguli, araevropuli

da aradasavluri samyaros warmomadgenelTa moTxovnebi. msgavsi problemebi

saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar exeba, radgan saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs iseTi

ekonomikuri done, romelic did imigraciul procesebs ganapirobebda.

aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces imas, rom modernizaciis xarisxis zrda

ganapirobebs zemoT ganxiluli problemebis zrdasac. f.fukuiama acxadebs, rom

uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSS da safrangeTs kvlav emuqreba imigrantTa miReba.

bevri iqneba damokidebuli am qveynebze, kerZod, Tu rogor moaxerxeben isini

imigrantTa integracias sakuTar istoriul kulturaSi.

globalizacia namdvilad aris Sinagani procesi, romelic gagrZeldeba uaxloesi

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, XXI saukunis postindustriul qveynebs da

sazogadoebebs mouwevT Sejaxeba amerikuli kulturis im elementebTan, romelTac

dRes evropelebi miuReblad miiCneven, askvnis igi.

modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis process ori _ rogorc pozitiuri, aseve

negatiuri mxare aqvs. qalis socialuri aqtivobis gazrdam gamoiwvia Sobadobis kleba.

yvelaze metad daberebis procesi Tavs iCens ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aqtiuri

mosaxleobis Sevseba ki xdeba sxva kulturis qveynebidan mosuli imigrantebiT.

arsebobs problemebi, romelic mosdevs modernizaciis dadebiT process; amitom

sainteresoa, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. suraTis kargad

warmoCenisaTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnevT warmogidginoT statistikuri monacemebi.

saqarTvelo

mmarTvelobis forma saprezidento respublika

mdebareoba aRmosavleTis grZedis 40’ da 47’

CrdioloeT ganedis 41’ da 44’

teritoriis farTobi 69 700 km/kv

mosaxleoba (2002 wlis

aRweris mixedviT)

4 602 aTasi kaci

mosaxleobis simWidrove 66 adamiani km/kv-ze

105

dedaqalaqi Tbilisi

saxelmwifo ena qarTuli

religiuri aRmsarebloba marTlmadidebloba

sxva religiuri jgufebi mahmadianebi, somxuri monofizitebi, ebraelebi,

kaTolikebi, baptistebi da iezidebi

erovnuli umciresobebi afxazebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, rusebi, somxebi

gaeroSi Sesvlis TariRi 1992w. 31 ivlisi

erovnuli valuta lari

mTliani Sida produqti

(erT sulze 2002w.)

1626 lari

lari/aSS dolaris

gacvliTi kursi (2002 w)

1.8 lari

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba

dabadebisas (2002 w.)

mamakaci 68 weli

qali 75 weli

am monacemebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli suraTis daxatva: saqarTvelo

warmoadgens mcirericxovan, patara teritoriaze gansaxlebul qveyanas; miuxedavad

laris kursis ganmtkicebisa (2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, igi aSS dolarTan

Seadgenda 1,80), igi sakmaod Raribia, Tumca sicocxlis xangrZlivoba arcTu ise

dabalia; qveyanaSi cxovroben sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa da erovnebis

warmomadgenlebi; warmovadgenTT maTi raodenobis procentul maCvenebels.

მოსახლეობის ეროვნული შემადგენლობა (მოსახლეობის აღწერების მონაცემებით)

ათასი კაცი პროცენტობით მთელ მოსახლეობასთან

1979 1989 2002 1979 1989 2002 მთელი მოსახლეობა

4993,2 5400,8 4371,5 100 100 100

ქართველი 3433,0 3787,4 3661,2 68,8 70,1 83,8 აფხაზი 85,3 95,9 3,5 1,7 1,8 0,1 ოსი 160,5 164,1 38,0 3,2 3,0 0,9 რუსი 371,6 341,2 67,7 7,4 6,3 1,5 უკრაინელი 45,0 52,4 7,0 0,9 1,0 0,2 აზერბაიჯანელი 255,7 307,6 284,8 5,1 5,7 6,5 სომეხი 448,0 437,2 248,9 9,0 8,1 5,7

ებრაელი 28,3 24,8 3,6 0,6 0,5 0,1

ბერძენი 95,1 100,3 15,2 1,9 1,9 0,3

ქურთი 25,7 33,3 20,8 0,5 0,6 0,5

rogorc vxedavT, wlebis manZilze qarTvelebis procentuli maCvenebeli izrdeba; es,

pirvel rigSi, sxva erovnebis xalxTa migraciis Sedegad moxda, da ara Tavad qarTvelTa

raodenobis zrdis xarjze; aqve unda iTqvas, rom 1989 wels mudmivi mosaxleobis

raodenoba iyo 5 401 aTasi, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT igi Semcirda 4 372 aTasamde. milionze

106

asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunika-

ciuri barierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciul

etiketTan da mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motoruli

nimuSebi da sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlis

aTvisebaSi.

tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis damabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTro-

pologiuri diskreditacias Tan erTvoda civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religias

exeboda. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, aradasavluri religiebi ar miiCnevian

modernizaciuli potenciis matareblad.

amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialur-

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individi

rogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi daaRwia askriptiul kavSirebs da romelic sakmaod

Tavisufalia qcevasa da azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelic

ar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofna

gardaqmnebisaTvis da maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmis

mixedviT moqmedebs.

XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa da diskreditacia da

modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebobda kolonializmis kritikisa da aradasavluri

sazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis dacvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris mier

vesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdeboda, imiT

iyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda aradasavlur

sazogadoebebze dasavluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. dasavluri

kulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa da aziis, afrikisa da

laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa da damoukideblobisaTvis.

1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbobda Sromebi, romlebic

tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda da romlebSic

aradasavluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixileboda rogorc udavo

dabrkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT

upiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa da racionalizmis Rirebulebebs.

magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem,

warumatebelma modernizaciam da revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveli

universaluri modelebis gadaexedva da ganviTarebis procesebis axali, SedarebiTi

kvlevis wamowyeba.

dasavlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulma

kvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa da mis xasiaTTan

dakavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina,

rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi da damokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovan

araerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCnda, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri,

naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi.

es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad,

sazogadoebis rRveva da misi kriminalizacia sdevda Tan.

diqotomuri Teoriebi da koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCnda aexsna moderni-

zaciuli procesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gardamavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba,

maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika da aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebuli

politikuri da ekonomikuri kompleqsebis damoukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba.

amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri,

aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Sedarebas, upirveles yovlisa es exeboda

religiasa da kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel

15

da kulturuli formebis gavlenis Sedegi, rogorc maTi `difuzia~. sociokulturul

WrilSi modernizacia unda warmarTuliyo rogorc moZraoba àvtoritetulobidan

Tavisuflebisaken~, rogorc dromoWmuli tradiciebis gardaqmna da gadalaxva,

teqnikur efeqturobaSi ganxorcielebuli racionalobis damkvidreba da saparla-

mento demokratiis gafarToebaze damyarebuli axali politikuri kulturis aTviseba.

sazogadoebaTa dayofa `dasavleT-aRmosavleTis~ diqotomiis safuZvelze

gulisxmobda maT dayofas `ganviTarebis unaris mqone~, `mowinave~ da `CamorCenil~

sazogadoebebad. am ukanasknelTaTivis ki gardauvali iyo saerTo gzisaTvis gverdis

avla. am process Tan axlavs dasavluri faseulobebis, normebis da qcevis

stereotipebs aucilebeli sesxeba. xSirad, modernizacia gaigeba rogorc avtori-

tarizmisa da despotizmis gadalaxva, qcevisa da sazogadoebis regulaciis tra-

diciuli formebis TandaTanobiTi gandevna da maTi axali, gonivrulobisa da mecni-

erul principebze dayrebuli formebiT Canacvleba. ucvleli da dromoWmuli

wesrigidan sazogadoeba gadadis mudmivi cvlilebebisa da srulyofis procesisaken.

aseTi principebi sxvadasxva variaciebiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes liberalur, refor-

matorul an socialistur mimarTulebebSi. aradasavluri kulturuli memkvidreobis

Seswavla Seesabameboda ìstorizmis~ im ganwyobas, romlis mixedviT warsulis

istoriam `Caiara~ da amitom unda Seicvalos axali, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT.

naSromebi, romlebic aRmosavluri kulturebis Zveli da klasikuri periodis

istoriisa da aradasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturisa da funqciobis kvlevas

eZRvneboda mxolod erTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleoden _ am

sazogadoebaTa tipis cvlileba gardauvali iyo reformebis an revoluciis gziT.

civilizaciuri TvalTaxedviT, modernizaciis Teoria Tavdapirvelad `Zveli~

civilizaciebis `gadalaxvasa~ da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis progresis universaluri

gzis dasaxvaSi mdgomareobda. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis Teoria

socialurobis, rogorc tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis, CamorCenilobisa da

ganviTarebulobis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda.

aseTi midgomis farglebSi tradicia aRiqmeboda rogorc Semaferxebeli Zala, romlis

Sesusteba da gadalaxva uzrunvelyofda Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli sistemis

damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas.

arsebobda tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli im `naklovani

Taviseburebebis~ CamonaTvali, romelic xels uSlida da aferxebda imitaciur

modernizacias. am CamonaTvalSi Sedioda socialuri struqturis Semdegi Tavise-

burebani: askriptiuli kavSirebi: urTierTvaldebulebebi ojaxisa da naTesaobis

farglebSi, megobruli da klanuri kavSirebi, mcire jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi azri; am

kavSirebidan gamomdinare, koleqtiuri warmodgenebis upiratesoba da individis

jgufisagan ganuyofeloba; lokalur erTeulebsa da teritoriebze mijaWvuloba;

kasturi da klasobrivi barierebi; mkacri msoflmxedvelobrivi kontroli, orien-

tirebuli saboloo da maradiul Rirebulebebze sawinaaRmdegod instrumentuli

faseulobebisa, romlebic yoveldRiur praqtikul qcevas aregulireben. gardaqmnebis

damabrkolebel kulturul winaaRmdegobebad miCneuli iyo Semdegi Rirebulebebi:

`samuSao~ drois ignorireba, yoveldRiuri da Seupavari Sromis unaris arqona,

fatalizmi, eTnocentrizmi, siamayisa da Rirsebis gamZafrebuli gancda, moride-

bulobis konservatiuli normebi, adgilobrivi politikuri avtoritetebis pativis-

cema da `sakuTar~ miwasTan mijaWvuloba, Cuqebis rogorc gacvlis formisadmi

pozitiuri damokidebuleba da a.S. kulturis struqturaSi aRiniSneba gaxleCa maRal

moralur orientaciebsa da adamianuri yofis realuri pirobebis ugulvebelyofas

Soris, problemebis realuri gadaWris Tavidan arideba, statusis, genderuli da

14

meti adamianis danaklisi arcTu mcirea. sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia kleba _

sikvdilianobis zrdam da Sobadobis Semcirebam, Tu migraciulma procesebma.

pirvel rigSi, davakvirdeT mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maCvenebels:

შობადობა, მოკვდაობა და მოსახლეობის ბუნებრივი მატება

სულ, ათასი მოსახლეობის 1000 კაცზე

წლები დაიბადა


ბუნებრივი მა-ტება, კლება(-)

დაიბადა


ბუნებრივი მატება, კლება(-)

1980 89,4 43,3 46,1 17,6 8,5 9,1

1985 97,7 46,1 51,6 18,5 8,7 9,8

1990 92,8 50,7 42,1 17,1 9,3 7,8

1991 89,1 52,4 36,7 16,3 9,6 6,7

1992 72,6 54,9 17,7 13,4 10,2 3,2

1993 61,6 57,5 4,1 12,0 11,2 0,8

1994 57,3 50,3 7,0 11,8 10,4 1,4

1995 56,3 49,1 7,2 11,9 10,4 1,5

1996 55,0 48,0 7,0 11,9 10,4 1,5

1997 54,0 47,6 6,4 11,9 10,5 1,4

1998 51,5 47,3 4,2 11,5 10,5 1,0

1999 48,7 47,2 1,5 10,9 10,6 0,3

2000 48,8 47,4 1,4 11,0 10,7 0,3

2001 47,6 46,2 1,4 10,8 10,5 0,3

2002 46,6 46,4 0,2 10,7 10,7 0,0

rogorc vxedavT, Sefardeba mokvdaobasa da Sobadobas Soris wlebis manZilze

uaryofiTi Sedegisaken iklebs. Cvens xelT arsebuli ukanaskneli oficialuri

monacemi 2002 wlisaa, romlis mixedviTac Sefardeba nulis tolia.

sruli suraTis dasaxatad davakvirdeT Sobadobis klebis gamomwvev mizezebs.

mizezi SesaZlebelia iyos qorwinebis raodenobis kleba, abortebis mateba, Cvil

bavSvTa sikvdilianobis zrda:

ქორწინება 1995 2000 2002

ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი

დაქორწინებულია, სულ 21481 21481 12870 12870 12535 12535

ganqorwineba

1989 7,4 aTasi

2000 1.9 aTasi

2001 2,0 aTasi

2002 1,8 aTasi

107

კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება

1990 1995 2000 2001 2002

კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება, ერთეული 6353 5181 7865 8755 8143

აბორტები 1995 2000 2001 2002

აბორტების რაოდენობა სულ, ათასი 34.9 9.5 9.7 8.8

მინი-აბორტი 8.6 5.4 5.3 5.1

ჩვილ ბავშვთა სიკვდილიანობა 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002

გოგო 813 645 444 451 449

ბიჭი 1097 955 656 647 653

სულ 1910 1600 1100 1098 1102

rogorc vxedavT, droTa ganmavlobaSi iklebs qorwineba, aseve ganqorwineba.

sabednierod, moiklo Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobamac, amasTan erTad, iklebs

abortebis raodenobac, rac, albaT, kontraceptivebis moxmarebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli

da TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, magram mTlianobaSi mokvdavobisa da Sobadobis

Sefardeba uaryofiTisaken ixreba. es procesi aqtualuria imdenad, ramdenadac

pirdapir kavSirSia aqtiuri mosaxleobis procentul maCvenebelTan. aqtiuri

mosaxleobis raodenoba ki, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mniSvnelovania rogorc

ganviTarebadi, aseve ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisac.

davakvirdeT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas wlebis

ganmavlobaSi:

1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

შრომისუნარიანზე უმცროსი 1423,0 1059,5 1037,7 1015,7 996,3 987,5 959,3

შრომისუნარიანი 3039,3 2767,4 2743,9 2721,2 2697,3 2678,9 2685,1

შრომისუნარიანზე უფროსი 938,5 678,0 688,2 698,3 707,8 705,1 698,2

15 წლის და მეტი ასაკის მოსახლეობის განაწილება ეკონომიკური აქტიურობის მიხედვით 2002 წელს

ქალები კაცები

ეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობა ეკონომიკურად არააქტიური მოსახლეობა

108

axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs da romlebic gaformebulia sakralizebuli

normebiT, moraluri orientaciebiTa simbolikiT, kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas

da ejaxebian imperativebs, romlebsac sabazro kavSirebis funqcionaluri samyaro

karnaxobs. askriptiuli socialurobis adrindeli totaluri sistemebi, romelSic

TiToeul individs Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli, kargaven

adrindel mniSvnelobas, ixliCebian sxvadasxva nawilebad, amasTan mzardi

mniSvneloba eniWeba axal, funqciur da miRweviT kriteriumebze damyrebul

sistemebs. unda iTqvas, rom miRweviTi orientaciebi met-naklebad arsebobs

nebismier `tradiciul~ garemoSi, magram iq isini askriptiul sazogadoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel ierarqiul sistemaSi iyo CarTuli. axal pirobebSi miRweviT

orientaciebma, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos rogorc urTierTobaTa individua-

lizacias, aseve sazogadoebis danawevrebas sxvadasxva jgufebad da erTobebad.

modernizaciis Teoriebi

dasavluri kulturaSi modernizaciis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis sxvadasxvagvari

axsna arsebobs. veberiseuli xedva upiratesobas im faseulobaTa xasiaTSi xedavs,

romelic materialuri sikeTis dagrovebasa da gafarTebazea orientirebuli. meore

mimarTuleba upiratesobas socialur-politikur struqturas (upirveles yovlisa,

sofelTan SedarebiT qalaqis siWarbes) aniWebda (f.brodeli, igive m.veberi). mesame

mimarTuleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas Zalauflebis ganawilebis principsa da am

principis institutebSi gamyarebas aniWebda (S. eizenStadti).

saukunenaxevris manZilze modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani

iyo Sexeduleba msoflio istoriis Tanamedrove etapeze TiToeuli sazogadoebis

sworxazovani ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es miuTiTebda yoveli sazogadoebis im sistemaSi

Sesvlis aucileblobaze, romelic dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si Camoyalibda da,

Sesabamisad, maT `centralur~ civilizaciasTan `mierTebaze~. zustad es iyo prog-

resis, rogorc procesisa da miznis arsi. socialuri regulaciis yvela adrindeli

varianti, miRwevebi da Rirebulebebi gadaisinja dasavleTis mier Seqmnili

TanamoedroveobaSi Sesasvlelad. amitom yvela aradasavluri kultura, upirveles

yovlisa, axal realobaSi SesvlisaTvis vargisianobis TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda.

yvela saxis istoriuli da adgilobrivi da istoriuli Tavisebureba ganixileboda

mxolod rogorc sawyisi fazis specifika, romelic swraf transformaciasa da

gaqrobas eqvemdebareboda. XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis garkveuli periodis manZilze

ganviTarebis Taviseburebis problematika faqtobrivad im mkvlevarTa yuradRebis

miRma darCa, romlebic aradasavluri qveynebis ganviTarebis gzebsa da SesaZ-

leblobebze saubrobdnen. metic, Tu adre aqcenti keTdeboda dasavluri

sazogadoebisa da misi ganviTarebis specifikaze, SemdgomSi damkvidrda dasavluri

modelis universalurobis idea mTeli msofliosaTvis.

70-iani wlebis dasawyisamde modernizaciis Teoria `vesternizaciis~ koncefciis

bazaze viTardeboda, romelic dasavluri liberalizmis universalobas amtkicebda.

vesternizaciis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom gaTanamedrovebis procesi

rogorc istoriulad, ise logikurad gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, meurneobis

warmarTvis kapitalisturi meTodis miRebas, aseve dasavleTis, rogorc `msoflio

civilizaciis~ eqspansia. problema mxolod `sastarto pirobebisa~ da `winaaR-

mdegobebis~ gamovlenaSi, aseve sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa universaluri xasiaTis mqone

modernizaciis indeqsis mixedviT SefasebaSi mdgomareobda.

koloniuri sistemis daSlasa da suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, rasac

Tan sdevda kulturuli TviTmyofadobis ideologiuri mtkiceba, ar gamouwvevia

sworxazovani koncefciis gadaxedva. dekolonizaciis procesi dasavlur isto-

riografiaSi ganixileboda, rogorc dasavluri ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri

13

aRiarebas iRebs `miRwevis~ kriteriumi moRvaweobis axal, upirveles yovlisa,

sameurneo, finansur da saqmian sferoSi.

politikis sferoSi _ centralizebuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis Camoyali-

beba, romlis farglebSi yalibdeba sakuTari interesebisaTvis mebrZoli sxva-

dasxvagvari socialur-politikuri moZraobebi, elitebi da jgufebi; dinastiuri

reJimebis legitimurobis tradiciuli formebis Sesusteba da demokratiis zogierTi

elementis Semotana; cvlileba centrsa da periferias Soris urTiermimarTebaSi, rac

gamoixateba imiT, rom periferiisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba xelisufleba centrSi.

kulturul sferoSi _ RirebulebiTi orientaciebis diferenciacia, sazoga-

doebrivi codnisa da ganaTlebis sekularizacia da pluralizacia, ideologiuri

mimarTulebebis mravalferovneba, masmediis ganviTareba. upiratesoba eniWeba da

aRiarebuli xdeba qcevis sul ufro meti individualizacia da pirovnebis TviT-

gamorkveva. sulier sferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebad miiCneva sekularizmis gavr-

celeba risi safuZvelic aris meurneobisa da politikis avtonomiurobis zrda,

moRvaweobis praqtikuli da racionaluri formebis gafarToeba, sadac ganmsazRvreli

kriteriumebi ara moraluri, sulieri an estTetikuri mosazrebebia, aramed

efeqturoba da praqtikuli sargebeli. am cvlilebebis (romelTa xarisxis gansazRvra

empiriuladac aris SesaZlebeli) arsebiTi parametrebi mosaxleobis mobilurobis,

socialur da politikur marTvaSi misi monawileobis da, aseve sxvadasxva socialur

jgufis Tanamedrove kulturaSi CarTulobis xarisxia. modernizacia moicavs

mosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebs, aTavisuflebs ra maT yofisa da warmoebis

uZravi formebisagan. magram modernizaciis procesis struqturaSi yovelTvis xdeba

mewarmeTa fenis gaZliereba da daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis zrda.

instituciuri TvalsazrisiT _ modernizacia gamoixateba institutebis

diferenciaciis zrdaSi, romlebic sakuTar Tavze iReben moRvaweobis axali formebis

regulacias. cxovrebis yvela sfero, religiuris CaTvliT, ufro mravalferovani

xdeba.

socialuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis mamoZravebli Zala, umeteswilad, is

aqtiuri fenebia, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT adre arsebul ZiriTad

socialur fenebTan mimarTebaSi.

xSirad modernizaciis iniciatorebad gamodian ucxo kulturuli elementebi, sxva

konfesiuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi. maT axasiaTebT gazrdili

mobiluroba da aqtiuroba savaWro-sawarmoo sferoSi.

amgvarad, modernistuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:

industrializacia, urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi,

Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstitucionalizmi, liberaluri demokratia,

individualizmi, sekularizmi, racionaluri azrovneba.

modernizaciis winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi

modernizaciis Teoriis kritikis Sedegad, gamovlinda is mravalferovani wina-

aRmdegobrivi Sedegebi, romlebic Tan sdeven sazogadoebis modernizaciis process. es

winaaRmdegobani yvela SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT.

1. ~tradiciisa~ da `Tanamedroveobis~ Sejaxeba, rac iwvevs gaxleCas socialurobis

tipebsa da kulturul sferoebs Soris, aseve aviwroebs adre arsebuli kulturis

moqmedebis sferosa da moRvaweobis axal sferoebSi misi statusis damcrobas

ganapirobebs. axal pirobebSi xdeba askriptiul kavSirebze damyarebuli socia-

lurobis adrindeli principebisa da im Tanamedrove orientaciebis dapirispireba,

romlebic mimarTulia warmatebebze komerciuli saqmianobaSi, profesionalizmsa

da praqtikul codnaSi da a.S. urTierToba da urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlebic

12

mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi, migraciis Sedegia, radgan Sobadobisa da

mokvdavobis Sefardeba jerjerobiT ar aris im doneze gauaresebuli, rom msgavsi

Sedegi gamoeRo.

davakvirdeT mosaxleobis gare migracias:

მოსახლეობის გარე მიგრაციის სალდო (ათასი კაცი)

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

-140,9 -142,6 -127,2 -123,1 -123,1 -39,2 -36,3 -35,2 -31,2 -29,1

rogorc vxedavT, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari, migraciis

mxriv, Zalzed arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba. es ki, Cveni azriT, pirdapir kavSirSia

socialur problemebTan. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom imigrantTa TiTqmis absolutur

umravlesobas swored aqtiuri mosaxleoba warmoadgens. 1998 wlidan migraciis

procentuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, Tumca, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, am

procesebma gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis milioniT Semcireba, rac

saqarTvelos msgavsi qveynisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.

statistikuri monacemebi kargi saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis

danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba,

mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare

gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs

garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi. modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis

socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT

dadebiT process Tan axlavs uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba

iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas, Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas

daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis

pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze. emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas.

globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas, rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa

adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia, isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro

metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da

aRiarebas.

saqarTvelo, SesaZloa, am mxriv katastrofis winaSe ar imyofebodes, magram

yurdRebamisaqcevia is, rom ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis gamo, romelic

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoiSva, iklebs yvelanairi maCvenebeli _

qorwineba, Sobadoba minusebisken mieqaneba. saqarTvelodan migraciis gamomwvevi

mizezic swored ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebia da ara, vTqvaT ganaTlebis

miReba an biznesi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is problemebi, rac ganivaTarebul qveynebSi

modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia, saqarTveloSi mxolod ekonomikuri da socialuri

siduxWiris gamo Seiqmna. qorwinebisa da demografiuli sakiTxis daRmasvla

gamowveulia ara qalis socialuri rolis gazrdiT (sabWoTa kavSiris dros ufro meti

qali iyo dasaqmebuli saqarTveloSi, vidre axla, es ki imis bralia, rom Semcirda

samuSao adgilebi), aramed imiT, rom saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo Tu teritoriuli

mTlianobis dasacavad warmoebulma omma, aseve Seqmnilma kriminogenulma situaciam

Seiwira swored is Taoba, romlis saSualebiTac unda momxdariyo genofondis zrda.

amas emateba ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi da saxeze gvaqvs qorwinebisa da

Sobadobis kleba, mosaxleobis Semcireba.

saqarTvelo warmoadgens multieTnikur saxelmwifos. multikulturaze saubari,

Cveni azriT, gamoricxulia, radgan aq mcxovreb erovnebebaTa umravlesobas, didi xnis

109

Tanacxovrebis gamo, yofier doneze saerTo Tvisebebi CamouyalibdaT, msgavsi iyo

Cacma-daxurvis stili, stumar-maspinZlobis, pirovnebis Rirsebis Sefasebis, is, rasac

vaJa-fSavela ‘’kai ymas’’ uwodebda msgavsia qarTvelebis, afxazebis, osebis, somxebisa

da azerbaijanelebisaTvis. geografiulma mezoblobam am mxriv didi roli iTamaSa.

saqarTveloSi mWidrod dasaxlebulni ar arian istoriulad ucxo kulturis

warmomadgenlebi da, jerjerobiT, sazRvrebis gaxsnas ar moyolia emigraciis talRis

zrda, rac aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. statistikuri monacemebi kargi

saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi

sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba, mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir

kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic

modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi.

modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac

dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT dadebiT process Tan axlavs

uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas,

Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi

aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze.

emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas. globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas,

rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia,

isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da aRiarebas.

110

aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im xarisxiT transformacias dominirebadi

eTnikuri jgufis kulturis zegavleniT. amasTan, xSirad umciresobis kulturis

ukuzegavlenac friad Zlieria. dRes mkvlevarTa umravlesoba garkveul sifrTxiles iCens termin àsimilaciis~

mimarT, misi politikuri Seferilobis gamo.

Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi

modernizacia

modernizacia, farTo azriT, gulisxmobs zogadsakacobrio evuluciis Tanmdevi,

axali saazrovno formebisa da teqnologiebis damkvidrebis permanentuli process.

aseTi gagebiT, modernizacia uwyveti da usasrulo procesia da misi Sedegi ar aris

erTjeradi monapovari.

viwro azriT, am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo,

agraruli sazogadoebidan sekularuli, industriuli, urbanistuli sazogadoebad

transformacias.

modernizaciis procesi dReisaTvis ar Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis

Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes globaluri masStabiT, radgan

modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan _ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli

samyaro moicva.

modernizacia kursis farglebSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc:

1. dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli etapisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic unda

ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am

civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo

kavSirSi.

2. socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic msoflio sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis specifikam sxva, aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa

(kulturaTa, civilizaciaTa) maxasiaTeblad aqcia. am aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa

modernizaciis procesSi gamokveTili axali kulturuli procesebis aRweras

kursSi ramdenime saleqcio Tema eTmoba.

modernizaciis pirveli gageba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dasavluri sazogadoebis

istoriuli da Tanamedrove ganviTarebaze msjelobisas, xolo meore _ Tanamedrove

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawerad.

modernizaciis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad miCneulia:

ekonomikaSi _ axali teqnologiebisa da kapitalis gamoyenebis gazrda, bunebrivi

resursebis farTo aTviseba, meurneobis meoradi da mesameuli seqtorebis

gafarToeba, kapitalis, Sromisa da sasaqonlo bazris ganviTareba.

socialur sferoSi _ socialurobis adrindeli, winaswargansazRvruli (askrip-

tiuli) tipebisa da socialuri kuTvnilebis zogadi tipebis Sesusteba, adrindeli,

pirvel rigSi, religiuri, saerTo askriptiuli kavSirebis fragmentacia da axali,

sabazro an profesiul kriteriumebze damyarebuli racionaluri kavSirebis sferos

gafarToeba. am ukanasknels Tan sdevs socialuri da profesiuli diferenciaciis

zrda, gansakuTrebiT klasobrivi, qonebrivi da funqciuri, warmoebis, politikuri da

sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa, urbanizaciis zrda da soflis

CarTva sabazro urTierTobebSi. statusis adrindeli, memkvidreobiT miRebuli da

jgufisadmi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvrul askriptiuli simboloTa nacvlad mzard

11

sawarmoSi momuSave indoeli da Turqi muSebi, romlebic samuSaoze xelmZRvaneloben

Tanamedrove da industiruli Sromis wesebiT, xolo saxlSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi

ixelmZRvaneleben TavianTi tradiciebiTa da wes-CveulebebiT. kolonizacia. pirvelmosulebi daiwyeben yvelanair propagandas, Tavsmoxvevas

cxovrebaSi Tavisi sakuTari yofaqcevis modelebis, daupirispiron isini imas, rac

tradiciuli kulturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelSic isini aRmoCndenen. es

xdeba rogorc saomari, aseve mSvidobiani dapyrobis dros, aseve modernizaciis

procesSi. termin `kolonizacias~ am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs SefasebiTi mniSvneloba, es

faseulobiTi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri cnebaa. saqme exeba kulturul

koloniozacias; politikuri kolonizacia kulturuli kolonizaciis mxolod kerZo,

Tavisi SedegbiT arc ise radikaluri SemTxvevaa. kulturuli Soki, farTo azriT, rogorc filosofiur-kulturuli an filo-

sofiur-istoriuli kategoria, kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa CamoyalibebisaTvis

TiTqmis gadamwyveti kategoria aRmoCnda. XII-XVII ss. mogzaurTa gadmocemebma,

romlebic aRwerdnen axali qveynebisa da xalxebis usasrulo raodenobas, evropaSi

kulturuli Soki gamoiwvia, rac safuZvlad daedo kulturis fenomenis rogorc

Seswavlis obieqtis Camoyalibebas. am kulturulma Sokma evropelTa gonebaSi

gadatrialeba moaxdina, romelsac SeiZleba anTropologiuri revolucia vuwodoT.

misi arsi isaa, rom Seirya evropelTa warmodgena sakuTar gansakuTrebulobaze;

aRmoCnda, rom kacobrioba Sedgeba mravali kulturisagan. Tuki kopernikiseulma

revoluciam mospo samyaros centris yofnis iluzia, anTropologiurma revoluciam

mospo evropis iluzia ekumenis centrSi yofnisa. mTlianad kulturuli Soki TamaSobs kulturaSi dadebiT rols, vianidan xels

uwyobs kulturaTa urTierTqmedebasa da urTierTgamdidrebs, tradicul kulturaSi

sxva kulturul elementTa integracias, kulturaTa Riaobis zrdas.

asimilacia

procesi, romlis Sedegad erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi kargaven TavianT

Tavdapirvel kulturas da iTviseben im eTnikuri jgufis kulturas, romelTanac

uSuali kontaqti aqvT. es procesi SeiZleba spontanurad mimdinareobdes _ aseT

SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba ganixilebodes akulturaciis erT-erT tipad, akulturaciis

procesis Sedegad. cneba àsimilacia~ XIX s-is bolodan damkvidrda amerikul kulturanTro-

pologiaSi, Tavdapirvelad — termin àmerikanizaciis~ sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. misi

pirveli gansazRverba r.parksa da e.berjess ekuTvniT: àsimilacia urTierTSeRwevisa

da Serevis procesia, romlis ganmavlobaSi individebi an jgufebi iZenen sxva

individebis istoriul mexsierebas da iziareben ra maT gamocdilebas, CarTuli

aRmoCndebian saerTo kulturul cxovrebaSi~. XX s-is Sua wlebamde es termini

gamoiyeneboda aSS TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis dominirebad kulturaSi indielTa

tomebis inkorporaciis mniSvnelobiT. amerikuli sazogadoeba ganixileboda

uzarmazar `SemoqmedebiT laboratoriad~, sadac sxvadasxva kulturuli tradicia

erTmaneTs ereva da `gadaidnoba~ sinTezur mTlianobad. XX s-is meore naxevarSi j. van

der zandenma ganasxvava calmxrivi asimilacia, roca umciresobis kultura mTlianad

gamoidevneba dominirebadi kulturis mier, da kulturaTa Sereva, romlis drosac

daqvemdebarebuli da gabatonebuli jgufebis elementebi erTmaneTs ereva, qmnis

mdgrad kombinaciebs da safuZvels uyris axal kulturas. m.gordonma daamkvidra asimilaciis xarisxobrivi ganxilvis tradicia. dRes

miCneulia, rom sruli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTia; Cveulebriv, adgili

10

Ivane Tsereteli Ketevan Kakitelashvili

CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION Summary

TOPIC 1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS

The first topic aims to interpret the basic concepts and terms, which will be used in the framework of the course. These terms deal with the problems and description of developments, which are connected with the process of modernization in different regions, thus in different cultural spaces. The problems of intercultural contacts and its various forms (assimilation, confrontation, symbiosis, synthesis, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion), the role and place of tradition in the process of modernization, problems of interconnection of tradition and modernization, the question of identity in non-Western cultures in the light of significant changes accompanied with modernization shall be discussed through the course.

As the process of modernization has arisen and developed on two levels, that are culture and civilization, it is necessary to define these two phenomena. The study and analysis of these processes should be based on these concepts.

As the phenomenon of culture is concerned, its two aspects must be mentioned:

1. Culture, as an universal determinant of humanity;

2. Culture, as the basis of differences and borders between distinct societies.

According to the first approach, culture is a result of an unique ability of Homo Sapiens – biological and social being. This factor differs humans from other biological kinds.

Man is genetically (biologically) determined to create, reproduce and transmit culture. Realization of these unique abilities is possible only during the social practice, in connection with experience of preceding generations, together with the process of socialization.

Apart from this, culture is represented as a complex of values, patterns of behavior and standards, which regulate people’s interrelations and their attitudes towards the nature and society. Thus, culture is a complex of social heritage, providing the succession of social experience.

The second aspect of culture implies that man’s ability to create and to pass culture is realized differently in particular societies. These differences are caused by specific conditions of development and the history of the concrete social group. Hence, we can speak about the peculiar models of the world, each created by separate culture.

Culture is the main characteristic, by means of which the representatives of diverse societies differentiate themselves from others.

Thus, culture can be defined as:

• Determinant of social behavior;

• Determinant of individual knowledge and interpretations;

• Mechanism of self-identification;

• Regulator of social life;

• Translator of social experience;

• Adaptation mechanism.

111

In the framework of this course the concept of “society” will be used as a synonym of culture, as we interpret the cultural and social levels of human activity as the equal spheres of human life. Definition of the concept of civilization is based on its local-historical interpretation. According to this viewpoint, civilization is a cultural super system, embodying cultures, which are similar by certain characteristics. Civilization is the widest level of cultural identity. The cultures, which are the members of the concrete civilization, are different, but the degree of their difference from cultures of other civilizations is deeper.

In the first chapter, concepts of identity (cultural and civilizational), tradition, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion of cultures and other forms of cultural interaction (confrontation, symbiosis, synthesis) are discussed.

TOPIC 2. THE CONCEPT OF MODERNIZATION. THEORY OF MODERNIZATION

Modernization, in a broad sense, implies the permanent process of establishment of a new forms of thinking and technologies. In this sense, modernization is a continuous and open-ended process and it is not a once-and-for-all-time achievement. In a narrow sense, in sociology this term is used to mark the transformation of traditional, rural and agrarian society into secular, industrial and urban one.

Nowadays, the process of modernization is not confined to the internal development of individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its original Western base to take in the whole world.

The modernization within the framework of this course is considered as:

1. One of the stages in the development of western community. At this stage we'll discuss in detail the conception of modernization, according to which modernization is a complex of sociocultural signs characteristic to a specific phase of the western community (civilization) development. This complex should be discussed in general, in the context of the western society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms preceeding this civilization.

2. The unity of social and cultural signs which, due to the modern stage’s specific development of world societies, became the characteristic of other non-Western cultures and civilizations. Several chapters of this course are devoted to the contemporary cultural processes, derived by the modernization of non-Western societies.

In the same chapter are discussed the most important factors of modernization in social, cultural, political, economic and institutional spheres, as well as the controversial and contradictory results of world’s modernization processes.

The evolution of the theory of modernization since M. Weber up to date is analyzed. The cultural, acultural and negative theories of modernization are examined.

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gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic ar gulisxmobs aucileblad migraciul procesebs.

kulturuli difuziis saSualebebad miiCneva turizmi, misionerTa moRvaweoba,

savaWro urTierTobani, omi, samecniero konferenciebi, gamofenebi, studentebisa Tu

specialistebis gacvliTi programebi da a.S. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe

evropeli misionerebi aq ara marto TavianT religiur kodeqss amkvidrebdnen, isini

sxva samyaros `kulturis elCebi~ iyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi (maTgan aiTvises qarTvelebma

qaris wisqvili, funTuSeulobis cxoba da sxva).

kulturis difuzia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ara marto xalxebsa da qveynebs,

aramed jgufebs da klasebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, ganarCeven or mimarTulebas:

1) kulturis difuzia eTnosebs, garkeuli statusis mqone individebis jgufebs

Soris (mag., policielebis mier qurduli samyaros leqsikis aqtiuri xmareba);

2) kulturuli elementebis vertikaluri gavrceleba araTanabari statusis mqone

subieqtebs Soris. aseT process uwodeben statifikatorul kulturul difuziasac,

romelic SeiZleba ori _ aRmavali da daRmavali _ formiT ganviTardes (mag.,

aristokratiis mier mdabiuri saubris stilis elementebis gadmoReba an fufunebis

sagnebis sayovelaod qceva).

kulturuli Soki

Tavdapirveli reaqcia individualuri an jgufuri cnobierebis SejaxebasTan

individebis an jgufebis ucxo kulturul realobasTan. kulturuli Sokis situacia

_ esaa konfliqtis situacia idnividebis Cveul Rirebulebebs, normebs, enas,

yoveldRiur praqtikas Soris. damaxasiaTebelia im garemosi, romelic man datova da im

axali garemosTvis, romelSic is aRmoCnda. kulturul Soks met-naklebad ganicdis

yvela, vinc moxvdeba pirvelad ucxo kulturul garemoSi (turistebi, emigrantebi da

a.S.). Sokuri reaqciis Zala ganisazRvreba Rrma gansxvavebiT yofil da axal kulturebs

Soris. fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba pirovnebis, orientaciuli SesaZlebloba,

rigidulobis xarisxi an plastiuroba, arsebuli an Zveli kulturuli elementebis

arqona. magaliTad, ojaxi, megobrebi, romlebsac individi gadmoitans TavisTan axal

kulturul konteqstSi. xarisxi Riaobis an daxurulobis warmomadgeneli axali

kulturisa, romelTanc kontaqtSia individi. kulturul Soks aseve SeiZleba hqondes

adgili jgufuri Semecnebis doneze, rodesac ucxo kulturul garemoSi ereva mTeli

jgufi (mag., masobrivi emigraciis SemTxvevaSi) anda rodesac intensiuri kulturuli

difuziis Sedegad warmoiSoba konfrontaciis situacia Zvel da axal Rirebulebebis,

normebis, yofaqcevis modelebs Soris. ukanaskneli xSirad xdeba sazogadoebrivi

tradiciis modernizaciis msvlelobis dros. gamoiyofa oTxi SesaZlebloba konfliqtis daZlevis: nayofi kulturis Sokis

getoizaciaa. mosulebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben SigniT axals maTi

kulturisaTvis izolirebul anklavebs (geto), sadac inaxaven da inarCuneben

tradiciebs TavianTi kulturuli yofaqcevis modelebs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba

gamodges dasavleTis TiTqmis yvela msxvili qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `Caina

Tauni~ (China Town) da braiTon biCi (kvartlebi) niu-iorkSi. asimilacia. mosulebi cdiloben mTlianad Seeguon axals maTi kulturisaTvis,

SeeTvison mis normebs, Rirebulebebi, qcevi modelebs da mTlianad uaryofen im

kulturul memkvidreobas, romelic datoves. urTierTmoqmedeba. mcdeloba moZebnon raRac saSualo xazi, gaaerTianon axali da

Zveli kulturis elemetnebi. isini Seecdebian SeaTavson orive kulturis yofaqcevis

normebi, cdiloben moawesrigon kulturaTa Soris komunikacia, gaamdidron rogorc

sakuTari kultura, agreTve is, romliTac isini amJamad sargeblobdnen. amis magaliTia

9

gamoiyofa kulturaTa/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:

1. konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi. pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva,

`sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli~ formebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdileba

ganixileba rogorc ùcxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad unda ganidevnos. meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxare

inarCunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisebrioba, magram

kontaqtSi myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~

kulturuli realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTi

arsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

urTierTmizidvisa da urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zala

sakmaod didia imisTvis, rom Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris,

amasTan, TiToeuli mxare meores aRiqvams rogorc ùcxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis,

moSorebis xarisxi ki sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebul

kulturul elementTa daaxloebis, Serwymisa axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebul

Tvisebriobad CamoyalibebisaTvis.. simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari

iyos: dawyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo

`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, damTavrebuli

mdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistema

gvevlineba. mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi Cndeba

Tvisebrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebuli

kulturuli realoba.

kulturuli konfliqti

kulturuli konfliqti — pirovnebebs, jgufebs, pirovnebasa da jgufs,

pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas, jgufsa da sazogadoebas, sxvadasxva jgufsa da

koalicias Soris RirebulebaTa, orientaciaTa, poziciaTa winaaRmdegobis kritikuli

stadia. kulturuli konfliqti ganpirobebulia monawile mxareTa socialuri

gamocdilebis gansxvavebulobiT. yvela konfliqti dinamikuria da moicavs winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis molapa-

rakebaTa gziT maTi gadaWris, mtruli moqmedebebis mxareTa Soris axali kontaqtebis

damyarebisa da konpromisis monaxvis stadiebs. arsebobs konfliqtis sxvagvari

gamosavalic: brZola saboloo gamarjvebamde an konfliqtis mogvarebis gadadeba

momavlisaTvis. kulturuli konfliqtis tipur magaliTebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT jvarosnuli

laSqrobebi, religiuri, samoqalaqo, revoluciuri, erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli

omebi, saeklesio inkviziciis moqmedeba, ama Tu im sarwmunoebaze iZulebiTi moqceva,

genocidi da a.S. kulturuli konfliqti dakavSirebulia tolerantobisa da sxva kulturis mimarT

interesis problemebTan. kulturuli konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli tipia Semoqme-

debiTi konfliqti mimarTulebebs, skolebs, jgufebs an ama Tu im dargis calkeul

warmomadgenlebs Soris.

kulturis difuzia

kulturis difuzia aris ori an meti sazogadoebis kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis

uerTierTSeRweva da urTierTgamdidreba. esaa kulturis gavrceleba-moZraobis

8

TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN AND NON-MODERN CULTURES.

In this chapter some models of cultures’ typology are considered from the viewpoint of their attitude to modernity and nоn-modernity. These models are: a collectivistic or individualistic, traditional or innovative types of culture, the cultures of space and time. Characteristics of such cultures are examined as well.

Eventually, such grouping of cultures may lead us to East-West dichotomy. Does the existence of such dichotomy correspond to the reality? is the classification of East/West societies as nonmodern, collectivistic, traditional and modern, individualistic, innovational, reasonable? – these will be a subject of discussion.

TOPIC 4. MODERNIZATION – ONE OF THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN COMMUNITY.

We shall try to discuss the notion of modernization in details, according to which modernization is a sum of sociocultural signs, which characterizes a specific phase of the Western community (civilization) development. This complex should be considered in general, in the context of the Western society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms preceeding this civilization.

Besides, the roots of modernization in Western civilization and distinctive features of the Western society, due to which the appearance of modern society became possible, are discussed.

We also argue historical peripheries of establishing a modern society in the west, we’ll talk of modernization as a continuation of the western tradition, − one of the phases in the Western society’s development.

TOPIC 5. GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION.

It is necessary to argue the problem of arising of the concept of globalization and its definitions. The globalization as a process must also be analyzed. It should be mentioned that the process determined by economic factors have spread in all levels of life (generally there are three levels: economics, politics and culture). Globalization of culture leads up to the contrast processes in the different societies. For the number of societies the process of modernization is closely connected with the spread of the global culture, modernization is possible only in the atmosphere of globalization.

TOPIC 6. CONTEMPORARY MODERNIZED WORLD SOCIETY AND THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION.

In the process of globalization studies we collide with the paradox: before we start to explore this phenomenon, it seems that we are aware of it; however during the study it’s essence becomes vague.

Taking into the consideration a vast number of scientific papers, articles and theories about globalization, we think it will be helpful to set a framework for future researches.

This framework was developed in 1999-2002, as a result of the research which had been carried out by the Boston University and Institute of Study of Economic Culture (ISEC). The research was conducted under the supervision of Pitter L. Berger (sociologist, director ISEC) and

113

Samuel P. Huntington (professor of the Harward University). The dynamics of globalization of culture were observed by the groups of scientists in several countries. As a result of researches, Pitter L. Berger outlined four directions of global culture’s extension:

• Davos culture, or international business - culture;

• “Mc-global” culture, or mass consumed culture;

• International faculty club culture;

• New religious movements.

The growing global culture is distributed both at elite, and at wide layers. Probably, the main way of culture’s distribution at an elite level is the one, named by Huntington as Davos culture. The international culture of leading business and political groups is defined by this term. The driving force of this culture, like economic and technological globalization is international business. The representatives of this culture are not only the people who visit Davos quiet often, but the ones, who aim to be the member of this community, but yet are not those.

In global culture there is one more elite sector, which often accompanies business culture, or opposes it. This sector is the globalization of the Western intellectuals, which was named by Berger as the Faculty Club Culture. Its distribution occurs by various ways: by means of academic structures, funds, non-governmental organizations, etc. It creates its own market – consisting of ideas, norms of behavior created by Western, namely, American intellectuals, such as experts, human rights watchers, etc.

The Protestantism plays an important role in distribution of global culture. This subject has been explored for a long time by David Martin, English sociologist. He estimated that the number of followers of this religion is 250.000. The practice of this religion is followed by certain changes in family structure, education and especially in attitude to business, wich has definite effects on the economics as a whole.

The global culture aims to allocate man from it’s community and traditions and contributes to their individualization. Traditions and collective spirit is destroyed by modernization, thus the individual becomes more self-sufficient. This leads up to the individual independence. The new global culture has much in common with the process of modernization. Today in many parts of the world these two processes coincide with each other.

At an early stage of modernization people are excited by the new opportunities and the feeling of freedom. Therefore, the new global culture is attractive to those who appreciates personal freedom and aims to realize it.

TOPIC 7. MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION: THE INTERRELATION OF CONCEPTS.

One of the main problems is the interrelation of two concepts, that are modernization and globalization. Generally, ther exist two viewpoints:

According to the first one, globalization is the wider process than westernization. In addition, globalization is equal to modernization. This viewpoint is supported by A. Giddens, R. Robertson, M. Elbrow and U. Konol. On example of the countries of Eastern Asia it became obvious that modernization is possible without westernization.

According to the second approach, globalization is only a global diffusion of the Western modernism. It aims to expanse westernization – e.g. Western capitalism and institutes. This viewpoint is shared by A. Amin and L. Benton. R. Gilpin considers that world’s internalization is a product of the distribution of the American world influence. A. Kilinikos and some other scientists

114

tradicia

tradicia _ wina Taobebidan arawerilobiTi gziT memkvidreobiT miRebuli da

damkvidrebuli Cveuli azrovnebisa da qcevis standartebis erToblioba, informacia

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis adrindeli gamocdilebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, socia-

luri poziciisa da institutebis Sesaxeb.

tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli gamocdilebis didi erTobliobis

mxolod im komponentebs, romlebic sazogadoebis winaSe periodulad wamoWrili

problemebis gadaWris yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iqca da romelic SenarCunda

istoriuli, struqturuli da organizaciuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. tradicia

kulturis TviTmyofadobis erT-erTi gamomxatvelia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrun-

velyofs am TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas.

tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebs, romlebic

ara mxolod gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundeba xangrZlivi drois

ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara marto

imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es termini

gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis TiTqmis

identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad.

kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba

ase ewodeba uSualo kavSirurTierTobis saxes, romelic yalibdeba, sul mcire, or

kulturas Soris, agreTve am urTierTobaTa Sedegad warmoSobil gavlenebsa da

ormxriv cvlilebebs. kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvne-

loba aqvs faseulobaTa, TvisebaTa, kulturuli aqtivobis formebis Secvlas, axali

orientirebis gaCenas, rac garedan momdinare impulsebis gavleniT xdeba. kulturaTa

urTierTqmedeba, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi procesia (aranakleb ramdenime aTeuli

wlisa).

gamoyofen kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis sxvadasxva dones: 1) eTnikuri done _

urTierToba eTnosebs, istoriul-eTnografiul, eTnokonfesiur da sxva jgufebs

Soris. 2) erovnuli done, sadac regulaciur funqcias mniSvnelovanwilad saxel-

mwifo-politikuri struqturebi asruleben. 3) civilizaciuri done.

kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi ganarCeven kultura-donors da kultu-

ra-recipients. pirveli mets gascems, vidre iRebs, meore _ piriqiT. istoriuli

periodis manZilze es rolebi SeiZleba icvlebodes.

cnobilia urTierTqmedebis rogorc mSvidobiani, nebayoflobiTi (Tanaswor-

uflebiani TanamSromloba), ise aramSvidobiani, ZaldatanebiTi (koloniuri, samxedro

dapyrobebi) formebi.

kulturuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegebi araerTgvarovania, maTi Sefasebis krite-

riumebis moZebna Znelia. Sesabamisad, Znelia saubari calsaxad dadebiT an uaryofiT

Sedegebze, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca erTi kultura iwyebs aSkara daqveiTebas,

meoreSi gaTqvefas an ukvalod qreba. aseTi Sdegis Tvalis midevneba yvelaze ukeT

SeiZleba reliqturi an arqauli kulturebis magaliTze, romlebic TavianTi istoriis

romeliRac periodSi Tanamedrove tipis kulturebs Seejaxnen da mzad ar aRmoCndnen,

aeTvisebinaT maT mier SeTavazebuli kulturuli formebi.

ufro rTulia msjeloba im kulturaTa urTierTqmedebaze, romlebic Zireulad ar

gansxvavdebian tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT.

yovel kulturas aqvs dacviTi meqanizmebis mTeli sistema, romelic icavs mas sxva

kulturaTa gansakuTrebiT intensiuri zemoqmedebisagan.

7

niSnebsa da Taviseburebebs; periferia, romelic periodulad farTovdeba da

viwrovdeba da, romelic SeiZleba mezobeli civilizaciis niSnebs atarebdes da

mezobel civilizaciebTan momijnave teritoriebi~1.

civilizacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc socialuri da kulturuli super-

sistema, romelic ar emTxveva arc ers, arc saxelmwifos da, arc romelime socialur

jgufs. igi scildeba konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs. civilizaciur maxasiaTeb-

lebad miCneulia droisa da sivrcis aRqma; samyaros xedva da masSi adamianis adgilis

gansazRvra; bunebis aRqma, masze zemoqmedebisa da misi Semecnebis xerxebi da a.S.

identuroba (kulturuli, civilizaciuri)

identuroba (Identitit, Identitas – laT. ìgive da igive~, erTi da igive) — adamianis

fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar `me~-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul realobasa

da individualobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs (nawilobriv

gacnobierebulad da zog SemTxvevebSi qvecnobieradac) ama Tu im tipologiur

kategoriebTan (rogoricaa socialuri statusi, sqesi, asaki, jgufi, kultura).

socialur mecnierebebSi gamoyofen socialur identurobas, kulturul identu-

robas, eTnikur identurobas, jgufur identurobas... identuroba (misi SegrZneba) yalibdeba adamianis individualuri ganviTarebis

kvaldakval da socializaciis, identifikaciis, pirovnuli integraciis Sedegia.

individis mier socialur-kulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba da

gaziareba, sakuTari Tavis, adgilis mikuTvneba ara aris erTgvarovani procesi da

xasiaTdeba garkveuli cvlilebebiTac; ZiriTadad es procesi axalgazrdobis dros

sruldeba. mecnierebi aseve gamoyofen identurobis dakargvis, Selaxvis SesaZleblobasac,

romelic ZiriTadad individis asakobrivi, fsiqologiuri krizisis an socialur-

kulturuli garemos mkveTrad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi realizdeba. maSasadame, iden-

turobis dakargva Tanamdevia iseTi movlenebisa rogoricaa gaucxoeba, deperso-

nalizacia, anomia, pirovnuli disorientacia, socialuri izolireba, gaoreba

(marginalizacia), fsiqologiuri paTologia. socialur-kulturuli kulturuli

cvlilebebis dros identurobis krizisma SeiZleba farTo, sayovelTao masStabebi

miiRos, Tumca mas zogjer dadebiT rezultatamdec mivyavarT (rogoricaa

cvlilebebisadmi adaptacia, struqturuli cvlilebebi da sxv.). identurobis meqamizmi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs socialuri struqturisa da

kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis, gadacemis procesSi. mravali mecnieri upiratesobas aniWebs termins ìdentifikacia~, vidre ìdentu-

roba~. pirveli Tavad processac gulisxmobs da ara marto movlenas. termini pirvelad

xmarebaSi fsiqoanalizmis fuZemdebelma zigmund froidma SemoiRo. misi skola

identifikacias `mes~ TviTganviTarebis mTavar, centralur meqanizmad moiazrebs. identifikaciis cnebas aseve aqtiurad iyeneben sociologebi da socialuri

fsiqologiis mkvlevrebi rogorc socializaciis, socialuri rolebis, adaptaciis,

miRebis, socialur-kulturuli modelebis aTvisebis mTavar elements.

kulturuli identuroba aris ama Tu im istoriuli erTobis wevr individTa am

erTobis kulturis wevrad TviTmoazreba.

civilizaciuri identuroba aris ama Tu im kulturis matarebelTa (TviT)gaazreba

romelime civilizaciuri erTobis wevrad.

1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv. 39.

6

consider that modern stage of development is a new phase of western imperialism, where national governments have played the role of monopolitical capital’s agents. According to an American theorist H. Gleizer, globalization is a spread of the Western information and entertainment sources, which affects on the countries of the non-Western world.

TOPIC 8. THE MODERN WORLD ACCORDING TO WESTERN AND NON-WESTERN WORLD.

The interrelations of global and local cultures lead up to the certain results. Each concrete society has it’s specific relations with unfamiliar and new culture. Therefore, the answers of Western and non-Western societies to the challenges of globalization are interesting for us. In this chapter the theories of Western and non-Western intellectuals are discussed.

In our opinion, there are two answers to the challenges of globalization or result of it’s development, namely - localization and multiculturalism. Within the framework of localization, the phenomenon, called glocalization, is discussed. The concept "global" means “simultaneously in many places”, or “translocally”.

The global culture is supported by the strong society, which aims to strengthen the certain rules all over the world. The global culture is backed by the strong economic system. This is the most important factor. For example, due to the lack of finances, the family traditions are destroyed in Africa, it actually leads up to the transformation of the whole culture, based on the family tradition. This case is quiet interesting due to the fact, that according to this viewpoint, original culture is influenced by economics and transnational corporations, and global culture does not take part in it. Certainly, it does not mean to ignore well advertised global culture’s influence. We can conclude that the process of the Western globalization is an united system, consisting of three parts: economics, politics and culture; All these parts are connected with each other. The rule of the management of politics and economics is determined by culture. On the other hand, they affect

greatly on culture. Japan’s culture of the 20th

century is Japanese, however due to the political and

economic influences, nowadays it differs greatly from the Japanese culture of the 18th

century. As a result of external influence it has gone through a great transformation. According to Fukyiama’s methodology, Japan has gone through modernization and democratization from up to down; thus, Japan had believed in democratic values on the first stage, and, as a result of it, civil society and other institutions were formed. As this was the determinant factor in transformation and development, the Japanese culture has not been changed. The Japanese culture is a traditional culture, but it is not a closed one. Shintoism enables to be a Shintoist and the Christian simultaneously, or either Buddhist and the Muslim. The Japanese culture is able to receive external influences and transform them. However, Japan subordinates them to the own culture. This had an effect on Japanese kitchen: The business-culture of Davos is followed by the “Fast-Foodization” as “time is money”; this is caused by the total “McDonaldization”. However, “Fast-Foodization” in Japan has accepted a local character. The market of “fast feed” is full of hamburgers and the Japanese and Chinese dishes as well. The appearance of hamburgers on Japan’s market have given stimulus to the development of local products and dishes, representing Japanese culture. Thus, Japan has managed to localize in this sphere.

According to the widespread opinion, we are able to deal with the process of globalization, when the average revenue exceeds 5000 USD. We have already mentioned, that globalization of culture is a process of mutual relations between global and local cultures. In the process of globalization the Western culture is backed by political and, first of all, with economic factors.

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Therefore, only culture itself is insufficient to deal with the global culture; financial support and material maintenance of this culture is also necessary.

Due to the experience of his country, Katrin Lalumier the representative of France in European Parliament, states in the article “The War for Culture”: The process of globalization is followed by the standardization of ideas and unification of the way of life by the American standard.

France has realized, that the French people have painfully felt the approach of the American culture. Nowadays, France is one of the countries, which rejects globalization, perceiving it as Americanization. France has turned back to the roots of own culture and has begun to advertise it on a large scale. Thus, France aims to save it’s original culture. We can conclude, that without economic maintenance, localization and preservation of own culture is impossible.

It is interesting, that "facilitating circumstances" are offered to the societies by globalization; transnational corporations, international organizations and various funds, carrying out activities in the concrete country, usually offer several opportunities in this direction. To clarify this phenomenon, we can take example from the Georgian reality: the national Georgian dance group “Erisioni” became popular all over the world after it was financed by the French organization; The purpose of the project was an offering something new to the world business, leading up to the profit. From the point of view of business, the joint project has appeared to be successful for both sides. Besides this, the Georgian dances have achieved new success.

As the answer to the challenges of globalization, Leopold Sengor’s (well-known African scientist), theory about the originality of the Negroid-African culture is quite interesting. He dreamed about synthesis of the Western conceptualism and African imagination. He dreamed of future Euro-Africa, which would become the predecessor of the world civilization, based on united culture of mankind. He considered that African civilization is an unique civilization. Leopold Sengor and his supporters concluded without organic synthesis with sensible, human African spirit, the Western civilization is doomed to failure. There have appeared concepts like “the African-European” and “European-African”. The African opposes to the European. The European is an engineer, pragmatist, who continuously exploits nature, himself and beings like him. Through all his life he works as a machine, counting money. He perceives world by means of formula, i.e. consciousness. But the African is a poet; the nature is displayed and expressed by him. The attitude towards the nature is idealistic. There is a reign of collective soul, mutual aid and interconsistency; apart from Europe – where social antagonism, conflicts, aggression and discrimination of the man by the man are taking place.

The Pakistan scientist Muhammad Tahir-Al-Qadri has offered his viewpoint in the article “Globalization of Culture?”. Al-Qadri is the supporter of cultural integration, thus he is the follower of the idea about universal values, namely: the standards of success and achievement, activities and occupation, material comfort, practicality and efficiency, science and technology, freedom and individual choice, individual initiative and other elements. All these are sources to carry out a dialogue between cultures. According to Al-Qadri’s opinion, the cultural interaction is impossible without dialogue. It is necessary to integrate majority and minority, in order to conduct a dialogue, but special resources are required for this. In this case, the main responsibility is assigned to the majority. Al-Qadri is dissatisfied with West’s attitude towards Islam. The western society does not have the right image of Islam. It is familiar with Islam through contemporary viewpoints, created and provided by it’s own media sources.

Al-Qadri declares, that for an explanation of cultural diversity and for real integration, ethnocentrism is incompatible. Ethnocentrism is a judgment about other culture by means of own standards. Uni-culturalizm is also unable to solve this problem, as it transforms all ethnic cultures into one whole.

It is necessary to search for the decision of this problem in three directions:

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maSasadame, farTo azriT, kulturis cneba `xazs usvams adamianis gansxvavebas yvela

sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. kulturaSi igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi

aqti, aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc adamianis universaluri damokidebuleba sam-

yarosadmi, romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis àxal samyaros~ da sakuTar Tavs~1. kultura

aris yovelive is, rac socialuri memkvidreobis Sedegia da rac uzrunvelyofs

socialuri gamocdilebis memkvidreobiTobas.

kulturis meore aspeqti ki gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianis rogorc kulturis

Semoqmedis, matareblisa da gadamcemis unari sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxva-

vebulad realizdeba, ama Tu im socialuri jgufis arsebobis specifikuri pirobebisa

da ganvlili istoriuli procesebis mixedviT. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT

kulturebze, romlebic qmnian samyaros unikalur, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebel

models. sxvadasxva kulturaSi adamianebi gansakuTrebulad aRiqvamen samyaros,

sazogadoebas da adamians maTTan mimarTebaSi. yovel kulturas aqvs RirebulebaTa da

normaTa gansxvavebuli sistema, qcevis wesebi, idealebi da yovelive is, razec

e.tailori miuTiTebda. kultura, aseT SemTxvevaSi, xdeba identifikaciis safuZveli,

is, riTac adamiani gansazRvravs `Tavisiansa~ da ùcxos~. `kultura, yvelaze farTo

mniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls datoveb~2.

amdenad, kultura aris is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, ris safuZvelzec emijnebian

erTmaneTs sxvadasxva sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, riTac isini Tavs ganarCeven

sxvebisagan da riTac sxvebi ganarCeven maT danarCenebisagan.

amgvarad, kultura SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc:

1. socialuri qcevis determinanti;

2. subieqturi codnisa da interpretaciebis determinanti;

3. TviTidentifikaciis meqanizmi;

4. socialuri cxovrebis regulatori;

5. socialuri gamocdilebis translatori;

6. saadaptacio meqanizmi.

kulturis sinonimad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT termini `sazogadoeba~, radgan

adamianis moRvaweobis kulturul da sazogadoebriv dones kursis farglebSi

TanabarmniSvnelovnad moviazrebT.

civilizaciis cnebis aseve mravalgvar interpretacias Soris sami ZiriTadi

midgoma ikveTeba:

1. lokalur-istoriuli (n.danilevski, o.Spengleri, a.j.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni);

2. istoriul-stadiuri, romelic ama Tu im kriteriumze dayrdnobiT ganarCevs

ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis civilizacias;

3. msoflio-istoriuli, romlis farglebSi civilizacia ganixileba rogorc

kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis safexuri.

kursis farglebSi Cven veyrdnobiT civilizaciis lokalur-istoriul

interpretacias, romelic civilizacias ganixilavs rogorc kulturul zesistemas

(p.sorokini), romelic aerTianebs garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs kulturebs.

civilizacia _ esaa kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo done, romlis

farglebSi arsebuli kulturebi mravalferovania, Tumca erTmaneTisagan maTi

gansxvavebulobis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre sxva civilizaciebis Semadgeneli

kulturebi. i.v. iakoveci aRniSnavs, rom `TiToeul civilizacias aqvs sakuTari

centri-birTvi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs mocemuli civilizaciis

1 iqve, gv.21. 2 Culture Sshock. A Reader in Modern Culture Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970. p.74.

5

Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi

pirveli Tema eTmoba im ZiriTadi cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebs, romlebic

kursis manZilze iqneba gamoyenebuli. am terminebiT operireba aucilebelia iseT

sakiTxebze msjelobisas da im procesebis aRsawerad, romelic gardauvalia sxvadasxva

regionsa da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kulturul sivrceSi modernizaciis procesis

mimdinareobisas. es aris kulturaTa Soris kontaqtis problema _ misi sxvadsxvagvari

gamovlineba (asimilacia, kulturuli Soki, konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi, kul-

turuli konfliqti, kulturuli difuzia), tradiciis roli da adgili modernizaciis

procesSi, tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTmimarTebis problema; identurobis

problema aradasavlur kulturebSi mimdinare modernizaciuli gardaqmnebis

pirobebSi da a.S.

pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretaciis

gadmocema, ramdenadac modernizaciuli procesebis warmoSoba da mimdinareoba or

ZiriTad _ kulturul da civilizaciur _ doneze xdeba da am procesebis Seswavla da

analizi am ori fenomenis farglebSi da maT safuZvelze unda mimdinareobdes.

kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretacia.

kulturis fenomenze saubrisas yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mis or aspeqtze:

1. kultura _ rogorc kacobriobis universaluri maxasiaTebeli;

2. kultura _ rogorc calkeul sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa

da mijnebis ZiriTadi safuZveli.

pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs, rom kultura aris Homo sapiens-is, rogorc

biologiuri saxeobisa da socialuri arsebis unikaluri unaris Sedegi. swored am

niSniT gansxvavdeba es saxeoba yvela sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. adamianSi

genetikuradaa (biologiuradaa) determinirebuli potencia _ iyos kulturis

Semoqmedi, kvlavmwarmoebeli da gadamcemi, magram am potenciis realizeba mxolod

socialur garemoSia SesaZlebeli, rac aucilebel pirobad iTxovs kavSirs wina

Taobebidan gadmocemuli socialuri cxovrebis gamocdilebasTan da mTlianad

damokidebulia socializaciis procesze. rogorc r.benediqti aRniSnavda, `kultura

ar eZleva adamians dabadebidan, ar aris Cadebuli Canasaxovan ujredebSi rogorc

krazanebTan an WianWvelebTan, aramed aTvisebuli unda iqnes yoveli axali Taobis mier

ufrosTagan Seswavlis gziT~1. anTropolog e.hiobelis gansazRvrebiT, kultura aris

ìntegrirebuli sistema qcevis Seswavlili modelebisa, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia

sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis da romlebic ar warmoadgenen biologiuri memkvidreobis

Sedegs~2.

e.tailori, romelic kulturis cnebis pirveli mecnieruli gansazRvrebis

avtoradaa miCneuli, xazs usvams kulturis socialur bunebas. misi sityvebiT,

`kultura Sedgeba codnis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, xelovnebis, zneobis, kanonebis, zne-

Cveulebebisa da zogi sxva unar-Cvevisgan, romlebic SeZenilia adamianis rogorc

sazogadoebis wevris mier~3.

kultura SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve RirebulebaTa, qcevis normaTa da standartTa

erTobliobad, romelic aregulirebs adamianTa urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, sazo-

gadoebasa da bunebasTan.

1 kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). Tb., 2003. gv. 24. 2 iqve, gv.22. 3 iqve.

4

1. Multiculturalizm; 2. Pluralizm; 3. Globalization It is clear, that globalization, described by Al-Qadri, is a source of multicultural is a source of

creation of multicultural world (global) society. This viewpoint is supported by him, unless the interests of small societies and cultures will be considered by the West.

Several years ago was published Glisan’s novel, called “Sartorius”, which tells about the tribe of Batatu. It is the modern fable about non-domination. Though the existence of nationality, called Batatu, is clearly determined in time and space (500 AD, Central Africa), is still mythical tribe. Such myth is necessary for the world, as Batatu is embodiment of those people, who does not wish to be a sample for others and addresses to them not with the purpose of subjection, but for coexistence.

The concepts like “relation", "creolization", "universality" - fill each other. "Universality" is a modern world with its diversity and chaos. The chaos is not simply disorder, but it is impossibility of events’ definition and the lack of the world’s reasonable management. "Relations" call for transversality, instead of causal-investigatory of events.

According to Glisan’s opinion the novelty will come from the small countries, which have neither colonial past, nor strongly expressed national traditions. They are not afraid of disappearance or loss of the status. We should get accustomed to the new structure of the world, where the relations between centre and periphery will be absolutely different from the present. Everything at the same time will be both centre, and periphery.

According to the abovementioned factors, globalization is tolerated by people who don’t have their own, original culture. The representatives of the last one are against of this process.

The authors of these theories are the representatives of non-Western world. Each of them recognize successive development of global culture. Therefore, they try to find means of adaptation to the modern conditions. All of them are aware of the Western culture, therefore it is easy for them to perceive differences and similarities between their and other cultures. However, there are number of cases, which can be perceived as their responses to the "challenges" of the West, rather than as objective estimation of reality.

As we have mentioned above, the turn of cultures to their own roots and the localization according to cultural characteristics were caused by the challenges of globalization. The close and constant relations between societies have revealed several existing differences between them, which called forth definition and systematization of own culture’s characteristic features. L.Sengor has made it on an example of the African culture. He has presented the characteristics of the African culture and it’s differences from the Western one.

Localization leads up to the multiple world. In global community original cultures are coexisting with one another. Due to the transparency of borders, the solve of various problems, connected with travel, the facilities of constant connection have call forth the fact, that nowadays one does not leave the frameworks of their own culture, despite of physical distance, they have constant and continuous contact with their houses. This factor protects them from cultural assimilation. For example, in the USA, namely in New York, some Chinese are able to pass around whole their life successfully without English, as they do not tear away from the Chinese world, while traveling around the whole USA. Multiculturalism is the main challenge of globalization. Thus, society or the country will be presented as a multicultural unity. For example, China is not only political and economical unity, in determined geographical borders, but it is also an imaginary society, with it’s cultural sings, which is scattered in various territories of globe. Thus we can talk about China in China, China in America, China in Russia. These challenges led to the various problems for the Western countries.

117

TOPIC 9. “MINOR CULTURES” AND THE PROBLEM OF MODERNIZATION. GEORGIAN CULTURE AND THE PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION.

In the case of minor cultures’ modernization, we should mention several categories, especially tradition, as in numerous cases, modernization of minor cultures are discussed as a process, conducted at the expense of disparaging the traditions of these cultures, equal to losing their own peculiarity.

Nowadays, modernization bares an “anti-traditional” character, especially in case of analyzing the nonwestern cultures’ modernization, as the modernization of these communities was conducted at the expense of suppressing local traditions. Within the context of the western community, modernization means extension of western traditions and its development.

However there is a great contrast between “traditional” and “modern” communities, successful modernization can take place, if it is based on some elements of traditional regulation. Thus successful functioning of the “modern” community depends on the existence of relevant traditional preconditions, their introduction and use into the modern system.

That’s why it is necessary:

1. To review correlation of tradition and variability, to conduct analysis of the present traditional community forces, which facilitate the process of changes and of those, which impede it. Correspondingly, the place of these factors should be analyzed in the general structural and cultural system of regulation.

2. To reveal difference among the changes, which accompany to the traditional order and which leave these limits and cause renewal of the community.

3. To disclose the differences between the changes, which promote further development of the community and which undermine this ability. 115

4. To reveal a general character of impact of modern changes on the traditional system.

5. To determine how community can work out within its own heritage and it has an ability to solve these problems; or to reach this through the adaptation to new conditions of its central institutions and without important changes in the sphere of values and ideas (or their transformation). (S.N.Eisenshtadt).

On the basis of discussed information, we have tried to determine typological (traditional or innovational, individualistic or collectivistic) essence of Georgian culture; to analyze correlation of tradition and modernization, peculiarities of the Georgian culture, to find out the degree of modernization of the Georgian society. We have overviewed the history of Georgia during the last two centuries; changes, that have influenced Georgian culture on the background of ongoing processes in the modern world. Thus, we have outlined the possible variants of the development of Georgian culture.

It is necessary to admit, that during the Soviet period Georgia was excluded from the world processes. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has appeared face to face with the problems of globalization. Therefore it is interesting to work out the best way for Georgia to deal with the processes of globalization and which nuances should have been underlined. On the background of the ideas of the western and non-western thinkers, we have tried to examine the Georgian reality.

There is no national way out the challenges of globalization, there is only the transnational way out. Regionalism – this is a creation of transnational, supranational unities. The creation of transnational and supranational unities are caused by economical and political factors and such unities are based on cultural similarities. Nowadays, only the European countries are united in

118

sarCevi

Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi 3

Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi 10

Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da

aramodernuli kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze 20

Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi etapi 39

Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia 52

Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio

sazogadoeba globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe 61

Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis

cnebaTa urTierTmimarTebisTvis 68

Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa

warmomadgenlebis TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva 68


qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi 89

CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION (Summary) 111

3


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 7 - 7

supranational structures. Democracy is the basis for the European union. The members of the European union are the countries, which aspire to the growth and strengthening of democracy. European union is the result of modernization, as the modernization is the development of a society with attributes of democracy. Georgia tries to find out the answer on the challenge of globalization through the integration in European Union.

Modernization and westernization are inevitable processes for the societies aiming to integrate in the Western unity The geopolitical position of Georgia enables it to join global processes; Georgia has it’s own function in a number of economic and political projects. Hence, Georgia will face the global culture.

Above mentioned processes of localization has been developed in Georgia as well as in other parts of the world. Even the process of “McDonaldization” has gone through the certain localization in Georgia. This is just the process, which was defined as glocalization: in many places but in a different kind. The purpose of is a fast food; in the West one usually spends 7-9 minutes in this restaurant; in non western countries McDonald’s has changed it’s profile; in Georgia it is not only a place for fast feed, but also it is used for entertainment; schoolchildren, students, grandmothers and grandfathers together with their grandchildren go there for amusement. The process of “McDonaldization” was accompanied by the appearance of the national “fast-food” units. There are number of national dishes useful for fast food objects. Thus, the occurrence of western hamburgers has stimulated transformation of local cookery, its adaptation to the contemporary situation and creation of new Georgian dishes.

In this case the Georgian culture has managed to preserve its original character. Cookery is not a decisive factor, but it is one of the important artifact of the Georgian culture

It is difficult to image the replacement of the national culture by the global one. But it certainly does not mean complete denying of the global culture. The way of integration into the Western society lays through the modernization, thus rejecting of the global culture is impossible for Georgia. And it is not necessary either.

Georgia will not be able to get rid of the global culture. The statistical data are given, in which the changes taking place in the Georgian society for

last years are fixed.

119

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

Documents

kultura da modernizacia - Cultural Studies - საწყისი …kulturiskvlevebi.weebly.com/uploads/1/8/3/7/18376403/009...Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi pirveli Tema